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diff --git a/27717.txt b/27717.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9768f19 --- /dev/null +++ b/27717.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2462 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Buchanan's Journal of Man, October 1887, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Buchanan's Journal of Man, October 1887 + Volume 1, Number 9 + +Author: Various + +Editor: J. R. Buchanan + +Release Date: January 6, 2009 [EBook #27717] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUCHANAN'S JOURNAL, OCT. 1887 *** + + + + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + BUCHANAN'S + JOURNAL OF MAN. + + VOL. I. OCTOBER, 1887. NO. 9. + + + + +CONTENTS OF JOURNAL OF MAN. + + + The Oriental View of Anthropology + MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE--Religion and Science; Good Psychology; + The Far-away Battle; How not to do it; Robbery of Public Lands; + Land Reform in England; Life in Europe; Education in France; + Canada and the Union; Woman in the Moon; Emancipation from + Petticoats; Women's Rights on the Streets; A Woman's Triumph in + Paris; A Woman's Bible; Work for Women; Mrs. Stanton on the + Jubilee; Electricity; Progress of the Telegraph; The Mystery of + the Ages; Progress of the Marvellous; A Grand Aerolite; The Boy + Pianist; Centenarians; Educated Monkeys; Causes of Idiocy; A + Powerful Temperance Argument; Slow Progress; Community Doctors; + The Selfish System of Society; Educated Beetles; Rustless Iron; + Weighing the Earth; Head and Heart; The Rectification of + Cerebral Science + Chapter IX.--Rectification of Cerebral Science, Correcting the + Organology of Gall and Spurzheim + + + + +THE ORIENTAL VIEW OF ANTHROPOLOGY. + + +In the following essay, DR. F. HARTMANN, an enlightened author of the +Theosophical and Occult school, presents the mystic or Oriental view +of man, in an interesting manner, deducing therefrom a philosophy of +the healing art. My readers will no doubt be interested in his +exposition, and, as the ancient doctrine differs materially from the +results of experimental investigation, I take the liberty of +incorporating my comments in publishing the essay. + + +A RATIONAL SYSTEM OF MEDICINE. + +All lovers of truth, progress, and freedom of thought must be grateful +to Dr. J. R. Buchanan for his discovery of the science of SARCOGNOMY. +His system brings us nearer to a recognition of the true nature of +man, his origin and his destiny, and of the relations which he bears +to the Divine Source from which he emanated in the beginning, and to +which he will ultimately return; for the enlightened ones of all +nations agree that the _real_ man, who resides temporarily in the +physical human body, who feels through the instrumentality of the +heart, and thinks through the instrumentality of the brain of the +external body, does not originate in the womb of the mother from which +the physical body is born, but is of a spiritual origin, again and +again re-incarnating itself in physical masks and forms of flesh and +blood, living and dying, and being reborn, until, having attained that +state of perfection, which renders the inner man capable to exist in a +state of spiritual consciousness without being encumbered by a gross +earthly organization, which chains him to animal life. + + [It should here be remarked that the great majority of those who + are considered enlightened, and to whom the world is indebted + for the sciences which it now possesses, do not accept this + theory of re-incarnation. As commonly stated, it is liable to + many decisive objections, and these objections, which I have + clearly stated in the Religio-Philosophical Journal, have not + been, and I think will not be, removed by the teachers of + re-incarnation.] + +It may perhaps not be premature to examine how far the doctrines of +Dr. Buchanan correspond with the doctrines of occult science; that is +to say, with that science which is based upon a perception and +understanding of certain facts, which, to be perceived, require +spiritual powers of perception, such as are not yet developed in the +majority of mankind, but which are only in possession of those who +have mentally risen above the sphere of external phenomena and +accustomed themselves to look at spiritual things with the eye of the +spirit. It is not my intention to enter at present into an elaborate +review of the most prominent writers on occult subjects, and to quote +passages from such authors to support the views expressed in the +following pages, but rather to give a short statement of their +doctrines in regard to the omnipotent power of Will and Life; both +these powers being fundamentally identical; both being merely +different modes of actions, or functions, of that universal, eternal, +and divine Central Power of the universe, which is beyond the +conception of mortals, and which the latter call _God_. + +The ancient religions, as well as reason and logic, tell us that there +is, and can be, only one supreme God, or First Cause of the universe, +and that from this one first and fundamental Cause or Power every +secondary power and everything that exists has come into existence, or +been evolved within it and through its eternal activity. The whole of +the universe with everything contained therein, man included, is and +can be nothing else but a manifestation of this internal fundamental +power, or, as it has been expressed by the ancient philosophers, the +universe is the product of the Divine Imagination (thought) of the +First Great Cause, thrown into objectivity by its eternal Will. + +We see, therefore, the great unmanifested _One_ manifesting itself in +its own _Substance_ (Space) by means of _two_ powers, _Thought_ +(imagination) and _Will_ (the _Word_ or Life); both powers being +fundamentally identical and merely two different modes of activity or +functions of the _One_ Eternal, internal Principle, called God. +According to the _Bible_, God said, "Let there be light," and through +the power of this outspoken "_Word_," the world came into existence. +This allegory, expressed in modern language, means that by the +_active_ Will of the universal First Cause, the images existing in its +eternal memory were thrown into objectivity and thus produced the +germs from which the worlds with all things existing therein were +evolved and grew into the shapes in which we see them now. The +_Brahmins_ say that when _Brahm_ awoke from his slumber after the +night of creation (the great Pralaya) was over, he _breathed out_ of +his own substance, and thus the evolution of worlds began. If he +_in-breathes_ again, the worlds will be re-absorbed in his substance, +and the day of creation will be over. + + [God being essentially and self-evidently inconceivable by man, + all attempts of Brahmin, Christian, or any other theologians to + explain his existence and his methods of creation can be + recognized by the scientific mind only as hypotheses + unsusceptible of verification, and, therefore, incapable of + becoming a proper basis of Philosophy.] + +Thus we find, on examining the doctrines of all the greatest religions +of the world, that they all teach the same truth, although they teach +it in different words and in different allegories. They all teach that +there exist two fundamental powers, originating from the absolute +_One_, namely, _Thought_ and _Will_; and it logically follows that if +a man were a complete master over his thoughts and his will, he could +become a creator within the realm to which his thought and imagination +extend; he could, consequently, by the power of his will and thought, +control all the functions of his organism, the so-called involuntary +ones as well as those which are voluntary. He could--if he possessed a +perfect knowledge of his own constitution--restore abnormal functions +to their normal state, and restore diseased organs to health. + + [The mode of expression used in this paragraph is rather + misleading. One may have a complete mastery of his thoughts and + will, while both thought and will are very feeble and + ineffective. It requires great POWER in the will and thought to + acquire such control over bodily functions, and any expression + leading persons of feeble character to suppose they can attain + such results would be delusive. Many persons of feeble character + have been led by current speculations to aspire far beyond their + ability.] + +Another fundamental doctrine of Occultism is that man is a Microcosm, +in which is germinally (potentially) contained everything that exists +in the Macrocosm of the universe. [An unproved hypothesis.] As the +will and thought of that universal and divine internal power, which is +called God, penetrates and pervades the whole of the universe; +likewise the will and thought of man, if he has once attained perfect +mastery over himself, extends through all parts of his organization, +pervades every organ, and may be made to act consciously wherever man +chooses to employ it. But in the present state of man's condition upon +this earth, no one but the adepts have acquired this power. In them +thought and will act as one. In the vast majority of human beings +thought and will are not yet in entire harmony, and do not act as one. +In the regenerated one (the adept) heart and head act in perfect +unison. The adept thinks what he wills, and wills what he thinks. In +unregenerated humanity will and thought are divided and occupy two +different centres. In them the will has its seat in the _blood_ (whose +central organ is the heart), and their thought or imagination has its +seat in the brain. In them heart and brain are often not only not in +perfect harmony, but even opposed to each other. But the _will_ and +_life_ being one, and identical, we see that the central seat of +_life_ is not, as has been maintained by Dr. Buchanan, the _brain_, +but the primary source of all life is the _heart_. + +We see, therefore, a discrepancy between the doctrines of Dr. Buchanan +and the occult doctrines in regard to Anthropology; but this +discrepancy is of no serious consequence; because the _moon_ (the +_intellect_) is in our solar system as necessary as the _sun_ (the +_will_), and as the vast majority of people have a considerably +developed intellect, but only a very little developed will, and live, +so to say, more in their brains than in their hearts, they may be +looked upon as receiving their powers and energies from their brains, +while the brain receives its stimulus from the heart. The ancient +Rosicrucians compared the heart to the _sun_, the intellect, or +_brain_, to the moon. The moon receives her light from the sun, the +centre of life of our solar system. If the sun were to cease to exist, +the moon would soon lose her borrowed light; likewise if the sun of +divine love ceases to shine in the human heart, the cold, calculating +intellect may continue to glitter for a while, but it will finally +cease to exist. If the brain vampyrizes the heart, that is to say, if +it absorbs the greater part of the life principle, which ought to go +to develop love and virtue in the heart, man may become a great +reasoner, a scientist, arguer, and sophist; but he will not become +_wise_, and his intellect will perish in this life or in the state +after death. We often see very intellectual people becoming criminals, +and even lunatics are often very cunning. That which a man may call +his own in the end, are not the thoughts which he has stored in his +perishable memory; but the fire of love and light which he has kindled +in his heart. If this fire of life burns at his heart it will +illuminate his mind, and enable the brain to see clear; it will +develop his spiritual powers of perception, and cause him to perceive +things which no amount of intellectual brain-labor can grasp. It will +penetrate even the physical body, and cause the soul therein to assume +shape and to become immortal. + +It is not to be supposed that the above truths will be at once +accepted by every reader of the JOURNAL, except by such as have given +deep thought to the true nature of man. Neither are they a subject for +scientific controversy or disputation. A knowledge of the truth is not +produced by disputations and quarrels, but only by direct perception, +experience, and understanding. The conclusions which man arrives at by +logic are merely productive of certain opinions, and these opinions +are liable to be changed again as soon as the basis from which his +logic started, changes. A real knowledge of spiritual truths requires +a power of spiritual perception, which few men possess. Nevertheless, +even our logical deductions, taking as a starting point that which we +know to be true, will help us to arrive at the same conclusions at +which the Hermetic philosophers arrived by the power of spiritual +perception. + + [In the foregoing passage, Dr. H. professes to state doctrines + derived from intuition or spiritual perception by the ancients, + and also recognized to-day by spiritual perception. To me they + appear as the results only of that sort of ancient SPECULATION, + which recognized earth, air, fire, and water as the four + chemical elements of all things. I do not find them sustained by + the spiritual perception of those who have the intuitive powers + to-day, nor by scientific investigation. The substance of the + heart is _not the seat of life_. It is a merely muscular + substance, and ceases all action when separated from its + controlling ganglia. The vitality of the heart lies in its + ganglia--in other words, in the nervous system, _in which alone + is life_, and of which the brain is the commanding centre. That + life resides exclusively in the nervous system is one of the + established principles of physiology, which cannot be disturbed + by any theories descending from antiquity, before the dawn of + positive science. That the will resides in the blood and the + heart, is about as near the truth as Plato's doctrine that the + prophetic power belonged to the liver. If the region of Firmness + in the brain be large, it will be strongly manifested, even + though the heart be feeble, and as easily arrested as Col. + Townsend's. But if the upper surface of the brain be diseased, + or sensibly softened, the will power is almost destroyed, even + if the plethoric, hypertrophied heart is shaking the head with + its power. Many an individual of a delicate frame, has + overpowered by firmness and courage stout, muscular men of far + larger hearts. That the brain is the organ of thought alone, is + a very old crudity. It contains every human emotion and passion, + which we may stimulate in the impressible, or suspend instantly + by a slight pressure on the brain. There is no intense exercise + of any of the emotions or passions without a corresponding + warmth and tension in the portion of the brain to which they + belong, the development and activity of which determine their + power. The will and life are not _identical_, as Dr. H. + suggests, for if they were, we should not have these two words + with different meanings. If will is an attribute of life, that + does not constitute _identity_. The speculations of Rosicrucians + are of no authority in science. The divine love or influence is + in direct relation to the brain, the central organ of the soul, + and not to a muscular structure of the body, which is far below + the brain in rank. It would be just as reasonable to affirm that + courage belongs only to the muscles. That illuminating love + which Dr. H. ascribes to the heart, belongs to the upper region + of the brain, and is never found when that region lacks + development, or is in a cold, torpid condition. I deny entirely + that these mystic theories are the product of true, spiritual + perception. They arise from the fact that the thoracic region + sympathizes with the seat of true love and will in the brain. + This secondary effect has been felt and realized by those to + whom the functions of the brain were unknown. Spiritual + perception, now guided by the spirit of investigation, discovers + the whole truth--that all human faculties and impulses belong to + the brain, but have a secondary influence on the localities of + the body to which SARCOGNOMY shows their relations.] + +If we believe in one great spiritual cause of all, and conceive of it +as the great spiritual Sun of the universe (of which our terrestrial +sun is merely an image or reflection), we find that spiritual man (the +image of God) can be nothing else but an individual ray of that +spiritual sun, shining into matter, becoming polarized and forming a +centre of life in the developing human foetus, and causing this +foetus to grow in a living form of human shape, according to the +conditions presented to it by the maternal organism, and when it is +born, and becomes conscious, the illusion of self is created within +that individual form. Besides the gross, visible, external form, more +ethereal internal forms are evolved, which are of a longer duration +than the outward physical form, but of which it is not necessary to +speak at present. + +At all events, all that we positively know of man, is that he is an +invisible internal power, which evolves an outward shape, which we +call a human being. The material through which the organism is built +up is the blood, and the centre from which the blood flows into all +parts of the body and to which it returns from all parts, is the +heart. The heart is consequently the centre from which that power +which builds up the organism of man emanates, and as this power can be +nothing else but Life, the heart is the centre of life. The heart and +the brain stand in the most intimate relation to each other, and +neither one can continue to live if the other one ceases to act; but +according to the doctrines of the ancient and modern occultists the +heart is of superior importance than the brain. A man may live a long +time without thinking, but he ceases to live when his heart ceases to +beat. The heart is the seat of life, the brain the seat of thought, +but both are equally necessary to enjoy life; there is no intellectual +activity without life, and a life without intelligence is worthless. +That the force which constructs the organism of man emanates from the +heart, appears to me to be self-evident; that the power which guides +this construction emanates from the brain has been demonstrated by Dr. +Buchanan. + + [This is quite incorrect. The heart may cease acting, as in + apparent death while the processes of thought and feeling are + going on, and the individual is conscious that he is going to be + buried, but incapable of giving the alarm. On the other hand the + action of the brain may be suspended, as in apoplexy, while the + heart is beating vigorously. In such cases, though the action of + the cerebrum is suspended, the physiological brain or cerebellum + sustains physical life. We cannot say that the heart is superior + to the brain, because it supplies the brain with blood for its + growth, any more than we could say the same of the lungs, which + supply oxygen, without which the action of the brain is speedily + arrested. We might even extend the remark to the stomach and + thoracic duct, which supply the material for making a brain, + which certainly does not prove their superiority. The action of + the brain is far more important, for the quickest death is + produced by crushing the brain, or by cutting it off from the + body in the spinal cord of the neck, when heart, lungs, and + stomach are promptly arrested by losing the help of the brain. + If prior development in growth proved a superiority of rank, the + ganglionic system which accompanies the arteries and precedes + the evolution of the convoluted cerebrum would hold the highest + rank, although it is destitute of consciousness and volition, + which belong to the brain alone.] + +But what is this power which emanates from the brain, and which guides +the organizing activity of the soul, but the power of life which is +transmitted to the brain from the heart, and which is modified in its +activity by the peculiar organization of the latter? Man in his +present state does not think with his heart, but with his brain; +nevertheless, the heart is superior to the brain, for the brain has +been built up by the power which came from the heart; and it is a +universal law of nature, that no thing can produce anything superior +to itself. During its foetal existence the brain of the child is built +up by the blood of the mother; after man is born his brain receives +its power of life through the heart, and in spiritually developed man +the thought-force created in the brain reacts again upon the will in +the heart, controlling its desires and entering into harmonious union +with the latter. The ancient alchemists say: "If the Sun (the heart) +enters in conjunction with the _Moon_ (the brain) then will Gold +(Wisdom) be produced." + +We see, therefore, in man two centres of life, the heart and the +brain, and it may properly be said that the brain is the seat of life, +only it may perhaps be added, that it is the secondary seat, while the +principal seat is, or ought to be, in the heart. [Dr. H. identifies +will with life, yet every one knows that all acts of volition proceed +from the brain alone, and never from the heart; hence by his own +statement the brain is the seat of life.] According to the doctrines +of the Hermetic philosophers, God is the invisible central fire in the +universe from which the Light of the Logos (Christ or the celestial +Adam) emanated in the beginning. Man being a Microcosm, contains in +his heart the image of that internal and invisible central fire of +_Love_, which sends the light of thought to the brain and illuminates +the mind of the seer. We are at present not living in the age of Love, +but in the age of Thought (not the age of _Reason_, but the age of +_Reasoning_ and Speculation), and by the law of heredity, life has +become pre-eminently concentrated in the brain; while in a more +advanced age, when the principle of universal Love and Benevolence +will be generally recognized, life will become more strongly +concentrated at the heart. Men will then not only think, but feel and +become able to recognize the truth by that power which is known to us +in its rudimental state as _Intuition_, but which, if developed, will +be far superior to that uncertain feeling called Intuition, and become +a Sun within the heart, sending its rays far up into the regions of +thought. Then, as their Love for the supreme Good increases, will +their knowledge increase, and as their knowledge expands will their +Will become powerful and free. + + [The physiology of this passage is all erroneous. In the ages of + animalism and barbarism the heart is more powerful, like the + rest of the muscular system to which it belongs. In a more + humane and refined condition the brain is more predominant. The + female heart is not as well developed as the male. The moral + superiority of women is due not to the heart but to the superior + region of the brain, to which we owe all elevation of + individuals and society.] + +It has been said above that Will and Life are identical, and there are +sufficient facts to prove that they are one. A man may prolong his +life by an effort of will, or he may cease to live if he wills to die. +A loss of will-power in a limb is identical with paralysis of the +latter. If the will (conscious or unconscious will) ceases to act, man +ceases to live. No amount of thought exercised by the brain will raise +a limb of a person, unless the person has the will to raise it; no +amount of imagination on the part of the brain will execute an act, +unless the will guided by the imagination causes the act to be +executed. In the blood,--the representative of the animal +life-principle (Kama-rupa) is the seat of the will, its central office +is the heart. There the will or life-power acts consciously or +unconsciously, sending its rays to the brain, where they become more +refined, and from thence they radiate again back through the organism, +causing the unconscious or conscious processes of imagination and +thought. The way in which these processes take place, has been well +described in Dr. Buchanan's "Therapeutic Sarcognomy." Love, Will, and +Life are ultimately one and the same power; they are like the three +sides of a pyramid ending in one point, or like a star emitting a +light of three different hues. Without the fire of divine Love at the +centre there will be no good and powerful Will, without Will man is a +useless being, without virtue and without real life, an empty shell or +form kept alive by the play of the elements, ceasing to exist when the +form falls to pieces. But he who possesses a strong love for the good, +the beautiful, and true, grows strong in Will and strong in Life. His +heart sends a pure current of life to the brain, which enables the +latter to see and grasp the ideas existing in the Astral light. The +purer the will the more pure will be the imagination, and the more +will the latter be able to rise to the highest regions of thought, +while these exalted thoughts will radiate their light back again to +the heart and stimulate the heart as the heart stimulated the brain. + +A consideration of the above will go to prove that Love (Will or Life) +and Thought (Imagination or Light) are the forces by which the soul +forms and regenerates the external body, and that he who obtains +mastery over these forces within his own organism will be able to +change and remodel his body and to cure it of all ills. The fountain +of life is the will, and if the will is good and pure and not poisoned +by the imagination, a pure blood and a strong and healthy body will be +the result. If the imagination (thought) is pure, it will purify the +will and expel from the latter the elements of evil. _The fundamental +doctrine of the most rational system of medicine is therefore the +purification of the Will and the Imagination_, and every one carries +within his own heart the _universal panacea_, which cures all ills, if +he only knows how to employ it. The purification and strengthening of +the will by acts of love and human kindness and by leading a pure and +unselfish life, should be the principal object of all religious and +scientific education. The Bible says: "If the _salt_ (the will) of the +earth is worthless, wherewith shall it be salted?" If the fountain +from which all life springs is poisoned by evil thoughts, how can the +soul and body be healthy? The best _blood-purifier_ is a pure will, +rendered pure by pure and holy thoughts. + +This fundamental and self-evident truth is continually overlooked in +our present age. The education of the intellect for the purpose of +attaining selfish interests is made of paramount interest and the +heart is neglected and left to starve.[1] The life-energy which ought +to be employed to educate the heart and to render the will good and +pure, is wasted in the top story of the temple of man in idle +speculations about external and worthless things, in scientific +quarrels and dogmatic disputations, which have usually no other object +but to tickle personal vanity and to give to ignorance an external +coat of learning. Many of our modern scientific authorities resemble +ants, which crawl over a leaf which fell from a tree: they know all +about the veins and cells of that leaf, but they know nothing whatever +of the living tree, which produces such leaves, and moreover flowers +and fruits. Likewise the rational medicine based upon reason and +understanding, the science springing from a true knowledge of man will +forever remain an enigma to the legally-authorized guardians of the +health of humanity, as long as they know nothing of man except his +external form and refuse to open their eyes and to see the eternal +internal power, of which the external form is merely an evanescent +image, a transient manifestation. + + [1] There is no higher gift of Divinity than the gift of + intelligence, which, if pervaded by the light of Divine + love, constitutes the Christ, and those who are thus gifted + are indeed the "favorites of God." But if such a people kill + the Christ-principle in their hearts, and use their + intellectual powers merely for selfish purposes, they will + become _accursed_. A system of medicine or theology which is + based upon self-interests of the privileged class of doctors + and priests is a curse to humanity. + + +Hoping that with the appearance of the JOURNAL OF MAN a new era of +truly rational medicine will begin in progressive America, + + I am yours truly and fraternally, + FRANZ HARTMANN, M.D. + +KEMPTEN, BAVARIA, April 7, 1887. + + [While reaching my conclusions in a different manner by careful + and prolonged experimental investigation, and expressing them + differently, I agree with Dr. Hartmann in his most important + principle,--the importance of love as the best element of life, + in sustaining health and intelligence, and the necessity of its + culture in education, which has been so long neglected, and + which I have endeavored to enforce in the "New Education." The + structure and functions of the brain demonstrate that its love + region is the chief support of its life, that it supports both + will and intelligence, and that it not only sustains the highest + health of him in whom it is developed and exercised, but + ministers also to the health of all whom he meets, and is the + great healing power in those whose presence or touch relieves + the sick. The existence of this beneficent power in the human + constitution, more restorative and pleasant than all medicines + when present in sufficient fulness, is rapidly becoming known + throughout our country, and is made intelligible as to its + origin, nature and application by Sarcognomy, as I am teaching + in the College of Therapeutics. Medical colleges, in their + ignorance and jealousy, unwisely exclude and war against this + nobler and more ethical method of healing, thus compelling its + development and practice as a distinct profession, which is + rapidly undermining their influence and diminishing their + patronage by showing that, in many cases where drug remedies + have totally failed as applied by colleges, the psycho-dynamic + faculty of man may accomplish wonders.] + + + + +MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. + + +RELIGION AND SCIENCE are exceedingly harmonious in assisting each +other, but theologians and scientists are exceedingly discordant. Who +is in fault? It is the fault of both. Both are bigoted and +narrow-minded. Neither can see the truths that belong to the other +party; theologians dislike science, not being able to see that science +is a grander and more unquestionable revelation than any they have +derived from tradition, and scientists deride religion and theology, +not being able in their narrowness to recognize the higher forms of +science in the great spiritual truths which have been apparent to all +races from the most ancient limits of history. Of the scientific class +the majority are averse to the religion of the times, partly from +their own sceptical nature, and partly because religion has been +presented in the repulsive forms of an absurd theology. + +Prof. E. S. Morse, the president of the American Association, is a +very sceptical agnostic. + + Proud Huxley's the Prince of Agnostics, you see, + And Huxley and I do sweetly agree. + +At the late meeting of the Association, August 10, at Columbia +College, New York, Prof. Morse made an address in which he is reported +as saying that "Dr. Darwin's theory was accepted by science, although +ecclesiastical bodies now and then rose up to protest against it. He +asserted that the missing links for which there was such a clamor were +being supplied with such rapidity that even the zoologist had to work +to keep up with his science. It was a singular fact that no sooner did +some one raise an objection to the theories of derivative science, +than some discovery was made which swept down the barrier. It was safe +enough for an intelligent man, no matter what he knew of science, to +accept as true what science put forth, and to set down as false +whatever the church offered in opposition. Every theory and +declaration of science had been opposed by the church. The penalty of +original sin, according to a scientific writer, was the penalty of man +being raised to an upright position. [Laughter.] Cannot it be proved +without question that the illiteracy of Spain was the result of +centuries of religious oppression and of the inquisition?" + +One of the scientists told a _World_ reporter (says the _Truth +Seeker_) that at last year's convention in Buffalo, Prof. Morse made +an address that was so full of infidelity that the Catholic diocesan +authorities there forbade the clergy from attending the meetings. + +However, the Association has a small orthodox element in it, and on +Sunday about one-eighth of the members held a prayer-meeting at +Columbia College, at which allusions were made to the ungodly +character of the majority of their associates, which the said +associates on Monday regarded as a very objectionable proceeding. + +In the contests between scientists and theologians it has long been +apparent that the theologians are steadily receding. The time was, two +or three hundred years ago, when fearless scientists were imprisoned +or burned by theologians. Now, the scientists who lead the age treat +theology with contempt and the press sustains them. Meanwhile, +scientific scepticism is invading the pulpit, and all that +distinguishes the Bible from any treatise on moral philosophy is +gradually being surrendered by leading theologians; they are losing +religion as well as theology. + + +GOOD PSYCHOLOGY.--Prof. Wm. James, of the chair of Philosophy in +Harvard College, and apparently the most philosophic gentleman in that +conservative institution, has published in the _Popular Science +Monthly_ an essay on _Human Instincts_, characterized by a vigorous +common sense and close observation. When he asserts (contrary to the +old metaphysics) the existence of such instincts as fear, +acquisitiveness, constructiveness, play (or, properly, playfulness), +curiosity, sociability, shyness, secretiveness, cleanliness, modesty, +shame, love, coyness or personal isolation, jealousy, parental love, +etc., he shows the spirit of science. But is it not self-evident, Mr. +James, to a man of your fine intelligence, that all strong impulses +(or instincts, as you call them) must have a special nervous apparatus +in the psychic region of the brain; and that loving, blushing, +stealing, and fighting cannot be functions of the same organs +concerned in perceiving color, or comprehending music? If I have +traced these instincts to the special convolutions in which they +reside, and given innumerable demonstrations of their locality, even +in Boston, and before critical observers, why have you not interested +yourself in the question of the cerebral localities and the complete +demonstration of all the instincts by that method? + +I have even found an instinct of the _love of truth_ among the higher +sentiments, which, to a few rare individuals, is the predominant +impulse of their lives, though, alas, in college professors, as well +as in other classes generally, it is "inhibited" by a great variety of +opposing instincts, interests, and social influences. Nowhere is it +more completely "inhibited" than in Boston and Cambridge, as I have +been informed by the most intelligent old citizens. + + +THE FAR-AWAY BATTLE.--In the quiet home the sounds of the far-away +strife are not heard. The war of the cannon is determining the destiny +of empires, but it is unheard in the cottage. The myriad sounds of +commerce in the city do not disturb the quiet of that home. Its quiet +life attracts no attention. But there is something in that home more +important than war or commerce or king-craft--something that concerns +human welfare more profoundly. In that quiet home, a human life is +developing; a human soul preparing for its life work--a work that will +change the destiny of coming generations. In many quiet homes such a +work is in progress, determining a nation's future. + +All important movements are quiet and obscure in their origin. As the +magnificent forest was slowly and obscurely germinated in darkness, in +the seeds from which it sprung, so are the great discoveries in +science and philosophy matured in quietness and obscurity. The thinker +hears afar the sound of strife and the agitation of parties warring +for power. He knows the follies and errors that agitate mankind, but +he is withheld from entering the strife, for he has a more important +work to accomplish--a work for the future. It is to such work that the +JOURNAL OF MAN is devoted; laying the foundation of that philosophy in +which future thinkers shall find the principles of social +reorganization. It does not join in the strife of contending parties, +nor does it recognize any existing party as entirely free from error. +It gives its care to new and growing truths, knowing that, as Carlyle +says, "The weak thing weaker than a child becomes strong one day if it +be a true thing." + + +HOW NOT TO DO IT.--The Seybert commission having made a splendid +failure to find interesting and valuable facts where other +investigators have succeeded, their blundering ignorance is now +assisted by newspaper mendacity. The _New York Times_, of Aug. 22, +concludes an extremely stupid article on this subject, by the +following paragraph, which, if the writer gave any indications of +intelligence, would be set down as a pure specimen of mendacity, but +is more probably a specimen of indolent ignorance: + + "If Spiritualists could furnish one clearly-proved case of a + spirit from the other world, seen and tested by those now living + on the earth, there would be some sense and reason in their + claims to be heard; but until they do, the great mass of + intelligent people will refuse to listen, and rightly, too." + +There must be an immense mass of the same kind of lazy ignorance in +the community, when such stuff is tolerated in a newspaper. The +contents of daily newspapers show that they expect more patronage from +the debased and ignorant classes than from the intelligent and +honorable. + + +ROBBERY OF PUBLIC LANDS.--The report of Surveyor General Geo. W. +Julian, of Colorado, shows that of the patented and unpatented lands +referred to, aggregating 8,694,965 acres, it will be safe to estimate +that at least one-half have been illegally devoted to private uses +under invalid grants, or unauthorized surveys. + +He thinks it would not be extravagance to say that these land +claimants, with their enormous interests, have exercised a shaping +influence upon Congress. Congress has approved 47 out of 49 of these +claims. In this connection the report calls attention to the action of +Congress in 1860, and the Interior Department in 1879 in the famous +Maxwell land grant case, which he characterizes as a wanton and +shameful surrender to the rapacity of monopolists of 1,662,764 acres +of the public domain, on which hundreds of poor men had settled in +good faith and made valuable improvements. It has been as calamitous +to New Mexico, says the Surveyor General, as it is humiliating to the +United States. The report says: + + "During the last Congress several members of both Houses, + including the delegate from this Territory, reported bills for + the confirmation of the Socorro grant, which is one of the most + shocking of the many attempts yet made to plunder the public + domain. I do not say that the men who introduced these bills + intended to make themselves parties to any scheme of robbery, + but their action shows that the hidden hand of roguery is still + feeling its way in Congress for a friendly go-between." + +As a remedy for this condition of affairs, Mr. Julian recommends +resurveys of all grants about which there is any doubt, and the +entering of suits to set aside patents obtained by fraud. + + +LAND REFORM IN ENGLAND.--One hundred and twenty-four members of the +English Parliament are in favor of the following land scheme +propounded by Charles Bradlaugh: + + "Ownership of land should carry with it the duty of cultivation. + + "Where land capable of cultivation with profit, and not devoted + to some purpose of public utility or enjoyment, is held in a + waste or uncultivated state, the local authorities ought to have + the power to compulsorily acquire such land. + + "The compensation is to be only the 'payment to the owner for a + limited term of an annual sum not exceeding the then average net + annual produce of the said lands.' + + "The local authorities are to let the lands thus acquired to + tenant cultivators. + + "The conditions of tenure are to be such 'as shall afford + reasonable encouragement, opportunities, facilities, and + security for the due cultivation and development of the said + land.'" + + +LIFE IN EUROPE.--Senator Frye, of Maine, having returned from Europe, +spoke thus to a reporter, at Lewiston: + + "We have taken a tour of the continent and of Great Britain, and + although we have seen many places, we have seen no place like + home--no place in all respects equal to America. You will find + in the Old World much that is admirable, but what impressed me + most painfully was the poverty of the masses of the people. Why, + the people in Europe live on the poorest food, and mighty little + of it. I found that laborers in Glasgow work for 2s. 6d. a + day--sixty-two cents. I was charmed with Edinburgh, but when I + saw women drunk and fighting in her beautiful streets, the + modern Athens lost her charms. I cannot convey to you the + picture of the degradation and want throughout Great Britain, + caused by drink. I come back a stouter cold-water man than when + I went away. The drink evil is a horror. Speaking of wages, I + found girls in factories in Venice working with great skill for + from five to twelve cents a day, the most experienced getting + twelve cents a day, out of which they have to live, but how they + live is a wonder. Their chief diet is macaroni. Farm hands all + over Europe--women--earn twenty cents a day. Women do most of + the field work. I saw no improved machinery on the farms of the + continent. I have seen twenty women in one field at work--not a + man in sight. The plain people see no meat to eat once a week on + the continent. The condition of American wage-earners is + incomparably better than that of working people in Europe. It's + the difference between comfort and competence, and discomfort + and insufficient food and clothing. + + "Perhaps the most contemptible people one meets abroad are the + Anglicized Americans--the man who apes, both in manners and + language, what he regards as the English aristocracy, affects to + believe everything in England perfect, and seems to be ashamed + to institute any favorable comparison between his country and + that." + + +EDUCATION IN FRANCE.--The Academy of Medicine has passed a resolution +demanding of the government changes in the hours of study for +children, larger play grounds, removal of schools to the country, and +daily teaching of gymnastics. These suggestions are urgently needed in +France, where children are subjected to a far more rigid and +enfeebling method than in America. The power of the church over +education is destroyed in France, and religious instruction is now +prohibited. + + +CANADA AND THE UNION.--Rev. W. H. Murray reports a strong feeling in +Canada for annexation. He says: + + "A gentleman of great influence in this city, and of established + loyalty to the land of his birth, described the position here + very distinctly in the following words: 'I wish I could make + money and remain an Englishman, but I can't, and hence I propose + to become an American, for I cannot impoverish myself and my + family for a sentiment, however honorable.' + + "In the many conversations I have heard on the part of many + people of all classes touching commercial union, it has, in + every case, been assumed that it was only a prelude to political + union also. Many have insisted, as they talked, that the two + countries should come together, and at once; that the feeling of + the country was fast ripening for it, and that what it lacked in + education in this matter would soon be learned. This has + surprised me; for it was not so a few years ago." + + +WOMAN IN THE MOON.--The discovery of a woman in the moon is announced +by W. H. Burr, in a letter to the New York _Sun_, It was made more +than a year ago by Dr. James H. Thompson, a retired physician of +Washington. It is a profile occupying the west half of the moon, the +dark spot above answering to the banged hair. She faces a little +upward, and has a neck big enough to require a collar of the size that +Mr. Cleveland wears. And yet she is good-looking. The profile may be +seen through an opera-glass.--_Truth Seeker_. + + +EMANCIPATION FROM PETTICOATS.--"That distinguished Parisienne, Mme. de +Valsayre, has been petitioning the French legislature in favor of the +emancipation of women from petticoats. Her case is that petticoats are +very dangerous, leading to innumerable fatal accidents, and that +trousers are just as decent, more healthy and far less expensive. 'All +this is very true,' says Labouchere, in the _World_, 'though I do not +suppose that if the French women were as free as our own countrywomen +are to dress as they like, they would make much use of their liberty. +Trousers do not afford the same scope for decoration as petticoats. +They cannot be trimmed to any considerable extent, and the effect of +an improver or bustle worn under them would be absurd. I have always +wondered, however, that serious ladies in this country do not set more +store by this branch of progress. If I were a woman I would much +rather have a pair of trousers than a vote or even a university +degree.'" + + +WOMEN'S RIGHTS IN THE STREETS.--The lawless freedom with which men +approach or assail women in some American cities, while women on the +other hand are subjected to the meddlesome and domineering +interference of policemen, lends some interest to the case of Miss +Cass in London, one of the victims of police brutality, which has +excited an inquiry and comment in Parliament, and is likely to result +in the punishment of the policeman. The New York _Sun_ says: + + "The case of Miss Cass, who was arrested in Regent Street as a + disreputable character, has started in the _Pall Mall Gazette_ a + discussion of the annoyances to which decent women are subjected + in the streets of London. It will be remembered that she was a + respectable girl recently arrived in London, where she had + obtained employment in a milliner's shop, and that while waiting + in Regent Street early in the evening she was arrested by a + policeman, who insisted in regarding her as a professional + street-walker, as which, also, she was held by a magistrate, who + refused, to listen to her denials and explanations. + + "Many women have accordingly written to the _Pall Mall Gazette_ + to ask why, if a woman is liable to arrest on the mere suspicion + of having addressed a man, men are allowed to annoy and insult + women in the London streets with perfect impunity. The testimony + of them all is that, even in the daytime, a lady with any claims + to good looks, and who walks alone, is always liable to such + treatment, no matter how modest her apparel and reserved her + demeanor. It is not merely of insolent and persistent staring + that they complain, for they have grown to expect that as a + matter of course; but they are actually spoken to by men who are + strangers to them, in the most insinuating and offensively + flattering terms. These men are commonly described as + 'gentlemen' in appearance; 'a tall, distinguished, + military-looking man;' 'a youthful diplomat;' 'a government + official, a man holding a lucrative appointment,' and the like. + They are not roughs; from them ladies have nothing of the sort + to fear; but men who think to have the greater success and to + enjoy the complete immunity because they wear the garb of + gentlemen. + + "Rev. Mr. Haweis writes that 'you might easily fill the _Pall + Mall Gazette_ with nothing else for months, for we have come to + such a pass as this, that a young girl cannot stand aside at a + railway station while papa takes tickets, nor a girl lead her + blind relative through the streets, nor can a married woman go + twenty paces in a London thoroughfare without the risk of insult + or even assault.'" + +These evils are a relic of the old ideas of woman's inferiority, and +their only sure remedy is the destruction of that inferiority by the +industrial and professional education, which will make the woman the +par of her brother, and enable her to maintain her equal rights +everywhere. + + +A WOMAN'S TRIUMPH IN PARIS.--The public examination of Miss Bradley at +the Ecole de Medicine in Paris is thus described: + +When Miss Bradley stepped into the arena, clad in the traditional +garb, the general comment of the audience was: + + "How like _Portia_ in the trial scene of the 'Merchant of + Venice.'" + +It was known to Miss Bradley's college mates and other friends that +her thesis would be on "Iodism," and that she had taken a year to +write an elaborate book on the subject, which will soon be republished +in England from the original French. For an hour and a half she was +questioned with great shrewdness and ability by four of the leading +professors of the Ecole de Medicine,--Drs. Fournier, Gautier, Porchet, +and Robin. Each of these gentlemen had previously received a copy of +Miss Bradley's bold book, and they had brought their copies to the +examining room, with multitudinous interrogation marks on the margins, +showing that the new treatise had not only been very carefully read, +but had excited much curiosity and attention. Miss Bradley had the +great advantage of an unhackneyed theme, which she skilfully +illustrated by a numerous array of unfamiliar facts. + +Her triumph was of a very peculiar character. Her four examiners said +to her, with admiring frankness: "You have been working a new field; +we cannot agree with many of your conclusions; further investigation +may lead either yourself or us to different views; but, meanwhile, you +have presented to the college a thesis which does you uncommon honor, +and for which we unanimously award you the maximum mark of merit." + +After the announcement of the award, Miss Bradley was entertained at +dinner by Miss Augusta Klumpke, the first female physician who has +ever been admitted to practice in the hospitals of Paris. Both these +ladies are Americans--Miss Klumpke from San Francisco, and Miss +Bradley from New York. + + +A WOMAN'S BIBLE.--We have not reached the end of revision. A woman's +translation of the Bible is expected next. Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton +is the chairman of the American committee having this matter in +charge, and a woman's Bible and commentary are to be expected in due +time. + + +WORK FOR WOMEN.--Miss Katie Young, of Ironton, Mo., writes _The Voice_ +a letter upon the advantages of plating, as a new and pleasant field +of work for women. A relative made her a plating-machine at a cost of +$4; she readily obtained orders for work from everybody in the +neighborhood; the outlay for chemicals, etc., proved slight; and in 22 +days she netted $95.45. Her brother, working 24 days, cleared $90.50. +Miss Young states that she is making a collection of curiosities, and +that to any lady sending her a sea-shell, fancy stone, piece of rock, +ore or crystal, an old coin, or curious specimen of any description, +she will be glad to mail complete directions for making a machine +similar to hers, that will do gold, silver and nickel-plating. + +F. Henry Greer writes: "Two young gentlewomen are studying electrical +engineering, which profession has not yet been overcrowded. Great +fortunes have been made in its pursuit. If any readers of your +valuable journal are interested, I will freely give them any +information in my power." + + +MRS. STANTON ON THE JUBILEE.--"If mine has been the one discordant +note in the grand jubilee chorus to the Queen, it is because behind +all the busy preparations for the most brilliant pageant the world has +ever witnessed, of gilded royalty and nobility, my eyes beheld the +dark shadows on the background of homeless, starving men, women and +children, into whose desolate lives would never come one touch of +light or love. There is something to me unspeakably sad in the eager, +gazing multitudes that crowd the streets on these grand gala days. +There is ever a sphinx-like questioning look in their upturned faces +that seems to say, 'Ah! must the many ever suffer that the few may +shine?' As the sun went down on that 21st of June, what a contrast in +the close of the day's festivities between the children of luxury and +want. + +"Who that can share in imagination one hour the miseries of England's +impoverished people, can rejoice in a reign of fifty years that has +cost the nation 22,000,000 of pounds sterling in extra allowances to +the Queen and her children, in addition to the legitimate cost of the +royal household and the hereditary property rights of the throne?" +Nevertheless the Jubilee was a fine exhibition, and the _London +Baptist_ says that $4,000 was paid for the use of the windows of one +house to see the Jubilee. + + +ELECTRICITY seems destined to be the motor power for street cars. In +Montgomery, Alabama, the mule has already been superseded, and there +are fifteen miles of street railways operated by the electric motor. +Some satisfactory experiments have been made on the Cambridge Street +railway. Edison's latest discoveries in the conversion of heat into +electricity are expected to produce important results, dispensing with +the intermediate use of steam, and ultimately getting the power from +the sun's rays. + + +PROGRESS OF THE TELEGRAPH.--The _London Times_ thus summarizes some of +the statements made by Mr. Raikes, the postmaster-general, in his +speech delivered at the telegraph jubilee the other day: + + At first a machine required five wires before it could dispatch + a message. Now on one single wire seven or eight messages can be + sent simultaneously. At first the rate of sending did not amount + to more than four or five words a minute. Now on the latest + machine no less than 462 words a minute can be dispatched. The + number of messages has increased by steady steps, until now, + under the new tariff and with the facilities that have been so + widely extended since the telegraphs came into the hands of the + government, the number is truly portentous. Those sent during + the past year amounted to close upon a million a week--fifty-one + and one-half millions in all. Letters have grown from 80,000,000 + in the year of the Queen's accession to more than 1,400,000,000. + According to Mr. Pender, there are some 115,000 miles of cables + lying at the bottom of the sea. The progress in this department + has been constant. The latest scheme, as the new colonial + blue-books show, is for laying a cable under the Pacific Ocean, + from Vancouver to New Zealand. Surely there is no task from + which modern science will recoil. + + +THE MYSTERY OF THE AGES.--A work recently published at London by the +Countess of Caithness is a work of ability and learning, devoted +especially to a philosophy which is thus defined: + + "Theosophy is the essence of all doctrines, the inner truth of + all religions.... God is Spirit, and Spirit is One, Infinite, + and Eternal, whether it speak through the life of Buddha or + Jesus, Zoroaster or Mahommed.... The ideal of the Theosophist is + the at one-ment of his own spirit with that of the Infinite. + This is the essential teaching of all religions, and to obtain + this union you must believe in and obey the voice of your own + higher conscience; for the true Christ is the Divine Spirit + within you, and thus, God manifest in humanity." + + +PROGRESS OF THE MARVELLOUS.--Mrs. Herbert, of St. Joseph's Hospital, +Joliet, Illinois, as reported Aug. 16, had slept 219 days, sitting in +an easy chair, in a cataleptic state. She rarely moves a muscle, and +if her arm is lifted and not replaced it remains as it was left. Her +hands are cold, and her face very pallid. The food given her daily, it +is said, would only sustain life in a bird, and the doctors are +expecting her death. + +Mr. C. J. Helleberg, of Cincinnati, says that a lady of his family has +become developed as a medium, and many messages have been written +through her. Among others, a message from Charles XII. of Sweden +declared that "Sweden will be a republic sooner than any other power +in Europe," and the elections will be easily and honestly managed. + + +A GRAND AEROLITE.--The _Galt Gazette_ (California) describes the fall +of a meteor in that vicinity, witnessed by Dr. Goodspeed, which fell +in a slough and so heated the water as to kill the catfish that +inhabited it. It lies in the pond, and looks as if a hundred feet +wide. A much more marvellous story has been published of an engraved +meteoric stone falling in an obscure portion of Georgia near Clayton +Court-house, which is a hoax, and has been so pronounced by the +postmaster at Clayton. + +Whether the California story is true I have not ascertained, but the +fall of a great meteor in this region has developed a grand meteoric +capacity for lying. The despatch first published by the _Boston +Herald_ described the stone as falling near McAdam Junction, not far +from Bangor, Maine, making the crockery rattle at the Junction, and +plunging into the earth all but about ten feet of the stone, which was +so hot that no one could come within fifty yards of it. It has not +been found at all, for it dropped into the Bay of Fundy; but it +illuminated the whole country for a vast distance, and looked as large +as the moon. It had a long trailing violet light behind it as it fell. +Our meteoric showers generally occur in August, this was on the 15th +of September. + + +THE BOY PIANIST.--Joseph Hoffmann is considered in London the greatest +young pianist since the days of Mozart. He is coming to America. He is +from Poland. + + +CENTENARIANS.--The _Rabbi Hirsch_, born in Poland, died a few weeks +ago in Brooklyn, aged 109. He saw Napoleon on his march to Moscow. +Mrs. Paradis of North Grosvenordale, Conn., died Aug. 26, aged 120. +The _Boston Globe_ in making a record of old people in Maine, has +mentioned Miss Betsey Sargent, of Canterbury, aged 100; Mrs. Ellen +Scott, Portsmouth, 100; Mrs. Mary Mann, Oxford, 101; Mrs. Jane Wilson, +Edgecomb, 102; John Chandler, Concord, 102; Mrs. Nancy Chase, Edgerly, +103; Perault Pickard, Colchester, 107; Robert Peters, Berwick, 107; +George McQueen, Portland, 109; Giles Bronson, Castleton, 115; Mrs. +Mary Ludkends, Portland, 117. + +Samuel Zielinski, a Pole, who came to the United States after he was +100 years old, is now living a mile from Dubois, Illinois, with his +descendants, at the age of 120. + + +EDUCATED MONKEYS.--The story comes from Brazil, by way of Panama, that +on a hemp farm seven large monkeys have been taught to work as +laborers, and that they work faster and eat less than negroes. If they +can pull hemp, why not do other work? If this report is confirmed it +may be of some importance. + +A correspondent of the _New York Times_ says that monkeys from Cape +Town, Africa, have been introduced successfully into the hemp fields +of Kentucky. One gentleman employs twelve near Shelbyville, Perkins & +Chirsman have eleven, Smith & Murphy twenty-six, and J. B. Park, near +Kingston, who introduced monkey labor, employs seventeen. The monkeys +cost about $60 each, they are docile, easily taught, and cost about +one fourth of human labor. + + +CAUSES OF IDIOCY.--Dr. T. Langdon Down, inquiring into the causes of +idiocy, has found that intemperance of parents is one of the most +considerable factors in producing the affection. His view is confirmed +by some French and German investigators, one of whom, Dr. Delasiauve, +has said that in the village of Careme, whose riches were in its +vineyards, ten years' comparative sobriety, enforced by vine-disease, +had a sensible effect in diminishing the cases of idiocy. Nervous +constitution and consumption exercise important influence. Of the +professions, lawyers furnish the smallest proportion of idiots, while +they are credited with the procreation of a relatively very large +number of men of eminence. With the clergy, these proportions are more +than reversed. The influence of consanguineous marriage, _per se_, is +insignificant, if it exists.--_Pop. Science Monthly_. + + +A POWERFUL TEMPERANCE ARGUMENT.--A most powerful argument for +temperance is furnished by the records of the British army in India +for 1886, showing the comparative amount of crime, disease, and death +among 12,807 soldiers, of whom 3,278 were temperate, and 8,828 were +drinking men. The number of cases of crime among the abstainers was +172, among the drinkers 3,988, a difference of one to twenty-three in +number, or more than ten to one in percentage. The temperate had but +4.32 per cent. of crime, the drinkers 45.17 per cent. The percentage +of sickness and death was more than twice as great among the drinkers. +Liquor, therefore, _more than doubled_ the proportion of disease and +mortality, and increased the _criminality more than tenfold_. Of the +numbers tried by court martial there were 120 times as many +proportionally among the drinkers as among the temperate. The +destructive effects of drink are far greater in hot climates, and +perceptibly greater in hot weather. + +The Southern States of the Union are in advance of the Northern on the +temperance question. The legislature of Georgia has passed a bill by a +large majority which taxes wine rooms in prohibition counties $10,000. +At present this covers nearly all the State. + +The forty-fifth annual report of the Registrar General of England +shows that estimating the average mortality of males in England at +1,000, that of brewers is 1,361, of innkeepers and publicans 1,521. +Scotch reports show the mortality of males engaged in the liquor +business to be 68 per cent. above the actuaries table for healthy +males, and 49 per cent. over the English life table. + + +SLOW PROGRESS.--It was a long time before lobelia was recognized by +the profession--before anything good was found to belong to it. Now +one of our leading professors thinks lobelia will become the most +valuable of our cardiac sedatives--regulator of the heart's action. I +wrote up the value of lobelia in surgery, obstetrics and practice over +thirty years ago; also the valuable properties of hydrastis can., both +of which were almost unnoticed then and since by regular +practitioners. But now Prof. Bartholow has discovered their great +merits and written the latter up especially, and what I and Prof. +Dodd, (V. S.,) wrote a third of a century ago will be credited to +others. Well, who cares? The tincture of calendule flavas I have tried +to force upon the profession for forty years as a dressing for wounds, +but it will require some one higher in the profession to give it a +hurrah, boys!--_Med. Summary_. + + +COMMUNITY DOCTORS.--It is manifestly the interest of society that the +doctor should be engaged and paid by the year, so that his interest +would be to keep the people well instead of sick. Moreover, it would +be more economical, as a doctor, secure of steady support, would not +be inclined to make heavy charges, and the patient would not find a +fit of illness making a dangerous inroad on his finances, so as to +double his misfortune. The scheme has been advocated in the +newspapers. + + +THE SELFISH SYSTEM OF SOCIETY.--The system of antagonism and +competition results in a universal system of plunder by exorbitant +charges, and each man protects himself by overcharging in return. +Plunder by overcharging is so much the custom that no one objects to +it. The _Boston Herald_ says: "There is a baker in New York, who sells +large loaves of bread of the finest quality for five cents a loaf. The +same-sized loaf sells for ten cents in Boston." In like manner, +Americans generally pay ten cents for a loaf about half as large as +that sold for ten cents, in London; yet the London baker has to buy +the same flour after its cost is enhanced by an ocean voyage. This is +the custom of society; the glass of lemonade, costing perhaps two +cents, is sold at all prices, from five or ten cents up to +twenty-five. + +The correspondent of a Denver paper says that lumber costing +forty-five cents a hundred feet, is sold at $2.25. These are samples +of the financial disorder of life in all departments. + + +EDUCATED BEETLES.--Bridgeport, Conn., Aug. 24. Miss Emily Nelson, of +this city, has received a present from Merida, Yucatan, in the shape +of an educated jewelled bug. It has a harness of gold and is jewelled +with precious stones. + +The custom is said to have originated among the Spanish nobility +several centuries ago, when the first bug was educated and worn by a +princess. The bug became greatly attached to the maiden, and partook +of her moods and dispositions. When she was sad or disheartened the +bug became sluggish; and when she was joyous and vivacious the bug was +likewise lively in its movements. At her death, the bug pined away and +died, too. + +Miss Nelson is very happy and justly very proud of her present. The +insect is about the size of an ordinary black beetle. Around the body +is firmly fastened a gold band. A gold strap is riveted to this and +passes down the back around and under the body, and is welded upon the +under side to the gold belt. Upon the back are tiny jewels set in gold +and fastened into the shell. The coloring of the shell is a brilliant +Nile green, edged with black. The movement of the bug gives flashes of +variegated colors. Upon the under side is fastened a delicate gold +chain which in turn is attached to a brooch. It is educated to eat +from the lips. It understands various whistles and calls, and appears +and disappears at the word of command.--_Globe_. + + +RUSTLESS IRON is being manufactured in New York by a new process +which, it is claimed, converts the surface of the metal into magnetic +oxide of iron. This is done by subjecting it successively to the +action of highly heated air and carbonic acid gas from coal fires. The +process can be applied with most satisfactory results to water-pipes +and architectural work. + + +WEIGHING THE EARTH.--Prof. Proctor proposes to repeat in Florida an +experiment to determine the weight of the earth, and mentions the +results of the methods heretofore tried. Newton first estimated the +weight of the earth to be between five and six times as great as that +of water. Such a weight it would have if it were one half iron and the +other half limestone, or half copper and half clay. Evidently the +metallic weight preponderates. + +Weighing the earth is accomplished by comparing the effect of its +attraction with that of much smaller bodies. One method is to compare, +by balancing the weight of two balls, one above a globe of lead, as +large as practicable, and the other below it, so as to have the +attraction of the leaden globe pulling up and counteracting the +gravitation to the earth. The effect is very slight and requires +delicate apparatus. + +By another, but more inaccurate method, the attraction of the earth +has been compared with that of a mountain--a very indefinite method +indeed. A better method was that of Astronomer Airy and Mr. Dunkin, +who went down into the Harton coal pit 1,260 feet to see how much +difference that depth would make in the movements of a pendulum. It +gained 2-1/4 seconds in 24 hours, and the weight of the earth was +inferred to be over 6-1/2 times as great as that of water; but it is +manifest that such a method could yield nothing much more accurate +than the mountain experiment which indicated a weight 4-3/4 times that +of water. The ball experiment, which is the most reliable, indicated +5-1/2 times the weight of water, thus coinciding with Newton's +astronomical opinion, which is probably true. + + +HEAD AND HEART.--The popular use of the terms head and heart to +represent thought and emotion, which is contrary to physiology, is +analogous to Dr. Hartmann's statement of the oriental doctrine that +thought alone belongs to the brain, but life and will to the heart. +This ancient _speculation_ (not intuition) is easily refuted. If it +were true, the will power and powers of life would be proportional to +the development of the heart, regardless of the brain, but the reverse +is the fact. Great development of heart does not increase either will +power, or life, but is injurious to both. The enlarged (hypertrophied) +heart is injurious to vital power and will power, and in proportion to +its increase, it tends to shorten life by apoplexy or some other form +of cerebral disorder. It produces no increase of either life, will, or +love. In fact, the stomach is more nearly associated with love than +the heart, for men are much more amiable after enjoying a feast, but +the heart, which is a part of the muscular system, is at its maximum +of action in combat and war. + + +THE RECTIFICATION OF CEREBRAL SCIENCE, commenced in this number, will +be continued in the November number, bringing the science up to its +present condition, and showing how, after the rectification is +completed, the science attains a grand simplicity, and, instead of +being puzzled by cerebral organology, a very brief instruction will +enable us to master the subject. In 1836 I instructed Prof. Cubi at +New Orleans in the old organology, giving him six lessons in exchange +for his instructions in Spanish. Three lessons would give an equal +familiarity with the new system, though it is four times as extensive. + + + + +CHAPTER IX.--RECTIFICATION OF CEREBRAL SCIENCE, CORRECTING THE +ORGANOLOGY OF GALL AND SPURZHEIM. + + Approximate correctness and incompleteness of Gall and + Spurzheim--Grand anatomical discoveries of Gall---Reception of + his doctrines--His successors--Omission of Pneumatology and + Physiology by Gall and Spurzheim--Organs and faculties + overlooked--True locations of the faculties they recognized, + Amativeness, Philoprogenitiveness, Adhesiveness, Inhabitiveness, + Destructiveness, Combativeness, Secretiveness, Acquisitiveness, + Constructiveness, Cautiousness, Approbativeness, Self-Esteem, + Firmness, Religion, Benevolence, Hope, Marvellousness, Poetry, + Ideality, Imitation, Wit or Mirthfulness, Eventuality, + Individuality, Perceptive Organs, Time, Comparative Sagacity, + Causality, Tune, Constructiveness, Language--Comments on the + Organology of Gall. + + +The first question that occurs to the enlightened enquirer, when he +learns that the functions of the brain have been positively determined +by experiment, is whether the cranioscopy of Gall and Spurzheim was +successful in locating the cerebral functions, and how nearly their +inferences from development correspond with the revelations of +experiment. + +It is with great pleasure that I am able to say that the system of +Gall and Spurzheim was a wonderful approximation to the truth. Dr. +Gall was pre-eminently the scientific pioneer of the nineteenth +century. No single individual ever did so much to enlarge the sphere +of human knowledge, and to establish the permanent foundations of +philosophy. Up to his time, the brain of man was at once the greatest +mystery of anatomy and the repository of a greater amount of wisdom +and truth than all other realms of science which had previously been +explored. But so limited was the knowledge, and so narrow the +understanding of the learned, that the grandeur of cerebral science +was not even suspected, and, even at the present time, it is so remote +from the speculations of the learned that, like a distant star, it has +few practical relations to their life; nor will its magnitude be +realized until an ample literature shall have made its scientific +record. + +Into this field of mystery, Dr. Gall advanced with a courage unknown +to his predecessors, and his success was equal to his courage. The +entire plan and constitution of the brain were revealed by his +anatomical genius, and his successors have but carried further and +perfected his anatomical system. His anatomical exposition of the +brain, addressed to the French Institute in 1808, is one of the great +landmarks of the progress of science--the commencement of a new era; +and his exposition of its functions was the solution of a problem +which had defied the genius and learning of all his predecessors. His +discoveries in anatomy were so great that Reil (himself a brain +anatomist of the highest rank, whose name is permanently associated +with anatomy by the name "Island of Reil," which belongs to the +location in which Gall made his first discovery of the faculty and +organ of language), Reil, I say, declared that Dr. Gall had shown him +more in his dissections of the brain than he thought it possible for +any one man to have discovered in his lifetime; and, in fact, some of +the old anatomists, not having been personally instructed by Gall, +professed to find it difficult, if not impossible, to unfold the brain +after his manner. + +These discoveries gave Dr. Gall at once a very eminent rank among the +learned, for anatomy being a physical science, there never has been +any opposition, jealousy, or scepticism against its cultivation among +the educated, nor was there anything marvellous in his revelation of +cerebral functions, for he studied only the common familiar faculties +of men and animals, and never looked into the mysterious and +marvellous powers which a more thorough investigation has revealed. + +Indeed, his reception at first was quite triumphant, and it was not +until the death of Gall and Spurzheim, leaving no able and competent +representative to carry on their labors, that the drift of medical +scepticism and ignorance arrested the progress of his doctrines. I say +_ignorance_, for the aversion to the doctrines of Gall was due far +more to the ignorance of the profession and their entire neglect of +the craniological method than to any other causes. + +Gall had good reason to be satisfied with his first reception, except +as to the hostility of the Austrian government, which suppressed his +lectures and compelled him to go abroad, settling finally in Paris, +where he again encountered governmental hostility in the +unfriendliness of Bonaparte, whose rejection alike of Gall and of +Fulton, who wished to introduce steam navigation, demonstrated that +great military and political ability may co-exist with great +shallowness of mind in reference to all things new, original, and +philanthropic. So it has always been, and so it continues. + +In his travels in Germany, from 1805 to 1807, accompanied by Dr. +Spurzheim, "I experienced everywhere (said Gall) the most flattering +reception. Sovereigns, ministers, philosophers, legislators, artists +seconded my design on all occasions, augmenting my collection, and +furnishing me everywhere with new observations. The circumstances were +too favorable to permit me to resist the invitations which came to me +from most of the universities." Thirty-four of the leading cities and +seats of learning enjoyed the visits of Gall and Spurzheim before they +settled in Paris, where, although French jealousy arose against this +German invasion, and the influence of Napoleon prevented their cordial +reception, they nevertheless commanded and retained the respect of +scientists and had many devoted friends, including Broussais and +Andral, who then stood at the head of the medical profession, and of +Corvisart, Napoleon's physician, who could not overcome his master's +prejudice. + +In speaking of the great void left by the decease of Gall and +Spurzheim, I do not forget that for a few years George Combe, Dr. +Elliotson, and Dr. Macartney, of England, and Dr. Caldwell, of +America, survived, but these eminent gentlemen were not so identified +with the science, or so competent to sustain it as to wear the mantle +of its founders. My own labors beginning after the death of the +founders were those of investigation and discovery, and never to any +great extent those of propagation. Indeed, for twenty years I entirely +abandoned the scientific rostrum, and almost ended my labors, feeling +that my duty had been done in the way of development and +demonstration. But in accordance with the great law of periodicity, I +resumed my labors in 1877-78. + +When we look at the doctrines of Gall and Spurzheim in the light of +positive science and philosophy, our first observation is that they +fell very far short of revealing the entire functions of the brain, +and discovering in it all the important spiritual and physical +faculties and energies of life. They did not attempt to explore the +brain as a physiological organ, and determine how or in what special +organs it controls the physiological functions. These may be regarded +as one half, though the lower half, of its capacities, out of which +arises a vast amount of medical philosophy. + +As to the psychic half of the cerebral functions, they omitted +entirely that portion which relates to pneumatology. They thought +nothing of the soul as an object of science, and made no attempt to +trace its connection with the brain, and the vast number of phenomena +which lie along the border line between the physical and spiritual, +and which are conspicuous in the phenomena of somnambulism, sleep, +dreaming, hypnotism, spiritualism, clairvoyance, trance, ecstasy, and +religious marvels. + +Overlooking these things, they sought the seats of from twenty-seven +faculties (as with Gall) to thirty-five (as with Spurzheim), and did +not appear to realize how many had been entirely omitted. When all +they attempted to locate are located by positive experiment and +assigned their proper localities and limits, we find fully one half of +the cerebral surface vacant for organs of other functions. Indeed, the +first large publication of Gall and Spurzheim, in four volumes folio, +with an atlas of 100 plates, begun in 1809 and finished in 1819, did +not in the cranial map of organs profess to be a complete development +of the functions of the brain. It located organs, but did not +determine the functions intermediate between their boundaries. This +was the map of Gall. In that of Spurzheim the intermediate spaces were +occupied and the entire exterior surface of the brain devoted to +organology, yet still the basilar and interior surface of the brain +remained unknown to Spurzheim, and the exterior regions which he +supposed entirely occupied by his organs were but half occupied by +them. Thus when we consider the unexplored basilar and interior +regions, and that half of its exterior surface which was erroneously +appropriated to the thirty-five organs, as well as the erroneous +location of several, we perceive that _more than half_ of the organs +and functions of the brain remained for investigation. + +Turning away from the anatomy to contemplate the psychology, we +perceive that _more than half of human nature_ had been omitted from +the German scheme,--that half of the mental functions which belongs to +the organs of the vacant spaces on the corrected map, and in addition +to these the higher psychic functions, and the lower physiological +functions, neither of which Gall and Spurzheim explored, because they +did not attempt to study the brain as a physiological organ, and they +did not bring the soul and the higher functions of the mind within the +scope of their science. + +Gall was a bold, original naturalist and anatomist but not a +psychologist; and the incorrectness of his psychology hindered his +investigations, and prevented him from carrying out a proper +subdivision of faculties and organs. He says in the last volume: "Each +fundamental power, essentially distinct, includes sensation, +perception, memory and recollection, judgment and +imagination,"--disregarding the truth that these are distinct +intellectual powers, belonging to different organs, and therefore +bearing no proportion to each other. One may have an immense memory +without imagination, or a brilliant imagination without much memory. +These, and many other psychological errors, are apparent in the +writings of Gall, and still more in those of Spurzheim. + +[Illustration] + +In the drawing herewith presented, the thirty-five organs of Spurzheim +are assigned their proper locations and dimensions. The first organ, +AMATIVENESS (made second by Spurzheim), was assumed to occupy the +entire cerebellum. It really occupies only its median and superior +portion, and a small section of the anterior surface of the spinal +cord, adjacent to the encephalon. This error of Gall and Spurzheim did +a great deal to discredit their system. It manifested on their part a +fallibility of judgment, and a dogmatic adherence to first impressions +in the face of evidence to the contrary; for the experiments of +Rolando and Flourens demonstrated a connection between the cerebellum +and the general vital force and muscular action. The relation may not +have been clearly understood, but the facts were decisive, and the +researches of Majendie, with the more recent ones of Ferrier, have +made more clear the relations of the cerebellum to the muscular system +and vital force. + +The doctrine of Gall has been abandoned by physiologists because +refuted by many facts, the most decisive of which is that the +cerebellum of castrated horses is larger than that of stallions, which +could not be possible if the cerebellum had only sexual functions. +Moreover, the doctrine of Gall was essentially unreasonable in itself. +To suppose that so large a portion of the brain which is continually +active, being well supplied with blood, could have a function which is +but occasionally active, and which, through the greater part of human +life, is unnoticed or inactive, is extremely unreasonable; and to +suppose that the serious disturbances of animal life and muscular +motion, caused by ablations of the cerebellum, were due to the +disturbance of an organ having only sexual functions, was thoroughly +absurd. The parrot-like repetition of these exploded errors by the +followers of the phrenological system contributed to its discredit in +the medical profession. + +The 2d organ of Gall (3d of Spurzheim), PHILOPROGENITIVENESS, was +regarded as one of the best known phrenological organs, but my +unprejudiced study of heads soon assured me of its inaccuracy. The +organ was small in Spurzheim, who was remarkably fond of children, and +I have found it small in ladies who showed no lack of parental love, +but generally well developed and active in criminal skulls. One which +I obtained in Arkansas, of a man named Richmond, had this region large +and active, although he was the one of a group of murderers by whom +the children, or, rather, boys, were killed. This region is _extremely +defective_ in the brains of birds, which are certainly very devoted to +their young. The attachment to children belongs really to an interior +region of the occiput, where the occipital lobes face the median line. +Hence it is that a large occipital development very often coincides +with the love of children; but the true position of the organ renders +it difficult to determine its development in life. + +ADHESIVENESS (3d) is located by Spurzheim farther back and lower than +it should be; also, too far back in Gall's map. It belongs to the +vacant space in front of Gall's location. + +INHABITIVENESS (5th) is an imaginary definition of the function +located behind Self-esteem. Equally imaginary is the doctrine of the +Edinburgh phrenologists, who call it Concentrativeness. The +observations of Gall led him to regard it as a portion of the organ of +Pride, and as giving to animals a love of lofty locations. Gall was +nearer right than Spurzheim or Combe. The only function I find in this +spot is Self-confidence. The tendencies to a quiet love of home, and +the ability to tranquillize and concentrate the mind, are located, +virtually, above the ear on the temporal arch, the ridge which +separates the lateral from the superior surface of the head. + +DESTRUCTIVENESS, the 5th organ of Gall and 1st of Spurzheim, was +located much too high and too far forward by Gall. I am surprised at +this, since it differs so widely from the indications of comparative +anatomy that it is difficult to imagine how Gall was misled. Any one +comparing the skull of a dog with that of a sheep may discover the +error. He called it Murder, or the wish to destroy. Spurzheim, who +does not describe its location, says, "At the beginning Gall placed +the seat of this organ too far behind the ear, but a great number of +observations convinced us that its seat is immediately above the ear." +The truth is that the convolutions which terminate on the temporal +bone over the ear are only on the border of Destructiveness, and +produce only an irritable and impulsive temper. The true +Destructiveness extends fully an inch under the surface of the middle +lobe, along the petrous ridge of the temporal bone, and is manifested +externally just behind the ear by the prominence of the mastoid +process. + +COMBATIVENESS (the 6th of Spurzheim, or Courage and Self-defence, the +4th of Gall) is located with tolerable correctness by each and +properly described. + +SECRETIVENESS, which is but a modification of Cautiousness, occupying +its middle region, is much too large on the maps, and on that of Gall +it is quite out of place--too far forward and too high up, occupying a +region which produces modesty and refinement. + +ACQUISITIVENESS (7th of Gall, 8th of Spurzheim) is still farther +mislocated on the map of Gall, occupying a region of intellectual, +inventive and literary capacity. This is the most _outre_ and absurd +of all Gall's locations. Placing this selfish and grasping propensity +in the front lobe which belongs to intellect, when it really belongs +to the selfish, adhesive, and combative elements of the occiput, is an +error of so extravagant a character as to show that Gall had no +correct psychology in his mind, and no capacity or desire to construct +a harmonious system. Spurzheim's location, much farther back, is +somewhat less erroneous, but both are thoroughly false, and a few +months of my first observations fifty-two years ago satisfied me as to +this error. That it should have flourished unchallenged by +Phrenologists for eighty years, seems to show that when a dominant +idea is once established in the mind, all facts are made to conform to +it. Is is remarkable, too, that the very great difference between the +locations given by Gall and by Spurzheim has not attracted notice. But +in fact the map of Gall has never had any popular currency. Spurzheim +and Combe have been the accepted authors. The true location of +acquisitiveness is anterior to combativeness, and lower than +adhesiveness. Gall was misled by studying the young pickpockets and +thieves of Vienna. The organ that he found suits a low cunning and +dextrous character when the head lacks elevation. + +CONSTRUCTIVENESS, Spurzheim's 9th (Bausinn, or aptitude for mechanical +arts, of Gall No. 19), is decidedly mislocated by Spurzheim. Instead +of being placed in the purely intellectual region adjacent to +calculation, order, and system, it is carried back and down into the +region of somnolence and sensitive impressibility. Gall's location is +a little worse because lower, being carried out of the intellectual +region into the middle lobe according to his published map. It is very +easy to detect this error in examining a number of heads, and it was +quite apparent to me in my first year's observations. In impressible +persons the touch upon this locality produces nothing but a dreamy +influence, and a disposition to close the eyes. Carried farther, it +produces the mesmeric sleep. + +CAUTIOUSNESS (the 10th of both Spurzheim and Gall) was too far back in +Spurzheim's map, occupying space that belongs to adhesiveness. It runs +downward along the course of the lateral convolutions, and its more +timid and gloomy functions are developed near the ear, differing +widely from the functions of its upper portion. + +APPROBATIVENESS (the 11th of Spurzheim, and 9th of Gall) is located +with substantial correctness, covering, however, more functions than +that term expresses. Gall's location and definition are also +substantially correct. + +SELF-ESTEEM (the 12th of Spurzheim, 8th of Gall) is well located and +described with approximative correctness. + +FIRMNESS, RELIGION (Veneration or Theosophy), and BENEVOLENCE are so +well located and described by both Gall and Spurzheim as to need but +little comment at present. The four superior organs on the median +line, and the organ of CONSCIENTIOUSNESS were more correctly located +and described than any other large portion of the brain. + +HOPE is not adjacent to Conscientiousness, but parallel to Religion. + +MARVELLOUSNESS has a preposterously large space assigned it, being +really a small organ at the summit of Ideality, which exercises a more +intellectual and less superstitious function than has been given it. +Marvellousness, Hope, Conscientiousness, Time, Order, Weight, Size, +and Individuality are the eight organs discovered and added by +Spurzheim, not having been recognized by Gall. The exterior portion of +Spurzheim's Marvellousness occupies the space devoted by Gall to +Poetry. + +POETRY, recognized by Gall, is brought lower by Spurzheim and called +IDEALITY. Both locations are substantially correct. The location of +Gall is the seat of Marvellousness, Imagination, and Spirituality; +that of Spurzheim is well expressed by the term Ideality, and the +description given, but the word Poetry is rather too limited as the +definition of Gall's organ. It gives brilliance to prose and to +oratory, or even conversation, as well as to poetry. + +IMITATION, adjacent to Benevolence, is somewhat better located by Gall +than by Spurzheim, who gives it too much breadth anteriorly. + +WIT or MIRTHFULNESS is a confused and erroneous statement. The two +faculties are distinct, Wit being intellectual and occupying a small +space adjacent to Causality or Reason, while Mirthfulness, or the +sentiment of the ludicrous, is just above it, and should properly be +called Humor. The mirthful or playful faculty is in the posterior +region adjacent to Approbativeness, and may be quite conspicuous when +there is neither wit nor humor in the mirth. Imitation, Mirth or +Humor, and Wit follow each other in a line. The so-called organ of Wit +(Gall) or Mirthfulness (Spurzheim) is the seat of the most profound +reasoning faculty, while the CAUSALITY of Spurzheim, the METAPHYSICAL +DEPTH of thought of Gall, though it gives a clear analytical +intelligence has really less profundity and ability in reasoning than +the organ which they have misnamed Wit and Mirthfulness, which is +pre-eminently the organ of profound reasoning. + +EVENTUALITY and INDIVIDUALITY are confounded as one organ by Gall, +calling it Educability, or Memory of Things but rightly separated by +Spurzheim, as the observation and memory of events are distinct from +the observation of things. Though I do not use the word Individuality, +it is not an objectionable expression, as it suggests the fine +perceptive power of its location. Both Gall and Spurzheim had a +practically good idea of the region of Eventuality, which Gall first +called the memory of things. Spurzheim's description is good; but when +the organ is analyzed, it yields consciousness and observation on the +median line, memory more exterior, extending to Time. + +PERCEPTIVE ORGANS--The most marvellous feature of the old +phrenological system, is the accuracy with which the smallest organs +of the brain have been discovered, located, and described. The organs +of Form, Size, Weight, Color, Order, and Number, or Calculation, were +so accurately located and described by Spurzheim, that little remains +to be said about them. Gall discovered only Form, Color, and Number, +and the latter he located in the position which belongs to Order. +These organs were but little developed in Gall, whose great success +was due to his philosophic originality and independence. He was not a +close observer, and there was a sternness in his nature which +prevented him from accepting readily the suggestions of Spurzheim, who +with less boldness of character and greater accuracy of perception, +was better fitted for minute observation and anatomical analysis. His +own cranium has been preserved, in which I found these perceptive +organs distinctly marked by their digital impressions on the +superorbital plate over the eye. It is a remarkable fact that the +intellectual faculties have been most easily understood and located, +while their antagonists in the occipital region have proved the +greatest puzzle in psychic and cerebral investigations. Gall failed, +and left a vacant space in the occiput. Spurzheim failed, but covered +the ground incorrectly, and it was many years after I discovered +cerebral impressibility before I attained a satisfactory view of the +psychology of this region. The location and definition of LOCALITY are +substantially correct. + +The organ of TIME, another of Spurzheim's discoveries, was very +correctly located and defined by him. It lies just above the organ of +Color. + +COMPARATIVE SAGACITY, or Perspicacity, as Gall called it, was a better +term than Comparison, which was introduced by Spurzheim. Direct +perception of truth is its leading character. Illustration by +comparison belongs to the breadth of the forehead, to the Ideal and +Inventive region, and is the characteristic of poetry. Spurzheim's +description, however, is substantially correct. It qualifies for clear +statement, but not for comprehensive or ingenious reasoning. The +portion on the median line has still more penetration, in consequence +of which it perceives the nature and tendencies of everything, and is +enabled to exercise foresight. Still farther in on the median line are +located the powers which are more intuitive, and transcending ordinary +foresight are entitled to be called prophecy. + +The CAUSALITY of Spurzheim, or Metaphysical Depth of thought of Gall, +was defined with approximate correctness. The immediate perception of +causation lies just above the organ of Time, and the special organ of +Reason extends therefrom upwards. If the reflective organs of one side +of the forehead are divided into an interior and exterior group by a +vertical line from the pupil of the eye, the interior group would +represent a comprehensive understanding possessing sagacity and +judgment, while the exterior would represent profound ingenious +thought and originality, a capacity for discovering truth by reason +and meditation, by analysis and synthesis, while the interior would +discover it only by direct perception. In the exterior group would be +included the misnamed organ of Wit or Mirthfulness, which is really a +source of philosophy and originality. + +TUNE and CONSTRUCTIVENESS have really reversed their positions in the +maps of Spurzheim and Gall. The inventive faculty of musical composers +was what Gall discovered as Music. The sense of Melody and Tune lies +behind the brow in connection with the _sense of hearing_, at the +anterior portion of Sensibility, which forty years after my discovery +is beginning to be recognized in consequence of the experiments of +Ferrier on animals. The organ of hearing which he demonstrated in the +monkey, occupies the same position in the superior temporal +convolution, behind the eye, which I have given it in man, which +brings it into close connection with the organs of Language and Tune. +Its close connection with the region of impressibility called +Somnolence explains its supreme control over our emotions. + +The organ of LANGUAGE, the first discovery of Gall, has been the first +to receive its demonstration from pathology and vivisection. But the +pioneer teacher to whom contemporaries are unjust has to wait very +long for an honorable recognition. The existence of an organ of +Language at the junction of the front and middle lobes, at the back of +the eye-sockets, has become established in our physiology from the +developments of disease and autopsies, without mentioning in +connection that it was the discovery of Gall. Perhaps the authors of +the text-books may not even know the location of Gall's discovery in +the brain, and think only of the external sign, the prominence of the +eyes, produced by the convolution at the back of their orbits. + +Dr. Spurzheim simply located the external sign of the prominence of +the organ at the eye, while Gall recognized the talent for languages +as lying further back than that for verbal memory, and consequently +being manifested lower at the eye. Nevertheless Gall made a correct +observation, as he noticed that a full development was indicated when +the temples were broad behind the eye. The true location of the organ +externally is just behind the outer angle of the eye, a position +central to Gall's observations, and corresponding in the brain to that +junction of the front and middle lobes in which the organ has been +demonstrated by pathology, though not so accurately defined as in my +experiments. + +Perhaps in twenty or thirty years more my demonstrations having been +brought before the public may attract the attention of the laborious +vivisectors in Europe, who have done so much to verify them, and who +will find that their labors do not refute but do confirm what I have +discovered by methods so much simpler, easier and more pleasant. + +In the second volume I propose to show in detail how much the +pathologists and vivisectors have done to illustrate and corroborate +the new Anthropology. + +[Illustration: ORGANOLOGY OF GALL, 1809. + + 1. Instinct of Generation. + 2. Love of Offspring. + 3. Friendship, Attachment. + 4. Courage, Self-Defence. + 5. Murder, Wish to Destroy. + 6. Cunning. + 7. Sentiment of Property. + 8. Pride, Self-Esteem, Haughtiness. + 9. Vanity, Ambition. + 10. Cautiousness, Foresight, Prudence. + 11. Memory of Things, Educability. + 12. Local Memory. + 13. Memory of Persons. + 14. Verbal Memory. + 15. Memory for Languages. + 16. Colors. + 17. Music. + 18. Number. + 19. Aptitude for Mechanical Arts. + 20. Comparative Aptitude for Drawing Comparisons. + 21. Metaphysical Depth of Thought, Aptitude for Drawing Conclusions. + 22. Wit. + 23. Poetry. + 24. Good Nature. + 25. Mimicry. + 26. Theosophy, Religion. + 27. Firmness of Character.] + + + + +BUSINESS DEPARTMENT. + + +COLLEGE OF THERAPEUTICS. + +Next Session Begins November 1, 1887. + +This institution is the germ of what will be an immense revolution in +education hereafter, when the knowledge now given to small classes +will hold a conspicuous place in every college, and will be presented +in every high school. + +The mountain mass of inertia, which opposes, passively, all +fundamental changes, cannot now resist scientific demonstration as it +has in the past. The instruction in the College of Therapeutics, is +thoroughly demonstrative, leaving no room for doubt, and it gives a +species of knowledge which ought to be a part of every one's +education--a knowledge of the constitution of man, not obtainable +to-day in any medical or literary college, nor in our mammoth +libraries. It is not merely as a deep philosophy that this interests +us, but as a guide in the preservation of health, and in the +regulation of spiritual phenomena, which would, to a very great +extent, supersede our reliance on the medical profession by giving us +the control of the vital powers, by which we may protect ourselves, +and control the development of the young. + +Each student was made to feel the effects of local treatment on the +body, and the power of rapidly changing disease to health, and was +personally taught to perform the manipulations for this purpose, and +to investigate disease or portray character by the psychometric +methods as well as to test the value of medicines. + +The various uses and scientific application of electricity were shown, +and many things entirely unknown and unrecognized in works on +Electro-Therapeutics. The entire class was placed under a medical +influence simultaneously by the agency of electricity--an operation so +marvelous that it would be considered incredible in medical colleges. +By these and other experiments and numerous illustrations and lucid +explanations of the brain and nervous system, the instruction was made +deeply interesting, and students have attended more than one course to +perfect themselves in the science. The following declaration of +sentiments shows how the course was regarded by the class: + + "The summer class of 1887 in the College of Therapeutics, + feeling it their duty to add their testimony to that of many + others in reference to the grand scientific discoveries which + they have seen thoroughly demonstrated by Prof. J. R. Buchanan, + would say to the public that no one can attend such a course of + instruction as we have recently been engaged in, without + realizing that Therapeutic Sarcognomy greatly enlarges the + practical resources of the healing art for the medical + practitioner, magnetizer and electro-therapeutist, while + Psychometry, whose positive truths we have tested and proven, + like the sun's rays, illumines all the dark problems of medical + practice and of psycho-physiological sciences. + + "Therapeutic Sarcognomy explains the very intricate and + mysterious relations of the soul, the brain and body, which + prior to Prof. Buchanan's discoveries were unknown to all + scientific teachers, and are even now only known to his students + and the readers of his works, + + "We feel that we have been very fortunate in finding so valuable + a source of knowledge, whose future benefits to the human race, + in many ways, cannot be briefly stated, and we would assure all + who may attend this college, or read the published works of + Prof. Buchanan, and his monthly, the _Journal of Man_, that they + will, when acquainted with the subject, be ready to unite with + us in appreciating and honoring the greatest addition ever made + to biological and psychological sciences. Hoping that the time + is not for distant when all students in medical colleges may + obtain access to this most important knowledge, we give our + testimony to the public." + + H. C. ALDRICH, M. D., D. D. S., _Chairman_. + DR. JNO. C. SCHLARBAUM, _Secretary_. + + +OBITUARY RECORD. + +Visit to our Cemetery. + +Sad are the words, "_It might have been_," sad the recollection of +lives untimely ended, and equally sad the lives that perished unborn. +We have been looking among the latter, the spirit life that might have +gone forth to bless society, but perished ere its birth. + +The JOURNAL OF MAN has brought forth many a bright, strong thought +that will have its career among men, but the other bright, strong +thoughts that could not be forced through its narrow limits must be +buried and lost to its readers, and they have been interred with +sorrow. The following is a list of our early dead--perhaps for some of +them there may be a resurrection when a larger JOURNAL is issued, but +perhaps the majority are interred forever. + +1. Career of Mohammedanism in Africa. 2. The True History of Buddha. +3. Influence of Christianity in history. 4. Startling Calculations for +the Future. 6. The Snake Charmers in Tunis. 6. Mesmerism in China +before the Christian Era. 7. Dr. Montgomery on the Cell Theory. 8. A +Race of Dwarfs in the Pyrenees. 9. Religious Hallucination in the +Bahamas. 10. Philosophy of Death. 11. The Delsarte System of Elocution +and Acting. 12. Why Should the Chinese go? an eloquent argument by a +learned Mandarin. 13. An Organic Index of Human Longevity--the +Doctrine of Powell. 15. Anthropological Laws of Longevity. 16. +Psychometry and Thought Transference in India. 17. Prof. Dana on +Evolution. 18. Statistics of Heads and Brains. 19. Cures by Prayer. +20. Indian Witchcraft. 21. Hypnotism among Turkish Dervishes. 22. +Discussion of Heredity and Temperaments. 23. Theory and Practice of +the Divining Rod. 24. Mrs. Stanton on Sleep. 25. Cures for Insomnia, +and Singular Case of Night-sweats. 26. A Modern Samson. 27. +Transactions in Psychic Research. 28. A Critique of Unreason--a +Caustic Review of the Psychic Society. 29. Scientific View of the +Antiquity of Man. 30. Phrenological Quackery. 31. English and German +Industrial Education. 32. Training of Viennese Girls. 33. Revolutions +in Medicine. 34. History and Progress of Russian Nihilists. 35. The +Paradise of Labor--the Familistere at Guise in France. 36. Exhibition +of the Keeley Motor. 37. A New Element in the Blood. 38. Reform of the +Lunacy Laws. 39. Marvellous Dreams. 40. Byron's Spiritual Belief. 41. +How to Deal with Drunkards and Medical Treatment of Intemperance. 42. +Combination of Electricity and Medicine. 43. Meynert's Psychiatry, a +Treatise on Diseases of the Fore-brain. 44. A Mesmerized Detective. +45. Wonderful Spirit Telegraphy. 46. Discovery of Dead Bodies by +Intuition. 47. How Clouds are formed. 48. Psychometric Reports on +Simon of Samaria, Henry George, Dr. McGlynn, Lucretia Mott, Dr. Gall, +Charlemagne and Julius Caesar. 49. The Puget Sound Colony. 50. English +Rule in Ireland. 51. Dr. Eadon on Memory. 52. Harrison on Mysticism. +53. Progress in Many Parts of the World. 54. Communications from +various correspondents, etc., etc. This is not _one half_, but it is +needless to prolong the catalogue of the buried innocents,--the +interesting narratives, discussions and expositions of rare knowledge +which the limited area of the JOURNAL has compelled me to exclude. + +Let us hope that in our enlarged JOURNAL next year, there may be room +to review the most important features of social and scientific +progress as well as to present gradually the elements of that +world-embracing science which is called Anthropology,--the +presentation of which will require at least ten years. I am making +every effort at present to prepare the improved and enlarged edition +of the Therapeutic Sarcognomy for the coming winter. + + +LIBERAL PUBLICATIONS. + +THE GOLDEN GATE at San Francisco is a successful eight-page weekly +Spiritual newspaper now in its fourth volume, well filled with +interesting matter. It illustrates spiritual phenomena by engravings, +is well edited and highly appreciated. Published by J. J. Owen at +$2.50 per annum. + +HALL'S JOURNAL OF HEALTH at New York, a monthly of twenty-four pages, +one dollar per annum, has been well received for thirty-three years, +and of late, with a new editor, it has renewed its vigor and +prosperity. It contains not only valuable hygienic instruction but +interesting sketches of Spiritual and progressive science and has +honored the editor of this Journal with a friendly biographical +sketch. Its circulation is increasing. + +THE BETTER WAY, a Spiritual weekly published at Cincinnati at $2 a +year, is the successor to four Spiritual papers that have ceased, and +appears to have the elements of success. + +THE EASTERN STAR, published at Glenburn, Maine, by C. M. Brown, +weekly, at $1 per year, is full of the enthusiasm and energy that win +success. The editor appears to have a clear head and warm heart and +devotes his journal to Spiritualism. + +THE CARRIER DOVE, a large folio weekly illustrated Spiritual journal. +$2.50 per annum, published at San Francisco, is now in its fourth +volume, and has obtained a merited success. + +THE TRUTH-SEEKER, a weekly journal ($3 a year) established by the late +D. M. Bennett, still carries on with undiminished ability the honest +agnostic work for which it has been famous. It is a vigorous +iconoclast but does little for constructive progress. + +THE OPEN COURT, by B. F. Underwood, Chicago, with an able corps of +correspondents, maintains a high literary character, and discusses +philosophy and current topics from the agnostic standpoint. Its belief +in dry metaphysics, and its stubborn materialistic scepticism are its +greatest peculiarities. Published fortnightly at $3 a year. + + +UNLIKE ANY OTHER PAPER. + +The _Spectator_, unlike other home papers, seeks (1) to acquaint every +family with simple and efficient treatment for the various common +diseases, to, in a word, educate the people so they can avoid disease +and cure sickness, thus saving enormous doctors' bills, and many +precious lives. (2) To elevate and cultivate the moral nature, +awakening the conscience, and developing the noblest attributes of +manhood. (3) To give instructive and entertaining food to literary +taste, thus developing the mind. (4) To give just such hints to +housekeepers that they need to tell how to prepare delicious dishes, +to beautify homes, and to make the fireside the most attractive spot +in the world.--_Am. Spectator_. + + +MAYO'S ANAESTHETIC. + +The suspension of pain, under dangerous surgical operations, is the +greatest triumph of Therapeutic Science in the present century. It +came first by mesmeric hypnotism, which was applicable only to a few, +and was restricted by the jealous hostility of the old medical +profession. Then came the nitrous oxide, introduced by Dr. Wells, of +Hartford, and promptly discountenanced by the enlightened (?) medical +profession of Boston, and set aside for the next candidate, ether, +discovered in the United States also, but far interior to the nitrous +oxide as a safe and pleasant agent. This was largely superseded by +chloroform, discovered much earlier by Liebig and others, but +introduced as an anaesthetic in 1847, by Prof. Simpson. This proved to +be the most powerful and dangerous of all. Thus the whole policy of +the medical profession was to discourage the safe, and encourage the +more dangerous agents. The magnetic sleep, the most perfect of all +anaesthetic agents, was expelled from the realm of college authority; +ether was substituted for nitrous oxide, and chloroform preferred to +ether, until frequent deaths gave warning. + +Nitrous oxide, much the safest of the three, has not been the +favorite, but has held its ground, especially with dentists. But even +nitrous oxide is not perfect. It is not equal to the magnetic sleep, +when the latter is practicable, but fortunately it is applicable to +all. To perfect the nitrous oxide, making it universally safe and +pleasant, Dr. U. K. Mayo, of Boston, has combined it with certain +harmless vegetable nervines, which appear to control the fatal +tendency which belongs to all anaesthetics when carried too far. The +success of Dr. Mayo, in perfecting our best anaesthetic, is amply +attested by those who have used it. Dr. Thorndike, than whom, Boston +had no better surgeon, pronounced it "the safest the world has yet +seen." It has been administered to children and to patients in extreme +debility. Drs. Frizzell and Williams, say they have given it +"repeatedly in heart disease, severe lung diseases, Bright's disease, +etc., where the patients were so feeble as to require assistance in +walking, many of them under medical treatment, and the results have +been all that we could ask--no irritation, suffocation, nor +depression. We heartily commend it to all as the anaesthetic of the +age." Dr. Morrill, of Boston, administered Mayo's anaesthetic to his +wife with delightful results when "her lungs were so badly +disorganized, that the administration of ether or gas would be +entirely unsafe." The reputation of this anaesthetic is now well +established; in fact, it is not only safe and harmless, but has great +medical virtue for daily use in many diseases, and is coming into use +for such purposes. In a paper before the Georgia State Dental Society, +Dr. E. Parsons testified strongly to its superiority. "The nitrous +oxide, (says Dr. P.) causes the patient when fully under its influence +to have very like the appearance of a corpse," but under this new +anaesthetic "the patient appears like one in a natural sleep." The +language of the press, generally has been highly commendatory, and if +Dr. Mayo had occupied so conspicuous a rank as Prof. Simpson, of +Edinburgh, his new anaesthetic would have been adopted at once in every +college of America and Europe. + + * * * * * + + Mayo's Vegetable Anaesthetic. + +A perfectly safe and pleasant substitute for chloroform, ether, +nitrous oxide gas, and all other anaesthetics. Discovered by Dr. U. K. +Mayo, April, 1883, and since administered by him and others in over +300,000 cases successfully. The youngest child, the most sensitive +lady, and those having heart disease, and lung complaint, inhale this +vapor with impunity. It stimulates the circulation of the blood and +builds up the tissues. Indorsed by the highest authority in the +professions, recommended in midwifery and all cases of nervous +prostration. Physicians, surgeons, dentists and private families +supplied with this vapor, liquefied, in cylinders of various +capacities. It should be administered the same as Nitrous Oxide, but +it does not produce headache and nausea as that sometimes does. For +further information pamphlets, testimonials, etc., apply to + + DR. U. K. MAYO, Dentist, + 378 Tremont St., Boston, Mass. + + * * * * * + + THE CARRIER DOVE. + + An Illustrated Weekly Magazine, Devoted to + + SPIRITUALISM AND REFORM. + + Edited by MRS. J. SCHLESINGER. + +Each number will contain the portraits and Biographical Sketches of +prominent Mediums and Spiritual workers of the Pacific Coast, and +elsewhere. Also, Spirit Pictures by our Artist Mediums. Lectures, +essays, poems, spirit messages, editorials and miscellaneous items. + + DR. L. SCHLESINGER, } + MRS. J. SCHLESINGER, } PUBLISHERS. + + Terms:--$2.50 per Year. Single Copies, 10 cts. + + Address, THE CARRIER DOVE, + 32 Ellis Street, San Francisco, California. + + * * * * * + + + + + Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents came from the first + issue of the volume. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Buchanan's Journal of Man, October 1887, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUCHANAN'S JOURNAL, OCT. 1887 *** + +***** This file should be named 27717.txt or 27717.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/7/7/1/27717/ + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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