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diff --git a/27703.txt b/27703.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c58036c --- /dev/null +++ b/27703.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2584 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Buchanan's Journal of Man, September 1887, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Buchanan's Journal of Man, September 1887 + Volume 1, Number 8 + +Author: Various + +Editor: J. R. Buchanan + +Release Date: January 5, 2009 [EBook #27703] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUCHANAN'S JOURNAL, SEPT. 1887 *** + + + + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + BUCHANAN'S + JOURNAL OF MAN. + + VOL. I. SEPTEMBER, 1887. NO. 8. + + + + +CONTENTS OF JOURNAL OF MAN. + + + Concord Symposium + Rectification of Cerebral Science + Human Longevity + MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE--An important Discovery; Jennie + Collins; Greek Philosophy; Symposiums; Literature of the Past; + The Concord School; New Books; Solar Biology; Dr. Franz + Hartmann; Progress of Chemistry; Astronomy; Geology Illustrated; + A Mathematical Prodigy; Astrology in England; Primogeniture + Abolished; Medical Intolerance and Cunning; Negro Turning White; + The Cure of Hydrophobia; John Swinton's Paper; Women's Rights + and Progress; Co-Education; Spirit writing; Progress of the + Marvellous + Chapter VII.--Practical Utility of Anthropology (Concluded) + Chapter VIII.--The Origin and Foundation of the New Anthropology + + + + +THE CONCORD SYMPOSIUM AND THEIR GREATEST CONTRIBUTION TO PHILOSOPHY. + + +Let no one accuse the critic of irreverence, who doubts the wisdom of +universities, and of pedantic scholars who burrow like moles in the +mouldering remnants of antiquity, but see nothing of the glorious sky +overhead. While I have no reverence for barren or wasted intellect, I +have the profoundest respect for the fruitful intellect which produces +valuable results--for the vast energy of the lower class of +intellectual powers, which have developed our immense wealth of the +physical sciences and their useful applications. Indescribably grand +they are. The mathematicians, chemists, geologists, astronomers, +botanists, zoologists, anatomists, and the numerous masters of dynamic +sciences and arts, have lifted the world out of the ruder elements of +barbarism and suffering. + +But, as for the class of speculative talkers, whose self-sufficiency +prompts them to assume the name of philosophers, to which they have no +right, what have they ever done either to promote human welfare, or to +assist human enlightenment and reveal the mysteries of life? Have they +not always been as blind as owls, bats, and moles, to daylight +progress? Are they not at this time utterly and _unconsciously_ blind +to the progress of spiritual sciences, to the revelations of +psychometry and anthropology--placing themselves, indeed, in that +hopeless class who are too ignorant to know their ignorance, too far +in the dark to know or suspect that there is any light? + +A remnant of these worshippers of antiquity still holds its seances at +Concord, Mass., and publishes its amazingly dry _Journal of Speculative +Philosophy_. With the unconscious solemnity of earnestness, it still +digs into Aristotle's logic and speculations--the dryest material that +was ever used to benumb the brains of young collegians, and teach them +how _not to reason_, for Aristotle never had a glimmering conception +of what the process of reasoning is. Yet all Concordians are not +Aristotelians; some of them have more modern ideas, and a vigorous, +though misdirected, mentality. + +Prof. W. T. Harris, the leader of the Concordians, to whose +lucubrations the newspapers give ample space, as those of the +representative man, made a second attempt to explore the Aristotelian +darkness, in which his first essay was totally lost. + +If there is but a step from the sublime to the ridiculous, it is not +even a step from the absurd to the ludicrous and amusing. The +professional wit or joker is never so richly amusing as the man who is +utterly unconscious that he is in the least funny, while heroically in +earnest. The professed comedian never furnishes so much amusement as +the would-be heroic tragedian, who, like the Count Joannes, furnishes +uproarious merriment for the whole evening. + +I have seen nothing in our Boston newspapers quite so amusing as the +very friendly and sympathetic report of Prof. Harris' most elaborate +and laborious comments on the SYLLOGISMS, which reminds one of +Hopkinson's metaphysical and elaborate disquisition on the nature, +properties, relations, and essential entity of a salt-box. We do not +laugh at the professor as we did at Daniel Pratt, the "Great American +Traveller," whose travels are now ended; for, aside from his +metaphysical follies, Prof. Harris is a man of real merit and great +intellectual industry, whose services in education will entitle him to +be remembered; but when the metaphysical impulse seizes him, + + "Who would not laugh if such a fool there be, + Who would not weep if Atticus were he." + +The lecture of Prof. Harris was reported in the _Boston Herald_, in +the style of a gushing girl with her first lover, as a "NEW STEP IN +THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY," attended by a full audience as "a rare +treat" "_like buckwheat-cakes fresh from the griddle_," for "Prof. +Harris took a decidedly _new step in Philosophy_," giving "an insight +which _no philosopher, ancient or modern, has attained_." Again, +speaking of it privately, Prof. Harris said, "I got hold of the idea +three or four years ago, and I have been trying to work it out since. +I regard it as my _best contribution to philosophy_." "_Montes +parturiunt_," What do they bring forth? Is it a mouse of respectable +size? The _Boston Herald_, which is generally smart, though never +profound, says of the symposium, "It has set up Aristotle this year as +its golden calf to be worshipped." "But when you ask the question, +what does all this talk amount to, it is difficult to give an +affirmative answer." "It is simply threshing straw over, again and +again." But it is not aware that the Concord straw is merely the dried +weeds that Lord Bacon cut up and threw out of the field of respectable +literature over two hundred and sixty years ago. "What man (says the +_Herald_), with any serious purpose in life, has any time to waste +over what somebody thinks Aristotle ought to have thought or said." +And my readers may ask, why give the valuable space of the JOURNAL OF +MAN to examining such trash? Precisely because _it is trash_, and yet +occupies a place of honor, standing in the way of progress and +representing the tendencies of education for centuries, which still +survive, though they may be said to have gone to seed. Concord +represents University philosophy, as a dude represents fashion, and as +University philosophy is a haughty antagonist of all genuine +philosophy, it is important to illustrate its worthlessness. + +The subject of Prof. Harris' lecture was "Aristotle's Theory of the +Syllogism, Compared with that of Hegel." As these two were the great +masters of obscurantism, the lecture should have been, of course, as +perfect a specimen as either of darkness and emptiness. Omitting the +definitions of syllogisms, which are familiar to all collegians, but +too intolerably tedious to be inflicted on my readers, we find a very +unexpected specimen of common sense following the talk about +syllogisms, which embodied Aristotle's ideas of Reason. Here it is: +"Logic is often called the art of reasoning, and many people study it +with a view to mastering an art of correct thinking, hoping thereby to +get an instrument useful in the acquirement of truth. It may be +doubted, however, whether the mind gets much aid in the pursuit of +truth by studying logic." There is no doubt at all about it,--not one +rational individual out of a hundred thousand collegians will confess +that he ever got any benefit in reasoning or in pursuing truth from +Aristotle's syllogistic formula. "All men are mortal--Socrates is a +man, and therefore Socrates is mortal." + +Why, then, such a flourish of trumpets over some new trick in playing +with syllogism, when the whole thing is utterly worthless? And the +Professor upsets himself in his own lecture, thus: "If the middle tub +is contained in the big tub, and the little tub is contained in the +middle tub, then the little tub is contained in the big tub." Hegel +says: "Common sense in its reaction against such logical formality and +artificiality turned away in disgust, and was of the opinion that it +could do without such a science as logic." Most true, Philosopher +Hegel, you have absurdities of your own on a gigantic scale, but you +do well to reject the petty absurdities of Aristotle. + +How does Prof. Harris rise up from Hegel's fatal blow? He rises like +Antaeus from touching the earth, and triumphantly shows that syllogisms +are the most necessary of all things to humanity in its mundane +existence; that, in fact, we have all been syllogizing ever since we +left the maternal bosom to look at the cradle, the cat, and the dog. +In fact we never could have grown up to manhood, much less to be +Concordian philosophers, if we had not been syllogizing all the days +of our life, and, indeed, it is probable we shall continue syllogizing +to all eternity, in the next life, if we have any growth in knowledge +at all. Blessed be the memory of Aristotle, the great original and +unrivalled discoverer of the syllogism, by means of which all human +knowledge has been built up, and "blessed be the man (as Sancho Panza +said) who first invented sleep," by which we are relieved, to rest +after the mighty labors of the syllogism. + +And lo! we have been syllogizing all these years, alike when we listen +to the nocturnal yowl of the tomcat, and to the morning song of the +lark; alike, when we smell the rose, seize the orange, or devour the +tempting oyster. In syllogism do we live and move, and have our being. +This is the grand discovery--the last great contribution to philosophy +from Concord's greatest philosopher. We suddenly discover that we have +been syllogizing like philosophers, as Mrs. Malaprop discovered that +her children had been speaking English. The illustration of this +overwhelming discovery is peculiarly happy, for he applies it to the +discovery of a red flannel rag in the back yard or garden, and, after +detecting the red flannel by syllogism, he advances to the grander +problem of showing how, by philosophic methods, we can actually +distinguish an old tin can from an elephant. To enjoy this fully, the +reader must take it himself from the reported lecture. + + "The act of recognition is an unconscious syllogistic process in + the second figure of the syllogism. I perceive something scarlet + in the garden. So far I recognize a host of attributes; it is a + real object; the place, surroundings and color are recognized. + The sensations were so familiar that the recognition was + inconceivably rapid. Then comes a slower process. The scarlet is + an attribute. What can the object be? I think it is a piece of + red flannel. The inference comes almost to the surface of + consciousness, but I have reasoned unconsciously: This object is + red. A piece of flannel is red; therefore this may be a piece of + red flannel. The middle term is predicate in both premises. The + unknown object is red. A familiar object (flannel) is red. + Hence, I recognize this as flannel. I identify the unknown + object with what is familiar in my mind. But the logician will + say that this reasoning is on the invalid mode of the second + figure, from which you can never draw an affirmative conclusion. + Precisely so, if you mean a necessary conclusion. But + sense-perception uses affirmative modes of the second figure and + derives probable knowledge therefrom. I make probable knowledge + more certain by verifying the inference or correcting it. I go + to the garden and pick up the object, and see the threads and + fiber of the wool. Or perhaps I find it was a piece of red + paper. But whatever it was, at the end I can say what I have + seen, only in so far as I have recognized or identified it. + Recognition proceeds by the second figure, and has chiefly the + non-valid modes. But it may use the valid modes, though in a + still less conscious manner. For instance, I recognized that the + object was not an elephant by this valid form; every elephant is + larger than a tin can; this object is not larger than a tin can; + therefore, this object is necessarily not an elephant; or, by + this other valid form, no elephant is as small as a tomato can; + this object is just the size of a tomato can; hence this object + is not an elephant. Had some one told me to look out and see an + elephant, my perception would unconsciously have taken one of + these forms. The scarlet is recognized as such only as it is + identified with a previous impression of scarlet. Here is our + third surprise in psychology. Unless there were a priori idea, + sense-perception could never begin. More, unless there were a + priori idea, it could not begin. For there must be two + recognitions before there can be a first new idea from + sense-perception. The fourth surprise is that directly with the + first activity of perception in the second figure of the + syllogism is joined a second activity which takes place in the + form of the first figure of the syllogism. As soon as I + perceived the red object to be a piece of flannel, I at once + reinforced my sense-perception by unlocking all my previous + store of knowledge stored up under the category of red flannel. + I unconsciously syllogized thus: 'All red flannel has threads of + warp and woof and a rough texture, caused by the coarse fibres + of wool curling up stiffly; this is a piece of red flannel; + hence this will be found to have these properties.' The act of + recognition is a subsumption of the object under a class by use + of the second figure of the syllogism. + + "Now begins the syllogistic activity under the form of the third + figure. There are a variety of attributes which I recognize by + the activity of the perceiving mind in the form of the first + figure, as it recognizes the general classes by the primary + activity in the form of the second figure. These attributes are + collected around the object as a centre of interest, and it is + now the middle term. These give a new element of experience, + thus: 'Major--this is a tin can; minor--it lies neglected in the + garden; conclusion--tin cans get abandoned to neglect.' And so + on, as to the use of the contents and the value of the can, + running out into a long series of inferences." + +As we have now reached the seventh heaven of Concord philosophy, and +know how to distinguish an old tin can from an elephant, let us rest +in peace, to meditate and enjoy its serene delights. We have had the +supreme satisfaction of listening to the modern Plato, the leader at +Concord. The _Herald_ has informed us that on another day "the school +listened with great satisfaction to Prof. Harris, who is constantly +adding to the deep impression he has already made, and to the high +opinion in which he is held as the most acute and profound thinker of +the times, in his field." + +Lest the reader should fail to see in the foregoing what the _great +contribution_ to philosophy is, let us look in the _Open Court_ of +Chicago, which has a most affectionate partiality for metaphysical +mystery. It says this "Best contribution to philosophy" "may be summed +up thus," "We can perceive nothing but what we can identify with what +was familiar already." If this were true, the babe could never +perceive anything, as it begins without any knowledge, and it would be +impossible for us to learn anything or acquire any new ideas. This is +rather an amusing _discovery_! but it is barely possible or +conceivable that there are some old fossils whose minds are in that +melancholy condition. + +P. S. After a few hours of repose to recover from mental fatigue and +digest the new wisdom so suddenly let loose upon mankind, we discover +the new aspect of the world of (Concord) philosophy. The great +question of the future will be to syllogize or not to syllogize. Is it +possible to distinguish an elephant from a tin can by any other method +than the syllogism? When that question is decisively settled, if it +ever can be settled (for metaphysical questions generally last through +the centuries) Prof. Harris will have an opportunity to win still +brighter laurels, and make still greater contributions to philosophy, +by finding more syllogisms. Will he not prove that mathematics is the +sphere of syllogism also, for if two and two make four, does not the +conception of four assume the position of the major predicate, which +is the generalized idea of one to a quadruple extent, and also of twos +duplicated. Thus the major predicate, that four is two twos, involves +the minor that two is the half of four and consequently that twice two +is four. Q. E. D. The syllogism is irresistible. + +If Prof. Harris should establish the mathematical syllogism and extend +its power through all the realms of mathematics, as so industrious a +thinker might easily do, he will have taken a step far in advance of +Plato, and justly deserve a higher rank, for Plato (see his Phaedo) was +terribly puzzled over the question how one and one make two. After +much puzzling he decided finally that one and one became two "by +_participation in duality_." This was the first great step to +introduce philosophy into mathematics. Let Prof. Harris consummate +this great work either by syllogism or by "_participation_." + +Perhaps he may introduce us to a still greater "surprise" by showing +that all metaphors and poetical figures of speech are constructed on +syllogistic principles. It can be done, but we must not lift the veil +of wisdom too hastily, or rush in where Concord philosophers "fear to +tread." They have an endless future feast in the syllogisms, if they +are faithful followers of Prof. Harris. But possibly there may be +others attracted to Concord who would give the school something less +dry than metaphysics, or, some other sort of metaphysics. One of their +most esteemed orators made a diversion from the syllogism by +presenting some other idea based on Aristotle, which ought to eclipse +the syllogism, for, according to the report, he said "It is the most +_momentous question that can engage the human attention_. It involves +the _reality of God_, of personal existence, and freedom among men, +and of immortality." + +Immense it must be! Dominic Sampson would surely say "_Prodigious!_" +An attentive study of the obscure phraseology of this philosopher +enables one to discover that the great and tragical question concerns +the reality of reality, or what the reality is, and whether it is real +or not, and how we can find it out. The way to find out whether that +which we think is, is or is not, is to go back to Aristotle, who is +the only man that ever understood the is-ness of the is. As the +lecturer is reported to say, "The _first sign_ of a movement in the +right direction is the serious attention now being devoted in many +quarters to the writings of Aristotle, who, in this, as in many other +things, will long remain the master of those that know." Evidently +those that don't go to Aristotle don't know anything about life, +freedom, God and immortality. How unfortunate we are, and how +fortunate the professor is, must appear by his answer to the great +question, reported as follows: "Prof. Davidson discussed at length the +nature of phenomena, taking the underlying basis that time and space +are relations of the real to the phenomenal, and nothing but +relations; also that we not only have ideas of reality, but that +_these ideas are the realities themselves_. Then the question is, if +the _concept of reality be reality itself_, how is this related to +phenomena? There is a double relation, active and passive. * * * +Eternal realities are known to us only as terms of phenomena. They are +in ourselves, and from the exigencies of our intelligence." + +Thus we understand nothing whatever exists but our own cogitations, +or, as the sailor jocosely expressed it--"'Tis all in my eye"--and +after these many years we are brought back to the famous expression of +the Boston Transcendentalist, "we should not say _it rains, it snows_, +we should say _I rain, I snow_." This, gentle, patient reader, is no +burlesque, that you have been reading, it is the wisdom of the Concord +Symposium of professors and authors meeting near the end of the 19th +century, and basking in the smiles of _cultured_ Boston! or at least +that portion which is devoted to the Bostonese idea of philosophy, and +thinks the feeblest glimmer of antiquity worth more than the science +of to-day. Such indeed are the sentiments of the President of Boston +University. And as for the wisdom of Concord, the _Open Court_, which +is good authority, says: "Dr. Harris and Prof. Davidson are, without +doubt, the _pillars of the school_; but there is some difference of +opinion as to which is its _indispensable support_." An intelligent +spectator would say that more metaphysical acumen and vigor has been +displayed by DR. EDWARD MONTGOMERY than by all the remainder of those +engaged in the blind hunt for philosophy at Concord. + +On the last day of the Symposium, July 28, the report says "The burden +has fallen wholly upon Prof. Harris, and he has borne it so as to +excite the _wonder and admiration_ of his listeners. He _went to the +very bottom of things_ as far as human thought could go, and there, as +he put it, was on solid rock, with no possibility of scepticism. Both +his forenoon and evening lectures were _masterly in their way_." +Exactly so; they were unsurpassed as a reproduction of the style and +manner of the Aristotelian folly which held Europe fast in that +wretched period called the Dark Ages, which preceded the dawn of +intelligence with Galileo. + +About one half of the reported lectures on Aristotle is, though +cloudy, intelligible. The remainder is a fair specimen of that +skimmy-dashy style of thought which glances over the surfaces of +things and never reaches their substance or reality, yet boasts of its +unlimited profundity because it does not know the meaning of profound. +Such thinking must necessarily end in falsity and folly, of which the +lecture gives many specimens, which it is worth while to quote, to +show what the devotees of antiquity call philosophy--thus: + + "If we cannot know the ultimate nature of being, then philosophy + is impossible, for philosophy differs from other kind of knowing + by seeking a first principle." "The objects of philosophy then + include those of ontology. They are first the nature of the + ultimate being of the universe, the first principle, the idea of + God." + +This is not philosophy, but might be called theology, and not +legitimate theology even, but supra-theological--for all sane theology +admits that man cannot know God. It is a desperate, insane suggestion +that we must know the unknowable, and that if we cannot do that we can +have no philosophy. Of course men who think this way know nothing of +philosophy, and are beyond the reach of reason. + +Again, "in the nature of the truly independent and true being, it sees +necessary transcendence of space and time, and this is essential +immortality." This is a fair specimen of the skimmy-dashy style. +Immortality is not a "transcendence of space," if that means anything +at all, but a conscious existence without end. Perhaps by +"transcendence of space" he means filling all the space there is, and +going considerably beyond it where there is no space. + +His idea of infinity is worthy of Aristotle or Hegel, to whom, in +fact, it belongs--he says, "self-conditioning is the form of the +whole, the form of that _which is its own other_." That something +should be "its own other" is just as clear as that it should be its +own mother or father. Do such expressions represent any ideas, or do +metaphysicians use words as a substitute for ideas--verily they do, in +Hegelian metaphysics, and the same thing is done in asylums for the +insane. + +Again, "our knowledge of quantity is a knowledge of what is universal +and necessary, and _hence_ is not derived from experience." If this is +true of the professor, he knew all of mathematics before he opened his +eyes in the cradle. Common mortals know nothing of quantity or +anything else, until they have had a little experience. If we know +everything that is "universal and necessary" without experience, the +little babes must be very wise indeed. + +Again, "causal energy is essentially a _self-separation_, for in order +that a cause A. may produce an effect in B. outside of it, cause A. +must detach or separate from itself the influence or energy which +modifies B." What does the earth _detach from itself_ when it causes a +heavy body to fall? In chemical catalysis what does the second body +"detach from itself" to produce change in the first, which is changed +by its mere presence. The assertion is but partially true, applying +only to the transfer of force when one body strikes another. Aristotle +has some thoroughly absurd suggestions on the same subject which +Professor H. did not reproduce. + +How does he grapple with the idea of God, which is the essence of his +philosophy? Here it is: "The first principle as pure self-activity, +must necessarily have the permanent form of _knowing of knowing_, for +this root form of self-consciousness is entirely self-related. The +self sees the essential self, the self-activity is the object of +self." We are instructed! God _knows he knows_, and that is the very +essence of his divinity--that is enough. In this profound expression +we have the consummation of philosophy, for the purpose of his +philosophy is to know God, "_Nunc dimittis_," we need to know nothing +more,--_we know we know_, and so we are God's. "This line of thought +brought up at every step some phase of Plato and Aristotle," said the +professor, and we are thankful that he did not resurrect any more of +the puerilities of Athenian ignorance. "Knowing of knowing" is quite +enough, which he repeats to be emphatic. "All true being is in the +form of the infinite or self-related, and related to itself as the +_knowing of knowing_. All beings that are not this perfect form of +self-knowing, either potentially or actually, must be parts of a +system or world order which is produced in some way by true being or +self-knowing. All potential self-knowings contain within themselves +the _power to realize_ their self-knowledge, and are therefore free +beings." This is a broad hint that men are gods and lands us in that +realm of folly of which Mrs. Eddy is the presiding genius. She is much +indebted to the Concord philosophers for lending their respectability +to her labyrinth of self-contradictions. + +One quotation more, to give the essence of this Concord philosophy. +"The Divine Being exists for himself as one object. This gives us the +Logos, or the only-begotten. The Logos _knows himself_ as personal +perfection, and also as _generated_, though in an infinite past time. +This is its recognition of its first principle and its unbegotten +'Father.' But whatever it knows in self-consciousness, it creates or +makes to exist," and more of the same sort. + +We are overwhelmed with such a flood of wisdom! How the professor +attained so intimate, familiar, and perfect a knowledge of the +infinite power, to which the fathomless depths of starry infinity are +as nothing, is a great mystery. Was it by _Kabbala_ or by +_Thaumaturgy_, or did he follow the sublime instructions of his great +brother Plato, and thrust his head through the revolving dome of the +universe, where the infinite truth is seen in materialized forms. + +The "Divine" Plato (of whom Emerson said, "Plato is philosophy, and +philosophy is Plato") described the immortal Gods as driving up in +chariots through the dome of the heavens to _get upon the roof_, and +look abroad at infinite truth, as they stand or drive upon the +revolving dome, followed by _ambitious souls who barely get their +heads through the roof_ with difficulty, and catch a hasty glimpse of +infinite truth, before they tumble back, or lame their wings, or +perhaps drop into the body of some brute. The revolving dome and the +ambitious souls peeping through the roof, would be a good subject for +the next symposium. They might tell us whether these ambitious souls +that peep through the roof are Concordian philosophers, or belong to +the schools of Aquinas and _Duns Scotus_. + +The philosophy of the Greeks is worth no more to-day than their +chemistry or their physiology. The lingering superstition of believing +because they had famous warriors, orators, statesmen, historians, +poets, and sculptors, while entirely ignorant of science and +philosophy, that their philosophic puerilities are worthy of adoration +in the 19th century, a superstition which makes a fetish of the +writings of Plato and Aristotle, has been tolerated long enough, and +as no one has attempted to give a critical estimate of this effete +literature since Lord Bacon did something in that way, I shall not +much longer postpone this duty. + + * * * * * + +RECTIFICATION OF CEREBRAL SCIENCE.--In the October number the +rectification of cerebral science as to psychic functions will be +shown by appropriate engravings, showing how far the discoveries and +doctrines of Gall and Spurzheim are sustained by positive science. In +the further development of the subject, hereafter, the true value and +proper position of the discoveries of Ferrier, and the continental +vivisectionists will be explained, though but meagre contributions to +psychology, they furnish very valuable additional information as to +the functions of the brain. + + + + +HUMAN LONGEVITY. + + +Is not longevity in some sense a measure of true civilization or +improvement of the race? It is certainly an evidence of conformity to +the Divine laws of life and health, which reward right action with +happiness, health, and long life. I cannot, therefore, think the study +of longevity unimportant. To every one of us it is a vital question, +for death is regarded as the greatest calamity, and is the severest +penalty of angry enemies, or of outraged laws. + +It is our duty as well as privilege to perfect our constitution, and +see that it does not wear out too soon, that we are not prematurely +called away from our duties. And I bring it as serious charge against +modern systems of education, that they tend to degenerate mankind, to +impair the constitution and to shorten life. That we should not submit +to this, but should all aspire to live a century or longer, if we have +a fair opportunity, I seriously maintain, and that my readers may be +inspired with a like determination, I take pleasure in quoting +examples. + +In Dr. Cohausen's HERMIPPUS REDIVIVUS republished in 1744, I find the +following statements: "It is very remarkable, that not only the sacred +writers, but all the ancient Chaldean, Egyptian, and Chinese authors +speak of the great ages of such as lived in early times, and this with +such confidence that Xenophon, Pliny, and other judicious persons +receive their testimony without scruple. But to come down to later +times, Attila, King of the Huns, who reigned in the fifth century, +lived to 124, and then died of excess, the first night of his second +nuptials with one of the most beautiful princesses of that age. +Piastus, King of Poland, who from the rank of a peasant was raised to +that of a prince, in the year 824, lived to be 120, and governed his +subjects with such ability to the very last, that his name is still in +the highest veneration amongst his countrymen. Marcus Valerius +Corvinus, a Roman Consul, was celebrated as a true patriot and a most +excellent person in private life, by the elder Cato, and yet Corvinus +was then upwards of a hundred. Hippocrates, the best of physicians +lived to an 104, but Asclepiades, a Persian physician, reached 150. +Galen lived in undisturbed health to 104; Sophocles, the tragic poet, +lived to 130; Democritus, the philosopher, lived to 104; and Euphranor +taught his scholars at upward of 100; and yet what are these to +Epiminedes of Crete, who, according to Theopompus, an unblemished +historian, lived to upwards of 157. I mention these, because, if there +be any truth or security in history, we may rely as firmly on the +facts recorded of them as on any facts whatever. Pliny gives an +account that in the city of Parma, there were two of 130 years of age, +three of 120, at a certain taxation, or rather visitation, and in many +cities of Italy, people much older, particularly at Ariminium, one +Marcus Apponius, who was 150. Vincent Coquelin, a clergyman, died at +Paris in 1664, at 112. Lawrence Hutland, lived in the Orkneys to 170. +James Sands, an Englishman, towards the latter end of the last +century, died at 140, and his wife at 120. In Sweden, it is a common +thing to meet with people above 100, and Rudbekius affirms from bills +of mortality signed by his brother, who was a bishop, that in the +small extent of twelve parishes, there died in the space of +thirty-seven years, 232 men, between 100 and 140 years of age, which +is the more credible, since in the diet assembled by the late Queen of +Sweden, in 1713, the oldest and best speaker among the deputies from +the order of Peasants was considerably above 100. These accounts, +however, are far short of what might be produced from Africa and North +America, that I confine myself to such accounts as are truly +authentic." All of these instances the doctor sustains by reference to +his authorities. + +To the foregoing he adds the examples of teachers and persons who +associate with the young, to which he ascribes great value in +promoting longevity. Thus, "Gorgias, the master of Isocrates, and many +other eminent persons, lived to be 108. His scholar, Isocrates, in the +94th year of his age published a book, and survived the publication +four years, in all which time he betrayed not the least failure, +either in memory or in judgment; he died with the reputation of being +the most eloquent man in Greece. Xenophilus, an eminent Pythagorean +philosopher, taught a numerous train of students till he arrived at +the age of 105, and even then enjoyed a very perfect health, and left +this world before his abilities left him. Platerus tells us that his +grandfather, who exercised the office of a preceptor to some young +nobleman, married a woman of thirty when he was in the 100th year of +his age. His son by this marriage did not stay like his father, but +took him a wife when he was twenty; the old man was in full health and +spirits at the wedding, and lived six years afterward. Francis Secordo +Horigi, usually distinguished by the name of Huppazoli, was consul for +the State of Venice in the island of Scio, where he died in the +beginning of 1702, when he was very near 115. He married in Scio when +he was young, and being much addicted to the fair sex, he had in all +five wives, and fifteen or twenty concubines, all of them young, +beautiful women, by whom he had forty-nine sons and daughters, whom he +educated with the utmost tenderness, and was constantly with them, as +much as his business would permit. He was never sick. His sight, +hearing, memory, and activity were amazing. He walked every day about +eight miles; his hair, which was long and graceful, became white by +the time that he was four-score, but turned black at 100, as did his +eyebrows and beard at 112. At 110 he lost all his teeth, but the year +before he died he cut two large ones with great pain. His food was +generally a few spoonfuls of broth, after which he ate some little +thing roasted; his breakfast and supper, bread and fruit; his constant +drink, distilled water, without any addition of wine or other strong +liquor to the very last. He was a man of strict honor, of great +abilities, of a free, pleasant, and sprightly temper, as we are told +by many travellers, who were all struck with the good sense and good +humor of this polite old man." + +"In the same country (as Thomas Parr) lived the famous Countess of +Desmond. From deeds, settlements, and other indisputable testimonies +it appeared clearly that she was upwards of 140, according to the +computation of the great Lord Bacon, who knew her personally, and +remarks this particularity about her, that she thrice changed her +teeth." + +The stern scepticism of the medical profession and especially among +its leaders has borne so heavily against all cheerful views of life +and longevity, that at the risk of becoming monotonous I again refer +to this subject and present examples of longevity which cannot be +denied, in addition to the list previously given. Medical collegiate +scepticism can deny anything. Ultra sceptics deny centenarian life, as +they also denied the existence of hydrophobia, while those who +admitted its existence denied its curability. + +Connecticut alone furnishes a good supply of centenarians. Three years +ago Mr. Frederick Nash, of Westport, Conn, published a pamphlet giving +the old people living in Connecticut, including twenty-three +centenarians, whom he described. The names of twelve of these were as +follows: + + Edmund R. Kidder, of Berlin, Aug. 17, 1784. + Jeremiah Austin, Coventry, Feb. 10, 1783. + Mrs. Lucy Luther, Hadlyme, Jan. 6, 1784. + Walter Pease, Enfield, March 29, 1784. + Egbert Cowles, Farmington, April 4, 1785. + Mrs. Eunice Hollister, Glastonbury, Aug. 9, 1784. + Mrs. Elsie Chittenden, Guilford, April 24, 1784. + Miss Eunice Saxton, Colchester, Sept. 6, 1784. + Marvin Smith, Montville, Nov. 18, 1784. + Mrs. Phebe Briggs, Sherman, Nov. 16, 1784. + Mrs. Elizabeth Buck, Wethersfield, Jan. 10, 1784. + Mrs. Clarissa D. Raymond, Milton, April 22, 1782. + +The others are either of foreign birth or former slaves, whose precise +ages cannot be established. + +In addition to this list the newspapers gave us Mrs. Abigail Ford of +Washington, born in 1780, Mr. Darby Green of Reading, born in 1779, +Tryphena Jackson, colored, born in 1782, and Wm. Hamilton, Irish, also +in 1782; and an old sailor in New Haven town house claims to have been +born in 1778. + +The very careful investigation of Connecticut by Mr. Nash shows that +"the duration of human life in this State is greater than it was a +generation ago. Then only one person in 500 lived to see 80 years. Now +one per cent of the population live to that age. The average age of +6,223 persons is 83 years. The number of ages ranging from 84 to 89 +years is large, and those who are 90 and over number 651; nine are 99, +thirteen are 98, and eleven are 97. No age of less than 80 years has +been recorded. + +"It may be pleasing to our grandmothers to know that in this list of +more than 6,000, more than 4,000 are women, and that only eight of the +twenty centenarians are men. The list adds strength to what has +already been held as true, that married people always live longer than +single, and it also shows that two spinsters have begun their second +century. They are accompanied on the list by two sturdy bachelors." + +In a sketch of centenarians published in November, 1884, are given the +names of Nathaniel H. Cole of Greenwich, R. I., born in 1783, Royal C. +Jameson, Papakating, N. J., born in 1784, Wm. Jovel of New Jersey, and +Luther Catlin of Bridgewater, Pa., born in 1784. The last three took +an active part in the last presidential election. + +In Maine were reported Mrs. Sally Powers, Augusta, believed to be born +in 1778, Mrs. Thankful Donnel of West Bath, 101, Mrs. Betsy Moody, +102, Mrs. Philip Pervear of Sedgwick, 105, Jotham Johnson of Durham, +100, Mrs. Small of Bowdoinham, 100. If alive to-day, they are three +years older. + +In Vermont, from 1881 to 1884, sixteen centenarians died; and in the +last census of the United States there were 322. + +In looking over my records I find so many other examples of +centenarian life that I shall not weary the reader by their +repetition, but examples running for over a century may be worth +mentioning. Madame Lacene, one of the most brilliant women of France, +died a few years ago at Lyons in her 104th year. Her will was under +contest on account of her extreme age, but the court was fully +satisfied of her intellectual competence. In the olden time she had +often entertained Mme. de Stael, Mme. Recamier, and Benj. Constant. + +The oldest person in France, perhaps in the world, is said to be a +woman who lives in the village of Auberive, in Royans. She was born +March 16, 1761, and is therefore 125 years old. The authentic record +of her birth is to be found in the parish register of St. Just de +Claix, in the department of the Isere.--_Scientific American._ + +"Among the professors at German universities there were no fewer than +157 between the ages of seventy and ninety, of whom 122 still deliver +lectures, seven of these being between eighty-five and eighty-nine +years of age. The oldest, Von Ranke, was in active service in his 90th +year. Elennich, of Breslau, only thirty-nine days younger, still shows +energy in anything he puts his hands to." + +Mrs. Henry Alphonse of Concord, Mo., over 105, retained her memory and +eyesight without glasses till after 104. Mr. Charles Crowley died at +Suncook, N. H. over 104. Frank Bogkin, a colored man of Montgomery, +Ala., was believed to be 115 at his death recently. When he was about +60 years old, he earned money and purchased his freedom. Tony Morgan, +a blind negro, was recently living at Mobile, 105 years old. Pompey +Graham of Montgomery, N. Y., lately died at 119, and retained his +faculties. Phebe Jenkins of Beaufort County, South Carolina, was +believed to be 120 years old when she died about a year ago. Mrs. +Louisa Elgin of Seymour, Indiana, whose mother lived to be 115, was +recently living at 105. + +"Jennie White, a colored woman, died in St. Joseph, Mo., Monday last, +aged 122 years. She was born in the eastern part of Georgia, and when +twenty years of age was taken to Tennessee, where she remained for +ninety-six years. She had lived in St. Joseph about ten years. She was +a cook for Captain Waterfall, of George Washington's staff, during the +war of the Revolution. She remembered the death of Washington well, +and used to tell a number of interesting stories about early times. +She died in full possession of all her mental faculties, but was a +cripple and helpless." + +MALES AND FEMALES.--In the first number of the JOURNAL it was stated +that although women were from two to six per cent more numerous in +population, more males were born by four to sixteen per cent. This was +a typographical error; it should have been from four to six per cent, +generally four. The greatest excess of males is in illegitimate +births. The reversal of proportions in the progress of life shows that +the male mortality is much greater than the female. Hence the more +tranquil habits and greater predominance of the moral nature in women +increases their longevity, while the greater indulgence of the +passions and appetites, the greater muscular and intellectual force +among men, are hostile to longevity. Hence the establishment of a true +religion, or the application of the "New Education," will greatly +increase longevity. It will also be increased by greater care of +health in manufacturing establishments, and by diminishing the hours +of labor; for exhausting physical labor not only shortens life but +predisposes to intemperance. The injurious effect of excessive toil is +shown in the shorter lives of the poor, and is enforced by Finlaison's +"Report on Friendly Societies to the British Parliament," which says +(p. 211) "The practicable difference in the distribution of sickness +seems to turn upon the amount of the _expenditure of physical force_. +This is no new thing, for in all ages the enervation and decrepitude +of the bodily frame has been observed to follow a prodigal waste of +the mental or corporeal energies. But it has been nowhere previously +established upon recorded experience that the quantum of sickness +annually falling to the lot of man is in a direct proportion to the +demands upon his muscular power. So it would seem, however." + +Philanthropists should therefore unite in limiting the hours of daily +labor to ten or less. But more quiet pursuits have greater endurance; +women keeping house have no ten hour limit, and the editor of the +JOURNAL generally gives more than twelve hours a day to his daily +labor. + +A NEGRO 135 YEARS OLD.--The St. Louis _Globe Democrat_ says: James +James, a negro, and citizen of the United States, who resides at Santa +Rosa, Mexico, is probably the oldest man on earth. He was born near +Dorchester, S. C., in 1752, and while an infant was removed to Medway +River, Ga., in the same year that Franklin brought down electricity +from the thunder clouds. In 1772 there was quite an immigration into +South Carolina, and his master, James James (from whom he takes his +name), moved near Charleston, S. C., in company with a number of his +neighbors. On June 4, 1776, when 24 years of age, a large British +fleet, under Sir Peter Parker, arrived off Charleston. The citizens +had erected a palmetto-wood fort on Sullivan's Island, with twenty-six +guns, manned by 500 troops under Col. Moultrie, and on June 28 the +British made an attack by land and water, and were compelled to +withdraw after a ten-hours' conflict. It was during this fight that +Sergeant Jasper distinguished himself by replacing the flag, which had +been shot away upon the bastion on a new staff. His master, James +James, manned one of the guns in this fight, and Jim, the subject of +this sketch, with four other slaves, were employed around the fort as +general laborers. Jim followed his master throughout the war, and was +with Gen. Moultrie at Port Royal, S. C., Feb. 3, 1779, when Moultrie +defeated the combined British forces of Prevost and Campbell. His +master was surrendered by Gen. Lincoln at Charleston, S. C., on Feb. +12, 1780, to the British forces, and this ends Jim's military career. + +He remembers of the rejoicing in 1792 throughout the country in +consequence of Washington's election to the Presidency, he then being +40 years of age. In this year his first master died, aged about 60 +years. Jim then became the property of "Marse Henry" (Henry James), +owning large estates and about thirty slaves near Charleston. On +account of having raised "Marse Henry," Jim was a special favorite +with his master, and was allowed to do as he chose. His second master, +Henry, died in 1815, about 55 years of age, and Jim, now at 63 years +of age, became the property of James James, Henry's second son. In +1833 the railroad from Charleston to Savannah was completed, then the +longest railroad in the world, and Jim, with his master, took a trip +over the road, and was shown special favors on account of his age, now +81. James James was ten years of age at his father's death, and when +he became of age he inherited large estates, slaves, etc., among whom +were "old Uncle Jim" and his family. James James in 1855 moved to +Texas with all his slaves. He desired that his slaves should be free +at his death, and in 1858 moved into Mexico, so that they could be +free before his death. James returned to the United States and died in +Texas, and in 1865, after there were no longer slaves in the United +States, Uncle Jim's children and grandchildren returned to the United +States. Five years ago, at the age of 130, Jim could do light chores, +but subsisted mostly by contributions from the citizens, but for the +past two years, not being able to walk, he remains for the most part +in his little jacal, his wants being supplied by generous neighbors. +The rheumatism in his legs prevents him from walking. + +So many cases of great longevity have recently been announced, that +their detailed publication would be tedious. The New York _Sun_ says: +"A town in Cuba prides itself upon being the home of eleven women, +each of whom is over 100 years of age." According to the census of +Germany, December, 1875, there were 160 persons over 100 years of age, +of whom there was one woman of 115 years, and another of 117, one man +of 118, and another of 120. Our own country has a better record of +longevity than this. + +Let us rest content with the fact that the world has many +centenarians, and that we too are free to live a hundred years, if our +ancestors have done their duty in transmitting a good constitution, +and we have done our duty in preserving it. + + + + +MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. + + +AN IMPORTANT DISCOVERY.--In the New Education I have endeavored to +show that there are qualities of the atmosphere which science has not +yet recognized, which are of the highest importance to human health, +and that an atmosphere may have vitalizing or devitalizing qualities +with apparently the same chemical composition, because some vitalizing +element has been added or subtracted. + +This vitalizing element, though analogous to electricity, is not +identical with it. We find it absent in a room that has been recently +plastered, and is not quite dry. Sleeping in such a room is positively +dangerous. We find the same negative depressing condition wherever +evaporation has been going on in the absence of sunlight, which +appears to supply the needful element. + +As evaporation carries off this vitalizing element, precipitation or +condensation seems to supply it, especially precipitation from the +upper regions of the atmosphere to which it is carried by evaporation, +and to which it is supplied by sunshine. Hence we experience a +delightful freshness of the atmosphere after a summer shower, or on a +frosty morning, when the moisture is not only precipitated, but +condensed into frost. Frost gives off more of the exhilarating element +of watery vapor than dew, because it is a step farther in +condensation. Hence there is a healthful, bracing influence in cold +climates, where all the moisture is firmly frozen, and a very +unpleasant, depressing influence when a thaw begins. The vicinity of +melting snow, or a melting iceberg, is unpleasant and promotive of +catarrh and pulmonary diseases. + +The pleasant influence of the fresh shower ceases when the fallen +moisture begins to evaporate, and the dewy freshness of the early morn +before sunrise ceases as the dew evaporates. The most painfully +depressing atmosphere is that which sometimes comes in cold weather +from Northern regions which have long been deprived of sunshine. + +This element of health, which physiologists have neglected to +investigate, has recently been sought by Dr. B. W. Richardson of +England. The Popular Science News (of Boston) says:-- + + "Dr. B. W. Richardson of England, in making some investigations + upon the physiological effects of breathing pure oxygen by + various animals, has discovered, that, by simply passing the gas + a few times through the lungs, it becomes "devitalized," or + incapable of supporting life, although its chemical composition + remains the same, and all carbonic dioxide and other impurities + are removed. He also found, that, by passing electric sparks + through the gas, it became "revitalized," and regained its usual + stimulating effect upon the animal economy. The devitalized + oxygen would still support life in cold-blooded animals, and + combustible bodies would burn in it as brilliantly as ever. Dr. + Richardson considers that, while the gas is in contact with the + tissues or blood of a warm-blooded animal, some quality + essential to its life-supporting power is lost. The subject is + an interesting and important one, and deserves a more thorough + investigation." + + +JENNIE COLLINS has passed on to her reward above. It would be wrong to +neglect mentioning the remarkable career of this devoted woman, who +for thirty-five years has been the guardian angel of the poor and +struggling women of Boston. Rising from friendless poverty, she became +widely known as a champion of human rights, and woman's rights, and, +finally, as the founder and indefatigable sustainer of that benevolent +institution widely known as Boffin's bower. Her literary powers were +finely displayed in a little volume entitled "Nature's Aristocracy," +and her mental vigor was shown in many public addresses. Jennie +Collins was a noble illustration of the best form of Spiritualism. She +was accompanied, inspired, and sustained by spirit influence, but did +not deem it expedient to let this fact be generally known. The world +is not yet enlightened. + + +GREEK PHILOSOPHY.--The essential pedantic stupidity of Aristotle's +logic, and its power to belittle and benumb the intelligence of its +reverential students has been shown in every college where this effete +study is kept up. We have no better illustration of late than its +effect on Prof. Harris, who is a very intelligent and useful citizen, +but who has been so befogged by such studies as to suppose that his +pedantic talk about syllogisms embodies an important contribution to +philosophy, and indeed it was announced as such by his reporter. The +superstitious reverence for Greek literature is impressed on all young +collegians, and few recover from it. Sir William Hamilton and R. W. +Emerson, who were much more intellectual and brilliant than Prof. +Harris, were as badly afflicted as he with this Greek superstition, +which has been implanted in school boys so young that it dominates +their whole lives with the energy of a prenatal condition. The only +very silly things ever written by the brilliant Emerson were those +passages in which he speaks of Plato; and the silliest thing in the +life of Hamilton is the way in which he exulted over some trivial +modification of Aristotle's syllogistic ideas, which was about as +trivial as that of Prof. Harris, and allowed himself to be publicly +flattered by one of his students in the most fulsome manner for the +wonderful profundity of his wisdom, that could even add something to +the divine wisdom of Aristotle. + +To tell a Greek idolater that the divine Plato thought it a great +MYSTERY that one and one should make two, that he declared it to be +incomprehensible to him, and thought the only possible solution of the +mystery to be, that two is produced "by _participation in duality_," +would surprise him; but he would be still more surprised to learn that +this is only a specimen brick of Plato's divine philosophy, as it +abounds in similar puerilities. I have long since reviewed this effete +philosophy of an ignorant age, and shown its true character, but my +work has never been offered to a bookseller. Yet it shall not be +suppressed. The destruction of stultifying superstitions is as +necessary in education and literature as in religion. The ponderous +blows of Lord Bacon upon this Greek superstition of the literary +classes did not prove fatal, for the same reason that animal organisms +of a low, cold-blooded, grade are hard to kill,--they must be cut up +in fragments before their death becomes complete; superstitions and +beliefs that have no element of intelligent reason, and are +perpetuated by social influence, authority, and domination over the +young become a blind force that resists all influence from reason. + +If my readers are interested in the destruction of venerable and +powerful falsehoods that stand in the way of every form of progress, I +may be tempted to publish a cheap edition of my work on Greek +Philosophy and Logic. It is not in the least presumptuous to lay hands +upon this venerable illusion, and show that it has not even the +vitality of a ghost. It is but a simulacrum or mirage, and it is but +necessary to approach it fearlessly, and walk through it, to discover +its essential nonentity. + + +SYMPOSIUMS deserves a good report. One of the philosophers, whose +doctrines were poetically paraphrased in the report of the scientific +responses upon human immortality, writes that he enjoyed the poetical +paraphrase very much, and never laughed over anything so heartily. It +would be pleasant to hear the real sentiments of the remainder. It +would be equally interesting to hear how Prof. Harris and the other +Concordians enjoy the little sketch of their symposium. + + +LITERATURE OF THE PAST.--"In an article on the 'Archetypal Literature +for the Future,' by Dr. J. R. Buchanan, which appears in the JOURNAL +OF MAN for March, the writer foreshadows a time to which the American +mind is fast advancing when the literature of the past will take its +place amongst the mouldering mass which interests the antiquarian, but +has no positive influence in guiding the thoughts and actions of the +passing generation. There are some indications of a movement in that +direction in other countries, though the vast majority, including many +Spiritualists and Theosophists, still explore the records of past +ages, looking for the light which is shining all about them in the +present, unrealized."--_Harbinger of Light_, Australia. + + +THE CONCORD SCHOOL.--We are glad that the Concord School is over, and +we should think that the people that have been there would be glad to +get home and take part in the things which interest average folks. If +people like that sort of thing and can afford it, there is no reason +why they should not go there and stay. But to the average man the +whole thing looks about as near time wasted as anything which even +Boston furnishes to the "uncultured" world outside.--_Boston Record._ + + +NEW BOOKS.--"THE HIDDEN WAY across the threshold, or the mystery which +hath been hidden for ages and from generations,--an explanation of the +concealed forces in every man to open the temple of the soul and to +have the guidance of the unseen hand.--By J. C. Street, A. B. N., +Fellow of S. S. S., and of the Brotherhood Z. Z. R. R. Z. Z." Lee & +Shepard, publishers, Boston ($3.50). This is a very handsome volume of +nearly 600 pages, which I have not had time to examine. It appears to +be chiefly a compilation with quotation marks omitted, written in the +smooth and pleasing style common in spiritual literature, without any +attempt at scientific analysis or criticism. Sharp critics condemn it, +but it suits the popular taste and inculcates good moral lessons. I +shall examine it hereafter. + + +"SOLAR BIOLOGY--a scientific method of delineating character, +diagnosing disease, determining mental, physical, and business +qualifications, conjugal adaptability, etc., etc., from the date of +birth.--By HIRAM E. BUTLER, with illustrations." Boston, Esoteric +Publishing Company, 478 Shawmut Avenue ($5.00). This is a handsome +volume, which, from a hasty examination, appears to be a large +fragment of Astrology, containing its simplest portion, requiring no +abstruse calculations, and hence adapted to popular circulation. It is +meeting with some success, but those who feel much interest in +astrology prefer to take in the whole science, which has a much larger +number of votaries than is commonly supposed. + + +DR. FRANZ HARTMANN, of Germany, has published some interesting volumes +recently, on "Paracelsus," "White and Black Magic," and "Among the +Rosicrucians," which I have had no time to examine. A valuable essay +from Dr. Hartmann is on file for publication in the JOURNAL, in which +he compares the doctrines of the occult philosophy with those +presented in the JOURNAL OF MAN. + + +PROGRESS OF CHEMISTRY.--FORTY NEW SUBSTANCES.--"During the decade +ending with 1886 over forty discoveries of new elementary substances +were announced, while the entire number previously known was less than +seventy. No less than nine were detected by Crookes last year. The +list is likely to be lengthened quite as materially in the current +twelvemonth, as A. Pringle already claims to have found six new +elements in some silurian rocks in Scotland. Five of these are said to +be metals, and the other is a substance resembling selenium, which the +discoverer calls hesperisium. One metal is like iron, but does not +give some of its reactions; another resembles lead, is quite fusible +and volatile, and forms yellow and green salts; another, named +erebodium, is black; the fourth is a light-gray powder, and the last +is dark in color." + + +ASTRONOMY.--"The absolute dimensions of a globular star cluster have +been studied by Mr. J. E. Gore of the Liverpool Astronomical Society. +These clusters consist of thousands of minute stars, possibly moving +about a common center of gravity. One of the most remarkable of these +objects is 13 Messier, which Proctor thinks is about equal to a first +magnitude star. Yet Herschel estimated that it is made up of fourteen +thousand stars. The average diameter of each of these components must +be forty-five thousand two hundred and ninety-eight miles, and each +star in this wonderful group may be separated from the next by a +distance of nine thousand million miles." + +"According to the computations of M. Hermite, a French astronomer, the +total number of stars visible to the naked eye of an observer of +average visual power does not exceed 6000. The northern hemisphere +contains 2478, and the southern hemisphere contains 3307 stars. In +order to see this number of stars, the night must be moonless, the sky +cloudless, and the atmosphere pure. The power of the naked eye is here +stayed. By the aid of an opera glass 20,000 can be seen, and with a +small telescope 150,000, while the most powerful telescopes will +reveal more than 100,000,000 stars." + +"M. Ligner, an Austrian meteorologist, claims to have ascertained +after careful investigation that the moon has an influence on a +magnetized needle, varying with its phases and its declination. The +phenomenon is said to be more prominently noticeable when the moon is +near the earth, and to be very marked when she is passing from the +full to her first or second quarter. The disturbances are found to be +in their maximum when the moon is in the plane of the equator, and +greater during the southern than it is during the northern +declination." + + +GEOLOGY ILLUSTRATED.--I have often thought that when coal mines are +exhausted and land is too valuable to be devoted to raising timber, it +may become necessary to draw on the subterranean heat of the earth. +This idea is already verified in Hungary. + +Late advices say: "The earth's internal heat is now being used in a +practical way at Pesth, where the deepest artesian well in the world +is being sunk to supply hot water for public baths and other purposes. +A depth of 3120 feet has already been reached, and the well supplies +daily 176,000 gallons of water, heated to deg.150 Fahr." + + +A MATHEMATICAL PRODIGY.--Reub Fields, living a few miles south of +Higginsville, Mo., though he has no education whatever, and does not +know a single figure or a letter of the alphabet, is a mathematical +wonder. Though he never carries a watch, he can tell the time to a +minute. When asked on what day of the week the 23d of November, 1861 +came, he answered, "Saturday." When asked, "From here to Louisiana, +Mo. it is 159 miles; how many revolutions does the driving wheel of an +engine fifteen feet in circumference make in a run from this place to +Louisiana?" he replied, "55938 revolutions." Reub was born in +Kentucky, and claims that this power was given to him from heaven when +he was eight years old, and that the Lord made but one Samson, one +Solomon, and one Reub Fields, for strength, wisdom, and mathematics. + + +ASTROLOGY IN ENGLAND.--Mrs. L. C. Moulton, correspondent of the +_Boston Herald_, writes: "In old times a court astrologer used to be +kept, as well as a court jester; but I confess I was not aware, until +last night, that the astrologer of to-day might be as important to +one's movements as one's doctor or one's lawyer. One of the cleverest +and busiest literary men in all London said to me last night that he +thought the neglect of astrological counsel a great mistake. 'I have +looked into the subject rather deeply,' he said, 'and the more I +search, the more convincing proof I find of the influence of the stars +upon our lives; and now I never begin a new book, or take a journey, +or, in short, do anything of any importance without consulting my +astrologer.' And then he went on to tell me the year in which the +cholera devastated Naples he had thought of going there. Happily, he +consulted his astrologer and was warned against it. In accordance with +the astrologer's advice, he gave up the journey; and just about the +time he would otherwise have gone, news came of the cholera +visitation. Last year he was warned against a certain journey--told +that if he took it he would be ill. For once he defied the stars, and, +in consequence, he was taken seriously ill with the very symptoms the +astrologer had predicted. But, alas, his astrologer is fat and +old--and what shipwreck may not my friend make of his life when the +stars have reclaimed their prophet, and the poor fellow has to +struggle on uncounselled!" + + +PRIMOGENITURE ABOLISHED.--"By a majority of eleven the House of Lords +has abolished primogeniture in cases of intestacy. Thus, unless it is +formally specified by will, property will henceforth be divided +equally among heirs, as in this country. No longer will the eldest +son, by the mere fact of the death of his father, come into possession +of the estate to the exclusion of his brothers and sisters. Of course, +entailed estates will not be affected, and property can be transmitted +by will at the testator's pleasure, but the notable point is that +primogeniture cannot henceforth be looked upon as an institution so +characteristic and time-honored that departure from it would be a +really questionable proceeding." + + +MEDICAL INTOLERANCE AND CUNNING.--The proscriptive medical law of Iowa +does not seem to be very effective, as it is believed to be +unconstitutional, and its friends have been challenged to make test +cases, but have not yet begun to enforce it. In Illinois they have a +law that is imperative enough against practitioners without diplomas; +but as this did not reach those who used no medicines, they have +succeeded in procuring a law to reach them also by a new definition of +"practicing medicine," which the new statute says shall include all +"who shall treat, operate on, or prescribe for any physical ailment of +another." This would seem sufficient to protect the M. D.'s against +all competition, but there is some doubt whether such legislation can +be enforced, as it is certainly a corrupt and selfish measure that was +never desired by the people. The _Religio Philosophical Journal_ +speaks out manfully, and "advises all reputable healers of whatever +school, to possess their souls in peace, and go steadily forward in +their vocation, fearing neither Dr. Rauch nor the unconstitutional +provisions of the statutes, under which he and his confederates seek +to abridge and restrict the rights of the people. If any reputable +practitioner of the healing art, who treats without drugs, is molested +in his or her practice, let them invite prosecution, and communicate +with the _Religio Philosophical Journal_ for further advice and +assistance." I regret to say there is a strong probability that the +friends of medical freedom in Massachusetts will be again called upon +to resist attempts to procure medical legislation. + + +NEGRO TURNING WHITE.--A colored man named Antone Metoyer has been +employed at the railroad works in this city (Sacramento) for some +time, and his steadiness and industry have caused him to be esteemed +by those acquainted with him. Seven or eight months ago his skin was +black, but it commenced to turn white, and now his body, arms, legs +and neck are as white as those of any Caucasian. The original color is +now only upon his face, extending back of the ears, just beneath the +chin, and across the upper portion of the forehead, making him appear +to be wearing a close-fitting black or dark brown mask. On the chin +and nose the dark color is beginning to wear away, and he thinks in a +few weeks he will be perfectly white. His hair and whiskers are black +and curly. Medical men have taken much interest in his case, and +attribute the change in complexion to the effect upon his system of +working constantly with potash and other material used in washing +greasy waste. He has been advised that it may be dangerous for him to +continue under this influence, but he declares that he will stay until +the process he is undergoing is completed, if it kills him.--_Record +Union_. + + +THE CURE OF HYDROPHOBIA.--"The English committee appointed by the +local government board in April, 1886, to inquire into Pasteur's +inoculation method for rabies, report that it may be deemed certain +that M. Pasteur has discovered a method of protection from rabies +comparable with that which vaccination affords against infection from +smallpox." As many think there is no protection at all, the question +is not finally settled. It is only the stubborn ignorance of the +medical profession which gives to Pasteur's experiments their great +celebrity and importance. Other methods have been far more successful +than Pasteur's. Xanthium, Scutellaria (Skull-cap), the vapor bath, and +chloroform or nitrous oxide are more powerful and reliable than any +morbid inoculation. + + +JOHN SWINTON'S paper, at New York, has come to an end. Swinton was a +bold, eloquent, and fearless advocate of human rights as he understood +them. His failure is an honor to him, and his name will be remembered. +Perhaps if he had imitated the Boston dailies, by giving ten to +eighteen columns to the record of base ball games, he might have put +money in his purse, instead of losing it. + +In marked contrast to John Swinton's failure, observe the success of +the _New York Tribune_, a newspaper founded by Horace Greeley, but +which, since his death, has given, in its unscrupulous course, a good +illustration of the Satanic press. The _Boston Herald_ says: "The _New +York Tribune_ is perhaps as good an illustration of the old-fashioned +partisan journal as there is in the country. There was an amusing +reminiscence of the methods that used to be practised when the +_Tribune_ was found claiming the Legislature of Kentucky as having +been carried by the Republicans in the late elections. The fact was +that the Democratic majority in that body was about five to one, and +there was really no excuse in a metropolitan journal for not knowing +such to be the case." The _Tribune_ once complimented highly the +JOURNAL OF MAN, but that was when Horace Greeley was alive. + + +WOMEN'S RIGHTS AND PROGRESS.--The last legislature of Pennsylvania +passed a very radical law, providing that marriage shall not impose +any disability as to the acquisition or management of any kind of +property, making any contracts, or engaging in any business. However, +she is not authorized to mortgage her real estate without her +husband's co-operation, nor become endorser for another alone. As to +making a will she has the same rights as a man. + +Ohio has also advanced woman's rights by enabling both husband and +wife to dispose of property as if unmarried, and by giving each party +one-third life interest in the other's real estate. + +In Kansas, women can vote in city and town affairs, and hold municipal +and town offices. In one town they have a female mayor. The supreme +court of Kansas has decided that when a woman marries she need not +take her husband's name unless she chooses. + + +CO-EDUCATION is successful, nearly every prominent college is +beginning to admit women, and they often carry off the prizes from the +men. Exclusive masculine colleges will soon rank among the barbarisms +of the past. + +Female education is advancing in Russia. The universities had 779 +female students in 1886, 437 of whom were daughters of noblemen and +official personages. On the other hand the Prussian Minister of +Education refuses to admit women as regular students at any university +or medical school. + +Several Italian ladies have distinguished themselves in legal +knowledge, and the propriety of their admission to the bar is +extensively discussed. About nine-tenths of the newspapers favor their +admission. + +The practical question, which is most important to the welfare of +women, is profitable employment. Miss Simcox says that there are about +three millions of women in England engaged in industrial employments, +while a large proportion of them, especially in London, have such poor +wages as to produce continual suffering. INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION, alike +for boys and girls, is the true remedy, worth more than all the +nostrums of politicians and demagogues. + + +SPIRIT WRITING.--Our handsome young friend, Dr. D. J. Stansbury, a +graduate of the Eclectic Medical College of New York, is giving +astonishing demonstrations on the Pacific coast. When a pair of closed +slates is brought, he barely touches them, and the spirit writing +begins. Sometimes the slates are held on the head or shoulders of the +visitor. At one of his seances at Oakland, it is said that he held the +slates for thirty-five persons within two hours, and obtained for each +a slate full of writing in answers to questions placed between the +slates. At a public seance in Santa Cruz, following a lecture, folded +ballots were sent up by the audience and the answers were sometimes +written on closed slates and sometimes by the doctor's hands. Dr. S. +has also succeeded in repeating the famous performance of Charles +Foster--the names of spirits appearing on his arm in blood-red +letters. + + +PROGRESS OF THE MARVELLOUS.--The _Boston Herald_ of Aug. 7 has a long +account of the marvellous fires which occur in the house at Woodstock, +New Brunswick, of Mr. Reginald C. Hoyt. The people of the town are +greatly excited about it, and great crowds gather to witness it, but +no one can explain it. The fires break out with no possible cause in +the clothes, the carpet, the curtains, bed quilts, or other objects, +as much as forty times in a day. The family are greatly worried and +alarmed, and have been driven out of the house. The _Herald_ reporter +went to examine, but found it an entire mystery. + +A similar outbreak of fires has been reported in Pennsylvania, at the +house of Thomas McKee, a farmer at Turtle Creek. For some weeks the +invisible powers have been throwing things about in a topsy turvey +way. Since that, flames break out suddenly in the presence of the +family, and round holes are burned in the bed-clothes, towels, hats, +dresses, and even packages of groceries in the pantry. + + + + +PRACTICAL UTILITY OF ANTHROPOLOGY. + +(_Continued from page 32._) + + +There is no great reform, no elevation of humanity without +understanding MAN,--the laws of his culture, the possibilities within +his reach, the extent of the short-comings which exist to-day, the +very numerous agencies of brain-building and soul-culture, the wiser +methods of the school, the magnetic influences which are sometimes all +potent, the dietary, the exercises of body and voice, the power of +music and disciplined example, the lofty outreachings for a higher +life to which we are introduced by psychometry, the supernal and +divine influences which may be brought to bear, and many nameless +things which help to make the aggregate omnipotent over young life, +but which, alas, are unknown in colleges to-day, and will continue +unknown until Anthropology shall have taken its place as the guide of +humanity. + + * * * * * + +P.S.--The doctrine so firmly maintained in this chapter that men are +incompetent to judge themselves, and need a scientific monitor of +unquestionable authority, has long been recognized. The Catholic +confessional is a recognition and application of the principles of +great value. But the confessional of the narrow-minded and miseducated +priest should be superseded by the confessional and the admonition of +Anthropology. + +Sterne, in his Tristam Shandy, says, "Whenever a man's conscience does +accuse him (as it seldom errs on that side), he is guilty, and unless +he is melancholy and hypochondriac, there is always sufficient ground +for the accusation. But the converse of the proposition will not hold +true," that if it does not accuse, the man is innocent. + +"Thus conscience, placed on high as a judge within us, and intended by +our Maker as a just and equitable one too, takes often such imperfect +cognizance of what passes, does its office so negligently, often so +corruptly, that it is not to be trusted alone, and, therefore, we find +there is a necessity, an absolute necessity, of joining another +principle with it." + +That "other principle" demanded by Sterne has never been found, until, +in the revelation of the functions of soul and brain, we have found +the absolute standard of character, and in Cranioscopy and Psychometry +the perfect method of applying the principle to each individual. + +An amusing illustration occurred lately in England, which was +published as follows:-- + + "When the address to the queen at the opening of the English + royal courts was under consideration by the judges, one very + eminent judge of appeal objected to the phrase 'conscious as we + are of our shortcomings.' 'I am not conscious of shortcomings,' + he said, 'and if I were I should not be so foolish as to say + so;' whereupon a learned lord justice blandly observed, 'Suppose + we say, "conscious as we are of each other's shortcomings."'" + + + + +CHAPTER VIII--THE ORIGIN AND FOUNDATION OF THE NEW ANTHROPOLOGY + + Difficulties of imperfect knowledge in my first studies--First + investigation of Phrenology--Errors detected and corrected--The + PATHOGNOMIC SYSTEM organized--A brilliant discovery and its + results--Discovery of the sense of feeling and development of + Psychometry--Its vast importance and numerous applications--The + first experiments on the brain and the publication of + Anthropology--The discovery of Sarcognomy and its practical + value--Reception of the new Sciences--Honorable action of the + venerable Caldwell. + + +The very brief exposition of the structure and functions of the brain +already given, may serve as an introduction to the subject and prepare +the reader to appreciate the laborious investigations of many years, +by means of which so comprehensive a science was brought into +existence amid the hostile influences of established opinions and +established ignorance. + +It is necessary now to present this statement to enable the reader to +realize more fully the positive character of the science. + +My life has been devoted to the study of man, his destiny and his +happiness. Uncontrolled in education, I learned to endure no mental +restraint, and, thrown upon my own resources in boyhood, difficulties +but strengthened the passion for philosophical knowledge. Yet more +formidable difficulties were found in the limited condition of human +science, alike in libraries and colleges. + +Anthropology, my favorite study, had no systematic development, and +the very word was unfamiliar, because there was really nothing to +which it could justly be applied. Its elementary sciences were in an +undeveloped state, and some of them not yet in existence. Mental +philosophy was very limited in its scope, and had little or nothing of +a practical and scientific nature. The soul was not recognised as a +subject for science. The body was studied apart from the soul, and the +brain, the home of the soul, was enveloped in mystery--so as to leave +even physiological science shrouded in darkness, as the central and +controlling organ of life was considered an inaccessible mystery. In +studying medicine, it seemed that I wandered through a wilderness +without a compass and with no cardinal points. + +Phrenology promised much, and I examined it cautiously. It struck me +at first as an unsatisfactory system of mental philosophy, and I +stated my objections before its most celebrated and venerable +champion, in public, who assured me that I would be satisfied by +further investigation. As it seemed a very interesting department of +natural science, I began by comparing the heads of my acquaintances +with the phrenological map, and discovering so many striking +coincidences that I was gradually satisfied as to its substantial +truth, and I do not believe that any one has ever thus tested the +discoveries of Gall and Spurzheim, without perceiving their _general_ +correctness, while many, with less critical observation, have accepted +them as absolutely true. + +My interest increased with the extent of my observations, until, for +several years, I abandoned practical medicine for the exclusive study +of the science of the brain in the great volume of nature, with the +doctrines of Gall as the basis of the investigation. As it was my +purpose to seek the deficiencies as well as the merits of the new +science, I tested its accuracy by the careful examination of living +heads and skulls in comparison with ascertained character, and with +the anatomy of the brain, not forgetting the self-evident principles +of mental philosophy. Many thousand critical examinations were made +between the years 1834 and 1841, leading to many positive conclusions. +The first year's observations made me distinctly aware and certain of +several defects in the doctrines, as to the functions ascribed to +certain localities of the brain to which were ascribed, Mirthfulness, +Acquisitiveness, Adhesiveness, Constructiveness, Tune, Ideality, +Combativeness, Destructiveness, and Cautiousness. The functions of +these localities were evidently misunderstood, and the faculties +erroneously located. + +The external senses were omitted from the catalogue of cerebral +organs, though evidently entitled to recognition, and the +physiological powers of the brain, the prime mover and most important +part of the constitution, were almost totally ignored. + +Following the old route of exploration by cranioscopy, I sought to +supply these defects. I found the supposed Mirthfulness to be a +planning and reasoning organ, and the true Mirthfulness to be located +more interiorly. Acquisitiveness was evidently located farther back. +The so-called organ of Adhesiveness appeared to be incapable of +manifesting true friendship, and its absence was frequently +accompanied by strong capacities for friendship, of a disinterested +character. Constructiveness appeared to be located too low, and too +far back, running into the middle lobe, which is not the place for +intellect. Tune did not appear to correspond regularly to musical +talent. Many of the higher functions ascribed to Ideality were +conspicuous in heads which had that organ small, with a large +development just above it. Combativeness had evidently less influence +upon physical courage than was supposed, for it was sometimes well +developed in cowards, and rather small in brave men. Cautiousness was +evidently not the organ of fear, for the bravest men, of whom I met +many in the southwest, sometimes had it in predominant development, +and in the timid it was sometimes moderate, or small. Destructiveness +was frequently a characteristic of narrow heads (indeed this is the +case with the Thugs of India), and a broad development above the ears +was sometimes accompanied by a mild disposition. The height of the +head above the ears did not prove a correct criterion of moral +character, nor did the breadth indicate correctly the amount of the +selfish and violent passions. + +I observed that the violent and selfish elements of character were +connected with occipital depth, and elongation; that the affections +were connected with the coronal region, that the sense of vision was +located in the brow, and the sense of feeling in the temples, near the +cheekbone, that the upper occipital region was the seat of energetic +powers, and the lower, of violent or criminal impulses, and that the +whole cerebrum was an apparatus of mingling convolutions, in which the +functions, gradually changing from point to point, presented +throughout a beautiful blending and connection. + +Observing daily the comparative development of brain and body, with +their reciprocal influence, I traced the outlines of cerebral +physiology, and the laws of sympathetic connection or correspondence +between the body and the encephalon, by which, in a given +constitution, I would determine from the head the development of the +whole body, the peculiar distributions of the circulation, with the +consequent morbid tendencies, the relative perfection of the different +senses and different organs of the body, and the character of the +temperament. + +Seeking continually for the fundamental laws of Anthropology, +criticising and rejecting all that appeared objectionable or +inconsistent, I acquired possession of numerous sound and +comprehensive principles concerning the fundamental laws of cerebral +science, which were at once touchstones for truth and efficient +instruments for further research. + +These fundamental laws, though very obvious and easily perceived when +pointed out, had been overlooked by my predecessors, but are always +accepted readily by my auditors, when fully explained. As new facts +and principles led to the discovery of other facts and principles, a +system of philosophy (not speculative, but scientific) was thus +evolved, and a number of geometrical principles were established as +the basis of the science of the brain, so evidently true, though so +long overlooked, as to command the unanimous assent of all to whom +they have been presented; and, as the acceptance of these principles +involves the general acceptance of cerebral science, my labors as a +teacher have ever been singularly harmonious, and free from doubt, +antagonism, and contention. + +The fundamental principle of the philosophy was geometric or +mathematical, as it examined the construction of the brain, and showed +an exact mathematical relation between each organ of the brain and its +effects on the body, in the spontaneous gestures, the circulation of +blood, the nervous forces, and local functions. Its leading +characteristic being the law of the expression of the vital forces and +feelings in outward acts. This doctrine was called the PATHOGNOMIC +SYSTEM. + +I was preparing to publish in several volumes the reorganized science +as the Pathognomic System, when the consummation of my researches, by +a brilliant discovery, led me into a new world of knowledge--to the +full development of the science of Anthropology, according to which +the brain gives organic expression to functions which are essentially +located in the soul, and the body gives organic manifestation to +functions which are controlled in the brain, while the body reacts +upon the brain and the brain upon the soul. Thus, every element of +humanity has a triple representation--that in the soul, which is +purely psychic, yet by its influence becomes physiological in the +body; that in the body which is purely physiological, yet by its +influence becomes psychic in the soul, and that in the brain which +produces physiological effects in the body, and psychic effects in the +soul. + +Thus, each of the three repositories of power is a +psycho-physiological representation of the man; more physical in the +body, more spiritual in the soul, but in the brain a more perfect +psycho-physiological representation of man as he is in the present +life. This full conception of the brain, which Gall did not attain, +involved the new science of CEREBRAL PHYSIOLOGY, in which the brain +may express the character of the body, as well as the soul, of which I +would only say at present that my first observations were directed to +ascertaining the cerebral seats of the external senses, vision, +hearing and feeling, and the influences of different portions of the +brain on different portions of the body. + +The location of the sense of feeling, of which I became absolutely +certain in 1838, at the base of the middle lobe has since been +substantially confirmed by Ferrier's experiment on the monkey; but I +have not been concerned about the results of vivisection, knowing that +if I have made a true discovery, vivisection and pathology must +necessarily confirm it; and I am not aware that any of my discoveries +have been disturbed by the immense labors of vivisection. + +The discovery of the organ of the sense of feeling led to an +investigation of its powers, and the phenomena exhibited when its +development was unusually large--hence came the initial fact of +psychometry. Early in 1841 I found a very large development of the +organ, in the head of the late Bishop Polk, then at Little Rock, the +capital of Arkansas, who subsequently became a confederate general. +After explaining to him his great sensibility to atmospheric, +electric, and all other physical conditions, he mentioned a still more +remarkable sensibility--that whenever he touched brass, he had +immediately the taste of brass in his mouth, whether he knew what he +was touching or not. I lost no time in verifying this observation by +many experiments upon other persons, and finding that there were many +in whom sensibility was developed to this extent, so that when I +placed pieces of metal in their hands, behind their backs, they could +tell what the metal was by its taste, or some other impression. +Further examinations showed that substances of any kind, held in the +hands of sensitives, yielded not only an impression upon the sense of +taste, by which they might be recognized, but an impression upon the +entire sensibility of the body. Medicines tried in this manner gave a +distinct impression--as distinct as if they had been swallowed--to a +majority of the members of a large medical class, in the leading +medical school at Cincinnati, and to those who had superior +psychometric capacities, the impression given in this manner enabled +them to describe the qualities and effects of the medicines as fully +and accurately as they are given in the works on materia medica. + +This method of investigation I consider not only vastly more easy and +rapid than the method adopted by the followers of Hahnemann, but more +accurate and efficient than any other method known to the medical +profession, and destined, therefore, to produce a greater improvement +in our knowledge of the materia medica than we can derive from all +other methods combined, in the same length of time. I may hereafter +publish the practical demonstration of this, but the vast amount of +labor involved in my experimental researches has not yet permitted me +to take up this department, although it has yielded me some very +valuable discoveries. + +It may require a century for mankind fully to realize the value of +Psychometry. It has been clearly, though I cannot say completely shown +in the "MANUAL OF PSYCHOMETRY," to which I would refer the reader. I +would simply state that the scientific discovery and exposition of +Psychometry is equivalent to the dawn of new intellectual +civilization, since it enables us to advance rapidly toward perfection +all sciences and forms of knowledge now known, and to introduce new +sciences heretofore unknown. + +1. To the MEDICAL COLLEGE it will give a method of accurate diagnosis +which will supersede the blundering methods now existing--a method of +RAPIDLY enlarging and perfecting the materia medica--a method of +exploring all difficult questions in Biology and Pathology, and a +complete view of the constitution of man. + +2. To the UNIVERSITY it offers a method of revising and correcting +history and biography--of enlarging our knowledge of Natural History, +Geology, and Astronomy, and exploring Ethnology. + +3. To the CHURCH it offers a method of exploring the origins of all +religions, the future life of man, and the relations of terrestrial +and celestial life. + +4. To the PHILANTHROPIST it offers the methods of investigating and +supervising education and social organization which may abolish all +existing evils. + +The foregoing were the initial steps and results in the development of +Psychometry, simultaneously accompanied by those other discoveries in +1841, the scope and magnitude of which appear to me and to those who +have studied my demonstrations, to be far more important than anything +that has ever been discovered or done in Biological science, being +nothing less than a complete scientific demonstration of the functions +of the brain in all its psycho-physiological relations. To appreciate +their transcendent importance, it is necessary only to know that the +experiments have been carefully made, have often been repeated during +the past forty-five years, and that all they demonstrate may also be +demonstrated by other means, and fully established, if no such +experiments could be made. + +The origin of this discovery was as follows. My advanced +investigations of the brain, between 1835 and 1841, had added so much +to the incomplete and inaccurate discoveries of Gall, and had brought +cerebral science into so much closer and more accurate relation with +cerebral anatomy and embryology, as illustrated by Tiedemann, that I +became profoundly aware of the position in which I found myself, as an +explorer, possessed of knowledge previously quite unknown, and yet, at +the same time, however true, not strictly demonstrable, since none +could fully realize its truth without following the same path and +studying with the same concentrated devotion the comparative +development of the brain in men and animals. Such zeal, success, and +assiduity I did not believe could be expected. There might not be one +man in a century to undertake such a task (for all the centuries of +civilization had produced but one such man--the illustrious Gall), and +when he appeared his voice would not be decisive. I would, therefore, +appear not as presenting positive knowledge, but as contributing +another theory, which the medical profession, regardless of my labors, +would treat as a mere hypothesis.[1] + + [1] I would mention that in the progress of my discoveries, + especially in 1838-39, I came into frequent and intimate + association with the late Prof. Wm. Byrd Powell, M. D., the + most brilliant, and original of all American students of the + brain, whose lectures always excited a profound interest in + his hearers, and, in comparing notes with him, I found my + own original observations well sustained by his. Though + erratic in some of his theories, he was a bold student of + nature, and the accidental destruction of his manuscript by + fire, when too late in his life to repair the loss, was a + destruction of much that would have been deeply + interesting. + +It was absolutely necessary that the functions of the brain should be +demonstrated as positively as those of the spinal nerves had been +demonstrated by Majendie and Bell. Two methods appeared possible. The +two agents were galvanism and the aura of the nervous system, commonly +called animal magnetism. My first experiments in 1841, satisfied me +that both were available, but that the _nervaura_ was far more +available, efficient, and satisfactory. Upon this I have relied ever +since, though I sometimes experiment with galvanism, to demonstrate +its efficiency, and Dr. De la Rua, of Cuba, informed me over twenty +years ago that he found very delicate galvanic currents available for +this purpose in his practice. + +Animal magnetism or mesmerism had been involved in mystery and +empiricism. There had never been any scientific or anatomical +explanation of the phenomena, and this mystery I desired to dispel. My +first step was to ascertain that for experiments on the nervous system +we did not need the somnambulic or hypnotic condition, and that it was +especially to be avoided as a source of confusion and error. Whenever +the organ of sensibility, or sensitiveness, was sufficiently developed +and predominant, the conditions of neurological experiments for +scientific purposes were satisfactory, and to make such experiments, +the subjects, instead of being ignorant, passive, emotional, hysteric, +or inclined to trance, should be as intelligent as possible, +well-balanced and clear-headed,--competent to observe subjective +phenomena in a critical manner. Hence, my experiments, which have been +made upon all sorts of persons, were most decisive and satisfactory to +myself when made upon well-educated physicians, upon medical +professors, my learned colleagues, upon eminent lawyers or divines, +upon strong-minded farmers or hunters, entirely unacquainted with such +subjects, and incapable of psychological delusion, or upon persons of +very skeptical minds who would not admit anything until the phenomena +were made very plain and unquestionable. + +While the nervaura of the human constitution (which is as distinctly +perceptible to the sensitive as its caloric and electricity) is +emitted from every portion of the surface of the head and body, the +quality and quantity of that which is emitted from the inner surface +of the hand, render it most available, and the application of the hand +of any one who has a respectable amount of vital and mental energy, +will produce a distinct local stimulation of functions wherever it may +be applied upon the head or body. In this manner it is easy to +demonstrate the amiable and pleasing influence of the superior regions +of the brain, the more energetic and vitalizing influence of its +posterior half, and the mild, subduing influence of the front. + +In my first experiments, in the spring of 1841, I found so great +susceptibility that I could demonstrate promptly even the smallest +organs of the brain, and it was gratifying to find that the +illustrious Gall had ascertained, with so marvellous accuracy the +functions of the smallest organs in the front lobe, and the subject +could be engrossed in the thought of numbers and counting by touching +the organ of number or calculation. Eagerly did I proceed in testing +the accuracy of all the discoveries of Gall and the additions I had +made by craniological studies, as well as bringing out new functions +which I had not been able to anticipate or discover. Omitting the +history of those experiments, I would but briefly state that in 1842 I +published a complete map of the brain, in which the full development +of human faculties made a complete picture of the psycho-physiological +constitution of man, and thus presented for the first time a science +which might justly be called _Anthropology_.[2] + + [2] I do not publish or circulate this map apart from the + explanatory volume (Outlines of Anthropology) for the reason + that it is impossible by any nomenclature of organs to + convey a correct idea of the functions, and hence, such a + map would tend to a great many misconceptions. + +It is obvious that prior to 1842 there was nothing entitled to the +name of ANTHROPOLOGY, as there was no complete geography before the +discovery of America and circumnavigation of the globe. When man is +fully portrayed by the statement of all the psychic and all the +physiological faculties and functions found in his brain, which +contains the totality, and manifests them in the soul and body, it is +obvious that we have a true Anthropology, which, to complete its +fulness, requires only the study of the soul as an entity distinct +from the brain, and of the body as an anatomical and physiological +apparatus. The latter had already been well accomplished by the +medical profession, and the former very imperfectly by spiritual +psychologists. But neither the physiology, nor the pneumatology had +been placed in organic connection with the central cerebral science. + +In consummating such tasks, I felt justified, in 1842, in adopting the +word Anthropology, as the representative of the new science, though at +that time it was so unfamiliar as to be misunderstood. This science, +as presented in my Outlines of Anthropology in 1854, embraced another +very important and entirely novel discovery--the psycho-physiological +relations of the surface of the body, the manner in which every +portion of the body responds to the brain and the soul, the final +solution of the great and hitherto impenetrable mystery of the triune +relations of soul, brain, and body. This discovery, constituting the +science of Sarcognomy, became the basis of a new medical philosophy, +explaining the influence of the body on the soul, in health, and +disease, and the reciprocal influence of the soul on the body. + +This manifestly modified our views of therapeutics and revolutionized +electro-therapeutics by pointing out the exact physiological and +psychic effects of every portion of the surface of the body, when +subject to local treatment, and hence, originating new methods of +electric practice, in which many results were produced not heretofore +deemed possible. All this was fully presented in my work on +THERAPEUTIC SARCOGNOMY, published in 1885, which was speedily sold. + +In contemplating these immense results of a successful investigation +of the functions of the brain, I can see no logical escape from the +conclusion that such a revelation of the functions of the brain is by +far the most important event that belongs to the history of vital +science--an event so romantically different from the common, slow +progress of science when cultivated by men of ability, that I do not +wonder at the incredulity which naturally opposes its recognition, and +seems to render the most unanimous and conclusive testimony from +honorable scientists apparently ineffective. The support of the +medical college in which I was Dean of the Faculty, the hearty +endorsement by the Faculty of Indiana State University, and by +numerous committees of investigation, seem to count as nothing with +the conservative portion of the medical profession, who have ever +understood how to ignore so simple and positive a demonstration as +that of Harvey, or so practical a demonstration as that of Hahnemann, +or so irresistible a mass of facts as those of modern psychic science. + +The question will naturally arise among the enlightened lovers of +truth, why so grand and so _demonstrable_ a science should for +forty-five years have made so little progress toward general +recognition. It is sufficient to say that new and revolutionary truth +is never welcomed, and, if the discoverer is not active as a +propagandist it has no diffusion. I did not feel that there was any +receptiveness across the ocean for what was resisted here. +Nevertheless I did prepare and send to Edinburgh, in 1841, a brief +report of my discoveries accompanied by an endorsement or introduction +from the venerable Prof. Caldwell, the founder of the successful +medical college at Louisville, whose lectures were attended by four +hundred pupils. I supposed the gentlemen of the Phrenological Society +at Edinburgh the most liberal parties in Great Britain, but they +declined publishing my memoir as _too marvellous_, and proposed merely +to file it away as a caveat of the discovery. That ended all thoughts +of Europe; and, indeed, it seemed to me premature to urge such a +discovery and so grand a philosophy upon the world in the present +state of its intellectual civilization. I ceased to agitate the +subject for many years, and allowed myself to be drawn into the +political agitations connected with our civil war, to mitigate some of +its social and political evils. + +Of late, however, an urgent and imperative sense of duty has put my +pen in motion as the remnant of my life will be hardly sufficient to +record the results of my investigations. + +In the "New Education" and the "Manual of Psychometry--the dawn of a +new civilization"--I have appealed to the public, and three editions +of the former with two of the latter show that the public is not +indifferent. The recognition of the marvellous claims of Psychometry +will prepare the way for the supreme science of Anthropology, to which +the coming century will do justice. + +In justice to the learned Prof. Caldwell and myself, I should not omit +to mention that this distinguished, eloquent, and venerable gentleman, +who, in his early life, was a cotemporary of the famous Dr. Rush, of +Philadelphia, and throughout his life was a champion of the most +progressive doctrines in Biology, not only gave his friendly +co-operation on the first presentation of my discoveries, but ten +years later honored me with a visit at Cincinnati, to become more +fully acquainted with them, and subsequently, by appointment of the +National Medical Association, prepared a report upon subjects of a +kindred nature, in which he incorporated a statement of my +discoveries. His subsequent illness and death, in 1854, at an advanced +age, prevented the delivery of this memoir. + + In signal contrast to the honorable and candid course of Prof. + CALDWELL, and to the candid examination, followed by eulogistic + language of Prof. H. P. GATCHELL, ROBERT DALE OWEN, President + ANDREW WYLIE, Rev. JOHN PIERPONT, Dr. SAMUEL FORRY, Prof. WM. + DENTON, the eloquent Judge ROWAN, and a score of other eminently + intellectual men, it is my duty to record the melancholy fact + that the great majority of professional men, when tested, have + manifested an entire apathy, if not a positive aversion, to the + investigations and discoveries in which these momentous results + have been reached. While no aversion, disrespect, or suspicion + was shown toward myself, a stubborn aversion was shown to + investigations that might have revolutionary results--proving + that our false systems of education teach men not to think + independently, but to adhere closely to precedent authority, + fashion, popularity, and _habit_, which is the inertia of the + mental world. + + The faculty of my alma mater (excepting Prof. Caldwell) refused + to investigate the subject, even when invited by their Board of + Trustees. The Boston Academy of Arts and Sciences, embracing the + men at the head of the medical profession, pretended to take up + the subject, but in a few hours dropped it, with polite + compliments to myself, in 1842. The American Medical + Association, in 1878, refused to entertain the subject because I + could not coincide with them in my sentiments, and accept their + code of bigotry. There was no formal action of the Association, + but my friend, Prof. Gross, then recognized as the Nestor of the + profession, and holding the highest position of authority, + informed me semi-officially, very courteously, that none of my + discoveries could ever be brought to the notice of the + Association, because I did not accept their code. Thus (without + mentioning other instances), I have stood before the public with + a _demonstrable_ science, challenging investigation by critical + opponents, who have so uniformly evaded or shrunk from the test + that I have ceased to care for their opinions, while I still + entertain as profound a respect as ever for the investigations + of the candid and manly, among whom I never fail to find + friendship and cordiality. + + Looking back forty-five years, I remember with extreme pleasure + the friendly co-operation of ROWAN and CALDWELL. The American + medical profession never had a more dignified, imposing, and + high-toned representative than Prof. Caldwell. Nor was the legal + profession anywhere ever adorned by a more commanding and + gracious representative than the unsurpassed advocate, ROWAN, + who was widely known as the "OLD MONARCH." The nobility of such + men was shown in their noble bearing toward a dawning science, + In which they saw the grandeur of the future. + + + + +BUSINESS DEPARTMENT. + + +COLLEGE OF THERAPEUTICS. + +Next Session Begins November 1, 1887. + +This institution is the germ of what will be an immense revolution in +education hereafter, when the knowledge now given to small classes +will hold a conspicuous place in every college, and will be presented +in every high school. + +The mountain mass of inertia, which opposes, passively, all +fundamental changes, cannot now resist scientific demonstration as it +has in the past. The instruction in the College of Therapeutics, is +thoroughly demonstrative, leaving no room for doubt, and it gives a +species of knowledge which ought to be a part of every one's +education--a knowledge of the constitution of man, not obtainable +to-day in any medical or literary college, nor in our mammoth +libraries. It is not merely as a deep philosophy that this interests +us, but as a guide in the preservation of health, and in the +regulation of spiritual phenomena, which would, to a very great +extent, supersede our reliance on the medical profession by giving us +the control of the vital powers, by which we may protect ourselves, +and control the development of the young. + +Each student was made to feel the effects of local treatment on the +body, and the power of rapidly changing disease to health, and was +personally taught to perform the manipulations for this purpose, and +to investigate disease or portray character by the psychometric +methods as well as to test the value of medicines. + +The various uses and scientific application of electricity were shown, +and many things entirely unknown and unrecognized in works on +Electro-Therapeutics. The entire class was placed under a medical +influence simultaneously by the agency of electricity--an operation so +marvelous that it would be considered incredible in medical colleges. +By these and other experiments and numerous illustrations and lucid +explanations of the brain and nervous system, the instruction was made +deeply interesting, and students have attended more than one course to +perfect themselves in the science. The following declaration of +sentiments shows how the course was regarded by the class: + + "The summer class of 1887 in the College of Therapeutics, + feeling it their duty to add their testimony to that of many + others in reference to the grand scientific discoveries which + they have seen thoroughly demonstrated by Prof. J. R. Buchanan, + would say to the public that no one can attend such a course of + instruction as we have recently been engaged in, without + realizing that Therapeutic Sarcognomy greatly enlarges the + practical resources of the healing art for the medical + practitioner, magnetizer and electro-therapeutist, while + Psychometry, whose positive truths we have tested and proven, + like the sun's rays, illumines all the dark problems of medical + practice and of psycho-physiological sciences. + + "Therapeutic Sarcognomy explains the very intricate and + mysterious relations of the soul, the brain and body, which + prior to Prof. Buchanan's discoveries were unknown to all + scientific teachers, and are even now only known to his students + and the readers of his works, + + "We feel that we have been very fortunate in finding so valuable + a source of knowledge, whose future benefits to the human race, + in many ways, cannot be briefly stated, and we would assure all + who may attend this college, or read the published works of + Prof. Buchanan, and his monthly, the _Journal of Man_, that they + will, when acquainted with the subject, be ready to unite with + us in appreciating and honoring the greatest addition ever made + to biological and psychological sciences. Hoping that the time + is not for distant when all students in medical colleges may + obtain access to this most important knowledge, we give our + testimony to the public." + + H. C. ALDRICH, M. D., D. D. S., _Chairman._ + DR. JNO. C. SCHLARBAUM, _Secretary_. + + +Enlargement of the Journal. + +If the readers of the JOURNAL knew how much very interesting matter is +crowded out of each number of the JOURNAL, they would be very anxious +for its enlargement. + + +Advertising in the Journal. + +The financial success of monthly magazines, depends much upon a +liberal advertising patronage. I would say just to all my readers, +that the JOURNAL has a larger circulation than many medical journals +which are filled with advertisements. It is an excellent medium for +those who have new and valuable things to present, for it circulates +among the most progressive and enlightened class of people. The terms +are the same which are common in magazines. + +[Hand pointing right]An advertising agent might find profitable +employment by applying to the editor of the JOURNAL. + + +Works of Prof. J. R. Buchanan. + +THE NEW EDUCATION.--$1.50. + +"It is incomparably the best work on education that I have ever +seen."--Prof. Wm. Denton. "I regard it as by far the best work on +education ever published".--Rev. B. F. Barrett. + +MANUAL OF PSYCHOMETRY.--The dawn of a new civilization,--$2.16. + +"The like of this work is not to be found in the whole literature of +the past."--_New York Home Journal_. "He has boldly navigated unknown +seas till he has found a far greater and more important world than the +Genoese navigator discovered."--_Hartford Times_. "There are striking +reflections upon almost every page, and a richness of language and +freshness of spirit that is peculiarly marked." _Medical Brief_, St. +Louis. "A century in advance of his time."--_People's Health Journal_, +Chicago. + +PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL CHART OF SARCOGNOMY.--21x31 inches, $1. Showing +the vital powers of soul, brain, and body in their location, as a +guide for treatment. "Upon the psychic functions of the brain, Prof. +Buchanan is the highest living authority."--_American Homoeopathist._ + +THERAPEUTIC SARCOGNOMY.--Now in preparation, to be published next +winter. + +OUTLINES OF ANTHROPOLOGY.--Now in preparation. + + +PRACTICE OF PSYCHOMETRY.--Mrs. C. H. Buchanan continues the practice +of Psychometry, 6 James Street, Boston. Personal interview, $2. +Written descriptions, $3. Elaborate descriptions, $5. The objects of +Psychometry are the description of character, constitution, health, or +disease, and such advice as circumstances require. + + +UNLIKE ANY OTHER PAPER. + +The _Spectator_, unlike other home papers, seeks (1) to acquaint every +family with simple and efficient treatment for the various common +diseases, to, in a word, educate the people so they can avoid disease +and cure sickness, thus saving enormous doctors' bills, and many +precious lives. (2) To elevate and cultivate the moral nature, +awakening the conscience, and developing the noblest attributes of +manhood. (3) To give instructive and entertaining food to literary +taste, thus developing the mind. (4) To give just such hints to +housekeepers that they need to tell how to prepare delicious dishes, +to beautify homes, and to make the fireside the most attractive spot +in the world.--_Am. Spectator_. + + +MAYO'S ANAESTHETIC. + +The suspension of pain, under dangerous surgical operations, is the +greatest triumph of Therapeutic Science in the present century. It +came first by mesmeric hypnotism, which was applicable only to a few, +and was restricted by the jealous hostility of the old medical +profession. Then came the nitrous oxide, introduced by Dr. Wells, of +Hartford, and promptly discountenanced by the enlightened (?) medical +profession of Boston, and set aside for the next candidate, ether, +discovered in the United States also, but far interior to the nitrous +oxide as a safe and pleasant agent. This was largely superseded by +chloroform, discovered much earlier by Liebig and others, but +introduced as an anaesthetic in 1847, by Prof. Simpson. This proved to +be the most powerful and dangerous of all. Thus the whole policy of +the medical profession was to discourage the safe, and encourage the +more dangerous agents. The magnetic sleep, the most perfect of all +anaesthetic agents, was expelled from the realm of college authority; +ether was substituted for nitrous oxide, and chloroform preferred to +ether, until frequent deaths gave warning. + +Nitrous oxide, much the safest of the three, has not been the +favorite, but has held its ground, especially with dentists. But even +nitrous oxide is not perfect. It is not equal to the magnetic sleep, +when the latter is practicable, but fortunately it is applicable to +all. To perfect the nitrous oxide, making it universally safe and +pleasant, Dr. U. K. Mayo, of Boston, has combined it with certain +harmless vegetable nervines, which appear to control the fatal +tendency which belongs to all anaesthetics when carried too far. The +success of Dr. Mayo, in perfecting our best anaesthetic, is amply +attested by those who have used it. Dr. Thorndike, than whom, Boston +had no better surgeon, pronounced it "the safest the world has yet +seen." It has been administered to children and to patients in extreme +debility. Drs. Frizzell and Williams, say they have given it +"repeatedly in heart disease, severe lung diseases, Bright's disease, +etc., where the patients were so feeble as to require assistance in +walking, many of them under medical treatment, and the results have +been all that we could ask--no irritation, suffocation, nor +depression. We heartily commend it to all as the anaesthetic of the +age." Dr. Morrill, of Boston, administered Mayo's anaesthetic to his +wife with delightful results when "her lungs were so badly +disorganized, that the administration of ether or gas would be +entirely unsafe." The reputation of this anaesthetic is now well +established; in fact, it is not only safe and harmless, but has great +medical virtue for daily use in many diseases, and is coming into use +for such purposes. In a paper before the Georgia State Dental Society, +Dr. E. Parsons testified strongly to its superiority. "The nitrous +oxide, (says Dr. P.) causes the patient when fully under its influence +to have very like the appearance of a corpse," but under this new +anaesthetic "the patient appears like one in a natural sleep." The +language of the press, generally has been highly commendatory, and if +Dr. Mayo had occupied so conspicuous a rank as Prof. Simpson, of +Edinburgh, his new anaesthetic would have been adopted at once in every +college of America and Europe. + + * * * * * + + Mayo's Vegetable Anaesthetic. + +A perfectly safe and pleasant substitute for chloroform, ether, +nitrous oxide gas, and all other anaesthetics. Discovered by Dr. U. K. +Mayo, April, 1883, and since administered by him and others in over +300,000 cases successfully. The youngest child, the most sensitive +lady, and those having heart disease, and lung complaint, inhale this +vapor with impunity. It stimulates the circulation of the blood and +builds up the tissues. Indorsed by the highest authority in the +professions, recommended in midwifery and all cases of nervous +prostration. Physicians, surgeons, dentists and private families +supplied with this vapor, liquefied, in cylinders of various +capacities. It should be administered the same as Nitrous Oxide, but +it does not produce headache and nausea as that sometimes does. For +further information pamphlets, testimonials, etc., apply to + + DR. U. K. MAYO, Dentist, + 378 Tremont St., Boston, Mass. + + * * * * * + + Religio-Philosophical Journal. + + ESTABLISHED 1865. + + PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT + + 92 La Salle Street, Chicago, + + BY JOHN C. BUNDY, + +TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION IN ADVANCE: + +One copy, one year $2.50 + +Single copies, 5 cents. Specimen copy free. + +All letters and communications should be addressed, and all +remittances made payable to + + JOHN C. BUNDY, Chicago, Ill. + +A Paper for all who Sincerely and Intelligently Seek Truth without +regard to Sect or Party. + +Press, Pulpit, and People Proclaim its Merits. + +_Concurrent Commendations from Widely Opposite Sources._ + +Is the ablest Spiritualist paper in America.... Mr. Bundy has earned +the respect of all lovers of the truth, by his sincerity and +courage.--_Boston Evening Transcript._ + +I have a most thorough respect for the JOURNAL, and believe its editor +and proprietor is disposed to treat the whole subject of spiritualism +fairly.--_Rev. M. J. Savage (Unitarian) Boston._ + +I wish you the fullest success in your courageous course.--_R. Heber +Newton, D. D._ + +Your course has made spiritualism respected by the secular press as it +never has been before, and compelled an honorable +recognition.--_Hudson Tuttle, Author and Lecturer._ + +I read your paper every week with great interest.--_H. W. Thomas, D. D., +Chicago._ + +I congratulate you on the management of the paper.... I indorse your +position as to the investigation of the phenomena.--_Samuel Watson, D. D., +Memphis, Tenn._ + + + * * * * * + + FACTS, + + A MONTHLY MAGAZINE, + + DEVOTED TO + + Mental and Spiritual Phenomena, + + + INCLUDING + + Dreams, Mesmerism, Psychometry, Clairvoyance, + Clairaudience, Inspiration, Trance, and Physical + Mediumship; Prayer, Mind, and Magnetic + Healing; and all classes of Psychical + Effects. + + Single Copies, 10 Cents; $1.00 per year. + + PUBLISHED BY + + Facts Publishing Company, + + (Drawer 5323,) BOSTON, MASS. + + _L. L. WHITLOCK, Editor._ + + + For Sale by COLBY & RICH, 9 Bosworth Street. + + * * * * * + + + + + Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents came from the first + issue of the volume. The article on ANTHROPOLOGY is continued + from the previous issue's page 32. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Buchanan's Journal of Man, September +1887, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUCHANAN'S JOURNAL, SEPT. 1887 *** + +***** This file should be named 27703.txt or 27703.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/7/7/0/27703/ + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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