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+
+Project Gutenberg's Buchanan's Journal of Man, September 1887, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Buchanan's Journal of Man, September 1887
+       Volume 1, Number 8
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: J. R. Buchanan
+
+Release Date: January 5, 2009 [EBook #27703]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUCHANAN'S JOURNAL, SEPT. 1887 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<div id="masthead">
+	<h1 class="issue_title"><a class="pagenum" id="page1" title="1"></a><span class="proprietor">BUCHANAN’S</span><br />
+	JOURNAL OF MAN.</h1>
+	<div id="mastdate">
+		<p id="leftmast"><abbr title="Volume">Vol.</abbr> <abbr title="One">I.</abbr></p>
+		<p id="centermast">September, 1887.</p>
+		<p id="rightmast"><abbr title="number">No.</abbr> 8.</p>
+	</div>
+</div><!--Masthead-->
+
+<div id="contents">
+	<h2 class="title">CONTENTS.</h2>
+	<ul>
+	<li><a href="#art1">Concord Symposium</a></li>
+	<li><a href="#art2">Rectification of Cerebral Science</a></li>
+	<li><a href="#art3">Human Longevity</a></li>
+	<li><a href="#art4"><em class="emphasis">Miscellaneous Intelligence</em></a>—<a href="#misc1">An important Discovery</a>;
+	    <a href="#misc2">Jennie Collins</a>;
+	    <a href="#misc3">Greek Philosophy</a>;
+	    <a href="#misc4">Symposiums</a>;
+	    <a href="#misc5">Literature of the Past</a>;
+	    <a href="#misc6">The Concord School</a>;
+	    <a href="#misc7">New Books</a>;
+	    <a href="#misc8">Solar Biology</a>;
+	    <a href="#misc9">Dr. Franz Hartmann</a>;
+	    <a href="#misc10">Progress of Chemistry</a>;
+	    <a href="#misc11">Astronomy</a>;
+	    <a href="#misc12">Geology Illustrated</a>;
+	    <a href="#misc13">A Mathematical Prodigy</a>;
+	    <a href="#misc14">Astrology in England</a>;
+	    <a href="#misc15">Primogeniture Abolished</a>;
+	    <a href="#misc16">Medical Intolerance and Cunning</a>;
+	    <a href="#misc17">Negro Turning White</a>;
+	    <a href="#misc18">The Cure of Hydrophobia</a>;
+	    <a href="#misc19">John Swinton’s Paper</a>;
+	    <a href="#misc20">Women’s Rights and Progress</a>;
+	    <a href="#misc21">Co-Education</a>;
+	    <a href="#misc22">Spirit writing</a>;
+	    <a href="#misc23">Progress of the Marvellous</a></li>
+	<li><a href="#art5">Chapter VII.—Practical Utility of Anthropology (Concluded)</a></li>
+	<li><a href="#art6">Chapter VIII.—The Origin and Foundation of the New Anthropology</a></li>
+	</ul>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="art1" class="article">
+	<h2 class="title">The Concord Symposium and their Greatest Contribution to Philosophy.</h2>
+
+	<p>Let no one accuse the critic of irreverence, who doubts the wisdom
+	of universities, and of pedantic scholars who burrow like moles
+	in the mouldering remnants of antiquity, but see nothing of the
+	glorious sky overhead. While I have no reverence for barren or
+	wasted intellect, I have the profoundest respect for the fruitful
+	intellect which produces valuable results—for the vast energy of
+	the lower class of intellectual powers, which have developed our
+	immense wealth of the physical sciences and their useful applications.
+	Indescribably grand they are. The mathematicians, chemists,
+	geologists, astronomers, botanists, zoologists, anatomists, and
+	the numerous masters of dynamic sciences and arts, have lifted the
+	world out of the ruder elements of barbarism and suffering.</p>
+
+	<p>But, as for the class of speculative talkers, whose self-sufficiency
+	prompts them to assume the name of philosophers, to which they
+	have no right, what have they ever done either to promote human
+	welfare, or to assist human enlightenment and reveal the mysteries
+	of life? Have they not always been as blind as owls, bats, and
+	moles, to daylight progress? Are they not at this time utterly and
+	<em>unconsciously</em> blind to the progress of spiritual sciences, to the revelations
+	of psychometry and anthropology—placing themselves,
+	indeed, in that hopeless class who are too ignorant to know their
+	ignorance, too far in the dark to know or suspect that there is any
+	light?</p>
+
+	<p>A remnant of these worshippers of antiquity still holds its seances
+	at Concord, Mass., and publishes its amazingly dry <cite>Journal of Speculative
+	Philosophy</cite>. With the unconscious solemnity of earnestness,
+	it still digs into Aristotle’s logic and speculations—the dryest material
+	that was ever used to benumb the brains of young collegians,
+	and teach them how <em>not to reason</em>, for Aristotle never had a glimmering
+	conception of what the process of reasoning is. Yet all Concordians
+	are not Aristotelians; some of them have more modern
+	ideas, and a vigorous, though misdirected, mentality.</p>
+
+	<p>Prof. W. T. Harris, the leader of the Concordians, to whose lucubrations
+	the newspapers give ample space, as those of the representative
+	man, made a second attempt to explore the Aristotelian darkness,
+	in which his first essay was totally lost.</p>
+
+	<p>If there is but a step from the sublime to the ridiculous, it is not
+	even a step from the absurd to the ludicrous and amusing. The
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page2" title="2"> </a>professional wit or joker is never so richly amusing as the man who
+	is utterly unconscious that he is in the least funny, while heroically
+	in earnest. The professed comedian never furnishes so much amusement
+	as the would-be heroic tragedian, who, like the Count Joannes,
+	furnishes uproarious merriment for the whole evening.</p>
+
+	<p>I have seen nothing in our Boston newspapers quite so amusing as
+	the very friendly and sympathetic report of Prof. Harris’ most elaborate
+	and laborious comments on the <span class="small_all_caps">SYLLOGISMS</span>, which reminds
+	one of Hopkinson’s metaphysical and elaborate disquisition on the
+	nature, properties, relations, and essential entity of a salt-box. We
+	do not laugh at the professor as we did at Daniel Pratt, the “Great
+	American Traveller,” whose travels are now ended; for, aside from
+	his metaphysical follies, Prof. Harris is a man of real merit and
+	great intellectual industry, whose services in education will entitle
+	him to be remembered; but when the metaphysical impulse
+	seizes him,</p>
+
+	<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+	<p>“Who would not laugh if such a fool there be,</p>
+	<p>Who would not weep if Atticus were he.”</p>
+	</div>
+	</div>
+
+	<p>The lecture of Prof. Harris was reported in the <cite>Boston Herald</cite>, in
+	the style of a gushing girl with her first lover, as a “<strong class="emphasis">New Step in
+	the History of Philosophy</strong>,” attended by a full audience as “a
+	rare treat” “<em>like buckwheat-cakes fresh from the griddle</em>,” for “Prof.
+	Harris took a decidedly <em>new step in Philosophy</em>,” giving “an insight
+	which <em>no philosopher, ancient or modern, has attained</em>.” Again,
+	speaking of it privately, Prof. Harris said, “I got hold of the idea
+	three or four years ago, and I have been trying to work it out since.
+	I regard it as my <em>best contribution to philosophy</em>.” “<em lang="la" xml:lang="la">Montes parturiunt</em>,”
+	What do they bring forth? Is it a mouse of respectable size?
+	The <cite>Boston Herald</cite>, which is generally smart, though never profound,
+	says of the symposium, “It has set up Aristotle this year as its
+	golden calf to be worshipped.” “But when you ask the question,
+	what does all this talk amount to, it is difficult to give an affirmative
+	answer.” “It is simply threshing straw over, again and again.” But it
+	is not aware that the Concord straw is merely the dried weeds that
+	Lord Bacon cut up and threw out of the field of respectable literature
+	over two hundred and sixty years ago. “What man (says the
+	<cite>Herald</cite>), with any serious purpose in life, has any time to waste over
+	what somebody thinks Aristotle ought to have thought or said.”
+	And my readers may ask, why give the valuable space of the <cite class="name">Journal
+	of Man</cite> to examining such trash? Precisely because <em>it is
+	trash</em>, and yet occupies a place of honor, standing in the way of
+	progress and representing the tendencies of education for centuries,
+	which still survive, though they may be said to have gone to seed.
+	Concord represents University philosophy, as a dude represents
+	fashion, and as University philosophy is a haughty antagonist of all
+	genuine philosophy, it is important to illustrate its worthlessness.</p>
+
+	<p>The subject of Prof. Harris’ lecture was “Aristotle’s Theory of
+	the Syllogism, Compared with that of Hegel.” As these two were
+	the great masters of obscurantism, the lecture should have been, of
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page3" title="3"> </a>course, as perfect a specimen as either of darkness and emptiness.
+	Omitting the definitions of syllogisms, which are familiar to all collegians,
+	but too intolerably tedious to be inflicted on my readers, we
+	find a very unexpected specimen of common sense following the talk
+	about syllogisms, which embodied Aristotle’s ideas of Reason. Here
+	it is: “Logic is often called the art of reasoning, and many people
+	study it with a view to mastering an art of correct thinking, hoping
+	thereby to get an instrument useful in the acquirement of truth. It
+	may be doubted, however, whether the mind gets much aid in the
+	pursuit of truth by studying logic.” There is no doubt at all about
+	it,—not one rational individual out of a hundred thousand collegians
+	will confess that he ever got any benefit in reasoning or in
+	pursuing truth from Aristotle’s syllogistic formula. “All men are
+	mortal—Socrates is a man, and therefore Socrates is mortal.”</p>
+
+	<p>Why, then, such a flourish of trumpets over some new trick in
+	playing with syllogism, when the whole thing is utterly worthless?
+	And the Professor upsets himself in his own lecture, thus: “If the
+	middle tub is contained in the big tub, and the little tub is contained
+	in the middle tub, then the little tub is contained in the big tub.”
+	Hegel says: “Common sense in its reaction against such logical
+	formality and artificiality turned away in disgust, and was of the
+	opinion that it could do without such a science as logic.” Most true,
+	Philosopher Hegel, you have absurdities of your own on a gigantic
+	scale, but you do well to reject the petty absurdities of Aristotle.</p>
+
+	<p>How does Prof. Harris rise up from Hegel’s fatal blow? He rises
+	like Antæus from touching the earth, and triumphantly shows that
+	syllogisms are the most necessary of all things to humanity in its
+	mundane existence; that, in fact, we have all been syllogizing ever
+	since we left the maternal bosom to look at the cradle, the cat, and
+	the dog. In fact we never could have grown up to manhood, much
+	less to be Concordian philosophers, if we had not been syllogizing all
+	the days of our life, and, indeed, it is probable we shall continue
+	syllogizing to all eternity, in the next life, if we have any growth
+	in knowledge at all. Blessed be the memory of Aristotle, the great
+	original and unrivalled discoverer of the syllogism, by means of
+	which all human knowledge has been built up, and “blessed be the
+	man (as Sancho Panza said) who first invented sleep,” by which we
+	are relieved, to rest after the mighty labors of the syllogism.</p>
+
+	<p>And lo! we have been syllogizing all these years, alike when we
+	listen to the nocturnal yowl of the tomcat, and to the morning song
+	of the lark; alike, when we smell the rose, seize the orange, or devour
+	the tempting oyster. In syllogism do we live and move, and
+	have our being. This is the grand discovery—the last great contribution
+	to philosophy from Concord’s greatest philosopher. We suddenly
+	discover that we have been syllogizing like philosophers, as
+	Mrs. Malaprop discovered that her children had been speaking English.
+	The illustration of this overwhelming discovery is peculiarly
+	happy, for he applies it to the discovery of a red flannel rag in the
+	back yard or garden, and, after detecting the red flannel by syllogism,
+	he advances to the grander problem of showing how, by philosophic
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page4" title="4"> </a>methods, we can actually distinguish an old tin can from an
+	elephant. To enjoy this fully, the reader must take it himself from
+	the reported lecture.</p>
+
+	<blockquote>
+		<p>“The act of recognition is an unconscious syllogistic process in the
+		second figure of the syllogism. I perceive something scarlet in the
+		garden. So far I recognize a host of attributes; it is a real object;
+		the place, surroundings and color are recognized. The sensations
+		were so familiar that the recognition was inconceivably rapid. Then
+		comes a slower process. The scarlet is an attribute. What can the
+		object be? I think it is a piece of red flannel. The inference
+		comes almost to the surface of consciousness, but I have reasoned
+		unconsciously: This object is red. A piece of flannel is red; therefore
+		this may be a piece of red flannel. The middle term is predicate
+		in both premises. The unknown object is red. A familiar object
+		(flannel) is red. Hence, I recognize this as flannel. I identify
+		the unknown object with what is familiar in my mind. But the
+		logician will say that this reasoning is on the invalid mode of the
+		second figure, from which you can never draw an affirmative conclusion.
+		Precisely so, if you mean a necessary conclusion. But
+		sense-perception uses affirmative modes of the second figure
+		and derives probable knowledge therefrom. I make probable
+		knowledge more certain by verifying the inference or correcting
+		it. I go to the garden and pick up the object, and see the threads
+		and fiber of the wool. Or perhaps I find it was a piece of red
+		paper. But whatever it was, at the end I can say what I have seen,
+		only in so far as I have recognized or identified it. Recognition proceeds
+		by the second figure, and has chiefly the non-valid modes.
+		But it may use the valid modes, though in a still less conscious manner.
+		For instance, I recognized that the object was not an elephant by
+		this valid form; every elephant is larger than a tin can; this object
+		is not larger than a tin can; therefore, this object is necessarily not
+		an elephant; or, by this other valid form, no elephant is as small as a
+		tomato can; this object is just the size of a tomato can; hence this
+		object is not an elephant. Had some one told me to look out and
+		see an elephant, my perception would unconsciously have taken one
+		of these forms. The scarlet is recognized as such only as it is identified
+		with a previous impression of scarlet. Here is our third surprise
+		in psychology. Unless there were a priori idea, sense-perception
+		could never begin. More, unless there were a priori idea, it
+		could not begin. For there must be two recognitions before there
+		can be a first new idea from sense-perception. The fourth surprise
+		is that directly with the first activity of perception in the second
+		figure of the syllogism is joined a second activity which takes place
+		in the form of the first figure of the syllogism. As soon as I perceived
+		the red object to be a piece of flannel, I at once reinforced
+		my sense-perception by unlocking all my previous store of knowledge
+		stored up under the category of red flannel. I unconsciously
+		syllogized thus: ‘All red flannel has threads of warp and woof and
+		a rough texture, caused by the coarse fibres of wool curling up
+		stiffly; this is a piece of red flannel; hence this will be found to
+		<a class="pagenum" id="page5" title="5"> </a>have these properties.’ The act of recognition is a subsumption of the
+		object under a class by use of the second figure of the syllogism.</p>
+
+		<p>“Now begins the syllogistic activity under the form of the third
+		figure. There are a variety of attributes which I recognize by the
+		activity of the perceiving mind in the form of the first figure, as it
+		recognizes the general classes by the primary activity in the form of
+		the second figure. These attributes are collected around the object
+		as a centre of interest, and it is now the middle term. These
+		give a new element of experience, thus: ‘Major—this is a tin
+		can; minor—it lies neglected in the garden; conclusion—tin cans
+		get abandoned to neglect.’ And so on, as to the use of the contents
+		and the value of the can, running out into a long series of
+		inferences.”</p>
+	</blockquote>
+
+	<p>As we have now reached the seventh heaven of Concord philosophy,
+	and know how to distinguish an old tin can from an elephant,
+	let us rest in peace, to meditate and enjoy its serene delights. We
+	have had the supreme satisfaction of listening to the modern Plato,
+	the leader at Concord. The <cite>Herald</cite> has informed us that on another
+	day “the school listened with great satisfaction to Prof. Harris, who
+	is constantly adding to the deep impression he has already made, and
+	to the high opinion in which he is held as the most acute and profound
+	thinker of the times, in his field.”</p>
+
+	<p>Lest the reader should fail to see in the foregoing what the <em>great
+	contribution</em> to philosophy is, let us look in the <cite>Open Court</cite> of
+	Chicago, which has a most affectionate partiality for metaphysical
+	mystery. It says this “Best contribution to philosophy” “may be
+	summed up thus,” “We can perceive nothing but what we can identify
+	with what was familiar already.” If this were true, the babe
+	could never perceive anything, as it begins without any knowledge,
+	and it would be impossible for us to learn anything or acquire any
+	new ideas. This is rather an amusing <em>discovery</em>! but it is barely
+	possible or conceivable that there are some old fossils whose minds
+	are in that melancholy condition.</p>
+
+	<p>P. S. After a few hours of repose to recover from mental fatigue
+	and digest the new wisdom so suddenly let loose upon mankind, we
+	discover the new aspect of the world of (Concord) philosophy.
+	The great question of the future will be to syllogize or not to syllogize.
+	Is it possible to distinguish an elephant from a tin can by any
+	other method than the syllogism? When that question is decisively
+	settled, if it ever can be settled (for metaphysical questions generally
+	last through the centuries) Prof. Harris will have an opportunity
+	to win still brighter laurels, and make still greater contributions
+	to philosophy, by finding more syllogisms. Will he not prove that
+	mathematics is the sphere of syllogism also, for if two and two make
+	four, does not the conception of four assume the position of the
+	major predicate, which is the generalized idea of one to a quadruple
+	extent, and also of twos duplicated. Thus the major predicate, that
+	four is two twos, involves the minor that two is the half of four and
+	consequently that twice two is four. Q. E. D. The syllogism is
+	irresistible.</p>
+
+	<p><a class="pagenum" id="page6" title="6"> </a>If Prof. Harris should establish the mathematical syllogism and
+	extend its power through all the realms of mathematics, as so industrious
+	a thinker might easily do, he will have taken a step far in advance
+	of Plato, and justly deserve a higher rank, for Plato (see his Phædo)
+	was terribly puzzled over the question how one and one make two.
+	After much puzzling he decided finally that one and one became
+	two “by <em>participation in duality</em>.” This was the first great step to
+	introduce philosophy into mathematics. Let Prof. Harris consummate
+	this great work either by syllogism or by “<em>participation</em>.”</p>
+
+	<p>Perhaps he may introduce us to a still greater “surprise” by
+	showing that all metaphors and poetical figures of speech are constructed
+	on syllogistic principles. It can be done, but we must not
+	lift the veil of wisdom too hastily, or rush in where Concord philosophers
+	“fear to tread.” They have an endless future feast in the
+	syllogisms, if they are faithful followers of Prof. Harris. But possibly
+	there may be others attracted to Concord who would give the
+	school something less dry than metaphysics, or, some other sort of
+	metaphysics. One of their most esteemed orators made a diversion
+	from the syllogism by presenting some other idea based on Aristotle,
+	which ought to eclipse the syllogism, for, according to the report, he
+	said “It is the most <em>momentous question that can engage the human
+	attention</em>. It involves the <em>reality of God</em>, of personal existence, and
+	freedom among men, and of immortality.”</p>
+
+	<p>Immense it must be! Dominic Sampson would surely say “<em>Prodigious!</em>”
+	An attentive study of the obscure phraseology of this
+	philosopher enables one to discover that the great and tragical question
+	concerns the reality of reality, or what the reality is, and
+	whether it is real or not, and how we can find it out. The way to
+	find out whether that which we think is, is or is not, is to go back to
+	Aristotle, who is the only man that ever understood the is-ness of
+	the is. As the lecturer is reported to say, “The <em>first sign</em> of a movement
+	in the right direction is the serious attention now being devoted
+	in many quarters to the writings of Aristotle, who, in this, as in
+	many other things, will long remain the master of those that know.”
+	Evidently those that don’t go to Aristotle don’t know anything about
+	life, freedom, God and immortality. How unfortunate we are, and
+	how fortunate the professor is, must appear by his answer to the
+	great question, reported as follows: “Prof. Davidson discussed at
+	length the nature of phenomena, taking the underlying basis that
+	time and space are relations of the real to the phenomenal, and nothing
+	but relations; also that we not only have ideas of reality, but
+	that <em>these ideas are the realities themselves</em>. Then the question is, if
+	the <em>concept of reality be reality itself</em>, how is this related to phenomena?
+	There is a double relation, active and passive. * * * Eternal realities
+	are known to us only as terms of phenomena. They are in ourselves,
+	and from the exigencies of our intelligence.”</p>
+
+	<p>Thus we understand nothing whatever exists but our own cogitations,
+	or, as the sailor jocosely expressed it—“’Tis all in my eye”—and
+	after these many years we are brought back to the famous expression
+	of the Boston Transcendentalist, “we should not say <em>it rains,
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page7" title="7"> </a>it snows</em>, we should say <em>I rain, I snow</em>.” This, gentle, patient reader,
+	is no burlesque, that you have been reading, it is the wisdom of the
+	Concord Symposium of professors and authors meeting near the end
+	of the 19th century, and basking in the smiles of <em>cultured</em> Boston!
+	or at least that portion which is devoted to the Bostonese idea of
+	philosophy, and thinks the feeblest glimmer of antiquity worth more
+	than the science of to-day. Such indeed are the sentiments of the
+	President of Boston University. And as for the wisdom of Concord,
+	the <cite>Open Court</cite>, which is good authority, says: “Dr. Harris and
+	Prof. Davidson are, without doubt, the <em>pillars of the school</em>; but there
+	is some difference of opinion as to which is its <em>indispensable support</em>.”
+	An intelligent spectator would say that more metaphysical
+	acumen and vigor has been displayed by <em class="name">Dr. Edward Montgomery</em>
+	than by all the remainder of those engaged in the blind hunt
+	for philosophy at Concord.</p>
+
+	<p>On the last day of the Symposium, July 28, the report says “The
+	burden has fallen wholly upon Prof. Harris, and he has borne it so
+	as to excite the <em>wonder and admiration</em> of his listeners. He <em>went to
+	the very bottom of things</em> as far as human thought could go, and
+	there, as he put it, was on solid rock, with no possibility of scepticism.
+	Both his forenoon and evening lectures were <em>masterly in
+	their way</em>.” Exactly so; they were unsurpassed as a reproduction
+	of the style and manner of the Aristotelian folly which held Europe
+	fast in that wretched period called the Dark Ages, which preceded
+	the dawn of intelligence with Galileo.</p>
+
+	<p>About one half of the reported lectures on Aristotle is, though
+	cloudy, intelligible. The remainder is a fair specimen of that skimmy-dashy
+	style of thought which glances over the surfaces of
+	things and never reaches their substance or reality, yet boasts of its
+	unlimited profundity because it does not know the meaning of profound.
+	Such thinking must necessarily end in falsity and folly, of
+	which the lecture gives many specimens, which it is worth while to
+	quote, to show what the devotees of antiquity call philosophy—thus:</p>
+
+	<blockquote>
+		<p>“If we cannot know the ultimate nature of being, then philosophy
+		is impossible, for philosophy differs from other kind of knowing
+		by seeking a first principle.” “The objects of philosophy then
+		include those of ontology. They are first the nature of the ultimate
+		being of the universe, the first principle, the idea of God.”</p>
+	</blockquote>
+
+	<p>This is not philosophy, but might be called theology, and not legitimate
+	theology even, but supra-theological—for all sane theology
+	admits that man cannot know God. It is a desperate, insane suggestion
+	that we must know the unknowable, and that if we cannot do
+	that we can have no philosophy. Of course men who think this
+	way know nothing of philosophy, and are beyond the reach of
+	reason.</p>
+
+	<p>Again, “in the nature of the truly independent and true being, it
+	sees necessary transcendence of space and time, and this is essential
+	immortality.” This is a fair specimen of the skimmy-dashy style.
+	Immortality is not a “transcendence of space,” if that means anything
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page8" title="8"> </a>at all, but a conscious existence without end. Perhaps by
+	“transcendence of space” he means filling all the space there is, and
+	going considerably beyond it where there is no space.</p>
+
+	<p>His idea of infinity is worthy of Aristotle or Hegel, to whom, in
+	fact, it belongs—he says, “self-conditioning is the form of the whole,
+	the form of that <em>which is its own other</em>.” That something should
+	be “its own other” is just as clear as that it should be its own
+	mother or father. Do such expressions represent any ideas, or do
+	metaphysicians use words as a substitute for ideas—verily they do,
+	in Hegelian metaphysics, and the same thing is done in asylums for
+	the insane.</p>
+
+	<p>Again, “our knowledge of quantity is a knowledge of what is
+	universal and necessary, and <em>hence</em> is not derived from experience.”
+	If this is true of the professor, he knew all of mathematics before
+	he opened his eyes in the cradle. Common mortals know nothing
+	of quantity or anything else, until they have had a little experience.
+	If we know everything that is “universal and necessary” without
+	experience, the little babes must be very wise indeed.</p>
+
+	<p>Again, “causal energy is essentially a <em>self-separation</em>, for in order
+	that a cause A. may produce an effect in B. outside of it, cause A.
+	must detach or separate from itself the influence or energy which
+	modifies B.” What does the earth <em>detach from itself</em> when it causes
+	a heavy body to fall? In chemical catalysis what does the second
+	body “detach from itself” to produce change in the first, which is
+	changed by its mere presence. The assertion is but partially true,
+	applying only to the transfer of force when one body strikes
+	another. Aristotle has some thoroughly absurd suggestions on the
+	same subject which Professor H. did not reproduce.</p>
+
+	<p>How does he grapple with the idea of God, which is the essence of
+	his philosophy? Here it is: “The first principle as pure self-activity,
+	must necessarily have the permanent form of <em>knowing of
+	knowing</em>, for this root form of self-consciousness is entirely self-related.
+	The self sees the essential self, the self-activity is the object of self.”
+	We are instructed! God <em>knows he knows</em>, and that is the very
+	essence of his divinity—that is enough. In this profound expression
+	we have the consummation of philosophy, for the purpose of his
+	philosophy is to know God, “<em lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nunc dimittis</em>,” we need to know
+	nothing more,—<em>we know we know</em>, and so we are God’s. “This
+	line of thought brought up at every step some phase of Plato and
+	Aristotle,” said the professor, and we are thankful that he did not
+	resurrect any more of the puerilities of Athenian ignorance. “Knowing
+	of knowing” is quite enough, which he repeats to be emphatic.
+	“All true being is in the form of the infinite or self-related, and
+	related to itself as the <em>knowing of knowing</em>. All beings that are not
+	this perfect form of self-knowing, either potentially or actually, must
+	be parts of a system or world order which is produced in some way
+	by true being or self-knowing. All potential self-knowings contain
+	within themselves the <em>power to realize</em> their self-knowledge, and are
+	therefore free beings.” This is a broad hint that men are gods and
+	lands us in that realm of folly of which Mrs. Eddy is the presiding
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page9" title="9"> </a>genius. She is much indebted to the Concord philosophers for lending
+	their respectability to her labyrinth of self-contradictions.</p>
+
+	<p>One quotation more, to give the essence of this Concord philosophy.
+	“The Divine Being exists for himself as one object. This
+	gives us the Logos, or the only-begotten. The Logos <em>knows himself</em>
+	as personal perfection, and also as <em>generated</em>, though in an infinite
+	past time. This is its recognition of its first principle and its
+	unbegotten ‘Father.’ But whatever it knows in self-consciousness,
+	it creates or makes to exist,” and more of the same sort.</p>
+
+	<p>We are overwhelmed with such a flood of wisdom! How the
+	professor attained so intimate, familiar, and perfect a knowledge of the
+	infinite power, to which the fathomless depths of starry infinity are
+	as nothing, is a great mystery. Was it by <em>Kabbala</em> or by <em>Thaumaturgy</em>,
+	or did he follow the sublime instructions of his great
+	brother Plato, and thrust his head through the revolving dome
+	of the universe, where the infinite truth is seen in materialized
+	forms.</p>
+
+	<p>The “Divine” Plato (of whom Emerson said, “Plato is philosophy,
+	and philosophy is Plato”) described the immortal Gods as driving
+	up in chariots through the dome of the heavens to <em>get upon the roof</em>,
+	and look abroad at infinite truth, as they stand or drive upon the
+	revolving dome, followed by <em>ambitious souls who barely get their heads
+	through the roof</em> with difficulty, and catch a hasty glimpse of infinite
+	truth, before they tumble back, or lame their wings, or perhaps drop
+	into the body of some brute. The revolving dome and the ambitious
+	souls peeping through the roof, would be a good subject for the
+	next symposium. They might tell us whether these ambitious souls
+	that peep through the roof are Concordian philosophers, or belong
+	to the schools of Aquinas and <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">Duns Scotus</em>.</p>
+
+	<p>The philosophy of the Greeks is worth no more to-day than their
+	chemistry or their physiology. The lingering superstition of
+	believing because they had famous warriors, orators, statesmen,
+	historians, poets, and sculptors, while entirely ignorant of science
+	and philosophy, that their philosophic puerilities are worthy of
+	adoration in the 19th century, a superstition which makes a fetish
+	of the writings of Plato and Aristotle, has been tolerated long
+	enough, and as no one has attempted to give a critical estimate of
+	this effete literature since Lord Bacon did something in that way, I
+	shall not much longer postpone this duty.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="art2" class="article">
+	<p><strong class="headline">Rectification of Cerebral Science.</strong>—In the October number
+	the rectification of cerebral science as to psychic functions will be
+	shown by appropriate engravings, showing how far the discoveries
+	and doctrines of Gall and Spurzheim are sustained by positive
+	science. In the further development of the subject, hereafter, the
+	true value and proper position of the discoveries of Ferrier, and the
+	continental vivisectionists will be explained, though but meagre
+	contributions to psychology, they furnish very valuable additional
+	information as to the functions of the brain.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="art3" class="article">
+	<h2 class="title"><a class="pagenum" id="page10" title="10"> </a>Human Longevity.</h2>
+
+	<p>Is not longevity in some sense a measure of true civilization or
+	improvement of the race? It is certainly an evidence of conformity
+	to the Divine laws of life and health, which reward right
+	action with happiness, health, and long life. I cannot, therefore,
+	think the study of longevity unimportant. To every one of us it
+	is a vital question, for death is regarded as the greatest calamity,
+	and is the severest penalty of angry enemies, or of outraged laws.</p>
+
+	<p>It is our duty as well as privilege to perfect our constitution, and
+	see that it does not wear out too soon, that we are not prematurely
+	called away from our duties. And I bring it as serious charge
+	against modern systems of education, that they tend to degenerate
+	mankind, to impair the constitution and to shorten life. That we
+	should not submit to this, but should all aspire to live a century or
+	longer, if we have a fair opportunity, I seriously maintain, and that
+	my readers may be inspired with a like determination, I take pleasure
+	in quoting examples.</p>
+
+	<p>In Dr. Cohausen’s <cite class="name">Hermippus Redivivus</cite> republished in 1744,
+	I find the following statements: “It is very remarkable, that not
+	only the sacred writers, but all the ancient Chaldean, Egyptian, and
+	Chinese authors speak of the great ages of such as lived in early
+	times, and this with such confidence that Xenophon, Pliny, and
+	other judicious persons receive their testimony without scruple. But
+	to come down to later times, Attila, King of the Huns, who reigned
+	in the fifth century, lived to 124, and then died of excess, the first
+	night of his second nuptials with one of the most beautiful princesses
+	of that age. Piastus, King of Poland, who from the rank of a peasant
+	was raised to that of a prince, in the year 824, lived to be 120, and
+	governed his subjects with such ability to the very last, that his
+	name is still in the highest veneration amongst his countrymen.
+	Marcus Valerius Corvinus, a Roman Consul, was celebrated as a true
+	patriot and a most excellent person in private life, by the elder
+	Cato, and yet Corvinus was then upwards of a hundred. Hippocrates,
+	the best of physicians lived to an 104, but Asclepiades, a Persian
+	physician, reached 150. Galen lived in undisturbed health to 104;
+	Sophocles, the tragic poet, lived to 130; Democritus, the philosopher,
+	lived to 104; and Euphranor taught his scholars at upward of 100;
+	and yet what are these to Epiminedes of Crete, who, according to
+	Theopompus, an unblemished historian, lived to upwards of 157. I
+	mention these, because, if there be any truth or security in history,
+	we may rely as firmly on the facts recorded of them as on any facts
+	whatever. Pliny gives an account that in the city of Parma, there
+	were two of 130 years of age, three of 120, at a certain taxation, or
+	rather visitation, and in many cities of Italy, people much older,
+	particularly at Ariminium, one Marcus Apponius, who was 150.
+	Vincent Coquelin, a clergyman, died at Paris in 1664, at 112.
+	Lawrence Hutland, lived in the Orkneys to 170. James Sands,
+	an Englishman, towards the latter end of the last century, died
+	at 140, and his wife at 120. In Sweden, it is a common thing to
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page11" title="11"> </a>meet with people above 100, and Rudbekius affirms from bills of
+	mortality signed by his brother, who was a bishop, that in the
+	small extent of twelve parishes, there died in the space of thirty-seven
+	years, 232 men, between 100 and 140 years of age, which is
+	the more credible, since in the diet assembled by the late Queen
+	of Sweden, in 1713, the oldest and best speaker among the
+	deputies from the order of Peasants was considerably above 100.
+	These accounts, however, are far short of what might be produced
+	from Africa and North America, that I confine myself to such
+	accounts as are truly authentic.” All of these instances the doctor
+	sustains by reference to his authorities.</p>
+
+	<p>To the foregoing he adds the examples of teachers and persons who
+	associate with the young, to which he ascribes great value in promoting
+	longevity. Thus, “Gorgias, the master of Isocrates, and many other
+	eminent persons, lived to be 108. His scholar, Isocrates, in the 94th
+	year of his age published a book, and survived the publication four
+	years, in all which time he betrayed not the least failure, either in
+	memory or in judgment; he died with the reputation of being the
+	most eloquent man in Greece. Xenophilus, an eminent Pythagorean
+	philosopher, taught a numerous train of students till he arrived at
+	the age of 105, and even then enjoyed a very perfect health, and left
+	this world before his abilities left him. Platerus tells us that his
+	grandfather, who exercised the office of a preceptor to some young
+	nobleman, married a woman of thirty when he was in the 100th
+	year of his age. His son by this marriage did not stay like his
+	father, but took him a wife when he was twenty; the old man was
+	in full health and spirits at the wedding, and lived six years afterward.
+	Francis Secordo Horigi, usually distinguished by the name
+	of Huppazoli, was consul for the State of Venice in the island of
+	Scio, where he died in the beginning of 1702, when he was very near
+	115. He married in Scio when he was young, and being much
+	addicted to the fair sex, he had in all five wives, and fifteen or
+	twenty concubines, all of them young, beautiful women, by whom
+	he had forty-nine sons and daughters, whom he educated with the
+	utmost tenderness, and was constantly with them, as much as his
+	business would permit. He was never sick. His sight, hearing,
+	memory, and activity were amazing. He walked every day about
+	eight miles; his hair, which was long and graceful, became white by
+	the time that he was four-score, but turned black at 100, as did his
+	eyebrows and beard at 112. At 110 he lost all his teeth, but the
+	year before he died he cut two large ones with great pain. His
+	food was generally a few spoonfuls of broth, after which he ate some
+	little thing roasted; his breakfast and supper, bread and fruit; his
+	constant drink, distilled water, without any addition of wine or
+	other strong liquor to the very last. He was a man of strict honor,
+	of great abilities, of a free, pleasant, and sprightly temper, as we are
+	told by many travellers, who were all struck with the good sense
+	and good humor of this polite old man.”</p>
+
+	<p>“In the same country (as Thomas Parr) lived the famous
+	Countess of Desmond. From deeds, settlements, and other indisputable
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page12" title="12"> </a>testimonies it appeared clearly that she was upwards of 140,
+	according to the computation of the great Lord Bacon, who knew
+	her personally, and remarks this particularity about her, that she
+	thrice changed her teeth.”</p>
+
+	<p>The stern scepticism of the medical profession and especially
+	among its leaders has borne so heavily against all cheerful views of
+	life and longevity, that at the risk of becoming monotonous I again
+	refer to this subject and present examples of longevity which cannot
+	be denied, in addition to the list previously given. Medical collegiate
+	scepticism can deny anything. Ultra sceptics deny centenarian
+	life, as they also denied the existence of hydrophobia, while those who
+	admitted its existence denied its curability.</p>
+
+	<p>Connecticut alone furnishes a good supply of centenarians. Three
+	years ago Mr. Frederick Nash, of Westport, Conn, published a
+	pamphlet giving the old people living in Connecticut, including
+	twenty-three centenarians, whom he described. The names of
+	twelve of these were as follows:</p>
+
+	<ul>
+		<li>Edmund R. Kidder, of Berlin, Aug. 17, 1784.</li>
+		<li>Jeremiah Austin, Coventry, Feb. 10, 1783.</li>
+		<li>Mrs. Lucy Luther, Hadlyme, Jan. 6, 1784.</li>
+		<li>Walter Pease, Enfield, March 29, 1784.</li>
+		<li>Egbert Cowles, Farmington, April 4, 1785.</li>
+		<li>Mrs. Eunice Hollister, Glastonbury, Aug. 9, 1784.</li>
+		<li>Mrs. Elsie Chittenden, Guilford, April 24, 1784.</li>
+		<li>Miss Eunice Saxton, Colchester, Sept. 6, 1784.</li>
+		<li>Marvin Smith, Montville, Nov. 18, 1784.</li>
+		<li>Mrs. Phebe Briggs, Sherman, Nov. 16, 1784.</li>
+		<li>Mrs. Elizabeth Buck, Wethersfield, Jan. 10, 1784.</li>
+		<li>Mrs. Clarissa D. Raymond, Milton, April 22, 1782.</li>
+	</ul>
+
+	<p>The others are either of foreign birth or former slaves, whose
+	precise ages cannot be established.</p>
+
+	<p>In addition to this list the newspapers gave us Mrs. Abigail Ford
+	of Washington, born in 1780, Mr. Darby Green of Reading, born in
+	1779, Tryphena Jackson, colored, born in 1782, and Wm. Hamilton,
+	Irish, also in 1782; and an old sailor in New Haven town house
+	claims to have been born in 1778.</p>
+
+	<p>The very careful investigation of Connecticut by Mr. Nash shows
+	that “the duration of human life in this State is greater than it was
+	a generation ago. Then only one person in 500 lived to see 80
+	years. Now one per cent of the population live to that age. The
+	average age of 6,223 persons is 83 years. The number of ages ranging
+	from 84 to 89 years is large, and those who are 90 and over number
+	651; nine are 99, thirteen are 98, and eleven are 97. No age of
+	less than 80 years has been recorded.</p>
+
+	<p>“It may be pleasing to our grandmothers to know that in this list of
+	more than 6,000, more than 4,000 are women, and that only eight of the
+	twenty centenarians are men. The list adds strength to what has
+	already been held as true, that married people always live longer than
+	single, and it also shows that two spinsters have begun their second
+	century. They are accompanied on the list by two sturdy bachelors.”</p>
+
+	<p><a class="pagenum" id="page13" title="13"> </a>In a sketch of centenarians published in November, 1884, are
+	given the names of Nathaniel H. Cole of Greenwich, R. I., born in
+	1783, Royal C. Jameson, Papakating, N. J., born in 1784, Wm.
+	Jovel of New Jersey, and Luther Catlin of Bridgewater, Pa., born in
+	1784. The last three took an active part in the last presidential
+	election.</p>
+
+	<p>In Maine were reported Mrs. Sally Powers, Augusta, believed to
+	be born in 1778, Mrs. Thankful Donnel of West Bath, 101, Mrs.
+	Betsy Moody, 102, Mrs. Philip Pervear of Sedgwick, 105, Jotham
+	Johnson of Durham, 100, Mrs. Small of Bowdoinham, 100. If alive
+	to-day, they are three years older.</p>
+
+	<p>In Vermont, from 1881 to 1884, sixteen centenarians died; and in
+	the last census of the United States there were 322.</p>
+
+	<p>In looking over my records I find so many other examples of centenarian
+	life that I shall not weary the reader by their repetition,
+	but examples running for over a century may be worth mentioning.
+	Madame Lacene, one of the most brilliant women of France, died a
+	few years ago at Lyons in her 104th year. Her will was under contest
+	on account of her extreme age, but the court was fully satisfied
+	of her intellectual competence. In the olden time she had often entertained
+	Mme. de Stael, Mme. Recamier, and Benj. Constant.</p>
+
+	<p>The oldest person in France, perhaps in the world, is said to be a
+	woman who lives in the village of Auberive, in Royans. She was
+	born March 16, 1761, and is therefore 125 years old. The authentic
+	record of her birth is to be found in the parish register of St. Just
+	de Claix, in the department of the Isere.—<cite>Scientific American.</cite></p>
+
+	<p>“Among the professors at German universities there were no
+	fewer than 157 between the ages of seventy and ninety, of whom 122
+	still deliver lectures, seven of these being between eighty-five and
+	eighty-nine years of age. The oldest, Von Ranke, was in active service
+	in his 90th year. Elennich, of Breslau, only thirty-nine days
+	younger, still shows energy in anything he puts his hands to.”</p>
+
+	<p>Mrs. Henry Alphonse of Concord, Mo., over 105, retained her
+	memory and eyesight without glasses till after 104. Mr. Charles
+	Crowley died at Suncook, N. H. over 104. Frank Bogkin, a colored
+	man of Montgomery, Ala., was believed to be 115 at his death
+	recently. When he was about 60 years old, he earned money and
+	purchased his freedom. Tony Morgan, a blind negro, was recently
+	living at Mobile, 105 years old. Pompey Graham of Montgomery,
+	N. Y., lately died at 119, and retained his faculties. Phebe Jenkins
+	of Beaufort County, South Carolina, was believed to be 120 years
+	old when she died about a year ago. Mrs. Louisa Elgin of Seymour,
+	Indiana, whose mother lived to be 115, was recently living at 105.</p>
+
+	<p>“Jennie White, a colored woman, died in St. Joseph, Mo., Monday
+	last, aged 122 years. She was born in the eastern part of
+	Georgia, and when twenty years of age was taken to Tennessee,
+	where she remained for ninety-six years. She had lived in St.
+	Joseph about ten years. She was a cook for Captain Waterfall, of
+	George Washington’s staff, during the war of the Revolution. She
+	remembered the death of Washington well, and used to tell a number
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page14" title="14"> </a>of interesting stories about early times. She died in full possession
+	of all her mental faculties, but was a cripple and helpless.”</p>
+
+	<p><strong class="headline">Males and Females.</strong>—In the first number of the <cite class="name">Journal</cite> it
+	was stated that although women were from two to six per cent more
+	numerous in population, more males were born by four to sixteen
+	per cent. This was a typographical error; it should have been from
+	four to six per cent, generally four. The greatest excess of males
+	is in illegitimate births. The reversal of proportions in the progress
+	of life shows that the male mortality is much greater than the
+	female. Hence the more tranquil habits and greater predominance
+	of the moral nature in women increases their longevity, while the
+	greater indulgence of the passions and appetites, the greater muscular
+	and intellectual force among men, are hostile to longevity.
+	Hence the establishment of a true religion, or the application of the
+	“New Education,” will greatly increase longevity. It will also be
+	increased by greater care of health in manufacturing establishments,
+	and by diminishing the hours of labor; for exhausting physical
+	labor not only shortens life but predisposes to intemperance. The
+	injurious effect of excessive toil is shown in the shorter lives of the
+	poor, and is enforced by Finlaison’s “Report on Friendly Societies
+	to the British Parliament,” which says (p. 211) “The practicable
+	difference in the distribution of sickness seems to turn upon the
+	amount of the <em>expenditure of physical force</em>. This is no new thing,
+	for in all ages the enervation and decrepitude of the bodily frame
+	has been observed to follow a prodigal waste of the mental or corporeal
+	energies. But it has been nowhere previously established upon
+	recorded experience that the quantum of sickness annually falling
+	to the lot of man is in a direct proportion to the demands upon his
+	muscular power. So it would seem, however.”</p>
+
+	<p>Philanthropists should therefore unite in limiting the hours of daily
+	labor to ten or less. But more quiet pursuits have greater endurance;
+	women keeping house have no ten hour limit, and the
+	editor of the <cite class="name">Journal</cite> generally gives more than twelve hours a
+	day to his daily labor.</p>
+
+	<p><strong class="headline">A Negro 135 Years Old.</strong>—The St. Louis <cite>Globe Democrat</cite>
+	says: James James, a negro, and citizen of the United States, who
+	resides at Santa Rosa, Mexico, is probably the oldest man on earth.
+	He was born near Dorchester, S. C., in 1752, and while an infant
+	was removed to Medway River, Ga., in the same year that Franklin
+	brought down electricity from the thunder clouds. In 1772 there
+	was quite an immigration into South Carolina, and his master,
+	James James (from whom he takes his name), moved near Charleston,
+	S. C., in company with a number of his neighbors. On June
+	4, 1776, when 24 years of age, a large British fleet, under Sir Peter
+	Parker, arrived off Charleston. The citizens had erected a palmetto-wood
+	fort on Sullivan’s Island, with twenty-six guns, manned by
+	500 troops under Col. Moultrie, and on June 28 the British made
+	an attack by land and water, and were compelled to withdraw
+	after a ten-hours’ conflict. It was during this fight that Sergeant
+	Jasper distinguished himself by replacing the flag, which had been
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page15" title="15"> </a>shot away upon the bastion on a new staff. His master, James
+	James, manned one of the guns in this fight, and Jim, the subject
+	of this sketch, with four other slaves, were employed around the
+	fort as general laborers. Jim followed his master throughout the
+	war, and was with Gen. Moultrie at Port Royal, S. C., Feb. 3,
+	1779, when Moultrie defeated the combined British forces of
+	Prevost and Campbell. His master was surrendered by Gen. Lincoln
+	at Charleston, S. C., on Feb. 12, 1780, to the British forces, and
+	this ends Jim’s military career.</p>
+
+	<p>He remembers of the rejoicing in 1792 throughout the country
+	in consequence of Washington’s election to the Presidency, he then
+	being 40 years of age. In this year his first master died, aged
+	about 60 years. Jim then became the property of “Marse Henry”
+	(Henry James), owning large estates and about thirty slaves near
+	Charleston. On account of having raised “Marse Henry,” Jim
+	was a special favorite with his master, and was allowed to do as
+	he chose. His second master, Henry, died in 1815, about 55 years
+	of age, and Jim, now at 63 years of age, became the property of
+	James James, Henry’s second son. In 1833 the railroad from
+	Charleston to Savannah was completed, then the longest railroad
+	in the world, and Jim, with his master, took a trip over the road,
+	and was shown special favors on account of his age, now 81.
+	James James was ten years of age at his father’s death, and when
+	he became of age he inherited large estates, slaves, etc., among
+	whom were “old Uncle Jim” and his family. James James in
+	1855 moved to Texas with all his slaves. He desired that his
+	slaves should be free at his death, and in 1858 moved into
+	Mexico, so that they could be free before his death. James
+	returned to the United States and died in Texas, and in 1865,
+	after there were no longer slaves in the United States, Uncle Jim’s
+	children and grandchildren returned to the United States. Five
+	years ago, at the age of 130, Jim could do light chores, but subsisted
+	mostly by contributions from the citizens, but for the past
+	two years, not being able to walk, he remains for the most part
+	in his little jacal, his wants being supplied by generous neighbors.
+	The rheumatism in his legs prevents him from walking.</p>
+
+	<p>So many cases of great longevity have recently been announced,
+	that their detailed publication would be tedious. The New York
+	<cite>Sun</cite> says: “A town in Cuba prides itself upon being the home of
+	eleven women, each of whom is over 100 years of age.” According
+	to the census of Germany, December, 1875, there were 160
+	persons over 100 years of age, of whom there was one woman
+	of 115 years, and another of 117, one man of 118, and another
+	of 120. Our own country has a better record of longevity than
+	this.</p>
+
+	<p>Let us rest content with the fact that the world has many centenarians,
+	and that we too are free to live a hundred years, if our
+	ancestors have done their duty in transmitting a good constitution,
+	and we have done our duty in preserving it.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="art4" class="article">
+	<h2 class="title"><a class="pagenum" id="page16" title="16"> </a>Miscellaneous Intelligence.</h2>
+	<div id="misc1" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">An Important Discovery.</strong>—In the New Education I have endeavored
+		to show that there are qualities of the atmosphere which science has not yet
+		recognized, which are of the highest importance to human health, and that
+		an atmosphere may have vitalizing or devitalizing qualities with apparently
+		the same chemical composition, because some vitalizing element has been
+		added or subtracted.</p>
+
+		<p>This vitalizing element, though analogous to electricity, is not identical
+		with it. We find it absent in a room that has been recently plastered, and is
+		not quite dry. Sleeping in such a room is positively dangerous. We find the
+		same negative depressing condition wherever evaporation has been going on
+		in the absence of sunlight, which appears to supply the needful element.</p>
+
+		<p>As evaporation carries off this vitalizing element, precipitation or condensation
+		seems to supply it, especially precipitation from the upper regions of
+		the atmosphere to which it is carried by evaporation, and to which it is supplied
+		by sunshine. Hence we experience a delightful freshness of the
+		atmosphere after a summer shower, or on a frosty morning, when the moisture
+		is not only precipitated, but condensed into frost. Frost gives off more
+		of the exhilarating element of watery vapor than dew, because it is a step
+		farther in condensation. Hence there is a healthful, bracing influence in
+		cold climates, where all the moisture is firmly frozen, and a very unpleasant,
+		depressing influence when a thaw begins. The vicinity of melting snow, or
+		a melting iceberg, is unpleasant and promotive of catarrh and pulmonary
+		diseases.</p>
+
+		<p>The pleasant influence of the fresh shower ceases when the fallen moisture
+		begins to evaporate, and the dewy freshness of the early morn before
+		sunrise ceases as the dew evaporates. The most painfully depressing atmosphere
+		is that which sometimes comes in cold weather from Northern regions
+		which have long been deprived of sunshine.</p>
+
+		<p>This element of health, which physiologists have neglected to investigate,
+		has recently been sought by Dr. B. W. Richardson of England. The Popular
+		Science News (of Boston) says:—</p>
+
+		<blockquote>
+			<p>“Dr. B. W. Richardson of England, in making some investigations upon
+			the physiological effects of breathing pure oxygen by various animals, has
+			discovered, that, by simply passing the gas a few times through the lungs,
+			it becomes “devitalized,” or incapable of supporting life, although its
+			chemical composition remains the same, and all carbonic dioxide and other
+			impurities are removed. He also found, that, by passing electric sparks
+			through the gas, it became “revitalized,” and regained its usual stimulating
+			effect upon the animal economy. The devitalized oxygen would still
+			support life in cold-blooded animals, and combustible bodies would burn in it
+			as brilliantly as ever. Dr. Richardson considers that, while the gas is in contact
+			with the tissues or blood of a warm-blooded animal, some quality essential
+			to its life-supporting power is lost. The subject is an interesting and
+			important one, and deserves a more thorough investigation.”</p>
+		</blockquote>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc2" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Jennie Collins</strong> has passed on to her reward above. It would be wrong
+		to neglect mentioning the remarkable career of this devoted woman, who
+		for thirty-five years has been the guardian angel of the poor and struggling
+		women of Boston. Rising from friendless poverty, she became widely
+		known as a champion of human rights, and woman’s rights, and, finally, as
+		the founder and indefatigable sustainer of that benevolent institution widely
+		known as Boffin’s bower. Her literary powers were finely displayed in a
+		little volume entitled “Nature’s Aristocracy,” and her mental vigor was
+		<a class="pagenum" id="page17" title="17"> </a>shown in many public addresses. Jennie Collins was a noble illustration of
+		the best form of Spiritualism. She was accompanied, inspired, and sustained
+		by spirit influence, but did not deem it expedient to let this fact be generally
+		known. The world is not yet enlightened.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc3" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Greek Philosophy.</strong>—The essential pedantic stupidity of Aristotle’s
+		logic, and its power to belittle and benumb the intelligence of its reverential
+		students has been shown in every college where this effete study is kept up.
+		We have no better illustration of late than its effect on Prof. Harris, who is
+		a very intelligent and useful citizen, but who has been so befogged by such
+		studies as to suppose that his pedantic talk about syllogisms embodies an
+		important contribution to philosophy, and indeed it was announced as such
+		by his reporter. The superstitious reverence for Greek literature is
+		impressed on all young collegians, and few recover from it. Sir William
+		Hamilton and R. W. Emerson, who were much more intellectual and brilliant
+		than Prof. Harris, were as badly afflicted as he with this Greek superstition,
+		which has been implanted in school boys so young that it dominates
+		their whole lives with the energy of a prenatal condition. The only very
+		silly things ever written by the brilliant Emerson were those passages in
+		which he speaks of Plato; and the silliest thing in the life of Hamilton is
+		the way in which he exulted over some trivial modification of Aristotle’s
+		syllogistic ideas, which was about as trivial as that of Prof. Harris, and
+		allowed himself to be publicly flattered by one of his students in the most
+		fulsome manner for the wonderful profundity of his wisdom, that could even
+		add something to the divine wisdom of Aristotle.</p>
+
+		<p>To tell a Greek idolater that the divine Plato thought it a great <span class="small_all_caps">MYSTERY</span>
+		that one and one should make two, that he declared it to be incomprehensible
+		to him, and thought the only possible solution of the mystery to be,
+		that two is produced “by <em>participation in duality</em>,” would surprise him; but
+		he would be still more surprised to learn that this is only a specimen brick of
+		Plato’s divine philosophy, as it abounds in similar puerilities. I have long
+		since reviewed this effete philosophy of an ignorant age, and shown its true
+		character, but my work has never been offered to a bookseller. Yet
+		it shall not be suppressed. The destruction of stultifying superstitions is as
+		necessary in education and literature as in religion. The ponderous blows
+		of Lord Bacon upon this Greek superstition of the literary classes did not
+		prove fatal, for the same reason that animal organisms of a low, cold-blooded,
+		grade are hard to kill,—they must be cut up in fragments before their death
+		becomes complete; superstitions and beliefs that have no element of intelligent
+		reason, and are perpetuated by social influence, authority, and domination
+		over the young become a blind force that resists all influence from reason.</p>
+
+		<p>If my readers are interested in the destruction of venerable and powerful
+		falsehoods that stand in the way of every form of progress, I may be
+		tempted to publish a cheap edition of my work on Greek Philosophy and
+		Logic. It is not in the least presumptuous to lay hands upon this venerable
+		illusion, and show that it has not even the vitality of a ghost. It is but a
+		simulacrum or mirage, and it is but necessary to approach it fearlessly, and
+		walk through it, to discover its essential nonentity.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc4" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Symposiums</strong> deserves a good report. One of the philosophers, whose doctrines
+		were poetically paraphrased in the report of the scientific responses
+		upon human immortality, writes that he enjoyed the poetical paraphrase very
+		much, and never laughed over anything so heartily. It would be pleasant
+		to hear the real sentiments of the remainder. It would be equally interesting
+		to hear how Prof. Harris and the other Concordians enjoy the little
+		sketch of their symposium.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc5" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><a class="pagenum" id="page18" title="18"> </a><strong class="headline">Literature of the Past.</strong>—“In an article on the ‘Archetypal Literature
+		for the Future,’ by Dr. J. R. Buchanan, which appears in the <cite class="name">Journal
+		of Man</cite> for March, the writer foreshadows a time to which the
+		American mind is fast advancing when the literature of the past will take
+		its place amongst the mouldering mass which interests the antiquarian, but
+		has no positive influence in guiding the thoughts and actions of the passing
+		generation. There are some indications of a movement in that direction in
+		other countries, though the vast majority, including many Spiritualists and
+		Theosophists, still explore the records of past ages, looking for the light
+		which is shining all about them in the present, unrealized.”—<cite>Harbinger of
+		Light</cite>, Australia.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc6" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">The Concord School.</strong>—We are glad that the Concord School is over,
+		and we should think that the people that have been there would be glad to
+		get home and take part in the things which interest average folks. If people
+		like that sort of thing and can afford it, there is no reason why they
+		should not go there and stay. But to the average man the whole thing
+		looks about as near time wasted as anything which even Boston furnishes
+		to the “uncultured” world outside.—<cite>Boston Record.</cite></p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc7" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">New Books.</strong>—“<cite class="name">The Hidden Way</cite> across the threshold, or the mystery
+		which hath been hidden for ages and from generations,—an explanation of
+		the concealed forces in every man to open the temple of the soul and to
+		have the guidance of the unseen hand.—By J. C. Street, A. B. N., Fellow
+		of S. S. S., and of the Brotherhood Z. Z. R. R. Z. Z.” Lee &amp; Shepard, publishers,
+		Boston ($3.50). This is a very handsome volume of nearly 600
+		pages, which I have not had time to examine. It appears to be chiefly a
+		compilation with quotation marks omitted, written in the smooth and pleasing
+		style common in spiritual literature, without any attempt at scientific
+		analysis or criticism. Sharp critics condemn it, but it suits the popular
+		taste and inculcates good moral lessons. I shall examine it hereafter.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc8" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p>“<strong class="headline">Solar Biology</strong>—a scientific method of delineating character, diagnosing
+		disease, determining mental, physical, and business qualifications,
+		conjugal adaptability, etc., etc., from the date of birth.—By <em class="name">Hiram E.
+		Butler</em>, with illustrations.” Boston, Esoteric Publishing Company, 478
+		Shawmut Avenue ($5.00). This is a handsome volume, which, from a hasty
+		examination, appears to be a large fragment of Astrology, containing its
+		simplest portion, requiring no abstruse calculations, and hence adapted to
+		popular circulation. It is meeting with some success, but those who feel
+		much interest in astrology prefer to take in the whole science, which has a
+		much larger number of votaries than is commonly supposed.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc9" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Dr. Franz Hartmann</strong>, of Germany, has published some interesting volumes
+		recently, on “Paracelsus,” “White and Black Magic,” and “Among
+		the Rosicrucians,” which I have had no time to examine. A valuable essay
+		from Dr. Hartmann is on file for publication in the <cite class="name">Journal</cite>, in which he
+		compares the doctrines of the occult philosophy with those presented in the
+		<cite class="name">Journal of Man</cite>.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc10" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Progress of Chemistry.</strong>—<strong class="emphasis">Forty New Substances.</strong>—“During
+		the decade ending with 1886 over forty discoveries of new elementary
+		substances were announced, while the entire number previously known
+		was less than seventy. No less than nine were detected by Crookes
+		last year. The list is likely to be lengthened quite as materially in the current
+		twelvemonth, as A. Pringle already claims to have found six new elements
+		<a class="pagenum" id="page19" title="19"> </a>in some silurian rocks in Scotland. Five of these are said to be
+		metals, and the other is a substance resembling selenium, which the discoverer
+		calls hesperisium. One metal is like iron, but does not give some of its
+		reactions; another resembles lead, is quite fusible and volatile, and forms
+		yellow and green salts; another, named erebodium, is black; the fourth is
+		a light-gray powder, and the last is dark in color.”</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc11" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Astronomy.</strong>—“The absolute dimensions of a globular star cluster have
+		been studied by Mr. J. E. Gore of the Liverpool Astronomical Society.
+		These clusters consist of thousands of minute stars, possibly moving about a
+		common center of gravity. One of the most remarkable of these objects is
+		13 Messier, which Proctor thinks is about equal to a first magnitude star.
+		Yet Herschel estimated that it is made up of fourteen thousand stars. The
+		average diameter of each of these components must be forty-five thousand
+		two hundred and ninety-eight miles, and each star in this wonderful group
+		may be separated from the next by a distance of nine thousand million
+		miles.”</p>
+
+		<p>“According to the computations of M. Hermite, a French astronomer,
+		the total number of stars visible to the naked eye of an observer of average
+		visual power does not exceed 6000. The northern hemisphere contains
+		2478, and the southern hemisphere contains 3307 stars. In order to see
+		this number of stars, the night must be moonless, the sky cloudless, and
+		the atmosphere pure. The power of the naked eye is here stayed. By the
+		aid of an opera glass 20,000 can be seen, and with a small telescope 150,000,
+		while the most powerful telescopes will reveal more than 100,000,000 stars.”</p>
+
+		<p>“M. Ligner, an Austrian meteorologist, claims to have ascertained after
+		careful investigation that the moon has an influence on a magnetized needle,
+		varying with its phases and its declination. The phenomenon is said to be
+		more prominently noticeable when the moon is near the earth, and to be
+		very marked when she is passing from the full to her first or second quarter.
+		The disturbances are found to be in their maximum when the moon
+		is in the plane of the equator, and greater during the southern than it is
+		during the northern declination.”</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc12" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Geology Illustrated.</strong>—I have often thought that when coal mines
+		are exhausted and land is too valuable to be devoted to raising timber, it
+		may become necessary to draw on the subterranean heat of the earth.
+		This idea is already verified in Hungary.</p>
+
+		<p>Late advices say: “The earth’s internal heat is now being used in a practical
+		way at Pesth, where the deepest artesian well in the world is being
+		sunk to supply hot water for public baths and other purposes. A depth of
+		3120 feet has already been reached, and the well supplies daily 176,000 gallons
+		of water, heated to °150 Fahr.”</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc13" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">A Mathematical Prodigy.</strong>—Reub Fields, living a few miles south
+		of Higginsville, Mo., though he has no education whatever, and does not
+		know a single figure or a letter of the alphabet, is a mathematical wonder.
+		Though he never carries a watch, he can tell the time to a minute. When
+		asked on what day of the week the 23d of November, 1861 came, he
+		answered, “Saturday.” When asked, “From here to Louisiana, Mo. it is
+		159 miles; how many revolutions does the driving wheel of an engine fifteen
+		feet in circumference make in a run from this place to Louisiana?”
+		he replied, “55938 revolutions.” Reub was born in Kentucky, and
+		claims that this power was given to him from heaven when he was eight
+		years old, and that the Lord made but one Samson, one Solomon, and one
+		Reub Fields, for strength, wisdom, and mathematics.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc14" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><a class="pagenum" id="page20" title="20"> </a><strong class="headline">Astrology in England.</strong>—Mrs. L. C. Moulton, correspondent of the
+		<cite>Boston Herald</cite>, writes: “In old times a court astrologer used to be kept, as
+		well as a court jester; but I confess I was not aware, until last night, that
+		the astrologer of to-day might be as important to one’s movements as one’s
+		doctor or one’s lawyer. One of the cleverest and busiest literary men in all
+		London said to me last night that he thought the neglect of astrological
+		counsel a great mistake. ‘I have looked into the subject rather deeply,’ he
+		said, ‘and the more I search, the more convincing proof I find of the influence
+		of the stars upon our lives; and now I never begin a new book, or
+		take a journey, or, in short, do anything of any importance without consulting
+		my astrologer.’ And then he went on to tell me the year in which
+		the cholera devastated Naples he had thought of going there. Happily, he
+		consulted his astrologer and was warned against it. In accordance with
+		the astrologer’s advice, he gave up the journey; and just about the time he
+		would otherwise have gone, news came of the cholera visitation. Last year
+		he was warned against a certain journey—told that if he took it he would
+		be ill. For once he defied the stars, and, in consequence, he was taken
+		seriously ill with the very symptoms the astrologer had predicted. But,
+		alas, his astrologer is fat and old—and what shipwreck may not my friend
+		make of his life when the stars have reclaimed their prophet, and the poor
+		fellow has to struggle on uncounselled!”</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc15" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Primogeniture Abolished.</strong>—“By a majority of eleven the House of
+		Lords has abolished primogeniture in cases of intestacy. Thus, unless it is
+		formally specified by will, property will henceforth be divided equally
+		among heirs, as in this country. No longer will the eldest son, by the mere
+		fact of the death of his father, come into possession of the estate to the
+		exclusion of his brothers and sisters. Of course, entailed estates will not be
+		affected, and property can be transmitted by will at the testator’s pleasure,
+		but the notable point is that primogeniture cannot henceforth be looked
+		upon as an institution so characteristic and time-honored that departure
+		from it would be a really questionable proceeding.”</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc16" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Medical Intolerance and Cunning.</strong>—The proscriptive medical law
+		of Iowa does not seem to be very effective, as it is believed to be unconstitutional,
+		and its friends have been challenged to make test cases, but have
+		not yet begun to enforce it. In Illinois they have a law that is imperative
+		enough against practitioners without diplomas; but as this did not reach those
+		who used no medicines, they have succeeded in procuring a law to reach
+		them also by a new definition of “practicing medicine,” which the new
+		statute says shall include all “who shall treat, operate on, or prescribe for any
+		physical ailment of another.” This would seem sufficient to protect the
+		M. D.’s against all competition, but there is some doubt whether such legislation
+		can be enforced, as it is certainly a corrupt and selfish measure that was
+		never desired by the people. The <cite>Religio Philosophical Journal</cite> speaks
+		out manfully, and “advises all reputable healers of whatever school, to possess
+		their souls in peace, and go steadily forward in their vocation, fearing
+		neither Dr. Rauch nor the unconstitutional provisions of the statutes, under
+		which he and his confederates seek to abridge and restrict the rights of the
+		people. If any reputable practitioner of the healing art, who treats without
+		drugs, is molested in his or her practice, let them invite prosecution, and
+		communicate with the <cite>Religio Philosophical Journal</cite> for further advice and
+		assistance.” I regret to say there is a strong probability that the friends
+		of medical freedom in Massachusetts will be again called upon to resist
+		attempts to procure medical legislation.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc17" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><a class="pagenum" id="page21" title="21"> </a><strong class="headline">Negro Turning White.</strong>—A colored man named Antone Metoyer
+		has been employed at the railroad works in this city (Sacramento)
+		for some time, and his steadiness and industry have caused him to
+		be esteemed by those acquainted with him. Seven or eight months
+		ago his skin was black, but it commenced to turn white, and now
+		his body, arms, legs and neck are as white as those of any Caucasian.
+		The original color is now only upon his face, extending back of the
+		ears, just beneath the chin, and across the upper portion of the forehead,
+		making him appear to be wearing a close-fitting black or dark brown mask.
+		On the chin and nose the dark color is beginning to wear away, and he
+		thinks in a few weeks he will be perfectly white. His hair and whiskers
+		are black and curly. Medical men have taken much interest in his case,
+		and attribute the change in complexion to the effect upon his system of
+		working constantly with potash and other material used in washing greasy
+		waste. He has been advised that it may be dangerous for him to continue
+		under this influence, but he declares that he will stay until the process he is
+		undergoing is completed, if it kills him.—<cite>Record Union.</cite></p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc18" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">The Cure of Hydrophobia.</strong>—“The English committee appointed by
+		the local government board in April, 1886, to inquire into Pasteur’s inoculation
+		method for rabies, report that it may be deemed certain that M. Pasteur
+		has discovered a method of protection from rabies comparable with
+		that which vaccination affords against infection from smallpox.” As many
+		think there is no protection at all, the question is not finally settled. It is
+		only the stubborn ignorance of the medical profession which gives to Pasteur’s
+		experiments their great celebrity and importance. Other methods have
+		been far more successful than Pasteur’s. Xanthium, Scutellaria (Skull-cap),
+		the vapor bath, and chloroform or nitrous oxide are more powerful and reliable
+		than any morbid inoculation.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc19" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">John Swinton’s</strong> paper, at New York, has come to an end. Swinton
+		was a bold, eloquent, and fearless advocate of human rights as he understood
+		them. His failure is an honor to him, and his name will be remembered.
+		Perhaps if he had imitated the Boston dailies, by giving ten to eighteen
+		columns to the record of base ball games, he might have put money in
+		his purse, instead of losing it.</p>
+
+		<p>In marked contrast to John Swinton’s failure, observe the success of the
+		<cite>New York Tribune</cite>, a newspaper founded by Horace Greeley, but which,
+		since his death, has given, in its unscrupulous course, a good illustration of
+		the Satanic press. The <cite>Boston Herald</cite> says: “The <cite>New York Tribune</cite> is
+		perhaps as good an illustration of the old-fashioned partisan journal as
+		there is in the country. There was an amusing reminiscence of the
+		methods that used to be practised when the <cite>Tribune</cite> was found claiming the
+		Legislature of Kentucky as having been carried by the Republicans in the
+		late elections. The fact was that the Democratic majority in that body was
+		about five to one, and there was really no excuse in a metropolitan journal
+		for not knowing such to be the case.” The <cite>Tribune</cite> once complimented
+		highly the <cite class="name">Journal of Man</cite>, but that was when Horace Greeley was alive.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc20" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Women’s Rights and Progress.</strong>—The last legislature of Pennsylvania
+		passed a very radical law, providing that marriage shall not impose any
+		disability as to the acquisition or management of any kind of property,
+		making any contracts, or engaging in any business. However, she is not
+		authorized to mortgage her real estate without her husband’s co-operation,
+		nor become endorser for another alone. As to making a will she has the
+		same rights as a man.</p>
+
+		<p><a class="pagenum" id="page22" title="22"> </a>Ohio has also advanced woman’s rights by enabling both husband and wife
+		to dispose of property as if unmarried, and by giving each party one-third
+		life interest in the other’s real estate.</p>
+
+		<p>In Kansas, women can vote in city and town affairs, and hold municipal
+		and town offices. In one town they have a female mayor. The supreme
+		court of Kansas has decided that when a woman marries she need not take
+		her husband’s name unless she chooses.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc21" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Co-Education</strong> is successful, nearly every prominent college is beginning
+		to admit women, and they often carry off the prizes from the men. Exclusive
+		masculine colleges will soon rank among the barbarisms of the past.</p>
+
+		<p>Female education is advancing in Russia. The universities had 779
+		female students in 1886, 437 of whom were daughters of noblemen and
+		official personages. On the other hand the Prussian Minister of Education
+		refuses to admit women as regular students at any university or medical
+		school.</p>
+
+		<p>Several Italian ladies have distinguished themselves in legal knowledge,
+		and the propriety of their admission to the bar is extensively discussed.
+		About nine-tenths of the newspapers favor their admission.</p>
+
+		<p>The practical question, which is most important to the welfare of women,
+		is profitable employment. Miss Simcox says that there are about three millions
+		of women in England engaged in industrial employments, while a large
+		proportion of them, especially in London, have such poor wages as to produce
+		continual suffering. <strong class="emphasis">Industrial Education</strong>, alike for boys and girls, is
+		the true remedy, worth more than all the nostrums of politicians and demagogues.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc22" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Spirit Writing.</strong>—Our handsome young friend, Dr. D. J. Stansbury, a
+		graduate of the Eclectic Medical College of New York, is giving astonishing
+		demonstrations on the Pacific coast. When a pair of closed slates is
+		brought, he barely touches them, and the spirit writing begins. Sometimes
+		the slates are held on the head or shoulders of the visitor. At one of
+		his seances at Oakland, it is said that he held the slates for thirty-five
+		persons within two hours, and obtained for each a slate full of writing in
+		answers to questions placed between the slates. At a public seance in Santa
+		Cruz, following a lecture, folded ballots were sent up by the audience and
+		the answers were sometimes written on closed slates and sometimes by the
+		doctor’s hands. Dr. S. has also succeeded in repeating the famous performance
+		of Charles Foster—the names of spirits appearing on his arm in
+		blood-red letters.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div id="misc23" class="miscellany_item">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Progress of the Marvellous.</strong>—The <cite>Boston Herald</cite> of Aug. 7 has a
+		long account of the marvellous fires which occur in the house at Woodstock,
+		New Brunswick, of Mr. Reginald C. Hoyt. The people of the town are
+		greatly excited about it, and great crowds gather to witness it, but no one
+		can explain it. The fires break out with no possible cause in the clothes,
+		the carpet, the curtains, bed quilts, or other objects, as much as forty times
+		in a day. The family are greatly worried and alarmed, and have been
+		driven out of the house. The <cite>Herald</cite> reporter went to examine, but found
+		it an entire mystery.</p>
+
+		<p>A similar outbreak of fires has been reported in Pennsylvania, at the
+		house of Thomas McKee, a farmer at Turtle Creek. For some weeks the
+		invisible powers have been throwing things about in a topsy turvey way.
+		Since that, flames break out suddenly in the presence of the family, and
+		round holes are burned in the bed-clothes, towels, hats, dresses, and even
+		packages of groceries in the pantry.</p>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="art5" class="article">
+	<h3><a class="pagenum" id="page23" title="23"> </a>PRACTICAL UTILITY OF ANTHROPOLOGY.</h3>
+	<p class="subtitle">(<em>Continued from <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/27648/27648-h/27648-h.htm#page32" title="Go to Buchanan’s Journal of Man, August 1887.">page 32.</a></em>)</p>
+
+	<p>There is no great reform, no elevation of humanity without understanding
+	MAN,—the laws of his culture, the possibilities within
+	his reach, the extent of the short-comings which exist to-day,
+	the very numerous agencies of brain-building and soul-culture,
+	the wiser methods of the school, the magnetic influences which
+	are sometimes all potent, the dietary, the exercises of body and
+	voice, the power of music and disciplined example, the lofty outreachings
+	for a higher life to which we are introduced by psychometry,
+	the supernal and divine influences which may be brought to
+	bear, and many nameless things which help to make the aggregate
+	omnipotent over young life, but which, alas, are unknown in
+	colleges to-day, and will continue unknown until Anthropology
+	shall have taken its place as the guide of humanity.</p>
+
+	<hr class="short" />
+
+	<p>P.S.—The doctrine so firmly maintained in this chapter that men
+	are incompetent to judge themselves, and need a scientific monitor
+	of unquestionable authority, has long been recognized. The Catholic
+	confessional is a recognition and application of the principles of
+	great value. But the confessional of the narrow-minded and miseducated
+	priest should be superseded by the confessional and the
+	admonition of Anthropology.</p>
+
+	<p>Sterne, in his Tristam Shandy, says, “Whenever a man’s conscience
+	does accuse him (as it seldom errs on that side), he is guilty,
+	and unless he is melancholy and hypochondriac, there is always
+	sufficient ground for the accusation. But the converse of the proposition
+	will not hold true,” that if it does not accuse, the man is
+	innocent.</p>
+
+	<p>“Thus conscience, placed on high as a judge within us, and
+	intended by our Maker as a just and equitable one too, takes often
+	such imperfect cognizance of what passes, does its office so negligently,
+	often so corruptly, that it is not to be trusted alone, and,
+	therefore, we find there is a necessity, an absolute necessity, of joining
+	another principle with it.”</p>
+
+	<p>That “other principle” demanded by Sterne has never been
+	found, until, in the revelation of the functions of soul and brain, we
+	have found the absolute standard of character, and in Cranioscopy
+	and Psychometry the perfect method of applying the principle to
+	each individual.</p>
+
+	<p>An amusing illustration occurred lately in England, which was
+	published as follows:—</p>
+
+	<blockquote>
+		<p>“When the address to the queen at the opening of the English
+		royal courts was under consideration by the judges, one very eminent
+		judge of appeal objected to the phrase ‘conscious as we are of
+		our shortcomings.’ ‘I am not conscious of shortcomings,’ he said,
+		‘and if I were I should not be so foolish as to say so;’ whereupon a
+		learned lord justice blandly observed, ‘Suppose we say, “conscious as
+		we are of each other’s shortcomings.”’”</p>
+	</blockquote>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="art6" class="article">
+	<h2 class="title"><a class="pagenum" id="page24" title="24"> </a>Chapter VIII—The Origin and Foundation of the New Anthropology</h2>
+
+	<p class="chapter_outline">Difficulties of imperfect knowledge in my first studies—First investigation
+	of Phrenology—Errors detected and corrected—The
+	<strong class="emphasis">Pathognomic System</strong> organized—A brilliant discovery and its
+	results—Discovery of the sense of feeling and development of
+	Psychometry—Its vast importance and numerous applications—The
+	first experiments on the brain and the publication of Anthropology—The
+	discovery of Sarcognomy and its practical value—Reception
+	of the new Sciences—Honorable action of the venerable
+	Caldwell.</p>
+
+	<p>The very brief exposition of the structure and functions of the
+	brain already given, may serve as an introduction to the subject and
+	prepare the reader to appreciate the laborious investigations of many
+	years, by means of which so comprehensive a science was brought
+	into existence amid the hostile influences of established opinions and
+	established ignorance.</p>
+
+	<p>It is necessary now to present this statement to enable the reader
+	to realize more fully the positive character of the science.</p>
+
+	<p>My life has been devoted to the study of man, his destiny and his
+	happiness. Uncontrolled in education, I learned to endure no mental
+	restraint, and, thrown upon my own resources in boyhood, difficulties
+	but strengthened the passion for philosophical knowledge.
+	Yet more formidable difficulties were found in the limited condition
+	of human science, alike in libraries and colleges.</p>
+
+	<p>Anthropology, my favorite study, had no systematic development,
+	and the very word was unfamiliar, because there was really nothing
+	to which it could justly be applied. Its elementary sciences were in
+	an undeveloped state, and some of them not yet in existence. Mental
+	philosophy was very limited in its scope, and had little or nothing
+	of a practical and scientific nature. The soul was not recognised as
+	a subject for science. The body was studied apart from the soul, and
+	the brain, the home of the soul, was enveloped in mystery—so as to
+	leave even physiological science shrouded in darkness, as the central
+	and controlling organ of life was considered an inaccessible mystery.
+	In studying medicine, it seemed that I wandered through a wilderness
+	without a compass and with no cardinal points.</p>
+
+	<p>Phrenology promised much, and I examined it cautiously. It
+	struck me at first as an unsatisfactory system of mental philosophy,
+	and I stated my objections before its most celebrated and venerable
+	champion, in public, who assured me that I would be satisfied by
+	further investigation. As it seemed a very interesting department
+	of natural science, I began by comparing the heads of my acquaintances
+	with the phrenological map, and discovering so many striking
+	coincidences that I was gradually satisfied as to its substantial truth,
+	and I do not believe that any one has ever thus tested the discoveries
+	of Gall and Spurzheim, without perceiving their <em>general</em> correctness,
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page25" title="25"> </a>while many, with less critical observation, have accepted them
+	as absolutely true.</p>
+
+	<p>My interest increased with the extent of my observations, until,
+	for several years, I abandoned practical medicine for the exclusive
+	study of the science of the brain in the great volume of nature,
+	with the doctrines of Gall as the basis of the investigation. As it
+	was my purpose to seek the deficiencies as well as the merits of the
+	new science, I tested its accuracy by the careful examination of living
+	heads and skulls in comparison with ascertained character, and
+	with the anatomy of the brain, not forgetting the self-evident principles
+	of mental philosophy. Many thousand critical examinations
+	were made between the years 1834 and 1841, leading to many positive
+	conclusions. The first year’s observations made me distinctly
+	aware and certain of several defects in the doctrines, as to the functions
+	ascribed to certain localities of the brain to which were ascribed,
+	Mirthfulness, Acquisitiveness, Adhesiveness, Constructiveness,
+	Tune, Ideality, Combativeness, Destructiveness, and Cautiousness.
+	The functions of these localities were evidently misunderstood, and
+	the faculties erroneously located.</p>
+
+	<p>The external senses were omitted from the catalogue of cerebral
+	organs, though evidently entitled to recognition, and the physiological
+	powers of the brain, the prime mover and most important part
+	of the constitution, were almost totally ignored.</p>
+
+	<p>Following the old route of exploration by cranioscopy, I sought to
+	supply these defects. I found the supposed Mirthfulness to be a planning
+	and reasoning organ, and the true Mirthfulness to be located
+	more interiorly. Acquisitiveness was evidently located farther back.
+	The so-called organ of Adhesiveness appeared to be incapable of
+	manifesting true friendship, and its absence was frequently accompanied
+	by strong capacities for friendship, of a disinterested
+	character. Constructiveness appeared to be located too low, and
+	too far back, running into the middle lobe, which is not the place
+	for intellect. Tune did not appear to correspond regularly to
+	musical talent. Many of the higher functions ascribed to Ideality
+	were conspicuous in heads which had that organ small, with a large
+	development just above it. Combativeness had evidently less
+	influence upon physical courage than was supposed, for it was
+	sometimes well developed in cowards, and rather small in brave men.
+	Cautiousness was evidently not the organ of fear, for the bravest
+	men, of whom I met many in the southwest, sometimes had it in
+	predominant development, and in the timid it was sometimes
+	moderate, or small. Destructiveness was frequently a characteristic
+	of narrow heads (indeed this is the case with the Thugs of India),
+	and a broad development above the ears was sometimes accompanied
+	by a mild disposition. The height of the head above the ears did
+	not prove a correct criterion of moral character, nor did the breadth
+	indicate correctly the amount of the selfish and violent passions.</p>
+
+	<p>I observed that the violent and selfish elements of character were
+	connected with occipital depth, and elongation; that the affections
+	were connected with the coronal region, that the sense of vision was
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page26" title="26"> </a>located in the brow, and the sense of feeling in the temples, near
+	the cheekbone, that the upper occipital region was the seat of
+	energetic powers, and the lower, of violent or criminal impulses, and
+	that the whole cerebrum was an apparatus of mingling convolutions,
+	in which the functions, gradually changing from point to point,
+	presented throughout a beautiful blending and connection.</p>
+
+	<p>Observing daily the comparative development of brain and body,
+	with their reciprocal influence, I traced the outlines of cerebral
+	physiology, and the laws of sympathetic connection or correspondence
+	between the body and the encephalon, by which, in a given
+	constitution, I would determine from the head the development of
+	the whole body, the peculiar distributions of the circulation, with
+	the consequent morbid tendencies, the relative perfection of the
+	different senses and different organs of the body, and the character
+	of the temperament.</p>
+
+	<p>Seeking continually for the fundamental laws of Anthropology,
+	criticising and rejecting all that appeared objectionable or inconsistent,
+	I acquired possession of numerous sound and comprehensive
+	principles concerning the fundamental laws of cerebral science,
+	which were at once touchstones for truth and efficient instruments for
+	further research.</p>
+
+	<p>These fundamental laws, though very obvious and easily perceived
+	when pointed out, had been overlooked by my predecessors, but are
+	always accepted readily by my auditors, when fully explained. As
+	new facts and principles led to the discovery of other facts and principles,
+	a system of philosophy (not speculative, but scientific) was
+	thus evolved, and a number of geometrical principles were established
+	as the basis of the science of the brain, so evidently true,
+	though so long overlooked, as to command the unanimous assent
+	of all to whom they have been presented; and, as the acceptance of
+	these principles involves the general acceptance of cerebral science,
+	my labors as a teacher have ever been singularly harmonious, and
+	free from doubt, antagonism, and contention.</p>
+
+	<p>The fundamental principle of the philosophy was geometric or
+	mathematical, as it examined the construction of the brain, and
+	showed an exact mathematical relation between each organ of the
+	brain and its effects on the body, in the spontaneous gestures, the
+	circulation of blood, the nervous forces, and local functions. Its
+	leading characteristic being the law of the expression of the vital
+	forces and feelings in outward acts. This doctrine was called the
+	<strong class="emphasis">Pathognomic System</strong>.</p>
+
+	<p>I was preparing to publish in several volumes the reorganized
+	science as the Pathognomic System, when the consummation of my
+	researches, by a brilliant discovery, led me into a new world of
+	knowledge—to the full development of the science of Anthropology,
+	according to which the brain gives organic expression to functions
+	which are essentially located in the soul, and the body gives
+	organic manifestation to functions which are controlled in the brain,
+	while the body reacts upon the brain and the brain upon the soul.
+	Thus, every element of humanity has a triple representation—that
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page27" title="27"> </a>in the soul, which is purely psychic, yet by its influence becomes
+	physiological in the body; that in the body which is purely physiological,
+	yet by its influence becomes psychic in the soul, and that in
+	the brain which produces physiological effects in the body, and
+	psychic effects in the soul.</p>
+
+	<p>Thus, each of the three repositories of power is a psycho-physiological
+	representation of the man; more physical in the body, more
+	spiritual in the soul, but in the brain a more perfect psycho-physiological
+	representation of man as he is in the present life. This full
+	conception of the brain, which Gall did not attain, involved the new
+	science of <strong class="emphasis">Cerebral Physiology</strong>, in which the brain may express
+	the character of the body, as well as the soul, of which I would only
+	say at present that my first observations were directed to ascertaining
+	the cerebral seats of the external senses, vision, hearing and feeling,
+	and the influences of different portions of the brain on different
+	portions of the body.</p>
+
+	<p>The location of the sense of feeling, of which I became absolutely
+	certain in 1838, at the base of the middle lobe has since been substantially
+	confirmed by Ferrier’s experiment on the monkey; but I
+	have not been concerned about the results of vivisection, knowing
+	that if I have made a true discovery, vivisection and pathology
+	must necessarily confirm it; and I am not aware that any of
+	my discoveries have been disturbed by the immense labors of
+	vivisection.</p>
+
+	<p>The discovery of the organ of the sense of feeling led to an investigation
+	of its powers, and the phenomena exhibited when its development
+	was unusually large—hence came the initial fact of
+	psychometry. Early in 1841 I found a very large development of
+	the organ, in the head of the late Bishop Polk, then at Little Rock,
+	the capital of Arkansas, who subsequently became a confederate
+	general. After explaining to him his great sensibility to atmospheric,
+	electric, and all other physical conditions, he mentioned a still more
+	remarkable sensibility—that whenever he touched brass, he had
+	immediately the taste of brass in his mouth, whether he knew what
+	he was touching or not. I lost no time in verifying this observation
+	by many experiments upon other persons, and finding that there
+	were many in whom sensibility was developed to this extent, so that
+	when I placed pieces of metal in their hands, behind their backs,
+	they could tell what the metal was by its taste, or some other
+	impression. Further examinations showed that substances of any
+	kind, held in the hands of sensitives, yielded not only an impression
+	upon the sense of taste, by which they might be recognized, but an
+	impression upon the entire sensibility of the body. Medicines tried
+	in this manner gave a distinct impression—as distinct as if they had
+	been swallowed—to a majority of the members of a large medical
+	class, in the leading medical school at Cincinnati, and to those who
+	had superior psychometric capacities, the impression given in this
+	manner enabled them to describe the qualities and effects of the
+	medicines as fully and accurately as they are given in the works on
+	materia medica.</p>
+
+	<p><a class="pagenum" id="page28" title="28"> </a>This method of investigation I consider not only vastly more easy
+	and rapid than the method adopted by the followers of Hahnemann,
+	but more accurate and efficient than any other method known to the
+	medical profession, and destined, therefore, to produce a greater
+	improvement in our knowledge of the materia medica than we can
+	derive from all other methods combined, in the same length of time.
+	I may hereafter publish the practical demonstration of this, but the
+	vast amount of labor involved in my experimental researches has
+	not yet permitted me to take up this department, although it has
+	yielded me some very valuable discoveries.</p>
+
+	<p>It may require a century for mankind fully to realize the value of
+	Psychometry. It has been clearly, though I cannot say completely
+	shown in the “<cite class="name">Manual of Psychometry</cite>,” to which I would
+	refer the reader. I would simply state that the scientific discovery
+	and exposition of Psychometry is equivalent to the dawn of new
+	intellectual civilization, since it enables us to advance rapidly
+	toward perfection all sciences and forms of knowledge now known,
+	and to introduce new sciences heretofore unknown.</p>
+
+	<ol style="list-style-position: inside;margin:0;width:85%;">
+		<li><p>To the <strong class="emphasis">Medical College</strong> it will give a method of accurate
+		diagnosis which will supersede the blundering methods now existing—a
+		method of <span class="small_all_caps">RAPIDLY</span> enlarging and perfecting the materia medica—a
+		method of exploring all difficult questions in Biology and Pathology,
+		and a complete view of the constitution of man.</p></li>
+		<li><p>To the <strong class="emphasis">University</strong> it offers a method of revising and correcting
+		history and biography—of enlarging our knowledge of Natural
+		History, Geology, and Astronomy, and exploring Ethnology.</p></li>
+		<li><p>To the <strong class="emphasis">Church</strong> it offers a method of exploring the origins of
+		all religions, the future life of man, and the relations of terrestrial
+		and celestial life.</p></li>
+		<li><p>To the <strong class="emphasis">Philanthropist</strong> it offers the methods of investigating
+		and supervising education and social organization which may
+		abolish all existing evils.</p></li>
+	</ol>
+
+	<p>The foregoing were the initial steps and results in the development
+	of Psychometry, simultaneously accompanied by those other
+	discoveries in 1841, the scope and magnitude of which appear to me
+	and to those who have studied my demonstrations, to be far more
+	important than anything that has ever been discovered or done in
+	Biological science, being nothing less than a complete scientific
+	demonstration of the functions of the brain in all its psycho-physiological
+	relations. To appreciate their transcendent importance, it is
+	necessary only to know that the experiments have been carefully
+	made, have often been repeated during the past forty-five years, and
+	that all they demonstrate may also be demonstrated by other means,
+	and fully established, if no such experiments could be made.</p>
+
+	<p>The origin of this discovery was as follows. My advanced investigations
+	of the brain, between 1835 and 1841, had added so much
+	to the incomplete and inaccurate discoveries of Gall, and had
+	brought cerebral science into so much closer and more accurate
+	relation with cerebral anatomy and embryology, as illustrated by
+	Tiedemann, that I became profoundly aware of the position in which
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page29" title="29"> </a>I found myself, as an explorer, possessed of knowledge previously
+	quite unknown, and yet, at the same time, however true, not strictly
+	demonstrable, since none could fully realize its truth without following
+	the same path and studying with the same concentrated devotion
+	the comparative development of the brain in men and animals.
+	Such zeal, success, and assiduity I did not believe could be expected.
+	There might not be one man in a century to undertake such a task
+	(for all the centuries of civilization had produced but one such man—the
+	illustrious Gall), and when he appeared his voice would not
+	be decisive. I would, therefore, appear not as presenting positive
+	knowledge, but as contributing another theory, which the medical
+	profession, regardless of my labors, would treat as a mere hypothesis.<a href="#footnote_1" id="fnm1" title="I would mention..." class="fnmarker">1</a></p>
+
+	<p>It was absolutely necessary that the functions of the brain should
+	be demonstrated as positively as those of the spinal nerves had been
+	demonstrated by Majendie and Bell. Two methods appeared possible.
+	The two agents were galvanism and the aura of the nervous
+	system, commonly called animal magnetism. My first experiments
+	in 1841, satisfied me that both were available, but that the <em>nervaura</em>
+	was far more available, efficient, and satisfactory. Upon this I have
+	relied ever since, though I sometimes experiment with galvanism, to
+	demonstrate its efficiency, and Dr. De la Rua, of Cuba, informed me
+	over twenty years ago that he found very delicate galvanic currents
+	available for this purpose in his practice.</p>
+
+	<p>Animal magnetism or mesmerism had been involved in mystery
+	and empiricism. There had never been any scientific or anatomical
+	explanation of the phenomena, and this mystery I desired to dispel.
+	My first step was to ascertain that for experiments on the nervous
+	system we did not need the somnambulic or hypnotic condition, and
+	that it was especially to be avoided as a source of confusion and
+	error. Whenever the organ of sensibility, or sensitiveness, was
+	sufficiently developed and predominant, the conditions of neurological
+	experiments for scientific purposes were satisfactory, and to
+	make such experiments, the subjects, instead of being ignorant,
+	passive, emotional, hysteric, or inclined to trance, should be as
+	intelligent as possible, well-balanced and clear-headed,—competent
+	to observe subjective phenomena in a critical manner. Hence, my
+	experiments, which have been made upon all sorts of persons, were
+	most decisive and satisfactory to myself when made upon well-educated
+	physicians, upon medical professors, my learned colleagues,
+	upon eminent lawyers or divines, upon strong-minded farmers or
+	hunters, entirely unacquainted with such subjects, and incapable of
+	psychological delusion, or upon persons of very skeptical minds who
+	would not admit anything until the phenomena were made very
+	plain and unquestionable.</p>
+
+	<p>While the nervaura of the human constitution (which is as
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page30" title="30"> </a>distinctly perceptible to the sensitive as its caloric and electricity)
+	is emitted from every portion of the surface of the head and body,
+	the quality and quantity of that which is emitted from the inner
+	surface of the hand, render it most available, and the application of
+	the hand of any one who has a respectable amount of vital and mental
+	energy, will produce a distinct local stimulation of functions wherever
+	it may be applied upon the head or body. In this manner it
+	is easy to demonstrate the amiable and pleasing influence of the
+	superior regions of the brain, the more energetic and vitalizing
+	influence of its posterior half, and the mild, subduing influence of
+	the front.</p>
+
+	<p>In my first experiments, in the spring of 1841, I found so great
+	susceptibility that I could demonstrate promptly even the smallest
+	organs of the brain, and it was gratifying to find that the illustrious
+	Gall had ascertained, with so marvellous accuracy the functions of
+	the smallest organs in the front lobe, and the subject could be
+	engrossed in the thought of numbers and counting by touching the
+	organ of number or calculation. Eagerly did I proceed in testing
+	the accuracy of all the discoveries of Gall and the additions I had
+	made by craniological studies, as well as bringing out new functions
+	which I had not been able to anticipate or discover. Omitting the
+	history of those experiments, I would but briefly state that in 1842
+	I published a complete map of the brain, in which the full development
+	of human faculties made a complete picture of the psycho-physiological
+	constitution of man, and thus presented for the first
+	time a science which might justly be called <em>Anthropology</em>.<a href="#footnote_2" id="fnm2" title="I do not publish or circulate..." class="fnmarker">2</a></p>
+
+	<p>It is obvious that prior to 1842 there was nothing entitled to the
+	name of <strong class="emphasis">Anthropology</strong>, as there was no complete geography
+	before the discovery of America and circumnavigation of the globe.
+	When man is fully portrayed by the statement of all the psychic and
+	all the physiological faculties and functions found in his brain, which
+	contains the totality, and manifests them in the soul and body, it
+	is obvious that we have a true Anthropology, which, to complete its
+	fulness, requires only the study of the soul as an entity distinct
+	from the brain, and of the body as an anatomical and physiological
+	apparatus. The latter had already been well accomplished by the
+	medical profession, and the former very imperfectly by spiritual
+	psychologists. But neither the physiology, nor the pneumatology
+	had been placed in organic connection with the central cerebral
+	science.</p>
+
+	<p>In consummating such tasks, I felt justified, in 1842, in adopting
+	the word Anthropology, as the representative of the new science,
+	though at that time it was so unfamiliar as to be misunderstood.
+	This science, as presented in my Outlines of Anthropology in 1854,
+	embraced another very important and entirely novel discovery—the
+	psycho-physiological relations of the surface of the body, the manner
+	in which every portion of the body responds to the brain and the
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page31" title="31"> </a>soul, the final solution of the great and hitherto impenetrable
+	mystery of the triune relations of soul, brain, and body. This
+	discovery, constituting the science of Sarcognomy, became the basis
+	of a new medical philosophy, explaining the influence of the body on
+	the soul, in health, and disease, and the reciprocal influence of the
+	soul on the body.</p>
+
+	<p>This manifestly modified our views of therapeutics and revolutionized
+	electro-therapeutics by pointing out the exact physiological and
+	psychic effects of every portion of the surface of the body, when
+	subject to local treatment, and hence, originating new methods of
+	electric practice, in which many results were produced not heretofore
+	deemed possible. All this was fully presented in my work on
+	<cite class="name">Therapeutic Sarcognomy</cite>, published in 1885, which was speedily
+	sold.</p>
+
+	<p>In contemplating these immense results of a successful investigation
+	of the functions of the brain, I can see no logical escape from
+	the conclusion that such a revelation of the functions of the brain is
+	by far the most important event that belongs to the history of vital
+	science—an event so romantically different from the common, slow
+	progress of science when cultivated by men of ability, that I do not
+	wonder at the incredulity which naturally opposes its recognition,
+	and seems to render the most unanimous and conclusive testimony
+	from honorable scientists apparently ineffective. The support of the
+	medical college in which I was Dean of the Faculty, the hearty
+	endorsement by the Faculty of Indiana State University, and by
+	numerous committees of investigation, seem to count as nothing
+	with the conservative portion of the medical profession, who have
+	ever understood how to ignore so simple and positive a demonstration
+	as that of Harvey, or so practical a demonstration as that of
+	Hahnemann, or so irresistible a mass of facts as those of modern
+	psychic science.</p>
+
+	<p>The question will naturally arise among the enlightened lovers of
+	truth, why so grand and so <em>demonstrable</em> a science should for forty-five
+	years have made so little progress toward general recognition.
+	It is sufficient to say that new and revolutionary truth is never
+	welcomed, and, if the discoverer is not active as a propagandist it
+	has no diffusion. I did not feel that there was any receptiveness
+	across the ocean for what was resisted here. Nevertheless I did
+	prepare and send to Edinburgh, in 1841, a brief report of my
+	discoveries accompanied by an endorsement or introduction from the
+	venerable Prof. Caldwell, the founder of the successful medical
+	college at Louisville, whose lectures were attended by four hundred
+	pupils. I supposed the gentlemen of the Phrenological Society at
+	Edinburgh the most liberal parties in Great Britain, but they
+	declined publishing my memoir as <em>too marvellous</em>, and proposed
+	merely to file it away as a caveat of the discovery. That ended all
+	thoughts of Europe; and, indeed, it seemed to me premature to urge
+	such a discovery and so grand a philosophy upon the world in the
+	present state of its intellectual civilization. I ceased to agitate the
+	subject for many years, and allowed myself to be drawn into the
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page32" title="32"> </a>political agitations connected with our civil war, to mitigate some of
+	its social and political evils.</p>
+
+	<p>Of late, however, an urgent and imperative sense of duty has put
+	my pen in motion as the remnant of my life will be hardly sufficient
+	to record the results of my investigations.</p>
+
+	<p>In the “New Education” and the “Manual of Psychometry—the
+	dawn of a new civilization”—I have appealed to the public, and
+	three editions of the former with two of the latter show that the
+	public is not indifferent. The recognition of the marvellous claims
+	of Psychometry will prepare the way for the supreme science of
+	Anthropology, to which the coming century will do justice.</p>
+
+	<p>In justice to the learned Prof. Caldwell and myself, I should not
+	omit to mention that this distinguished, eloquent, and venerable gentleman,
+	who, in his early life, was a cotemporary of the famous Dr.
+	Rush, of Philadelphia, and throughout his life was a champion of
+	the most progressive doctrines in Biology, not only gave his friendly
+	co-operation on the first presentation of my discoveries, but ten years
+	later honored me with a visit at Cincinnati, to become more fully
+	acquainted with them, and subsequently, by appointment of the
+	National Medical Association, prepared a report upon subjects of a
+	kindred nature, in which he incorporated a statement of my discoveries.
+	His subsequent illness and death, in 1854, at an advanced
+	age, prevented the delivery of this memoir.</p>
+
+	<blockquote>
+		<p>In signal contrast to the honorable and candid course of Prof. <strong class="name">Caldwell</strong>, and
+		to the candid examination, followed by eulogistic language of Prof. <strong class="name">H. P. Gatchell</strong>,
+		<strong class="name">Robert Dale Owen</strong>, President <strong class="name">Andrew Wylie</strong>, Rev. <strong class="name">John Pierpont</strong>, Dr. <strong class="name">Samuel</strong>
+		<strong class="name">Forry</strong>, Prof. <strong class="name">Wm. Denton</strong>, the eloquent Judge <strong class="name">Rowan</strong>, and a score of other
+		eminently intellectual men, it is my duty to record the melancholy fact that the
+		great majority of professional men, when tested, have manifested an entire apathy,
+		if not a positive aversion, to the investigations and discoveries in which these
+		momentous results have been reached. While no aversion, disrespect, or suspicion
+		was shown toward myself, a stubborn aversion was shown to investigations
+		that might have revolutionary results—proving that our false systems of education
+		teach men not to think independently, but to adhere closely to precedent
+		authority, fashion, popularity, and <em>habit</em>, which is the inertia of the mental world.</p>
+
+		<p>The faculty of my alma mater (excepting Prof. Caldwell) refused to investigate
+		the subject, even when invited by their Board of Trustees. The Boston Academy
+		of Arts and Sciences, embracing the men at the head of the medical profession,
+		pretended to take up the subject, but in a few hours dropped it, with polite compliments
+		to myself, in 1842. The American Medical Association, in 1878, refused
+		to entertain the subject because I could not coincide with them in my sentiments,
+		and accept their code of bigotry. There was no formal action of the Association,
+		but my friend, Prof. Gross, then recognized as the Nestor of the profession, and
+		holding the highest position of authority, informed me semi-officially, very courteously,
+		that none of my discoveries could ever be brought to the notice of the
+		Association, because I did not accept their code. Thus (without mentioning other
+		instances), I have stood before the public with a <em>demonstrable</em> science, challenging
+		investigation by critical opponents, who have so uniformly evaded or shrunk from
+		the test that I have ceased to care for their opinions, while I still entertain as
+		profound a respect as ever for the investigations of the candid and manly, among
+		whom I never fail to find friendship and cordiality.</p>
+
+		<p>Looking back forty-five years, I remember with extreme pleasure the friendly
+		co-operation of <strong class="name">Rowan</strong> and <strong class="name">Caldwell</strong>. The American medical profession never
+		had a more dignified, imposing, and high-toned representative than Prof. Caldwell.
+		Nor was the legal profession anywhere ever adorned by a more commanding and
+		gracious representative than the unsurpassed advocate, <strong class="name">Rowan</strong>, who was widely
+		known as the “<strong class="name">Old Monarch</strong>.” The nobility of such men was shown in their
+		noble bearing toward a dawning science, In which they saw the grandeur of the
+		future.</p>
+	</blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="footnotes">
+	<h2>Footnotes</h2>
+	<ol>
+		<li id="footnote_1">
+			<p>I would mention that in the progress of my discoveries, especially in 1838-39, I came into frequent
+            and intimate association with the late Prof. Wm. Byrd Powell, M. D., the most brilliant, and original
+            of all American students of the brain, whose lectures always excited a profound interest in his
+            hearers, and, in comparing notes with him, I found my own original observations well sustained by
+            his. Though erratic in some of his theories, he was a bold student of nature, and the accidental destruction
+            of his manuscript by fire, when too late in his life to repair the loss, was a destruction of
+            much that would have been deeply interesting. <a href="#fnm1" title="Return to marker 1" class="returnFN">Return</a></p>
+		</li>
+		<li id="footnote_2">
+			<p>I do not publish or circulate this map apart from the explanatory volume (Outlines of
+            Anthropology) for the reason that it is impossible by any nomenclature of organs to convey a correct
+            idea of the functions, and hence, such a map would tend to a great many misconceptions. <a href="#fnm2" title="Return to marker 2" class="returnFN">Return</a></p>
+		</li>
+
+	</ol>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="business">
+	<h2><a class="pagenum" id="page33" title="33"> </a>BUSINESS DEPARTMENT.</h2>
+
+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<h3>COLLEGE OF THERAPEUTICS.</h3>
+
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_3">Next Session Begins November 1, 1887.</p>
+
+		<p>This institution is the germ of what will be an
+		immense revolution in education hereafter, when
+		the knowledge now given to small classes will hold
+		a conspicuous place in every college, and will be
+		presented in every high school.</p>
+
+		<p>The mountain mass of inertia, which opposes, passively,
+		all fundamental changes, cannot now resist
+		scientific demonstration as it has in the past.
+		The instruction in the College of Therapeutics, is
+		thoroughly demonstrative, leaving no room for
+		doubt, and it gives a species of knowledge which
+		ought to be a part of every one’s education—a
+		knowledge of the constitution of man, not obtainable
+		to-day in any medical or literary college, nor
+		in our mammoth libraries. It is not merely as a
+		deep philosophy that this interests us, but as a
+		guide in the preservation of health, and in the
+		regulation of spiritual phenomena, which would, to
+		a very great extent, supersede our reliance on the
+		medical profession by giving us the control of the
+		vital powers, by which we may protect ourselves,
+		and control the development of the young.</p>
+
+		<p>Each student was made to feel the effects of local
+		treatment on the body, and the power of rapidly
+		changing disease to health, and was personally
+		taught to perform the manipulations for this purpose,
+		and to investigate disease or portray character
+		by the psychometric methods as well as to test
+		the value of medicines.</p>
+
+		<p>The various uses and scientific application of
+		electricity were shown, and many things entirely
+		unknown and unrecognized in works on Electro-Therapeutics.
+		The entire class was placed under
+		a medical influence simultaneously by the agency
+		of electricity—an operation so marvelous that it
+		would be considered incredible in medical colleges.
+		By these and other experiments and numerous
+		illustrations and lucid explanations of the brain
+		and nervous system, the instruction was made
+		deeply interesting, and students have attended
+		more than one course to perfect themselves in
+		the science. The following declaration of sentiments
+		shows how the course was regarded by the
+		class:</p>
+
+		<p>“The summer class of 1887 in the College of
+		Therapeutics, feeling it their duty to add their
+		testimony to that of many others in reference to
+		the grand scientific discoveries which they have
+		seen thoroughly demonstrated by Prof. J. R.
+		Buchanan, would say to the public that no one can
+		attend such a course of instruction as we have recently
+		been engaged in, without realizing that
+		Therapeutic Sarcognomy greatly enlarges the practical
+		resources of the healing art for the medical
+		practitioner, magnetizer and electro-therapeutist,
+		while Psychometry, whose positive truths we have
+		tested and proven, like the sun’s rays, illumines
+		all the dark problems of medical practice and of
+		psycho-physiological sciences.</p>
+
+		<p>“Therapeutic Sarcognomy explains the very intricate
+		and mysterious relations of the soul, the brain
+		and body, which prior to Prof. Buchanan’s discoveries
+		were unknown to all scientific teachers,
+		and are even now only known to his students and
+		the readers of his works,</p>
+
+		<p>“We feel that we have been very fortunate in finding
+		so valuable a source of knowledge, whose future
+		benefits to the human race, in many ways, cannot
+		be briefly stated, and we would assure all who may
+		attend this college, or read the published works of
+		Prof. Buchanan, and his monthly, the <cite>Journal of
+		Man</cite>, that they will, when acquainted with the subject,
+		be ready to unite with us in appreciating and
+		honoring the greatest addition ever made to biological
+		and psychological sciences. Hoping that the time
+		is not for distant when all students in medical colleges
+		may obtain access to this most important
+		knowledge, we give our testimony to the public.”</p>
+
+		<p style="text-indent:0em;margin-left:2.5em;"><span class="name">H. C. Aldrich, M. D., D. D. S.</span>, <em>Chairman</em>.<br />
+		<span class="name">Dr. Jno. C. Schlarbaum</span>, <em>Secretary</em>.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<h3>Enlargement of the Journal.</h3>
+
+		<p>If the readers of the <cite class="name">Journal</cite> knew how much
+		very interesting matter is crowded out of each
+		number of the <cite class="name">Journal</cite>, they would be very
+		anxious for its enlargement.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<h3>Advertising in the Journal.</h3>
+
+		<p>The financial success of monthly magazines, depends
+		much upon a liberal advertising patronage.
+		I would say just to all my readers, that the
+		<cite class="name">Journal</cite> has a larger circulation than many
+		medical journals which are filled with advertisements.
+		It is an excellent medium for those who
+		have new and valuable things to present, for it circulates
+		among the most progressive and enlightened
+		class of people. The terms are the same which are
+		common in magazines.</p>
+
+		<p>☞An advertising agent might find profitable
+		employment by applying to the editor of the
+		<cite class="name">Journal</cite>.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<h3>Works of Prof. J. R. Buchanan.</h3>
+
+		<p><cite class="name">The New Education</cite>.—$1.50.</p>
+
+		<p>“It is incomparably the best work on education
+		that I have ever seen.”—Prof. Wm. Denton. “I regard
+		it as by far the best work on education ever
+		published”.—Rev. B. F. Barrett.</p>
+
+		<p><cite class="name">Manual of Psychometry</cite>.—The dawn of a
+		new civilization,—$2.16.</p>
+
+		<p>“The like of this work is not to be found in the
+		whole literature of the past.”—<cite>New York Home
+		Journal</cite>. “He has boldly navigated unknown seas
+		till he has found a far greater and more important
+		world than the Genoese navigator discovered.”—<cite>Hartford
+		Times</cite>. “There are striking reflections
+		upon almost every page, and a richness of language
+		and freshness of spirit that is peculiarly marked.”
+		<cite>Medical Brief</cite>, St. Louis. “A century in advance
+		of his time.”—<cite>People’s Health Journal</cite>, Chicago.</p>
+
+		<p><cite class="name">Psycho-Physiological Chart of Sarcognomy</cite>.—21×31
+		inches, $1. Showing the vital
+		powers of soul, brain, and body in their location, as
+		a guide for treatment. “Upon the psychic functions
+		of the brain, Prof. Buchanan is the highest
+		living authority.”—<cite>American Homœopathist.</cite></p>
+
+		<p><cite class="name">Therapeutic Sarcognomy</cite>.—Now in preparation,
+		to be published next winter.</p>
+
+		<p><cite class="name">Outlines of Anthropology</cite>.—Now in preparation.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<p><cite class="name">Practice of Psychometry</cite>.—Mrs. C. H.
+		Buchanan continues the practice of Psychometry,
+		6 James Street, Boston. Personal interview, $2.
+		Written descriptions, $3. Elaborate descriptions,
+		$5. The objects of Psychometry are the description
+		of character, constitution, health, or disease,
+		and such advice as circumstances require.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<h3>UNLIKE ANY OTHER PAPER.</h3>
+
+		<p>The <cite>Spectator</cite>, unlike other home papers, seeks
+		(1) to acquaint every family with simple and efficient
+		treatment for the various common diseases,
+		to, in a word, educate the people so they can avoid
+		disease and cure sickness, thus saving enormous
+		doctors’ bills, and many precious lives. (2) To
+		elevate and cultivate the moral nature, awakening
+		the conscience, and developing the noblest attributes
+		of manhood. (3) To give instructive and
+		entertaining food to literary taste, thus developing
+		the mind. (4) To give just such hints to housekeepers
+		that they need to tell how to prepare
+		delicious dishes, to beautify homes, and to make
+		the fireside the most attractive spot in the world.—<cite>Am.
+		Spectator</cite>.</p>
+
+	</div>
+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<h3>MAYO’S ANÆSTHETIC.</h3>
+
+		<p>The suspension of pain, under dangerous surgical
+		operations, is the greatest triumph of Therapeutic
+		Science in the present century. It came
+		first by mesmeric hypnotism, which was applicable
+		only to a few, and was restricted by the jealous
+		<a class="pagenum" id="page34" title="34"> </a>hostility of the old medical profession. Then
+		came the nitrous oxide, introduced by Dr. Wells,
+		of Hartford, and promptly discountenanced by the
+		enlightened (?) medical profession of Boston, and
+		set aside for the next candidate, ether, discovered
+		in the United States also, but far interior to the
+		nitrous oxide as a safe and pleasant agent. This was
+		largely superseded by chloroform, discovered much
+		earlier by Liebig and others, but introduced as an
+		anæsthetic in 1847, by Prof. Simpson. This proved
+		to be the most powerful and dangerous of all.
+		Thus the whole policy of the medical profession
+		was to discourage the safe, and encourage the more
+		dangerous agents. The magnetic sleep, the most
+		perfect of all anæsthetic agents, was expelled from
+		the realm of college authority; ether was substituted
+		for nitrous oxide, and chloroform preferred to
+		ether, until frequent deaths gave warning.</p>
+
+		<p>Nitrous oxide, much the safest of the three, has
+		not been the favorite, but has held its ground,
+		especially with dentists. But even nitrous oxide is
+		not perfect. It is not equal to the magnetic sleep,
+		when the latter is practicable, but fortunately it is
+		applicable to all. To perfect the nitrous oxide,
+		making it universally safe and pleasant, Dr. U. K.
+		Mayo, of Boston, has combined it with certain
+		harmless vegetable nervines, which appear to control
+		the fatal tendency which belongs to all anæsthetics
+		when carried too far. The success of Dr.
+		Mayo, in perfecting our best anæsthetic, is amply
+		attested by those who have used it. Dr. Thorndike,
+		than whom, Boston had no better surgeon, pronounced
+		it “the safest the world has yet seen.”
+		It has been administered to children and to patients
+		in extreme debility. Drs. Frizzell and Williams,
+		say they have given it “repeatedly in heart disease,
+		severe lung diseases, Bright’s disease, etc., where
+		the patients were so feeble as to require assistance
+		in walking, many of them under medical treatment,
+		and the results have been all that we could
+		ask—no irritation, suffocation, nor depression.
+		We heartily commend it to all as the anæsthetic of
+		the age.” Dr. Morrill, of Boston, administered
+		Mayo’s anæsthetic to his wife with delightful
+		results when “her lungs were so badly disorganized,
+		that the administration of ether or gas
+		would be entirely unsafe.” The reputation of this
+		anæsthetic is now well established; in fact, it is
+		not only safe and harmless, but has great medical
+		virtue for daily use in many diseases, and is coming
+		into use for such purposes. In a paper before
+		the Georgia State Dental Society, Dr. E. Parsons
+		testified strongly to its superiority. “The nitrous
+		oxide, (says Dr. P.) causes the patient when fully
+		under its influence to have very like the appearance
+		of a corpse,” but under this new anæsthetic
+		“the patient appears like one in a natural sleep.”
+		The language of the press, generally has been highly
+		commendatory, and if Dr. Mayo had occupied so
+		conspicuous a rank as Prof. Simpson, of Edinburgh,
+		his new anæsthetic would have been adopted at
+		once in every college of America and Europe.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_1">Mayo’s Vegetable Anæsthetic.</p>
+
+		<p>A perfectly safe and pleasant substitute for chloroform,
+		ether, nitrous oxide gas, and all other
+		anæsthetics. Discovered by Dr. U. K. Mayo, April,
+		1883, and since administered by him and others in
+		over 300,000 cases successfully. The youngest child,
+		the most sensitive lady, and those having heart
+		disease, and lung complaint, inhale this vapor with
+		impunity. It stimulates the circulation of the
+		blood and builds up the tissues. Indorsed by the
+		highest authority in the professions, recommended
+		in midwifery and all cases of nervous prostration.
+		Physicians, surgeons, dentists and private families
+		supplied with this vapor, liquefied, in cylinders of
+		various capacities. It should be administered the
+		same as Nitrous Oxide, but it does not produce
+		headache and nausea as that sometimes does. For
+		further information pamphlets, testimonials, etc.,
+		apply to</p>
+
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_6"><span class="segment">DR. U. K. MAYO, Dentist,</span><br />
+        378 Tremont St., Boston, Mass.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_1">Religio-Philosophical Journal.</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_3">ESTABLISHED 1865.</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_8">PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_2">92 La Salle Street, Chicago,</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_8">By JOHN C. BUNDY,</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_2">TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION IN ADVANCE:</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_8"><span class="segment">One copy, one year</span> $2.50</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_8">Single copies, 5 cents. Specimen copy free.</p>
+		<p class="">All letters and communications should be addressed,
+		and all remittances made payable to</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_2">JOHN C. BUNDY, Chicago, Ill.</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_8">A Paper for all who Sincerely and Intelligently
+			Seek Truth without regard to Sect or Party.</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_3">Press, Pulpit, and People Proclaim its Merits.</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_7">Concurrent Commendations from Widely Opposite Sources.</p>
+		<p>Is the ablest Spiritualist paper in America….
+		Mr. Bundy has earned the respect of all lovers of the
+		truth, by his sincerity and courage.—<cite>Boston Evening
+		Transcript.</cite></p>
+		<p>I have a most thorough respect for the <strong class="name">Journal</strong>,
+		and believe its editor and proprietor is disposed to
+		treat the whole subject of spiritualism fairly.—<cite>Rev.
+		M. J. Savage (Unitarian) Boston.</cite></p>
+		<p>I wish you the fullest success in your courageous
+		course.—<cite>R. Heber Newton, D. D.</cite></p>
+		<p>Your course has made spiritualism respected by the
+		secular press as it never has been before, and compelled
+		an honorable recognition.—<cite>Hudson Tuttle,
+		Author and Lecturer.</cite></p>
+		<p>I read your paper every week with great interest.—<cite>H.
+		W. Thomas, D. D., Chicago.</cite></p>
+		<p>I congratulate you on the management of the
+		paper…. I indorse your position as to the investigation
+		of the phenomena.—<cite>Samuel Watson, D. D.,
+		Memphis, Tenn.</cite></p>
+	</div>
+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_1">FACTS,</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_3">A MONTHLY MAGAZINE,</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_8">DEVOTED TO</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_2">Mental and Spiritual Phenomena,</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_8">INCLUDING</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_8">Dreams, Mesmerism, Psychometry, Clairvoyance,
+		Clairaudience, Inspiration, Trance, and Physical
+		Mediumship; Prayer, Mind, and Magnetic
+		Healing; and all classes of Psychical
+		Effects.</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_3">Single Copies, 10 Cents; $1.00 per year.</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_8">PUBLISHED BY</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_2">Facts Publishing Company,</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_3">(Drawer 5323,) BOSTON, MASS.</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_7">L. L. WHITLOCK, Editor.</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_8">For Sale by COLBY &amp; RICH, 9 Bosworth Street.</p>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id="transcriber_note">
+	<p>Transcriber’s Note: The Table of Contents was copied from
+    the index to the volume. The article on <a href="#art5">ANTHROPOLOGY</a> is
+	continued from the <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/27648/27648-h/27648-h.htm#page32" title="Go to Buchanan’s Journal of Man, August 1887">previous issue’s page 32</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="the_end"> </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Buchanan's Journal of Man, September
+1887, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUCHANAN'S JOURNAL, SEPT. 1887 ***
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+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 02:35:54 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 02:35:54 -0700
commit	b433a598e3e8b2137bfbaa692e0223ece46733fe (patch)
tree	c03952533b9ede89423748eacccd6b45fee3c6e3 /27703-h