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diff --git a/277-h/277-h.htm b/277-h/277-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4cbc031 --- /dev/null +++ b/277-h/277-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1234 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii"?> + +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" > + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en"> + <head> + <title> + Trinity Site, by The U.s. Department of Energy + </title> + <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve"> + + body { margin:5%; text-align:justify} + P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; } + hr { width: 50%; text-align: center;} + .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; } + blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} + .toc { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;} + .toc2 { margin-left: 20%;} + div.fig { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; } + div.middle { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; } + .figleft {float: left; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 1%;} + .figright {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;} + .pagenum {display:inline; font-size: 70%; font-style:normal; + margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%; + text-align: right;} + pre { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;} + +</style> + </head> + <body> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + +Project Gutenberg's Trinity [Atomic Test] Site, by The National Atomic Museum + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Trinity [Atomic Test] Site + The 50th Anniversary of the Atomic Bomb + +Author: The National Atomic Museum + +Release Date: June 29, 2008 [EBook #277] +Last Updated: January 8, 2013 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRINITY [ATOMIC TEST] SITE *** + + + + +Produced by Gregory Walker and David Widger + + + + + +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h1> + TRINITY SITE + </h1> + <h2> + by the U.S. Department of Energy + </h2> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <h3> + National Atomic Museum, <br /> Albuquerque, New Mexico + </h3> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <br /> + </p> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="tr_map1 (72K)" src="images/tr_map1.jpg" width="100%" /><br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="patch (32K)" src="images/patch.jpg" width="100%" /><br /> + </div> + <p> + + </p> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="whitsand (26K)" src="images/whitsand.jpg" width="100%" /><br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <h2> + Contents + </h2> + <table summary="" style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto"> + <tr> + <td> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0001"> THE FIRST ATOMIC TEST </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0002"> JUMBO </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0003"> SCHMIDT-McDONALD RANCH HOUSE </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_FOOT"> FOOTNOTES </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_BIBL"> BIBLIOGRAPHY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0006"> THE NATIONAL ATOMIC MUSEUM, </a> + </p> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <h2> + THE FIRST ATOMIC TEST + </h2> + <p> + On Monday morning July 16, 1945, the world was changed forever when the + first atomic bomb was tested in an isolated area of the New Mexico desert. + Conducted in the final month of World War II by the top-secret Manhattan + Engineer District, this test was code named Trinity. The Trinity test took + place on the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, about 230 miles south + of the Manhattan Project's headquarters at Los Alamos, New Mexico. Today + this 3,200 square mile range, partly located in the desolate Jornada del + Muerto Valley, is named the White Sands Missile Range and is actively used + for non-nuclear weapons testing. + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="basecamp (56K)" src="images/basecamp.jpg" width="100%" /><br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p> + Before the war the range was mostly public and private grazing land that + had always been sparsely populated. During the war it was even more lonely + and deserted because the ranchers had agreed to vacate their homes in + January 1942. They left because the War Department wanted the land to use + as an artillery and bombing practice area. In September 1944, a remote 18 + by 24 square mile portion of the north-east corner of the Bombing Range + was set aside for the Manhattan Project and the Trinity test by the + military. + </p> + <p> + The selection of this remote location in the Jornada del Muerto Valley for + the Trinity test was from an initial list of eight possible test sites. + Besides the Jornada, three of the other seven sites were also located in + New Mexico: the Tularosa Basin near Alamogordo, the lava beds (now the El + Malpais National Monument) south of Grants, and an area southwest of Cuba + and north of Thoreau. Other possible sites not located in New Mexico were: + an Army training area north of Blythe, California, in the Mojave Desert; + San Nicolas Island (one of the Channel Islands) off the coast of Southern + California; and on Padre Island south of Corpus Christi, Texas, in the + Gulf of Mexico. The last choice for the test was in the beautiful San Luis + Valley of south-central Colorado, near today's Great Sand Dunes National + Monument. + </p> + <p> + Based on a number of criteria that included availability, distance from + Los Alamos, good weather, few or no settlements, and that no Indian land + would be used, the choices for the test site were narrowed down to two in + the summer of 1944. First choice was the military training area in + southern California. The second choice, was the Jornada del Muerto Valley + in New Mexico. The final site selection was made in late August 1944 by + Major General Leslie R. Groves, the military head of the Manhattan + Project. When General Groves discovered that in order to use the + California location he would need the permission of its commander, General + George Patton, Groves quickly decided on the second choice, the Jornada + del Muerto. This was because General Groves did not want anything to do + with the flamboyant Patton, who Groves had once described as "the most + disagreeable man I had ever met."<a href="#linknote-1" name="linknoteref-1" + id="linknoteref-1"><small>1</small></a> Despite being second choice the + remote Jornada was a good location for the test, because it provided + isolation for secrecy and safety, was only 230 miles south of Los Alamos, + and was already under military control. Plus, the Jornada enjoyed + relatively good weather. + </p> + <p> + The history of the Jornada is in itself quite fascinating, since it was + given its name by the Spanish conquerors of New Mexico. The Jornada was a + short cut on the Camino Real, the King's Highway that linked old Mexico to + Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico. The Camino Real went north from + Mexico City till it joined the Rio Grande near present day El Paso, Texas. + Then the trail followed the river valley further north to a point where + the river curved to the west, and its valley narrowed and became + impassable for the supply wagons. To avoid this obstacle, the wagons took + the dubious detour north across the Jornada del Muerto. Sixty miles of + desert, very little water, and numerous hostile Apaches. Hence the name + Jornada del Muerto, which is often translated as the journey of death or + as the route of the dead man. It is also interesting to note that in the + late 16th century, the Spanish considered their province of New Mexico to + include most of North America west of the Mississippi! + </p> + <p> + The origin of the code name Trinity for the test site is also interesting, + but the true source is unknown. One popular account attributes the name to + J. Robert Oppenheimer, the scientific head of the Manhattan Project. + According to this version, the well read Oppenheimer based the name + Trinity on the fourteenth Holy Sonnet by John Donne, a 16th century + English poet and sermon writer. The sonnet started, "Batter my heart, + three-personed God."<a href="#linknote-2" name="linknoteref-2" + id="linknoteref-2"><small>2</small></a> Another version of the name's + origin comes from University of New Mexico historian Ferenc M. Szasz. In + his 1984 book, The Day the Sun Rose Twice, Szasz quotes Robert W. + Henderson head of the Engineering Group in the Explosives Division of the + Manhattan Project. Henderson told Szasz that the name Trinity came from + Major W. A. (Lex) Stevens. According to Henderson, he and Stevens were at + the test site discussing the best way to haul Jumbo (see below) the thirty + miles from the closest railway siding to the test site. "A devout Roman + Catholic, Stevens observed that the railroad siding was called 'Pope's + Siding.' He [then] remarked that the Pope had special access to the + Trinity, and that the scientists would need all the help they could get to + move the 214 ton Jumbo to its proper spot."<a href="#linknote-3" + name="linknoteref-3" id="linknoteref-3"><small>3</small></a> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="gadget1 (66K)" src="images/gadget1.jpg" width="100%" /><br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="gadget2 (74K)" src="images/gadget2.jpg" width="100%" /><br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p> + The Trinity test was originally set for July 4, 1945. However, final + preparations for the test, which included the assembly of the bomb's + plutonium core, did not begin in earnest until Thursday, July 12. The + abandoned George McDonald ranch house located two miles south of the test + site served as the assembly point for the device's core. After assembly, + the plutonium core was transported to Trinity Site to be inserted into the + thing or gadget as the atomic device was called. But, on the first attempt + to insert the core it stuck! After letting the temperatures of the core + and the gadget equalize, the core fit perfectly to the great relief of all + present. The completed device was raised to the top of a 100-foot steel + tower on Saturday, July 14. During this process workers piled up + mattresses beneath the gadget to cushion a possible fall. When the bomb + reached the top of the tower without mishap, installation of the explosive + detonators began. The 100-foot tower (a surplus Forest Service fire-watch + tower) was designated Point Zero. Ground Zero was at the base of the + tower. + </p> + <p> + As a result of all the anxiety surrounding the possibility of a failure of + the test, a verse by an unknown author circulated around Los Alamos. It + read: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + From this crude lab that spawned a dud. + Their necks to Truman's ax uncurled + Lo, the embattled savants stood, + and fired the flop heard round the world.<a href="#linknote-4" + name="linknoteref-4" id="linknoteref-4">4</a> +</pre> + <p> + A betting pool was also started by scientists at Los Alamos on the + possible yield of the Trinity test. Yields from 45,000 tons of TNT to zero + were selected by the various bettors. The Nobel Prize-winning (1938) + physicist Enrico Fermi was willing to bet anyone that the test would wipe + out all life on Earth, with special odds on the mere destruction of the + entire State of New Mexico! + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile back at the test site, technicians installed seismographic and + photographic equipment at varying distances from the tower. Other + instruments were set up for recording radioactivity, temperature, air + pressure, and similar data needed by the project scientists. + </p> + <p> + According to Lansing Lamont in his 1965 book Day of Trinity, life at + Trinity could at times be very exciting. One afternoon while scientists + were busily setting up test instruments in the desert, the tail gunner of + a low flying B-29 bomber spotted some grazing antelopes and opened up with + his twin.50-caliber machine guns. "A dozen scientists,... under the plane + and out of the gunner's line of vision, dropped their instruments and + hugged the ground in terror as the bullets thudded about them."<a + href="#linknote-5" name="linknoteref-5" id="linknoteref-5"><small>5</small></a> + Later a number of these scientists threatened to quit the project. + </p> + <p> + Workers built three observation points 5.68 miles (10,000 yards), north, + south, and west of Ground Zero. Code named Able, Baker, and Pittsburgh, + these heavily-built wooden bunkers were reinforced with concrete, and + covered with earth. The bunker designated Baker or South 10,000 served as + the control center for the test. This is where head scientist J. Robert + Oppenheimer would be for the test. + </p> + <p> + A fourth observation point was the test's Base Camp, (the abandoned Dave + McDonald ranch) located about ten miles southwest of Ground Zero. The + primary observation point was on Compania Hill, located about 20 miles to + the northwest of Trinity near today's Stallion Range Gate, off NM 380. + </p> + <p> + The test was originally scheduled for 4 a.m., Monday July 16, but was + postponed to 5:30 due to a severe thunderstorm that would have increased + the amount of radioactive fallout, and have interfered with the test + results. The rain finally stopped and at 5:29:45 a.m. Mountain War Time, + the device exploded successfully and the Atomic Age was born. The nuclear + blast created a flash of light brighter than a dozen suns. The light was + seen over the entire state of New Mexico and in parts of Arizona, Texas, + and Mexico. The resultant mushroom cloud rose to over 38,000 feet within + minutes, and the heat of the explosion was 10,000 times hotter than the + surface of the sun! At ten miles away, this heat was described as like + standing directly in front of a roaring fireplace. Every living thing + within a mile of the tower was obliterated. The power of the bomb was + estimated to be equal to 20,000 tons of TNT, or equivalent to the bomb + load of 2,000 B-29, Superfortresses! + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="blast (42K)" src="images/blast.jpg" width="100%" /><br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p> + After witnessing the awesome blast, Oppenheimer quoted a line from a + sacred Hindu text, the Bhagavad-Gita: He said: "I am become death, the + shatterer of worlds."<a href="#linknote-6" name="linknoteref-6" + id="linknoteref-6"><small>6</small></a> In Los Alamos 230 miles to the + north, a group of scientists' wives who had stayed up all night for the + not so secret test, saw the light and heard the distant sound. One wife, + Jane Wilson, described it this way, "Then it came. The blinding light [no] + one had ever seen. The trees, illuminated, leaping out. The mountains + flashing into life. Later, the long slow rumble. Something had happened, + all right, for good or ill."<a href="#linknote-7" name="linknoteref-7" + id="linknoteref-7"><small>7</small></a> + </p> + <p> + General Groves' deputy commander, Brigadier General T. F. Farrell, + described the explosion in great detail: "The effects could well be called + unprecedented, magnificent, beautiful, stupendous, and terrifying. No + man-made phenomenon of such tremendous power had ever occurred before. The + lighting effects beggared description. The whole country was lighted by a + searing light with the intensity many times that of the midday sun. It was + golden, purple, violet, gray, and blue. It lighted every peak, crevasse + and ridge of the nearby mountain range with a clarity and beauty that + cannot be described but must be seen to be imagined..."<a + href="#linknote-8" name="linknoteref-8" id="linknoteref-8"><small>8</small></a> + </p> + <p> + Immediately after the test a Sherman M-4 tank, equipped with its own air + supply, and lined with two inches of lead went out to explore the site. + The lead lining added 12 tons to the tank's weight, but was necessary to + protect its occupants from the radiation levels at ground zero. The tank's + passengers found that the 100-foot steel tower had virtually disappeared, + with only the metal and concrete stumps of its four legs remaining. + Surrounding ground zero was a crater almost 2,400 feet across and about + ten feet deep in places. Desert sand around the tower had been fused by + the intense heat of the blast into a jade colored glass. This atomic glass + was given the name Atomsite, but the name was later changed to Trinitite. + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="crater (59K)" src="images/crater.jpg" width="100%" /><br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p> + Due to the intense secrecy surrounding the test, no accurate information + of what happened was released to the public until after the second atomic + bomb had been dropped on Japan. However, many people in New Mexico were + well aware that something extraordinary had happened the morning of July + 16, 1945. The blinding flash of light, followed by the shock wave had made + a vivid impression on people who lived within a radius of 160 miles of + ground zero. Windows were shattered 120 miles away in Silver City, and + residents of Albuquerque saw the bright light of the explosion on the + southern horizon and felt the tremor of the shock waves moments later. + </p> + <p> + The true story of the Trinity test first became known to the public on + August 6, 1945. This is when the world's second nuclear bomb, nicknamed + Little Boy, exploded 1,850 feet over Hiroshima, Japan, destroying a large + portion of the city and killing an estimated 70,000 to 130,000 of its + inhabitants. Three days later on August 9, a third atomic bomb devastated + the city of Nagasaki and killed approximately 45,000 more Japanese. The + Nagasaki weapon was a plutonium bomb, similar to the Trinity device, and + it was nicknamed Fat Man. On Tuesday August 14, at 7 p.m. Eastern War + Time, President Truman made a brief formal announcement that Japan had + finally surrendered and World War II was over after almost six years and + 60 million deaths! + </p> + <p> + On Sunday, September 9, 1945, Trinity Site was opened to the press for the + first time. This was mainly to dispel rumors of lingering high radiation + levels there, as well as in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Led by General Groves + and Oppenheimer, this widely publicized visit made Trinity front page news + all over the country. + </p> + <p> + Trinity Site was later encircled with more than a mile of chain link + fencing and posted with signs warning of radioactivity. In the early 1950s + most of the remaining Trinitite in the crater was bulldozed into a + underground concrete bunker near Trinity. Also at this time the crater was + back filled with new soil. In 1963 the Trinitite was removed from the + bunker, packed into 55-gallon drums, and loaded into trucks belonging to + the Atomic Energy Commission (the successor of the Manhattan Project). + Trinity site remained off-limits to military and civilian personnel of the + range and closed to the public for many years, despite attempts + immediately after the war to turn Trinity into a national monument. + </p> + <p> + In 1953 about 700 people attended the first Trinity Site open house + sponsored by the Alamogordo Chamber of Commerce and the Missile Range. Two + years later, a small group from Tularosa, NM visited the site on the 10th + anniversary of the explosion to conduct a religious service and pray for + peace. + </p> + <p> + Regular visits have been made annually in recent years on the first + Saturday in October instead of the anniversary date of July 16, to avoid + the desert heat. Later Trinity Site was opened one additional day on the + first Saturday in April. The Site remains closed to the public except for + these two days, because it lies within the impact areas for missiles fired + into the northern part of the Range. + </p> + <p> + In 1965, Range officials erected a modest monument at Ground Zero. Built + of black lava rock, this monument serves as a permanent marker for the + site and as a reminder of the momentous event that occurred there. On the + monument is a plain metal plaque with this simple inscription: "Trinity + Site Where the World's First Nuclear Device Was Exploded on July 16, + 1945." + </p> + <p> + During the annual tour in 1975, a second plaque was added below the first + by The National Park Service, designating Trinity Site a National Historic + Landmark. This plaque reads, "This site possesses national significance in + commemorating the history of the U.S.A." + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0002" id="link2H_4_0002"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + JUMBO + </h2> + <p> + Lying next to the entrance of the chain link fence that still surrounds + Trinity Site are the rusty remains of Jumbo. Jumbo was the code name for + the 214-ton Thermos shaped steel and concrete container designed to hold + the precious plutonium core of the Trinity device in case of a nuclear + mis-fire. Built by the Babcock and Wilcox Company of Barberton, Ohio, + Jumbo was 28 feet long, 12 feet, 8 inches in diameter, and with steel + walls up to 16 inches thick. + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="jumbo (57K)" src="images/jumbo.jpg" width="100%" /><br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p> + The idea of using some kind of container for the Trinity device was based + on the fact that plutonium was extremely expensive and very difficult to + produce. So, much thought went into a way of containing the 15 lb. + plutonium core of the bomb, in case the 5,300 lbs. of conventional high + explosives surrounding the core exploded without setting off a nuclear + blast, and in the process scattering the costly plutonium (about 250 + million dollars worth) across the dessert. After extensive research and + testing of other potential containment ideas, the concept of Jumbo was + decided on in the late summer of 1944. + </p> + <p> + However, by the spring of 1945, after Jumbo had already been built and + transported (with great difficulty) to the Trinity Site by the Eichleay + Corporation of Pittsburgh, it was decided not to explode the Trinity + device inside of Jumbo after all. There were several reasons for this new + decision: first, plutonium had become more readily (relatively) available; + second, the Project scientists decided that the Trinity device would + probably work as planned; and last, the scientists realized that if Jumbo + were used it would adversely affect the test results, and add 214 tons of + highly radioactive material to the atmosphere. + </p> + <p> + Not knowing what else to do with the massive 12 million dollar Jumbo, it + was decided to suspend it from a steel tower 800 yards from Ground Zero to + see how it would withstand the Trinity test. Jumbo survived the + approximately 20 kiloton Trinity blast undamaged, but its supporting + 70-foot tall steel tower was flattened. + </p> + <p> + Two years later, in an attempt to destroy the unused Jumbo before it and + its 12 million dollar cost came to the attention of a congressional + investigating committee, Manhattan Project Director General Groves ordered + two junior officers from the Special Weapons Division at Sandia Army Base + in Albuquerque to test Jumbo. The Army officers placed eight 500-pound + conventional bombs in the bottom of Jumbo. Since the bombs were on the + bottom of Jumbo, and not the center (the correct position), the resultant + explosion blew both ends off Jumbo. Unable to totally destroy Jumbo, the + Army then buried it in the desert near Trinity Site. It was not until the + early 1970s that the impressive remains of Jumbo, still weighing over 180 + tons, were moved to their present location. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0003" id="link2H_4_0003"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + SCHMIDT-McDONALD RANCH HOUSE + </h2> + <p> + The Schmidt-McDonald ranch house is located two miles south of Ground + Zero. The property encompasses about three acres and consists of the main + house and assorted outbuildings. The house, surrounded by a low stone + wall, was built in 1913 by Franz Schmidt, a German immigrant and + homesteader. In the 1920s Schmidt sold the ranch to George McDonald and + moved to Florida. + </p> + <p> + The ranch house is a one-story, 1,750 square-foot adobe (mud bricks) + building. An ice house is located on the west side along with an 9'-4" + deep underground cistern. A 14 by 18.5 foot stone addition, which included + a modern bathroom, was added onto the north side in the 1930s. East of the + house there is a large, divided concrete water storage tank and a + windmill. South of the windmill are the remains of a bunkhouse, and a barn + which also served as a garage. Further to the east are corrals and holding + pens for livestock. + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="mcdonald (69K)" src="images/mcdonald.jpg" width="100%" /><br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p> + The McDonalds vacated their ranch house and their thousands of acres of + marginal range land in early 1942 when it became part of the Alamogordo + Bombing and Gunnery Range. The old house remained empty until Manhattan + Project personnel arrived in 1945. Then a spacious room in the northeast + corner of the house was selected by the Project personnel for the assembly + of the plutonium core of the Trinity device. Workmen installed work + benches, tables, and other equipment in this large room. To keep the + desert dust and sand out, the room's windows and cracks were covered with + plastic and sealed with tape. The core of the bomb consisted of two + hemispheres of plutonium, (Pu-239), and an initiator. According to + reports, while scientists assembled the initiator and the Pu-239 + hemispheres, jeeps were positioned outside with their engines running for + a quick getaway if needed. Detection devices were used to monitor + radiation levels in the room, and when fully assembled the core was warm + to the touch. The completed core was later transported the two miles to + Ground Zero, inserted into the bomb assembly, and raised to the top of the + tower. + </p> + <p> + The Trinity explosion on Monday morning, July 16, did not significantly + damage the McDonald house. Even though most of the windows were blown out, + and the chimney was blown over, the main structure survived intact. Years + of rain water dripping through holes in the metal roof did much more + damage to the mud brick walls than the bomb did. The nearby barn did not + fare as well. The Trinity test blew part of its roof off, and the roof has + since totally collapsed. + </p> + <p> + The ranch house stood empty and deteriorating for 37 years until 1982 when + the US Army stabilized it to prevent any further damage. The next year, + the Department of Energy and the Army provided funds for the National Park + Service to completely restore the house to the way it appeared in July, + 1945. When the work was completed, the house with many photo displays on + Trinity was opened to the public for the first time in October 1984 during + the semi-annual tour. The Schmidt-McDonald ranch house is part of the + Trinity National Historic Landmark. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_FOOT" id="link2H_FOOT"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + FOOTNOTES + </h2> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1" id="linknote-1"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1 (<a href="#linknoteref-1">return</a>)<br /> [ Szasz, Ferenc. The Day the + Sun Rose Twice. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984. p. 28.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-2" id="linknote-2"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 2 (<a href="#linknoteref-2">return</a>)<br /> [ Hayward, John, ed. John + Donne: Complete Poetry and Selected Prose. New York: Random House, Inc., + 1949. p. 285.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-3" id="linknote-3"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 3 (<a href="#linknoteref-3">return</a>)<br /> [ Szasz, The Day the Sun Rose + Twice, p. 40.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-4" id="linknote-4"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 4 (<a href="#linknoteref-4">return</a>)<br /> [ Wyden, Peter. Day One: + Before Hiroshima and After. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984. p. 204.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-5" id="linknote-5"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 5 (<a href="#linknoteref-5">return</a>)<br /> [ Lamont, Lansing. Day of + Trinity. New York: Atheneum, 1965. p. 123-124.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-6" id="linknote-6"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 6 (<a href="#linknoteref-6">return</a>)<br /> [ Kunetka, James W. City of + Fire: Los Alamos and the Atomic Age, 1943-1945. Albuquerque: University of + New Mexico Press, 1978. p. 170.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-7" id="linknote-7"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 7 (<a href="#linknoteref-7">return</a>)<br /> [ Wilson, Jane S. and + Charlotte Serber, eds. Standing By and Making Do: Women in Wartime Los + Alamos. Los Alamos: Los Alamos Historical Society, 1988. p. x, xi.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-8" id="linknote-8"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 8 (<a href="#linknoteref-8">return</a>)<br /> [ Brown, Anthony Cave, and + Charles B. MacDonald. The Secret History of the Atomic Bomb. New York: + Dell, 1977. p. 516.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_BIBL" id="link2H_BIBL"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + BIBLIOGRAPHY + </h2> + <p> + Bainbridge, Kenneth T. Trinity. Los Alamos: Los Alamos Scientific + Laboratory, (La-6300-H), 1946. + </p> + <p> + Brown, Anthony Cave, and Charles B. MacDonald. The Secret History of the + Atomic Bomb. New York: Dell, 1977. + </p> + <p> + Compton, Arthur Holly. Atomic Quest: A Personal Quest. New York: Oxford + University Press, 1956. + </p> + <p> + Fanton, Jonathan F., Stoff, Michael B. and Williams, R. Hal editors. The + Manhattan Project: A Documentary Introduction to the Atomic Age. + Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991. + </p> + <p> + Feis, Herbert. Japan Subdued: The Atomic Bomb and the End of the War in + the Pacific. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961. + </p> + <p> + Groves, Leslie R. Now it Can be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project. + New York: Da Capo Press, 1975. + </p> + <p> + Hersey, John. Hiroshima. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1946. + </p> + <p> + Jette, Eleanor. Inside Box 1663. Los Alamos: Los Alamos Historical + Society, 1977. + </p> + <p> + Kunetka, James W. City of Fire: Los Alamos and the Atomic Age, 1943-1945. + Albuquerque; University of New Mexico Press, 1978. + </p> + <p> + Lamont, Lansing. Day of Trinity. New York: Athenaeum, 1965. + </p> + <p> + Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon and + Schuster, 1986. + </p> + <p> + Skates, John Ray. The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb. + Columbia; University of South Carolina Press, 1994. + </p> + <p> + Smyth, Henry DeWolf. Atomic Energy for Military Purposes. Princeton: + Princeton University Press, 1948. + </p> + <p> + Szasz, Ferenc. The Day the Sun Rose Twice. Albuquerque: University of New + Mexico Press, 1984. + </p> + <p> + Tibbets, Paul W. Flight of the Enola Gay. Reynoldsburg, Ohio: Buckeye + Aviation Book Company, 1989. + </p> + <p> + Williams, Robert C. Klaus Fuchs, Atom Spy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: + Harvard University Press, 1987. + </p> + <p> + Wilson, Jane S. and Serber, Charlotte, eds. Standing By and Making Do: + Women in Wartime Los Alamos. Los Alamos: Los Alamos Historical Society, + 1988. + </p> + <p> + Wyden, Peter. Day One: Before Hiroshima and After. New York: Simon and + Schuster, 1984. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0006" id="link2H_4_0006"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE NATIONAL ATOMIC MUSEUM, + </h2> + <h3> + Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico + </h3> + <p> + Since its opening in 1969, the objective of the National Atomic museum has + been to provide a readily accessible repository of educational materials, + and information on the Atomic Age. In addition, the museum's goal is to + preserve, interpret, and exhibit to the public memorabilia of this Age. In + late 1991 the museum was chartered by Congress as the United States' only + official Atomic museum. + </p> + <p> + Prominently featured in the museum's high bay is the story of the + Manhattan Engineer District, the unprecedented 2.2 billion dollar + scientific-engineering project that was centered in New Mexico during + World War II. The Manhattan Project as it was more commonly called, + developed, built, and tested the world's first Atomic bomb in New Mexico. + This display also includes casings similar to the only Atomic bombs ever + used in warfare. Dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, + these two bombs helped bring World War II to an end in mid-August 1945. + The story of the Manhattan Project's three secret cities, Hanford, + Washington, Los Alamos, New Mexico, and Oak Ridge, Tennessee, is also + presented in this area. + </p> + <p> + A portion of the museum, the low bay, is devoted to exhibits on the + research, development, and use of various forms of nuclear energy. + Historical and other traveling exhibits are also displayed in this area. + Also found in the low bay is the museum's store, which is operated by the + museum's foundation. + </p> + <p> + Adjacent to the low bay is the theater. The featured film is David Wolpers + classic 1963 production, Ten Seconds That Shook The World. This excellent + film is a 53-minute documentary on the Manhattan Project. Other films + relating to the history of the Atomic Age are available for viewing and + checkout from the library. + </p> + <p> + Next to the theater is the library/Department of Energy public reading + room, containing government documents that are available to the public for + in-library research. The library also has many nuclear related books + available for reference and checkout. + </p> + <p> + Located around the outside of the museum are a number of large exhibits. + These include the Boeing B-52B jet bomber that dropped the United States' + last air burst H-bomb in 1962, and a 280-mm (11 inches) Atomic cannon, + once America's most powerful field artillery. Also found in this area is a + Navy TA-7C (a modified A-7B) Corsair II fighter-bomber, a veteran of the + Vietnam War. Many other nuclear weapons systems, rockets, and missiles are + found in this area. + </p> + <p> + In front of the museum are a pair of Navy Terrier missiles. The Terrier + was the Navy's first operational surface to air missile. To the south of + the museum, next to the visitors parking lot, is a Republic F-105D + Thunderchief fighter-bomber. Further south is a World War II Boeing B-29 + Superfortress. This plane is similar to the B-29's, Enola Gay and Bockscar + that dropped the Atomic bombs on Japan. + </p> + <p> + The National Atomic Museum, is open 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily, except for New + Years Day, Easter, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. The museum is located at + 20358 Wyoming Blvd. SE, on Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New + Mexico. Guided tours for groups are available by calling (505)845-4636 in + advance. Admission and tours are free, and cameras are always welcome! + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Trinity [Atomic Test] Site, by +The National Atomic Museum + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRINITY [ATOMIC TEST] SITE *** + +***** This file should be named 277-h.htm or 277-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/7/277/ + +Produced by Gregory Walker and David Widger + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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