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+***The Project Gutenberg Etext of Trinity [Atomic Test] Site***
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+On the 50th Anniversary of the Atomic Bomb
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+Trinity [Atomic Test] Site
+by the National Atomic Museum
+
+June, 1995  [Etext #277]
+
+The 50th Anniversary of the Atomic Bomb
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+
+
+
+TRINITY SITE
+ by the U.S. Department of Energy
+ National Atomic Museum,
+ Albuquerque, New Mexico
+
+
+
+Contents:
+ The First Atomic Test.
+ Jumbo.
+ Schmidt-McDonald Ranch House.
+ Notes.
+ Bibliography.
+ The National Atomic Museum.
+
+
+
+The First Atomic Test
+
+
+On Monday morning July 16, 1945, the world was changed forever when
+the first atomic bomb was tested in an isolated area of the New Mexico
+desert.  Conducted in the final month of World War II by the top-
+secret Manhattan Engineer District, this test was code named Trinity.
+The Trinity test took place on the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery
+Range, about 230 miles south of the Manhattan Project's headquarters
+at Los Alamos, New Mexico.  Today this 3,200 square mile range, partly
+located in the desolate Jornada del Muerto Valley, is named the White
+Sands Missile Range and is actively used for non-nuclear weapons
+testing.
+
+Before the war the range was mostly public and private grazing land
+that had always been sparsely populated.  During the war it was even
+more lonely and deserted because the ranchers had agreed to vacate
+their homes in January 1942.  They left because the War Department
+wanted the land to use as an artillery and bombing practice area.  In
+September 1944, a remote 18 by 24 square mile portion of the north-
+east corner of the Bombing Range was set aside for the Manhattan
+Project and the Trinity test by the military.
+
+The selection of this remote location in the Jornada del Muerto Valley
+for the Trinity test was from an initial list of eight possible test
+sites.  Besides the Jornada, three of the other seven sites were also
+located in New Mexico: the Tularosa Basin near Alamogordo, the lava
+beds (now the El Malpais National Monument) south of Grants, and an
+area southwest of Cuba and north of Thoreau.  Other possible sites not
+located in New Mexico were: an Army training area north of Blythe,
+California, in the Mojave Desert; San Nicolas Island (one of the
+Channel Islands) off the coast of Southern California; and on Padre
+Island south of Corpus Christi, Texas, in the Gulf of Mexico.  The
+last choice for the test was in the beautiful San Luis Valley of south-
+central Colorado, near today's Great Sand Dunes National Monument.
+
+Based on a number of criteria that included availability, distance
+from Los Alamos, good weather, few or no settlements, and that no
+Indian land would be used, the choices for the test site were narrowed
+down to two in the summer of 1944.  First choice was the military
+training area in southern California.  The second choice, was the
+Jornada del Muerto Valley in New Mexico.  The final site selection was
+made in late August 1944 by Major General Leslie R. Groves, the
+military head of the Manhattan Project.  When General Groves
+discovered that in order to use the California location he would need
+the permission of its commander, General George Patton, Groves quickly
+decided on the second choice, the Jornada del Muerto.  This was
+because General Groves did not want anything to do with the flamboyant
+Patton, who Groves had once described as "the most disagreeable man I
+had ever met."[1]  Despite being second choice the remote Jornada was
+a good location for the test, because it provided isolation for
+secrecy and safety, was only 230 miles south of Los Alamos, and was
+already under military control.  Plus, the Jornada enjoyed relatively
+good weather.
+
+The history of the Jornada is in itself quite fascinating, since it
+was given its name by the Spanish conquerors of New Mexico.  The
+Jornada was a short cut on the Camino Real, the King's Highway that
+linked old Mexico to Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico.  The Camino
+Real went north from Mexico City till it joined the Rio Grande near
+present day El Paso, Texas.  Then the trail followed the river valley
+further north to a point where the river curved to the west, and its
+valley narrowed and became impassable for the supply wagons.  To avoid
+this obstacle, the wagons took the dubious detour north across the
+Jornada del Muerto.  Sixty miles of desert, very little water, and
+numerous hostile Apaches.  Hence the name Jornada del Muerto, which is
+often translated as the journey of death or as the route of the dead
+man.  It is also interesting to note that in the late 16th century,
+the Spanish considered their province of New Mexico to include most of
+North America west of the Mississippi!
+
+The origin of the code name Trinity for the test site is also
+interesting, but the true source is unknown.  One popular account
+attributes the name to J. Robert Oppenheimer, the scientific head of
+the Manhattan Project.  According to this version, the well read
+Oppenheimer based the name Trinity on the fourteenth Holy Sonnet by
+John Donne, a 16th century English poet and sermon writer.  The sonnet
+started, "Batter my heart, three-personed God."[2]  Another version of
+the name's origin comes from University of New Mexico historian Ferenc
+M. Szasz.  In his 1984 book, The Day the Sun Rose Twice, Szasz quotes
+Robert W. Henderson head of the Engineering Group in the Explosives
+Division of the Manhattan Project.  Henderson told Szasz that the name
+Trinity came from Major W. A. (Lex) Stevens.  According to Henderson,
+he and Stevens were at the test site discussing the best way to haul
+Jumbo (see below) the thirty miles from the closest railway siding to
+the test site.  "A devout Roman Catholic, Stevens observed that the
+railroad siding was called 'Pope's Siding.'  He [then] remarked that
+the Pope had special access to the Trinity, and that the scientists
+would need all the help they could get to move the 214 ton Jumbo to
+its proper spot."[3]
+
+The Trinity test was originally set for July 4, 1945.  However, final
+preparations for the test, which included the assembly of the bomb's
+plutonium core, did not begin in earnest until Thursday, July 12.  The
+abandoned George McDonald ranch house located two miles south of the
+test site served as the assembly point for the device's core.  After
+assembly, the plutonium core was transported to Trinity Site to be
+inserted into the thing or gadget as the atomic device was called.
+But, on the first attempt to insert the core it stuck!  After letting
+the temperatures of the core and the gadget equalize, the core fit
+perfectly to the great relief of all present.  The completed device
+was raised to the top of a 100-foot steel tower on Saturday, July 14.
+During this process workers piled up mattresses beneath the gadget to
+cushion a possible fall.  When the bomb reached the top of the tower
+without mishap, installation of the explosive detonators began.  The
+100-foot tower (a surplus Forest Service fire-watch tower) was
+designated Point Zero.  Ground Zero was at the base of the tower.
+
+As a result of all the anxiety surrounding the possibility of a
+failure of the test, a verse by an unknown author circulated around
+Los Alamos.  It read:
+
+  From this crude lab that spawned a dud.
+  Their necks to Truman's ax uncurled
+  Lo, the embattled savants stood,
+  and fired the flop heard round the world.[4]
+
+A betting pool was also started by scientists at Los Alamos on the
+possible yield of the Trinity test.  Yields from 45,000 tons of TNT to
+zero were selected by the various bettors.  The Nobel Prize-winning
+(1938) physicist Enrico Fermi was willing to bet anyone that the test
+would wipe out all life on Earth, with special odds on the mere
+destruction of the entire State of New Mexico!
+
+Meanwhile back at the test site, technicians installed seismographic
+and photographic equipment at varying distances from the tower.  Other
+instruments were set up for recording radioactivity, temperature, air
+pressure, and similar data needed by the project scientists.
+
+According to Lansing Lamont in his 1965 book Day of Trinity, life at
+Trinity could at times be very exciting.  One afternoon while
+scientists were busily setting up test instruments in the desert, the
+tail gunner of a low flying B-29 bomber spotted some grazing antelopes
+and opened up with his twin .50-caliber machine guns.  "A dozen
+scientists, ... under the plane and out of the gunner's line of
+vision, dropped their instruments and hugged the ground in terror as
+the bullets thudded about them."[5]  Later a number of these
+scientists threatened to quit the project.
+
+Workers built three observation points 5.68 miles (10,000 yards),
+north, south, and west of Ground Zero.  Code named Able, Baker, and
+Pittsburgh, these heavily-built wooden bunkers were reinforced with
+concrete, and covered with earth.  The bunker designated Baker or
+South 10,000 served as the control center for the test.  This is where
+head scientist J. Robert Oppenheimer would be for the test.
+
+A fourth observation point was the test's Base Camp, (the abandoned
+Dave McDonald ranch) located about ten miles southwest of Ground Zero.
+The primary observation point was on Compania Hill, located about 20
+miles to the northwest of Trinity near today's Stallion Range Gate,
+off NM 380.
+
+The test was originally scheduled for 4 a.m., Monday July 16, but was
+postponed to 5:30 due to a severe thunderstorm that would have
+increased the amount of radioactive fallout, and have interfered with
+the test results.  The rain finally stopped and at 5:29:45 a.m.
+Mountain War Time, the device exploded successfully and the Atomic Age
+was born.  The nuclear blast created a flash of light brighter than a
+dozen suns.  The light was seen over the entire state of New Mexico
+and in parts of Arizona, Texas, and Mexico.  The resultant mushroom
+cloud rose to over 38,000 feet within minutes, and the heat of the
+explosion was 10,000 times hotter than the surface of the sun!  At ten
+miles away, this heat was described as like standing directly in front
+of a roaring fireplace.  Every living thing within a mile of the tower
+was obliterated.  The power of the bomb was estimated to be equal to
+20,000 tons of TNT, or equivalent to the bomb load of 2,000 B-29,
+Superfortresses!
+
+After witnessing the awesome blast, Oppenheimer quoted a line from a
+sacred Hindu text, the Bhagavad-Gita:  He said: "I am become death,
+the shatterer of worlds."[6]  In Los Alamos 230 miles to the north, a
+group of scientists' wives who had stayed up all night for the not so
+secret test, saw the light and heard the distant sound.  One wife,
+Jane Wilson, described it this way, "Then it came. The blinding light
+[no] one had ever seen.  The trees, illuminated, leaping out.  The
+mountains flashing into life.  Later, the long slow rumble. Something
+had happened, all right, for good or ill."[7]
+
+General Groves' deputy commander, Brigadier General T. F. Farrell,
+described the explosion in great detail: "The effects could well be
+called unprecedented, magnificent, beautiful, stupendous, and
+terrifying.  No man-made phenomenon of such tremendous power had ever
+occurred before.  The lighting effects beggared description.  The
+whole country was lighted by a searing light with the intensity many
+times that of the midday sun.  It was golden, purple, violet, gray,
+and blue.  It lighted every peak, crevasse and ridge of the nearby
+mountain range with a clarity and beauty that cannot be described but
+must be seen to be imagined..."[8]
+
+Immediately after the test a Sherman M-4 tank, equipped with its own
+air supply, and lined with two inches of lead went out to explore the
+site.  The lead lining added 12 tons to the tank's weight, but was
+necessary to protect its occupants from the radiation levels at ground
+zero.  The tank's passengers found that the 100-foot steel tower had
+virtually disappeared, with only the metal and concrete stumps of its
+four legs remaining.  Surrounding ground zero was a crater almost
+2,400 feet across and about ten feet deep in places.  Desert sand
+around the tower had been fused by the intense heat of the blast into
+a jade colored glass.  This atomic glass was given the name Atomsite,
+but the name was later changed to Trinitite.
+
+Due to the intense secrecy surrounding the test, no accurate
+information of what happened was released to the public until after
+the second atomic bomb had been dropped on Japan.  However, many
+people in New Mexico were well aware that something extraordinary had
+happened the morning of July 16, 1945.  The blinding flash of light,
+followed by the shock wave had made a vivid impression on people who
+lived within a radius of 160 miles of ground zero.  Windows were
+shattered 120 miles away in Silver City, and residents of Albuquerque
+saw the bright light of the explosion on the southern horizon and felt
+the tremor of the shock waves moments later.
+
+The true story of the Trinity test first became known to the public on
+August 6, 1945.  This is when the world's second nuclear bomb,
+nicknamed Little Boy, exploded 1,850 feet over Hiroshima, Japan,
+destroying a large portion of the city and killing an estimated 70,000
+to 130,000 of its inhabitants.  Three days later on August 9, a third
+atomic bomb devastated the city of Nagasaki and killed approximately
+45,000 more Japanese.  The Nagasaki weapon was a plutonium bomb,
+similar to the Trinity device, and it was nicknamed Fat Man.  On
+Tuesday August 14, at 7 p.m. Eastern War Time, President Truman made a
+brief formal announcement that Japan had finally surrendered and World
+War II was over after almost six years and 60 million deaths!
+
+On Sunday, September 9, 1945, Trinity Site was opened to the press for
+the first time.  This was mainly to dispel rumors of lingering high
+radiation levels there, as well as in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.  Led by
+General Groves and Oppenheimer, this widely publicized visit made
+Trinity front page news all over the country.
+
+Trinity Site was later encircled with more than a mile of chain link
+fencing and posted with signs warning of radioactivity.  In the early
+1950s most of the remaining Trinitite in the crater was bulldozed into
+a underground concrete bunker near Trinity.  Also at this time the
+crater was back filled with new soil.  In 1963 the Trinitite was
+removed from the bunker, packed into 55-gallon drums, and loaded into
+trucks belonging to the Atomic Energy Commission (the successor of the
+Manhattan Project).  Trinity site remained off-limits to military and
+civilian personnel of the range and closed to the public for many
+years, despite attempts immediately after the war to turn Trinity into
+a national monument.
+
+In 1953 about 700 people attended the first Trinity Site open house
+sponsored by the Alamogordo Chamber of Commerce and the Missile Range.
+Two years later, a small group from Tularosa, NM visited the site on
+the 10th anniversary of the explosion to conduct a religious service
+and pray for peace.
+
+Regular visits have been made annually in recent years on the first
+Saturday in October instead of the anniversary date of July 16, to
+avoid the desert heat.  Later Trinity Site was opened one additional
+day on the first Saturday in April.  The Site remains closed to the
+public except for these two days, because it lies within the impact
+areas for missiles fired into the northern part of the Range.
+
+In 1965, Range officials erected a modest monument at Ground Zero.
+Built of black lava rock, this monument serves as a permanent marker
+for the site and as a reminder of the momentous event that occurred
+there.  On the monument is a plain metal plaque with this simple
+inscription: "Trinity Site Where the World's First Nuclear Device Was
+Exploded on July 16, 1945."
+
+During the annual tour in 1975, a second plaque was added below the
+first by The National Park Service, designating Trinity Site a
+National Historic Landmark.  This plaque reads, "This site possesses
+national significance in commemorating the history of the U.S.A."
+
+
+
+JUMBO
+
+
+Lying next to the entrance of the chain link fence that still
+surrounds Trinity Site are the rusty remains of Jumbo.  Jumbo was the
+code name for the 214-ton Thermos shaped steel and concrete container
+designed to hold the precious plutonium core of the Trinity device in
+case of a nuclear mis-fire.  Built by the Babcock and Wilcox Company
+of Barberton, Ohio, Jumbo was 28 feet long, 12 feet, 8 inches in
+diameter, and with steel walls up to 16 inches thick.
+
+The idea of using some kind of container for the Trinity device was
+based on the fact that plutonium was extremely expensive and very
+difficult to produce.  So, much thought went into a way of containing
+the 15 lb. plutonium core of the bomb, in case the 5,300 lbs. of
+conventional high explosives surrounding the core exploded without
+setting off a nuclear blast, and in the process scattering the costly
+plutonium (about 250 million dollars worth) across the dessert.  After
+extensive research and testing of other potential containment ideas,
+the concept of Jumbo was decided on in the late summer of 1944.
+
+However, by the spring of 1945, after Jumbo had already been built and
+transported (with great difficulty) to the Trinity Site by the
+Eichleay Corporation of Pittsburgh, it was decided not to explode the
+Trinity device inside of Jumbo after all.  There were several reasons
+for this new decision: first, plutonium had become more readily
+(relatively) available; second, the Project scientists decided that
+the Trinity device would probably work as planned; and last, the
+scientists realized that if Jumbo were used it would adversely affect
+the test results, and add 214 tons of highly radioactive material to
+the atmosphere.
+
+Not knowing what else to do with the massive 12 million dollar Jumbo,
+it was decided to suspend it from a steel tower 800 yards from Ground
+Zero to see how it would withstand the Trinity test.  Jumbo survived
+the approximately 20 kiloton Trinity blast undamaged, but its
+supporting 70-foot tall steel tower was flattened.
+
+Two years later, in an attempt to destroy the unused Jumbo before it
+and its 12 million dollar cost came to the attention of a
+congressional investigating committee, Manhattan Project Director
+General Groves ordered two junior officers from the Special Weapons
+Division at Sandia Army Base in Albuquerque to test Jumbo.  The Army
+officers placed eight 500-pound conventional bombs in the bottom of
+Jumbo.  Since the bombs were on the bottom of Jumbo, and not the
+center (the correct position), the resultant explosion blew both ends
+off Jumbo.  Unable to totally destroy Jumbo, the Army then buried it
+in the desert near Trinity Site.  It was not until the early 1970s
+that the impressive remains of Jumbo, still weighing over 180 tons,
+were moved to their present location.
+
+
+
+SCHMIDT-McDONALD RANCH HOUSE
+
+
+The Schmidt-McDonald ranch house is located two miles south of Ground
+Zero.  The property encompasses about three acres and consists of the
+main house and assorted outbuildings.  The house, surrounded by a low
+stone wall, was built in 1913 by Franz Schmidt, a German immigrant and
+homesteader.  In the 1920s Schmidt sold the ranch to George McDonald
+and moved to Florida.
+
+The ranch house is a one-story, 1,750 square-foot adobe (mud bricks)
+building.  An ice house is located on the west side along with an 9'-
+4" deep underground cistern.  A 14 by 18.5 foot stone addition, which
+included a modern bathroom, was added onto the north side in the
+1930s.  East of the house there is a large, divided concrete water
+storage tank and a windmill.  South of the windmill are the remains of
+a bunkhouse, and a barn which also served as a garage.  Further to the
+east are corrals and holding pens for livestock.
+
+The McDonalds vacated their ranch house and their thousands of acres
+of marginal range land in early 1942 when it became part of the
+Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range.  The old house remained empty
+until Manhattan Project personnel arrived in 1945.  Then a spacious
+room in the northeast corner of the house was selected by the Project
+personnel for the assembly of the plutonium core of the Trinity
+device.  Workmen installed work benches, tables, and other equipment
+in this large room.  To keep the desert dust and sand out, the room's
+windows and cracks were covered with plastic and sealed with tape.
+The core of the bomb consisted of two hemispheres of plutonium, (Pu-
+239), and an initiator.  According to reports, while scientists
+assembled the initiator and the Pu-239 hemispheres, jeeps were
+positioned outside with their engines running for a quick getaway if
+needed.  Detection devices were used to monitor radiation levels in
+the room, and when fully assembled the core was warm to the touch.
+The completed core was later transported the two miles to Ground Zero,
+inserted into the bomb assembly, and raised to the top of the tower.
+
+The Trinity explosion on Monday morning, July 16, did not
+significantly damage the McDonald house.  Even though  most of the
+windows were blown out, and the chimney was blown over, the main
+structure survived intact.  Years of rain water dripping through holes
+in the metal roof did much more damage to the mud brick walls than the
+bomb did.  The nearby barn did not fare as well.  The Trinity test
+blew part of its roof off, and the roof has since totally collapsed.
+
+The ranch house stood empty and deteriorating for 37 years until 1982
+when the US Army stabilized it to prevent any further damage.  The
+next year, the Department of Energy and the Army provided funds for
+the National Park Service to completely restore the house to the way
+it appeared in July, 1945.  When the work was completed, the house
+with many photo displays on Trinity was opened to the public for the
+first time in October 1984 during the semi-annual tour.  The Schmidt-
+McDonald ranch house is part of the Trinity National Historic
+Landmark.
+
+
+
+Notes
+
+
+[1]  Szasz, Ferenc.  The Day the Sun Rose Twice.  Albuquerque:
+University of New Mexico Press, 1984.  p. 28.
+
+[2]  Hayward, John, ed.  John Donne: Complete Poetry and Selected
+Prose.  New York: Random House, Inc., 1949.  p. 285.
+
+[3]  Szasz, The Day the Sun Rose Twice,  p. 40.
+
+[4]  Wyden, Peter.  Day One: Before Hiroshima and After.  New York:
+Simon and Schuster, 1984.  p. 204.
+
+[5]  Lamont, Lansing.  Day of Trinity.  New York: Atheneum, 1965.  p.
+123-124.
+
+[6]  Kunetka, James W.  City of Fire: Los Alamos and the Atomic Age,
+1943-1945.  Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1978.  p.
+170.
+
+[7]  Wilson, Jane S. and Charlotte Serber, eds.  Standing By and
+Making Do: Women in Wartime Los Alamos.  Los Alamos: Los Alamos
+Historical Society, 1988.  p. x, xi.
+
+[8]  Brown, Anthony Cave, and Charles B. MacDonald.  The Secret
+History of the Atomic Bomb.  New York: Dell, 1977.  p. 516.
+
+
+
+Bibliography
+
+
+Bainbridge, Kenneth T.  Trinity.  Los Alamos: Los Alamos Scientific
+Laboratory, (La-6300-H), 1946.
+
+Brown, Anthony Cave, and Charles B. MacDonald.  The Secret History of
+the Atomic Bomb.  New York: Dell, 1977.
+
+Compton, Arthur Holly.  Atomic Quest: A Personal Quest.  New York:
+Oxford University Press, 1956.
+
+Fanton, Jonathan F., Stoff, Michael B. and Williams, R. Hal editors.
+The Manhattan Project: A Documentary Introduction to the Atomic Age.
+Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991.
+
+Feis, Herbert.  Japan Subdued: The Atomic Bomb and the End of the War
+in the Pacific.  Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961.
+
+Groves, Leslie R.  Now it Can be Told: The Story of the Manhattan
+Project.  New York: Da Capo Press, 1975.
+
+Hersey, John.  Hiroshima.  New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1946.
+
+Jette, Eleanor.  Inside Box 1663.  Los Alamos: Los Alamos Historical
+Society, 1977.
+
+Kunetka, James W.  City of Fire: Los Alamos and the Atomic Age, 1943-
+1945.  Albuquerque; University of New Mexico Press, 1978.
+
+Lamont, Lansing.  Day of Trinity.  New York: Athenaeum, 1965.
+
+Rhodes, Richard.  The Making of the Atomic Bomb.  New York: Simon and
+Schuster, 1986.
+
+Skates, John Ray.  The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb.
+Columbia; University of South Carolina Press, 1994.
+
+Smyth, Henry DeWolf.  Atomic Energy for Military Purposes.  Princeton:
+Princeton University Press, 1948.
+
+Szasz, Ferenc.  The Day the Sun Rose Twice.  Albuquerque: University
+of New Mexico Press, 1984.
+
+Tibbets, Paul W.  Flight of the Enola Gay.  Reynoldsburg, Ohio:
+Buckeye Aviation Book Company, 1989.
+
+Williams, Robert C.  Klaus Fuchs, Atom Spy.  Cambridge, Massachusetts:
+Harvard University Press, 1987.
+
+Wilson, Jane S. and Serber, Charlotte, eds.  Standing By and Making
+Do: Women in Wartime Los Alamos.  Los Alamos: Los Alamos Historical
+Society, 1988.
+
+Wyden, Peter.  Day One: Before Hiroshima and After.  New York: Simon
+and Schuster, 1984.
+
+
+
+The National Atomic Museum,
+  Kirtland Air Force Base,
+  Albuquerque, New Mexico
+
+
+Since its opening in 1969, the objective of the National Atomic museum
+has been to provide a readily accessible repository of educational
+materials, and information on the Atomic Age.  In addition, the
+museum's goal is to preserve, interpret, and exhibit to the public
+memorabilia of this Age.  In late 1991 the museum was chartered by
+Congress as the United States' only official Atomic museum.
+
+Prominently featured in the museum's high bay is the story of the
+Manhattan Engineer District, the unprecedented 2.2 billion dollar
+scientific-engineering project that was centered in New Mexico during
+World War II.  The Manhattan Project as it was more commonly called,
+developed, built, and tested the world's first Atomic bomb in New
+Mexico.  This display also includes casings similar to the only Atomic
+bombs ever used in warfare.  Dropped on the Japanese cities of
+Hiroshima and Nagasaki, these two bombs helped bring World War II to
+an end in mid-August 1945.  The story of the Manhattan Project's three
+secret cities, Hanford, Washington, Los Alamos, New Mexico, and Oak
+Ridge, Tennessee, is also presented in this area.
+
+A portion of the museum, the low bay, is devoted to exhibits on the
+research, development, and use of various forms of nuclear energy.
+Historical and other traveling exhibits are also displayed in this
+area.  Also found in the low bay is the museum's store, which is
+operated by the museum's foundation.
+
+Adjacent to the low bay is the theater.  The featured film is David
+Wolpers classic 1963 production, Ten Seconds That Shook The World.
+This excellent film is a 53-minute documentary on the Manhattan
+Project.  Other films relating to the history of the Atomic Age are
+available for viewing and checkout from the library.
+
+Next to the theater is the library/Department of Energy public reading
+room, containing government documents that are available to the public
+for in-library research.  The library also has many nuclear related
+books available for reference and checkout.
+
+Located around the outside of the museum are a number of large
+exhibits.  These include the Boeing B-52B jet bomber that dropped the
+United States' last air burst H-bomb in 1962, and a 280-mm (11 inches)
+Atomic cannon, once America's most powerful field artillery.  Also
+found in this area is a Navy TA-7C (a modified A-7B) Corsair II
+fighter-bomber, a veteran of the Vietnam War.  Many other nuclear
+weapons systems, rockets, and missiles are found in this area.
+
+In front of the museum are a pair of Navy Terrier missiles.  The
+Terrier was the Navy's first operational surface to air missile.  To
+the south of the museum, next to the visitors parking lot, is a
+Republic F-105D Thunderchief fighter-bomber.  Further south is a World
+War II Boeing B-29 Superfortress.  This plane is similar to the B-
+29's, Enola Gay and Bockscar that dropped the Atomic bombs on Japan.
+
+The National Atomic Museum, is open 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily, except for
+New Years Day, Easter, Thanksgiving, and Christmas.  The museum is
+located at 20358 Wyoming Blvd. SE, on Kirtland Air Force Base,
+Albuquerque, New Mexico.  Guided tours for groups are available by
+calling (505)845-4636 in advance.  Admission and tours are free, and
+cameras are always welcome!
+
+
+
+
+End of this Project Gutenberg Etext of Trinity [Atomic Test] Site
+
+
+
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