diff options
| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 05:14:40 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 05:14:40 -0700 |
| commit | 0c2969fbc09772b4d3b4bfd6137ac7991e744655 (patch) | |
| tree | 8cc9bc6727472c9757598627889296602e88f51f | |
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 277-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 585642 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 277-h/277-h.htm | 1234 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 277-h/images/basecamp.jpg | bin | 0 -> 57955 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 277-h/images/blast.jpg | bin | 0 -> 43752 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 277-h/images/crater.jpg | bin | 0 -> 60450 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 277-h/images/gadget1.jpg | bin | 0 -> 68381 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 277-h/images/gadget2.jpg | bin | 0 -> 76038 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 277-h/images/jumbo.jpg | bin | 0 -> 58835 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 277-h/images/mcdonald.jpg | bin | 0 -> 71461 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 277-h/images/patch.jpg | bin | 0 -> 33234 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 277-h/images/tr_map1.jpg | bin | 0 -> 74615 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 277-h/images/whitsand.jpg | bin | 0 -> 26991 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 277.txt | 946 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 277.zip | bin | 0 -> 18612 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/1trnt10.txt | 808 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/1trnt10.zip | bin | 0 -> 16959 bytes |
19 files changed, 3004 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/277-h.zip b/277-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cfed865 --- /dev/null +++ b/277-h.zip diff --git a/277-h/277-h.htm b/277-h/277-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4cbc031 --- /dev/null +++ b/277-h/277-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1234 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii"?> + +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" > + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en"> + <head> + <title> + Trinity Site, by The U.s. Department of Energy + </title> + <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve"> + + body { margin:5%; text-align:justify} + P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; } + hr { width: 50%; text-align: center;} + .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; } + blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} + .toc { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;} + .toc2 { margin-left: 20%;} + div.fig { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; } + div.middle { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; } + .figleft {float: left; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 1%;} + .figright {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;} + .pagenum {display:inline; font-size: 70%; font-style:normal; + margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%; + text-align: right;} + pre { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;} + +</style> + </head> + <body> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + +Project Gutenberg's Trinity [Atomic Test] Site, by The National Atomic Museum + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Trinity [Atomic Test] Site + The 50th Anniversary of the Atomic Bomb + +Author: The National Atomic Museum + +Release Date: June 29, 2008 [EBook #277] +Last Updated: January 8, 2013 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRINITY [ATOMIC TEST] SITE *** + + + + +Produced by Gregory Walker and David Widger + + + + + +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h1> + TRINITY SITE + </h1> + <h2> + by the U.S. Department of Energy + </h2> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <h3> + National Atomic Museum, <br /> Albuquerque, New Mexico + </h3> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <br /> + </p> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="tr_map1 (72K)" src="images/tr_map1.jpg" width="100%" /><br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="patch (32K)" src="images/patch.jpg" width="100%" /><br /> + </div> + <p> + + </p> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="whitsand (26K)" src="images/whitsand.jpg" width="100%" /><br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <h2> + Contents + </h2> + <table summary="" style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto"> + <tr> + <td> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0001"> THE FIRST ATOMIC TEST </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0002"> JUMBO </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0003"> SCHMIDT-McDONALD RANCH HOUSE </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_FOOT"> FOOTNOTES </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_BIBL"> BIBLIOGRAPHY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0006"> THE NATIONAL ATOMIC MUSEUM, </a> + </p> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <h2> + THE FIRST ATOMIC TEST + </h2> + <p> + On Monday morning July 16, 1945, the world was changed forever when the + first atomic bomb was tested in an isolated area of the New Mexico desert. + Conducted in the final month of World War II by the top-secret Manhattan + Engineer District, this test was code named Trinity. The Trinity test took + place on the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, about 230 miles south + of the Manhattan Project's headquarters at Los Alamos, New Mexico. Today + this 3,200 square mile range, partly located in the desolate Jornada del + Muerto Valley, is named the White Sands Missile Range and is actively used + for non-nuclear weapons testing. + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="basecamp (56K)" src="images/basecamp.jpg" width="100%" /><br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p> + Before the war the range was mostly public and private grazing land that + had always been sparsely populated. During the war it was even more lonely + and deserted because the ranchers had agreed to vacate their homes in + January 1942. They left because the War Department wanted the land to use + as an artillery and bombing practice area. In September 1944, a remote 18 + by 24 square mile portion of the north-east corner of the Bombing Range + was set aside for the Manhattan Project and the Trinity test by the + military. + </p> + <p> + The selection of this remote location in the Jornada del Muerto Valley for + the Trinity test was from an initial list of eight possible test sites. + Besides the Jornada, three of the other seven sites were also located in + New Mexico: the Tularosa Basin near Alamogordo, the lava beds (now the El + Malpais National Monument) south of Grants, and an area southwest of Cuba + and north of Thoreau. Other possible sites not located in New Mexico were: + an Army training area north of Blythe, California, in the Mojave Desert; + San Nicolas Island (one of the Channel Islands) off the coast of Southern + California; and on Padre Island south of Corpus Christi, Texas, in the + Gulf of Mexico. The last choice for the test was in the beautiful San Luis + Valley of south-central Colorado, near today's Great Sand Dunes National + Monument. + </p> + <p> + Based on a number of criteria that included availability, distance from + Los Alamos, good weather, few or no settlements, and that no Indian land + would be used, the choices for the test site were narrowed down to two in + the summer of 1944. First choice was the military training area in + southern California. The second choice, was the Jornada del Muerto Valley + in New Mexico. The final site selection was made in late August 1944 by + Major General Leslie R. Groves, the military head of the Manhattan + Project. When General Groves discovered that in order to use the + California location he would need the permission of its commander, General + George Patton, Groves quickly decided on the second choice, the Jornada + del Muerto. This was because General Groves did not want anything to do + with the flamboyant Patton, who Groves had once described as "the most + disagreeable man I had ever met."<a href="#linknote-1" name="linknoteref-1" + id="linknoteref-1"><small>1</small></a> Despite being second choice the + remote Jornada was a good location for the test, because it provided + isolation for secrecy and safety, was only 230 miles south of Los Alamos, + and was already under military control. Plus, the Jornada enjoyed + relatively good weather. + </p> + <p> + The history of the Jornada is in itself quite fascinating, since it was + given its name by the Spanish conquerors of New Mexico. The Jornada was a + short cut on the Camino Real, the King's Highway that linked old Mexico to + Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico. The Camino Real went north from + Mexico City till it joined the Rio Grande near present day El Paso, Texas. + Then the trail followed the river valley further north to a point where + the river curved to the west, and its valley narrowed and became + impassable for the supply wagons. To avoid this obstacle, the wagons took + the dubious detour north across the Jornada del Muerto. Sixty miles of + desert, very little water, and numerous hostile Apaches. Hence the name + Jornada del Muerto, which is often translated as the journey of death or + as the route of the dead man. It is also interesting to note that in the + late 16th century, the Spanish considered their province of New Mexico to + include most of North America west of the Mississippi! + </p> + <p> + The origin of the code name Trinity for the test site is also interesting, + but the true source is unknown. One popular account attributes the name to + J. Robert Oppenheimer, the scientific head of the Manhattan Project. + According to this version, the well read Oppenheimer based the name + Trinity on the fourteenth Holy Sonnet by John Donne, a 16th century + English poet and sermon writer. The sonnet started, "Batter my heart, + three-personed God."<a href="#linknote-2" name="linknoteref-2" + id="linknoteref-2"><small>2</small></a> Another version of the name's + origin comes from University of New Mexico historian Ferenc M. Szasz. In + his 1984 book, The Day the Sun Rose Twice, Szasz quotes Robert W. + Henderson head of the Engineering Group in the Explosives Division of the + Manhattan Project. Henderson told Szasz that the name Trinity came from + Major W. A. (Lex) Stevens. According to Henderson, he and Stevens were at + the test site discussing the best way to haul Jumbo (see below) the thirty + miles from the closest railway siding to the test site. "A devout Roman + Catholic, Stevens observed that the railroad siding was called 'Pope's + Siding.' He [then] remarked that the Pope had special access to the + Trinity, and that the scientists would need all the help they could get to + move the 214 ton Jumbo to its proper spot."<a href="#linknote-3" + name="linknoteref-3" id="linknoteref-3"><small>3</small></a> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="gadget1 (66K)" src="images/gadget1.jpg" width="100%" /><br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="gadget2 (74K)" src="images/gadget2.jpg" width="100%" /><br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p> + The Trinity test was originally set for July 4, 1945. However, final + preparations for the test, which included the assembly of the bomb's + plutonium core, did not begin in earnest until Thursday, July 12. The + abandoned George McDonald ranch house located two miles south of the test + site served as the assembly point for the device's core. After assembly, + the plutonium core was transported to Trinity Site to be inserted into the + thing or gadget as the atomic device was called. But, on the first attempt + to insert the core it stuck! After letting the temperatures of the core + and the gadget equalize, the core fit perfectly to the great relief of all + present. The completed device was raised to the top of a 100-foot steel + tower on Saturday, July 14. During this process workers piled up + mattresses beneath the gadget to cushion a possible fall. When the bomb + reached the top of the tower without mishap, installation of the explosive + detonators began. The 100-foot tower (a surplus Forest Service fire-watch + tower) was designated Point Zero. Ground Zero was at the base of the + tower. + </p> + <p> + As a result of all the anxiety surrounding the possibility of a failure of + the test, a verse by an unknown author circulated around Los Alamos. It + read: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + From this crude lab that spawned a dud. + Their necks to Truman's ax uncurled + Lo, the embattled savants stood, + and fired the flop heard round the world.<a href="#linknote-4" + name="linknoteref-4" id="linknoteref-4">4</a> +</pre> + <p> + A betting pool was also started by scientists at Los Alamos on the + possible yield of the Trinity test. Yields from 45,000 tons of TNT to zero + were selected by the various bettors. The Nobel Prize-winning (1938) + physicist Enrico Fermi was willing to bet anyone that the test would wipe + out all life on Earth, with special odds on the mere destruction of the + entire State of New Mexico! + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile back at the test site, technicians installed seismographic and + photographic equipment at varying distances from the tower. Other + instruments were set up for recording radioactivity, temperature, air + pressure, and similar data needed by the project scientists. + </p> + <p> + According to Lansing Lamont in his 1965 book Day of Trinity, life at + Trinity could at times be very exciting. One afternoon while scientists + were busily setting up test instruments in the desert, the tail gunner of + a low flying B-29 bomber spotted some grazing antelopes and opened up with + his twin.50-caliber machine guns. "A dozen scientists,... under the plane + and out of the gunner's line of vision, dropped their instruments and + hugged the ground in terror as the bullets thudded about them."<a + href="#linknote-5" name="linknoteref-5" id="linknoteref-5"><small>5</small></a> + Later a number of these scientists threatened to quit the project. + </p> + <p> + Workers built three observation points 5.68 miles (10,000 yards), north, + south, and west of Ground Zero. Code named Able, Baker, and Pittsburgh, + these heavily-built wooden bunkers were reinforced with concrete, and + covered with earth. The bunker designated Baker or South 10,000 served as + the control center for the test. This is where head scientist J. Robert + Oppenheimer would be for the test. + </p> + <p> + A fourth observation point was the test's Base Camp, (the abandoned Dave + McDonald ranch) located about ten miles southwest of Ground Zero. The + primary observation point was on Compania Hill, located about 20 miles to + the northwest of Trinity near today's Stallion Range Gate, off NM 380. + </p> + <p> + The test was originally scheduled for 4 a.m., Monday July 16, but was + postponed to 5:30 due to a severe thunderstorm that would have increased + the amount of radioactive fallout, and have interfered with the test + results. The rain finally stopped and at 5:29:45 a.m. Mountain War Time, + the device exploded successfully and the Atomic Age was born. The nuclear + blast created a flash of light brighter than a dozen suns. The light was + seen over the entire state of New Mexico and in parts of Arizona, Texas, + and Mexico. The resultant mushroom cloud rose to over 38,000 feet within + minutes, and the heat of the explosion was 10,000 times hotter than the + surface of the sun! At ten miles away, this heat was described as like + standing directly in front of a roaring fireplace. Every living thing + within a mile of the tower was obliterated. The power of the bomb was + estimated to be equal to 20,000 tons of TNT, or equivalent to the bomb + load of 2,000 B-29, Superfortresses! + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="blast (42K)" src="images/blast.jpg" width="100%" /><br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p> + After witnessing the awesome blast, Oppenheimer quoted a line from a + sacred Hindu text, the Bhagavad-Gita: He said: "I am become death, the + shatterer of worlds."<a href="#linknote-6" name="linknoteref-6" + id="linknoteref-6"><small>6</small></a> In Los Alamos 230 miles to the + north, a group of scientists' wives who had stayed up all night for the + not so secret test, saw the light and heard the distant sound. One wife, + Jane Wilson, described it this way, "Then it came. The blinding light [no] + one had ever seen. The trees, illuminated, leaping out. The mountains + flashing into life. Later, the long slow rumble. Something had happened, + all right, for good or ill."<a href="#linknote-7" name="linknoteref-7" + id="linknoteref-7"><small>7</small></a> + </p> + <p> + General Groves' deputy commander, Brigadier General T. F. Farrell, + described the explosion in great detail: "The effects could well be called + unprecedented, magnificent, beautiful, stupendous, and terrifying. No + man-made phenomenon of such tremendous power had ever occurred before. The + lighting effects beggared description. The whole country was lighted by a + searing light with the intensity many times that of the midday sun. It was + golden, purple, violet, gray, and blue. It lighted every peak, crevasse + and ridge of the nearby mountain range with a clarity and beauty that + cannot be described but must be seen to be imagined..."<a + href="#linknote-8" name="linknoteref-8" id="linknoteref-8"><small>8</small></a> + </p> + <p> + Immediately after the test a Sherman M-4 tank, equipped with its own air + supply, and lined with two inches of lead went out to explore the site. + The lead lining added 12 tons to the tank's weight, but was necessary to + protect its occupants from the radiation levels at ground zero. The tank's + passengers found that the 100-foot steel tower had virtually disappeared, + with only the metal and concrete stumps of its four legs remaining. + Surrounding ground zero was a crater almost 2,400 feet across and about + ten feet deep in places. Desert sand around the tower had been fused by + the intense heat of the blast into a jade colored glass. This atomic glass + was given the name Atomsite, but the name was later changed to Trinitite. + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="crater (59K)" src="images/crater.jpg" width="100%" /><br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p> + Due to the intense secrecy surrounding the test, no accurate information + of what happened was released to the public until after the second atomic + bomb had been dropped on Japan. However, many people in New Mexico were + well aware that something extraordinary had happened the morning of July + 16, 1945. The blinding flash of light, followed by the shock wave had made + a vivid impression on people who lived within a radius of 160 miles of + ground zero. Windows were shattered 120 miles away in Silver City, and + residents of Albuquerque saw the bright light of the explosion on the + southern horizon and felt the tremor of the shock waves moments later. + </p> + <p> + The true story of the Trinity test first became known to the public on + August 6, 1945. This is when the world's second nuclear bomb, nicknamed + Little Boy, exploded 1,850 feet over Hiroshima, Japan, destroying a large + portion of the city and killing an estimated 70,000 to 130,000 of its + inhabitants. Three days later on August 9, a third atomic bomb devastated + the city of Nagasaki and killed approximately 45,000 more Japanese. The + Nagasaki weapon was a plutonium bomb, similar to the Trinity device, and + it was nicknamed Fat Man. On Tuesday August 14, at 7 p.m. Eastern War + Time, President Truman made a brief formal announcement that Japan had + finally surrendered and World War II was over after almost six years and + 60 million deaths! + </p> + <p> + On Sunday, September 9, 1945, Trinity Site was opened to the press for the + first time. This was mainly to dispel rumors of lingering high radiation + levels there, as well as in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Led by General Groves + and Oppenheimer, this widely publicized visit made Trinity front page news + all over the country. + </p> + <p> + Trinity Site was later encircled with more than a mile of chain link + fencing and posted with signs warning of radioactivity. In the early 1950s + most of the remaining Trinitite in the crater was bulldozed into a + underground concrete bunker near Trinity. Also at this time the crater was + back filled with new soil. In 1963 the Trinitite was removed from the + bunker, packed into 55-gallon drums, and loaded into trucks belonging to + the Atomic Energy Commission (the successor of the Manhattan Project). + Trinity site remained off-limits to military and civilian personnel of the + range and closed to the public for many years, despite attempts + immediately after the war to turn Trinity into a national monument. + </p> + <p> + In 1953 about 700 people attended the first Trinity Site open house + sponsored by the Alamogordo Chamber of Commerce and the Missile Range. Two + years later, a small group from Tularosa, NM visited the site on the 10th + anniversary of the explosion to conduct a religious service and pray for + peace. + </p> + <p> + Regular visits have been made annually in recent years on the first + Saturday in October instead of the anniversary date of July 16, to avoid + the desert heat. Later Trinity Site was opened one additional day on the + first Saturday in April. The Site remains closed to the public except for + these two days, because it lies within the impact areas for missiles fired + into the northern part of the Range. + </p> + <p> + In 1965, Range officials erected a modest monument at Ground Zero. Built + of black lava rock, this monument serves as a permanent marker for the + site and as a reminder of the momentous event that occurred there. On the + monument is a plain metal plaque with this simple inscription: "Trinity + Site Where the World's First Nuclear Device Was Exploded on July 16, + 1945." + </p> + <p> + During the annual tour in 1975, a second plaque was added below the first + by The National Park Service, designating Trinity Site a National Historic + Landmark. This plaque reads, "This site possesses national significance in + commemorating the history of the U.S.A." + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0002" id="link2H_4_0002"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + JUMBO + </h2> + <p> + Lying next to the entrance of the chain link fence that still surrounds + Trinity Site are the rusty remains of Jumbo. Jumbo was the code name for + the 214-ton Thermos shaped steel and concrete container designed to hold + the precious plutonium core of the Trinity device in case of a nuclear + mis-fire. Built by the Babcock and Wilcox Company of Barberton, Ohio, + Jumbo was 28 feet long, 12 feet, 8 inches in diameter, and with steel + walls up to 16 inches thick. + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="jumbo (57K)" src="images/jumbo.jpg" width="100%" /><br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p> + The idea of using some kind of container for the Trinity device was based + on the fact that plutonium was extremely expensive and very difficult to + produce. So, much thought went into a way of containing the 15 lb. + plutonium core of the bomb, in case the 5,300 lbs. of conventional high + explosives surrounding the core exploded without setting off a nuclear + blast, and in the process scattering the costly plutonium (about 250 + million dollars worth) across the dessert. After extensive research and + testing of other potential containment ideas, the concept of Jumbo was + decided on in the late summer of 1944. + </p> + <p> + However, by the spring of 1945, after Jumbo had already been built and + transported (with great difficulty) to the Trinity Site by the Eichleay + Corporation of Pittsburgh, it was decided not to explode the Trinity + device inside of Jumbo after all. There were several reasons for this new + decision: first, plutonium had become more readily (relatively) available; + second, the Project scientists decided that the Trinity device would + probably work as planned; and last, the scientists realized that if Jumbo + were used it would adversely affect the test results, and add 214 tons of + highly radioactive material to the atmosphere. + </p> + <p> + Not knowing what else to do with the massive 12 million dollar Jumbo, it + was decided to suspend it from a steel tower 800 yards from Ground Zero to + see how it would withstand the Trinity test. Jumbo survived the + approximately 20 kiloton Trinity blast undamaged, but its supporting + 70-foot tall steel tower was flattened. + </p> + <p> + Two years later, in an attempt to destroy the unused Jumbo before it and + its 12 million dollar cost came to the attention of a congressional + investigating committee, Manhattan Project Director General Groves ordered + two junior officers from the Special Weapons Division at Sandia Army Base + in Albuquerque to test Jumbo. The Army officers placed eight 500-pound + conventional bombs in the bottom of Jumbo. Since the bombs were on the + bottom of Jumbo, and not the center (the correct position), the resultant + explosion blew both ends off Jumbo. Unable to totally destroy Jumbo, the + Army then buried it in the desert near Trinity Site. It was not until the + early 1970s that the impressive remains of Jumbo, still weighing over 180 + tons, were moved to their present location. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0003" id="link2H_4_0003"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + SCHMIDT-McDONALD RANCH HOUSE + </h2> + <p> + The Schmidt-McDonald ranch house is located two miles south of Ground + Zero. The property encompasses about three acres and consists of the main + house and assorted outbuildings. The house, surrounded by a low stone + wall, was built in 1913 by Franz Schmidt, a German immigrant and + homesteader. In the 1920s Schmidt sold the ranch to George McDonald and + moved to Florida. + </p> + <p> + The ranch house is a one-story, 1,750 square-foot adobe (mud bricks) + building. An ice house is located on the west side along with an 9'-4" + deep underground cistern. A 14 by 18.5 foot stone addition, which included + a modern bathroom, was added onto the north side in the 1930s. East of the + house there is a large, divided concrete water storage tank and a + windmill. South of the windmill are the remains of a bunkhouse, and a barn + which also served as a garage. Further to the east are corrals and holding + pens for livestock. + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <div class="fig" style="width:80%"> + <img alt="mcdonald (69K)" src="images/mcdonald.jpg" width="100%" /><br /> + </div> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p> + The McDonalds vacated their ranch house and their thousands of acres of + marginal range land in early 1942 when it became part of the Alamogordo + Bombing and Gunnery Range. The old house remained empty until Manhattan + Project personnel arrived in 1945. Then a spacious room in the northeast + corner of the house was selected by the Project personnel for the assembly + of the plutonium core of the Trinity device. Workmen installed work + benches, tables, and other equipment in this large room. To keep the + desert dust and sand out, the room's windows and cracks were covered with + plastic and sealed with tape. The core of the bomb consisted of two + hemispheres of plutonium, (Pu-239), and an initiator. According to + reports, while scientists assembled the initiator and the Pu-239 + hemispheres, jeeps were positioned outside with their engines running for + a quick getaway if needed. Detection devices were used to monitor + radiation levels in the room, and when fully assembled the core was warm + to the touch. The completed core was later transported the two miles to + Ground Zero, inserted into the bomb assembly, and raised to the top of the + tower. + </p> + <p> + The Trinity explosion on Monday morning, July 16, did not significantly + damage the McDonald house. Even though most of the windows were blown out, + and the chimney was blown over, the main structure survived intact. Years + of rain water dripping through holes in the metal roof did much more + damage to the mud brick walls than the bomb did. The nearby barn did not + fare as well. The Trinity test blew part of its roof off, and the roof has + since totally collapsed. + </p> + <p> + The ranch house stood empty and deteriorating for 37 years until 1982 when + the US Army stabilized it to prevent any further damage. The next year, + the Department of Energy and the Army provided funds for the National Park + Service to completely restore the house to the way it appeared in July, + 1945. When the work was completed, the house with many photo displays on + Trinity was opened to the public for the first time in October 1984 during + the semi-annual tour. The Schmidt-McDonald ranch house is part of the + Trinity National Historic Landmark. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_FOOT" id="link2H_FOOT"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + FOOTNOTES + </h2> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1" id="linknote-1"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1 (<a href="#linknoteref-1">return</a>)<br /> [ Szasz, Ferenc. The Day the + Sun Rose Twice. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984. p. 28.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-2" id="linknote-2"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 2 (<a href="#linknoteref-2">return</a>)<br /> [ Hayward, John, ed. John + Donne: Complete Poetry and Selected Prose. New York: Random House, Inc., + 1949. p. 285.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-3" id="linknote-3"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 3 (<a href="#linknoteref-3">return</a>)<br /> [ Szasz, The Day the Sun Rose + Twice, p. 40.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-4" id="linknote-4"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 4 (<a href="#linknoteref-4">return</a>)<br /> [ Wyden, Peter. Day One: + Before Hiroshima and After. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984. p. 204.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-5" id="linknote-5"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 5 (<a href="#linknoteref-5">return</a>)<br /> [ Lamont, Lansing. Day of + Trinity. New York: Atheneum, 1965. p. 123-124.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-6" id="linknote-6"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 6 (<a href="#linknoteref-6">return</a>)<br /> [ Kunetka, James W. City of + Fire: Los Alamos and the Atomic Age, 1943-1945. Albuquerque: University of + New Mexico Press, 1978. p. 170.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-7" id="linknote-7"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 7 (<a href="#linknoteref-7">return</a>)<br /> [ Wilson, Jane S. and + Charlotte Serber, eds. Standing By and Making Do: Women in Wartime Los + Alamos. Los Alamos: Los Alamos Historical Society, 1988. p. x, xi.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-8" id="linknote-8"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 8 (<a href="#linknoteref-8">return</a>)<br /> [ Brown, Anthony Cave, and + Charles B. MacDonald. The Secret History of the Atomic Bomb. New York: + Dell, 1977. p. 516.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_BIBL" id="link2H_BIBL"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + BIBLIOGRAPHY + </h2> + <p> + Bainbridge, Kenneth T. Trinity. Los Alamos: Los Alamos Scientific + Laboratory, (La-6300-H), 1946. + </p> + <p> + Brown, Anthony Cave, and Charles B. MacDonald. The Secret History of the + Atomic Bomb. New York: Dell, 1977. + </p> + <p> + Compton, Arthur Holly. Atomic Quest: A Personal Quest. New York: Oxford + University Press, 1956. + </p> + <p> + Fanton, Jonathan F., Stoff, Michael B. and Williams, R. Hal editors. The + Manhattan Project: A Documentary Introduction to the Atomic Age. + Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991. + </p> + <p> + Feis, Herbert. Japan Subdued: The Atomic Bomb and the End of the War in + the Pacific. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961. + </p> + <p> + Groves, Leslie R. Now it Can be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project. + New York: Da Capo Press, 1975. + </p> + <p> + Hersey, John. Hiroshima. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1946. + </p> + <p> + Jette, Eleanor. Inside Box 1663. Los Alamos: Los Alamos Historical + Society, 1977. + </p> + <p> + Kunetka, James W. City of Fire: Los Alamos and the Atomic Age, 1943-1945. + Albuquerque; University of New Mexico Press, 1978. + </p> + <p> + Lamont, Lansing. Day of Trinity. New York: Athenaeum, 1965. + </p> + <p> + Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon and + Schuster, 1986. + </p> + <p> + Skates, John Ray. The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb. + Columbia; University of South Carolina Press, 1994. + </p> + <p> + Smyth, Henry DeWolf. Atomic Energy for Military Purposes. Princeton: + Princeton University Press, 1948. + </p> + <p> + Szasz, Ferenc. The Day the Sun Rose Twice. Albuquerque: University of New + Mexico Press, 1984. + </p> + <p> + Tibbets, Paul W. Flight of the Enola Gay. Reynoldsburg, Ohio: Buckeye + Aviation Book Company, 1989. + </p> + <p> + Williams, Robert C. Klaus Fuchs, Atom Spy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: + Harvard University Press, 1987. + </p> + <p> + Wilson, Jane S. and Serber, Charlotte, eds. Standing By and Making Do: + Women in Wartime Los Alamos. Los Alamos: Los Alamos Historical Society, + 1988. + </p> + <p> + Wyden, Peter. Day One: Before Hiroshima and After. New York: Simon and + Schuster, 1984. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0006" id="link2H_4_0006"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE NATIONAL ATOMIC MUSEUM, + </h2> + <h3> + Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico + </h3> + <p> + Since its opening in 1969, the objective of the National Atomic museum has + been to provide a readily accessible repository of educational materials, + and information on the Atomic Age. In addition, the museum's goal is to + preserve, interpret, and exhibit to the public memorabilia of this Age. In + late 1991 the museum was chartered by Congress as the United States' only + official Atomic museum. + </p> + <p> + Prominently featured in the museum's high bay is the story of the + Manhattan Engineer District, the unprecedented 2.2 billion dollar + scientific-engineering project that was centered in New Mexico during + World War II. The Manhattan Project as it was more commonly called, + developed, built, and tested the world's first Atomic bomb in New Mexico. + This display also includes casings similar to the only Atomic bombs ever + used in warfare. Dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, + these two bombs helped bring World War II to an end in mid-August 1945. + The story of the Manhattan Project's three secret cities, Hanford, + Washington, Los Alamos, New Mexico, and Oak Ridge, Tennessee, is also + presented in this area. + </p> + <p> + A portion of the museum, the low bay, is devoted to exhibits on the + research, development, and use of various forms of nuclear energy. + Historical and other traveling exhibits are also displayed in this area. + Also found in the low bay is the museum's store, which is operated by the + museum's foundation. + </p> + <p> + Adjacent to the low bay is the theater. The featured film is David Wolpers + classic 1963 production, Ten Seconds That Shook The World. This excellent + film is a 53-minute documentary on the Manhattan Project. Other films + relating to the history of the Atomic Age are available for viewing and + checkout from the library. + </p> + <p> + Next to the theater is the library/Department of Energy public reading + room, containing government documents that are available to the public for + in-library research. The library also has many nuclear related books + available for reference and checkout. + </p> + <p> + Located around the outside of the museum are a number of large exhibits. + These include the Boeing B-52B jet bomber that dropped the United States' + last air burst H-bomb in 1962, and a 280-mm (11 inches) Atomic cannon, + once America's most powerful field artillery. Also found in this area is a + Navy TA-7C (a modified A-7B) Corsair II fighter-bomber, a veteran of the + Vietnam War. Many other nuclear weapons systems, rockets, and missiles are + found in this area. + </p> + <p> + In front of the museum are a pair of Navy Terrier missiles. The Terrier + was the Navy's first operational surface to air missile. To the south of + the museum, next to the visitors parking lot, is a Republic F-105D + Thunderchief fighter-bomber. Further south is a World War II Boeing B-29 + Superfortress. This plane is similar to the B-29's, Enola Gay and Bockscar + that dropped the Atomic bombs on Japan. + </p> + <p> + The National Atomic Museum, is open 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily, except for New + Years Day, Easter, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. The museum is located at + 20358 Wyoming Blvd. SE, on Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New + Mexico. Guided tours for groups are available by calling (505)845-4636 in + advance. Admission and tours are free, and cameras are always welcome! + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Trinity [Atomic Test] Site, by +The National Atomic Museum + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRINITY [ATOMIC TEST] SITE *** + +***** This file should be named 277-h.htm or 277-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/7/277/ + +Produced by Gregory Walker and David Widger + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + </body> +</html> diff --git a/277-h/images/basecamp.jpg b/277-h/images/basecamp.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf87844 --- /dev/null +++ b/277-h/images/basecamp.jpg diff --git a/277-h/images/blast.jpg b/277-h/images/blast.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a4abe3c --- /dev/null +++ b/277-h/images/blast.jpg diff --git a/277-h/images/crater.jpg b/277-h/images/crater.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..bff0e6a --- /dev/null +++ b/277-h/images/crater.jpg diff --git a/277-h/images/gadget1.jpg b/277-h/images/gadget1.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..04c5bb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/277-h/images/gadget1.jpg diff --git a/277-h/images/gadget2.jpg b/277-h/images/gadget2.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..be4c9b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/277-h/images/gadget2.jpg diff --git a/277-h/images/jumbo.jpg b/277-h/images/jumbo.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b2529fc --- /dev/null +++ b/277-h/images/jumbo.jpg diff --git a/277-h/images/mcdonald.jpg b/277-h/images/mcdonald.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..edde2da --- /dev/null +++ b/277-h/images/mcdonald.jpg diff --git a/277-h/images/patch.jpg b/277-h/images/patch.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9cada13 --- /dev/null +++ b/277-h/images/patch.jpg diff --git a/277-h/images/tr_map1.jpg b/277-h/images/tr_map1.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa6c875 --- /dev/null +++ b/277-h/images/tr_map1.jpg diff --git a/277-h/images/whitsand.jpg b/277-h/images/whitsand.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..43be682 --- /dev/null +++ b/277-h/images/whitsand.jpg @@ -0,0 +1,946 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Trinity [Atomic Test] Site, by The National Atomic Museum + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Trinity [Atomic Test] Site + The 50th Anniversary of the Atomic Bomb + +Author: The National Atomic Museum + +Release Date: June 29, 2008 [EBook #277] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRINITY [ATOMIC TEST] SITE *** + + + + +Produced by Gregory Walker + + + + + +TRINITY SITE + +by the U.S. Department of Energy + +National Atomic Museum, + +Albuquerque, New Mexico + + + +Contents: + + The First Atomic Test. + Jumbo. + Schmidt-McDonald Ranch House. + Notes. + Bibliography. + The National Atomic Museum. + + + + + +THE FIRST ATOMIC TEST + + +On Monday morning July 16, 1945, the world was changed forever when +the first atomic bomb was tested in an isolated area of the New Mexico +desert. Conducted in the final month of World War II by the top-secret +Manhattan Engineer District, this test was code named Trinity. The +Trinity test took place on the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, +about 230 miles south of the Manhattan Project's headquarters at Los +Alamos, New Mexico. Today this 3,200 square mile range, partly located +in the desolate Jornada del Muerto Valley, is named the White Sands +Missile Range and is actively used for non-nuclear weapons testing. + +Before the war the range was mostly public and private grazing land +that had always been sparsely populated. During the war it was even +more lonely and deserted because the ranchers had agreed to vacate their +homes in January 1942. They left because the War Department wanted the +land to use as an artillery and bombing practice area. In September +1944, a remote 18 by 24 square mile portion of the north-east corner +of the Bombing Range was set aside for the Manhattan Project and the +Trinity test by the military. + +The selection of this remote location in the Jornada del Muerto Valley +for the Trinity test was from an initial list of eight possible test +sites. Besides the Jornada, three of the other seven sites were also +located in New Mexico: the Tularosa Basin near Alamogordo, the lava +beds (now the El Malpais National Monument) south of Grants, and an area +southwest of Cuba and north of Thoreau. Other possible sites not located +in New Mexico were: an Army training area north of Blythe, California, +in the Mojave Desert; San Nicolas Island (one of the Channel Islands) +off the coast of Southern California; and on Padre Island south of +Corpus Christi, Texas, in the Gulf of Mexico. The last choice for the +test was in the beautiful San Luis Valley of south-central Colorado, +near today's Great Sand Dunes National Monument. + +Based on a number of criteria that included availability, distance from +Los Alamos, good weather, few or no settlements, and that no Indian land +would be used, the choices for the test site were narrowed down to two +in the summer of 1944. First choice was the military training area +in southern California. The second choice, was the Jornada del Muerto +Valley in New Mexico. The final site selection was made in late August +1944 by Major General Leslie R. Groves, the military head of the +Manhattan Project. When General Groves discovered that in order to use +the California location he would need the permission of its commander, +General George Patton, Groves quickly decided on the second choice, +the Jornada del Muerto. This was because General Groves did not want +anything to do with the flamboyant Patton, who Groves had once described +as "the most disagreeable man I had ever met."[1] Despite being second +choice the remote Jornada was a good location for the test, because it +provided isolation for secrecy and safety, was only 230 miles south of +Los Alamos, and was already under military control. Plus, the Jornada +enjoyed relatively good weather. + +The history of the Jornada is in itself quite fascinating, since it was +given its name by the Spanish conquerors of New Mexico. The Jornada +was a short cut on the Camino Real, the King's Highway that linked old +Mexico to Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico. The Camino Real went +north from Mexico City till it joined the Rio Grande near present day El +Paso, Texas. Then the trail followed the river valley further north to +a point where the river curved to the west, and its valley narrowed and +became impassable for the supply wagons. To avoid this obstacle, the +wagons took the dubious detour north across the Jornada del Muerto. +Sixty miles of desert, very little water, and numerous hostile Apaches. +Hence the name Jornada del Muerto, which is often translated as the +journey of death or as the route of the dead man. It is also interesting +to note that in the late 16th century, the Spanish considered their +province of New Mexico to include most of North America west of the +Mississippi! + +The origin of the code name Trinity for the test site is also +interesting, but the true source is unknown. One popular account +attributes the name to J. Robert Oppenheimer, the scientific head of the +Manhattan Project. According to this version, the well read Oppenheimer +based the name Trinity on the fourteenth Holy Sonnet by John Donne, a +16th century English poet and sermon writer. The sonnet started, "Batter +my heart, three-personed God."[2] Another version of the name's origin +comes from University of New Mexico historian Ferenc M. Szasz. In his +1984 book, The Day the Sun Rose Twice, Szasz quotes Robert W. Henderson +head of the Engineering Group in the Explosives Division of the +Manhattan Project. Henderson told Szasz that the name Trinity came from +Major W. A. (Lex) Stevens. According to Henderson, he and Stevens were +at the test site discussing the best way to haul Jumbo (see below) the +thirty miles from the closest railway siding to the test site. "A devout +Roman Catholic, Stevens observed that the railroad siding was called +'Pope's Siding.' He [then] remarked that the Pope had special access to +the Trinity, and that the scientists would need all the help they could +get to move the 214 ton Jumbo to its proper spot."[3] + +The Trinity test was originally set for July 4, 1945. However, final +preparations for the test, which included the assembly of the bomb's +plutonium core, did not begin in earnest until Thursday, July 12. The +abandoned George McDonald ranch house located two miles south of the +test site served as the assembly point for the device's core. After +assembly, the plutonium core was transported to Trinity Site to be +inserted into the thing or gadget as the atomic device was called. But, +on the first attempt to insert the core it stuck! After letting the +temperatures of the core and the gadget equalize, the core fit perfectly +to the great relief of all present. The completed device was raised +to the top of a 100-foot steel tower on Saturday, July 14. During this +process workers piled up mattresses beneath the gadget to cushion +a possible fall. When the bomb reached the top of the tower without +mishap, installation of the explosive detonators began. The 100-foot +tower (a surplus Forest Service fire-watch tower) was designated Point +Zero. Ground Zero was at the base of the tower. + +As a result of all the anxiety surrounding the possibility of a failure +of the test, a verse by an unknown author circulated around Los Alamos. +It read: + + From this crude lab that spawned a dud. + Their necks to Truman's ax uncurled + Lo, the embattled savants stood, + and fired the flop heard round the world.[4] + +A betting pool was also started by scientists at Los Alamos on the +possible yield of the Trinity test. Yields from 45,000 tons of TNT +to zero were selected by the various bettors. The Nobel Prize-winning +(1938) physicist Enrico Fermi was willing to bet anyone that the +test would wipe out all life on Earth, with special odds on the mere +destruction of the entire State of New Mexico! + +Meanwhile back at the test site, technicians installed seismographic +and photographic equipment at varying distances from the tower. Other +instruments were set up for recording radioactivity, temperature, air +pressure, and similar data needed by the project scientists. + +According to Lansing Lamont in his 1965 book Day of Trinity, life at +Trinity could at times be very exciting. One afternoon while scientists +were busily setting up test instruments in the desert, the tail gunner +of a low flying B-29 bomber spotted some grazing antelopes and opened up +with his twin.50-caliber machine guns. "A dozen scientists,... under the +plane and out of the gunner's line of vision, dropped their instruments +and hugged the ground in terror as the bullets thudded about them."[5] +Later a number of these scientists threatened to quit the project. + +Workers built three observation points 5.68 miles (10,000 yards), north, +south, and west of Ground Zero. Code named Able, Baker, and Pittsburgh, +these heavily-built wooden bunkers were reinforced with concrete, and +covered with earth. The bunker designated Baker or South 10,000 served +as the control center for the test. This is where head scientist J. +Robert Oppenheimer would be for the test. + +A fourth observation point was the test's Base Camp, (the abandoned Dave +McDonald ranch) located about ten miles southwest of Ground Zero. The +primary observation point was on Compania Hill, located about 20 miles +to the northwest of Trinity near today's Stallion Range Gate, off NM +380. + +The test was originally scheduled for 4 a.m., Monday July 16, but was +postponed to 5:30 due to a severe thunderstorm that would have increased +the amount of radioactive fallout, and have interfered with the test +results. The rain finally stopped and at 5:29:45 a.m. Mountain War +Time, the device exploded successfully and the Atomic Age was born. The +nuclear blast created a flash of light brighter than a dozen suns. +The light was seen over the entire state of New Mexico and in parts of +Arizona, Texas, and Mexico. The resultant mushroom cloud rose to over +38,000 feet within minutes, and the heat of the explosion was 10,000 +times hotter than the surface of the sun! At ten miles away, this heat +was described as like standing directly in front of a roaring fireplace. +Every living thing within a mile of the tower was obliterated. The +power of the bomb was estimated to be equal to 20,000 tons of TNT, or +equivalent to the bomb load of 2,000 B-29, Superfortresses! + +After witnessing the awesome blast, Oppenheimer quoted a line from a +sacred Hindu text, the Bhagavad-Gita: He said: "I am become death, the +shatterer of worlds."[6] In Los Alamos 230 miles to the north, a group +of scientists' wives who had stayed up all night for the not so secret +test, saw the light and heard the distant sound. One wife, Jane Wilson, +described it this way, "Then it came. The blinding light [no] one had +ever seen. The trees, illuminated, leaping out. The mountains flashing +into life. Later, the long slow rumble. Something had happened, all +right, for good or ill."[7] + +General Groves' deputy commander, Brigadier General T. F. Farrell, +described the explosion in great detail: "The effects could well +be called unprecedented, magnificent, beautiful, stupendous, and +terrifying. No man-made phenomenon of such tremendous power had ever +occurred before. The lighting effects beggared description. The whole +country was lighted by a searing light with the intensity many times +that of the midday sun. It was golden, purple, violet, gray, and blue. +It lighted every peak, crevasse and ridge of the nearby mountain range +with a clarity and beauty that cannot be described but must be seen to +be imagined..."[8] + +Immediately after the test a Sherman M-4 tank, equipped with its own air +supply, and lined with two inches of lead went out to explore the site. +The lead lining added 12 tons to the tank's weight, but was necessary +to protect its occupants from the radiation levels at ground zero. The +tank's passengers found that the 100-foot steel tower had virtually +disappeared, with only the metal and concrete stumps of its four legs +remaining. Surrounding ground zero was a crater almost 2,400 feet across +and about ten feet deep in places. Desert sand around the tower had been +fused by the intense heat of the blast into a jade colored glass. This +atomic glass was given the name Atomsite, but the name was later changed +to Trinitite. + +Due to the intense secrecy surrounding the test, no accurate information +of what happened was released to the public until after the second +atomic bomb had been dropped on Japan. However, many people in New +Mexico were well aware that something extraordinary had happened the +morning of July 16, 1945. The blinding flash of light, followed by the +shock wave had made a vivid impression on people who lived within a +radius of 160 miles of ground zero. Windows were shattered 120 miles +away in Silver City, and residents of Albuquerque saw the bright light +of the explosion on the southern horizon and felt the tremor of the +shock waves moments later. + +The true story of the Trinity test first became known to the public on +August 6, 1945. This is when the world's second nuclear bomb, nicknamed +Little Boy, exploded 1,850 feet over Hiroshima, Japan, destroying a +large portion of the city and killing an estimated 70,000 to 130,000 +of its inhabitants. Three days later on August 9, a third atomic bomb +devastated the city of Nagasaki and killed approximately 45,000 more +Japanese. The Nagasaki weapon was a plutonium bomb, similar to the +Trinity device, and it was nicknamed Fat Man. On Tuesday August 14, at 7 +p.m. Eastern War Time, President Truman made a brief formal announcement +that Japan had finally surrendered and World War II was over after +almost six years and 60 million deaths! + +On Sunday, September 9, 1945, Trinity Site was opened to the press +for the first time. This was mainly to dispel rumors of lingering high +radiation levels there, as well as in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Led +by General Groves and Oppenheimer, this widely publicized visit made +Trinity front page news all over the country. + +Trinity Site was later encircled with more than a mile of chain link +fencing and posted with signs warning of radioactivity. In the early +1950s most of the remaining Trinitite in the crater was bulldozed into +a underground concrete bunker near Trinity. Also at this time the crater +was back filled with new soil. In 1963 the Trinitite was removed +from the bunker, packed into 55-gallon drums, and loaded into trucks +belonging to the Atomic Energy Commission (the successor of the +Manhattan Project). Trinity site remained off-limits to military and +civilian personnel of the range and closed to the public for many +years, despite attempts immediately after the war to turn Trinity into a +national monument. + +In 1953 about 700 people attended the first Trinity Site open house +sponsored by the Alamogordo Chamber of Commerce and the Missile Range. +Two years later, a small group from Tularosa, NM visited the site on +the 10th anniversary of the explosion to conduct a religious service and +pray for peace. + +Regular visits have been made annually in recent years on the first +Saturday in October instead of the anniversary date of July 16, to avoid +the desert heat. Later Trinity Site was opened one additional day on the +first Saturday in April. The Site remains closed to the public except +for these two days, because it lies within the impact areas for missiles +fired into the northern part of the Range. + +In 1965, Range officials erected a modest monument at Ground Zero. Built +of black lava rock, this monument serves as a permanent marker for the +site and as a reminder of the momentous event that occurred there. +On the monument is a plain metal plaque with this simple inscription: +"Trinity Site Where the World's First Nuclear Device Was Exploded on +July 16, 1945." + +During the annual tour in 1975, a second plaque was added below the +first by The National Park Service, designating Trinity Site a National +Historic Landmark. This plaque reads, "This site possesses national +significance in commemorating the history of the U.S.A." + + + + +JUMBO + + +Lying next to the entrance of the chain link fence that still surrounds +Trinity Site are the rusty remains of Jumbo. Jumbo was the code name for +the 214-ton Thermos shaped steel and concrete container designed to hold +the precious plutonium core of the Trinity device in case of a nuclear +mis-fire. Built by the Babcock and Wilcox Company of Barberton, Ohio, +Jumbo was 28 feet long, 12 feet, 8 inches in diameter, and with steel +walls up to 16 inches thick. + +The idea of using some kind of container for the Trinity device was +based on the fact that plutonium was extremely expensive and very +difficult to produce. So, much thought went into a way of containing +the 15 lb. plutonium core of the bomb, in case the 5,300 lbs. of +conventional high explosives surrounding the core exploded without +setting off a nuclear blast, and in the process scattering the costly +plutonium (about 250 million dollars worth) across the dessert. After +extensive research and testing of other potential containment ideas, the +concept of Jumbo was decided on in the late summer of 1944. + +However, by the spring of 1945, after Jumbo had already been built and +transported (with great difficulty) to the Trinity Site by the Eichleay +Corporation of Pittsburgh, it was decided not to explode the Trinity +device inside of Jumbo after all. There were several reasons for this +new decision: first, plutonium had become more readily (relatively) +available; second, the Project scientists decided that the Trinity +device would probably work as planned; and last, the scientists realized +that if Jumbo were used it would adversely affect the test results, and +add 214 tons of highly radioactive material to the atmosphere. + +Not knowing what else to do with the massive 12 million dollar Jumbo, it +was decided to suspend it from a steel tower 800 yards from Ground +Zero to see how it would withstand the Trinity test. Jumbo survived the +approximately 20 kiloton Trinity blast undamaged, but its supporting +70-foot tall steel tower was flattened. + +Two years later, in an attempt to destroy the unused Jumbo before it +and its 12 million dollar cost came to the attention of a congressional +investigating committee, Manhattan Project Director General Groves +ordered two junior officers from the Special Weapons Division at Sandia +Army Base in Albuquerque to test Jumbo. The Army officers placed eight +500-pound conventional bombs in the bottom of Jumbo. Since the bombs +were on the bottom of Jumbo, and not the center (the correct position), +the resultant explosion blew both ends off Jumbo. Unable to totally +destroy Jumbo, the Army then buried it in the desert near Trinity Site. +It was not until the early 1970s that the impressive remains of Jumbo, +still weighing over 180 tons, were moved to their present location. + + + + +SCHMIDT-McDONALD RANCH HOUSE + + +The Schmidt-McDonald ranch house is located two miles south of Ground +Zero. The property encompasses about three acres and consists of the +main house and assorted outbuildings. The house, surrounded by a low +stone wall, was built in 1913 by Franz Schmidt, a German immigrant and +homesteader. In the 1920s Schmidt sold the ranch to George McDonald and +moved to Florida. + +The ranch house is a one-story, 1,750 square-foot adobe (mud bricks) +building. An ice house is located on the west side along with an 9'-4" +deep underground cistern. A 14 by 18.5 foot stone addition, which +included a modern bathroom, was added onto the north side in the 1930s. +East of the house there is a large, divided concrete water storage tank +and a windmill. South of the windmill are the remains of a bunkhouse, +and a barn which also served as a garage. Further to the east are +corrals and holding pens for livestock. + +The McDonalds vacated their ranch house and their thousands of acres of +marginal range land in early 1942 when it became part of the Alamogordo +Bombing and Gunnery Range. The old house remained empty until Manhattan +Project personnel arrived in 1945. Then a spacious room in the northeast +corner of the house was selected by the Project personnel for the +assembly of the plutonium core of the Trinity device. Workmen installed +work benches, tables, and other equipment in this large room. To keep +the desert dust and sand out, the room's windows and cracks were covered +with plastic and sealed with tape. The core of the bomb consisted of +two hemispheres of plutonium, (Pu-239), and an initiator. According +to reports, while scientists assembled the initiator and the Pu-239 +hemispheres, jeeps were positioned outside with their engines running +for a quick getaway if needed. Detection devices were used to monitor +radiation levels in the room, and when fully assembled the core was warm +to the touch. The completed core was later transported the two miles to +Ground Zero, inserted into the bomb assembly, and raised to the top of +the tower. + +The Trinity explosion on Monday morning, July 16, did not significantly +damage the McDonald house. Even though most of the windows were blown +out, and the chimney was blown over, the main structure survived intact. +Years of rain water dripping through holes in the metal roof did much +more damage to the mud brick walls than the bomb did. The nearby barn +did not fare as well. The Trinity test blew part of its roof off, and +the roof has since totally collapsed. + +The ranch house stood empty and deteriorating for 37 years until 1982 +when the US Army stabilized it to prevent any further damage. The next +year, the Department of Energy and the Army provided funds for the +National Park Service to completely restore the house to the way it +appeared in July, 1945. When the work was completed, the house with many +photo displays on Trinity was opened to the public for the first time +in October 1984 during the semi-annual tour. The Schmidt-McDonald ranch +house is part of the Trinity National Historic Landmark. + + + +FOOTNOTES + + +[Footnote 1: Szasz, Ferenc. The Day the Sun Rose Twice. Albuquerque: +University of New Mexico Press, 1984. p. 28.] + +[Footnote 2: Hayward, John, ed. John Donne: Complete Poetry and Selected +Prose. New York: Random House, Inc., 1949. p. 285.] + +[Footnote 3: Szasz, The Day the Sun Rose Twice, p. 40.] + +[Footnote 4: Wyden, Peter. Day One: Before Hiroshima and After. New York: +Simon and Schuster, 1984. p. 204.] + +[Footnote 5: Lamont, Lansing. Day of Trinity. New York: Atheneum, 1965. +p. 123-124.] + +[Footnote 6: Kunetka, James W. City of Fire: Los Alamos and the Atomic +Age, 1943-1945. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1978. p. +170.] + +[Footnote 7: Wilson, Jane S. and Charlotte Serber, eds. Standing By +and Making Do: Women in Wartime Los Alamos. Los Alamos: Los Alamos +Historical Society, 1988. p. x, xi.] + +[Footnote 8: Brown, Anthony Cave, and Charles B. MacDonald. The Secret +History of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Dell, 1977. p. 516.] + + + + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + + +Bainbridge, Kenneth T. Trinity. Los Alamos: Los Alamos Scientific +Laboratory, (La-6300-H), 1946. + +Brown, Anthony Cave, and Charles B. MacDonald. The Secret History of the +Atomic Bomb. New York: Dell, 1977. + +Compton, Arthur Holly. Atomic Quest: A Personal Quest. New York: Oxford +University Press, 1956. + +Fanton, Jonathan F., Stoff, Michael B. and Williams, R. Hal editors. +The Manhattan Project: A Documentary Introduction to the Atomic Age. +Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991. + +Feis, Herbert. Japan Subdued: The Atomic Bomb and the End of the War in +the Pacific. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961. + +Groves, Leslie R. Now it Can be Told: The Story of the Manhattan +Project. New York: Da Capo Press, 1975. + +Hersey, John. Hiroshima. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1946. + +Jette, Eleanor. Inside Box 1663. Los Alamos: Los Alamos Historical +Society, 1977. + +Kunetka, James W. City of Fire: Los Alamos and the Atomic Age, +1943-1945. Albuquerque; University of New Mexico Press, 1978. + +Lamont, Lansing. Day of Trinity. New York: Athenaeum, 1965. + +Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon and +Schuster, 1986. + +Skates, John Ray. The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb. +Columbia; University of South Carolina Press, 1994. + +Smyth, Henry DeWolf. Atomic Energy for Military Purposes. Princeton: +Princeton University Press, 1948. + +Szasz, Ferenc. The Day the Sun Rose Twice. Albuquerque: University of +New Mexico Press, 1984. + +Tibbets, Paul W. Flight of the Enola Gay. Reynoldsburg, Ohio: Buckeye +Aviation Book Company, 1989. + +Williams, Robert C. Klaus Fuchs, Atom Spy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: +Harvard University Press, 1987. + +Wilson, Jane S. and Serber, Charlotte, eds. Standing By and Making Do: +Women in Wartime Los Alamos. Los Alamos: Los Alamos Historical Society, +1988. + +Wyden, Peter. Day One: Before Hiroshima and After. New York: Simon and +Schuster, 1984. + + + + +THE NATIONAL ATOMIC MUSEUM, + +Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico + + +Since its opening in 1969, the objective of the National Atomic museum +has been to provide a readily accessible repository of educational +materials, and information on the Atomic Age. In addition, the museum's +goal is to preserve, interpret, and exhibit to the public memorabilia +of this Age. In late 1991 the museum was chartered by Congress as the +United States' only official Atomic museum. + +Prominently featured in the museum's high bay is the story of the +Manhattan Engineer District, the unprecedented 2.2 billion dollar +scientific-engineering project that was centered in New Mexico during +World War II. The Manhattan Project as it was more commonly called, +developed, built, and tested the world's first Atomic bomb in New +Mexico. This display also includes casings similar to the only Atomic +bombs ever used in warfare. Dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima +and Nagasaki, these two bombs helped bring World War II to an end in +mid-August 1945. The story of the Manhattan Project's three secret +cities, Hanford, Washington, Los Alamos, New Mexico, and Oak Ridge, +Tennessee, is also presented in this area. + +A portion of the museum, the low bay, is devoted to exhibits on the +research, development, and use of various forms of nuclear energy. +Historical and other traveling exhibits are also displayed in this area. +Also found in the low bay is the museum's store, which is operated by +the museum's foundation. + +Adjacent to the low bay is the theater. The featured film is David +Wolpers classic 1963 production, Ten Seconds That Shook The World. This +excellent film is a 53-minute documentary on the Manhattan Project. +Other films relating to the history of the Atomic Age are available for +viewing and checkout from the library. + +Next to the theater is the library/Department of Energy public reading +room, containing government documents that are available to the public +for in-library research. The library also has many nuclear related books +available for reference and checkout. + +Located around the outside of the museum are a number of large exhibits. +These include the Boeing B-52B jet bomber that dropped the United +States' last air burst H-bomb in 1962, and a 280-mm (11 inches) Atomic +cannon, once America's most powerful field artillery. Also found in +this area is a Navy TA-7C (a modified A-7B) Corsair II fighter-bomber, a +veteran of the Vietnam War. Many other nuclear weapons systems, rockets, +and missiles are found in this area. + +In front of the museum are a pair of Navy Terrier missiles. The Terrier +was the Navy's first operational surface to air missile. To the south +of the museum, next to the visitors parking lot, is a Republic F-105D +Thunderchief fighter-bomber. Further south is a World War II Boeing +B-29 Superfortress. This plane is similar to the B-29's, Enola Gay and +Bockscar that dropped the Atomic bombs on Japan. + +The National Atomic Museum, is open 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily, except +for New Years Day, Easter, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. The museum +is located at 20358 Wyoming Blvd. SE, on Kirtland Air Force Base, +Albuquerque, New Mexico. Guided tours for groups are available by +calling (505)845-4636 in advance. Admission and tours are free, and +cameras are always welcome! + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Trinity [Atomic Test] Site, by +The National Atomic Museum + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRINITY [ATOMIC TEST] SITE *** + +***** This file should be named 277.txt or 277.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/7/277/ + +Produced by Gregory Walker + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. Binary files differdiff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0c983a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #277 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/277) diff --git a/old/1trnt10.txt b/old/1trnt10.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d46f1dd --- /dev/null +++ b/old/1trnt10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,808 @@ +***The Project Gutenberg Etext of Trinity [Atomic Test] Site*** +************by the National Atomic Museum********************** + +On the 50th Anniversary of the Atomic Bomb + +Please take a look at the important information in this header. +We encourage you to keep this file on your own disk, keeping an +electronic path open for the next readers. Do not remove this. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**Etexts Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*These Etexts Prepared By Hundreds of Volunteers and Donations* + +Information on contacting Project Gutenberg to get Etexts, and +further information is included below. We need your donations. + + +Trinity [Atomic Test] Site +by the National Atomic Museum + +June, 1995 [Etext #277] + +The 50th Anniversary of the Atomic Bomb + + +**The Project Gutenberg Etext of Trinity [Atomic Test] Site** +****This file should be named 1trnt10.txt or 1trnt10.zip**** + +Corrected EDITIONS of our etexts get a new NUMBER, 1trnt11.txt. +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, 1trnt10a.txt. + + +This etext was prepared by Gregory Walker, gwalker@netcom.com. + +We are now trying to release all our books one month in advance +of the official release dates, for time for better editing. + +Please note: neither this list nor its contents are final till +midnight of the last day of the month of any such announcement. +The official release date of all Project Gutenberg Etexts is at +Midnight, Central Time, of the last day of the stated month. A +preliminary version may often be posted for suggestion, comment +and editing by those who wish to do so. To be sure you have an +up to date first edition [xxxxx10x.xxx] please check file sizes +in the first week of the next month. Since our ftp program has +a bug in it that scrambles the date [tried to fix and failed] a +look at the file size will have to do, but we will try to see a +new copy has at least one byte more or less. + + +Information about Project Gutenberg (one page) + +We produce about two million dollars for each hour we work. The +fifty hours is one conservative estimate for how long it we take +to get any etext selected, entered, proofread, edited, copyright +searched and analyzed, the copyright letters written, etc. This +projected audience is one hundred million readers. If our value +per text is nominally estimated at one dollar then we produce $4 +million dollars per hour this year as we release some eight text +files per month: thus upping our productivity from $2 million. + +The Goal of Project Gutenberg is to Give Away One Trillion Etext +Files by the December 31, 2001. [10,000 x 100,000,000=Trillion] +This is ten thousand titles each to one hundred million readers, +which is 10% of the expected number of computer users by the end +of the year 2001. + +We need your donations more than ever! + +All donations should be made to "Project Gutenberg/IBC", and are +tax deductible to the extent allowable by law ("IBC" is Illinois +Benedictine College). (Subscriptions to our paper newsletter go +to IBC, too) + +For these and other matters, please mail to: + +Project Gutenberg +P. O. Box 2782 +Champaign, IL 61825 + +When all other email fails try our Michael S. Hart, Executive +Director: +hart@vmd.cso.uiuc.edu (internet) hart@uiucvmd (bitnet) + +We would prefer to send you this information by email +(Internet, Bitnet, Compuserve, ATTMAIL or MCImail). + +****** +If you have an FTP program (or emulator), please +FTP directly to the Project Gutenberg archives: +[Mac users, do NOT point and click. . .type] + +ftp mrcnext.cso.uiuc.edu +login: anonymous +password: your@login +cd etext/etext90 through /etext95 +or cd etext/articles [get suggest gut for more information] +dir [to see files] +get or mget [to get files. . .set bin for zip files] +GET INDEX?00.GUT +for a list of books +and +GET NEW GUT for general information +and +MGET GUT* for newsletters. + +**Information prepared by the Project Gutenberg legal advisor** +(Three Pages) + + +***START**THE SMALL PRINT!**FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN ETEXTS**START*** +Why is this "Small Print!" statement here? You know: lawyers. +They tell us you might sue us if there is something wrong with +your copy of this etext, even if you got it for free from +someone other than us, and even if what's wrong is not our +fault. So, among other things, this "Small Print!" statement +disclaims most of our liability to you. It also tells you how +you can distribute copies of this etext if you want to. + +*BEFORE!* YOU USE OR READ THIS ETEXT +By using or reading any part of this PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm +etext, you indicate that you understand, agree to and accept +this "Small Print!" statement. If you do not, you can receive +a refund of the money (if any) you paid for this etext by +sending a request within 30 days of receiving it to the person +you got it from. If you received this etext on a physical +medium (such as a disk), you must return it with your request. + +ABOUT PROJECT GUTENBERG-TM ETEXTS +This PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm etext, like most PROJECT GUTENBERG- +tm etexts, is a "public domain" work distributed by Professor +Michael S. Hart through the Project Gutenberg Association at +Illinois Benedictine College (the "Project"). Among other +things, this means that no one owns a United States copyright +on or for this work, so the Project (and you!) can copy and +distribute it in the United States without permission and +without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth +below, apply if you wish to copy and distribute this etext +under the Project's "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark. + +To create these etexts, the Project expends considerable +efforts to identify, transcribe and proofread public domain +works. Despite these efforts, the Project's etexts and any +medium they may be on may contain "Defects". Among other +things, Defects may take the form of incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other +intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged +disk or other etext medium, a computer virus, or computer +codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. + +LIMITED WARRANTY; DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES +But for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described below, +[1] the Project (and any other party you may receive this +etext from as a PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm etext) disclaims all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including +legal fees, and [2] YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE OR +UNDER STRICT LIABILITY, OR FOR BREACH OF WARRANTY OR CONTRACT, +INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE +OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE +POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. + +If you discover a Defect in this etext within 90 days of +receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) +you paid for it by sending an explanatory note within that +time to the person you received it from. If you received it +on a physical medium, you must return it with your note, and +such person may choose to alternatively give you a replacement +copy. If you received it electronically, such person may +choose to alternatively give you a second opportunity to +receive it electronically. + +THIS ETEXT IS OTHERWISE PROVIDED TO YOU "AS-IS". NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE MADE TO YOU AS +TO THE ETEXT OR ANY MEDIUM IT MAY BE ON, INCLUDING BUT NOT +LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A +PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Some states do not allow disclaimers of implied warranties or +the exclusion or limitation of consequential damages, so the +above disclaimers and exclusions may not apply to you, and you +may have other legal rights. + +INDEMNITY +You will indemnify and hold the Project, its directors, +officers, members and agents harmless from all liability, cost +and expense, including legal fees, that arise directly or +indirectly from any of the following that you do or cause: +[1] distribution of this etext, [2] alteration, modification, +or addition to the etext, or [3] any Defect. + +DISTRIBUTION UNDER "PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm" +You may distribute copies of this etext electronically, or by +disk, book or any other medium if you either delete this +"Small Print!" and all other references to Project Gutenberg, +or: + +[1] Only give exact copies of it. Among other things, this + requires that you do not remove, alter or modify the + etext or this "small print!" statement. You may however, + if you wish, distribute this etext in machine readable + binary, compressed, mark-up, or proprietary form, + including any form resulting from conversion by word pro- + cessing or hypertext software, but only so long as + *EITHER*: + + [*] The etext, when displayed, is clearly readable, and + does *not* contain characters other than those + intended by the author of the work, although tilde + (~), asterisk (*) and underline (_) characters may + be used to convey punctuation intended by the + author, and additional characters may be used to + indicate hypertext links; OR + + [*] The etext may be readily converted by the reader at + no expense into plain ASCII, EBCDIC or equivalent + form by the program that displays the etext (as is + the case, for instance, with most word processors); + OR + + [*] You provide, or agree to also provide on request at + no additional cost, fee or expense, a copy of the + etext in its original plain ASCII form (or in EBCDIC + or other equivalent proprietary form). + +[2] Honor the etext refund and replacement provisions of this + "Small Print!" statement. + +[3] Pay a trademark license fee to the Project of 20% of the + net profits you derive calculated using the method you + already use to calculate your applicable taxes. If you + don't derive profits, no royalty is due. Royalties are + payable to "Project Gutenberg Association / Illinois + Benedictine College" within the 60 days following each + date you prepare (or were legally required to prepare) + your annual (or equivalent periodic) tax return. + +WHAT IF YOU *WANT* TO SEND MONEY EVEN IF YOU DON'T HAVE TO? +The Project gratefully accepts contributions in money, time, +scanning machines, OCR software, public domain etexts, royalty +free copyright licenses, and every other sort of contribution +you can think of. Money should be paid to "Project Gutenberg +Association / Illinois Benedictine College". + +*END*THE SMALL PRINT! FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN ETEXTS*Ver.04.29.93*END* + + + + + + +TRINITY SITE + by the U.S. Department of Energy + National Atomic Museum, + Albuquerque, New Mexico + + + +Contents: + The First Atomic Test. + Jumbo. + Schmidt-McDonald Ranch House. + Notes. + Bibliography. + The National Atomic Museum. + + + +The First Atomic Test + + +On Monday morning July 16, 1945, the world was changed forever when +the first atomic bomb was tested in an isolated area of the New Mexico +desert. Conducted in the final month of World War II by the top- +secret Manhattan Engineer District, this test was code named Trinity. +The Trinity test took place on the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery +Range, about 230 miles south of the Manhattan Project's headquarters +at Los Alamos, New Mexico. Today this 3,200 square mile range, partly +located in the desolate Jornada del Muerto Valley, is named the White +Sands Missile Range and is actively used for non-nuclear weapons +testing. + +Before the war the range was mostly public and private grazing land +that had always been sparsely populated. During the war it was even +more lonely and deserted because the ranchers had agreed to vacate +their homes in January 1942. They left because the War Department +wanted the land to use as an artillery and bombing practice area. In +September 1944, a remote 18 by 24 square mile portion of the north- +east corner of the Bombing Range was set aside for the Manhattan +Project and the Trinity test by the military. + +The selection of this remote location in the Jornada del Muerto Valley +for the Trinity test was from an initial list of eight possible test +sites. Besides the Jornada, three of the other seven sites were also +located in New Mexico: the Tularosa Basin near Alamogordo, the lava +beds (now the El Malpais National Monument) south of Grants, and an +area southwest of Cuba and north of Thoreau. Other possible sites not +located in New Mexico were: an Army training area north of Blythe, +California, in the Mojave Desert; San Nicolas Island (one of the +Channel Islands) off the coast of Southern California; and on Padre +Island south of Corpus Christi, Texas, in the Gulf of Mexico. The +last choice for the test was in the beautiful San Luis Valley of south- +central Colorado, near today's Great Sand Dunes National Monument. + +Based on a number of criteria that included availability, distance +from Los Alamos, good weather, few or no settlements, and that no +Indian land would be used, the choices for the test site were narrowed +down to two in the summer of 1944. First choice was the military +training area in southern California. The second choice, was the +Jornada del Muerto Valley in New Mexico. The final site selection was +made in late August 1944 by Major General Leslie R. Groves, the +military head of the Manhattan Project. When General Groves +discovered that in order to use the California location he would need +the permission of its commander, General George Patton, Groves quickly +decided on the second choice, the Jornada del Muerto. This was +because General Groves did not want anything to do with the flamboyant +Patton, who Groves had once described as "the most disagreeable man I +had ever met."[1] Despite being second choice the remote Jornada was +a good location for the test, because it provided isolation for +secrecy and safety, was only 230 miles south of Los Alamos, and was +already under military control. Plus, the Jornada enjoyed relatively +good weather. + +The history of the Jornada is in itself quite fascinating, since it +was given its name by the Spanish conquerors of New Mexico. The +Jornada was a short cut on the Camino Real, the King's Highway that +linked old Mexico to Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico. The Camino +Real went north from Mexico City till it joined the Rio Grande near +present day El Paso, Texas. Then the trail followed the river valley +further north to a point where the river curved to the west, and its +valley narrowed and became impassable for the supply wagons. To avoid +this obstacle, the wagons took the dubious detour north across the +Jornada del Muerto. Sixty miles of desert, very little water, and +numerous hostile Apaches. Hence the name Jornada del Muerto, which is +often translated as the journey of death or as the route of the dead +man. It is also interesting to note that in the late 16th century, +the Spanish considered their province of New Mexico to include most of +North America west of the Mississippi! + +The origin of the code name Trinity for the test site is also +interesting, but the true source is unknown. One popular account +attributes the name to J. Robert Oppenheimer, the scientific head of +the Manhattan Project. According to this version, the well read +Oppenheimer based the name Trinity on the fourteenth Holy Sonnet by +John Donne, a 16th century English poet and sermon writer. The sonnet +started, "Batter my heart, three-personed God."[2] Another version of +the name's origin comes from University of New Mexico historian Ferenc +M. Szasz. In his 1984 book, The Day the Sun Rose Twice, Szasz quotes +Robert W. Henderson head of the Engineering Group in the Explosives +Division of the Manhattan Project. Henderson told Szasz that the name +Trinity came from Major W. A. (Lex) Stevens. According to Henderson, +he and Stevens were at the test site discussing the best way to haul +Jumbo (see below) the thirty miles from the closest railway siding to +the test site. "A devout Roman Catholic, Stevens observed that the +railroad siding was called 'Pope's Siding.' He [then] remarked that +the Pope had special access to the Trinity, and that the scientists +would need all the help they could get to move the 214 ton Jumbo to +its proper spot."[3] + +The Trinity test was originally set for July 4, 1945. However, final +preparations for the test, which included the assembly of the bomb's +plutonium core, did not begin in earnest until Thursday, July 12. The +abandoned George McDonald ranch house located two miles south of the +test site served as the assembly point for the device's core. After +assembly, the plutonium core was transported to Trinity Site to be +inserted into the thing or gadget as the atomic device was called. +But, on the first attempt to insert the core it stuck! After letting +the temperatures of the core and the gadget equalize, the core fit +perfectly to the great relief of all present. The completed device +was raised to the top of a 100-foot steel tower on Saturday, July 14. +During this process workers piled up mattresses beneath the gadget to +cushion a possible fall. When the bomb reached the top of the tower +without mishap, installation of the explosive detonators began. The +100-foot tower (a surplus Forest Service fire-watch tower) was +designated Point Zero. Ground Zero was at the base of the tower. + +As a result of all the anxiety surrounding the possibility of a +failure of the test, a verse by an unknown author circulated around +Los Alamos. It read: + + From this crude lab that spawned a dud. + Their necks to Truman's ax uncurled + Lo, the embattled savants stood, + and fired the flop heard round the world.[4] + +A betting pool was also started by scientists at Los Alamos on the +possible yield of the Trinity test. Yields from 45,000 tons of TNT to +zero were selected by the various bettors. The Nobel Prize-winning +(1938) physicist Enrico Fermi was willing to bet anyone that the test +would wipe out all life on Earth, with special odds on the mere +destruction of the entire State of New Mexico! + +Meanwhile back at the test site, technicians installed seismographic +and photographic equipment at varying distances from the tower. Other +instruments were set up for recording radioactivity, temperature, air +pressure, and similar data needed by the project scientists. + +According to Lansing Lamont in his 1965 book Day of Trinity, life at +Trinity could at times be very exciting. One afternoon while +scientists were busily setting up test instruments in the desert, the +tail gunner of a low flying B-29 bomber spotted some grazing antelopes +and opened up with his twin .50-caliber machine guns. "A dozen +scientists, ... under the plane and out of the gunner's line of +vision, dropped their instruments and hugged the ground in terror as +the bullets thudded about them."[5] Later a number of these +scientists threatened to quit the project. + +Workers built three observation points 5.68 miles (10,000 yards), +north, south, and west of Ground Zero. Code named Able, Baker, and +Pittsburgh, these heavily-built wooden bunkers were reinforced with +concrete, and covered with earth. The bunker designated Baker or +South 10,000 served as the control center for the test. This is where +head scientist J. Robert Oppenheimer would be for the test. + +A fourth observation point was the test's Base Camp, (the abandoned +Dave McDonald ranch) located about ten miles southwest of Ground Zero. +The primary observation point was on Compania Hill, located about 20 +miles to the northwest of Trinity near today's Stallion Range Gate, +off NM 380. + +The test was originally scheduled for 4 a.m., Monday July 16, but was +postponed to 5:30 due to a severe thunderstorm that would have +increased the amount of radioactive fallout, and have interfered with +the test results. The rain finally stopped and at 5:29:45 a.m. +Mountain War Time, the device exploded successfully and the Atomic Age +was born. The nuclear blast created a flash of light brighter than a +dozen suns. The light was seen over the entire state of New Mexico +and in parts of Arizona, Texas, and Mexico. The resultant mushroom +cloud rose to over 38,000 feet within minutes, and the heat of the +explosion was 10,000 times hotter than the surface of the sun! At ten +miles away, this heat was described as like standing directly in front +of a roaring fireplace. Every living thing within a mile of the tower +was obliterated. The power of the bomb was estimated to be equal to +20,000 tons of TNT, or equivalent to the bomb load of 2,000 B-29, +Superfortresses! + +After witnessing the awesome blast, Oppenheimer quoted a line from a +sacred Hindu text, the Bhagavad-Gita: He said: "I am become death, +the shatterer of worlds."[6] In Los Alamos 230 miles to the north, a +group of scientists' wives who had stayed up all night for the not so +secret test, saw the light and heard the distant sound. One wife, +Jane Wilson, described it this way, "Then it came. The blinding light +[no] one had ever seen. The trees, illuminated, leaping out. The +mountains flashing into life. Later, the long slow rumble. Something +had happened, all right, for good or ill."[7] + +General Groves' deputy commander, Brigadier General T. F. Farrell, +described the explosion in great detail: "The effects could well be +called unprecedented, magnificent, beautiful, stupendous, and +terrifying. No man-made phenomenon of such tremendous power had ever +occurred before. The lighting effects beggared description. The +whole country was lighted by a searing light with the intensity many +times that of the midday sun. It was golden, purple, violet, gray, +and blue. It lighted every peak, crevasse and ridge of the nearby +mountain range with a clarity and beauty that cannot be described but +must be seen to be imagined..."[8] + +Immediately after the test a Sherman M-4 tank, equipped with its own +air supply, and lined with two inches of lead went out to explore the +site. The lead lining added 12 tons to the tank's weight, but was +necessary to protect its occupants from the radiation levels at ground +zero. The tank's passengers found that the 100-foot steel tower had +virtually disappeared, with only the metal and concrete stumps of its +four legs remaining. Surrounding ground zero was a crater almost +2,400 feet across and about ten feet deep in places. Desert sand +around the tower had been fused by the intense heat of the blast into +a jade colored glass. This atomic glass was given the name Atomsite, +but the name was later changed to Trinitite. + +Due to the intense secrecy surrounding the test, no accurate +information of what happened was released to the public until after +the second atomic bomb had been dropped on Japan. However, many +people in New Mexico were well aware that something extraordinary had +happened the morning of July 16, 1945. The blinding flash of light, +followed by the shock wave had made a vivid impression on people who +lived within a radius of 160 miles of ground zero. Windows were +shattered 120 miles away in Silver City, and residents of Albuquerque +saw the bright light of the explosion on the southern horizon and felt +the tremor of the shock waves moments later. + +The true story of the Trinity test first became known to the public on +August 6, 1945. This is when the world's second nuclear bomb, +nicknamed Little Boy, exploded 1,850 feet over Hiroshima, Japan, +destroying a large portion of the city and killing an estimated 70,000 +to 130,000 of its inhabitants. Three days later on August 9, a third +atomic bomb devastated the city of Nagasaki and killed approximately +45,000 more Japanese. The Nagasaki weapon was a plutonium bomb, +similar to the Trinity device, and it was nicknamed Fat Man. On +Tuesday August 14, at 7 p.m. Eastern War Time, President Truman made a +brief formal announcement that Japan had finally surrendered and World +War II was over after almost six years and 60 million deaths! + +On Sunday, September 9, 1945, Trinity Site was opened to the press for +the first time. This was mainly to dispel rumors of lingering high +radiation levels there, as well as in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Led by +General Groves and Oppenheimer, this widely publicized visit made +Trinity front page news all over the country. + +Trinity Site was later encircled with more than a mile of chain link +fencing and posted with signs warning of radioactivity. In the early +1950s most of the remaining Trinitite in the crater was bulldozed into +a underground concrete bunker near Trinity. Also at this time the +crater was back filled with new soil. In 1963 the Trinitite was +removed from the bunker, packed into 55-gallon drums, and loaded into +trucks belonging to the Atomic Energy Commission (the successor of the +Manhattan Project). Trinity site remained off-limits to military and +civilian personnel of the range and closed to the public for many +years, despite attempts immediately after the war to turn Trinity into +a national monument. + +In 1953 about 700 people attended the first Trinity Site open house +sponsored by the Alamogordo Chamber of Commerce and the Missile Range. +Two years later, a small group from Tularosa, NM visited the site on +the 10th anniversary of the explosion to conduct a religious service +and pray for peace. + +Regular visits have been made annually in recent years on the first +Saturday in October instead of the anniversary date of July 16, to +avoid the desert heat. Later Trinity Site was opened one additional +day on the first Saturday in April. The Site remains closed to the +public except for these two days, because it lies within the impact +areas for missiles fired into the northern part of the Range. + +In 1965, Range officials erected a modest monument at Ground Zero. +Built of black lava rock, this monument serves as a permanent marker +for the site and as a reminder of the momentous event that occurred +there. On the monument is a plain metal plaque with this simple +inscription: "Trinity Site Where the World's First Nuclear Device Was +Exploded on July 16, 1945." + +During the annual tour in 1975, a second plaque was added below the +first by The National Park Service, designating Trinity Site a +National Historic Landmark. This plaque reads, "This site possesses +national significance in commemorating the history of the U.S.A." + + + +JUMBO + + +Lying next to the entrance of the chain link fence that still +surrounds Trinity Site are the rusty remains of Jumbo. Jumbo was the +code name for the 214-ton Thermos shaped steel and concrete container +designed to hold the precious plutonium core of the Trinity device in +case of a nuclear mis-fire. Built by the Babcock and Wilcox Company +of Barberton, Ohio, Jumbo was 28 feet long, 12 feet, 8 inches in +diameter, and with steel walls up to 16 inches thick. + +The idea of using some kind of container for the Trinity device was +based on the fact that plutonium was extremely expensive and very +difficult to produce. So, much thought went into a way of containing +the 15 lb. plutonium core of the bomb, in case the 5,300 lbs. of +conventional high explosives surrounding the core exploded without +setting off a nuclear blast, and in the process scattering the costly +plutonium (about 250 million dollars worth) across the dessert. After +extensive research and testing of other potential containment ideas, +the concept of Jumbo was decided on in the late summer of 1944. + +However, by the spring of 1945, after Jumbo had already been built and +transported (with great difficulty) to the Trinity Site by the +Eichleay Corporation of Pittsburgh, it was decided not to explode the +Trinity device inside of Jumbo after all. There were several reasons +for this new decision: first, plutonium had become more readily +(relatively) available; second, the Project scientists decided that +the Trinity device would probably work as planned; and last, the +scientists realized that if Jumbo were used it would adversely affect +the test results, and add 214 tons of highly radioactive material to +the atmosphere. + +Not knowing what else to do with the massive 12 million dollar Jumbo, +it was decided to suspend it from a steel tower 800 yards from Ground +Zero to see how it would withstand the Trinity test. Jumbo survived +the approximately 20 kiloton Trinity blast undamaged, but its +supporting 70-foot tall steel tower was flattened. + +Two years later, in an attempt to destroy the unused Jumbo before it +and its 12 million dollar cost came to the attention of a +congressional investigating committee, Manhattan Project Director +General Groves ordered two junior officers from the Special Weapons +Division at Sandia Army Base in Albuquerque to test Jumbo. The Army +officers placed eight 500-pound conventional bombs in the bottom of +Jumbo. Since the bombs were on the bottom of Jumbo, and not the +center (the correct position), the resultant explosion blew both ends +off Jumbo. Unable to totally destroy Jumbo, the Army then buried it +in the desert near Trinity Site. It was not until the early 1970s +that the impressive remains of Jumbo, still weighing over 180 tons, +were moved to their present location. + + + +SCHMIDT-McDONALD RANCH HOUSE + + +The Schmidt-McDonald ranch house is located two miles south of Ground +Zero. The property encompasses about three acres and consists of the +main house and assorted outbuildings. The house, surrounded by a low +stone wall, was built in 1913 by Franz Schmidt, a German immigrant and +homesteader. In the 1920s Schmidt sold the ranch to George McDonald +and moved to Florida. + +The ranch house is a one-story, 1,750 square-foot adobe (mud bricks) +building. An ice house is located on the west side along with an 9'- +4" deep underground cistern. A 14 by 18.5 foot stone addition, which +included a modern bathroom, was added onto the north side in the +1930s. East of the house there is a large, divided concrete water +storage tank and a windmill. South of the windmill are the remains of +a bunkhouse, and a barn which also served as a garage. Further to the +east are corrals and holding pens for livestock. + +The McDonalds vacated their ranch house and their thousands of acres +of marginal range land in early 1942 when it became part of the +Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range. The old house remained empty +until Manhattan Project personnel arrived in 1945. Then a spacious +room in the northeast corner of the house was selected by the Project +personnel for the assembly of the plutonium core of the Trinity +device. Workmen installed work benches, tables, and other equipment +in this large room. To keep the desert dust and sand out, the room's +windows and cracks were covered with plastic and sealed with tape. +The core of the bomb consisted of two hemispheres of plutonium, (Pu- +239), and an initiator. According to reports, while scientists +assembled the initiator and the Pu-239 hemispheres, jeeps were +positioned outside with their engines running for a quick getaway if +needed. Detection devices were used to monitor radiation levels in +the room, and when fully assembled the core was warm to the touch. +The completed core was later transported the two miles to Ground Zero, +inserted into the bomb assembly, and raised to the top of the tower. + +The Trinity explosion on Monday morning, July 16, did not +significantly damage the McDonald house. Even though most of the +windows were blown out, and the chimney was blown over, the main +structure survived intact. Years of rain water dripping through holes +in the metal roof did much more damage to the mud brick walls than the +bomb did. The nearby barn did not fare as well. The Trinity test +blew part of its roof off, and the roof has since totally collapsed. + +The ranch house stood empty and deteriorating for 37 years until 1982 +when the US Army stabilized it to prevent any further damage. The +next year, the Department of Energy and the Army provided funds for +the National Park Service to completely restore the house to the way +it appeared in July, 1945. When the work was completed, the house +with many photo displays on Trinity was opened to the public for the +first time in October 1984 during the semi-annual tour. The Schmidt- +McDonald ranch house is part of the Trinity National Historic +Landmark. + + + +Notes + + +[1] Szasz, Ferenc. The Day the Sun Rose Twice. Albuquerque: +University of New Mexico Press, 1984. p. 28. + +[2] Hayward, John, ed. John Donne: Complete Poetry and Selected +Prose. New York: Random House, Inc., 1949. p. 285. + +[3] Szasz, The Day the Sun Rose Twice, p. 40. + +[4] Wyden, Peter. Day One: Before Hiroshima and After. New York: +Simon and Schuster, 1984. p. 204. + +[5] Lamont, Lansing. Day of Trinity. New York: Atheneum, 1965. p. +123-124. + +[6] Kunetka, James W. City of Fire: Los Alamos and the Atomic Age, +1943-1945. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1978. p. +170. + +[7] Wilson, Jane S. and Charlotte Serber, eds. Standing By and +Making Do: Women in Wartime Los Alamos. Los Alamos: Los Alamos +Historical Society, 1988. p. x, xi. + +[8] Brown, Anthony Cave, and Charles B. MacDonald. The Secret +History of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Dell, 1977. p. 516. + + + +Bibliography + + +Bainbridge, Kenneth T. Trinity. Los Alamos: Los Alamos Scientific +Laboratory, (La-6300-H), 1946. + +Brown, Anthony Cave, and Charles B. MacDonald. The Secret History of +the Atomic Bomb. New York: Dell, 1977. + +Compton, Arthur Holly. Atomic Quest: A Personal Quest. New York: +Oxford University Press, 1956. + +Fanton, Jonathan F., Stoff, Michael B. and Williams, R. Hal editors. +The Manhattan Project: A Documentary Introduction to the Atomic Age. +Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991. + +Feis, Herbert. Japan Subdued: The Atomic Bomb and the End of the War +in the Pacific. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961. + +Groves, Leslie R. Now it Can be Told: The Story of the Manhattan +Project. New York: Da Capo Press, 1975. + +Hersey, John. Hiroshima. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1946. + +Jette, Eleanor. Inside Box 1663. Los Alamos: Los Alamos Historical +Society, 1977. + +Kunetka, James W. City of Fire: Los Alamos and the Atomic Age, 1943- +1945. Albuquerque; University of New Mexico Press, 1978. + +Lamont, Lansing. Day of Trinity. New York: Athenaeum, 1965. + +Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon and +Schuster, 1986. + +Skates, John Ray. The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb. +Columbia; University of South Carolina Press, 1994. + +Smyth, Henry DeWolf. Atomic Energy for Military Purposes. Princeton: +Princeton University Press, 1948. + +Szasz, Ferenc. The Day the Sun Rose Twice. Albuquerque: University +of New Mexico Press, 1984. + +Tibbets, Paul W. Flight of the Enola Gay. Reynoldsburg, Ohio: +Buckeye Aviation Book Company, 1989. + +Williams, Robert C. Klaus Fuchs, Atom Spy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: +Harvard University Press, 1987. + +Wilson, Jane S. and Serber, Charlotte, eds. Standing By and Making +Do: Women in Wartime Los Alamos. Los Alamos: Los Alamos Historical +Society, 1988. + +Wyden, Peter. Day One: Before Hiroshima and After. New York: Simon +and Schuster, 1984. + + + +The National Atomic Museum, + Kirtland Air Force Base, + Albuquerque, New Mexico + + +Since its opening in 1969, the objective of the National Atomic museum +has been to provide a readily accessible repository of educational +materials, and information on the Atomic Age. In addition, the +museum's goal is to preserve, interpret, and exhibit to the public +memorabilia of this Age. In late 1991 the museum was chartered by +Congress as the United States' only official Atomic museum. + +Prominently featured in the museum's high bay is the story of the +Manhattan Engineer District, the unprecedented 2.2 billion dollar +scientific-engineering project that was centered in New Mexico during +World War II. The Manhattan Project as it was more commonly called, +developed, built, and tested the world's first Atomic bomb in New +Mexico. This display also includes casings similar to the only Atomic +bombs ever used in warfare. Dropped on the Japanese cities of +Hiroshima and Nagasaki, these two bombs helped bring World War II to +an end in mid-August 1945. The story of the Manhattan Project's three +secret cities, Hanford, Washington, Los Alamos, New Mexico, and Oak +Ridge, Tennessee, is also presented in this area. + +A portion of the museum, the low bay, is devoted to exhibits on the +research, development, and use of various forms of nuclear energy. +Historical and other traveling exhibits are also displayed in this +area. Also found in the low bay is the museum's store, which is +operated by the museum's foundation. + +Adjacent to the low bay is the theater. The featured film is David +Wolpers classic 1963 production, Ten Seconds That Shook The World. +This excellent film is a 53-minute documentary on the Manhattan +Project. Other films relating to the history of the Atomic Age are +available for viewing and checkout from the library. + +Next to the theater is the library/Department of Energy public reading +room, containing government documents that are available to the public +for in-library research. The library also has many nuclear related +books available for reference and checkout. + +Located around the outside of the museum are a number of large +exhibits. These include the Boeing B-52B jet bomber that dropped the +United States' last air burst H-bomb in 1962, and a 280-mm (11 inches) +Atomic cannon, once America's most powerful field artillery. Also +found in this area is a Navy TA-7C (a modified A-7B) Corsair II +fighter-bomber, a veteran of the Vietnam War. Many other nuclear +weapons systems, rockets, and missiles are found in this area. + +In front of the museum are a pair of Navy Terrier missiles. The +Terrier was the Navy's first operational surface to air missile. To +the south of the museum, next to the visitors parking lot, is a +Republic F-105D Thunderchief fighter-bomber. Further south is a World +War II Boeing B-29 Superfortress. This plane is similar to the B- +29's, Enola Gay and Bockscar that dropped the Atomic bombs on Japan. + +The National Atomic Museum, is open 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily, except for +New Years Day, Easter, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. The museum is +located at 20358 Wyoming Blvd. SE, on Kirtland Air Force Base, +Albuquerque, New Mexico. Guided tours for groups are available by +calling (505)845-4636 in advance. Admission and tours are free, and +cameras are always welcome! + + + + +End of this Project Gutenberg Etext of Trinity [Atomic Test] Site + + + diff --git a/old/1trnt10.zip b/old/1trnt10.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..149faa5 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/1trnt10.zip |
