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+Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 227, March 4, 1854, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, Number 227, March 4, 1854
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+       Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc
+
+Author: Various
+
+Other: George Bell
+
+Release Date: December 24, 2008 [EBook #27605]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES, QUERIES, MARCH 4, 1854 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
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+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+{189}
+
+NOTES AND QUERIES:
+
+A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.
+
+"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+No. 227.]
+SATURDAY, MARCH 4. 1854.
+[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+  NOTES:--                                              Page
+  Burton's "Anatomy of Melancholy," by Dr. E. F.
+  Rimbault                                               191
+  "[Greek: Aion]," its Derivation                        192
+  William Lyons, Bishop of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross        192
+  Curious Marriage Agreement                             193
+  Ancient American Languages, by K. R. H. Mackenzie      194
+  Conduitt and Newton, by Bolton Corney                  195
+
+  MINOR NOTES:--The Music in Middleton's Tragi-Comedy
+  of the "Witch"--Mr. Macaulay and Sir Archibald Alison
+  in error--"Paid down upon the nail"--Corpulence a
+  Crime--Curious Tender--The Year 1854--A Significant
+  Hint                                                   196
+
+  QUERIES:--
+  Literary Queries, by the Rev. R. Bingham               197
+
+  MINOR QUERIES:--Hunter of Polmood in Tweed-dale--
+  Dinteville Family--Eastern Practice of Medicine--
+  Sunday--Three Picture Queries--"Cutting off with a
+  Shilling"--Inman or Ingman Family--Constable of
+  Masham--Fading Ink--Sir Ralph Killigrew                198
+
+  MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Pepys--"Retainers to
+  Seven Shares and a Half"--Madden's "Reflections and
+  Resolutions proper for the Gentlemen of Ireland"--
+  King Edward I.'s Arm--Elstob, Elizabeth--Monumental
+  Brasses in London                                      199
+
+  REPLIES:--
+  Rapping no Novelty: and Table-turning, by Wm. Winthrop,
+  &c.                                                    200
+  General Whitelocke, by J. S. Harry, &c.                201
+  "Man proposes, but God disposes," by J. W. Thomas, &c. 202
+  Napoleon's Spelling, by H. H. Breen                    203
+  Memoirs of Grammont, by W. H. Lammin                   204
+  The Myrtle Bee, by Charles Brown                       205
+  Celtic Etymology                                       205
+
+  PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Improvements in the
+  Albumenized Process--Mr. Crookes on restoring old
+  Collodion--Photographic Queries                        206
+
+  REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--London Fortifications--
+  Burke's Domestic Correspondence--Battle of
+  Villers-en-Couche--"I could not love thee, dear, so
+  much"--Sir Charles Cotterell--Muffins and Crumpets--
+  "Clunk"--Picts' Houses--Tailless Cats--"Cock-and-bull
+  story"--Market Crosses--"Largesse"--Awkward, Awart,
+  Awalt--Morgan Odoherty--Black Rat--Blue Bells of
+  Scotland--Grammars, &c. for Public Schools--Warville   207
+
+  MISCELLANEOUS:--
+  Notes on Books, &c.                                    210
+  Books and Odd Volumes wanted                           210
+  Notices to Correspondents                              211
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BOHN'S STANDARD LIBRARY FOR MARCH.
+
+COWPER'S COMPLETE WORKS, edited by SOUTHEY: comprising his Poems,
+Correspondence, and Translations; with Memoir. Illustrated with Fifty fine
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+Vol. III., continuation of Memoir and Correspondence. Post 8vo., cloth, 3s.
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+HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden.
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+BOHN'S BRITISH CLASSICS FOR MARCH.
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+ADDISON'S WORKS, with the Notes of BISHOP HURD. In Four Volumes. With
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+
+HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BOHN'S CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOR MARCH.
+
+ATHENAEUS. The Deipnosophists, or the Banquet of the Learned, translated by
+C. D. YONGE, B.A., with an Appendix of Poetical Fragments rendered into
+English Verse by various Authors, and General Index. Complete in 3 vols.
+Vols. II. and III. Post 8vo. Cloth, 5s. each.
+
+HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BOHN'S ILLUSTRATED LIBRARY FOR MARCH.
+
+MUDIE'S BRITISH BIRDS, or History of the Feathered Tribes of the British
+Islands. Fifth edition, revised by W. C. L. MARTIN, ESQ. Complete in 2
+vols. post 8vo. Illustrated with 28 Plates, containing 52 Figures of Birds,
+and 7 additional Plates of Eggs. Cloth, 5s. per volume; or, WITH THE PLATES
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+BOHN'S ANTIQUARIAN LIBRARY FOR MARCH.
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+INGULPH'S CHRONICLE OF THE ABBEY OF CROYLAND, with the Continuations by
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+H. T. RILEY, B.A. Complete in 1 vol. post 8vo. Cloth 5s.
+
+HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden.
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+
+{190}
+
+The FIRST VOLUME is now Ready, with Portrait of Miss Burney, price 3s., of
+a CHEAP EDITION OF
+
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+    best manner. It ought to be consulted by every person who wishes to be
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+
+Published for HENRY COLBURN, by his Successors, HURST & BLACKETT, 13. Great
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+PEPYS' DIARY AND CORRESPONDENCE.
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+8vo., price 10s. 6d. per vol., illustrated with Portraits and other Plates,
+and with numerous additional Letters, Notes, &c. &c. Edited by LORD
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+NOTICE.
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+THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE FOR MARCH contains the following articles:--
+
+  Lord John Russell's Life of Fox.
+  Grotius on War and Peace.
+  Rhine-Land and its Romance.
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+  The Oxford Septuagint.
+  Monuments of the English Republican Refugees at Vevays.
+  Cervantes and his Writings.
+  The New Patron Saint of Amiens.
+  Ruined Cities in America.
+
+With Correspondence of Sylvanus Urban, Notes of the Month, Historical and
+Miscellaneous Reviews, Reports of Archaeological Societies, Historical
+Chronicle, and OBITUARY; including Memoirs of Viscount Beresford, Hon. Dr.
+Clive, Gen. Sir Thomas Bradford, Rev. Dr. F. A. Cox, Rev. William Jay,
+B. L. Vulliamy, Esq., &c. Price 2s. 6d.
+
+NICHOLS & SONS, 25. Parliament Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Now publishing, in SIX VOLUMES, OCTAVO (containing 7,215 Pages), price 2l.
+15s. cloth.
+
+MATTHEW HENRY'S COMMENTARY ON THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. To which is
+prefixed a Life of the Author, with Introductory Remarks, &c. Also, Four of
+his Sermons, viz.
+
+I. A Sermon on Family Religion.--II. How to begin every Day with God.--III.
+How to spend every Day with God.--IV. How to close every Day with God.
+
+An invaluable Present from a Parent to his Family on their Settling in
+Life.
+
+London: P. P. THOMS, Warwick Square. Sold by all Booksellers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ANNOTATED EDITION OF THE ENGLISH POETS.
+
+BY ROBERT BELL.
+
+In Monthly Volumes, 2s. 6d. each in cloth.
+
+This Day, the Second Volume, 2s. 6d., of the POETICAL WORKS OF JOHN DRYDEN,
+with historical and Illustrative Notes. By ROBERT BELL.
+
+Already published, 2s. 6d. each,
+
+POETICAL WORKS OF JOHN DRYDEN, Vol. I., with Memoir, containing New Facts
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+of SACKVILLE, LORD BUCKHURST. With Notes and Memoirs.
+
+On the 1st of April,
+
+POETICAL WORKS OF WILLIAM COWPER, Vol. I.
+
+London: JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
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+
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+FRASER'S MAGAZINE FOR MARCH, price 2s. 6d., or by post 3s., contains:
+
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+  A Pageant which meant something.
+  General Bounce: or, The Lady and the Locusts.
+    By the Author of "Digby Grand."
+    Chaps. V. and VI.
+  The British Jews:--A Letter to the Editor.
+  Sinope after the Battle.
+  The Decline and Fall of the Corporation of
+    London.--III. The Corporation as Suitors,
+    Justices, and Judges.
+  Beaumarchais.
+  Researches in Dutch Literature.--No. II.
+  Oxford Reform and Oxford Professors.
+
+London: JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
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+
+{191}
+
+_LONDON, SATURDAY, MARCH 4, 1854._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Notes.
+
+BURTON'S "ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY."
+
+In this age of "new editions," it is a wonder that no one has favoured the
+public with a reprint, with notes _variorum_, of this celebrated English
+classic.
+
+Dr. Dibdin, in a note to his edition of More's _Utopia_, vol. ii. p. 97.,
+says:
+
+    "Whoever will be at the trouble of consulting Part II, sect. IV. memb..
+    i. subsect. 4. of the last folio edition of Burton [1676], will see how
+    it varies from the first folio of 1624; and will, in consequence,
+    regret the omission of the notice of these variations in the octavo
+    editions of Burton recently published."
+
+The octavo editions here referred to are those of 1800 and 1806; the
+latter, I believe, edited by Edward Du Bois. The folio of 1676 is, in all
+probability, an exact reprint of that of 1651, which certainly differs
+considerably from those of an earlier date. Henry Cripps, the publisher of
+the edition of 1651, has the following notice:
+
+    "_To the Reader._
+
+    Be pleased to know (courteous Reader) that since the last impression of
+    this Book, the ingenuous author of it is deceased, leaving a copy of it
+    exactly corrected, with several considerable additions by his own hand.
+    This copy he committed to my care and custody, with directions to have
+    those additions inserted in the next edition; which, in order to his
+    command and the publicke good, is faithfully performed in this last
+    impression.
+
+    H. C."
+
+Modern writers have been deeply indebted to old Robert Burton; but he, in
+his turn, was equally indebted to earlier writers. Dr. Dibdin remarks:
+
+    "I suspect that Burton, the author of the _Anatomy of Melancholy_, was
+    intimately acquainted with Boiastuan's book as translated by Alday; for
+    there are passages in Burton's 'Love Melancholy' (the most
+    extraordinary and amusing part of his work), which bear a very strong
+    resemblance to many in the 'Gests and Countenances ridiculous of
+    Lovers,' at p. 195 of Boiastuan's _Theatre, or Rule of the World_."
+
+The title of the curious book mentioned in this extract is--
+
+    "Theatrum Mundi. Theatre, or Rule of the World: Wherein may bee seene
+    the running Race and Course of everie Mannes Lyfe, as touching Miserie
+    and Felicitie: whereunto is added a learned Worke of the excellencie of
+    Man. Written in French by Peter Boiastuan. Translated by John Alday.
+    Printed by Thomas East, for John Wright, 8vo. 1582."
+
+But Burton was more indebted to another work, very similar in title and
+matter to his own; I mean Dr. Bright's curious little volume, of which I
+transcribe the title-page in full:
+
+    "A Treatise of Melancholy: contayning the Causes thereof, and reasons
+    of the strange Effects it worketh in our Minds and Bodies; with the
+    Phisicke Cure, and Spirituall Consolation for such as have thereto
+    adjoyned afflicted Conscience. The difference betwixt it and
+    Melancholy, with diverse philosophical Discourses touching Actions, and
+    Affections of Soule, Spirit, and Body: the Particulars whereof are to
+    be seene before the Booke. By T. Bright, Doctor of Phisicke. Imprinted
+    at London by John Windet, sm. 8vo. 1586."
+
+It has been remarked that Burton does not acknowledge his obligations to
+Bright. This, however, is not strictly true, as the former acknowledges
+_several quotations_ in the course of his work. It would certainly be
+desirable, in the event of a new edition of the _Anatomy_, that a
+comparison of the two books should be made. As a beginning towards this
+end, I subjoin a table of the contents of Bright's _Treatise_, with a
+notice of some similar passages in Burton's _Anatomy_, arranged in parallel
+columns.
+
+I may just add, that Bright's _Treatise_ consists of 276 pages, exclusive
+of a dedication "To the Right Worshipful M. Peter Osborne," &c. (dated from
+"Little S. Bartlemews by Smithfield, the 13 of May, 1586"); and an address
+"To his Melancholick Friend M."
+
+All that is known of his biography has been collected by the Rev. Joseph
+Hunter, and communicated to the last edition of Wood's _Athenae
+Oxonienses_, vol. ii. p. 174. _note_.
+
+BRIGHT'S "TREATISE OF MELANCHOLY,"    | BURTON'S "ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY,"
+1586.                                 | edit. 1651.
+                                      |
+_The Contentes of the Booke according | _Parallel Sections._
+to the Chapters._                     |
+                                      |
+1. How diversely the word Melancholy  | Definition of Melancholy: name,
+is taken.                             | difference.
+                                      |
+2. The causes of natural melancholy,  | The causes of melancholy.
+and of the excesse thereof.           |
+                                      |
+3. Whether good nourishment           | Customs of dyet, delight, appetite,
+breede melancholy, by fault of the    | accessity: how they cause
+body turning it into melancholy:      | or hinder.
+and whether such humour is found      |
+in nourishments, or rather is made    |
+of them.                              |
+                                      |
+4. The aunswere to objections         | Dyet rectified in substance.
+made against the breeding of          |
+melancholicke humour out of           |
+nourishment.                          |
+                                      |
+5. A more particular and farther      |
+answere to the former objections.     |
+                                      |
+6. The causes of the increase and     | Immediate cause of these precedent
+excesse of melancholicke humour.      | symptomes.
+                                      |
+7. Of the melancholicke excrement.    | Of the matter of melancholy.
+                                      |
+8. What burnt choller is, and         |
+the causes thereof.                   |
+                                      |
+9. How melancholie worketh            | Symptomes or signes in the
+fearful passions in the mind.         | mind.
+                                      |
+10. How the body affecteth the        | Of the soul and her faculties.
+soule.                                |
+                                      |
+11. Objections againste the manner    |
+how the body affecteth the            |
+soule, with answere thereunto.        |
+                                      |
+12. A farther answere to the          |
+former objections, and of the simple  |
+facultie of the soule, and onely      |
+organicall of spirit and body.        |
+                                      |
+13. How the soule, by one simple      |
+facultie, performeth so many and      |
+diverse actions.                      |
+                                      |
+{192}
+14. The particular answeres to        |
+the objections made in the 11th       |
+chapter.                              |
+                                      |
+15. Whether perturbations rise        | Division of perturbations.
+of humour or not, with a division     |
+of the perturbations.                 |
+                                      |
+16. Whether perturbations which       |
+are not moved by outward occasions    |
+rise of humour or not: and            |
+how?                                  |
+                                      |
+17. How melancholie procureth         | Sorrow, fear, envy, hatred, malice,
+feare, sadnes, despaire, and such     | anger, &c. causes.
+passions.                             |
+                                      |
+18. Of the unnaturall melancholie     | Symptomes of head-melancholy.
+rising by adjustion: how              |
+it affecteth us with diverse passions.|
+                                      |
+19. How sickness and yeares           | Continent, inward, antecedent,
+seeme to alter the mind, and the      | next causes, and how the body
+cause: and how the soule hath         | works on the mind.
+practise of senses separated from     |
+the body.                             |
+                                      |
+20. The accidentes which befall       | An heap of other accidents causing
+melancholie persons.                  | melancholy.
+                                      |
+21. How melancholie altereth          | Distemperature of particular
+the qualities of the body.            | parts.
+                                      |
+22. How melancholie altereth          |
+those actions which rise out of the   |
+braine.                               |
+                                      |
+23. How affections be altered.        |
+                                      |
+24. The causes of teares, and         |
+their saltnes.                        |
+                                      |
+25. Why teares endure not all         |
+the time of the cause: and why in     |
+weeping commonly the finger is        |
+put in the eie.                       |
+                                      |
+26. Of the partes of weeping:         |
+why the countenance is cast down,     |
+the forehead lowreth, the nose        |
+droppeth, the lippe trembleth, &c.    |
+                                      |
+27. The causes of sobbing and         |
+sighing: and how weeping easeth       |
+the heart.                            |
+                                      |
+28. How melancholie easeth            |
+both weeping and laughing, with       |
+the reasons why.                      |
+                                      |
+29. The causes of blushing and        | Causes of these symptomes [_i.e._
+bashfulness, and why melancholie      | bashfulness and blushing].
+persons are given therunto.           |
+                                      |
+30. Of the naturall actions altered   |
+by melancholie.                       |
+                                      |
+31. How melancholie altereth          | Symptomes of melancholy
+the naturall workes of the body:      | abounding in the whole body.
+juice and excrement.                  |
+                                      |
+32. Of the affliction of conscience   | Guilty conscience for offence
+for sinne.                            | committed.
+                                      |
+33. Whether the afflicted conscience  |
+be of melancholie.                    |
+                                      |
+34. The particular difference betwixt | How melancholy and despair
+melancholie and the afflicted         | differ.
+conscience in the same                |
+person.                               |
+                                      |
+35. The affliction of mind: to        | Passions and perturbations of
+what persons it befalleth, and by     | the mind; how they cause
+what means.                           | melancholy.
+                                      |
+36. A consolation to the afflicted    |
+conscience.                           |
+                                      |
+37. The cure of melancholie;          | Cure of melancholy over all the
+and how melancholicke persons         | body.
+are to order themselves in actions    |
+of minde, sense, and motion.          |
+                                      |
+38. How melancholicke persons         | Perturbations of the mind
+are to order themselves in their      | rectified.
+affections.                           |
+                                      |
+39. How melancholicke persons         | Dyet rectified; ayre rectified, &c.
+are to order themselves in the rest   |
+of their diet, and what choice they   |
+are to make of ayre, meate, and       |
+drinke, house, and apparell.          |
+                                      |
+40. The cure by medicine meete        | Of physick which cureth with
+for melancholicke persons.            | medicines.
+                                      |
+41. The manner of strengthening       | Correctors of accidents to procure
+melancholicke persons after           | sleep.
+purging: with correction of some      |
+of their accidents.                   |
+
+EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+*** Transcriber's note: in the following item the Greek omega is
+transcribed as oo to distinguish it from o = omicron
+
+"[Greek: Aioon]," ITS DERIVATION.
+
+As the old postulate respecting the etymology of this important word, from
+[Greek: aeioon], however superficial, is too attractive to be surrendered,
+even in the present day, by some respectable authorities, the judgment of
+your classical correspondents is requested, as to the accuracy of the more
+philosophical origin of the term which has been adopted by commentators of
+unquestionable erudition and undisputed eminence.
+
+The rule by which those distinguished scholars, Lennep and Scheidius,
+determine the etymology of [Greek: Aioon], is as follows:
+
+    "Nomina in [Greek: oon] desinentia, formata ab aliis nominibus,
+    _collectiva_ sunt, sive _copiam_ earum rerum, quae _primitivo_
+    designantur notant--ut sunt [Greek: dendroon], a [Greek: dendron],
+    arboretum; [Greek: Elaioon], olivetum, ab [Greek: Elaion]; [Greek:
+    Rhodoon], rosetum, a [Greek: rhodon] (also the nouns [Greek: ankoon,
+    agoon, akremoon, bonboon, paioon, ploutoon, poogoon, chitoon]).--Nempe
+    formata videntur haec nomina in [Greek: oon], a genitivis pluralibus
+    substantivorum. Genitivus singularis horum nominum, in [Greek: oonos],
+    contractione sua, hanc originem satis videtur demonstrare."
+
+In immediate reference to the word [Greek: Aioon], they say:
+
+    "[Greek: Aioon], Aevum, Aeternitas. Nomen ex eo genere, quod natura sua
+    _collectionem_ et _multitudinem_ rerum notat; ut patet ex terminatione
+    [Greek: oon]. Quemadmodum in voce [Greek: aei], vidimus eam esse
+    translatam eximie ad significationem _temporis_, ab illa flandi,
+    spirandive, quae est in origine [Greek: aoo]; sic in nostro [Greek:
+    Aioon] eadem translationis ratio locum habet; ut adeo quasi _temporum
+    collectionem_, vel _multitudinem_ significet. A qua denuo
+    significatione propria profectae sunt eae, quibus vel _aevum_, vel
+    _aeternitatem_, vel _hominis aetatem_ descripsere veteres. Formata
+    (vox) est a nomine inusitato [Greek: Aios], vel [Greek: Aios], quod ab
+    [Greek: ais], cujus naturam, in voce [Greek: aei], expossi. Caeterum, a
+    Graeco nostro [Greek: Aioon], interposito digammate Aeolico, ortum, est
+    [Greek: Aiwoon], et hinc Lat. aevum."
+
+As then it is impossible to place [Greek: Aioon], whose genitive is [Greek:
+Aioonos], in the same category with the derivatives from [Greek: oon], the
+participle present of [Greek: Eimi], whose genitive is [Greek: ontos]; and
+as, secondly, this derivation places the word out of the range of the
+collective nouns so declined, which are derived from other nouns, as this
+appears to be, can the real etymology of the word [Greek: Aioon], and its
+derivatives, remain any longer a matter of question and debate?
+
+C. H. P.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WILLIAM LYON, BISHOP OF CORK, CLOYNE, AND ROSS.
+
+It is very generally believed that Dr. William Lyon (not Lyons, as he is
+sometimes called) was originally in the navy; that having distinguished
+himself in several actions against the Spaniards, he was promised by Queen
+Elizabeth the first crown appointment that should be vacant; and that this
+happening to be the see of Cork, he was appointed to it. This is mentioned
+in other works as well as in Mr. Crofton Croker's very agreeable
+_Researches in the South of Ireland_, p. 248.; and I have more than once
+heard it given as a remarkable instance of church preferment. {193}
+
+Sir James Ware informs us that Bishop Lyon was Vicar of Naas in 1573, Vicar
+of Brandanston in 1580, and chaplain to Lord Grey, who was sent to Ireland
+as Lord Deputy in September, 1580. This is inconsistent with the statement,
+that Queen Elizabeth took him from the quarter-deck to make him a bishop,
+inasmuch as he was in holy orders, and in possession of preferment in
+Ireland, nearly ten years before he was raised to the highest order in the
+ministry. If, therefore, he was ever distinguished for gallantry in naval
+warfare, it must have been before 1573; for we have no reason to suppose
+that the Rev. George Walker, the hero of Londonderry, had him as an
+example. But, as no action with the Spaniards could have taken place prior
+to 1577, how is this to be reconciled with the common account, that his
+gallantry against them attracted the notice of the queen? In a
+miscellaneous compilation, entitled _Jefferson's Selections_ (published in
+York in 1795, and indebted for its information about Lyon to an old
+newspaper, which gave oral tradition as its sole authority), we are told
+that his picture, in the captain's uniform, the left hand wanting a finger,
+is still to be seen in the bishop's palace at Cork. The picture is there,
+and represents him certainly as wanting a finger; he is dressed, however,
+not in a captain's uniform, but in a very scholar-like black gown.
+
+I know not how Mr. Croker could have given the year 1606 as the date of his
+appointment to the see of Cloyne, for we learn from Ware, who is no mean
+authority, that he was first appointed to the see of Ross in 1582; that the
+sees of Cork and Cloyne were given to him _in commendam_ in 1583 (as is
+recorded in the Consistorial Court of Cork), and that the three sees were
+formally united in his person in 1586.
+
+In 1595 he was appointed one of the commissioners to consider the best
+means of peopling Munster with English settlers, and of establishing a
+voluntary composition throughout that province in lieu of cess and taxes;
+this does not look as if he had been an illiterate captain of a ship, or
+one of those "rude-bred soldiers, whose education was at the musket-mouth."
+In fact, Ware does not seem to have considered him remarkable for anything
+except such qualities as well became his order. And we have the high
+testimony of Archbishop Bramhall (quoted by Ware), that "Cork and Ross
+fared the best of any bishoprick in that province, a very good man, Bishop
+Lyon, having been placed there early in the Reformation."
+
+ABHBA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CURIOUS MARRIAGE AGREEMENT.
+
+The original of the following paper is in existence in this city:
+
+      "To MRS. DEBORAH LEAMING.
+
+    "Madam.--Seeing I, Jacob Sprier, have addressed myself to you upon the
+    design of marriage, I therefore esteem it necessary to submit to your
+    consideration some particulars, before we enter upon that solemn
+    enterprise which may either establish our happiness or occasion our
+    inquietude during life, and if you concur with those particulars, I
+    shall have great encouragement to carry my design into execution; and
+    since happiness is the grand pursuit of a rational creature, so
+    marriage ought not to be attempted short of a prospect of arriving
+    thereat; and in order thereto (should we marry) I conceive the
+    following rules and particulars ought to be steadily observed and kept,
+    viz.:
+
+    "1st. That we keep but one purse: a severance of interest bespeaking
+    diffidence, mistrust, and disunity of mind.
+
+    "2nd. That we avoid anger as much as possible, especially with each
+    other; but if either should be overtaken therewith, the other to treat
+    the angry party with temper and moderation during the continuance of
+    such anger; and afterwards, if need require, let the matter of heat be
+    coolly discussed when reason shall resume its government.
+
+    "3rd. As we have different stocks of children to which we are and ought
+    to be strongly attached by ties of nature, so it's proper when such
+    children or any of them need correction, it be administered by the
+    party from whom they have descended; unless, in the opinion of both
+    parties, it shall be thought necessary to be otherwise administered for
+    the children's good.
+
+    "4th. That no difference or partiality be made with respect to such
+    children who live with us in point of common usage touching education,
+    food, raiment, and treatment, otherwise than as age, circumstance, and
+    convenience may render it necessary, to be agreed upon between us, and
+    grounded upon reason.
+
+    "5th. That civility, courtesy, and kind treatment be always exercised
+    and extended towards such child or children that now is or hereafter
+    may be removed from us.
+
+    "6th. That we use our mutual endeavours to instruct, counsel, improve,
+    admonish, and advise all our children, without partiality, for their
+    general good; and that we ardently endeavour to promote both their
+    temporal and eternal welfare.
+
+    "7th. That each of us use our best endeavours to inculcate upon the
+    minds of our respective stocks of children a venerable and honourable
+    opinion of the other of us; and avoid as much as possible any
+    insinuation that may have a different tendency.
+
+    "8th. That in matters where either of us is more capable of judging
+    than the other of us, and best acquainted therein, that the person so
+    most capable of judging, and best acquainted, do follow his or her own
+    judgment without control, unless the other shall be able to give a
+    sufficient reason to the contrary; then, and in such case, the same to
+    be conclusive; and that we do adhere to each other in things reasonable
+    and expedient {194} with a mutual condescension, and also advise with
+    and consult each other in matters of importance.
+
+    "9th. That if any misunderstanding should arise, the same be calmly
+    canvassed and accommodated between ourselves, without admitting the
+    interposition of any other, or seeking a confident to either to reveal
+    our mind unto, or sympathise withal upon the occasion.
+
+    "10th. That no suspicious jealousies of any kind whatever be harboured
+    in our breasts, without absolute or good circumstantial evidence; and
+    if conceived upon proof or strong presumption, the same to be
+    communicated to the suspected person, in temper and moderation, and not
+    told to another.
+
+    "11th. That we be just, chaste, and continent to each other; and should
+    either prove otherwise, that then we separate, notwithstanding the most
+    solemn ties to the contrary, unless it shall suit the injured party to
+    forgive the injury and continue the coverture; and in case of
+    separation, each of us to keep such share of wealth as we were
+    possessed of when are came together, if it remains in the same state,
+    as to quantum; but if over or under, then in proportion to what we
+    originally had.
+
+    "12th. That we neither give into, nor countenance any ill advisers who
+    may have a design to mar our happiness, and sow discord between us.
+
+    "13th. That in matters of religious concernment, we be at liberty to
+    exercise our sentiments freely without control.
+
+    "14th. That we use our mutual endeavours to increase our affection,
+    cultivate our harmony, promote our happiness, and live in the fear of
+    God, and in obedience to His righteous laws.
+
+    "15th. That we use the relatives of each other with friendly kindness;
+    and that the same be extended to our friends and benefactors, mutually,
+    without grudging.
+
+    "16th. That the survivor of us endeavour, after the death of either of
+    us, to maintain the reputation and dignity of the deceased, by avoiding
+    levity of behaviour, dissoluteness of life and disgraceful marriage;
+    not only so, but that such survivor persevere in good offices to the
+    children of the deceased, as a discreet, faithful, and honourable
+    survivor ought to do.
+
+    "17th. That in case Jacob Sprier, after trial, shall not think it for
+    his interest, or agreeable to his disposition, to live at the
+    plantation where Deborah Leaming now resides, then, and in such case,
+    she to remove with him elsewhere upon a prospect promising to better
+    his circumstances or promote his happiness, provided the landed
+    interest of the said Deborah's late husband be taken proper care of for
+    the benefit of her son Christopher.
+
+    "18th. That the said Jacob Sprier be allowed from time to time to
+    purchase such books from our joint stock as he shall think necessary
+    for the advantage and improvement of himself and our children jointly,
+    or either of them, without grudging.
+
+    "19th. That the said Jacob Sprier do continue to keep Elisha Hughes,
+    and perform his express agreement to him according to indenture already
+    executed, and discharge the trust reposed in him the said Sprier by the
+    another of the said Elisha, without grudging or complaint.
+
+    "20th. And as the said Deborah Leaming, and the said Jacob Sprier, are
+    now something advanced in years and ought to take the comfort of life
+    as free from hard toil as convenience will admit, therefore neither of
+    them be subject thereunto unless in case of emergence, and this
+    exemption to be no ways censured by each other, provided they
+    supervise, contrive, and do the light necessary services incumbent on
+    the respected heads of a family, not omitting to cultivate their minds
+    when convenience will admit.
+
+    "21st. That if anything be omitted in the foregoing rules and
+    particulars, that may conduce to our future happiness and welfare, the
+    same to be hereafter supplied by reason and discretion, as often as
+    occasion shall require.
+
+    "22nd. That the said Jacob Sprier shall not upbraid the said Deborah
+    Leaming with the extraordinary industry and good economy of his
+    deceased wife, neither shall the said Deborah Leaming upbraid the said
+    Jacob Sprier with the like extraordinary industry and good economy of
+    her deceased husband, neither shall anything of this nature be observed
+    by either to the other of us, with any view to offend or irritate the
+    party to whom observed; a thing too frequently practised in a second
+    marriage, and very fatal to the repose of parties married.
+
+    "I, Deborah Leaming, in case I marry with Jacob Sprier, do hereby
+    promise to observe and perform the before-going rules and particulars,
+    containing twenty-two in number to the best of my power. As witness my
+    hand, the 16th day of Decem'r, 1751:
+
+      (Signed) "DEBORAH LEAMING.
+
+    "I, Jacob Sprier, in case I marry with Deborah Leaming, do hereby
+    promise to observe and perform the before-going rules and particulars,
+    containing twenty two in number, to the best of my power. As witness my
+    hand, the 16th day of December, 1751:
+
+      (Signed) "JACOB SPRIER."
+
+OLDBUCK.
+
+Philadelphia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ANCIENT AMERICAN LANGUAGES.
+
+(_Continued from_ Vol. vi., pp. 60, 61.)
+
+Since communicating to you a short list of a few books I had noted as
+having reference to this obscure subject, I have stumbled over a few others
+which bear special reference to the Quichua: and of which I beg to send you
+a short account, which may be worthy a place in your valuable pages.
+
+The first work upon the Quichua language, of which I find mention, is a
+grammar of the Peruvian Indians (_Gramatica o arte general de la lengua de
+los Indios del Peru_), by the brother Domingo de San Thomas, published in
+Valladolid in 1560, and republished in the same year with an appendix,
+being a Vocabulary of the Quichua. The demand for the first edition appears
+to have been considerable; or, what is more likely, from the extreme rarity
+of the work, the careful author {195} suppressed or called in the first
+edition, in order to add, for the benefit of his purchasers, the vocabulary
+which he had found time to prepare within the year.
+
+The work of San Thomas seems to have glutted the market for some twenty
+years; for we do not find that any one made a collection of words or
+grammatical forms until the year 1586, when Antonio Ricardo published a
+kind of introduction to the Quichua, having sole reference to that
+language, without anything more than an explanation in Spanish.[1] This
+work, like that of his predecessor, was immediately remodelled and
+re-published in a very much extended form in the same year. Ricardo's books
+are amongst the first printed in that part of America.
+
+Diego de Torres Rubio is the next writer of whom I am cognizant. He
+published at Seville, in 1603, a grammar and vocabulary of the Quichua; the
+subject still continuing to attract attention. Still, as was to be
+expected, the Quichua language was of more consequence to the Spaniards of
+Peru. No doubt, therefore, that Father Juan Martinez found a ready sale for
+his vocabulary, published at Los Reyes in 1604. Indeed, the subject is now
+attracting the attention of the eminent Diego Gonzalez Holguin, who
+published first a new grammar (_Gramatica nuevu_) of the Quichua and Inca
+dialect, in four books, at the press of Francisco del Canto, in Los Reyes,
+1607; and second, a vocabulary of the language of the whole of Peru (_de
+todo el Peru_), in the same year and at the same press.
+
+It is worthy to remark, as confuting somewhat fully the assertion of
+Prescott (_Conquest of Peru_, v. ii. p. 188.), that the Spanish name of
+Ciudad de los Reyes ceased to be used in speaking of Lima "within the first
+generation," that the books of Ricardo, Holguin, and Huerta (of whom
+presently) are all stated to have been printed in the Ciudad de los Reyes,
+though the latest of these appeared in 1616. In 1614, however, to confine
+myself strictly to the bibliographical inquiry suggested by the heading of
+my article, a method and vocabulary of the Quichua did appear from Canto's
+press, dated Lima,--a corruption, as is well known, of the word _Rimac_.
+
+That, however, the Castilian name should be employed later, is curious. At
+any rate, it occurs for the last time on the title of a work printed by the
+same printer, Canto, in 1616; and written by Don Alonso de Huerta, the old
+title being adhered to, probably from some cause unknown to us, but
+possibly in consequence of old aristocratic opinions and prejudices in
+favour of the Spanish name. That the name of Lima had obtained considerably
+even in the time of the Conquerors, Mr. Prescott has sufficiently proved;
+but as an official and recognised name it evidently existed to a later
+period than the historian has mentioned.
+
+The work of Torres Rubio, already mentioned, was reprinted in Lima by
+Francisco Lasso in 1619. From this time forward, the subject of the native
+language of Peru seems to have occupied the attention of many writers. A
+quarto grammar was published by Diego de Olmos in 1633 of the Indian
+language, as the Quichuan now came to be called.
+
+Eleven years later, we find Fernando de Carrera, curate and vicar of San
+Martin de Reque, publishing an elaborate word bearing the following title:
+
+    "Arte de la lengua yunga de los valles del obispado de Truxillo; con un
+    confesonario y todas las oraciones cotidianas y otras cosas: Lima, por
+    Juan de Contreras, 1644, 16mo."
+
+Grammars and methods here follow thick and fast. A few years after
+Carrera's book, in 1648, comes Don Juan Roxo Mexia y Ocon, _natural de
+Cuzco_, as he proudly styles himself with a method of the Indian language:
+and after a few insignificant works, again another in 1691, by Estevan
+Sancho de Melgar.
+
+The most common works on the Quichua are the third and fourth editions of
+Torres Rubio, published at Lima in the years 1700 and 1754. Of these two
+works done with that care and evident pleasure which Jesuits always, and
+perhaps only, bestow upon these difficult by-roads of philology, I need say
+no more, as they are very well known.
+
+Before I close this communication, allow me to suggest to the readers and
+contributors to the truly valuable "N. & Q.," that no tittle of knowledge
+concerning these early philological researches ought to be allowed to
+remain unrecorded; and with the position which the "N. & Q." occupies, and
+the facilities that journal offers for the preservation of these stray
+scraps of knowledge, surely it would not be amiss to send them to the
+Editor, and let him decide as he is very capable of doing, as to their
+value.
+
+KENNETH R. H. MACKENZIE.
+
+February 20. 1854.
+
+[Footnote 1: Arte y Vocabulario de la lengua, Uamada quichua. En la Ciudad
+de los Reyes, 1586, 8vo.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CONDUITT AND NEWTON
+
+In the prospectus of a new _Life_ of sir Isaac Newton, by sir David
+Brewster, it is stated that in examining the papers at Hurstbourne Park,
+the seat of the earl of Portsmouth, the discovery had been maple of
+"copious materials which Mr. Conduit had collected for a life of Newton,
+_which had never been supposed to exist_."
+
+About the year 1836 I consulted the principal biographers of
+Newton--Conduitt, Fontenelle, Birch, Philip Nichols, Thomas Thomson, Biot,
+{196} Brewster--and I have ever since believed that such materials _did
+exist_.
+
+We are assured by Mr. Edmund Turnor, in the preface to his _History of
+Grantham_, printed in 1806, which work is quoted in the prospectus, that
+the manuscripts at Hurstbourne Park then chiefly consisted of some
+pocket-books and memorandums of sir Isaac Newton, and "the information
+obtained by Mr. Conduitt for the purpose of writing his life." Moreover,
+the collections of Mr. Conduitt are repeatedly quoted in that work as
+distinct from the memoirs which were sent to M. de Fontenelle.
+
+I shall give another anecdote in refutation of the statement made in the
+prospectus, albeit a superfluity. In 1730 the author of _The Seasons_
+republished his _Poem to the memory of sir Isaac Newton_, with the addition
+of the lines which follow, and which prove that he was aware of the task on
+which Mr. Conduitt was then occupied. The lines, it should be observed,
+have been omitted in all the editions printed since 1738.
+
+  "This, CONDUITT, from thy rural hours we hope;
+  As through the pleasing shade, where nature pours
+  Her every sweet, in studious ease you walk;
+  The social passions smiling at thy heart,
+  That glows with all the recollected sage."
+
+The _pleasing shade_ indicates the grounds of Cranbury-lodge, in Hampshire,
+the seat of Mr. Conduitt--whose guest the poet seems previously to have
+been.
+
+Some inedited particulars of the life of Mr. Conduitt, drawn from various
+sources, I reserve for another occasion.
+
+BOLTON CORNEY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Notes.
+
+_The Music in Middleton's Tragi-Comedy of the "Witch."_--Joseph Ritson, in
+a letter addressed to J. C. Walker (July, 1797), printed in Pickering's
+edition of Ritson's _Letters_ (vol. ii. p. 156.) has the following
+passage:--
+
+    "It may be to your purpose, at the same time, to know that the songs in
+    Middleton's _Witch_, which appear also to have been introduced in
+    _Macbeth_, beginning, 'Hecate, Hecate, come away,' and 'Black spirits
+    and white,' have (as I am informed) been lately discovered in MS. with
+    the complete harmony, as performed at the original representation of
+    these plays. You will find the words in a note to the late editions of
+    Shakspeare; and I shall, probably, one of these days, obtain a sight of
+    the musick."
+
+The MS. here mentioned was in the collection of the late Mr. J. Stafford
+Smith, one of the Organists of the Chapel Royal. At the sale of this
+gentleman's valuable library it passed, with many other treasures of a
+similar nature, into my possession, where it now remains.
+
+EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.
+
+_Mr. Macaulay and Sir Archibald Alison in error._--How was it that Mr.
+Macaulay, in two editions of his _History_, placed the execution of Lord
+Russell on Tower Hill? Did it not take place in Lincoln's Inn Fields? And
+why does Sir A. Alison, in the volume of his _History_ just published,
+speak of the children of Catherine of Arragon? and likewise inform us that
+Locke was expelled from Cambridge? Was he not expelled from the University
+of Oxford?
+
+ABHBA.
+
+"_Paid down upon the nail._"--The origin of this phrase is thus stated in
+the _Recollections of O'Keefe_ the dramatist:
+
+    "An ample piazza under the Exchange [in Limerick] was a thoroughfare:
+    in the centre stood a pillar about four feet high, and upon it a
+    circular plate of copper about three feet in diameter: this was called
+    _the nail_, and on it was paid the earnest for any commercial bargains
+    made; which was the origin of saying, 'Paid down upon the nail.'"
+
+But perhaps the custom, of which Mr. O'Keefe speaks, was common to other
+ancient towns?
+
+ABHBA.
+
+_Corpulence a Crime._--Mr. Bruce has written, in his _Classic and Historic
+Portraits_, that the ancient Spartan paid as much attention to the rearing
+of men as the cattle dealers in modern England do to the breeding of
+cattle. They took charge of firmness and looseness of men's flesh; and
+regulated the degree of fatness to which it was lawful, in a free state,
+for any citizen to extend his body. Those who dared to grow too fat, or too
+soft for military exercise and the service of Sparta, were soundly whipped.
+In one particular instance, that of Nauclis, the son of Polytus, the
+offender was brought before the Ephori, and a meeting of the whole people
+of Sparta, at which his unlawful fatness was publicly exposed; and he was
+threatened with perpetual banishment if he did not bring his body within
+the regular Spartan compass, and give up his culpable mode of living; which
+was declared to be more worthy of an Ionian than a son of Lacedaemon.
+
+W. W.
+
+_Curious Tender._--
+
+    "If any young clergyman, somewhat agreeable in person, and who has a
+    small fortune independent, can be well recommended as to strictness of
+    morals and good temper, firmly attached to the present happy
+    establishment, and is willing to engage in the matrimonial estate with
+    an agreeable young lady in whose power it is immediately to bestow a
+    living of nearly 100l. per annum, in a very pleasant situation, with a
+    good prospect of preferment,--any person whom this may suit may leave a
+    line at the bar of the Union Coffee House in the Strand, directed to
+    Z. Z., within three days of this advertisement. The utmost secrecy and
+    honour may be depended upon."--_London Chronicle_, March, 1758.
+
+E. H. A.
+
+{197}
+
+_The Year 1854._--This year commenced and will terminate on a Sunday. In
+looking through the Almanac, it will be seen that there are _five Sundays
+in five months_ of the year, viz. in January, April, July, October, and
+December; five _Mondays_ in January, May, July, and October; five
+_Tuesdays_ in January, May, August, and October; five _Wednesdays_ in
+March, May, August, and November; five _Thursdays_, in March, June, August,
+and November; five _Fridays_ in March, June, September, and December; five
+_Saturdays_ in April, July, September, and December; and, lastly,
+fifty-three _Sundays_ in the year.
+
+The age of her Majesty the Queen is thirty-five, or seven times five; and
+the age of Prince Albert the same.
+
+Last Christmas having fallen on the Sunday, I am reminded of the following
+lines:
+
+  "Lordings all of you I warn,
+  If the day that Christ was born
+  Fall upon a Sunday,
+  The winter shall be good I say,
+  But great winds aloft shall be;
+  The summer shall be fine and dry.
+  _By kind skill, and without loss,_
+  _Through all lands there shall be peace._
+  Good time for all things to be done;
+  But he that stealeth shall be found soon.
+  What child that day born may be,
+  A great lord he shall live to be."
+
+W. W.
+
+Malta.
+
+_A Significant Hint._--The following lines were communicated to me by a
+friend some years ago, as having been written by a blacksmith of the
+village of Tideswell in Derbyshire; who, having often been reproved by the
+parson, or ridiculed by his neighbours, for drunkenness, placed them on the
+church door the day after the event they commemorate:
+
+  "Ye Tideswellites, can this be true,
+    Which Fame's loud trumpet brings;
+  That ye, to view the Cambrian Prince,
+    Forsook the King of Kings?
+  That when his rattling chariot wheels,
+    Proclaim'd his Highness near,
+  Ye trod upon each others' heels,
+    To leave the house of prayer.
+  Be wise next time, adopt this plan,
+    Lest ye be left i' th' lurch;
+  And place at th' end of th' town a man
+    To ask him into Church."
+
+It is said that, on the occasion of the late Prince of Wales passing
+through Tideswell on a Sunday, a man was placed to give notice of his
+coming, and the parson and his flock rushed out to see him pass at full
+gallop.
+
+E. P. PALING.
+
+Chorley.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Queries.
+
+LITERARY QUERIES.
+
+MR. RICHARD BINGHAM will feel grateful to any literary friend who may be
+able to assist him in solving some or all of the following difficulties.
+
+1. Where does Panormitan or Tudeschis (_Commentar. in Quinque Libros
+Decretalium_) apply the term nullatenenses to titular and utopian bishops?
+See _Origines Ecclesiasticae_, 4. 6. 2.
+
+2. In which of his books does John Bale, Bishop of Ossory, speaking of the
+monks of Bangor, term them "Apostolicals?" See Ibid., 7. 2. 13.
+
+3. Where does Erasmus say that the preachers of the Roman Church invoked
+the Virgin Mary in the beginning of their discourses, much as the heathen
+poets were used to invoke their Muses? See Ibid., 14. 4. 15.; and
+_Ferrarius de Ritu Concionum_, l. I. c. xi.
+
+4. Bona (_Rer. Liturg._, l. II. c. ii. n. 1.) speaks of an epistle from
+Athanasius to Eustathius, where he inveighs against the Arian bishops, who
+in the beginning of their sermons said "_Pax vobiscum!_" while they
+harassed others, and were tragically at war. But the learned Bingham (14.
+4. 14.) passes this by, and leaves it with Bona, because there is no such
+epistle in the works of Athanasius. Where else? How can Bona's error be
+corrected? or is there extant _in operibus Athanasii_ a letter of his to
+some other person, containing the expressions to which Bona refers?
+
+5. In another place (_Rer. Liturg._, l. II. c. 4. n. 3.) Bona refers to
+tom. iii. p. 307. of an _Auctor Antiquitatum Liturgicarum_ for certain
+_formulae_; and Joseph Bingham (15. 1. 2.) understands him to mean
+_Pamelius_, whose work does not exceed two volumes. Neither does Pamelius
+notice at all the _first of the two formulae_, though he has the second, or
+nearly the same. How can this also be explained? And to what work, either
+anonymous or otherwise, did Bona refer in his expression "Auctor
+Antiquitatum Liturgicarum?"
+
+6. In which old edition of _Gratiani Decretum_, probably before the early
+part of the sixteenth century, can be found the unmutilated glosses of John
+Semeca, surnamed Teutonicus? and especially the gloss on _De Consecrat.,
+Distinct._ 4. c. 4., where he says that even in his time (1250?) the custom
+still prevailed in some places of giving the eucharist to babes? See _Orig.
+Ecclesiast._, 15. 4. 7.
+
+7. Joseph Bingham (16. 3. 6.) finds fault with Baronius for asserting that
+Pope Symmachus anathematized the Emperor Anastasius, and asserts that
+instead of _Ista quidem ego_, as given by Baronius and Binius, in the
+epistle of Symmachus, Ep. vii. al. vi. (see also Labbe and Cossart, t. iv.
+p. 1298.), the true reading is _Ista quidem nego_. How can this be
+verified? The epistle is not extant either in Crabbe or Merlin. Is the
+argument {198} of J. B. borne out by any good authority, either in
+manuscript or print?
+
+MR. BINGHAM will feel further obliged if the Replies to any or all of these
+Queries be forwarded direct to his address at 57. Gloucester Place, Portman
+Square, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries.
+
+_Hunter of Polmood in Tweed-dale._--Where can the pedigree of the Hunters
+of Polmood, in Peebleshire, be seen?
+
+HUFREER.
+
+_Dinteville Family._--Of the family of Dinteville there were at this time,
+viz. 1530, two knights of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. 1st. _Pierre
+de Dinteville_, Commander of Troyes, and Seneschal of his Order; son of
+Claude de Dinteville, Seigneur de Polisi and Chevets in Burgundy, and his
+wife Jeanne de la Beaume, daughter of the Lord of Mont St. Sorlin. The
+other was nephew to the _Pierre_ above mentioned, son of his younger
+brother Gaucher, Lord of Polisi, &c.; and his wife, Anne du Plessis
+d'Ouschamps. His name was _Louis de Dinteville_: he was born June 25, 1503;
+was Commander of Tupigni and Villedieu, and died at Malta, July 22, 1531;
+leaving a natural son, Maria de Dinteville, Abbe of St. Michael de
+Tonnerre, who was killed in Paris by a pistol-shot in 1574. The brother of
+this Chevalier Louis, _Jean_, Seign. of Polisi, &c., was _ambassador_ in
+England, and died a cripple A.D. 1555.
+
+Query, Which was the "Dominus" of the king's letter?
+
+ANON.
+
+_Eastern Practice of Medicine._--I shall feel indebted to any correspondent
+who will refer me to some works on the theory and practice of medicine as
+pursued by the native practitioners of India and the East generally?
+
+C. CLIFTON BARRY.
+
+_Sunday._--When and where does Sunday begin or end?
+
+T. T. W.
+
+_Three Picture Queries._--1. Kugler (_Schools of Painting in Italy_, edited
+by Sir Charles Eastlake, 2nd edit., 1851, Part II. p. 284.), speaking of
+Leonardo da Vinci's cartoon, representing the victory of the Florentines in
+1440 over Nicolo Picinnino, general of the Duke of Milan, and which has now
+perished, says:
+
+    "Rubens copied from Leonardo's, a group of four horsemen fighting for a
+    standard: this is engraved by Edelingk, and is just sufficient to make
+    us bitterly deplore the loss of this rich and grand work."
+
+Does this picture exist? Does Edelingk's engraving state in whose
+possession it was then?
+
+2. Where can I find any account of a painter named St. Denis? From his name
+and style, he appears to have been French, and to have flourished
+subsequently to 1700.
+
+3. Titian painted Charles III., Duke of Bourbon and Constable of France,
+who was killed May 6, 1527, at the siege of Rome. Where is this picture? It
+is said to have been engraved by Noersterman. Where may I see the
+engraving?
+
+ARTHUR PAGET.
+
+"_Cutting off with a Shilling._"--This is understood to have arisen from
+the notion that the heir could not be utterly disinherited by will: that
+something, however small, must be left him. Had such a notion any
+foundation in the law of England at any time?
+
+J. H. CHATEAU.
+
+Philadelphia.
+
+_Inman or Ingman Family._--The family of Inman, Ionman, or Ingman,
+variously spelt, derive from John of Gaunt. This family was settled for
+five successive generations at Bowthwaite Grange, Netherdale or Nithisdale,
+co. York, and inter-married with many of the principal families of that
+period.
+
+Alfred Inman married Amelia, daughter of Owen Gam. Who was Owen Gam?
+
+Arthur Inman married Cecilia, daughter of Llewellyn Clifford. Who was
+Llewellyn Clifford? Not mentioned in the Clifford Peerage. Perhaps MR.
+HUGHES, or some other correspondent of "N. & Q.," may know, and have the
+kindness to make known his genealogical history.
+
+This family being strong adherents of the House of Lancaster, raised a
+troop in the royal cause under the Duke of Newcastle, at the fatal battle
+of Marston Moor, where several brothers were slain, the rest dispersed, and
+the property confiscated to Cromwell's party about 1650-52. Any
+genealogical detail from public records prior to that period, would be
+useful in tracing the descent.
+
+Sir William de Roas de Ingmanthorpe was summoned to parliament in the reign
+of Edw. I. This Ingmanthorpe, or Inmanthorpe (spelt both ways), is,
+according to Thoresby, near Knaresborough on the Nidd. Query, Was this
+person's name Inman from his residence, as usual at that period?
+
+Arms: Vert, on a chevron or, three roses gules, slipped and leaved vert.
+Crest, on a mount vert, a wyvern ppr. ducally gorged, and lined or. Motto
+lost.
+
+A SUBSCRIBER.
+
+Southsea.
+
+_Constable of Masham._--Alan Bellingham of Levins, in Westmoreland, married
+Susan, daughter of Marmaduke Constable of Masham, in Yorkshire, before the
+year 1624.
+
+I should be very much obliged to any of your genealogical readers, if they
+can inform me who was Marmaduke Constable of Masham; to which {199} family
+of Constable he belonged; and where I could find a pedigree of his family.
+
+COMES STABULI.
+
+Malta.
+
+_Fading Ink._--I have somewhere seen a receipt for an ink, which completely
+fades away after it has been written a few months. Will some chemical
+reader kindly refer me to it?
+
+C. CLIFTON BARRY.
+
+_Sir Ralph Killigrew._--Who was Sir Ralph Killigrew, born _circa_ 1585. I
+should be very much obliged to be referred to a good pedigree of the
+Killigrew family of the above period.
+
+PATONCE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries with Answers.
+
+_Pepys._--I have lately acquired a collection of letters between Pepys and
+Major Aungier, Sir Isaac Newton, Halley, and other persons, relating to the
+management of the mathematical school at Christ's Hospital; and containing
+details of the career of some of the King's scholars after leaving the
+school. The letters extend from 1692 to 1695; and are the original letters
+received by Pepys, with his drafts of the answers. They are loosely
+stitched, in order of date, in a thick volume, and are two hundred and
+upwards in number. Are these letters known, and have they ever been
+published or referred to?
+
+A. F. B.
+
+Diss.
+
+    [It is a singular coincidence that we should receive the communication
+    of A. F. B. on the day of the publication of the new and much improved
+    library edition of Pepys's _Diary_. Would our correspondent permit us
+    to submit his collection to the editor of Pepys, who would no doubt be
+    gratified with a sight of it? We will guarantee its safe return, and
+    any expenses incurred in its transmission. On turning to the fourth
+    volume of the new edition of the _Diary_, we find the following letter
+    (now first published) from Dr. Tanner, afterwards Bishop of St. Asaph,
+    to Dr. Charlett, dated April 28, 1699:--"Mr. Pepys was just finishing a
+    letter to you last night when I gave him yours. I hear he has printed
+    some letters lately about the abuses of Christ's Hospital; they are
+    only privately handed about. A gentleman that has a very great respect
+    for Mr. Pepys, saw one of them in one of the Aldermen's hands, but
+    wishes there had been some angry expressions left out; which he fears
+    the Papists and other enemies of the Church of England will make ill
+    use of." Is anything known of this "privately printed" volume? In the
+    Life of Pepys (4th edit., p. xxxi.), mention is made of his having
+    preserved from ruin the mathematical foundation at Christ's Hospital,
+    which had been originally designed by him.--ED.]
+
+"_Retainers to Seven Shares and a Half._"--Can any reader of "N. & Q.,"
+conversant with the literature of the seventeenth century, furnish an
+explanation of this phrase? It occurs in the preface to _Steps to the
+Temple, &c._, of Richard Crashaw (the 2nd edit., in the Savoy, 1670),
+addressed by "the author's friend" to "the learned reader," and is used in
+disparagement of pretenders to poetry. The passage runs thus:
+
+    "It were prophane but to mention here in the preface those under-headed
+    poets, retainers to seven shares and a half; madrigal fellows, whose
+    only business in verse is to rime a poor sixpenny soul, a subburb
+    sinner into hell," &c.
+
+H. L.
+
+    [The performers at our earlier theatres were distinguished into whole
+    shares, three-quarter sharers, half sharers, seven-and-a-half sharers,
+    hired men, &c. In one scene of the _Histriomastic_, 1610, the dissolute
+    performers having been arrested by soldiers, one of the latter
+    exclaims, "Come on, players! now we are the sharers, and you the hired
+    men;" and in another scene, Clout, one of the characters, rejects with
+    some indignation the offer of "half a share." Gamaliel Ratsey, in that
+    rare tract, _Ratseis Ghost_, 1606, knights the principal performer of a
+    company by the title of "Sir Three Shares and a Half;" and Tucca, in
+    Ben Jonson's _Poetaster_, addressing Histrio, observes, "Commend me to
+    Seven shares and a half," as if some individual at that period had
+    engrossed as large a proportion. Shakspeare, in _Hamlet_, speaks of "a
+    whole share" as a source of no contemptible emolument, and of the owner
+    of it as a person filling no inferior station in "a cry of payers." In
+    _Northward Ho!_ also, a sharer is noticed with respect. Bellamont the
+    poet enters, and tells his servant, "Sirrah, I'll speak with none:" on
+    which the servant asks, "Not a player?" and his master replies:
+
+                  "No, though a sharer bawl:
+      I'll speak with none, although it be the mouth
+      Of the big company."
+
+    The value of a share in any particular company would depend upon the
+    number of subdivisions, upon the popularity of the body, upon the
+    stock-plays belonging to it, upon the extent of its wardrobe, and the
+    nature of its properties.--See Collier's _English Dramatic Poetry_,
+    vol. iii. p. 427.]
+
+_Madden's "Reflections and Resolutions proper for the Gentlemen of
+Ireland."_--This work, by the Rev. Samuel Madden, was first published in
+Dublin in 1738, and was reprinted at the expense of the late Mr. Thomas
+Pleasants, in one vol. 8vo., pp. 224, Dub. 1816. I possess two copies of
+the original edition, likewise in one vol. 8vo., pp. 237, and I have seen
+about a dozen; and yet I find in the preface to the reprint the following
+paragraph:
+
+    "The very curious and interesting work which is now reprinted, and
+    intended for a wide and gratuitous circulation, is also of uncommon
+    rarity; there is not a copy of it in the library of Trinity College, or
+    in any of the other public libraries of this city, which have been
+    searched on purpose. (One was purchased some {200} years ago for the
+    library of the Royal Dublin Society, if I mistake not, for 1l. 6s., or
+    rather more.) The profoundly learned Vice-Provost, Doctor Barrett,
+    never met with one; and many gentlemen well skilled in the literature
+    of Ireland, who have been applied to for information on the subject,
+    are even unacquainted with the name of the book."
+
+Of Dr. Madden, known as "Premium" Madden, few memorials exist; and yet he
+was a man of whom Johnson said, "His was a name Ireland ought to honour."
+The book in question does not appear to be of "uncommon rarity." Is it
+considered by competent judges of "exceeding merit?" I would be glad to
+know.
+
+ABHBA.
+
+    [Probably, from this work having appeared anonymously, it was unknown
+    to the writers of his life in Chalmers' and Rose's _Biographical
+    Dictionaries_, as well as to Mr. Nichols, when he wrote his account of
+    Dr. Madden in his _Literary Anecdotes_, vol. ii. p. 32. A volume
+    containing the _Reflections and Resolutions_, together with the
+    author's tragedy, _Themistocles_, 1729, and his tract, _A Proposal for
+    the General Encouragement of Learning in Dublin College_, 1732, is in
+    the Grenville Collection in the British Museum. This volume was
+    presented by Dr. Madden to Philip, Earl of Chesterfield, as appears
+    from the following MS. note on a fly-leaf: "To his Excellency the Right
+    Hon. Philip Earl of Chesterfield, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, these
+    Tracts, writ (how meanly soever) with a real zeal for the service of
+    that country, are most humbly presented by the author, his most
+    obedient humble servant."]
+
+_King Edward I.'s Arm._--Fuller, speaking of the death and character of
+King Edward I., winds up with these words:
+
+    "As the arm of King Edward I. was accounted the measure of a yard,
+    generally received in England; so his actions are an excellent model
+    and a praiseworthy platform for succeeding princes to
+    imitate."--_Church History_, b. iii., A.D. 1307.
+
+Query, Is there historical proof of this statement of "honest Tom?" He
+gives no reference apparently considering the fact too well established to
+require any.
+
+J. M. B.
+
+    [Ask that staunch and sturdy royalist, Peter Heylin, whether Old Tom is
+    not sometimes more facetious than correct; and whether, in the extract
+    given above, we should not read _Richard I._ for Edward I. In
+    Knyghton's _Chronicle_, lib. II. cap. viii. sub Hen. I., we find,
+    "Mercatorum falsam ulnam castigavit adhibita brachii sui mensura." See
+    also William of Malmsbury in Vita Hen. I., and Spelm. Hen. I. apud
+    Wilkins, 299., who inform us, that a new standard of longitudinal
+    measure was ascertained by Henry I., who commanded that the ulna, or
+    ancient ell, which answers to the modern yard, should be made of the
+    exact length of his own arm.]
+
+_Elstob, Elizabeth._--Can any of your numerous correspondents state where
+that celebrated Saxon linguist, Mrs. Elizabeth Elstob, was buried? In
+Chambers's _Biographical Illustrations of Worcestershire_, she is said to
+have been buried at Saint Margaret's, Westminster; but after every inquiry,
+made many years since of the then worthy churchwarden of the parish, our
+researches were in vain, for there is no account of her sepulture in the
+church or graveyard.
+
+J. B. WHITBOURNE.
+
+    [Most of the biographical notices of Mrs. Elizabeth Elstob state that
+    she was buried at St. Margaret's, Westminster. We can only account for
+    the name not appearing in the register of that church, from her having
+    _changed her name_ when she opened her school in Worcestershire, as
+    stated, on the authority of Mr. Geo. Ballard, in Nichols's _Literary
+    Anecdotes_, vol. iv. p. 714. Ballard's Correspondence is in the
+    Bodleian.]
+
+_Monumental Brasses in London._--Can any of your correspondents favour me
+with a list of churches in London, or within a mile of the same, containing
+monumental brasses? I know of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, only.
+
+J. W. BROWN.
+
+    [As our young crypto-antiquary dates his letter from Crosby Hall, he
+    will probably find in its library the following works to assist him in
+    his researches:--_List of Monumental Brasses in England_ (Rivington),
+    _Manual for the Study of Monumental Brasses_ (Parker), and Sperling's
+    _Church Walks in Middlesex_ (Masters). Two are noticed in Waller's
+    _Monumental Brasses_, fol., 1842, viz. Dr. Christopher Urswick, in
+    Hackney Church, A.D. 1521, and Andrew Evyngar and wife, in All-Hallows
+    Barking Church. If we mistake not, there is one in St. Faith's, near
+    St. Paul's.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies.
+
+RAPPING NO NOVELTY; AND TABLE-TURNING.
+
+(Vol. viii., pp. 512. 632.; Vol. ix., pp. 39. 88. 135.)
+
+    "There is a curious criminal process on record, manuscript 1770,
+    noticed by Voltaire as in the library of the King of France, which was
+    founded upon a remarkable set of visions said to have occurred to the
+    monks of Orleans.
+
+    "The illustrious house of St. Memin had been very liberal to the
+    convent, and had their family vault under the church. The wife of a
+    Lord of St. Memin, Provost of Orleans, died, and was buried. The
+    husband, thinking that his ancestors had given more than enough to the
+    convent, sent the monks a present, which they thought too small. They
+    formed a plan to have her body disinterred, and to force the widower to
+    pay a second fee for depositing it again in holy ground.
+
+    "The soul of the lady first appeared to two of the brethren, and said
+    to them, 'I am damned, like Judas, because my husband has not given
+    sufficient.' They hoped to extort money for the repose of her soul. But
+    the husband said, 'If she is really damned, all the money in the world
+    won't save her,' and gave them nothing. Perceiving their mistake, they
+    declared she appeared again, saying she was in _Purgatory_, and {201}
+    demanding to be disinterred. But this seemed a curious request, and
+    excited suspicion, for it was not likely that a soul in purgatory would
+    ask to have the body removed from holy ground, neither had any in
+    purgatory ever been known to desire to be exhumed.
+
+    "The soul after this did not try _speaking_ any more, but haunted
+    everybody in the convent and church. Brother Peter of Arras adopted a
+    very awkward manner of conjuring it. He said to it, 'If thou art the
+    soul of the late Madame de St. Memin, strike four knocks,' and the four
+    knocks were struck. 'If thou art damned, strike six knocks,' and the
+    six knocks were struck. 'If thou art still tormented in hell, because
+    thy body is buried in holy ground, knock six more times,' and the six
+    knocks were heard still more distinctly. 'If we disinter thy body, wilt
+    thou be less damned, certify to us by five knocks,' and the soul so
+    certified. This statement was signed by twenty-two cordeliers. The
+    father provincial asked the same questions and received the same
+    answers. The Lord of St. Memin prosecuted the father cordeliers. Judges
+    were appointed. The general of the commission required that they should
+    be burned; but the sentence only condemned them to make the 'amende
+    honorable,' with a torch in their bosom, and to be banished."
+
+This sentence is of the 18th of February, 1535. Vide Abbe Langlet's
+_History of Apparitions_.
+
+From the above extract, and from what your correspondents MR. JARDINE and
+R. I. R. have written, it is satisfactorily shown that rapping is no
+novelty, having been known in England and France some centuries ago. MR.
+JARDINE has given us an instance in 1584, and leads us to suppose that it
+was the earliest on record. I now give one as early as 1534; and it would
+be interesting to know if the monks of Orleans were the first to have
+practised this imposition, and to have been banished for their deception
+and fraud.
+
+WILLIAM WINTHROP.
+
+Malta.
+
+In Ammianus Marcellinus, lib. XXIX. cap. i. p. 552. of a Paris edition,
+1681, two persons, Patricius and Hilarius, charged with disseminating
+prophecies injurious to the Emperor Valens, were brought before a court of
+justice, and a tripod, which they were charged with using, was also
+produced. Hilarius then made the following acknowledgment:
+
+    "Construximus, magnifici judices, ad cortinae similitudinem Delphicae,
+    diris auspiciis, de laureis virgulis infaustam hanc mensulam quam
+    videtis; et imprecationibus carminum secretorum, choragiisque multis ac
+    diuturnis ritualiter consecratam movimus tandem; movendi autem, quoties
+    super rebus arcanis consulebatur, erat institutio talis. Collocabatur
+    in medio domus emaculatae odoribus Arabicis undique, lance rotunda pure
+    superposita, ex diversis metallicis materiis fabrefacta; cujus in
+    ambitu rotunditatis extremo elementorum viginti quatuor scriptiles
+    formae incisae perite, dijungebantur spatiis examinate dimensis. Hac
+    linteis quidam indumentis amictus, calciatusque itidem linteis soccis,
+    torulo capiti circumflexo, verbenas felicis arboris gestans, litato
+    conceptis carminibus numine praescitionum auctore, caerimoniali
+    scientia perstitit; cortinulis pensilem anulum librans, sartum ex
+    carpathio filo perquam levi, mysticis disciplinis initiatum: qui per
+    intervalla distincta retinentibus singulis litteris incidens saltuatim,
+    heroos efficit versus interrogationibus consonos, ad numeros et modos
+    plene conclusos; quales leguntur Pythici, vel ex oraculis editi
+    Branchidarum. Ibi tum quaerentibus nobis, qui praesenti succedet
+    imperio, quoniam omni parte expolitus fore memorabatur et adsiliens
+    anulus duas perstrinxerat syllabas, [Greek: THEO] cum adjectione
+    litterae postrema, exclamavit praesentium quidem, Theodorum
+    praescribente fatali necessitate portendi."
+
+In lib. XXXI. cap. ii. p. 621. of same edition, a method of prognostication
+by the Alami is described; but there is no mention of tables there. The
+historian only says:
+
+    "Rectiores virgas vimineas colligentes, easque cum incantamentis
+    quibusdam secretis praestituto tempore discernentes, aperte quid
+    portendatur norunt."
+
+H. W.
+
+The mention of table-turning by Ammianus Marcellinus reminds me of a
+curious passage in the _Apologeticus_ of Tertullian, cap. xxiii., to which
+I invite the attention of those interested in the subject:
+
+    "Porro si et magi phantasmata edunt et jam defunctorum infamant animas;
+    si pueros in eloquium oraculi elidunt; si multa miracula circulatoriis
+    praestigiis ludunt; si et somnia immittunt habentes semel invitatorum
+    angelorum et daemonum assistentem sibi potestatem, _per quos_ et caprae
+    et _mensae divinare consueverunt_; quanto magis," &c.
+
+Here table divination by means of angels and demons seems distinctly
+alluded to. How like the modern system! The context of this passage, as
+well as the extract itself, will suggest singular coincidence between
+modern and ancient pretensions of this class.
+
+B. H. C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERAL WHITELOCKE.
+
+(Vol. viii., pp. 521. 621.)
+
+Much interesting information concerning General Whitelocke, about whose
+conduct some difference of opinion appears to exist, will be found in the
+Rev. Erskine Neale's _Risen from the Ranks_ (London, Longmans, 1853); but
+neither the date nor the place of his death is there given. The reverend
+writer's account of the general's conduct is not at all favourable. After
+alluding to him as "a chief unequal to his position," he says:
+
+    "John Whitelocke was born in the year 1759, and received his early
+    education in the Grammar School at Marlborough. His father was steward
+    to John, fourth Earl of Aylesbury; and the peer, in {202}
+    acknowledgment of the faithful services of his trusted dependent,
+    placed young Whitelocke at Lochee's Military Academy, near Chelsea.
+    There he remained till 1777, when, the Earl's friendly disposition
+    remaining in full force, and the youth's predilection for a military
+    career continuing unabated, an ensigncy was procured him, through Lord
+    Aylesbury's intervention, in the 14th regiment of Foot."--_Risen from
+    the Ranks_, p. 68.
+
+Through the influence of his brother-in-law, General Brownrigge,
+Whitelocke's promotion was rapid; and in 1807 he was gazetted
+commander-in-chief of an expedition destined for the recapture of Buenos
+Ayres. His conduct during this expedition became the subject of a
+court-martial; he was found guilty, sentenced to be cashiered, and declared
+to be "totally unfit to serve his Majesty in any military capacity
+whatever."
+
+Judging from the evidence adduced, the conduct of the commander-in-chief
+was totally unworthy of the flag under which he served, and highly
+calculated to arouse the indignation of the men whom he commanded; and for
+some considerable time, whenever the soldiers met together to take a
+friendly glass, the toast was, "Success to _grey hairs_, but bad luck to
+_White-locks_!" On the whole, the Rev. E. Neale's account seems to be quite
+impartial; and most persons, after reading the evidence of the general's
+extremely vacillating conduct, will be inclined to agree with him in
+awarding this unfortunate officer the title of the "Flincher-General at
+Buenos Ayres."
+
+JAMES SPENCE HARRY.
+
+I have only just seen your correspondent's Reply (Vol. ix., p. 87.)
+respecting General Whitelocke. He is right in stating that the general
+resided at Clifton: he might have added, as late as 1830; but he had
+previously, for time, lived at Butcombe Court, Somersetshire.
+
+There is an anecdote still rife in the neighbourhood, that when Whitelocke
+came down to see the house before taking it, he put up at an inn, and after
+dinner asked the landlord to take a glass of wine with him. Upon
+announcing, however, who he was, the landlord started up and declared he
+would not drink another glass with him, throwing down at the same time the
+price of the bottle, that he might not be indebted to the general.
+
+Respecting the story of the flints, it is said that he desired them to be
+taken out of the muskets, wishing that the men should only use their
+bayonets against the enemy.
+
+ARDELIO.
+
+I remember well that soon after the unsuccessful attack of General
+Whitelocke upon Buenos Ayres, it was stated that the flints had been taken
+out of the muskets of some of our regiments because they were quite raw
+troops, and the General thought that they might, from want of knowledge and
+use of fire-arms, do more mischief to themselves than to the enemy, and
+that they had better trust to the bayonet alone. The consequence was, that
+when they entered the streets of the town, they found no enemy in them to
+whom they could apply the bayonet. The inhabitants and troops were in the
+strong stone houses, and fired on and killed our men with perfect impunity,
+as not a shot could be fired in return: to surrender was their only chance
+of life. A reference to a file of newspapers of that date (which I am too
+lazy to make myself) will show whether this was understood at the time to
+be a fact or not.
+
+J. SS.
+
+In the _Autobiography of B. Haydon_ (I think vol. i.), he mentions that as
+he was passing through Somersetshire on his way from Plymouth to London, he
+saw General Whitelocke. A reference to the passage may interest G. L. S.
+
+W. DENTON.
+
+The following charade was in vogue at the time of Whitelocke's death:
+
+  "My first is an emblem of purity;
+  My second is that of security;
+  My whole forms a name
+  Which, if yours were the same,
+  You would blush to hand down to posterity."
+
+J. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"MAN PROPOSES, BUT GOD DISPOSES."
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 552.; Vol. ix., p. 87.)
+
+1. If your correspondent H. P. will again examine my communication on this
+subject, he will find that I have _not_ overlooked the view which
+attributes the _De Imitatione_ to John Gerson, but have expressly referred
+to it.
+
+2. If Gerson _was_ the author, this will not prove that in quoting the
+proverb in question, Piers Ploughman quoted from the _De Imitatione_, as
+H. P. supposes. The dates which I gave will show this. The _Vision_ was
+written about A.D. 1362, whereas, according to Du Pin, John Gerson was born
+December 14, 1363, took a prominent part in the Council of Constance, 1414,
+and died in 1429. Of the Latin writers of the fifteenth century, Mosheim
+says:
+
+    "At their head we may justly place John Gerson, Chancellor of the
+    University of Paris, the most illustrious ornament that this age can
+    boast of, a man of great influence and authority, whom the Council of
+    Constance looked upon an its oracle, the lovers of liberty as their
+    patron, and whose memory is yet precious to such among the French
+    clergy as are at all zealous for the maintenance of their privileges
+    against papal despotism."--_Ecc. Hist._, cent. xv. ch. ii. sec. 24.
+
+3. Gerson was not a Benedictine monk, but a Parisian cure, and Canon of
+Notre Dame:
+
+    "He was made curate (_cure_, parson or rector) of St. John's, in Greve,
+    on the 29th of March, 1408, and {203} continued so to 1413, when in a
+    sedition raised by the partizans of the Duke of Burgundy, his house was
+    plundered by the mob, and he obliged to fly into the church of Notre
+    Dame, where he continued for some time concealed."--Du Pin, _History of
+    the Church_, cent. xv. ch. viii.
+
+It is said that the treatise in question first appeared--
+
+    "Appended to a MS. of Gerson's _De Consolatione Theologiae_, dated
+    1421. This gave rise to the supposition that he was the real author of
+    that celebrated work; and indeed it is a very doubtful point whether
+    this opinion is true or not, there being several high authorities which
+    ascribe to him the authorship of that book."--Knight's _Penny
+    Cyclopaedia_, vol. vi. art. "Gerson."
+
+Was there then _another_ John Gerson, a monk, and Abbot of St. Stephen,
+between 1200 and 1240, to whom, as well as to the above, the _De
+Imitatione_ has been ascribed? This, though not impossible, appears
+extremely improbable. Is H. P. prepared with evidence to prove it?
+
+Du Pin, in the chapter above quoted, farther says, in speaking of the _De
+Imitatione Christi_:
+
+    "The style is pretty much like that of the other devotional books of
+    Thomas a Kempis. Nevertheless, in his lifetime it was attributed to St.
+    Bernard and Gerson. The latter was most commonly esteemed the author of
+    it in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Afterwards some MSS. of it
+    were found in Italy, where it is attributed to one Gerson or Gessen, to
+    whom is given the title of _abbot_. Perhaps Gersen or Gessen are only
+    corruptions of the name of Gerson. Notwithstanding, there are two
+    things which will hardly let us believe that this was Gerson's book;
+    one, that the author calls himself a monk, the other, that the style is
+    very different from that of the Chancellor of Paris. All this makes it
+    difficult to decide to which of these three authors it belongs. We must
+    leave Thomas a Kempis in possession of what is attributed to him,
+    without deciding positively in his favour."
+
+J. W. THOMAS.
+
+Dewsbury.
+
+This saying is quoted twice, as follows, in _The Chronicle of Battel Abbey
+from 1066 to 1177_, translated by Mr. Lower, 8vo., London, 1851:
+
+    "Thus, '_Man proposes, but God disposes_,' for he was not permitted to
+    carry that resolution into effect."--P. 27.
+
+    "But, as the Scripture saith, '_Man proposes, but God disposes_,' so
+    Christ suffered not His Church to want its ancient and rightful
+    privileges."--P. 83.
+
+Mr. Lower says in his Preface, p. x.:
+
+    "Of the identity of the author nothing certain can be inferred, beyond
+    the bare fact of his having been a monk of Battel. A few passages would
+    almost incline one to believe that Abbot Odo, who was living at the
+    date of the last events narrated in the work, and who is known to have
+    been a literary character of some eminence, was the writer of at least
+    some portions of the volume."
+
+It is stated at the beginning to be in part derived from early document and
+traditional statements.
+
+E. J. M.
+
+Hastings.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NAPOLEON'S SPELLING.
+
+(Vol. viii., pp. 386. 502.)
+
+The question as to Napoleon's spelling may seem, at first sight, to be one
+of little importance; and yet, if we will look at it aright, we shall find
+that it involves many points of interest for the philosopher and the
+historian. During a residence of some years in France, I had heard it
+remarked, more than once, by persons who appeared hostile to the Napoleon
+dynasty, that its great founder had, in his bulletins and other public
+documents, shown an unaccountable ignorance of the common rules of
+orthography: but I had never seen the assertion put forth by any competent
+writer until I met with the remarks of Macaulay, already quoted by me, Vol.
+viii., p. 386.
+
+In reply to my inquiry as to the authority for this statement, your
+correspondent C. has readily and kindly furnished a passable from
+Bourrienne's _Memoires_, in which it is alleged that Napoleon's
+"orthographe est en general _extraordinairement estropiee_."
+
+From all this it must be taken for granted, as, indeed, it has never been
+denied, that Napoleon's spelling is defective; but the question to be
+considered is, whether that defectiveness was the effect of ignorance or of
+design. That it did not arise from ignorance would seem probable for the
+following reasons.
+
+Napoleon received his education chiefly in France; and it is to be presumed
+that the degree of instruction in grammar, orthography, &c., _ordinarily_
+bestowed on educated Frenchmen, was not withheld from him.
+
+To say the least of it, he was endued with sufficient intelligence to
+acquire an _ordinary_ knowledge of such matters.
+
+Nay more: he was a man of the highest order of genius. Between the
+possession of genius, and a knowledge of orthography, there is, I admit, no
+necessary connexion. The humblest pedagogue may be able to spell more
+correctly than the greatest philosopher. But neither, on the other hand,
+does genius of any kind necessarily preclude a knowledge of spelling.
+
+While still a young man, Napoleon wrote several works in French, such as
+the _Souper de Beaucaire_, the _Memoire sur la Culture du Murier_, &c. Some
+of the manuscripts of these writings must be still extant; and a comparison
+of the spelling of his unpretending youth, with that of his aspiring {204}
+manhood, would show at once whether the "_orthographe extraordinairement
+estropiee_" of his later productions was the result of habit or design.
+
+The orthography of the French language is peculiarly intricate; and it is
+no uncommon thing to meet with educated men in that country who are unable
+to spell with accuracy. That Napoleon may have been in a similar
+predicament, would not be surprising; but that it should be said of the
+most _extraordinary_ man of the age, that his spelling is
+_extraordinairement estropiee_, seems inexplicable upon any fair
+supposition, except that he accounted the rules of spelling unworthy the
+attention of any but copyists and office drudges; or (which is more
+probable) that he wished this extraordinary spelling to be received as an
+indication of the great rapidity with which he could commit his thoughts to
+paper.
+
+HENRY H. BREEN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MEMOIRS OF GRAMMONT.
+
+(Vol. viii., pp. 461. 549.; Vol. ix., p. 3.)
+
+There appearing to be a strong feeling that a correct edition of these
+_Memoirs_ should be published, with the present inaccurate notes thoroughly
+revised, I send you a few notes from a collection I have made on the
+subject.
+
+The proper orthography of the name is "Gramont," and the family probably
+originally came from Spain. Matta's friend, the Marquis de Sevantes,
+asserts the fact; and it is corroborated by the fact, that on the occasion
+of the Marshal de Grammont's demanding the hand of the Infanta Maria
+Theresa for Louis XIV., the people cried, "Viva el Marescal de Agramont,
+que es de nuestro sangue!" And the King of Spain said to the Marshal after
+the presentation of his sons, the Counts de Guiche and De Louvigny, "Teneis
+Muy Buenos y lindos hijos y bien se hecha de ver que los Agramonteses salen
+de la sangue de Espana."
+
+The Grammont family had been so enriched and ennobled by its repeated
+marriages with the heiresses of great families, that, like many noble
+houses of our own times, members of it hardly knew their own correct
+surname: thus, in the famous declaration of the parliament of Paris against
+the Peers in 1717, on the subject of the Caps, it was said:
+
+    "The Grammonts have determined on their armorial bearings, and hold to
+    those of the house of Aure. The Count de Grammont said one day to the
+    Marshal, What arms shall we use this year?"
+
+The Grammonts in the male line are descended from Sancho Garcia d'Aure,
+Viscount de l'Arboust. Menaud d'Aure, his lineal representative, married
+Claire de Grammont, sister and heiress of Jean, Seigneur de Grammont, and
+daughter of Francis, Seigneur de Grammont, and Catherine d'Andoins his
+wife.
+
+Menaud d'Aure is the ancestor who is disguised in the _Memoirs_ as
+"Menaudaure" and "Menodore;" and in the notes, coupled with "la belle
+Corisande," they are styled two of the ancestresses of the family
+celebrated for their beauty.
+
+Philibert, who was styled Philibert de Grammont and de Toulongeon, Count de
+Grammont and de Guiche, Viscount d'Aster, Captain of fifty men at arms,
+Governor and Mayor of Bayonne, Seneschal of Bearne, married on Aug. 7,
+1567, Diana, better known as "La belle Corisande" d'Andouins, Viscountess
+de Louvigny, Dame de Lescun, the only daughter of Paul Viscount de
+Louvigny; who, although a Huguenot, was killed at the siege of Rouen,
+fighting under the command of the Duke de Guise. They had two children:
+Antoine, subsequently the first duke, and Catherine, who married Francois
+Nompar de Chaumont, Count de Lauzun, the ancestor of the celebrated Duke de
+Lauzun, who was first introduced at court by his relative the Marshal de
+Grammont.
+
+This Philibert, Count de Grammont, was killed at the siege of La Fere in
+Aug. 1580. The connexion between his widow, the fair Corisande, and Henry
+IV., was subsequent to the Count's death.
+
+The Duchy Peerage was created on Dec. 13, 1643. Antoine, the first duke,
+married, firstly, on Sept. 1, 1601, Louise, eldest daughter of the Marshal
+de Roquelaure; she died in 1610, leaving Antoine, subsequently the Marshal
+Duke de Grammont, and Roger, Count de Louvigny, killed in a duel in
+Flanders on March 18, 1629. The Duke de Grammont married, secondly, on
+March 29, 1618, Claude, eldest daughter of Louis de Montmorency, Baron de
+Boutteville; and had Henri, Count de Toulongeon, who died unmarried on
+Sept. 1, 1679; Philibert, the celebrated Chevalier de Grammont, who was
+born in 1621; and three daughters.
+
+The Marshal de Grammont was one of the most celebrated men of the court of
+Louis XIV.: he was a favourite both of Richelieu and Mazarin, and married a
+niece of the former; and, as a wit, was not inferior to his brother the
+Chevalier. He sided with the Court during the wars of the Fronde; whilst
+the Chevalier in the first instance joined the Prince of Conde, probably
+from their mutual connexion with the Montmorency family. The Marshal died
+at Bayonne, on July 12, 1678, aged seventy-four years, leaving four
+children, of whom the Count de Guiche and the Princess de Monaco are well
+known.
+
+The Chevalier de Grammont received his outfit from his mother, and joined
+the army under Prince Thomas of Savoy, then besieging Trin in Piedmont,
+which was taken on Sept. 24, 1643. The notes to the _Memoirs_ say May 4,
+1639; but that {205} was a former siege by the French, then under the
+command of the Cardinal de la Vallette.
+
+Probably this will be as much as you can afford space for at present, and I
+will therefore reserve any farther communications for a future Number.
+
+W. H. LAMMIN.
+
+Fulham.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE MYRTLE BEE.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 593.)
+
+Ere venturing an opinion as to the exact size of the above, as compared
+with the Golden-crested Wren, I should much like to ascertain where I am
+likely to meet with a faithful specimen of the latter? The Myrtle Bee is
+about half the size of the common Wren, certainly not larger: and I always
+took it for granted, the bird derived its name from its diminutiveness and
+the cover it frequented. I cannot say the bird was generally known in the
+neighbourhood, having only met with it when in company with sportsmen, in a
+description of country little frequented by others. I originally obtained
+the name when a boy from a deceased parent whom I accompanied out shooting;
+and for a succession of years the bird was familiar to me, in fact, to all
+sportsmen of that period who shot over the immediate locality; we all knew
+it, although its name was seldom mentioned. In fact, it never induced a
+thought beyond--"Confound the bees, how they bother the dogs"--or some such
+expression. I am unacquainted with the Dartford Warbler (_Sylvia
+provincialis_, Gmel.); but the description as quoted by Mr. Salmon from
+Yarrell's _Hist. of British Birds_, 1839, vol. i. p. 311. et seq., differs
+from the Myrtle Bee. The Warbler is said to haunt and build among furze on
+commons, and flies with jerks; whereas I never met with the Myrtle Bee
+among furze, neither does it fly with jerks: on the contrary, its short
+flight is rapid, steady, and direct. The description of the Warbler appears
+to agree with a small bird well known here as the Furze Chat, but which is
+out of all proportion as compared with the Myrtle Bee.
+
+As regards the Query touching the possibility of my memory being
+treacherous respecting the colour of the bird, after a lapse of twenty-five
+years, more faith will be placed therein on my stating that I am an old
+fly-fisher, making my own flies: and that no strange bird ever came to hand
+without undergoing a searching scrutiny as to colour and texture of the
+feathers, with the view of converting it to fishing purposes. No such use
+could be made of the Bee. In a former Number I described the tongue of the
+Myrtle Bee as round, sharp, and pointed at the end, appearing capable of
+penetration. I beg to say that I was solely indebted to accident in being
+able to do so, viz. the tongue protruded beyond the point of the bill,
+owing to the pressure it received in my dog's mouth; the dog having brought
+it out enveloped in dead grass, from the foot of the myrtle bush.
+
+CHARLES BROWN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CELTIC ETYMOLOGY.
+
+(Vol. ix., p. 136.)
+
+MR. CROSSLEY seems to confine the word _Celtic_ to the Irish branch of that
+dialect. My notion of the words _iosal_ and _iriosal_ is taken from the
+Highland Gaelic, and the authorised version of the Bible in that language.
+Let Celtic scholars who look to the sense of words in the _four_ spoken
+languages, decide between us. There can be no doubt of the meaning of the
+two words in the Gaelic of Job v. 11. and Ps. iv. 6. In Welsh, and (I
+believe) in bas-Breton, there is no word similar to _uim_ or _umhal_, in
+the senses of _humus_ and _humilis_, to be found. In Gaelic _uir_ is more
+common than _uim_, and _talamh_ more common than either in the sense of
+_humus_; and in that of _humble_, _iosal_ and _iriosal_ are much more
+common than _umhal_.
+
+It is certain that Latin was introduced into Ireland before it reached the
+Highlands, and Christianity with it; and therefore, as this word is not
+found in one branch of the Celtic at all, and is not a very common word in
+another, it is not unreasonable to suppose that it is of Latin origin. The
+sense which MR. CROSSLEY declares to be the only sense of _iosal_ and
+_iriosal_, is precisely that which is the nearest to the original meaning
+of _low_, and _low as the earth_; and this is also the sense which
+_humilis_ always bears in classical Latin, though Christianity (which first
+recognised _humility_ as a virtue, instead of stigmatising it as a
+meanness) attached to it the sense which its derivatives in all modern
+Romance languages, with the exception of Italian, exclusively bear.
+
+Now MR. CROSSLEY has omitted to notice the fact that _umhal_ in Gaelic,
+and, I believe, _umal_ in Irish, have not the intermediate sense of _low_
+and _cringing_, but only the Christian sense of _humble_, as a virtuous
+attribute. It seems natural that if _uim_ and _umal_ were radical words,
+the latter would bear the some relation to _uim_, in every respect, which
+_humilis_ does to _humus_, its supposed derivative. But unless _humus_ be
+derived from [Greek: chamai] (the root of [Greek: chthon] and [Greek:
+chthamalos]), how does MR. CROSSLEY account for the _h_, which had a sound
+in Latin as well as _horror_ and _hostilis_, both of which retain the
+aspirate in English, though they lose it in French? If MR. CROSSLEY will
+tell me why _horreur_ and _hostile_ have no aspirate in French, I will tell
+him why _heir_, _honour_, and _humour_ have none in English, though _humid_
+(which is as closely connected with _humour_, as _humidus_ is with _humor_)
+retains the aspirate. {206}
+
+These Celtic etymologies, however, though amusing, do not touch the main
+point, which is simply this: the usual mode of pronouncing the word
+_humble_ in good English society. What that is, seems to be so
+satisfactorily shown by your correspondent S. G. C., Vol. viii., p. 393.,
+that all farther argument on the subject would be superfluous.
+
+E. C. H.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+_Improvements in the Albumenized Process._--Your expectation of being soon
+able to announce the successful manufacture of a new negative calotype
+paper, will, I am sure, be gladly received by many photographers, and
+especially by those who, like me, have been subjected to much
+disappointment with Turner's paper. For one sheet that has turned out well,
+at least half-a-dozen have proved useless from spottiness, and some sheets
+do not take the iodizing solution evenly, from an apparent want of
+uniformity in the texture of the paper, which causes the solution to
+penetrate portions the moment it is laid on the solution. Undoubtedly, when
+it does succeed, it is superior to Whatman's, but this is not enough to
+compensate for its extreme uncertainty.
+
+In DR. DIAMOND'S directions for the calotype, he gave a formula for the
+addition of bromide of potassium to the iodide of potassium, but did not
+speak with much certainty as to the proportions. Will he kindly say whether
+he has made farther trials; and if so, whether they confirm the proportions
+given by him, or have led him to adopt any change in this respect? and will
+he likewise say whether the iodizing solution which he recommends for
+Turner's paper, is suitable also to Whatman's?
+
+In albumenizing paper, I have not found it desirable to remove the paper
+very slowly from the solution. Whenever I have done so, it has invariably
+dried with waves and streaks, which quite spoiled the sheet. A steady
+motion, neither too slow nor too quick, I have found succeed perfectly, so
+that I now never spoil a sheet. I have used the solution with less albumen
+than recommended by DR. DIAMOND. My formula has been.--
+
+  Albumen              8 oz.
+  Water                12 oz.
+  Muriate ammon.       60 grs.
+  Common salt          60 grs.
+
+And this, I find, gives a sufficient gloss to the paper; but that of course
+is a matter of taste.
+
+I have not either found it essential to allow the paper to remain on the
+solution three minutes or longer, as recommended by DR. DIAMOND. With
+Canson paper, either negative or positive, a minute and a half has been
+sufficient. I have used two dishes, and as soon as a sheet was removed,
+drained, and replaced, I have taken the sheet from the other dish. In this
+way I found that each sheet lay on the solution about one and a half
+minutes, and with the assistance of a person to hang and dry them (which I
+have done before a fire), I have prepared from forty to forty-five sheets
+in an hour, requiring of course to be ironed afterwards.
+
+I have tried a solution of nitrate of silver of thirty grains to one ounce
+of distilled water, to excite this paper, and it appears to answer just as
+well as forty grains. I send you two small collodion views, takes by me and
+printed on albumenized paper prepared as mentioned, and excited with a
+30-grain solution of nitrate of silver.
+
+Is there any certain way of telling the right side of Canson paper,
+negative and positive? On the positive paper on one side, when held in a
+particular position towards the light, shaded bars may be observed; and on
+this side, when looked _through_, the name reads right. Is this the right
+or the wrong side?
+
+C. E. F.
+
+Since I wrote to you last, I have tried a solution of twelve grains only of
+nitrate of silver to the ounce of distilled water, for the paper
+albumenized, as mentioned in my letter of the 13th of February, and have
+found it to answer perfectly. The paper I used was _thin_ Canson, floated
+for one minute exactly on the solution; but I have no doubt the thick
+Canson will succeed just as well; and here I may observe that I have never
+found any advantage in allowing the paper to rest on the solution for three
+or four minutes, as generally recommended, but the contrary, as the paper,
+without being in the least more sensitive, becomes much sooner discoloured
+by keeping. My practice has been to float the thin Canson about half a
+minute, and the thick Canson not more than a minute.
+
+C. E. F.
+
+_Mr. Crookes on restoring old Collodion._--I am happy to explain to your
+correspondent what I consider to be the _rationale_ of the process.
+
+The colour which iodized collodion assumes on keeping, I consider to be
+entirely due to the gradual separation of iodine from the iodide of
+potassium or ammonium originally introduced. There are several ways in
+which this may take place; if the cotton on paper contain the slightest
+trace of nitric acid, owing to its not being _thoroughly_ washed (and this
+is not as easy as is generally supposed), the liberation of iodine in the
+collodion is certain to take place a short time after its being made.
+
+It is possible also that there may be a gradual decomposition of the
+zyloidin itself, and consequent liberation of the iodide by this means,
+with formation of nitrate of potassa or ammonia; but the most probable
+cause I consider to be the following. The ether gradually absorbs oxygen
+from the atmosphere, being converted into acetic acid; this, by its
+superior affinities, reacts on the iodide present, converting it into
+acetate, with liberation of hydriodic acid; while this latter, under the
+influence of the atmospheric oxygen, is very rapidly converted into water
+and iodine.
+
+I am satisfied by experiment that this is one of the causes of the
+separation of iodine, and I think it is the only one, for the following
+reason; neither bromised nor chlorised collodion undergo the slightest
+change of colour, however long they may be kept. Now, if the former
+agencies were at work, there is no reason why bromine should not be
+liberated from a bromide as well as iodine from an iodide; but on the
+latter {207} supposition, could take place, the affinities of acetic acid
+being insufficient to displace hydrobromic acid.
+
+A great many experiments which I tried last autumn, for the express purpose
+of clearing up this point, have convinced me that, _caeteris paribus_, the
+addition of free iodine to the iodizing solution, tends to diminish the
+sensitiveness of the subsequently formed iodide of silver. On paper, this
+diminution of sensitiveness is attended with some advantages, so that at
+present I hardly know whether to introduce the free iodine or not; but in
+collodion, as far as my experience goes, I see no reason for retaining it;
+on the contrary, everything seems to be in favour of its removal.
+
+I can hardly imagine that the increased sensitiveness mentioned by MR.
+HENNAH is really due to the free iodine which he introduces. Such a result
+being so contrary to all my experience, I would venture to suggest that
+there must be some other cause for its beneficial action; for instance,
+commercial iodide of potassium is generally alkaline, owing to impurities
+present; the tincture of iodine in this case would render the collodion
+neutral, and unless a very large excess of iodine were introduced, its good
+effects would be very apparent. This, however, involving the employment of
+impure chemicals, is a very improbable explanation of a phenomenon observed
+by so excellent an operator as MR. HENNAH: there is most likely some local
+cause which would be overlooked unless expressly searched for.
+
+With regard to the point, whether the free iodine is the _sole_ cause of
+the deterioration of old collodion, I should say decidedly not, at least in
+a theoretical view; the liberation of free iodine necessitates some other
+changes in the collodion, and the result must be influenced by these in one
+way or another, but practically I have as yet found nothing to warrant the
+supposition that they perceptibly interfere with the sensitiveness of the
+film.
+
+In the above I have endeavoured as much as possible to avoid
+technicalities, in order to make it intelligible to amateurs; but if there
+be any part which may be considered obscure, on its being pointed out to
+me, I will endeavour to solve the difficulty.
+
+WILLIAM CROOKES.
+
+Hammersmith.
+
+_Photographic Queries._--1. Would you, Sir, or DR. DIAMOND (DR. MANSELL is
+too far off), be kind enough to inform your readers whether DR. MANSELL'S
+process, recommended in No. 225., is equally applicable to _inland_ as to
+sea-side operations; or must we, in the one case, follow DR. DIAMOND, and
+in the other DR. MANSELL, and thus be compelled to prepare two sets of
+papers?
+
+2. DR. MANSELL recommends, as a test for the iodized paper, a _strong_
+solution of bichloride of mercury; may we ask _how strong_?
+
+3. MR. SISSON'S developing fluid has undergone so many changes, and has
+been so much written about, that we are at a loss to discover or to
+determine whether it has been at length settled, in the mind of the
+inventor, that it will do equally well for negatives as for positives.
+
+FOUR PHOTOGRAPHIC READERS.
+
+    [1. Both papers are equally available for both purposes. In actual
+    practice we have not ourselves experienced any difference in their
+    results.
+
+    2. It is quite immaterial. A drachm of bichloride dissolved in one
+    ounce of spirits of wine will cause a cloudiness and a precipitate, if
+    a very few drops are added to the tested water.
+
+    3. In general the salts of iron are more adapted for positives, and
+    weak pyrogallic acid solutions for negatives; say one and a half grain
+    of pyrogallic acid, twenty minims of glacial acetic acid, and an ounce
+    of distilled water.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies to Minor Queries.
+
+_London Fortifications_ (Vol. ix., p. 174.).--In last week's Number is an
+inquiry as to "London Fortifications" in the time of the Commonwealth.
+
+There is a Map by Vertue, dated 1738, in a folio _History of London_; there
+is one a trifle smaller, copied from the above; also one with page of
+description, _Gentleman's Magazine_, June, 1749. I subscribed to a set of
+twenty etchings, published last year by Mr. P. Thompson of the New Road;
+they are very curious, being facsimiles of a set of drawings done by a
+Capt. John Eyre of Oliver Cromwell's own regiment, dated 1643. The drawings
+are now I believe in the possession of the City of London.
+
+A CONSTANT READER.
+
+    [The drawings referred to by our correspondent are, we hear, by
+    competent judges regarded as _not genuine_. Such also, we are told, is
+    the opinion given of many drawings ascribed to Hollar and Captain John
+    Eyre, which have been purchased by a gentleman of our acquaintance, and
+    submitted by him to persons most conversant with such drawings. Query,
+    Are the drawings purporting to be by Captain John Eyre, drawings of the
+    period at which they are dated?]
+
+_Burke's Domestic Correspondence_ (Vol. ix., p. 9.).--In reference to a
+Query in "N.& Q." relative to unpublished documents respecting Edmund
+Burke, I beg to inform your correspondent N. O. that I have no doubt but
+that some new light might be thrown on the subject by an application to Mr.
+George Shackleton, Ballitore, a descendant of Abraham Shackleton, Burke's
+old schoolmaster, who I believe has a quantity of letters written to his
+old master Abraham, and also to his son Richard, who had Burke for a
+schoolfellow, and continued the friendship afterwards, both by writing and
+personally. When Richard attended yearly meetings in London, he was always
+a guest at Beaconsfield. Burke was so much attached to Richard, that on one
+of these visits he caused Shackleton's portrait to be painted and presented
+it to him, and it is now in the possession of the above family. I have no
+doubt but that an application to the above gentleman would produce some
+testimony.
+
+F. H.
+
+{208}
+
+_Battle of Villers-en-Couche_ (Vol. viii. _passim_).--A good account of
+this celebrated engagement, with several authentic documents relating to
+what happened on the occasion, will be found in that very interesting
+little work, _Risen from the Ranks_, by the Rev. E. Neale (London,
+Longmans, 1853).
+
+JAMES SPENCE HARRY.
+
+"_I could not love thee, dear, so much_" (Vol. ix., p. 125.).--These lines
+are from an exquisite _morceau_ entitled _To Lucasta, on going to the
+Wars_, by the gay, gallant, and ill-fated cavalier, Richard Lovelace, whose
+undying loyalty and love, and whose life, and every line that he wrote, are
+all redolent of the best days of chivalry. They are to be found in a 12mo.
+volume, _Lucasta_, London, 1649. The entire piece is so short, that I
+venture to subjoin it:
+
+  "Tell me not, sweet, I am unkinde,
+    That from the nunnerie
+  Of thy chaste breast and quiet minde,
+    To warre and armes I flie.
+
+  "True, a new mistresse now I chase,
+    The first foe in the field;
+  And with a stronger faith imbrace
+    A sword, a horse, a shield.
+
+  "Yet this inconstancy is such,
+    As you too shall adore;
+  I could not love thee, deare, so much,
+    Loved I not honour more."
+
+To the honour of Kent be it remembered that Lovelace was       CANTIANUS.
+
+    [We are also indebted for Replies to E. L. HOLT WHITE, GEO. E. FRERE,
+    E. C. H., J. K. R. W., H. J. RAINES, M.D., F. J. SCOTT, W. J. B. SMITH,
+    E. S. T. T., C. B. E., F. E. E., &c. "Lovelace (says Wood) made his
+    amours to a gentlewoman of great beauty and fortune, named Lucy
+    Sacheverel, whom he usually called Lux casta; but she, upon a strong
+    report that he was dead of his wound received at Dunkirk (where he had
+    brought a regiment for the service of the French king), soon after
+    married."--Wood's _Athenae Oxonienses_, vol. iii. p. 462.]
+
+_Sir Charles Cotterell_ (Vol. viii., p. 564.).--Sir Charles Cotterell, the
+translator of _Cassandra_, was Master of the Ceremonies to Charles II.;
+which office he resigned to his son in 1686, and died about 1687. I cannot
+say where he was buried. I am in possession of a copy of--
+
+    "The Memorialls of Margaret de Valoys, first Wife to Henry the Fourth,
+    King of France and Navarre; compiled in French by her own most delicate
+    and Royal hand, and translated into English by Robert Codrington,
+    Master of Arts: London, printed by R. H. 1661."
+
+It is dedicated to "To the true lover of all good learning, the truly
+honourable Sir Charles Cotterell, Knight, Master of the Ceremonies," &c. On
+the fly-leaf of it is written, "Frances Cottrell, her booke, given by my
+honor'd grandfather Sir Cha. Cottrell." This edition is not mentioned by
+Lowndes; he only speaks of one of the date of 1662, with a title slightly
+different.
+
+C--S. T. P.
+
+_Muffins and Crumpets_ (Vol. ix., p. 77).--Crumpet, according to Todd's
+_Johnson_, is derived from A.-S. [Anglo-Saxon: crompeht], which Boswell
+explains, "full of crumples, wrinkled." Perhaps muffin is derived from, or
+connected with, the following:
+
+    "MOFFLET. _Moffletus._ Mofletus Panis delicatioris species, qui diatim
+    distribui solet Canonicis praebendariis; Tolosatibus _Pain Moufflet_,
+    quasi _Pain molet_ dictus; forte quod ejusmodi panes singulis diebus
+    coquantur, atque recentes et teneri distribuantur."--_Du Cange._
+
+The latter part of the description is very applicable to this article.
+
+Under _Panes Praebendarii_, Du Cange says, "Innoc. Cironus observat
+ejusmodi panes Praebendarios dici, et in Tolosano tractu _Moufflets_
+appellari." (See "N. & Q," Vol. i., pp. 173. 205. 253.)
+
+ZEUS.
+
+Todd, for the derivation of crumpet, gives the Saxon [Anglo-Saxon:
+crompeht]. To _crump_ is to eat a hard cake (Halliwell's _Archaisms_).
+Perhaps its usual accompaniment on the tea-table may be indebted for its
+name to its muff-like softness to the touch before toasting.
+
+MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A.
+
+"_Clunk_" (Vol. viii., p. 65.).--The Scotch, and English, _clunk_ must have
+different meanings: for Jamieson defines the verb _to clunk_ "to emit a
+hollow and interrupted sound, as that proceeding from any liquid confined
+in a cask, when shaken, if the cask be not full;" and _to guggle_, as a
+"straight-necked bottle, when it is emptying;" and yet I am inclined to
+believe that the word also signifies _to swallow_, as in England. In the
+humorous ballad of "Rise up and bar the door," _clunk_ seems to be used in
+the sense of to swallow:
+
+  "And first they eat the while puddins, and then they eat the black;
+  The gudeman said within himsel, the Deil _clunk_ ower ai that."
+
+That is, may you swallow the devil with the black puddings, they perhaps
+being the best to the good man's taste. True, I have seen the word printed
+"clink," instead of _clunk_ in this song; but erroneously I think, as there
+is no signification of _clink_ in Jamieson that could be appropriately used
+by the man who saw his favourite puddings devoured before his face. To
+_clink_, means to "beat smartly", to "rivet the point of a nail," to
+"propagate scandal, or any rumour quickly;" none of which significations
+could be substituted for _clunk_ in the ballad.
+
+HENRY STEPHENS.
+
+_Picts' Houses_ (Vol. viii., p. 392.).--Such buildings underground as those
+described as Picts' {209} houses, were not uncommon on the borders of the
+Tweed. A number of them, apparently constructed as described, were
+discovered in a field on the farm of Whitsome Hill, Berwickshire, about
+forty years ago. They were supposed to have been made for the detention of
+prisoners taken in the frays during the Border feuds: and afterwards they
+were employed to conceal spirits, smuggled either across the Border, or
+from abroad.
+
+HENRY STEPHENS.
+
+_Tailless Cats_ (Vol. ix., p. 10.).--The tailless cats are still procurable
+in the Isle of Man, though many an unfortunate pussey with the tail cut off
+is palmed off as genuine on the unwary. The real tailless breed are rather
+longer in the hind legs than the ordinary cat, and grow to a large size.
+
+P. P.
+
+Though not a Manx man by birth, I can assure your correspondent SHIRLEY
+HIBBERD, that there is not only a species of tailless cats in the Isle of
+Man, but also of tailless barn-door fowls. I believe the latter are also to
+be found in Malta.
+
+E. P. PALING.
+
+Chorley.
+
+"_Cock-and-bull story_" (Vol. v., pp. 414. 447.).--DR. MAITLAND, in his
+somewhat sarcastic remarks respecting "cock-and-bull stories," extracted
+from Mr. Faber's work, has, no doubt, given a true account of the "cock on
+the church steeple, as being symbolical of a doctor or teacher." Still I
+cannot see that this at all explains the expression of a "cock-and-bull
+story." Will DR. MAITLAND be so good as to enlighten me on this point?
+
+I. R. R.
+
+_Market Crosses_ (Vol. v., p. 511.).--Does not the marriage at the market
+cross allude simply to the civil marriages in the time of the Commonwealth,
+not alluding to any religious edifice at all? An inspection of many parish
+registers of that period will, I think, prove this.
+
+I. R. R.
+
+"_Largesse_" (Vol. v., p. 557.).--The word _largesse_ is not peculiar to
+Northamptonshire: I well remember it used in Essex at harvest-time, being
+shouted out at such time through the village to ask for a gift, as I always
+understood. A. B. may be referred to _Marmion_, Canto I. note 10.
+
+I. R. R.
+
+_Awkward, Awart, Awalt_ (Vol. viii., p. 310.).--When fat sheep roll over
+upon their backs, and cannot get up of themselves, they are said to be
+lying _awkward_, in some places _awalt_, and in others _awart_. Is
+_awkward_, in this sense, the same word that treated by H. C. K.?
+
+S.
+
+_Morgan Odoherty_ (Vol. viii., p. 11.).--In reference to the remarks of MR.
+J. S. WARDEN on the Morgan Odoherty of Blackwood's _Magazine_, I had
+imagined it was very generally known by literary men that that _nom de
+guerre_ was assumed by the late Captain Hamilton, author of the _Annals of
+the Peninsular Campaigns_, and other works; and brother of Sir William
+Hamilton, Professor of Logic in the University of Edinburgh. I had never
+heard, until mentioned by MR. WARDEN, that Dr. Maginn was ever identified
+with that name.
+
+S.
+
+_Black Rat_ (Vol. vii., p. 206.).--In reply to the question of MR. SHIRLEY
+HIBBERD, whether the original rat of this country is still in existence, I
+may mention, that in the agricultural districts of Forfarshire, the Black
+Rat (_Mus rattus_) was in existence a few years ago. On pulling down the
+remains of an old farm-steading in 1823, after the building of a new one,
+they were there so numerous, that a greyhound I had destroyed no fewer than
+seventy-seven of them in the course of a couple of hours. Having used
+precautions against their lodgment in the new steading, under the floors,
+and on the tops of the party walls, they were effectually banished from the
+farm.
+
+HENRY STEPHENS.
+
+_Blue Bells of Scotland_ (Vol. viii., p. 388.).--Your correspondent [Old
+English W]. of Philadelphia is in error in supposing that the beautiful
+song, "Blue Bells of Scotland," was any reference to bells painted blue.
+That charming melody refers to a very common pretty flower in Scotland, the
+_Campanula latifolia_ of Linnaeus, the flowers of which are drooping and
+bell-shaped, and of a blue colour.
+
+HENRY STEPHENS.
+
+_Grammars, &c. for Public Schools_ (Vol. ix., p. 8., &c.).--Pray add to the
+list a Latin grammar, under the title of _The Common Accidence Improved_,
+by the Rev. Edward Owen, Rector of Warrington, and for fifty years Master
+of the Grammar School founded in that town, under the will of Sir Thomas
+Boteler, on April 27, 1526. I believe it was first published in 1770, but
+the copy now before me is of an edition printed in 1800; and the Preface
+contains a promise (I know not whether afterwards fulfilled) of the early
+publication of the rules, versified on the plan of Busbey and Ruddiman,
+under the title of _Elementa Latina Metrica_.
+
+J. F. M.
+
+_Warville_ (Vol. viii., p. 516.).--As regards the letter _W_, there is a
+distinction to be made between proper names and other words in the French
+language. The exclusion of that letter from the alphabet is sufficient
+proof that there are no words of French origin that begin with it; but the
+proper names in which it figures are common enough in recent times. Of
+these, the greater number have been imported from the neighbouring
+countries of Germany, Switzerland, and {210} Belgium: and some too are of
+local origin or formation.
+
+In the latter category is the name of _Warville_, which is derived from
+Ouarville, near Chartres, where Brissot was born in 1754. Between the
+French _ouar_ and our "war," there is a close similarity of sound; and in
+the spirit of innovation, which characterised the age of Brissot, the
+transition was a matter of easy accomplishment. Hence the _nom de guerre_
+of Warville, by which he was known to his cotemporaries.
+
+HENRY H. BREEN.
+
+St. Lucia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Miscellaneous.
+
+NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.
+
+_The Camden Society_ has just issued a volume of domestic letters, which
+contain much curious illustration of the stirring times to which they
+refer. The volume is entitled _Letters of the Lady Brilliana Harley, wife
+of Sir Robert Harley, of Brampton Bryan, Knight of the Bath, with
+Introduction and Notes_, by the Rev. T. T. Lewis. The writer, Lady
+Brilliana, was a daughter of Sir Edward Conway, afterwards Baron Conway,
+and is supposed to have been born whilst her father was Lieut.-Governor of
+the "Brill." The earlier letters (1625-1633) are addressed to her husband,
+the remainder (1638-1643) to her son Edward, during his residence at
+Oxford. The appendix contains several documents of considerable historical
+interest.
+
+_Elements of Jurisprudence_, by C. J. Foster, M.A., Professor of
+Jurisprudence at University College, London, is an able and well-written
+endeavour to settle the principles upon which law is to be founded.
+Believing that law is capable of scientific reduction, Professor Foster has
+in this little work attempted, and with great ability, to show the
+principles upon which he thinks it must be so reduced.
+
+Mr. Croker has reprinted from _The Times_ his correspondence with Lord John
+Russell on some passages of Moore's _Diary_. In the postscript which he has
+added, explanatory of Mr. Moore's acquaintance and correspondence with him,
+Mr. Croker convicts Moore, by passages from his own letters, of writing
+very fulsomely _to_ Mr. Croker, at the same time that he was writing very
+sneeringly _of_ him.
+
+A three days' sale of very fine books, from the library of a collector, was
+concluded on Wednesday the 22nd ult. by Messrs. Sotheby and Wilkinson, at
+their house in Wellington Street. The following prices of some of the more
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+a fine large copy, 7l. 10s.; lot 90, Drummond of Hawthornden's Poems, 6l.;
+lot 137, Book of Christian Prayers, known as Queen Elizabeth's Prayer Book,
+10l.; lot 53, a fine copy of Coryat's Crudities, 10l. 15s.; lot 184,
+Breydenbach, Sanctarum Peregrinationum in Montem Syon, first edition, 15l.
+15s.; lot 190, the Book of Fayttes of Armes and Chyvalry, by Caxton, with
+two leaves in fac-simile, 77l.; lot 192, Chaucer's Works, the edition of
+1542, 10l. 5s.; lot 200, Dugdale's Warwickshire, 13l. 10s.; lot 293, a
+gorgeous Oriental Manuscript from the Palace of Tippoo Saib, enriched with
+157 large paintings, full of subject, 112l.; lot 240, Horae Virginis
+Mariae, a charming Flemish Manuscript, with 12 exquisite illuminations of a
+high class, 100l.; lot 229, Milton's Minor Poems, first edition, 6l. 6s.;
+lot 315, Navarre Nouvelles, fine paper, 5l. 5s.; lot 326, Fenton's Certaine
+Tragicall Discourses, first edition, 11l.; lot 330, Gascoigne's
+Pleasauntest Workes, fine copy, 14l.; lot 344, Horae Virginis Mariae,
+beautifully printed upon vellum, by Kerver, 26l.; lot 347, Latimer's
+Sermons, Daye, 1571, 14l.; lot 364, Milton's Comus, first edition, 10l.
+10s.; lot 365, Milton's Paradise Lost, first edition, 12l. 17s. 6d.; lot
+376, The Shah Nameh, a fine Persian manuscript, 10l. 12s. 6d.; lot 379,
+Froissart Chroniques, first edition, 22l. 15s.; lot 381, a fine copy of
+Gough's Sepulchral Monuments, five vols., 69l.; lot 390, the original
+edition of Holinshed's Chronicles, 16l. 10s.; lot 401, Lancelot du Lac,
+Chevalier de la Table Ronde, Petit, 1533, 16l.; lot 406, the original
+edition of Laud's Book of Common Prayer, 12l. 15s.; lot 412, Meliadus de
+Leonnoys, a romance of the round table, 11l.; lot 417, a superb copy of
+Montfaucon's Works, with the La Monarchie Francaise, 50l.; lot 418, Works
+of Sir Thomas More, with the rare leaf, 14l. 5s.; lot 563, Shakspeare's
+Life of Sir John Oldcastle, 11l.; lot 564, A Midsomer Night's Dream (1600),
+18l. 5s.; lot 611, Shakspeare's Comedies, fine copy of the second edition,
+28l.; lot 599, the celebrated Letter of Cardinal Pole, printed on large
+paper, of which two copies only are known, 64l.; lot 601, Purchas, his
+Pilgrimes, five vols., a fine copy, with the rare frontispiece, 65l. 10s.
+The 634 lots produced 2,616l. 4s. 6d.
+
+BOOKS RECEIVED.--_Dante translated into English Verse_, by J. C. Wright,
+M.A., with Thirty-four Engravings on Steel, after Flaxman. This new volume
+of Bohn's _Illustrated Library_ is one of those marvels of cheapness with
+which Mr. Bohn ever and anon surprises us.--_Curiosities of Bristol and its
+Neighborhood_, Nos. I.-V., is a sort of local "N. & Q," calculated to
+interest not Bristolians only.--_Poetical Works of John Dryden_, edited by
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+the English Poets.--The Carafas of Maddaloni: Naples under Spanish
+Dominion_, the new volume of Bohn's _Standard Library_, is a translation
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+
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+SCHILLER'S POEMS, translated by Merivale.
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+F. T. _The characteristic description of_ The Weekly Pacquet, _by the
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+PRIMERS OF THE REIGN OF ELIZABETH.--_With reference to the article under
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+COMUS. _We cannot learn that there is an edition of_ Locke on the
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+FRANCIS BEAUFORT. Biblia Sacra Latina, _two volumes in one, printed by R.
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+THE POETRY OF THE ANTI-JACOBIN; comprising the celebrated Political and
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+HON. G. CANNING, EARL OF CARLISLE, MARQUIS WELLESLEY, RT. HON. J. H. FRERE,
+G. ELLIS, W. GIFFORD, RT. HON. W. PITT, and others. With Explanatory Notes,
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+
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+
+MESSRS. ALLEN'S registered Despatch-box and Writing-desk, their
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+
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+1854.
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+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 227, March
+4, 1854, by Various
+
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