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diff --git a/27589.txt b/27589.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9607bef --- /dev/null +++ b/27589.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7724 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Coronation Anecdotes, by Giles Gossip + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Coronation Anecdotes + +Author: Giles Gossip + +Release Date: December 22, 2008 [EBook #27589] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CORONATION ANECDOTES *** + + + + +Produced by David Yingling, Jane Hyland and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + + + + + + + + +CORONATION ANECDOTES, + +ETC. ETC. ETC. + + + + +LONDON: + +PRINTED BY J. MOYES, GREVILLE STREET. + + + + +CORONATION ANECDOTES; + +OR, + +SELECT AND INTERESTING + +FRAGMENTS + +OF + +ENGLISH CORONATION CEREMONIES + + * * * * * + +BY GILES GOSSIP, ESQ. + + "In pensive thought recal the fancied scene, + See _Coronations_ rise on every green."--POPE. + + * * * * * + +LONDON: + +PRINTED FOR ROBERT JENNINGS, + +IN THE POULTRY. + +1823. + + +[Transcriber's Notes: + + A letter with a dot over it, is denoted in the following way [.y] + Superscripts are denoted by a carat ^ ] + + +ADVERTISEMENT. + + +The coronation of our monarchs presents a wide field of meditation to an +intelligent eye. It is an epitome of the genius of the monarchy, and a +miniature exhibition of the leading events of our annals. + +Connected, in point of fact, with the first establishment of +Christianity in this island, it also perpetuates some of the earliest +British notions of public liberty; and while it confirms the hereditary +claims of each succeeding prince, it is introduced by a recognition of +some of the most ancient rights of the people, + + "Mighty states, _characterless_, are grated + To dusty nothing," + +says that great dramatist who has so largely alluded to English +coronations in his historical plays. These ceremonies exhibit the +character of each constituent portion of the political body from age to +age; and are chiefly valuable, perhaps, as preserving a chain of +_national identity_, unbroken by conquest, or by civil war; by changing +dynasties, or the most important revolutions of the empire: on the other +hand, they present to us a vast _variety_ of character and events.--They +are associated with the gloom, "the dim religious light" of Anglo-Saxon +history, with the stormy character of the Conquest and the Norman +domination; they bring before us the lofty Plantagenet, the proud Tudor, +and the tyrannical but unfortunate House of Stuart, in all the pomp, and +strife, and vanity of their respective pretensions. + +But the general reader will require a _clue_ to this symbolical kind of +instruction: a companion to his recollections of such an exhibition, +which, without destroying the vividness and pleasure of the pageantry, +shall connect its objects with the march of history, the advance of +civilization, and the final settlement of our laws and liberties. "To +converse with historians," says an accomplished writer, "is always to +keep good company;" while, "to carry back the mind _in uniting_ and to +make IT old," is the one great difficulty which Lord Bacon points out in +the study of history. Every effort, therefore, to smooth this difficult +path, and to introduce the rising generation to such company, will be +properly appreciated by the anxious and intelligent parent; and such is +the design of this little volume. It is the especial business of the +historian, certainly, to instruct; but the more he can keep alive our +_interest_ without flattering either our passions or vices, the more +effectually will he accomplish his great object, and swell the train of +the votaries of truth. + + + + +CORONATION ANECDOTES, + +_&c. &c._ + + + + +Sec. 1. ANECDOTES OF THE REGALIA AND ROYAL VESTMENTS. + + "History--the picture of man--has shared the fate of its original. + It has had its infancy of _Fable_; its youth of Poetry; its manhood + of Thought, Intelligence, and Reflection."--ANON. + + +No. 1. _The Regal Chair._ + +The Regalia of England are the symbols of a monarchical authority that +has been transmitted by coronation ceremonies for upwards of ten +centuries. But the incorporation of England, Scotland, and Ireland, into +one united kingdom,--an event peculiar to the coronation of George IV, +to have recognised,--has connected the history of the Imperial Regalia +with some tales of legendary lore, the truth of which, if this +circumstance does not demonstrate, be assured, gentle reader, nothing +will. Irish records are said to add at least another thousand years of +substantial history to the honours of that solid regal seat, or +coronation chair, in which our monarchs are both anointed and +crowned[1]: while some of our own "honest chroniclers" assign to it a +still more marvellous antiquity. + +Holinshed gives us the history of one Gathelus, a Greek, who brought +from Egypt into Spain the identical stone on which the patriarch Jacob +slept and "poured oil" at Luz. He was "the sonne of Cecrops, who builded +the citie of Athens;" but having married Scota, the daughter of Pharaoh, +he resided for some time in Egypt, from whence he was induced to remove +into the West by the judgments pronounced on that country by Moses. In +Spain, "having peace with his neighbors, he builded a citie called +Brigantia (Compostella)," where he "sat vpon his marble stone, gave +lawes, and ministred justice vnto his people, thereby to maintaine them +in wealth and quietnesse," And "Hereof it came to passe, that first in +Spaine, after in Ireland, and then in Scotland, the kings which ruled +over the Scotishmen received the crowne sittinge vpon that stone, vntill +the time of Robert the First, king of Scotland." In another part of his +"Historie of Scotland," Holinshed mentions king Simon Brech as having +transmitted this stone to Ireland, about 700 years before the birth of +Christ, and that "the first Fergus" brought it "out of Ireland into +Albion," B.C. 330. One important property of this stone should not be +unnoticed. It is said, by the writers from whom the foregoing +particulars are derived, to furnish a test of legitimate royal descent; +yielding an oracular sound when a prince of the true blood is placed +upon it, and remaining silent under a mere pretender to the throne. We +heard various joyful acclamations on the recent "royal day;" but +(perhaps from that very circumstance) could not distinguish the sound in +question. + +Apart from these legends, the real history of the [Saxon: hag-fail], or +Fatal Stone[2], is curious; and has induced the learned Toland to call +it "the antientest respected monument in the world[3]." It is to be +traced, on the best authorities, into Ireland; whence it had been +brought into Scotland, and had become of great notoriety in Argyleshire, +some time before the reign of Kennith, or A.D. 834. This monarch found +it at Dunstaffnage, a royal castle, enclosed it in a wooden chair, and +removed it to the abbey of Scone, where for 450 years "all kingis of +Scotland war crownit" upon it; or "quhil y^e tyme of Robert Bruse. In +quhais tyme, besyde mony othir crueltis done be kyng EDWARD Lang +Schankis, the said chiar of merbyll wes taikin be Inglismen, and brocht +out of Scone to London, and put into Westmonistar, quhaer it remains to +our dayis[4]." + +An ancient Irish prophecy, quoted by Mr. Taylor in his learned "Glory of +Regality[5]," assures us, that the possession of this stone is essential +to the preservation of regal power. It runs literally, "The race of +Scots of the true blood, if this prophecy be not false, unless they +possess the Stone of Fate, shall fail to obtain regal power." King +Kennith caused the leonine verses following to be engraved on the +chair:-- + + Ni fallat fatum + Scoti quocunque locatum + Invenient lapidem + Regnare tenentur ibidem. + +Thus given by Camden, + + Or Fate is blind, + Or Scots shall find, + Where'er this stone + A royal throne. + +A prophecy which is said to have reconciled many a true Scot to the +Union in Queen Anne's time; and which, since the extinction of the +Stuart family, is remarkably fulfilled in the claims of the House of +Brunswick,--George IV. being now the legitimate heir of both lines. + +At or near a consecrated stone, it was an ancient Eastern custom to +appoint kings or chieftains to their office. Thus we read in Scripture +of Abimelech being "made king by the plain of the pillar that was in +Shechem[6]," (the earliest royal appointment, perhaps, of which we have +any traces in history;) and of Joash having the "crown put upon him" +while he "stood by a pillar, as the manner was[7]." Subsequently, and +among the northern nations, the practice "was to form a circle of large +stones, commonly twelve in number, in the middle of which one was set +up, much larger than the rest: this was the royal seat; and the nobles +occupied those surrounding it, which served also as a barrier to keep +off the people who stood without. Here the leading men of the kingdom +delivered their suffrages, and placed the elected king on his seat of +dignity[8]." From such places, afterwards, justice was frequently +dispensed. + + "The old mun early rose, walk'd forth, and sate + On polished stone, before his palace gate; + With unguent smooth the lucid marble shone, + Where ancient Neleus sate, a rustic throne." + + HOMER'S _Odyss._ POPE'S _Tr._ [Greek: G]. 496--10. + +Thus arises the name of our Court of King's Bench. + +At the coronation of our kings, the royal chair is now disguised in +cloth of gold; but the wood-work, which forms its principal parts, is +supposed to be the same in which Edward I. recased it, on bringing it to +England. + +Shakspeare's RICHARD III. inquires-- + + "Is the _Chair_ empty? Is the Sword unswayed? + Is the King dead? The empire unpossessed? + What heir of York is there alive but We?" + +And the Earl of Richmond describes him, in admirable allusion to the +foregoing facts, as + + "A base foul _stone_, made precious by the foil + Of England's chair, where he is falsely set[9]." + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 1: See Toland; Sir J. Ware's Antiq. of Ireland, vol. ii. pp. +10, 124, &c.] + +[Footnote 2: Called also by the Irish Cloch na cinea[.m]na, or, the Stone +of Fortune.] + +[Footnote 3: History of the Druids, p. 104.] + +[Footnote 4: Chron. of Scotland, lib. i. cap. 2.] + +[Footnote 5: P. 54.] + +[Footnote 6: Judges ix. 6.] + +[Footnote 7: 2 Kings, xi. 12, 14.] + +[Footnote 8: Taylor's Glory of Regality, p. 31.] + +[Footnote 9: Richard III.] + + +No. 2. _Of the Crowns._ + +We, can only speak to the growth and antiquity of their present +"fashion," none of those now used being of older date than the reign of +Charles II. This monarch issued a commission for the "remakeing such +royall ornaments and regalia" as the rebellious Parliament of his +father had destroyed[10], in which "the old names and fashions" were +directed to be carefully sought after and retained[11]. Upon this +authority, we still have the national crown with which our monarchs are +actually invested called St. EDWARD'S, although the Great Seal of the +Confessor exhibits him wearing a crown of a very different shape. + +Whether the parent of our present crowns were the Eastern fillet, in the +tying on which there was great ceremony, according to Selden,--the Roman +or Grecian wreath, a "corruptible crown" of laurel, olive, or bay,--or +the Jewish diadem of gold,--we shall leave to antiquarian research. + + "This high imperial type of [England's] glory" + +has slowly advanced, like the monarchy itself, to its present commanding +size and brilliant appearance. From the coins and seals of the +respective periods, several of our Anglo-Saxon princes appear to have +worn only a fillet of pearl, and others a radiated diadem, with a +crescent in front. AEthelstan's crown was of a more regular shape, +resembling a modern earl's coronet. On king Alfred's there was the +singular addition of "two little bells;" and the identical crown worn by +this prince seems to have been long preserved at Westminster, if it were +not the same which is described in the Parliamentary Inventory of 1642, +as "King Alfred's crowne of gould wyer worke, sett with slight stones." +Sir Henry Spelman thinks, there is some reason to conjecture that "the +king fell upon the composing of an imperial crown;" but what could he +mean by this accompaniment? + +Gradually the crown grew from ear to ear, and then from the back to the +forehead; sometimes it is represented as encircling a cap or helm, and +sometimes without. William the Conqueror and his successor wore it on a +cap adorned with points, and with "labels hanging at each ear[12];" the +Plantagenets a diadem ornamented with fleurs de lis or strawberry +leaves, between which were small globes raised, or points rather lower +than the leaves; Richard III. or Henry VII. introduced the crosses; +about the same time (on the coins of Henry VII.) the arches first +appear; and the subsequent varieties of shape are in the elevation or +depression of the arches. The maiden queen wore them remarkably high. + +Blood's exploit with the new crown of Charles II. is told to all the +young visitors at the Tower[13]. It is only wonderful that, in that age +of plots, no political object or accusation was connected with it. The +beautiful dialogue which our great dramatist puts into the mouth of +Henry IV. and his son, who had taken the crown from his dying father's +pillow, we could willingly transcribe entire:-- + + "_K. Henry._ O foolish youth! + Thou seek'st a greatness that will overwhelm thee. + Stay but a little; for my cloud of dignity + Is held from falling by so weak a wind, + That it will quickly drop; my day is dim. + Thou hast stolen THAT, which after some few hours + Were thine without offence; and at my death + Thou hast sealed up my expectation; + Thy life did manifest thou lovedst me not; + And thou wilt have me die assured of it. + + "_P. Henry._ O pardon me, my Liege! but for my tears, + (The moist impediments unto my speech,) + I had forestalled this clear and deep rebuke, + Ere you with grief had spoke, and I had heard + The course of it so far. There is your CROWN-- + And He that wears the crown immortally + Long guard it yours!---- + Coming to look on you, thinking you dead, + (And dead almost, my Liege, to think you were,) + I spake unto the crown, as having sense, + And thus upbraided it. 'The care on thee depending + Hath fed upon the body of my father; + Therefore thou best of gold art worst of gold; + Other, less fine in carat, is more precious, + Preserving life, in medicine potable: + But thou, most fine, most honoured, most renowned, + Hast eat thy bearer up!'" + +It is the same prince who afterwards so well apostrophizes his own +greatness:-- + + "O, be sick, great Greatness! + And bid thy ceremony give thee cure. + Think'st thou the fiery fever will go out + With titles blown from adulation? + Will it give place to flexure and low bending? + Canst thou, when thou command'st the beggar's knee, + Command the health of it? No, thou proud dream, + That play'st so subtly with a king's repose, + I am a king that find thee; and I know, + 'Tis not the balm, the sceptre, and the ball, + The sword, the mace, the crown imperial, + The intertissued robe of gold and pearl, + The farsed title running 'fore the king, + The throne he sits on, nor the tide of pomp + That beats upon the high shoar of this world; + No, not all these thrice gorgeous ceremonies, + Not all these, laid in bed majestical, + Can sleep so soundly as the wretched slave." + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 10: In the Archaeologia, vol. xv. art. 24, is "A true and +perfect Inventory of all the Plate and Jewells now being in the Upper +Jewell House of the Tower, in the charge of Sir Henry Mildmay, together +with an appraisement of them, made and taken the 13th, 14th, and 15th +daies of August, 1649;" containing the following account of "crowns," +&c. demolished:-- + + L. _s._ _d._ + + "The imperiall crowne of massy gold, + weighing 7 lb. 6 oz. valued at 1110 0 0 + + The queene's crowne of massy gold, + weighing 3 lb. 10 oz. 338 3 4 + + A small crowne found in an iron chest + formerly in the Lord Cottingham's + charge, &c.: + + The gold 73 16 8 + The diamonds, rubies, sapphires, &c. 355 0 0 + The globe, weighing 1 lb. 5 1/4 oz. 57 10 0 + Two coronation bracelets, weighing 7 oz. + (with three rubies and twelve pearls) 36 0 0 + Two sceptres, weighing 11 oz. 60 0 0 + A long rod of silver gilt, 1 lb. 5 oz. 4 10 8 + +"The foremencion'd crownes, since the inventorie was taken, are, +according to ord^r of Parliam^t, totallie broken and defaced." + +A second inventory, containing "that part of the regalia" found at +Westminster, mentions "King Alfred's crowne of gould wyer worke, sett +with slight stones, and 2 little bells, p. oz. 79 1/2, at L3. per oz., +L248. 10_s._ 0_d._"] + +[Footnote 11: See Sir Edward Walker's Account of "The Preparations for +His Majesty's Coronation," &c. 8vo. Lond. First printed 1820.] + +[Footnote 12: Taylor, p, 65. The Saxon Chronicle says of the Conqueror: +"He was very worshipful. Thrice he bore his _king-helmet_ every year, +when he was in England: at Easter, he bore it at Winchester; at +Pentecost, at Westminster; in midwinter, at Gloucester. And there were +with him all the rich men over all England," &c.--_Sax. Chron._ 189, +&c.] + +[Footnote 13: The following is Hume's account of this memorable +project:-- + +"A little after [his attempt to carry off the Duke of Ormond], Blood +formed a design of carrying off the crown and regalia from the Tower; a +design to which he was prompted, as well by the surprising boldness of +the enterprise, as by the views of profit. He was near succeeding; he +had bound and wounded Edwards, the keeper of the Jewel Office, and had +gotten out of the Tower with his prey; but was overtaken and seized, +with some of his associates. One of them was known to have been +concerned in the attempt upon Ormond; and Blood was immediately +concluded to be the ring-leader. When questioned, he frankly avowed the +enterprise, but refused to tell his accomplices. 'The fear of death,' he +said, 'should never engage him either to deny a guilt, or betray a +friend.' All these extraordinary circumstances made him the general +subject of conversation; and the king was moved by an idle curiosity to +see and speak with a person so noted for his courage and his crimes.... +Blood might now esteem himself secure of pardon, and he wanted not +address to improve the opportunity."--Charles eventually pardoned him, +granted him an estate of L500. per annum, and encouraged his attendance +about his person. "And while old Edwards, who had bravely ventured his +life, and had been wounded in defending the crown and regalia, was +forgotten and neglected, this man, who deserved only to be stared at and +detested as a monster, became a kind of favourite."--HUME'S _England_, +CHARLES II.] + + +No. 3. _The Sceptre_ + +Is a more ancient symbol of royalty than the crown. Homer speaks of +"sceptred kings"--[Greek: skeptouchoi basilees]; and the book of +Genesis, "of far elder memory," of a sceptre, as denoting a king or +supreme governor[14]. There is a very early form of delivering this +ensign of authority preserved in the Saxon coronation services; and the +coins and seals of succeeding reigns usually place it in the hand of our +monarchs. Very anciently, too, our kings received at their coronations a +sceptre for the right hand, surmounted by a _cross_; and for the left, +sometimes called the verge, one that terminated in a globe, surmounted +by a _dove_. The two great symbols of the Christian religion are thus +professedly embraced; but the monarch never appears with two sceptres +except on this occasion. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 14: Gen. xlix. 10.] + + +No. 4. _The Ampulla, or Golden Eagle_ + +And the "holy oil" which is poured from it, are connected, like the +royal chair, with some of the miracles that no one now believes, and +with some interesting historical facts. + +Amongst the honours bestowed by the Virgin on St. Thomas a Becket, +(according to a MS. in the Cotton Library,) he received from our Lady's +own hands, at Sens, in France, a golden eagle, and a small phial of +stone or glass, containing an unction, on whose virtues she largely +expatiated. Being then in banishment, he was directed to give them in +charge to a monk of Poictiers, who hid them in St. Gregory's church at +that place, where they were discovered in the reign of Edward III., with +a written account of the vision; and, being delivered to the Black +Prince, were deposited safely in the Tower. Henry IV. is said to be the +first prince anointed with these vessels. + +"Holy oil" still retains its use, if not its virtue, in our coronations. +The king was formerly anointed on the head, the bowings of the arms, on +both shoulders, and between the shoulders, on the breast, and on the +hands; but the ceremonials of the last two coronations only prescribe +the anointing of the head, breast, and hands. In these, too, nothing is +said of the "consecration" of the oil, which seems anciently to have +been performed on the morning of the coronation[15]. + +Historically, the custom of anointing kings is to be traced to the times +of the Jewish judges; the consecration of one of whose descendants, +Abimelech (before noticed), connects the subject with the earliest and +one of the most beautiful fables of the East--that of the trees going +forth to anoint a king[16]. Selden regards this fable as a proof "that +anointing of kings was of known use in the eldest times," and "that +solemnly to declare one to be a king, and to anoint a king, in the +Eastern parts, were but synonymies[17]." The elegant allusion to the +olive tree, "honouring both God and man" with its "_fatness_" or oil, +should not escape us, as corroborating this conjecture. This poem is +dated by the learned antiquary "about 200 years before the beginning of +the [Jewish] kingdom in Saul." + +We have several instances in Scripture of the inauguration of the Jewish +kings by anointing, and of its being performed at the express command of +God[18]--a circumstance which was held to communicate an official +sanctity to their persons, their attire, &c. The noble David twice +spares the life of his bitterest enemy, Saul, upon this +ground.--"Jehovah shall smite him," he says; "or his day shall come to +die; or he shall descend into the battle, and perish"--"Who can stretch +forth his hand against Jehovah's anointed, and be guiltless[19]?"--and +he finely alludes to the general reverence of his country for these +appointments, when he exclaims, in his memorable ode over his fallen +rival, "The shield of the mighty is vilely cast away, the shield of +Saul, as though it had not been anointed with oil!" + +With the spread of Christianity, or rather of the papal domination, over +the kingdoms of western Europe, came the adoption of this rite into the +coronation ceremonies of its princes. It at once increased the influence +of the church, and surrounded the monarch with a popular veneration. The +three distinct anointings yet retained (_i.e._ on the head, breast, and +hands or arms,) were said by Becket to indicate glory, holiness, and +fortitude: another prelate, one of the greatest scholars of his age, +assured our Henry III., that as all former sins were washed away in +baptism, "so also by this unction[20]." + + "Not all the water in the rough rude sea + Can wash the balm from an ANOINTED king,"-- + +Richard II. is made to say, by Shakspeare, on the invasion of +Bolingbroke. Sir Walter Scott, in his notes to Marmion, speaks of a +singular ancient consecration of the kings of arms in Scotland, who seem +to have had a regular coronation down to the middle of the sixteenth +century,--only that they were anointed with _wine_ instead of oil[21]. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 15: Sandford does not omit to notice, that the dean of +Westminster, assisted by the prebendaries, duly performed this office +for the coronation of James II., "early in the morning."] + +[Footnote 16: Vide Judges, chap. ix.] + +[Footnote 17: Titles of Honour, p. i, chap. 8.] + +[Footnote 18: 1 Sam. x. 10; xvi. 1; 1 Kings, xiv. 15; &c.] + +[Footnote 19: 1 Sam. xxvi. 9, 10.] + +[Footnote 20: Selden's Titles.] + +[Footnote 21: Marmion, 8vo. Note, p. 456.] + + +No. 5. _The Royal Swords_ + +Are named, _Curtana_, or the Sword of Mercy; the Sword of Justice to the +Spirituality; the Sword of Justice to the Temporality; and the Sword of +State. Of these the last alone is actually used in the coronation, being +that with which the king is girded after his anointing; the rest are +only carried before him by certain great officers. But Curtana has been +honoured with a proper name since the reign of Henry III., at whose +coronation it was carried by the Earl of Chester[22]. It is a flat +sword, without a point; looking to which circumstance, and to its being +also entitled the Sword of Mercy, some etymologists have traced it to +the Latin _curto_, to cut short; while other writers, among whom is the +learned Mr. Taylor, would transfer our researches to the scenes of +ancient chivalry, and the exploits of Oger the Dane, or Orlando, as +affording the title to this appendage of the monarchy, "The sword of +Tristan," says this writer, "is found (ubi lapsus!) among the regalia of +king John; and that of Charlemagne, _Joyeuse_, was preserved to grace +the coronations of the kings of France. The adoption of these titles +was, indeed, perfectly consonant with the taste and feeling of those +ages, in which the gests of chivalry were the favourite theme of oral +and historical celebration; and when the names of _Durlindana_, of +_Curtein_, or _Escalibere_, would nerve the warrior's arm with a new and +nobler energy[23]." + +The Sword of Justice to the Spirituality is _obtuse_, that of Justice to +the Temporality _sharp_ at the point. "Henry VIII.," says a writer in a +respectable periodical publication for July, "seems to have exercised +his taste in endeavouring to abolish this discrepancy." + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 22: "Comite Cestriae gladium S. Edwardi, qui _Curtein_ dicetur, +ante regem bagulante," &c.] + +[Footnote 23: Glory of Regality, p. 73, 4.] + + +No. 6. _Of the Ring, Spurs, and Orb; and St. Edward's Staff._ + +In the book of Genesis we read of Pharaoh's ring being given by him to +Joseph, as a method of investing him with power: and thus the Persian +monarch Ahasuerus transferred his authority to Haman and to +Mordecai[24]. What is added in the Scripture narration of one of these +latter cases will illustrate the significancy of this mode of +investiture. "Then were the king's scribes called, on the thirteenth day +of the first month; and there was written according to all that Haman +commanded unto the king's lieutenants, and to the governors that were +over every province--to every people after their language; in the name +of king Ahasuerus was it written, and _sealed_ with the king's ring." + +Of the golden ring with which our kings are invested, as "the ensign of +royal dignity, and of defence of the catholic faith," there is yet +another miracle of the coronation to relate. A certain "fayre old man" +having asked alms of St. Edward the Confessor, he had nothing at hand to +bestow upon him but his ring. Shortly after, two English pilgrims lost +their way in the Holy Land, when "there came to them a fayr ancient man, +wyth whyte heer for age. Thenne the olde man axed theym what they were, +and of what regyon. And they answerde that they were pylgryms of +England, and hadde lost theyr fellyshyp and way also. Thenne thys olde +man comforted theym goodly, and brought theym in to a fayre cytee; and +whanne they had well refreshed theym, and rested there alle nyhte, on +the morne, this fayre olde man went with theym, and brought theym in the +ryght waye agayne. And he was gladde to here theym talke of the welfare +and holynesse of theyr kynge Saynt Edward. And whan he shold depart fro +theym, thenne he tolde theym what he was, and sayd, 'I am JOHAN THE +EVANGELYST; and saye ye vnto Edward your kyng, that I grete him well by +the token that he gaff to me, thys _rynge_, with hys one handes[25].'" + +By the exact mode that we have quoted from Scripture, do we find Offa, +king of the East Angles, appointing Edmund as his successor; and with +the ring, it is noticed, with which he had been invested at his own +promotion to the royal dignity[26]. + +On the detention of James II. by the fishermen of Sheerness, in his +first attempt at escape from this country, in 1688, it is particularly +noticed in his Memoirs, "The king kept the diamond bodkin which he had +of the queen's, and the _coronation ring_, which for more security he +put into his drawers." The captain, it appeared, was well acquainted +with the dispositions of his crew; (one of whom "cried out, 'It is +father Petre--I know him by his lantern jaws;' a second called him an +'old hatchet-faced Jesuit;' and a third, 'a cunning old rogue, he would +warrant him!') for, some time after he was gone, and probably by his +order, several seamen entered the king's cabin, saying they must search +him and the gentlemen, believing they had not given up all their money. +The king and his companions told them that they were at liberty to do +so, thinking that their readiness would induce them not to persist; but +they were mistaken; the sailors began their search with a roughness and +rudeness which proved they were accustomed to the employment: at last, +one of them, feeling about the king's knee, got hold of the diamond +bodkin, and cried out, with the usual oath, he had found a prize, but +the king boldly declared he was mistaken. He had, indeed, scissors, a +tooth-pick case, and little keys in his pocket, and what he felt was +undoubtedly one of those articles. The man still seemed incredulous, and +rudely thrust his hand into the king's pocket; but in his haste he lost +hold of the diamond bodkin, and finding the things the king mentioned, +remained satisfied it was so: by this means the bodkin and ring were +preserved[27]." Whatever may be our opinion of the conduct of the +monarch, we cannot follow him into these scenes without compassion for +the _exile_, whose family seems to have been born to demonstrate how +much of our pity unfortunate princes may claim, apart from their +personal worth. + +This is said to have been originally a favourite ring of the beautiful +but unfortunate Mary queen of Scots; to have been sent by her, at her +death, to James I.; through whom it came into the possession of our +Charles I., and on _his_ execution, was transmitted by bishop Juxon to +his son. It lately came into the possession of his present Majesty, +through the channels by which he has obtained all the remaining papers +of the house of Stuart. + +Richard II. resigned the crown to Henry IV. by transferring to him his +ring. A paper was put into Richard's hands, from which he read an +acknowledgment of being incapable of the royal office, and worthy, from +his past conduct, to be deposed; that he freely absolved his subjects +from their allegiance, and swore by the holy Gospels never to act in +opposition to this surrender: adding, that if it were left wholly to +him to name the future monarch, it should be Henry of Lancaster, to whom +he then gave his ring[28]. + +The SPURS are a very ancient emblem of knighthood; in later coronations, +the abundance of ceremonies has only allowed time for the king's heel to +be touched with them. At the battle of Crecy, when Edward III. was +requested to send reinforcements to his son, his reply was: "No; tell +Warwick he shall have no assistance. Let the boy win his spurs[29]." + +The ORB, or MOUND (Fr. _monde_), is an emblem of sovereignty, said to be +derived from imperial Rome; and to have been first adorned with the +cross by Constantine, on his conversion to Christianity. It first +appears among the royal insignia of England on the coins of Edward the +Confessor; but Mr. Strutt authenticates a picture of Edgar, "made in the +year 996," which represents that prince kneeling between two saints, who +bear severally his sceptre and a globe surmounted by a cross[30]. This +part of the regalia being inductive of supreme political power, has +never been placed in the hands of any but kings or queens _regnant_. In +the anomalous case of the coronation of William and Mary as joint +sovereigns--the 'other world,' that Alexander wept for, was created; and +the spare orb is still to be seen amongst the royal jewels of England! + +The only remaining member of the regalia now in use is St. EDWARD'S +Staff; but whether so called from any of the pilgrimages of the +Confessor--from its being designed to remind our monarchs of their being +but pilgrims on earth--or simply from its being offered with the other +regalia at that monarch's shrine, on the coronation of our kings, we +have not the means of determining. All the regalia are supposed, indeed, +to be in the custody of the Dean, as the successor of the Abbot of +Westminster, at the period of each coronation. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 24: Esther, iii. 10, and viii. 2.] + +[Footnote 25: Golden Legende (Julyan Notary, 1503).] + +[Footnote 26: Battley's Antiq. St. Edm. Burgi, p. 119.] + +[Footnote 27: Memoirs of James II., ed. by Clarke. 2 vols, 4to.] + +[Footnote 28: Rot. Parl. iii. 417.] + +[Footnote 29: Lingard's Hist. England, iii. p. 51.] + +[Footnote 30: Strutt's [Saxon: Horda Angel-c[.y]nnan], v. ii.] + + +No. 7. _The Royal Vestments_ + +Of England are amongst the most gorgeous "makings of a king" known to +history. In the robes ordinarily designed to be worn in Parliament; and +consisting of a surcoat of the richest crimson velvet, and a mantle and +hood of the same, furred with ermine, and bordered with gold lace, the +king first makes his appearance on the Coronation day; (on which he +wears a _cap of state_, of the same materials, and at this time only.) +These are, therefore, called his Parliament Robes, in distinction from +the Robes of Estate, for which he exchanges them in the Abbey, at the +close of the coronation, and which only differ from the former in being +made of purple velvet. + +These sumptuous external robes are of course laid aside during the +anointing, and other parts of the coronation service. + +The ARMIL, or STOLE, is the only ecclesiastic symbol now retained in the +investiture of our kings. In "MS. W. Y. in the College of Arms," quoted +by Mr. Taylor, Henry VI. is said to have been "arrayed at the time of +his coronation as a bishop that should sing mass, with a dalmatic like a +tunic, and a stole about his neck[31]." This writer insists that the +conductors of our English coronations since Henry VII.'s time (at the +least) have very singularly mistaken the Stole for the Armil of more +ancient times, and transferred to the latter the form of delivery +originally designed for "a BRACELET or royal ornament of the wrist." It +is singular that the form in question should appear, as it certainly +does, to suit either symbol. "Receive this armil as a token of the +divine mercy embracing thee on every side[32]." The ornament at present +in use embraces the neck. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 31: Glory of Regality, p. 81.] + +[Footnote 32: These were (prudently enough, after the error hinted at,) +the whole of the words used at the late ceremonial.] + + + + +Sec. 2. ANECDOTES OF THE DISUSED CEREMONIES OF THE CORONATION. + +We regard the coronation ceremonies of England as presenting a +bird's-eye view of our history; and particularly of the various claims +and privileges--and changes--of the monarchical branch of the +Constitution. Some of these ceremonies, as we have seen, had their +origin in those remote periods in which every believer in Revelation +must accord "a divine right" to the kings of Judea; others are connected +with the ancient hero-worship of our Pagan ancestors; while a third +class perpetuate certain feudal rights and customs, of which they form +the only distinct remaining traces. Some, again, are memorials of the +triumph of our princes over the liberties of the people, while others +present the plainest proof of the noble and successful struggles of the +people against the encroachments of the crown. + +The RECOGNITION, with which the coronation, strictly so called, begins, +is an elective rite, in which some of the more direct terms of appeal to +the people are disused. Its title, "the Recognition," is of modern +date[33]. After reciting the coronation oath, a respectable writer of +queen Elizabeth's time thus gives the "sum of the English coronation." +"Then doth the archbishop, turning about to the people, declare what the +king _hath promised_ and _sworn_, and by the mouth of an herald at arms +asketh their _consents_, whether they be content to submit themselves +unto this man as their king, or no, under the conditions proposed; +whereunto when they have yielded themselves, then beginneth the +archbishop to put upon him the regal ornaments[34]." Some of the +questions anciently asked, accordingly, were, "Will you serve at this +time, and give your good wills and assent to this same consecration, +enunction, and coronation?"--To which the people answered, "Yea, yea." +This was the form observed on the coronations of Edward VI., Henry +VIII., and Henry VII. That of Henry VI.'s reign is curious. The +archbishop made the "proclamacion on the iiij quarters of the scaffolde, +seyend in this wyse: Sirs, heere comyth Henry, kyng Henryes sone the +Vth, on whose sowle God have mercy, Amen. He humblyth hym to God and to +holy cherche, askyng the crowne of this reame by right and defence of +herytage; if ye hold y^e pays with hym say Ya, and hold up handes. And +then all the people cryed with oon voyce, Ye, ye[35]." + +King John claimed the throne by "unanimous consent of the kingdom;" and +the prelate of the day observed to the people that it was well known to +them "that no man hath right of succession to this crown," except by +such consent, and that "with invocation of the Holy Ghost, he be elected +for his own deserts[36]." + +During the Norman reigns it is evident that the coronation oath was +administered before the recognition, and then the archbishop having +stated what the king had engaged to do, asked the people if they would +consent to take him for their king[37]? And of an earlier period, says +Mr. Turner, "From the comparison of all the passages on this subject, +the result seems to be that the king was elected at the Witenagemote, +held on the demise of the preceding sovereign[38]." + +On the whole, what is left of this ceremony seems rather unmeaning. The +people are addressed, "ye that _are come_ this day _to do_ your homage, +service, and bounden duty, are ye willing to do the same?" A feudal +"recognition," and feudal "homage," it is not for the people, but the +prelates and peers to perform; the ceremony, however, establishes what +our history will corroborate, the undoubted right of the people to +interfere with, and limit the succession of their princes, on +extraordinary occasions, while it is the peaceful and sound policy of +the Constitution to keep as near to the hereditary line as the emergency +of the times shall allow. + +It was at Edward VI.'s coronation that the ancient form of receiving the +king's oath, prior to the recognition, was first reversed.--See the +Chronological Anecdotes. + +Coronations were anciently regarded as a species of parliamentary +meeting between the king and his subjects. Writs of summons issued for +the coronation of Edward II. are preserved in Rymer, which require the +attendance of the people by their "knights, citizens, and burgesses;" +and which differ very slightly from the ordinary parliamentary writs. +Selden observes that at the coronation of Henry I. _clerus Angliae et +populus universus_ were summoned to Westminster, "when divers lawes were +both made and declared[39]." + +The coronation oath has undergone some remarkable changes. The oath of +AEthelred II. dated A.D. 978, is extant both in Latin and Anglo-Saxon, +and agrees exactly with that of Henry I. preserved in the Cotton +Library--a proof, as Lord Lyttleton observes, that even at the Conquest +it was thought expedient to respect this fundamental compact between the +prince and people. In the reign of Edward II. it first assumed the +interrogatory form in which it is now administered, and remained in +substance the same until the accession of Charles I. In this reign +Archbishop Laud was accused of making both a serious interpolation, and +an important omission in the coronation oath--a circumstance which, on +his trial, brought its introductory clauses into warm discussion. Our +forefathers had ever been jealous of all encroachments on what some +copies of the old oath call "the lawes and customes of the people," by +"old, rightfull, and devoute kings graunted;" and others "the laws, +customs, and franchises granted to the clergy, and to the people by the +glorious king St. Edward, according and conformable to the laws of God, +the true profession of the Gospel established in this kingdom," &c. They +had even compelled the Conqueror to engage repeatedly that these +ancient statutes of the kingdom should not be violated; a stipulation +renewed expressly in the great charter of his son Henry I. Laud was +charged with adding, after the clause last quoted, the words "agreeable +to the king's prerogative;" and of omitting these words, "which the +people have chosen or shall choose." Of the latter charge he soon +disposed by proving there were no such words in the oath of James I.; +and on the former he remarks, "First, I humbly conceive this clause +takes off none of the people's assurance. Secondly, that alteration, +whatever it be, was not made by me--'tis not altogether improbable [it] +was added in Edward VI. or Queen Elizabeth's time; and hath no relation +at all to the laws of this kingdom _absolutely_ mentioned before in the +beginning of this oath; but only to the words, 'the profession of the +Gospel established in this kingdom:' and then immediately follows 'and +agreeing to the prerogative of the kings thereof,'--If this be the +meaning, he that made the alteration, whoever it were, for I did it +not, deserves thanks for it, and not the reward of a traitor[40]." + +In James II.'s oath, as preserved by Sandford, and in which the +precedent of Charles II.'s coronation was followed, we find both these +alleged alterations! + +On the accession of William and Mary it was enacted, that "as the +[coronation] oath hath hitherto been framed in doubtful words and +expressions, with relation to ancient laws and constitutions at this +time unknown, and to the end that one uniform oath may be in all times +to come taken by the kings and queens of this realm, and to them +respectively administered at the time of their coronation," the oath, of +which the following is a copy, should be taken by all succeeding +sovereigns. + +"_Abp._ Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this +kingdom of England [now, this united kingdom of Great Britain and +Ireland,] and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the +statutes in parliament agreed on, and the [respective[41]] laws and +customs of the same? + +_King._ I solemnly promise so to do. + +_Abp._ Will you, to your power, cause law and justice, in mercy, to be +executed in all your judgments? + +_King._ I will. + +_Abp._ Will you to the utmost of your power maintain the laws of God, +the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant reformed Religion +established by law? [Here was inserted, at the Union with Scotland, in +1707, And will you maintain and preserve inviolably the settlement of +the Church of England, [now the united church of England and Ireland] +and the doctrine, worship, discipline and government thereof as by law +established, within the kingdoms of England and Ireland, the dominion of +Wales and the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and the territories thereunto +belonging, before the union of the two kingdoms[42]?] And will you +preserve unto the bishops and clergy of England, and to the churches +there committed to their charge, all such rights and privileges as by +law do or shall appertain unto them or any of them? + +_King._ All this I promise to do." + +We have some slight traces in the history of our Anglo-Saxon kings of +the Gothic mode of royal inauguration by the elevation of their princes. +Eardnoulf, the second of those monarchs whose coronation is mentioned by +our historians, was Ahoþen, lifted up to his royal seat, we are told by +the Saxon Chronicle; and Athelstan received the royal unction at +Kingston on a high scaffolding which exhibited him to the multitude[43]. +This custom is no further worth noticing, than as a pagan rite which was +soon disused, on the direction of these ceremonies being assumed by the +church: and as being probably the origin of the existing mode of +chairing members of parliament[44]. + +Anciently the king knelt while receiving the sacred unction from the +prelate of the day, who sat in his chair at the high altar[45]: a +deference to the priesthood which the kings of France retained to the +period of the Revolution; and which the Roman Pontifical expressly +requires. Since the Reformation our monarchs have also dispensed with +"sprinkling the crown with holy water" and "censing it" before it is +made use of in these important ceremonies--duties of the archbishop +which are laid down in the Liber Regalis, of the dean and chapter of +Westminster. + +There seems to have been a double anointing of our kings at their +respective coronations until the reign of James I. or Charles I.; that +is, after the present use of the unction on the hands, breast, &c.; the +_chrism_ of the Catholic church was applied, in forma crucis, on the +forehead. The distinct signification of this anointing we cannot +discover, even after a late learned attempt to elucidate it[46]. The +sign of the cross, a symbolical acknowledgment of the Christian faith +used in the anointing, we retain: but the _two_ vessels, the eagle and +vial of the ancient ceremonies (so intelligently provided by the Virgin; +see our last section) establish the fact of a double anointing having at +one time obtained. + +But the most important ceremonies of the coronation which the superior +economy, or superior intelligence, of modern times has taught us to +omit, are the special creation of Knights of the Bath on this occasion, +and the progress of the court from the Tower, through London. + +The ancient and noble order in question was so far very appropriately +connected with the assumption of a sovereignty partly feudal, as it +formed one of the most splendid feudal distinctions. It was conferred +with great solemnity, among the Franks and Saxons, long prior to the +Conquest; at which period our first William is shown by Mr. Anstey, to +have been in the habit of bestowing it both in his Norman and English +dominions. The candidate for that honour was required to keep his vigils +with great strictness, after a previous ablution from which the name of +the order is derived, and which were together meant to indicate the +moral purity required of him; as the motto "_Tria juncta in uno_" +implied a peculiar devotion to the honour of the Holy Trinity. + +The coronation of Henry IV. however, first brings it prominently into +notice in our history. That prince, having compelled the unfortunate +Richard II. + + "With his own tears to wash away his balm, + With his own hands to give away the crown, + With his own tongue deny his sacred state;" + +was anxious to give those "sun-shine days" to the people which should +induce them to forget the stormy commencement of his reign. Froissart +describes him as proceeding with great pomp from Westminster to the +Tower, "on the Saturday before his coronation." This was at that time +"the castle royall and cheefe howse of safetye in this kingdome." +Hither, therefore, many of our princes repaired for security until "all +things of royal apparell and pompe necessarye and proper" to the +coronation could be arranged. "Those squires who were to be knighted +watched their arms that night: they amounted to forty-six; each squire +had his chamber and bath, in which he bathed. The ensuing day the duke +of Lancaster (Henry IV.) after mass, created them knights, and presented +them with long green coats, with straight sleeves lined with minever, +after the manner of prelates. These knights had on their left shoulders +a double cord of white silk, with white tufts hanging down." + +Henry VI. created thirty-six knights on his coronation; Edward IV. +thirty-two; and Charles II. sixty-eight. The marriages of the royal +family, the birth of heirs to the crown, and the fitting out of military +expeditions of importance, furnish other accessions to the order during +this long period. After the reign of Charles II. this part of the +ceremonial was omitted; and the order, in fact, discontinued until the +accession of the House of Brunswick[47]. + +The princes of this august house, however, have not revived the custom +of an extraordinary creation of knights as a part of the coronation +ceremonies. + +The other ancient and disused custom of a royal progress from the Tower +to Westminster is a theme of admiration with several of our old +chroniclers, and must have been a highly interesting and popular +accompaniment of the royal pageant. + +The monarch, ordinarily, dined at the Tower on the day after the +creation of the Knights of the Bath; and devoted the greater part of the +day, _after_ dinner, to this prolonged exhibition of himself to the +people. Charles II. dined at what is called an "early" hour, in the +"account" of sir Edward Walker, i.e. nine o'clock in the morning, on +this occasion. + +Froissart thus gives us the progress of Henry IV. "The duke of Lancaster +left the Tower this Sunday after dinner, on his return to Westminster: +he was bare-headed, and had round his neck the order of the king of +France. The prince of Wales, six dukes, six earls, eighteen barons, +accompanied him; and there were, of knights and other nobility, from +eight to nine hundred horse with the procession. The duke was dressed in +a jacket of the German fashion, of cloth of gold, mounted on a white +courser, with a blue garter on his left leg. He passed through the +streets of London, which were all handsomely decorated with tapestries +and other rich hangings: there were nine fountains in Cheapside, and +other streets he passed through, which perpetually ran with white and +red wines. He was escorted by prodigious numbers of gentlemen, with +their servants in liveries and badges; and the different companies of +London were led by their wardens, clothed in their proper livery, and +with ensigns of their trade. The whole cavalcade amounted to six +thousand horse, which escorted the duke from the Tower to +Westminster[48]." + +Or, as Shakspeare brings every movement of a similar procession of this +monarch before us, + + "Mounted upon a hot and fiery steed, + Which his aspiring rider seemed to know, + With slow but stately pace, kept on his course: + While all tongues cried, God save thee, Bolingbroke! + You would have thought the very windows spake, + So many greedy looks of young and old + Through casements darted their desiring eyes + Upon his visage; and that all the walls + With painted imagery had said at once + Jesu preserve thee! welcome Bolingbroke! + Whilst he, from one side to the other turning, + Bare-headed, lower than his proud steed's neck, + Bespoke them thus; I thank you, countrymen; + And thus still doing, thus he past along[49]." + +The coronation of Elizabeth the queen of Henry VII. includes one of the +most splendid royal progresses on record. It will be recollected by our +readers that this prince exhibited a strong personal reluctance to marry +Elizabeth as well as to her subsequent coronation; although his union +with her extinguished the bloody feuds of the houses of York and +Lancaster, and bequeathed to posterity the invaluable boon of an +undisputed succession to the throne. The Commons, in presenting him on +his accession with the usual grant of tonnage and poundage, took the +liberty to add their desire that he would "take to wife and consort the +Princess Elizabeth, which marriage they hoped God would bless with a +progeny of the race of kings," (_de stirpe regum_[50], the united race, +perhaps, is meant). But it was not until a pretender to the throne had +shaken the regal authority to its base, that, eighteen months after his +marriage, he prepared for the coronation of his queen. A very superior +modern historian[51] thus expresses the feelings of the prince and +people on this occasion:-- + +"From this insurrection [that which was terminated by the battle of +Stoke] the king learned an important lesson, that it was not his +interest to wound the feelings of those whose principles had attached +them to the house of York. His behaviour to the queen had created great +discontent. Why, it was asked, was she not crowned? Why was she, the +rightful heir to the crown, refused the usual honours of royalty? Other +kings had been eager to crown their consorts: but Elizabeth had now been +married a year and a half; she had borne the king a son to succeed to +the throne; and yet she was kept in obscurity, as if she were unworthy +her station." + +The orders which he now gave, therefore, for her public investiture with +the royal dignity, were calculated fully to conciliate the popular +feeling. On the Friday preceding her coronation fourteen gentlemen were +created knights of the Bath, and on the same day "the queene's good +grace, royally apparelled, and accompanyed with my ladie the king's +mother, and many other great estates, bothe lordes and ladies, richely +besene, came forward to the coronacion; and, at their coming furth from +Grenewich by water, there was attending upon her there, the maior, +shrifes, and aldermen of the citie, and divers and many worshipfull +comoners, chosen out of every craft, in their levereyes, in barges +freshly furnished with banners and stremers of silke, richely beaton +with the armes and bagges of their craftes; and, in especially, a barge +called the bachelor's barge, garnished and apparelled passing all other; +wherein was ordeynid a great redde dragon spowting flames of fyer into +the Thamess, and many other gentlemanlie pagiaunts, well and curiously +devised to do her highness sporte and pleasoure with. And her grace, +thus royally apparelled and accompanied, and also furnished in every +behalf with trumpettes, claryons, and other mynstrelleys as apperteynid +and was fitting to her estate roial, came from Grenewich aforesaid, and +landed at the Toure wharfe, and enterid into the Toure; where the king's +highnes welcomed her in such maner and fourme as was to all the estates +and others there being present, a very good sight, and right joyous and +comfortable to beholde[52]." + +Next day she went in procession from the Tower to Westminster, dressed +in white cloth of gold of damask, with a mantle of the same furred with +ermine. Reclining on a litter, she wore "Her faire yelow haire hanging +downe plaine behynd her bak, with a calle of pipes over it;" and +confined only on the forehead by a circlet of gold, ornamented with +precious stones. An elegant canopy of cloth of gold was borne over her +by four knights of the body; and immediately behind her rode four +baronesses on grey palfreys. The streets on this occasion were "clensed, +dressed, and beseene with clothes of tapestrie and arras; and some, as +Cheepe, hanged with rich clothe of golde, velvet, and silke; and along +the streets, from the Toure to Powles, stode in order all the craftes of +London in their liveries; and in divers places of the citie were +ordeynid singing children, some arayed like angelles, and other like +virgins, to sing swete songes as her grace passed by[53]." + +Similar accounts are given by Hall of the progress of Henry VIII. and +Catherine of Arragon through the city. "The streates were railed and +barred on the one side; from over ageynst Grace churche unto Bredstreate +in Chepeside, where every occupacion stode in their liveries in ordre, +beginnyng with base and meane occupacions, and so ascendyng to the +worshipfull craftes; highest and lastly stode the maior with the +aldermen. The goldsmithes stalles, unto the ende of the Olde Chaunge, +beeing replenished with virgins in white, with braunches of white waxe; +the priestes and clerkes in rich copes with crosses and censers of +silver, censying his grace and the quene also as they passed[54]." The +latter was borne on a litter by two white palfreys, trapped in cloth of +gold. + +Anne Boleyn's progress must not be unnoticed. Like Elizabeth's, it began +with a voyage from Greenwich, and the creation of a due number of +knights "bathed and shryven according to the old vsuage of +England."--"The high stretes where the queene should passe were all +graveled from the Toure to Temple barre, and railed on the one side; +within whiche rayle stode the craftes along in their order. And before +the quene and her traine should come, Cornehill and Gracious Street were +hanged with fyne scarlet, crimson and other greyned clothes, and in some +place with rich arras, tapestry, and carpettes, and the moste part of +the Chepe was hanged with clothe of tyssue, golde, velvet, and many +riche hangings whyche made a goodlie shewe." + +Her connexion with the French court, it is to be supposed, suggested the +appearance of "xii Frenchmen, whiche were belongyng to the Frenche +ambassador," coming "fyrst" in her "company--in coats of blewe velvet, +with sleves of yelowe and blewe velvet, and their horses trapped with +close trappers of blewe sarcenet, powdered with white crosses." The +French ambassador also rode before her. + +At Gracious Church street was a costly and a marveilous connyng +pageaunt, made by the merchauntes of the Styllarde, for there was the +Mount Penasus, with the fountayne of Helycon, which was of white marble, +and iiii streames, without pype, did rise an elle hye and mette together +in a litle cuppe above the fountain, which ranne abundantly Racke and +Rennishe wyne 'til night! On the mountaine satte Apollo, and at his +feete satte Calliope, and on every side of the mountaine satte iiii +Muses playing on several swete instrumentes, and at their feete +Epigrammes and Poyses were written in golden letters, with the which +every Muse, accordyng to her propertie, praised the Quene.--"At the +conduite in Cornhill there were thre graces set in a throne; afore whom +was the _spryng of grace_ continually ronnyng--wine!" At the cross in +Chepe, "Master Baker, the recorder, with lowe reverence, makyng a proper +and briefe proposicion--gave to her, in the name of the citie, 1000 +marks of golde in a purse of golde[55]." This was the last time (we mean +no reflection on its inhabitants,) that the Muses and Graces exhibited +themselves on such an occasion in the city. Hereafter the zeal of +contending religious parties in the state taught them to choose other +emblems of their desires and anticipations. + +Edward VI.'s progress exhibited Valentine and Orson, "in Cheap," at due +distance from whom stood Sapience and the Seven Liberal Sciences, who +"declared certaine goodly speeches," for the instruction of the young +king. Various other allegorical personages harangued him by the way; but +the most singular spectacle was that whereby "Paul's steple laie at +anchor," as Holinshed expresses it. An Arragosen made fast a rope to the +battlements of St. Paul's, which was also attached to an anchor at the +gate of the dean's house; and descended upon it in the sight of the king +and assembled populace, to the no small gratification of both. + +His sister Mary was welcomed into the city by "one Peter, a Dutchman," +who placed himself on the weathercock of St. Paul's, holding "a streamer +in his hand five yards long;" occasionally kneeling down on the said +weathercock, "to the great marvell of the people," and balancing himself +sometimes on one foot and sometimes on another. + +In her procession appeared "the ladie Elizabeth and the ladie Anne of +Cleve;" the queen rode in a chariot of cloth of tissue, her sister +following in "another chariot having a covering of cloth of +silver."--"She sat in a gowne of purple velvet, furred with powdered +ermins, having on her head a kall of cloth of tinsell, beeset with +pearle and stone, and above the same, vppon her head, a round circlet of +gold, beeset so richlie with pretius stones, that the value thereof was +inestimable; the same kall and circle being so massie and ponderous, +that she was faine to beare vp her head with her hand." + +Holinshed is very garrulous on the progress of the Virgin Queen, +although he singularly enough omits all details of the principal parts +of her coronation. + +"On Thursdaie the twelfe of Januari (1559), the queene's maiestie +remooved from her palace at Westminster, by water, vnto the tower of +London, the lord mayor and aldermen in their barge, and all the citizens +with their barges decked and trimmed with targets and banners of their +mysteries accordinglie, attending on her grace. The bachellers barge of +the lord maior's companie, to wit, the mercers', had their barge with a +foist trimmed with three tops, and artillerie aboord, gallantlie +appointed to wait vpon them, shooting off lustilie as they went, with +great and pleasant melodie of instruments, which plaied in most swete +and heavenlie maner. Her grace shut (shot) the bridge about two of the +clocke in the after noone, at the still of the ebbe, the lord maior and +the rest following after her barge, attending the same, till her +maiestie tooke lande at the privie staires at the tower wharfe." + +"At her entring the citie" a variety of pageants were prepared to +express the "praiers, wishes, and welcommings" of her loving people, +which we cannot attempt to particularize. "If a man should saie well," +remarks our chronicler, "he could not better terme the citie of London +that time than a stage wherein was shewed the woonderfull spectacle of a +noble hearted princesse toward her most loving people, and the people's +exceeding comfort in beholding so woorthie a soveraigne, and hearing so +princelike a voice." + +The Muses had, indeed, quitted "the citie"--and miserable enough are the +ditties which Holinshed gives us from the mouth of the various children +"who expounded the pageants:" some appropriate devices were, however, +mixed up with much child's-play. The union of the red and white roses on +the marriage of Henry VII. (the queen's grandfather) with Elizabeth of +York, was commemorated by personages representing the king and queen, +sitting with hands joined together by the ring of matrimony; "and all +emptie places of this pageant were furnished with sentences concerning +vnitie."--"This pageant was grounded upon the queen's name," adds our +historian, "For like as the long warre betweene the two houses of Yorke +and Lancaster then ended, when Elizabeth, daughter to Edward the Fourth, +matched in marriage with Henrie the Seventh, heire to the house of +Lancaster: so--the queene maiestie's name was Elizabeth, and for so much +as she is the onlie heir of Henrie the Eighth, which came of both +houses, [she was] the knitting vp of concord." The eight beatitudes +expressed in the fifth chapter of the gospell of Saint Matthew "applied +to our soveraigne ladie Elizabeth," were at "Soper Lane end," in Chepe: +but the pageant presenting an English Bible to the queen was +particularly well devised. Our readers will take the poetry as by far +the best specimen of the productions of the day. Between two hills, +representing a flourishing and a decayed commonwealth, "was made +artificiallie one hollow place or cave, with doore and locke inclosed, +out of the which, a little before the queenes' highnesse commyng +thither, issued one personage, whose name was Time, apparalled as an old +man, with a sieth in his hand, havinge winges artificiallie made, +leading a personage of lesser stature than himselfe, which was finelie +and well apparalled, all clad in white silke, and directly over her head +was set her name and title in Latin and English, Temporis filia, the +daughter of Time. Which two, as appointed, went forwards toward the +south side of the pageants, and on her brest was written her proper +name, which was Veritas, Truth, who held a book in her hand, upon the +which was written Verbum Veritas, the Word of Truth. And out of the +south side of the pageant was cast a standing for a child, which should +interpret the same pageant. Against whom when the queen's maiestie came, +he spake vnto her grace these sweet words:-- + + "This old man with a sieth + Old father Time they call, + And her his daughter Truth, + Which holdeth yonder booke: + Whome he out of his nooke + Hath brought foorth to us all, + From whence this manie yeares + She durst not once out looke. + + "Now sith that Time againe + His daughter Truth hath brought, + We trust, o worthie queene, + Thou wilt this truth embrace, + And sith thou vnderstandst + The good estate and naught, + We trust wealth thou wilt plant, + And barrenesse displace. + + "But for to heale the sore + And cure that is not seene; + Which thing the booke of truth, + Dooth teach in writing plaine: + Shee doth present to thee + The same, o worthie queene, + For that, that words doo flie, + But written dooth remaine." + +"Thus the queene's highnesse passed through the citie, which, without +anie foreigne person, of itself beautified itselfe, and received her +grace at all places, as hath been before mentioned, with most tender +obedience and love, due to so gratious a queene and sovereigne a ladie." + +JAMES I. made the most important "progress" for himself and family that +we have yet recorded; when, as tranquilly as ever the crown of England +had descended from father to son, the house of Stuart succeeded that of +Tudor on the throne of Great Britain. Nor was his journey from Edinburgh +to London unobserved by the people. They are said to have contrasted his +hauteur and reserve at this period with the well-remembered affability +and popular manner of Elizabeth on such occasions; but neither does his +coronation progress, nor that of his immediate successors, Charles I. or +II. (with whom this usage terminated) present any new features of +interest. The great object of the conductors of the ceremony was to +conform to the ancient precedents; while the personal disposition of +each of the sovereigns of this house was to retain as much of the +demi-god as possible in these stately movements of the monarch. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 33: Being first given by Sandford to his description of this +part of the ceremony of James II.'s coronation.] + +[Footnote 34: Doleman's Conferences concerning Succession, &c.] + +[Footnote 35: MS. Cott. Nero, c. ix. p. 172.] + +[Footnote 36: See his curious Speech in M. Paris, Hist. Major, 1640, p. +197.] + +[Footnote 37: Hoveden, Walsingham, &c. are quoted to this effect by +Taylor.] + +[Footnote 38: History of the Anglo-Saxons, b. iv. chap. 1.] + +[Footnote 39: Titles of Honour, p. ii. c. v. 26.] + +[Footnote 40: Wharton's Troubles of Archbishop Laud, p. 324.] + +[Footnote 41: Inserted on the union with Scotland, in 1707.] + +[Footnote 42: In the oath recently taken by His Majesty the latter +members of this clause, read 'within England and Ireland, and the +territories thereunto belonging.'] + +[Footnote 43: Stow's Annals.] + +[Footnote 44: In France we read of the exaltation of king Pharamond on a +shield, so early as the year 420; of the chairing of Gunbald, king of +Burgundy, A.D. 500, in which that prince fell from the supporting arms +of his subjects, nearly to the ground; and of king Pepin being elevated +on a target in 751. (Greg. Turon. Hist. lib. vii. cap. 10. Mezeray Hist. +de Pepin, &c.) In Navarre, the king and queen, after being anointed, +were thrice elevated before the altar on a shield emblazoned with the +arms of the kingdom, and upheld by six staves.] + +[Footnote 45: Thus in the ordo of Henry VII.'s coronation; "the +cardinal," it is said, "sitting, shall anoynte the king, +kneeling."--IVE'S _Papers_.] + +[Footnote 46: Vide Taylor's Additional Notes, p. 347, &c.] + +[Footnote 47: It will complete the sketch of the history of an +institution closely connected with our subject, to observe, that George +I. on restoring it in 1725, constituted it a regular military order of +thirty-six companions and one grand-master, having as officers a dean, +genealogist, king at arms, register, secretary, usher and messenger; and +a seal, on one side of which is the figure of the king on horseback in +complete armour, the shield azure and three imperial crowns with the +circumscription, _Sigillum Honoratissimi Militaris Ordinis De Balneo_; +and on the reverse the same, impaling the royal arms. + +The badge of the order exhibits a happy specimen of the art of moulding +old institutions to modern purposes. It consists of a rose, thistle and +shamrock, issuing from a sceptre surrounded by three imperial crowns, +enclosed within the ancient motto _Tria juncta in uno_. Of pure gold +chased and pierced, it is worn by the knight elect pendant from a red +riband across the right shoulder. The collar is also of gold, weighing +thirty ounces troy, and is composed of nine imperial crowns, and eight +roses, thistles, and shamrocks, issuing from a sceptre, enamelled in +proper colours, tied or linked together with seventeen gold knots, +enamelled white, and having the badge of the order pendant from it. The +star consists of three imperial crowns of gold, surrounded by the motto +upon a circle of red, with rays issuing from the silver centre forming a +star, and is embroidered on the left side of the upper garment. + +The installation dress is a surcoat of white satin, a mantle of crimson +satin lined with white, tied at the neck with a cordon of crimson silk +and gold, with gold tassels, and the star of the order embroidered on +the left shoulder; a white silk hat adorned with a standing plume of +white ostrich feathers, white leather boots, edged and heeled, spurs of +crimson and gold, a sword in a white leather scabbard with cross hilts +of gold. Each knight is allowed three squires, who must be gentlemen of +blood, bearing coat armour, and who are entitled during life to all the +privileges and exemptions enjoyed by the esquires of the sovereign's +body, or the gentlemen of the privy chamber. + +We need hardly add, that both in the number of knights and the +brilliancy of its appearance, this order maintained its full splendor at +the coronation of the fourth sovereign of the House of Brunswick.] + +[Footnote 48: Johnes' Froissart, v. 12. p. 160, 1.] + +[Footnote 49: King Richard II.] + +[Footnote 50: Rot. Parl, vi. 278.] + +[Footnote 51: Lingard's History of England, v. iii. p. 662, 3.] + +[Footnote 52: Ives' Coronacion of Queene Elizabeth, p. 120.] + +[Footnote 53: Ives' Coronacion of Queene Elizabeth, p. 120.] + +[Footnote 54: Hall's Chronicle.] + +[Footnote 55: Hall's Chronicle, Henry VIII.] + + + + +Sec.3. ANECDOTES OF THE ASSISTANT OFFICES OF THE CORONATION. + + +The assistant offices of the coronation are, for the far greater part, +ecclesiastical or hereditary. They are connected therefore with all the +religious changes, and family honours of the empire. The nobility bear +in person a part in the royal day, and approach and actually touch that +crown, from which, as the fountain of honour, they seem to renew, and +re-invigorate, their most ancient claims to distinction: while the +metropolitan of the English Church enjoys the exclusive right of +consecrating and crowning the monarch. + +As early as the Norman Conquest, this privilege of the see of Canterbury +is spoken of as well-established; and but two subsequent instances occur +of its being overlooked or denied: both remarkably associated with the +history of the papal power in this country[56]. In the first, that of +the coronation by the archbishop of York of prince Henry, son of Henry +II., may be traced the incipient cause of the assassination of +archbishop Becket, whose martyrdom became conducive to the highest +triumphs of that power: in the second, queen Elizabeth's coronation by +Oglethorpe, bishop of Carlisle, and the refusal of all the other +prelates to assist in the ceremony, we behold its dying struggles for a +dominion never more to be renewed. + +Mr. Lingard, who, as a Catholic, may be supposed to state these +transactions with a sufficient leaning to his own church, as expressly +connects the murder of Becket with a jealousy on this subject as any +other of our historians. Henry II. had employed the known enemy of the +archbishop, Roger of York, in the consecration of his son above alluded +to; but the primate and the king met on friendly terms at Rouen, in the +following month; they compromised their differences; and the former set +out on his return to his diocese. The Pope, however, "before he heard of +the reconciliation, had issued letters of suspension or excommunication +against the bishops who had officiated at the late coronation." The +archbishop had at one time resolved to suppress these letters, our +historian admits; and surely it was now an imperative duty so to do. But +the prelates concerned, it seems, who knew that he carried them about +him, had assembled at Canterbury, and sent to the coast Ranulf de Broc, +with a party of soldiers, to search him on his landing, and take them +from him. Information of the design reached him at Witsand: and "in a +moment of irritation," says Mr. L., "he despatched them before himself +by a trusty messenger, by whom, or by whose means, they were publicly +delivered to the bishops in the presence of their attendants. It was a +precipitate and unfortunate measure, the occasion, at least, of the +catastrophe that followed." + +The prelates hastened to Normandy to demand redress and protection from +the king; who, irritated by their representation, exclaimed: "Of the +cowards who eat my bread, is there not one, who will free me from this +turbulent priest?" and the blood of Becket flowed a few days after in +reply. When he asked one of his assassins, "What is thy object?" he was +told that he must instantly absolve the bishops--"Till they offer +satisfaction, I will not," said the primate. "Then die," exclaimed his +murderers, and closed around him[57]. + +The _Lord Great Chamberlain's_ office commences with carrying the king +his shirt on the morning of the coronation, and assisting the +chamberlain of the household to dress his majesty. Queens regnant depute +this office to some of the ladies of the household: we are told that the +celebrated duchess of Marlborough last enjoyed it, at the coronation of +queen Anne. + +The office gives a claim to all the furniture of the royal chamber, in +which its duties begin. The idea of our ancestors was, that the +coronation, and particularly the consecration of a king, conferred new +honours and talents of the most sacred and extraordinary description. He +was now made a new man, and elevated into a new order of beings; + + "Consideration, like an angel, came + And whipt the offending Adam out of him; + Leaving his body as a paradise, + To envelope and contain celestial spirits[58]." + +Hence every part of his office was new and kingly. Froissart describes +the consecration of Henry IV. immediately after the recognition, thus: +"after this the duke descended from his throne, and advanced to the +altar to be consecrated. This ceremony was performed by two archbishops +and ten bishops: he was stripped of all his royal state before the +altar, naked to his shirt, and was then anointed and consecrated in six +places; that is to say, on the head, the breast, the shoulders, before +and behind, on the back and hands: they then placed a bonnet on his +head; and while this was doing, the clergy chaunted the litany, a +service that is performed to hallow a font[59]." The lord chamberlain is +official governor of the palace for the time being, and the principal +personal attendant of the king. + +The _Lord High Constable_ also attends the royal person, assists at the +reception of the regalia from the dean and chapter of Westminster, and, +together with the earl Marshal, ushers the champion into the hall. + + +_Of the Royal Championship._ + +Whether we consider its uninterrupted exercise, and that by one family, +for so many centuries, its feudal import, or its present splendid and +imposing effect, the office of champion certainly eclipses all the other +services of the coronation. + +Since the coronation of Richard II. A.D. 1377, (of which there is in +Walsingham a detailed account) this office has been performed by a +Dymoke, the head of the family of that name who have held the manor of +Scrivelsby in Lincolnshire, worth about L1200 per annum, by the tenure +of this service. During the reigns of Edward II. and III. the right was +in dispute: prior to that period and from the days of the Conqueror it +was vested in the far-famed family of MARMION, whose chief, as + + "----Lord of Fontenay, + Of Lutterworth and Scrivilbaye, + Of Tamworth tower and town," + +came from Normandy with William, and is there supposed to have held the +first of these possessions, on condition of performing the service of +champion to the successive dukes. + +At the conquest the feudal system was established in England in its +maturest and strictest forms; and the present office being the most +perfect relic of that system known to modern times, a slight sketch of +its peculiarities will not be uninteresting. + +The foundation of all the subsequent customs of homage, suit, service, +purveyance, &c. is to be traced in the original connexion between the +vassal and his lord, or the chief and his retainers, which Tacitus +notices as remarkable in ancient Germany. According to this, every +follower was to be found fighting by the side of his chief in time of +war, as the very first duty of social life--and in time of peace to look +up to him as the only legitimate fountain of honour and justice. + +Certain it is, that this relation was, in substance, as well known and +supported by our Anglo-Saxon ancestors, before the accession of William, +as it was by our Highland neighbours, down to the rebellion in 1745. A +striking instance of the romantic and desperate courage to which it gave +rise occurs as early as the reign of Cynewulf, king of Wessex, A.D. 784. +Sigebircht, the deposed predecessor of this prince, was, in the first +year of his rival's reign, found murdered in the forest of Andreswald: +but left a brother, of the name of Cyneheard, who cherished for +thirty-one years the secret purpose of avenging his death. At last he +returned, with eighty-four retainers, into the neighbourhood of +Winchester, the royal residence; and, tracing the king to a country +seat at Merton, the abode of a favourite lady, surrounded the house at +midnight. Cynewulf was quickly roused; but his followers were scattered +throughout the place, and could not be collected until, after a brave +personal conflict with the enemy, the king's life-blood had satiated his +vengeance. Cyneheard now offered the royal train their liberty and +possessions, on condition of their peaceable departure; but they +rejected his proposals with scorn, and to a man died on the threshold of +their master. On the intelligence reaching the court, in the morning, +Osric and Wavirth, two powerful chieftains, surrounded themselves with +their vassals, and rode to Merton, where they were met by Cyneheard, +with professions of friendship. He called their attention to the +injuries of his family, the duty of avenging which had devolved upon +himself; urged his claim to the vacant throne; made them the most +liberal offers, in case of their acknowledgment of him; and concluded by +reminding them, that many of his adherents were their own near kinsmen. +"Our kinsmen," they indignantly answered, "are not dearer to us than was +our lord. To his murderer we shall never submit. If those who are +related to us wish to save their lives, let them depart." "The same +offer," rejoined the followers of Cyneheard, "was made to the attendants +of the king, who refused it. We will prove to-day that our attachment is +equal to theirs:" and Cyneheard, and all his adherents except one, were +slain[60]. + +But the Conqueror, owing his crown to the sword, more strictly adapted +the system which he found in use to his own military notions and future +safety. Having divided all the principal estates of the country amongst +his vassals, he converted the English military tenures into a regular +obligation, called knights' fees, which compelled each tenant in chief +to have a certain number of knights, or horsemen, always ready to assert +the rights of the crown, and to fight under its banner, in any cause, +"We will," says a law on this subject, yet extant, "that _all_ the +freemen of our kingdom possess their lands in peace, free of all +tollage and unjust exaction: that nothing be required or taken from them +but their free service, which they owe to us of right, as has been +appointed to them, and granted by us with hereditary right for ever, by +the common council of our whole kingdom." "And we command that all +earls, barons, knights, serjeants, and freemen, be always provided with +horses and arms as they ought; and that they be always ready to perform +to us their whole service, in manner as they owe it to us of right, for +their fees and tenements, and as we have appointed to them by the common +council of our whole kingdom, and as we have granted to them in fee a +right of inheritance[61]." This free service required the due quota of +horsemen, which each vassal was to furnish, to come, completely armed, +on his requisition, and to be maintained under the royal command, at the +charge of the party sending them, for forty days. Even the dignitaries +of the church, and monastic bodies holding lands, were not exempt from +this service. + +Each tenant in chief subdivided his property into sub-vassalships, +imposing a similar service, and carrying downwards all the obligations +of homage, fealty, and personal attendance on all important occasions. + +Out of such a system, that a favoured vassal should be selected to +assert the personal right of the monarch to his throne, will appear very +natural: it is only surprising that the violence and constant habit of +appealing to the sword, in which this with the other feudal claims +originated, should have left it to flow on in such an uninterrupted +course--a course of succession far more regular than the transmission of +the crown it is supposed to defend. + +The championship is connected also with a remarkable feature of ancient +jurisprudence, the wager of battle, recently abolished. This was +regarded as an appeal to the judgment of _God_; and succeeded, at the +Conquest, the fires and other ordeals of our ancestors, which the +Normans affected to despise. The reader, however, may be disposed to +conjecture, that as much of the divine interposition might be expected +to decide the healing of a burn or scald, as the issue of a battle. The +older custom was for the accused to plunge his hand into a cauldron of +boiling water, and take out a stone or piece of iron of a given weight; +the depth of the vessel being proportionate to the magnitude of the +crime charged: or for him to seize, at the end of a religious service, a +bar of iron placed on a fire at the beginning of the service, and run +over a certain length of ground with it: the method in which the wounds +healed, in either case, being the criterion of guilt or innocence. + +The wager of battle was certainly of more splendid pretensions, and was +introduced at first with these stipulations. If the opposite parties +were countrymen, they were to follow their national customs, whatever +they were; if the appellee were a foreigner, or of foreign descent, he +might offer wager of battle, and on its being declined, purge himself by +his own oath and that of his witnesses, according to the Norman law; or +if a native of the country, he might have his choice of the trial by +ordeal or by battle. + +The solemn feelings and great religious sincerity with which our +forefathers regarded combats of this description, cannot be more +powerfully or more accurately depicted, than in the memorable combat +scene of IVANHOE:-- + +"The draw-bridge fell, the gates opened, and a knight, bearing the great +standard of the order, sallied from the castle, preceded by six +trumpets, and followed by the knights preceptors, two and two, the grand +master coming last, mounted on a stately horse, whose furniture was of +the simplest kind. Behind him came Brian de Bois Guilbert, armed +cap-a-pee in bright armour, but without his lance, shield, or sword, +which were borne by his two esquires behind him.--He looked ghastly +pale, as if he had not slept for several nights, yet reined in his +pawing war-horse with the habitual ease and grace proper to the best +lance of the Order of the Temple. His general appearance was grand and +commanding; but looking at him with attention, men read that in his dark +features from which we willingly withdraw our eyes. + +"On either side rode Conrade of Mont Fitchet and Albert de Malvoisin, +who acted as godfathers to the champion. They were in their robes of +peace, the white dress of the order. Behind them followed other knights +companions of the Temple, with a long train of esquires and pages, clad +in black, aspirants to the honour of being one day knights of the +order." + +After these walked the accused in a coarse white dress, surrounded by +wardens in sable livery. + +"The slow procession moved up the gentle eminence, on the summit of +which was the tilt-yard, and entering the lists, marched once around +them from right to left, and when they had completed the circle made a +halt. There was then a momentary bustle while the grand-master and his +attendants" took their places: when "a long and loud flourish of +trumpets announced that the court was seated for judgment. Malvoisin, +then acting as godfather to the champion, stepped forward and laid the +glove of the Jewess, which was the pledge of battle, at the feet of the +grand-master. + +"Valourous lord and reverend father," said he, "here standeth the good +knight Brian de Bois Guilbert, knight preceptor of the Order of the +Temple, who by accepting the pledge of battle which I now lay at your +reverence's feet, hath become bound to do his devoir in combat this day, +to maintain that this Jewish maiden, by name Rebecca, hath justly +deserved the doom passed upon her--condemning her to die as a sorceress. +Here, I say, he standeth such battle to do knightly and honourably, if +such should be your noble and sanctified pleasure." + +"Hath he made oath," said the grand-master, "that his quarrel is just +and honourable? Bring forward the crucifix and the _Te igitur_." + +"Sir and most reverend father," answered Malvoisin readily, "our brother +here present hath already sworn to the truth of his accusation, in the +hand of the good knight Conrade de Mont Fitchet, and otherwise he ought +not to be sworn, seeing his adversary is an unbeliever and may take no +oath." + +"The grand-master having allowed the apology, commanded the herald to +stand forth and do his devoir. The trumpets then flourished, and a +herald stepping forward, proclaimed aloud, "Oyez, oyez, oyez. Here +standeth the good knight Sir Brian de Bois Guilbert, ready to do battle +with any knight of free blood who will sustain the quarrel allowed and +allotted to the Jewess Rebecca, to try by champion in respect of lawful +essoigne of her own body; and to such champion the reverend and valorous +grand-master here present allows a fair field, an equal partition of sun +and wind, and whatever else appertains to a fair combat." The trumpets +again sounded, and there was a dead pause of many minutes.-- + +"The judges had now been two hours in the lists, awaiting in vain the +appearance of a champion. + +"It was the general belief, that no one could or would appear for a +Jewess accused of sorcery, and the knights, instigated by Malvoisin, +whispered to each other, that it was time to declare the pledge of +Rebecca forfeited. At this instant a knight, urging his horse to speed, +appeared on the plain, advancing towards the lists. An hundred voices +exclaimed, 'A champion,' 'a champion!' And, despite the prepossession +and prejudices of the multitude, they shouted unanimously as the knight +rode into the tilt-yard. The second glance, however, served to destroy +the hope that his timely arrival had excited. His horse, urged for many +miles to its utmost speed, appeared to reel from fatigue, and the rider, +however undauntedly he presented himself to the lists, either from +weakness, weariness, or both, seemed scarce able to support himself in +the saddle. + +"To the summons of the herald who demanded his rank, his name and +purpose, the strange knight answered readily and boldly, 'I am a good +knight and noble, come hither to sustain with lance and sword the just +and lawful quarrel of this damsel, Rebecca, daughter of Isaac of York; +to uphold the doom pronounced against her to be false, and truthless, +and to defy Sir Brian de Bois Guilbert as a traitor, murtherer, and +liar; as I will prove in this field with my body against his, by the aid +of God, our Lady, and of Monseigneur Saint George, the good knight.' + +"The stranger must first show," said Malvoisin, "that he is a good +knight, and of honourable lineage. The Temple sendeth not forth her +champion against nameless men." + +"My name," said the knight, raising his helmet, "is better known, my +lineage more pure, Malvoisin, than thine own. I am Wilfrid of +Ivanhoe."--"Rebecca", said he, riding up to the fatal chair, "dost thou +accept of me for thy champion?" + +"I do," she said, "I do!" fluttered by an emotion which the fear of +death was unable to produce. + +--"Ivanhoe was already at his post, and had closed his visor, and +assumed his lance. Bois Guilbert did the same. + +--"The herald then, seeing each champion in his place, uplifted his +voice, repeating thrice, _Faites vos devoirs, preux chevaliers_. After +the third cry, he withdrew to one side of the lists, and again +proclaimed, that none on peril of instant death should dare by word, +cry, or action, to interfere with, or disturb this fair field of combat. +The grand-master, who held in his hand the gage of battle, Rebecca's +glove, now threw it into the lists, and pronounced the fatal signal +words, _Laissez aller_. The trumpets sounded, and the knights charged +each other in full career." + +The result arising out of the peculiar situation of one of the +combatants toward Rebecca, was his almost immediate death: but, seeing +him fall, Wilfrid assumed the rights of a victor, and "placing his foot +on his breast, and the sword point to his throat, commanded him to yield +or die on the spot. Bois Guilbert returned no answer. + +"Slay him not, sir knight," said the grand-master, "unshriven and +unabsolved--kill not body and soul. We allow him vanquished."--"This is +indeed the judgment of God," said he, looking upwards--"_Fiat voluntas +tua_[62]!" + +But Froissart records a most curious instance of the motives that were +sometimes assigned for "a deed of arms" of this description. + +Shortly after Henry IV. had ascended the throne of our feeble Richard +II. Louis duke of Orleans sent him a letter of the following tenor. + +"I Louis, by the grace of God, son and brother to the kings of France, +duke of Orleans, write and make known to you, that with the aid of God +and the blessed Trinity, in the desire which I have to gain renown, and +which you in like manner should feel, considering _idleness_ as the bane +of lords of high birth which do not employ themselves in arms, and +thinking I can no way better seek renown than by proposing to you to +meet me at an appointed place, each of us accompanied with one hundred +knights and esquires, of name and arms without reproach, there to combat +together until one of the parties shall surrender; and he to whom God +shall grant the victory, shall do with his prisoners as it may please +him. We will not employ any incantations that are forbidden by the +church, but make every use of the bodily strength granted us by God, +having armour as may be most agreeable to every one for the security of +his person, and with the usual arms; that is to say, lance, battle-axe, +sword and dagger, and each to employ them as he shall think most to his +advantage, without aiding himself by any bodkins, hooks, bearded darts, +poisoned needles, or razors, as may be done by persons unless they be +positively ordered to the contrary." + +He then states, that "under the good pleasure of our Lady and my lord +St. Michael" he will wait the answer of the king at Angouleme: and +concludes, + +"Most potent and noble prince, let me know your will in regard to this +proposal, and have the goodness to send me as speedy an answer as may +be; for in all affairs of arms, the shortest determination is the best, +especially for the kings of France, and great lords and princes; and as +many delays may arise from business of importance, which must be +attended to, as well as doubts respecting the veracity of our letters, +that you may know I am resolved, with God's help, on the accomplishment +of this deed of arms, I have signed this letter with my own hand, and +sealed it with my seal of arms. Written at my castle of Coucy, the 7th +of August, 1402." + +Henry replied to this curious challenge, by expressing his surprise at +such an invitation from a sworn friend and ally.--"With regard to what +you say, that we ought to accept your proposal to avoid idleness," he +adds, "it is true we are not so much employed in arms and honourable +exploits as our noble predecessors have been; but the all-powerful God +may, when he pleases, make us follow their steps, and we through the +indulgence of his graces have not been so idle, but that we have been +able to defend our honour." He declines the meeting, at that time, +principally on account of the inequality of rank between the +parties,--but intimates that he shall be ready to afford all proper +satisfaction to his challenger on his next visit to the continent. This +affair ended in a mere war of words; but the real motive of Louis was +subsequently avowed by him to be the revenging on Henry what he had +"done against king Richard," the son-in-law of the king of France. "With +regard to your high station," he smartly says, "I do not think the +divine virtues have placed you there. God may have dissembled with you, +and have set you on a throne, like many other princes, whose reign has +ended in confusion; but in consideration of my own honour I do not wish +to be compared with you." + +An _Inquisitio post mortem_, dated in the 7th of Edward III., speaks of +the tenure of the manor appertaining to the royal champion as follows: +"That the manor of Scrivelsby is holden by grand sergeanty, to wit by +the service of finding, on the day of coronation, an armed knight, who +shall prove by his body, _if need be_, that the king is true and +rightful heir to the kingdom." + +It is remarkable that this important document neither prescribes the +absolute appearance of the lord of the manor as knight, but only that +he is bound to '_find_ an armed knight' if required; nor does it +describe the office as hereditary. With regard to the latter point, it +would seem that possession is the entire law of the case, and we suppose +the office would pass with the property by sale: with respect to the +former, the honour seems to have called forth the valour of every +successive lord, and princes have seldom imagined that their subjects +can in such a cause overstep their duty. + +Anciently, the champion rode with the royal procession from the Hall to +the Abbey, and proclaimed the challenge on his way, as well as at the +feast: some instances have occurred of its being repeated also in the +city, as at the coronation of Henry IV. At his predecessors coronation +it is remarked by Walsingham, that sir John Dimmock, being armed +according to custom, came to the door of the Abbey with his attendants +before the service was concluded: and that the earl marshal of the day +went out to him and said, he should not have made his appearance so +soon. + +The fate of our recent and future champions has become of late duly +regarded by law. To challenge all who should dispute the pretensions of +the king is rightly enough a post of honour; to accept the challenge +would always, we know, have been still more bold; but an act of +parliament passed during the regency (59 Geo. III. cap. 46.) abolishes +altogether the trial and actual battle; so that the champion's lands, +after being held with manifest peril for centuries, have at last become +a peaceable possession; and all dispute respecting the crown is of +course as fully disposed of. It no longer rests on the valour of a +single arm--not even on that of a Marmion, or a Dymoke. + +There was another office, that of the _Lord High Steward_ of England, to +which in former times much authority was attached. He possessed a kind +of vice-regal power on the demise of the crown and until the coronation +of the rightful heir, and was a governor of the kingdom immediately +under the reigning monarch, so as to be able to control or remove the +judicial servants of the crown, at any time. What was once the +importance of this office is still indicated by the temporary +guardianship of St. Edward's crown being committed to an officer bearing +this title on the day of the coronation, and his honourable place of +walking immediately before the king in procession. The Earls of +Leicester once enjoyed this great dignity hereditarily; through them it +descended to the De Montford family, until, on the attainder of the last +Earl, it was granted by Henry III. to his younger son Edmund, by whom it +became transmitted to John of Gaunt, and eventually to Henry IV. while +Duke of Lancaster; since which period it has been prudently suffered to +merge in the crown. + +The _Court of Claims_ takes its origin from the ancient prerogatives of +the Lord High Steward, who sat judicially in the Whitehall of the king's +palace, at Westminster, to receive the applications and decide upon the +claims of all those who held lands on the tenure of performing some +personal service at the coronation. It is a court, in fact, exercising +this part of his ancient office by commission. These services had the +name of _magnum servitium_, or grand sergeanty, as being attached to the +person of the king, and involve the honour of knighthood in all cases; +no person under the rank of a knight, nor a minor or female tenant, +being allowed to perform them. + +Numerous offices occur in the list of claims, to which our limits will +not allow us to pay attention. Toward him who is "every inch a king" +every sort of service is supposed to confer honour; and many +comparatively trivial duties have been long connected with the more +substantial rights of property. The preceding offices require no +recognition of the Court of Claims for their exercise; but those which +follow are to be substantiated before this tribunal at each successive +coronation. + +The hereditary _Grand Almoner_ of England is an honour attached to the +barony of Bedford. Its duties are to collect and distribute certain +monies at the coronation from a silver dish; which the Almoner claims +for his fee, together with all the cloth on which the king walks in +procession from the door of the hall at Westminster to the Abbey church. + +The _Chief Butlership_ is traced by authentic records into the hands of +William de Albini, who came to England with William the Conqueror, and +has been exercised by some of the noblest families in the country since. +It is now an hereditary right of the Duke of Norfolk as Earl of Arundel, +and entitles the possessor to the best gold cup and cover, with all the +vessels and wine remaining under the bar, and all the pots and cups, +except those of gold and silver, which shall be in the wine cellar after +dinner. + +In the remote periods of our history, when the assassination of princes +was practised by various arts, a faithful guardian of the royal cup +might well be esteemed an acquisition to the court. A "chief butler" was +one of the most ancient attendants on royalty, we know from Scripture +history, and, according to the same details, was instrumental in +bringing about that singular revolution in the court of Egypt[63], +which resulted in planting the Jews there, for the accomplishment of +some of the most extraordinary purposes of God. The same kind of office +seems to have been held by the Jewish chieftain Nehemiah in the court of +Persia, and to have given him considerable influence in accelerating the +return of his countrymen from their captivity in Babylon[64]. + +The _Dapifer_ or _Sewer_, who, "in his surcote, with tabard, sleeves, +and a hoode about his neck, and his towell above all, served the +messes," or arranged the dishes on the table of the coronation feast of +Elizabeth, Henry VII.'s queen, is an ancient worthy of the royal day, +whose office has become extinct. If the dishes are not become more +tractable, or the royal observation less nice, royal feasting has +become, perhaps, less rare in modern times, and this kind of skill, +therefore, more common. + +The _Grand Carver--Grand Panniter_, or provider of bread, and the Royal +_Napier_, are offices that have also become extinct, while good carving +and good living have been still found at the royal table; and while the +_Chief Cupbearer_ has retained his office and the possession of the +manor of Great Wimondley, in Hertfordshire, as his reward. + +The _Chief Lardiner_ is also still entitled to notice, as having the +care and management of the royal larder, and being duly careful of "the +remainder of beef, mutton, venison, kids, lard, and other flesh; as also +the fish, salt, &c. remaining in the larder," which fall to his share of +the feast. This office has been attached to the manor of Scoulton, in +Norfolk, from the reign of Henry II. + +Nor should we omit to notice that the Lord Mayor and Citizens of London +claim a snug "seat next the cupboard, on the left side of the hall," in +virtue of their right to assist the Chief Butler in his duties at the +coronation feast; or that his lordship serves the king after dinner with +wine in a gold cup, having the cup and its cover for a fee. It is +remarkable that the city claims a right to perform the same service, and +to receive a similar fee, at the coronation of our queens: but as this +escaped Her Majesty's law officers in the late argument for her +coronation, we will not suppose it had any connexion with the strong +desire for that event at the Mansion House. The mayor, bailiffs, and +commonalty of Oxford also claim to assist in the office of butlery, and +receive the humbler reward of three maple cups. + +With other presents--of grout or gruel, maple cups and napkins, _to_ the +king, gentle reader, we will suppose thou hast of late been sufficiently +acquainted; but the conspicuous duty of the Barons of the Cinque Ports +must not pass unnoticed. + +These ports claim to furnish sixteen supporters of the royal canopy, in +the following proportion, _i.e._--Hastings, 3; Dover, 2; Hithe, 2; Rye, +2; Sandwich, 3; Rumney, 2; Winchelsea, 2. It is called in an account of +the coronation of Richard I. "a silk _umbraculum_, borne on four +lances:" but is now generally composed of cloth of gold, having a gilt +silver bell at each of the four corners, which are supported by four +staves of silver. The origin of this claim is involved in such remote +antiquity, that a charter of Charles II. speaks of "the time of the +contrary being never remembered to have been." We have seen that a +crown, ascribed to the days of King Alfred, bore a couple of bells on +its sides. These accompaniments of royal and pontifical dignity, appear +to be of Eastern origin; but the modern application of them is curiously +contrasted with the ancient design. At the doors of the tents or houses +of grandees a bell or sonorous body was generally placed, that +applicants for admission might announce _their_ desires[65]: thus the +Jewish High Priest wore bells round the lower border of his sacerdotal +garments, "that his sound might be heard" on approaching the presence of +God. It was clearly designed to indicate an application for the audience +of a superior: but in the roar of cannon, the clatter of church bells, +and the warm gratulations of such a people as received His Majesty on a +late occasion, _what_ tidings of any kind could the feeble bells of the +canopy convey? + +We shall notice but one other claim, that of the lord of the Isle of Man +to present the king with the interesting present of two falcons on the +day of his coronation. "Hawks and falcons were favourite subjects of +amusement, and valuable presents in those days," says Mr. Turner[66], +"when the country being much over-run with wood, all species of the +feathered race must have abounded. A king of Kent begged of a friend +abroad two falcons of such skill and courage as to attack cranes +willingly, and seizing them to throw them on the ground. An Anglo-Saxon, +by his will, gives two hawks (hafocas), and all his stag-hounds (head or +hundas) to his natural lord." And similarly to this claim of the king on +the lord of Man, "Ethelstan," according to this writer, "made North +Wales furnish him with as many dogs as he chose, whose scent-pursuing +noses might explore the haunts and coverts of the deer; he also exacted +_birds_ 'who knew how to hunt others along the atmosphere[67].'" + +The Isle of Man was given in the reign of Henry IV. to the +Northumberland family; on the forfeiture of that earldom Sir John +Stanley became possessed of it, on the present tenure of presenting the +kings of England with two falcons on the day of their coronation; and +although the sovereignty was purchased from the Duke of Athol by the +crown during the late king's reign, that nobleman still holds his +manorial rights by the performance of this duty. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 56: There have been instances in which the see having been +vacant, and the archbishop suspended or abroad, other prelates have +officiated: but the right of the metropolitan see seems to have been +still preserved.] + +[Footnote 57: Lingard's History of England, vol. ii. p. 88, 89.] + +[Footnote 58: Henry V. p. i.] + +[Footnote 59: Johnes' Froissart, v. 12. p. 162.] + +[Footnote 60: Chron. Sax. 57, 63; Malmsbury, &c.] + +[Footnote 61: Wilk. Leg. 217, 228.] + +[Footnote 62: Ivanhoe, v. iii. p. 328-345.] + +[Footnote 63: Gen. xli. 9.] + +[Footnote 64: Neh. i. 11.] + +[Footnote 65: Clarke's Bible, Part ii. Exod.] + +[Footnote 66: Hist. Anglo-Saxons, v. ii, p. 79.] + +[Footnote 67: Malmsb. lib. iii. p. 80.] + + + + +Sec. 4. ANECDOTES OF THE ACTUAL CEREMONIES OF THE CORONATION, + +CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED. + + +Although the ceremonies of the royal investiture form a _spectacle_ for +the eye of the passing age, rather than a subject of historical record, +presenting any thing characteristic of our monarchs, traces of the "form +and body of the time" have occasionally been left by them on the page of +history, which it is now our design to present to the reader. + +The chief of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of the octarchy at the close of +the eighth century was Mercia; and hither we find Pope Adrian, the +friend and favourite of Charlemagne, sending two legates to enforce a +new code of ecclesiastical laws, as early as A.D. 785. A synod was held +in Northumbria, and another in Mercia, to receive them; but while the +former kingdom first embraced Christianity[68], in the latter were +first exhibited, at this time, the solemn rites of an ecclesiastical +consecration in the person of EGFURTH, the son of Offa, who was +"hallowed to king," in the presence of his father, then reigning. This +phrase of the Saxon Chronicle describes all that is now known of the +mode of this early coronation; but prince Egfurth seems, in virtue of +it, to have reigned conjointly with his father afterwards. It is +remarkable that, although the Archbishop of Canterbury soon obtained the +entire ecclesiastical precedence in the coronation of our kings[69], at +this same synod of Calcuith, (Chelsey, Bucks,) it was decided that a +metropolitan see should be established amongst the Mercians, taking from +that of Canterbury all the territory between the Thames and the Humber; +and that Adrian accordingly sent the pallium of archiepiscopal dignity +to Adulph, Bishop of Lichfield. Charlemagne, who called himself in +letters produced at this synod, "the most powerful of the kings of the +east," gives to Offa the sounding title of "the most powerful of the +kings of the west[70]." Egfurth, it would seem, was not again crowned on +his accession to the entire regal authority. + +There is one instance of a Northumbrian coronation, in the stormy close +of that dynasty, _i.e._, that of EARDULF, A.D. 795. This prince had a +singular escape from the hands of Ethelred, his predecessor, by whom he +was brought to the church door of Rippon, in Yorkshire, and as the +monarch and the spectators thought, put to death. The body was carried +into the choir by the monks; who, in chanting the funeral service, +perceived it to breathe, dressed his wounds, and carefully preserved +their future sovereign in their monastery. He was consecrated and +assisted to the throne by AEanbald, Archbishop of York, and two other +prelates. + +A consecration of ALFRED the Great, which is by many writers regarded as +"regal," took place at Rome, A.D. 754, when that prince was but five +years of age; and was performed by Pope Leo IV. at the request of his +father. Mr. Turner supposes that AEthelwulf thus intended to designate +him for his heir in preference to his elder brothers: and Mr. Lingard, +that it was to secure his succession to the crown _after_ his brothers, +to the exclusion of their children; a conjecture that is strongly +supported by the subsequent arrangements of the will of AEthelwulf, by +which the minor kingdom of Kent was left to his second son, Ethelbert; +and the kingdom of Wessex to Ethelbald, Ethelred, and Alfred, in order +of seniority. "If there be room here for conjecture, I rather think," +says Selden, "that as the unction used in the baptism of king Clovis was +among the French made also by tradition to be an anointing him for king, +so here the use of chrisme in confirmation (for it appears that at the +same time Pope Leo confirmed king Alured,) was afterward, by mistaking, +accounted for the royal unction[71]." + +Malmsbury says expressly that the pope gave him "the regal unction _and_ +the crown;" and Robert of Gloucester + + --Pope Leon h[.y]m blessede þe he þuder com, + And þe k[.y]nges crowne of þ[.y]s lond.-- + +It is also to be observed that no one of his brothers, Ethelbert, +Ethelbald, or Ethelred, seem to have received a regal consecration, and +that we do not read of a repetition of that ceremony when Alfred himself +was crowned at Winchester;--and here we leave the solution of the +meaning of this ceremony to the reader. + +Our next is an instance of female coronation. AEthelwulf, devotedly +attached to the church, and fitted more for the cowl than the crowns she +was now in the habit of bestowing, espoused, on his return from a +pilgrimage to Rome, JUDITH, the daughter of Charles the Bold--and at the +close of the marriage ceremony caused her to be crowned and anointed by +the archbishop of Rheims. A regal seat was prepared for her by his side, +and she received the new or disused title of Queen. This was in the year +856. To his people the marriage seems to have been as distasteful as it +was in itself unnatural; the lady not having reached her 12th year, and +the king being advanced in age; but the "royal makings of a queen," with +which she was honoured, are said to have excited their particular +displeasure. Whether this arose, as is probable, from the consecration +of a female to the royal dignity being wholly unprecedented at the court +of Wessex, from some apprehension on the part of his subjects that the +king designed to transfer their allegiance to a female at his death, or +from disgust at the recent conduct of Eadburga, who had poisoned her +husband king Brichtric, must at this period be matter of pure +conjecture. Clear, however, it is that some of our most respectable +historians must be mistaken respecting the crime of Eadburga, causing +the honour of a coronation to be "_taken from_[72]" the Saxon queens. We +have no instance of a female coronation in England until so late as the +year 978, in the reign of Ethelred II.[73]: that of Judith, therefore, +was no revival of a discontinued custom. But a degradation of the +consorts of the kings of Wessex in regard to the _title_ of queen, and +the right to sit in equal dignity with the king upon a throne, in +consequence of the crime of Eadburga, is, perhaps, sufficiently +established. Mr. Lingard, whose accuracy as an historian is entitled to +the highest praise, adverts to this circumstance in the following +summary of the honours of an Anglo-Saxon queen. "The consort of the +c[.y]ning was originally known by the appellation of "queen," and shared, +in common with her husband, the splendour of royalty. But of this +distinction she was deprived by the crime of Eadburga, the daughter of +Offa, who had administered poison to her husband Brichtric, the king of +Wessex. In the paroxysm of their indignation the witan punished the +unoffending wives of their future monarchs by abolishing, with the title +of queen, all the appendages of female royalty. AEthelwulf, in his old +age, ventured to despise the prejudices of his subjects. His young +consort Judith was crowned in France, and was permitted to seat herself +by his side on the throne. But during several subsequent reigns no other +king imitated his example: and the latest of the Anglo-Saxon queens, +though they had been solemnly crowned, generally contented themselves +with the modest appellation of "the lady[74]."" + +After king "Alfride," saith Peter Langtoft-- + + Kam EDWARD the olde, + Faire man he was and wis, stalworth and bolde. + +He was distinguished for those successful inroads on the Danish +possessions in Britain which resulted in the entire dominion of England +being united under the sceptre of his successors. + +On the same authority we learn that he "toke the croun at Saynt +Poule's," London: if by this his coronation is intended, Stow and Speed +contradict the poet, assigning this honour to the town of +Kingston-upon-Thames. But the proclamation of the monarch in London may +be the meaning of the old chronicler. + +ETHELSTAN, the first monarch of England, was crowned at Kingston, (id +est, villa regia, says an early writer), "according to the ancient +laws," A.D. 924, by Athelm, archbishop of Canterbury. On this occasion, +as we have before noticed, a high scaffolding was erected in the +market-place of that borough, for the better exhibition of the prince +and of the ceremonies to the people. + +The coronations of EDMUND I. and EDRED, his brothers, (both of which +took place at Kingston,) present nothing remarkable to our notice. + +But that of EDWY, the eldest son of Edmund, was distinguished for a +remarkable outrage on the person of the king. The popular account of +this affair is, that the young prince had espoused a beautiful young +lady of the royal blood, Elgiva, who was pronounced by the monks to be +within the canonical degrees of affinity. Before his accession, +therefore, she had been a source of dispute between the dignified +ecclesiastics and the king. On the coronation-day he did not obtrude her +claims upon the people; nor, on the contrary, would he forego his +private comforts in her society. When the barons were indulging +themselves in the pleasures of the feast, Edwy retired to his domestic +apartments, and in the company of Elgiva and her mother, laid aside his +crown and regal state. Dunstan, the aspiring abbot of Glastonbury, +surmised the cause of his retreat; and taking with him his creature Odo, +the nominal primate, penetrated into the interior of the palace, +upbraided the prince with this untimely indulgence of his passions, and +after branding his consort with the most opprobrious name of woman, +brought him back with considerable personal violence into the hall[75]. +Mr. Turner, our able Anglo-Saxon historian, regards the transaction as a +bold attempt of Dunstan to subdue the regal power to his ambition. He +represents the nobility as evincing some displeasure at the king's early +departure, and the anxiety of Odo to communicate the state of their +minds to Edwy. That the persons he first addressed excused themselves +from undertaking this errand: and the commission devolved by a sort of +general wish on Dunstan and Cynesius, a bishop, his relative. "But with +the delivery of the message," he observes, "his commission must have +terminated; and on the king's refusal [if he did refuse] it was his duty +to have retired. As an ecclesiastic, he should not have compelled him to +a scene of inebriety; as a subject, it was treasonable to offer violence +to his prince[76]." + +The latest, and not least able of our English historians, however, would +place these events in a different light. He insists, somewhat in the +spirit of the monkish writers, on this amour being highly disgraceful +to the king; and while he represents it as "the scandal of the age" +(whose sources, in the king's disputes with the ecclesiastics, Mr. +Lingard in any other instance would have readily traced,) he states it +as not altogether incredible that both Ethelgiva, the mother, and her +daughter, whom he does not name, had sacrificed their honour to the +equivocal ambition of _one_ of them becoming queen. The nobles, he adds, +accompanied their demand for the king's return with an injunction in the +name of the whole assembly, for Ethelgiva to leave the court. The rest +of his account does not materially differ from that of former +historians. But with all the unfeigned respect for his impartiality, +with which the perusal of this writer's volumes has inspired us, we +cannot hold him successful in this attempt to disengage the character of +Dunstan and his associates from the imputation of great indecorum. + +Were the lady the king's mistress and not his wife, was a dignified +ecclesiastic justified in following him into her apartments? and had +the amour been ever so unbecoming, was this a species of conduct likely +to detach him from it? But the story of the wife and daughter together +speculating upon his affections is surely improbable in the highest +degree: we know that the monkish writers, who furnish the only account +we have of the transaction, would call a wife espoused in opposition to +the will of the church, a mistress; and the sufferings of the young +monarch from this interference with his affections, should teach us to +exercise the judgment of charity on his memory. + +EDGAR, the successor of Edwy, surnamed "the Peaceful," his whole reign +being exempt from the scourge of war, delayed his coronation for +thirteen of the sixteen years to which it extended; a circumstance for +which none of our historians assign a reason. The royal investiture was +celebrated at last, (A.D. 973,) with great pomp at Bath, Dunstan, +archbishop of Canterbury, presiding. + + "There was bliss mickle + On that happy day + Caused to all"-- + +says a poem in commemoration of the event, preserved in the Saxon +Chronicle, + + "Of priests a heap, + Of monks much crowd, + I understand."-- + +The monarch, indeed, was as celebrated for his magnificence as for the +talents suited to his station. From Bath he proceeded to Chester, to +receive the homage of eight tributary princes, _i.e._ Kenneth, king of +Scotland, Malcolm of Cumberland, M'Orric of Anglesey and the Iles, Jukil +of Westmoreland, Iago of Galloway, and Howel, Dyfnwel, and Griffith, +princes of Wales. A splendid procession by water introduced the +ceremony. Edgar assumed his seat at the stern of the royal barge, and +his tributaries taking the oars, rowed the monarch to the church of St. +John; the bishops and noblemen following in their state barges, and +returning the acclamations of the populace who lined the shores. The +king is said to have remarked, "When my successors can command the +service of the like number of princes, let them consider themselves +kings[77]." + +A remarkable objection was made, according to the Saxon Chronicle, to +the right of EDWARD, the son of Edgar, to the throne, viz. that he was +born before the coronation either of his father or mother[78], and the +pretensions of his younger brother, Ethelred, were so successfully urged +by the Queen dowager, that a convocation of the witan was held to settle +the dispute[79]. Here the claim of Edward was fully admitted, and he +was crowned and anointed by Dunstan, at Kingston, accordingly, in the +year 975--to be sacrificed to the ambition of his cruel stepmother, in +less than four years afterwards. + +Stained with the blood of its former wearer, even the ambitious prelate +Dunstan "hated much to give the crown" to ETHELRED II., as Robert of +Gloucester informs us; he assisted, however, at his coronation, and, +according to the most perfect Anglo-Saxon ritual that has come down to +us, addressed some admirable counsel to the monarch on the duties of his +new station. The following is a translation of the coronation oath of +this period. "In the name of the Most Holy Trinity, I promise; First, +that the church of God, and all Christian people, shall enjoy true peace +under my government; secondly, that I will prohibit all manner of rapine +and injustice to men of every condition; thirdly, that in all +judgments, I will cause equity to be united with mercy, that the most +clement God may, through his eternal mercy, forgive us all. Amen[80]." +The ceremony was performed at Kingston, on the festival of Easter, 978. + +EDMUND II., surnamed Ironside, was also crowned at Kingston; he +struggled nobly for seven months against the overwhelming power of the +Danes, who, at the moment of his coronation, had an army of 27,000 men +on board their fleet in the Thames; and who, in the fatal field of +Ashdown, extirpated almost all the old nobility of the kingdom, ere this +unfortunate reign closed. This hero led them, during his short reign, +into five pitched battles against the enemy. + +CANUTE is said to have been chosen by the unanimous voice of the nation +to the vacant throne; and received consecration from Levingius, +archbishop of Canterbury, at London, A.D. 1016. He first surrounded the +throne with regular guards, called Thing-men, for whose government he +compiled a set of rules still extant. The king himself having violated +one of them in a transport of passion, by slaying a private soldier, +assembled the whole corps, and having referred to the law prohibiting +such excesses, acknowledged his crime, descended from the throne, and +demanded punishment. The Thing-men were silent, and being urged, on a +promise of perfect impunity, to state their sentiments, they left the +decision to the king, who adjudged himself to pay 69 talents of gold, +more than nine times the ordinary pecuniary mulct in such a case. + +The Scots refused homage to this prince, because he had not obtained the +crown of hereditary descent; but on his assembling an army to assert his +claims, they submitted: shortly after which occurred the memorable +effort of his courtiers to persuade him, that the monarch of six +powerful nations--England, Scotland, and Wales, Denmark, Norway, and +Sweden,--could command the ocean tide to retire from his feet. Having +convinced them of their folly, by making the experiment, he took the +crown from his head, it is said, and placed it on the great cross in +the cathedral of Winchester, refusing ever after to wear it, even on +occasions of public ceremony. + +At the coronation of HAROLD I., who in fact usurped the throne in the +absence of the legitimate claimant, Hardicanute, Egilnoth, archbishop of +Canterbury, refused the episcopal benediction. He placed the royal +insignia on the altar, and addressing the king and his surrounding +prelates, said, "There are the crown and sceptre which Canute intrusted +to my charge. To you, I neither give nor refuse them, you may take them +if you please; but I strictly forbid any of my brother bishops to usurp +an office, which is the prerogative of my see[81]." + +EDWARD THE CONFESSOR'S name is attached to too much of the Regalia, to +allow us to overlook his accession to the throne. He was crowned at +Winchester, A.D. 1042, on Easter day; and being a Saxon, was hailed by +the people as a native prince. The archbishop, Eadsius, read to him a +long exhortation on the duties of a sovereign, and closed by reminding +him of the paternal government which England enjoyed under his +predecessors in the Saxon line. All our early historians dwell with +great zeal on the manner in which he fulfilled these duties. He was "the +good king Edward," for whose "laws" the people were always anxious, when +under the subsequent despotism of the Normans, they found an opportunity +of expressing their desires; and his reign, forming an interval between +the Danish and Norman Conquest, was long remembered as an era of +deliverance from foreign thraldom. It is principally from these +feelings, that historians account for the crown itself wearing for so +many ages the name of St. Edward's--St. Edward's staff, as it is called, +being carried before our monarchs at their coronation, &c. The people +literally applied to him that celebrated maxim of our constitution, the +king can do no wrong; for, although his reign was chequered by many +internal commotions, on his ministers and not on himself, was the blame +uniformly cast. + +This prince, however, seems to have committed a pious fraud on his good +people. Being importuned by his council to marry, he espoused the +daughter of the powerful Earl Godwin; to whom he privately disclosed a +vow of perpetual continence under which he had bound himself: but +offered to raise her to the regal seat (and she was accordingly publicly +crowned as queen), on condition that he should be allowed without +molestation to observe his vow. She is represented by our historians as +a very learned lady. + +The coronation of the unfortunate HAROLD II. took place on the day of +the funeral of his predecessor--a striking proof of the importance +attached to this ceremony at that period. But William, Duke of Normandy, +having previously extorted from him an oath of fealty, protested from +the first against his consecration, and in the memorable battle of +Hastings caused him to pay the penalty of his life for the momentary +honour. + +At this point of our progress through the history of these ceremonies, +it will be interesting to review briefly the political character of the +Anglo-Saxon _cyning_ or king. The rites in question will always derive +the greatest illustration from being considered as the reflected light +of ancient opinions respecting the monarchy. + +The eorl and ceorl were the great distinctive appellations of noble and +ignoble descent: none were or are admitted, it will be seen, to any +important office in the coronation ceremonies but the former class. They +were said to be "ethel-born," and every member of the royal family was +an "etheling," or son of the noble, emphatically. Ere Christianity +dispelled the fables of divine descent, the pedigree of the monarch was +always to be traced to Woden, and after the demi-god was no longer +revered, the first of earthly families and "full-born" blood was seen in +him. + +Yet our Anglo-Saxon ancestors unquestionably _chose_ the identical +member of the family whom they would acknowledge as king: the witan +regularly assembled on the death of a monarch, and proceeded to the +election of his successor. + +"The Saxons could not comprehend," says Mr. Lingard, "how a freeman +could become the dependent of another, except by his own consent: but +the election rendered the cyning the lord of the principal chieftains, +and through them of their respective vassals." + +His revenue, derived from the fines and amercements known to the +Anglo-Saxon law for crimes of every description--from territory obtained +by conquest, or forfeited by treason--and from those gross bargains for +obtaining the king's peace, which were only exceeded by those which +purchased at this time, what was called "the peace of God," (both being +an exemption for certain days, or in certain places, from the pursuit of +every enemy or claimant), was far larger than that of the most powerful +of the nobles who were, in fact, _his_ feudal tenants, in whatever +portion of lands they possessed. Thrice in the year this proud +muster-roll of noble tenants was examined, _i.e._ at the festivals of +Christmas, Easter, and Whitsuntide, where they appeared before the +monarch in all the pomp of state. A sort of coronation scene was at this +time exhibited. The nobles renewed their homage to the monarch, who +received them at once as his guests and dependents--seated on his +throne, with a crown on his head, and a sceptre in each of his hands. +Public officers were at this time appointed, laws, on some occasions, +enacted, while for eight days it was forbidden for any man to slay, +maim, or assault his enemy, or to distrain upon his debtor's lands. The +return of these festivals has sometimes been mistaken by our historians +for a repetition of the coronation, strictly so called[82]. + +The monarch exercised, as at the present time, a supreme command over +the national forces. He consulted the witan, but he himself determined +on, and proclaimed war or peace. He was also, as now, the supreme judge, +and received appeals in person, from all the ordinary courts of +judicature: the ealdormen, sheriffs, and other officers of those +courts, holding their appointments at his pleasure. The intelligent +reader will thus find the substantial duties of the royal office as +remarkably similar at this distant period with its present functions, as +the pageant of a coronation can be uniform[83]. + +WILLIAM I. may be said to have been crowned in character as a conqueror. +Christmas-day 1066, being appointed for his coronation, at Westminster, +he was surrounded by his Norman barons, and a full attendance of the +English nobles and prelates--when Aldred, archbishop of York, put the +questions of the Recognition to his new subjects; and the bishop of +Constance, who was in his train, to the Normans, The assent of both +nations was given with loud acclaim. So boisterous, indeed, was their +loyalty at this part of the ceremony, that the Norman soldiers of +William, on the outside of the Abbey church, affected to consider the +shouts as the signal of insurrection, and immediately set fire to the +houses of the neighbourhood (a singular remedy for riot), and began the +congenial work of plunder, to the great mortification of the king. All +now became confusion in the interior of the Abbey: the Norman barons +prepared for battle; the native nobles regarded themselves as victims +selected for slaughter, and the king is said to have been left alone, +with the ecclesiastics, to conclude the ceremony. That the shouts were +but the pretext for a preconcerted attack and plunder of the people, +appears but too clearly from the subsequent remonstrance of the king +with the barons, whom he warned against the certain result of oppressing +the English; while he strictly prohibited the soldiers from appearing at +taverns, or molesting the private abodes of the citizens; and appointed +a commission to enforce his regulations. + +Matilda, duchess of Normandy, was not brought into England until William +had fully subdued his refractory subjects--when, on Whit Sunday, 1068, +she was crowned queen at Winchester, by the archbishop of York. + +WILLIAM RUFUS, though a second son, was the Conqueror's favorite, and +duly elected his successor by the prelates and barons of England. His +coronation, as it was principally procured by the influence of the +church, was conducted with great splendour by Lanfranc, archbishop of +Canterbury, at Westminster, 20th Sept, 1087. + +Of this prince the Saxon Chronicle furnishes an anecdote, of which the +naval excursions of his present Majesty are calculated to remind us. +While hunting in the New Forest he received intelligence of the defeat +of his Norman forces by Helie de la Fleche--and would hardly suffer the +messenger to conclude his tale, ere he exclaimed, "Let those that love, +follow me;" and rode immediately toward the sea shore. He leaped into +the first vessel that presented itself: the master remonstrating that +the weather was very stormy, and the passage perilous in such a bark, +"Hold thy peace," said William, "kings are never drowned[84]." + +HENRY I., who was near his brother at the time of his death in the New +Forest, hastened to Winchester to secure the royal treasures. So +precipitate was the prince on this occasion, as to neglect all care for +the decent interment of William, whose body was carried in a cart to the +royal city, and without any religious rites interred in the +cathedral[85]. The treasurer of his predecessor seems to have been more +respectful to his memory. He ventured to tell Henry that he held the +money for the rightful heir, his brother Robert; and blood would have +been shed but for the interference of the surrounding nobles, who +overcame the scruples of the minister. Having obtained possession of the +royal castle and treasures, Henry proceeded to Westminster, where on the +third day after his brother's death he was crowned by the bishop of +London, the see of York being vacant, and Anselm, archbishop of +Canterbury, abroad. + +This was the first of our monarchs who thought it needful to strengthen +the attachment of his subjects to him by a formal charter; which seems +in some measure to have been regarded as a condition of his election to +the crown. It was, at any rate, promulgated on the day of the +coronation, and is a document of no small historical importance, as +professing to abolish all the grievances that had been introduced by the +Norman princes, and to restore the laws of Edward the Confessor. We can +only notice a few of its items. 1. The people were exempted from all +taxes which they had not paid under their Saxon rulers; and the venders +of base or light coin were to be punished with severity. 2. The church +was reinstated in all her ancient rights, and the king engaged never to +sell or farm vacant benefices, or to retain their revenues for the use +of his exchequer. 3. He granted to all the barons and immediate vassals +of the crown (requiring them to make the same grant to their respective +tenants) the right of a free disposal of personal property: that for +breaches of the peace they should not be placed as heretofore at the +king's mercy, but be adjudged to pay the sums prescribed by the Saxon +law; that their heirs should pay the customary reliefs for the livery of +lands, and not the arbitrary compensations which had been exacted by his +two predecessors; that the wardship of minors, and the custody of their +lands, should be committed to their nearest relations; that neither +heiresses nor widows should be compelled by the king to marry, but the +daughters and female relations of noble families should be given in +marriage without any impediment being offered by the crown, or any fee +being required for the exercise of such liberty. He at the same time +granted a very beneficial charter to the citizens of London. Two queens +of this prince were successively crowned. + +STEPHEN was the fourth monarch in succession from the Conqueror who +claimed the crown without an hereditary title. Any settlement of the +government was preferred by well-disposed men to the anarchy that +usually succeeded the decease of a feudal sovereign: and the promptitude +of this monarch, and his former popularity in the country, united with +the antipathy of the people to a female reign, gave him an easy access +to sovereign power. He was crowned at Winchester, by the archbishop of +Canterbury, Dec, 22, 1135; stipulating in the coronation oath that he +would not levy the danegelt[86] which his uncle had so frequently +extorted, nor retain for his own profit the vacant benefices of the +church, nor molest clerks or laymen in the possession of their woods or +forests. + +By a compact entered into with Stephen and the assembled barons, in the +latter days of that prince, HENRY II., grandson of Henry I., succeeded +to the throne, and was crowned at Westminster, Dec. 19, 1154, attended +by a great concourse of foreign nobility. His queen received the royal +unction on Christmas-day, 1158. + +During the disputes between this monarch and the celebrated Thomas a +Becket, we find the king adopting a singular expedient for strengthening +and perpetuating the authority of his family--the coronation of his son +Henry. Historians are divided as to his design in this ceremony; but a +probable opinion is suggested by Mr. Hume, that when the thunders of the +Vatican were every day expected to dissolve the ties of allegiance +between Henry's subjects and himself, he was anxious by the new oaths of +allegiance now taken, to secure their obedience, at least, to his family +in the person of his son. + +But in the manner of conducting this unique coronation he added new +matter to the existing strife. It had long been esteemed a right of the +metropolitan to anoint and crown the kings of England; and Becket had +been diligent enough to procure the pope's letters prohibitory against +the interference of any other prelate with his privileges on this +occasion. The coronation however proceeded; the archbishop of York +feeling no scruple in supplying Becket's place:--all the royal makings +of a king were bestowed on the young prince, at Westminster, June 15, +1170, and his father waited upon him during the coronation feast, at +table. It being remarked to the prince how great was the honour for him +to be thus attended, he is said to have replied haughtily, "That he +thought it no such great condescension for the son of an earl to wait on +the son of a king." + +This coronation also involved the father in a rupture with the court of +France. Prince Henry had married a daughter of that crown, to which the +omission of her coronation with her husband was in the highest degree +offensive: the king of France entered the Norman territories of Henry in +consequence, and it was not until that monarch had promised to supply +the omission, and that the prince and princess should be together +crowned by Becket, that either the French king or the primate were +appeased. The ultimate issue of this circumstance, in the assassination +of Becket, we have noticed in another part of this work. Hume remarks on +the whole affair--"There prevailed in that age an opinion which was akin +to its other superstitions, that the royal unction was essential to the +exercise of royal power. It was therefore natural both for the king of +France, careful of his daughter's establishment, and for Becket, jealous +of his own dignity, to demand in the treaty with Henry some satisfaction +on this essential point[87]." The second coronation of the prince (in +which his consort was duly associated) took place Aug. 27th, 1172. + +Nor did the calamitous consequences of this event thus terminate. It +seems to have sown deeply the seeds of ambitious discord in the family +of Henry. The young prince, after a visit to France with his consort, +formally demanded of his father some substantial share of the royal +power with whose insignia he had been invested. The intrigues and civil +commotions that followed, it is not within our plan to detail; but the +conduct of his different children, instigated by the example of this +unworthy first-born, eventually brought the parent to his grave. + +The coronation of RICHARD I., is the earliest upon which our historians +dilate. It took place September 3, 1189, at Westminster; differing in no +material point from the modern ceremony. The archbishop is said to have +solemnly adjured the king at the altar, "not to assume the royal dignity +unless he were resolved to keep the regal oath." An infamous outrage on +the unoffending and oppressed race of the Jews closed the coronation day +in London, and was followed by equally cruel treatment of them in +several large towns. They seem on this occasion to have tempted the +cupidity, by appealing to the generosity and humanity of the court. +Numbers of them came to the metropolis with presents for the young king, +who forbade them, however, to appear at his coronation. In the evening a +few of the richer Israelites endeavoured to pass into the hall of the +palace; when they were repulsed, insulted, and pursued into the city. A +report now spread that the king, regretting the unhallowed forbearance +of his father toward this apostate race, had given orders for a general +attack upon them. The populace quickly murdered the first that had +appeared; they then attacked the houses of all the richer Jews, and +after stripping them of every thing valuable, left them in flames. At +York, five hundred of this hapless nation who had retired into the +castle for protection, and eventually seized it from the governor, +murdered their own wives and children, to prevent their falling into the +hands of their enemies, and then despatched each other nearly to a man. + +On the return of Richard from his romantic expedition to Jerusalem, in +1194, he is said to have been crowned a second time; "to put awaie, as +it were, the reproofe of his captivitie[88]." A solemn council was held +at Nottingham, to review the affairs of the kingdom, and the conduct of +his brother John during the king's absence; the last or third day being +occupied in discussing the question, whether it were necessary that the +king should be crowned a second time; the king voted in the negative, +but his peers and prelates were of the contrary opinion, and the +ceremony was accordingly performed at Winchester, by Hubert, archbishop +of Canterbury[89]. + +JOHN was declared by Richard, on his death-bed, to be his legitimate +successor: but the people being divided between his claims and those of +Arthur, his nephew, a great council was held at Northampton, in which +the nobles resolved unanimously on swearing fealty to him; and the +coronation was ordered to take place at Westminster, 27th of May, 1199. +The primate introduced the ceremony by a speech intended to maintain +the claim of John. He observed, that all his auditors well knew the +crown to be elective, and could only be held by the unanimous agreement +of the nation with regard to the personal merits of the wearer: that it +was the gift of the people, who chose generally from the members of the +reigning family the prince who appeared most deserving of that honour. +Such was the selection in the scriptural case of David, and others: and +that having that day met to perform this important duty, they, on these +principles, brought forward their future sovereign, John, earl of +Montaigne, brother to the deceased king[90]. John, who was present, +signified his concurrence with these sentiments; and a few days +afterwards, (June 7) we find a law published from Northampton in which +he asserts, that 'God had given him the throne by hereditary right, +through the unanimous consent and favour of the clergy and people[91].' +The friends of Arthur made a faint resistance to the claims of John, as +duke of Normandy, but that unhappy prince, we know, soon met an +untimely death, by the means, if not by the dagger of his uncle. + +This prince, having procured a divorce, on the pretext of consanguinity, +from a wife to whom he had been married twelve years, negociated a new +marriage in 1200 with the princess of Portugal. Ere his overtures, +however, could be answered, he was by accident diverted to another +choice. Isabella, daughter of the count of Angouleme, was a celebrated +beauty of the day, who had been publicly promised and privately espoused +to Hugh, count of La Marche. But John, in one of his visits to Normandy, +became enamoured of her: and the lady found the crown of her new lover +an irresistible recommendation. The princess of Portugal was +disappointed, the count de La Marche enraged, and all Europe surprised +at the event, when the monarch conducted his bride in triumph to +Westminster early in the month of October, and assembled his peers for +her coronation, on the 8th of that month. Hoveden represents king John +himself to have partaken of the benediction on the occasion: some +writers state, that he was a second time crowned. + +Soon after this event, we have a formal demand of feudal homage made by +John on William king of Scotland, with which the latter promised +promptly to comply. The two monarchs met at Lincoln, and, on an eminence +near that city, in the presence of the assembled nobles of both +kingdoms, the king of Scotland swore fealty of life and limb to +John--against all men, saving his own right. He, at the same time, is +said to have acknowledged by a written document the feudal superiority +of the English crown, to have engaged to keep the peace with its king +and kingdom, and to have bound himself not to marry his son without the +permission of John, as his liege lord[92]. But this is a little +inconsistent with another recorded fact--rising from his knees, he +explicitly demanded of John the restoration of the three counties of +Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmoreland, as the heir of his +grandfather David, from whom he alleged them to have been unjustly +wrested in the wars of Matilda and Stephen. The kind of homage rendered +by the Scottish princes to the English crown, in this and succeeding +ages, was always proportioned to the strength or weakness of the +respective governments, and was hardly construed to mean the same thing +during two successive reigns. On the whole, this singular interview +seems to have been consented to on the part of the wily Scot, +principally with a view to sound the dispositions of the new sovereign. + +The profligate and pusillanimous John is well known to have exposed his +own rights, and the liberties of his people, to all the evils of +protracted civil wars, and foreign invasion. At the period of his +decease, the capital and the southern counties were in the hands of +Louis, king of France. + +HENRY III., his son, had but just completed his tenth year when the +title of a king descended to him. But his youth and innocence +conciliated that regard to his person, which the conduct of John had +long estranged from himself; the claims of Louis were disowned by the +holy see; and the more powerful of the barons saw an object worth +contending for in the direction of the young king's affairs. Ten days +after the death of his father, (October 28, 1218), he was brought in +procession to the cathedral of Gloucester, and crowned by the papal +legate Gualo, assisted by the bishops of Winchester, Exeter, and Bath. +It is remarked by the contemporary historians[93], that a plain circle +of gold was used on this occasion in lieu of the crown, which had been +lost with the other jewels and baggage of John in his passage across the +wash near Wisbech. A proclamation was next day issued, lamenting the +dissensions that had existed between the king's father and his barons, +and promising, on the part of Henry, to bury them in oblivion. By the +same instrument he commanded the tenants of the crown forthwith to +appear, and do him homage; and enjoined upon all persons appearing in +public, to wear a white fillet round their heads during the ensuing +month, in honour of his coronation. + +Henry was crowned a second time, on the final deliverance of his kingdom +from the French invaders, _i.e._ in May 1220; by Langton, archbishop of +Canterbury:--"all the estates and subjects of his realme," meeting him +at Westminster--"to the end; it might be said, that now after the +extinguishment of all seditious factions, he was crowned by the general +consent[94]." + +At the late age of twenty-nine, a bride was provided for the young +monarch: her father, who accompanied her to England, was only bishop +elect of Valence; but the beauty of the queen seems in this case to have +been the sovereign recommendation; and all the eloquence of the +historian is exerted by Matthew Paris, in describing the ceremonies of +her marriage and coronation. The nobility of both sexes, the clergy in +their various orders, all the vassals of the crown and the citizens are +assigned their several places and offices, with an amusing precision; +nor does he forget the trumpet's clang, or the minstrel's pipe: the +various banners that streamed in the procession; or the viands and wines +of the banquet. Eleanor, the pride of the day, was a queen amongst +beauties--the whole world, he says in conclusion, might be challenged to +produce a spectacle equally glorious and enchanting. + +This monarch rebuilt the whole of the abbey church at Westminster from +its foundations; and was interred in the tomb out of which he had +removed the bones of Edward the Confessor. At his funeral his successor +was proclaimed by the earl of Gloucester; who, before the deceased +king's body was covered, stept forward, and putting his hand upon it, +swore fealty to the then absent prince. + +EDWARD I., at this period returning to Europe from the Holy Land. He is +said to have received the news of his father's death with those tears of +sincere grief, which surprised some of his princely companions; and did +not much appear to quicken his progress toward England. Being challenged +to a tournament, by the count of Chalons, the exhortations of the +reigning Pontiff could not induce him to forego the combat; he felt his +honour, as the champion of the cross, at stake; and appeared in the +lists at the appointed day, attended by a thousand knights. The trial of +skill was converted into a deadly battle, in which the count seriously +attempted the king's life; and out of which, the English only came +victorious after a sanguinary conflict. Edward succeeded to the throne +in November 1272; but did not arrive in England, until August 1274, when +his first object was to receive, with his consort, Eleanor of Castile, +the regal unction. He was crowned with this affectionate[95] companion +of his crusade, at Westminster, on the 19th; Alexander, king of +Scotland, being present, and doing homage as a vassal of the English +crown. Several of the orders for provisions required for the coronation +feast, are preserved in Rymer, among which are, 380 head of cattle; 430 +sheep, 450 pigs, 18 wild boars, 278 flitches of bacon; and 19,660 capons +and fowls. Holinshed informs us, that there were five hundred horses +"let go at libertie" on this occasion, "catch them that catch might." In +Rymer we also read of a singular stipulation originally made by Richard +I., that, whenever a king of Scotland should attend at the summons of +the English king, to do homage, or service at his court, he should be +attended, and provided for, by the bishop, sheriffs, and barons of each +county, through which he came; 5_l._ per day being allowed for his +expenses on the road, and 30_s._ per day so long as he remained at the +English court, together with twenty-four loaves, four sexterces of the +best, and eight of inferior, wine, four wax tapers, forty better, and +eighty inferior, candles, two pounds of pepper, and four pounds of +cinnamon. At this time, it appears, the Scottish party received +regularly the 5_l._ a day, and purchased their own provision: +Alexander's whole disbursement was 175_l._ + +Edward, in the first year after his coronation, forbade the Jews to +erect, or hold any synagogues in his dominions; to hold fiefs, or any +free tenement; or to demand interest for the loan of money: at seven +years of age they were to wear two pieces of woollen cloth, sown into +their outward garment, and at twelve to be subject to a capitation tax +of three pence, to be paid annually at Easter. Thus cut off from their +ordinary modes of living, they had recourse to the clipping of money and +other illegal modes of debasing the coin; and after trials, fines, and +executions of the most oppressive and unjustifiable description, were +finally banished the realm, A.D. 1290. + +EDWARD II. ascended a throne that, by the energies of his father, had +extended its sway over almost the whole island of Great Britain. At the +period of his decease, Edward I. was prosecuting the conquest of +Scotland, and left, according to Froissart, a solemn charge to his +successor, "to have his body boiled in a large cauldron, until the flesh +should be separated from the bones; that he would have the flesh buried +and the bones preserved; and that every time the Scots should rebel +against him, he would summon his people, and carry against them the +bones of his father: for he believed most firmly, that as long as his +bones should be carried against the Scots, those Scots should never be +victorious[96]." The young prince first visited the court of France, and +married Isabella, the French king's daughter; whom he brought to England +with her two uncles, and a magnificent train of foreign nobility, to +participate in the splendors of their joint coronation, which was +celebrated at Westminster, February 25, 1308. It was well attended also +by the English nobility; but the king's marked preference for a personal +favourite, (Piers Gaveston) was resented as a general insult. He +appeared the sole dispenser of all the honours and favours of the day; +for the promotion of his friends and dependents, the claims of +inheritance and the precedents of former reigns were alike disregarded. +Three days afterwards, the barons met in the refectory of the monks, at +Westminster, to petition for the banishment of Gaveston, and thus began +the unhappy differences between this monarch and his nobles, which +resulted in his final deposition. + +This involved the singular circumstance of the barons formally +withdrawing their homage. The favourites of the king, against whom they +had armed, being slain,--a parliament was called by the queen Isabella, +and _her_ paramour; which was opened by a long speech from the bishop of +Hereford. He painted in strong terms the incapacity, and what he called +the vindictive and treacherous disposition, of the king; and declared, +that to liberate him from the confinement under which he was now placed, +would be to expose to certain death, a princess, who, by her wisdom and +courage, had been the salvation of the state. He, therefore, desired +them to retire, and to consider, by the next morning, whether it were +not better to deprive the father of the crown, and elect, forthwith, +his son. On the following day this motion was carried by acclamation; +the temporal peers, and many of the prelates, swore fealty at once to +the young Edward: a bill of impeachment, containing six articles, was +drawn up against the old king; and the reign of Edward of Carnarvon was +declared to have terminated, and that of Edward of Windsor to have +begun. + +But the queen now affected great scruples and grief at these +proceedings; declared her fears, that the parliament had exceeded its +powers, and exhorted her son, it is said, to refuse the crown. On the +ground of this delicacy of feeling, a deputation of both lords and +commons was appointed to wait on the deposed monarch,--to give him +notice of the election of his son; tender him back their homage, and +"act as circumstances might suggest." Their measures are variously +related by the partisans of the new and old king. They flattered and +they threatened him; they exhorted him to show that greatness of mind, +which could sacrifice a throne to the good of his people, and promised +him an ample revenue and the indulgence of all his personal wishes, if +he should freely resign the crown. At last he was brought, dressed in a +plain black gown, into a room where the deputation had been arranged to +receive him; and sir William Trussel, a judge, addressed him in these +words: "I, William Trussel, procurator of the earls, barons, and others, +having for this full and sufficient power, do render and give back to +you Edward, once king of England, the homage and fealty of the persons +named in my procuracy: and acquit and discharge them thereof, in the +best manner that law and custom will give. And I now make protestation, +in their name, that they will no longer be in your fealty, or +allegiance, nor claim to hold any thing of you as king, but will account +you, hereafter, as a private person, without any manner of royal +dignity." Then sir Thomas Blount, the steward of the king's household, +broke his staff of office, as is usual on the death of a king, and +declared all persons once in his Majesty's service, to be discharged +from their former duty. + +On the return of the deputation, the new king was proclaimed in the +metropolis by the heralds, in the following unprecedented form. +"Whereas, sir Edward, late king of England, of his own good will, and +with the common advice and assent of the prelates, earls, barons, and +other nobles, and all the commonalty of the realm, hath put himself out +of the government of the realm, and has granted and willed that the +government of the said realm should come to sir Edward, his eldest son +and heir, and that _he_ should govern the kingdom, and be crowned king, +on which account all the lords have done him homage; we cry and publish +the peace of our said lord, sir Edward, the son, and on his part +strictly command and enjoin under pain and peril of disherison and loss +of life and member, that no one break the peace of our said lord the +king. For he is, and will be ready to do justice to all and each of the +said kingdom, both to the little and the great, in all things and +against all men. And if any one have a claim against another, let him +proceed by way of action, and not by violence or force." + +At the coronation, February 1st, 1327, a similar assertion of the late +king having resigned by his free-will, and with the consent of +parliament, was made. The medal distributed during the ceremony, +represented the son resting his sceptre on the heart of his people, +within the motto, "Populo dat jura volenti;" having on the reverse a +hand receiving a fallen crown, with the inscription, "Non rapit, sed +recipit." The best comment on the "free-will" of the deposed monarch, +appeared in his being murdered by the queen's party, in the course of +the year following. + +EDWARD III. married Philippa of Hainault, in 1327, on which occasion she +was crowned at Westminster. She bore the king a son, the celebrated +Edward the Black Prince, before he had reached his 19th year. + +RICHARD II. succeeded his grandfather in 1377, being then in his +eleventh year; and no coronation in our annals was more magnificent. +The Liber Regalis, still preserved at Westminster, contains the ritual +used on this occasion, and a record of the proceedings of the Court of +Claims is also extant[97]. + +On the day after the death of Edward, this prince entered London in +great state: triumphal arches were erected, conduits ran with wine, and +the usual pageants of the coronation procession were displayed in the +streets. Walsingham mentions in particular a turreted building, erected +in the market of Cheap, out of which ran streams of wine, and at the +angles of which, on the top, four young maidens of the age of the king +were placed, dressed in white. On the approach of the sovereign, shreds +of gold leaf were blown to him, and florins _of paper_ were showered on +his head!--such was what at this time was regarded as the "superior +ingenuity of the merchants of Cheapside." + +The progress through the city on the day preceding the coronation, (15th +of July, 1377) was similarly distinguished. The king dined at the +Tower, from which he came forth dressed in white garments, and placed +himself under the escort of the mayor and citizens, who conducted him to +his palace at Westminster. On the following morning he rose early, and, +having received mass in his private chapel, came down into the great +hall "arraid in the fairest vestments, and with buskins only upon his +feet." The procession from Westminster Hall to the Abbey, was now +marshalled in the usual order. While the litany was chanted the young +prince lay prostrate before the altar, whence he was conducted to his +throne on a platform in the centre of the nave. The entire ceremony of +the coronation so much exhausted him, that he was borne back to the +palace in a litter carried by knights. He soon, however, appeared at the +banquet, where he created four earls and nine knights, and partook of a +splendid though turbulent repast. The next morning a council of regency +was formed, to exercise the royal authority, during the minority of the +king. It is remarkable, that in the first parliament of this monarch's +reign, we find the archbishop of Canterbury recommending the young king +to the affection of his subjects, because he was not an elected +sovereign, but the true heir and representative of their former +kings[98]. + +On the 22d of January, 1382, this monarch espoused Anne of Bohemia, +daughter of the late emperor Charles IV., and sister of Winceslaus, king +of the Romans. As usual, she was crowned at the same period; and is said +so entirely to have possessed, during the twelve years of her union with +him, the affections of her husband and his people, as to be long +remembered among the latter by the title of the good Queen Anne. + +The tragic close of this prince's reign will never be forgotten while + + ---- ----"The hallowed crown + Shall round the mortal temples of a king," + +or Shakspeare's celebrated "Richard II." be extant. The march of his +successor, Bolingbroke, from Ravenspur to London, and the rapid +increase of his followers from twenty men to sixty thousand, his +peaceful entry into the metropolis, and ultimate possession of the +kingdom, without striking a blow, have only been exceeded, in modern +times, by the celebrated march of Napoleon from Cannes to Paris. + +HENRY IV. challenged the crown partly by right of conquest[99]. In his +coronation, which took place on the 13th of Oct. 1399, he caused the +sword which he wore when he landed at Ravenspur to be carried naked, on +his left hand, by the earl of Northumberland. Froissart's description of +"the progress" of this monarch we have before noticed. + +Of HENRY V., Holinshed says, "This kyng, this man, was he whiche, +(accordyng to the old proverbe) declared and shewed that honour ought to +change maners: for incontinent after that he was stalled in the siege +royall, and had received the crowne and sceptre of this famous and +fortunate region, [he] determined with hymself to put on the shape of a +new man, and to use another sorte of livyng, turning insolence and +wildnesse into gravitie and sobernes, and wavering vice into constant +virtue." It was this prince, our readers will recollect, who, while "the +immediate heir of England," was committed into custody by the Lord Chief +Justice, for disturbing the court in which he sat as judge, and who +afterwards, when king, so nobly commended that officer's conduct. +Shakspeare has a similar train of thought with the old chronicler. + + ----"Princes all, believe me, I beseech you, + My father is gone wild into his grave; + For in his tomb lie my affections; + And with his spirit sadly I survive, + To mock the expectations of the world, + To frustrate prophecies, and to raze out + Rotten opinion, which hath writ me down + After my seeming. Though my tide of blood + Hath proudly flowed in vanity till now; + Now doth it turn and ebb unto the sea, + Where it shall mingle with the state of flood, + And flow henceforth in formal majesty[100]." + +Fabian gives a splendid account of the coronation of Katherine, the +queen of Henry V. "upon whose ryght hande satte at the ende of the same +table the archebyshop of Cauntorbury, and Henrye, surnamed the ryche +cardynall of Wynchester. And vppon the lefte hande of the quene satte +the Kynge of Scottes in hys estate, the wyche was served wythe covered +messe, like vnto the forenamed byshoppes, but after them." "And ye shall +vnderstande, that this feaste was al of _fyshe_." Each course had its +"sotyltye," however, embodying the wit of other parts of the creation; +as "a pellycane syttyng on his nest with her byrdes, and an ymage of +saynte Katheryne holdyng a boke and disputyng with the doctoures, +holdyng a reason in her ryghte hande, saiynge: 'Madame le roigne' and +the pellycan as an answere, 'Ce est la signe et du roy, partenir joy, et +a tout sa gent, elle mete sa entent,'--a sotyltye named a panter with an +ymage of saynte Katheryne with a whele in her hande, and a rolle wyth a +reason in that other hande, sayeng: 'La royne ma file, in ceste ile, per +bon reson, aves renoun.'" &c. + +HENRY VI. had the high honour of being solemnly crowned as king, both +at London and in Paris--"in infant bands." In the ninth year of his age +"he was leyde upon the high scaffold" in Westminster Abbey, "and that +was covered all with red soy between the high autere and the quere. And +he was set in his astate in the middes of the scaffold there, beholdynge +the people all abowte sadly and wisely." The archbishop "made a +proclamacion on the iiij quarters of the scaffolde, seyend in this wyse: +Sirs, heere comyth Henry, kyng Henryes sone the Vth, on whos sowle God +have mercy, amen. He homblyth hym to God and to holy cherche, askynge +the crowne of this reame by right and defence of herytage; if ye hold ye +pays with hym, say ya, and hold up handes. And than all the people cryed +with oon voyce, Ye, ye. Having been crowned, he rose vp ayen and wente +to the shryne; and there was he dyspoyled of all his bysshopp's gere, +and arayd as a kynge in rich cloth of gold, with a crowne on his hede; +which crown the kyng dyd doo make for hymself[101]." The following +account of the appearance of the champion at the coronation feast, will +show the antiquity of the present observances. "Settynge at the mete the +kyng kept his astate; and on the right hand sat the cardynall with a +lower astate, and on the left hande satt the chaunceler and a bysshop of +Fraunce, and no mob at that table. And on the righth hand of the table +at that boord sat the barons of the V. portes. And so forth the clerkes +of the same chauncery. And on the lefte hande of the hall sat the mayre +of London with the aldyrmen. And so forth worthy cominers: and in the +myddes of the hall sat the bisshoppes, justices, and worthy knyghts and +equyers. And so they filled bothe the midde boordes of the hall. And +upon a scaffold stoode the kynges herawdes of armes all the tyme with +crownes on thyr hedes; and at the fyrst cours they came down from her +scaffold, and they wente before the kynges champyon Sir Phelip Dymok +that rode in the hall bright as saynte George! And he proclaimed in the +iiij quarters of the hall that the kyng was a rightfull kyng and heyre +to the crowne of Engelond: and what maner man that wyll say the contrary +he was redy to defende it as hys knyght and hys chaumpion, for by that +offyce he holdith his lande[102]." + +At Paris, in his eleventh year, this prince was "honourably accompanied +to the church of our Lady, where he was anointed and crowned by the +cardinal bishop of Winchester, after which he departed to the palace, +having one crown on his head, and another borne before him." "But what +should I speake," continues Grafton, "of the honorable service, the +dayntie dishes, the pleasant conceytes, the costly wynes, the sweet +armony, the musicall instruments which were seene and shewed at that +feast, sithe all men may conjecture, that nothing was omitted that +might be bought for golde, nor nothing was forgotten, that by man's wyt +could be invented[103]." + +Our fourth EDWARD, like John, affected an elective right to the crown. +What is now called the Recognition, being at this period what Burnet +terms, "a rite of an election, rather than a ceremony of investing one, +who was already king." "A question was asked of the people then +present," says Fabian, "if they would admitte hym for their kyng and +soveraigne lorde, the which with one voice cried Yea, yea." + +RICHARD III. and his consort Anne, were crowned with great state at +Westminster, 6th of July, 1483; there being an unusual concourse of +nobility at this festival, according to Walpole, including three +duchesses of Norfolk. Some preparations seem also to have been made for +the appearance of his deposed nephew, Edward V., in the procession, but +whether he in reality wore his "apparel and array" there, will ever +remain, among "Historic Doubts." The circumstance of such an +arrangement being publicly made, however, demonstrates the confidence of +Richard in his own title. Lord Orford, who first brought forward the +evidence of this singular arrangement, says, "Though Richard's son did +not walk at his father's coronation, Edward V. probably did. I conceive +all the astonishment of my readers at this assertion, and yet it is +founded on strongly presumptive evidence. In the coronation roll itself, +is this amazing entry: 'To lord Edward, son of late king Edward IV., for +his apparel and array, that is to say, a short gowne made of two yards +and three quarters of crymsyn clothe of gold, lined with two yards and +three quarters of blac velvet, a long gowne made of six yards of crymsyn +cloth of gold, lynned with six yards of green damask, a shorte gowne +made of two yards and three quarters of purpell velvet, &c.' Let nobody +tell me that these robes, this magnificence, these trappings for a +cavalcade, were for the use of a prisoner. Marvellous as the fact is, +there can be no doubt but the deposed young king walked, or it was +intended should walk, at his uncle's coronation[104]." + +HENRY VII. was crowned "both in form and substance" on Bosworth Field. +Grafton's remark is, "Lord Stanley took the crown of king Richard, which +was found amongst the spoyle in the field, and set it on the erle's +head--as though he had been _elected_ king by the voyce of the people, +as in auncient tymes past in divers realmes it hath been +accustomed[105]." This monarch, it is well known, endeavoured to +strengthen the substantial claims of conquest by those of marriage with +the daughter of Edward IV., and his own hereditary rights. To the +people, he seems to have promised a joint coronation with "dame +Elizabeth his wief," according to a "Little Devise" of his coronation at +Westminster, which has reached the present times. But in point of fact, +she did not appear there. Unwilling to lose the influence, Henry was +still more determined not to appear to rely on the importance, of his +matrimonial title: he did not, therefore, marry the heiress of the house +of York, until after his coronation, and delayed to invest her with the +diadem, until the 3d year of his reign. We have a fine description of +her coronation in Mr. Ives' Select Papers relating to English +Antiquities, to which we have already adverted. + +No English monarch ascended the throne under happier auspices, or with +more splendour, than HENRY VIII. "The ordre of the services" of this +"high and honourable coronation" is given at great length by Hall: in +which the disused custom of a progress through the metropolis +constitutes no small part of the pageantry. + +Katherine of Arragon appeared on this occasion, borne on a litter by two +white palfreys, "apparelled in white satyn embroudered, her heeire +hanging doune to her back of a very great length, bewtefull and goodly +to behold, and on her head a coronate set with many rich orient stones." +The entrance of the champion, and his challenge, are in the highest +style of feudal pomp, and in strict accordance with the old mode of +trial by combat. "The seconde course beyng served, in at the haule doore +entered a knight, armed at al poyntes, his bases rich tissue +embroudered, a great plume and a sumpteous of ostriche fethers on his +helmet, sittyng on a great courser trapped in tissue, and embroudered +with tharmes of England, and of Fraunce, and an herauld of armes before +him. And passyng through the halle, presented hymself with humble +reverence before the kynges majestie, to whom garter kyng of herauldes +cried and said, with a loude voyce, Sir knight, from whence come you, +and what is your pretence? This knight's name was Sir Robert Dimmocke, +champion to the kyng by tenure of his enheritaunce, who answered the +saied kyng of armes in effecte after this manner:--Sir, the place that I +come from is not materiall, nor the cause of my repaire hether is not +concernyng any matter of any place or countrey, but only this; and +therewithall commanded his heraulde to make an O yes: then saied the +knyght to the kyng of armes, Now shal ye here the cause of my commyng +and pretence. Then he commaunded his owne herauld by proclamacion to +saye: If there be any persone, of what estate or degree soever he be, +that wil saie or prove that King Henry the Eight is not the rightfull +enheritor and kyng of this realme, I, Sir Robert Dimmocke, here his +champion, offre my glove, to fight in his querrell with any persone to +the utteraunce." + +The coronation of Anne Boleyn was distinguished by the appearance of +"marvailous connyng pageauntes" in the city: all the Graces were seen on +Cornhill; the Muses hailed her approach "in Cheap;" and the Cardinal +Virtues (how are times changed!) paraded Fleet Street. At the banquet +the king took his station, incog. in a little closet made out of the +cloyster of St. Stephen's, on the right side of the hall. + +We are informed by Burnet, that at the coronation of EDWARD VI. the +office for that ceremony was revised and much shortened; there being +"some things that did not agree with" the existing "laws of the land, +as the promise made to the abbotts for maintaining their lands and +dignities;" and "for the tedious length of the same, which should weary +and be hurtsome, peradventure, to the king's majesty, being yet of +tender age, fully to endure and bide out[106]."--"The most material +thing in it," he adds, "is the first ceremony, whereby the king being +shewed to the people at the four corners of the stage, the archbishop +was to demand their consent to it; and yet in such terms as to +demonstrate he was no elective prince, for he being declared the +rightful and undoubted heir, both by the laws of God and man, they were +desired to give their good wills and assent to the same, as by their +duty and allegiance they were bound to do." Yet 'King Edward's Journal,' +preserved in the Appendix of this writer, says, "and it was asked of the +people whether they would have him _to be the king_? Who answered, yea, +yea." The young monarch did not, of course, understand the doctrine of +his own "legitimacy" so well as his loyal courtiers. + +MARY, our first queen regnant, was crowned at Westminster, Oct. 1, 1553, +by Gardiner, bishop of Winchester; the archbishops of Canterbury and +York being both involved in the rigorous persecution of the Protestants +which had now begun. In Cheapside the chamberlain of the city presented +her majesty with a purse containing a thousand marks of gold. It is +somewhat remarkable, that with all the personal fondness of Mary for her +husband, Philip of Spain, she should never have proposed his coronation, +in any form: it would have been quite as regular and constitutional, we +imagine, as that of a queen consort, and much more so than many of her +fruitless efforts to promote his influence and authority over her +subjects. + +Queen ELIZABETH, according to the usual custom, resorted to the Tower at +the death of her sister. Every part of her conduct, until finally +established in the most unbounded sway over the hearts of her people, is +from this moment interesting. On entering the Tower she is said to have +been immediately impressed with the important change that had taken +place in her condition since she was imprisoned in that fortress, and in +constant danger of her life. She went on her knees in gratitude to +Heaven, and spoke of her deliverance being as great as that of Daniel +from the lions' den: an "act of pious gratitude," says Hume, "which +seems to have been the last circumstance in which she remembered any +past hardships or injuries." Cautious and temperate as she was in the +restoration of Protestantism, the prelates almost entirely refused to +grant her episcopal consecration. At length, Oglethorpe, bishop of +Carlisle, was prevailed upon to officiate--but he was the only bishop +present. + +Whether the solemn presentation of the Bible to the sovereign, at his +coronation, was an improvement upon the pageant in which an English +Bible was presented to this princess during her progress through the +city (see p. 60), or at which of our Protestant coronations it was +introduced, we know not. It clearly is a Protestant and most +appropriate symbol of the royal duty, and of the best means of +performing it. + +In her first communication with her parliament, there is an allusion of +this princess to one part of the coronation ceremony, which we must not +omit to notice. The Commons, after granting a liberal subsidy, ventured +to recommend the queen to marry. In reply she told them, that as the +application was general, without presuming to direct her choice as to a +husband, she could not take offence at it; but that any further +interposition on their parts would have ill become them to make, or her +to bear: that even while she was a private person, and exposed to much +danger from the malice of her enemies, she had always declined that +engagement, as an encumbrance; much more at present must she persevere +in that sentiment, when the charge of a great kingdom was committed to +her, and her life ought to be devoted to its interests: that as +_England_ was her husband, wedded to her by this pledge (and here she +exhibited her finger with the CORONATION RING upon it), Englishmen were +her children; and while she was employed in rearing or governing such a +family, she could not deem herself barren, or her life useless and +unprofitable: that if she ever entertained thoughts of changing her +condition, the care of her subjects' welfare would be uppermost in her +thoughts; but should she live and die a virgin, she doubted not but +divine Providence, seconding their counsels and her own measures, would +be able to prevent all dispute with regard to the succession;--and that, +for her part, she desired no higher character or fairer remembrance of +her should be transmitted to posterity, than to have this inscription +engraved on her tombstone, "Here lies Elizabeth, who lived and died a +maiden queen!" + +The accession of JAMES I. to the throne was distinguished by nothing +remarkable connected with our subject, except the numerous creations of +peers and other titles. He is said, during the first six weeks after his +entrance into the kingdom, to have bestowed knighthood on 237 persons. +It was at this period that an advertisement was affixed to the door of +St. Paul's cathedral, offering to teach a new art of memory, to enable +the people to recollect the names of the additions to the nobility. + +There has been a recent publication of Sir Edward Walker's "Account of +the Preparations for the Coronation of King CHARLES II.;" but his +"minute detail" adds nothing important to the history of that splendid +ceremony, unless we so account the "double felicitie" of the prince and +people, "that as hee was the object of innumerable multitudes of his +subjects, so by no accident from Towre-Hill to his own palace, no one +suffered the least prejudice; and that the sunne shined gloriously all +that day and the next until after his coronation, not one drop of raine +falling in all that time, as very much had done at least ten dayes +before, and as many after those two great solemnityes[107]." + +Sandford, the "most dutiful author and collector" of the details of +JAMES II.'s coronation, has furnished the only complete text-book of +our subject. Mr. Taylor, and all subsequent writers, follow him +throughout the entire ritual of the church service, and in "every thing +relating to practice[108]." In an address to "the King," he speaks of +"the pomp, the dignity, and the many glorious circumstances which +accompany this matter and occasion," "being such as would _endanger the +tempting_ of another man to swell a dedication to the bulk of a +History;" and dilates upon "the boundless antiquity of the imperial +descent," with the splendour, "both in war and peace," of the kingly +progenitors of His Majesty--not forgetting the "_series of miracles_," +which he asserts to have been still following in that descent, and to +have been specially "wrought in favour of His Majesty's life and +government." "If I should presume to follow the impulse of my zeal," he +adds, "I should _enlarge_ myself upon this theme; but being conscious, +that it is as little my faculty as it is my province, and that long +importunities from a subject to his sovereign are neither good +discretion nor good manners; I will take care not to be needlessly +troublesome, by being over officiously thankful," &c. This is modest +enough for the introduction of a folio on the royal occupations of one +day. + +The book describes the preparations for the coronation, the +performances, and the subsequent claims arising out of the performances +of the day: but it is as stiff and stately throughout as in the +dedication. Omitting no one Christian name of a dowager peeress, nor of +any "individual person who went in the grand proceeding," nor even of +"such who _ought_ to have gone," it furnishes not a single personal +anecdote of the day, nothing that stirs our sympathies: the king is a +sort of demi-god, "most high, most mighty, and most excellent," and his +nobles a number of well ordered automata moving round him. They speak +all the day "out of a book held before" them. Nothing is heard, even at +dinner, but grace and defiance from the bishop and champion. + +Something human, however, appears in their appetites. In the Journal of +Preparations, we find His Majesty's pleasure declared in council, that +"a particular account" should be obtained "of the dinner kept in +Westminster Hall, at the coronation of His Majesty King Charles II., as +also that provided at the coronation of his royal father; together," +gentle reader, "with the whole _expense_ and charge of the said +dinners." And we accordingly find the feet and inches of the royal table +of Charles II. duly given; the courses of meat, hot and cold, and the +dishes in each course; as likewise the orders of the "_banquet_," served +in plate, on each of the tables of the Hall: that term (our future +commentators on Shakspeare must observe) being confined to the +"confections dried and wet, with fruit of the season." In another minute +of council is a recommendation that there "be provided a magnificent +table for their Majesties in the nature of an ambigue; but with two +courses, in regard to the ceremonies that are to be performed at the +second course." On turning to our books to understand _this_ method of +good living, we were somewhat startled to find the following +contradictory recommendation, quoted by Johnson, from an old Art of +Cookery:-- + + When _straitened_ in your time, and servants _few_, + You'd richly then compose an ambigue, + Where first and second course, and your desert, + All in _one single_ table have their part. + +St. George's day, in 1684-5, was happily chosen for the ceremony; and a +letter of summons, which seems to constitute the actual right of +appearing at a coronation, was ordered to be drawn up by the Earl of +Sunderland. This document, the form of which continues to be followed, +runs thus:-- + + "JAMES R. + + "Right trusty and well-beloved cousin, we greet you well. Whereas we + have appointed the 23d day of April next for the solemnity of our + royal coronation. These are, therefore, to will and command you, all + excuses set apart, that you make your personal attendance on us, at + the time above mentioned, furnished and appointed, as to your rank + and quality appertaineth, there to do and perform such services as + shall be required and belonging to you. And whereas we have also + resolved, that the coronation of our Royal Consort the Queen shall + be solemnized on the same day; we do further require the [Countess] + your wife to make her personal attendance on our said Royal Consort, + at the time, and in the manner aforesaid: whereof you and she are + not to fail. And so we bid you heartily farewell. Given at our Court + at Whitehall, the 21st day of March, in the first year of our reign, + 1684-5." + +In the "Explanation of the Sacred and Royal Habits, and other Ornaments, +wherewith the King was invested," Sandford mentions a tablet which hung +to the royal chair, and on which were "written, in the Old English +letter, these verses"-- + + Si quid habent veri vel chronica cana fidesve, + Clauditur hac cathedra nobilis ecce lapis, + Ad caput eximus Jacob quondam patriarcha + Quem posuit cernens numina mira poli: + Quem tulit ex Scotis spolians quasi victor honoristhan + Edwardus Primus, Mars velut armipotens, + Scotorum domitor, notis validissimus Hector, + Anglorum decus, et gloria militiae. + +This must, therefore, have been destroyed since King James's coronation, +for it is now lost. There is but one objection to ascribing the verses, +with Mr. Taylor, to Edward the First's reign--would he have written +"Edwardus _Primus_?" + +The queen's crown of state, or that worn on her return from Westminster +Hall, seems to have been the most valuable part of the regalia of that +day. It is regularly set forth, in its component pearls and diamonds, as +of "value 111,900_l._" (an immense sum at that period), and weighing +only eighteen ounces ten pennyweights. + +King James and his Queen slept at St. James's Palace on the vigil of St. +George, "for the greater convenience of performing their devotions," +&c.; and joined the peers and other dignitaries at the Palace of +Westminster, by "half an hour after ten." Here the latter were +marshalled according to their respective classes, _four_ in a rank; +placing the youngest on the left, pursuant to what had been before +resolved on by his majesty in council, for "the greater glory of the +solemnity:" and "note," says our accurate chronicler, "that at _all_ +former coronations the classes proceeded only by two abreast." The king +and queen entered Westminster Hall at half past eleven o'clock +precisely; when the dean of Westminster "having, early in the morning, +with the assistance of the prebendaries, consecrated the holy oil for +their majesties' anointing," (in what manner we are not informed), +presented the regalia to the king. Then the queen's regalia were placed +before her; and the several noblemen and gentlemen who were to bear the +different symbols of royalty to the Abbey were summoned to receive them; +the whole procession being ready to move forward exactly at _noon_. + +Now came the stately pomp of England's royalty and nobility "through the +New Palace Yard into King Street, and so through the Great Sanctuary +unto the west door of the collegiate church of St. Peter," as depicted +by Sandford in "nineteen sculptures following," or, as modern +book-manufacturers would say, in thirty-eight well-executed folio +plates, which give the exact appearance of "each degree and order of +person in the same," and really form an admirable memorial of such a +procession. + +The twelve principal ceremonies assigned by this writer to the Abbey are +the same in substance with the modern observances. It is noticed by Mr. +Taylor that Sandford is the author who _first_ terms the presentation of +the monarch to the people, and their reply, "the recognition." + +The king sat down in St. Edward's chair; and the archbishop, assisted by +the dean of Westminster, "reverently put the crown on the king's head" +at three of the clock precisely. The queen, having been first anointed +on her head and breast, was now crowned and enthroned, and the +procession returned to the Hall at "five of the clock." + +The first course of the "ambigue" appears to have consisted of +"ninety-nine dishes of the most excellent and choicest of all sorts of +cold meats, both flesh and fish, excellently well dressed, and ordered +all manner of ways;" and the whole feast of 1445 dishes, of the placing +of which we have a numbered scheme (a folio plate), and catalogues +corresponding. Could this _provoking_ volume present its viands to some +of our other senses in equal perfection with that in which "the first +course of hot meat served up to their majesties' table" meets the eye, +it were more reasonable to detain the reader over this part of the work; +but, at the late hour of the morning at which we write this, it is too +much to dwell on the "cocks' combs," and "petty-toes" and +"turkeys-a-la-royale," and "partridges by the dozen," with which it +abounds. + +The appearance of the champion and the challenge were exactly according +to modern usage. + +Sandford concludes with an abstract of the record of the Court of +Claims, giving both those which were admitted and those which were +rejected. The following is a form of judgment respecting the office of +lord great chamberlain:-- + + "Quarum quidem petitionum consideratione matura habita, eo quod idem + Comes de Lyndsey modo existit in possessione et executione officii + praedicti, et quod Robertus non ita pridem Carolum Primum faelicissimae + memoriae, tunc Regem Angliae, de advisamento Dominorum in Parliamento; + quod quidem officium Montague nuper Comes Lyndsey pater ejus, cujus + haeres ipse est executus est in coronatione Caroli Secundi nuper + Regis Angliae. Ideo consideratum est per commissionarios praedictos + quod clameum praedicti Comitis de Lyndsey ad officium praedictum eidem + Comiti de Lyndsey allocetur, exercendum praedicto die Coronationis; + et quod clameum praedicti Comitis Derbiae non allocetur; sed quoad + feoda et vadia per dictum Comitem de Lyndsey clamata, clameum ejus + quoad poculum de Assay non allocatur, eo quod non constabat + praedictis commissionariis Magnum Angliae Camerarium dictum poculum + aliqua precedenti coronatione habuisse. Sed quod alia clamea + praedicta eidem Comiti de Lyndsey allocantur. + + "Et postea et ante coronationem praedietam dicta quadraginta Virgatae + Velveti eidem Comiti deliberatae fuere: et pro reliquis feodis + praedictis compositio facta est cum praedicto Comiti, pro ducentis + libris sterlingorum, et praedictus Comes de Lyndsey officium Magni + Camerarii Angliae in die Coronationis adimplevit." + +And thus the reader has a summary of the contents of this important +work. + +James II. boasts, in his Memoirs, of having saved the country 60,000_l._ +by the omission (for the first time) of the royal procession through the +city, at his coronation. + +The coronation of WILLIAM and MARY presented the singular feature of a +joint sovereignty over these realms, conferred by public consent. The +only alteration this made in the ceremonial was, that another symbol of +sovereign power, the orb, was required, and presented in due form to +the queen as well as to the king. The new-modelling of the coronation +oath, at this period, we have before noticed[109]. + +It is certainly remarkable that neither of our married queens regnant, +MARY or ANNE, should have obtained the coronation of their husbands: in +neither case was conjugal influence wanted; but the superior force of +the people's jealousy of foreign sway was, perhaps, wisely deferred to: +in neither reign were other subjects of strife wanted between the crown +and the people. + +The princes of the illustrious House now seated on the throne have +affected no novelties in their coronation ceremonies--except, perhaps, +that they have endeavoured to simplify and abridge them. GEORGE I. +ascended the throne at the age of fifty-five, and was crowned at +Westminster, on the 20th of October, 1714. His consort, the Princess +Sophia Dorothy of Zell, having fallen under his displeasure for alleged +infidelity to her marriage vows, and having been, it is said, divorced +from him by the Hanoverian law, was never brought into this country; and +never, therefore, acknowledged Queen of England. GEORGE II. was crowned +with his consort, at Westminster, on the 11th day of October, 1727. + +Our late beloved monarch had the happiness of exhibiting to his people +the splendid spectacles of his marriage and coronation within the same +month of September, 1761. On the 8th of July, in that year, the king +first announced to the privy council his intention of demanding in +marriage the Princess Charlotte of Mecklenberg, sister of the reigning +Duke Adolphus IV., and on the same day signed a proclamation for the +assembling of the Court of Claims, and for his own coronation. The +queen, being detained by contrary winds, did not arrive in this country +until the 6th of September; on the 8th the nuptial ceremony was +performed; on the 11th a second proclamation directed that her majesty +should be united with her royal consort in the pending coronation +ceremonies. These so far varied from that august ceremonial which has +recently occupied the public attention, as the presence of a queen +consort in the procession to the Abbey, and at the royal feast; her +personal attendants; and the body of the peeresses, may be thought to +give additional interest and splendour to the scene. The queen entered +Westminster Hall the same hour as his majesty, and occupied a chair of +state at his left hand, while the regalia were presented by the Dean of +Westminster and his attendants. In the procession to the Abbey her +majesty's vice-chamberlain took his place immediately following the +gentlemen who personated the Dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy, and was +succeeded by the other part of the queen's state in the following +order:-- + +The Queen's Vice-Chamberlain, (Lord Viscount Cantalupe,) + +Two Gentlemen Ushers. + + The Ivory Rod with |The Queen's Lord |The Sceptre with the + the Dove, borne by the |Chamberlain, (Duke |Cross, borne by the + Earl of Northampton, |of Manchester,) |Duke of Rutland, + in his robes of estate. |in his robes, with his |in his robes of estate. + |coronet and staff in his| + |hands. | + + + Two Serjeants at { The Queen's Crown, borne by } Two Serjeants at + Arms, { the Duke of Bolton, } Arms, + with their gilt collars { in his robes of estate. } with their gilt collars + and maces. { } and maces. + + + G | | G + e |A Baron of +--------------+---------------+--------------+A Baron of | e + n |the Cinque-Ports,|Dr. | |Dr. |the Cinque-Ports,| n + t |supporting the |Thomas | THE |John |supporting the | t + l |Canopy. |Hayter, | QUEEN, |Thomas, |Canopy. | l + e | |Lord | |Lord | | e + m | |Bishop of |in her Royal |Bishop of | | m + e | |Norwich, |Robes of |Lincoln, | | e + n | |in his Rochet,|Crimson Velvet;|in his Rochet,| | n + | |supporter |on her |supporter | | + P |A Baron, do. |to the Queen. |head a circlet |to the Queen. |A Baron, do. | P + e | +--------------+ +--------------+ | e + n |A Baron, do. | of Gold, adorned with |A Baron, do. | n + s | | | | s + i | | Jewels; going under | | i + o | | | | o + n |A Baron, do. | a Canopy of |A Baron, do. | n + e | | | | e + r | | Cloth of Gold: her Train | | r + s | | | | s + , |A Baron, do. | borne by Her Royal |A Baron, do. | , + | | | | + c | | Highness the | | c + a | | | | a + r |A Baron, do. | Princess Augusta, |A Baron, do. | r + r | | | | r + y | | in her Robes of | | y + i | | | | i + n |A Baron, do. | Estate, assisted by |A Baron, do. | n + g | | | | g + | | Six Earls' daughters. | | + t | | | | t + h |A Baron of |Lady Jane Steuart. | Ldy. Mary Douglas |A Baron of | h + e |the Cinque-Ports,|Lady Elizabeth | Lady Heneage |the Cinque-Ports | e + i |supporting the | Montague. | Finch. |supporting the | i + r |Canopy. |Lady Mary Grey. | L. Selina Hastings. |Canopy. | r + | +---------------------+-----------------------+ | + g | | g + i | THE PRINCESS AUGUSTA, | i + l | | l + t | her coronet borne by the Marquess of Carnarvon. | t + | | + A | Duchess of Ancaster, Mistress of the Robes. | A + x | | x + e | Two Women of Her Majesty's Bed-Chamber. | e + s | | s + . | | . + +The peeresses preceded their respective lords--each rank of the peerage +being classed together; that is, the baronesses preceding the barons, +the viscountesses the viscounts, and so forth. In the Abbey the queen +first ascended the theatre, and stood opposite her chair until the king +was seated. His majesty was then anointed and crowned: when the order +for the queen's coronation prescribed as follows:-- + +The anthem being ended, the Archbishop of Canterbury goes to the altar; +and the queen arising from her chair on the south side of the area where +she sat during the time the king was anointed and crowned, being +supported by two bishops, goes towards the altar, attended by the ladies +who bear her train, the ladies of the bedchamber, &c., and kneels before +it; when the archbishop, being at the north side of the altar, says the +following prayer:-- + + (_Omnipotens sempiterne Deus._) + + Almighty and everlasting God, the fountain of all goodness, give + ear, we beseech thee, to our prayers, and multiply thy blessings + upon this thy servant, whom in thy name, with all humble devotion, + we consecrate our queen. Defend her always with thy mighty hand, + protect her on every side, that she may be able to overcome all her + enemies; and that with Sarah and Rebecca, Leah and Rachel, and all + other blessed and honourable women, she may multiply and rejoice in + the fruit of her womb, to the honour of the kingdom and the good + government of thy church, through Christ our Lord, who vouchsafed to + be born of a virgin that he might redeem the world, who liveth and + reigneth with thee, in unity of the Holy Ghost, world without end. + +This being done, the queen arises and goes to the faldstool, between +king Edward's chair and the steps of the altar, where the groom of the +stole to her majesty, and the ladies of the bedchamber, take off her +circle or coronet. Then the queen kneels down, and the archbishop pours +the holy oil on the crown of her head, in form of a cross, saying these +words:--"In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, let the +anointing of this oil increase thine honour, and the grace of God's Holy +Spirit establish thee for ever and ever. Amen."--The ladies then open +her apparel for the anointing on the breast, which the archbishop also +performs, using the same words. After which, he says this prayer: + + (_Omnipotens sempiterne Deus._) + + Almighty and everlasting God, we beseech thee of thy abundant + goodness poor out the spirit of thy grace and blessing upon this thy + servant queen----; that as by the imposition of our hands she is + this day crowned queen, so she may, by thy sanctification, continue + always thy chosen servant, through Christ our Lord. + +One of the ladies in attendance (having first dried the place anointed +with fine cotton wool) then closes the queen's robes at her breast, and +after puts a linen coif upon her head; which being done, the archbishop +puts the ring (which he receives from the master of the jewel-house) on +the fourth finger of her right hand, saying, + + Receive this ring, the seal of a sincere faith, that you may avoid + all infection of heresy, and by the power of God compel barbarous + nations, and bring them to the knowledge of the truth. + +His grace then takes the crown from off the altar, and reverently sets +it upon the queen's head, saying, + + Receive the crown of glory, honour, and joy; and God, the crown of + the faithful, who by our episcopal hands, though most unworthy, hath + this day set a crown of pure gold upon thy head, enrich you with + wisdom and virtue, that after this life you may meet the everlasting + Bridegroom our Lord Jesus Christ, who, with the Father and the Holy + Ghost, liveth and reigneth for ever and ever. Amen. + +The queen being crowned, all the peeresses put on their coronets; the +archbishop then puts the sceptre into her majesty's right hand, and the +ivory rod into her left, and says the following prayer: + + (_Omnium Domine, fons bonorum._) + + O Lord, the fountain of all good things, and the giver of all + perfection, grant unto this thy servant ------ our queen, that she + may order aright the high dignity she hath obtained, and with good + works establish the glory thou hast given her, through Christ our + Lord. Amen. + +The queen being thus anointed and crowned, and having received all her +royal ornaments, the choirs sing an anthem, commonly from Psalm xlv. +ver. 1, "My heart is inditing of a good matter," &c. As soon as this is +begun, the queen rises from her faldstool, and, being supported by the +two bishops, and attended as before, goes up to the theatre: as she +approaches the king, she bows herself reverently to his majesty sitting +upon his throne; and so is conducted to her own throne on the left hand +of the king, where she reposes till the anthem is ended. + +The dignity of the monarch, as well as his humility on this august +occasion, have been celebrated by the late Bishop Newton. "The king's +whole behaviour at the coronation," he says, "was justly admired and +commended by every one, and particularly his manner of seating himself +on the throne after his coronation. No actor in the character of +Pyrrhus, in the Distressed Mother,--not even Booth himself, who was +celebrated for it in the Spectator[110],--ever ascended the throne with +so much grace and dignity. There was another particular which those only +could observe who sat near the Communion-Table, as did the prebendaries +of Westminster. When the king approached the communion-table, in order +to receive the sacrament, he inquired of the archbishop, Whether he +should not lay aside his crown? The archbishop asked the Bishop of +Rochester, but neither of them knew, nor could say, what had been the +usual form. The king determined within himself that humility best became +such a solemn act of devotion, and took off the crown, and laid it +aside during the administration." + +That one of the last of the unfortunate race of the Stuarts, Prince +Charles, was in London, if not present at the coronation feast, on this +occasion, seems to be a fact pretty well established. The Gentleman's +Magazine, 1764, (p. 28,) speaks of it as "publicly said, That the young +Pretender himself came from Flanders to see the coronation; that he was +in Westminster Hall (?) during the ceremony, and in London two or three +days before and after it, under the name of Mr. Brown." And Mr. Hume +thus writes to one of his literary friends:--"What will surprise you +more, Lord Marshal, a few days after the coronation of the present king, +told me, that he believed the young Pretender was at that time in +London, or, at least, had been so very lately, and had come over to see +the show of the coronation, and had actually seen it. I asked my lord +the reason for this strange fact. 'Why,' says he, 'a gentleman told me +so who saw him there, and whispered in his ear--'Your royal highness is +the last of all mortals whom I should expect to see here.'--'It was +curiosity that led me,' said the other: 'but I assure you,' added he, +'that the person who is the cause of all this pomp and magnificence, is +the man I envy the least.'" A report recently found its way to the +public papers, which we have not been able to trace to any authentic +source, that a glove was actually thrown from an upper seat in the Hall, +as a gage to the king's champion, at this period: that the champion +receiving it from his attendants, asked, 'who was his fair foe?' and +that the rumour of the day soon connected it with the appearance, and +attributed it to the romantic dispositions of the young Chevalier. + +Of the late coronation we shall at once consult the best feelings of our +own mind, and of the community, by presenting the most copious account +we have been able to collect:-- + + + CORONATION + + of + + His Most Excellent Majesty + + KING GEORGE IV., + + _On Thursday the 19th day of July, 1821._ + + ARRANGEMENT FOR THE ASSEMBLING OF THE + PEERS AND OFFICERS. + + {Their R. H. the Dukes of + { the Blood Royal, in their + { robes of estate, having + { their coronets, and the + { Field Marshals their batons, + { in their hands. + {The Peers in their robes of + { estate, having their coronets + { in their hands. + _They were to assemble in {His R. H. Prince Leopold, + the House of Lords_ { in the full habit of the + { Order of the Garter, having + { his cap and feathers + { in his hand. + {The Archbishops and Bishops, + { vested in their + { rochets, having their + { square caps in their + { hands. + + _In his place near the Bar_ {The Gentleman Usher of + { the Black Rod. + + _In the space below the Bar {The Train-bearers of the + of the House of Lords_ { Princes of the Blood + { Royal. + + {The Attendants on the Lord + { High Steward, on the + { Lord Chancellor, the Lord + _In the space below the Bar_ { High Constable, and on + _of the House of Lords_ { the Lord Chamberlain + { of the Household. + {The Gentlemen Ushers of the + { White and Green Rods, + { all in their proper habits. + + {The Lord Chief Justice of + { the King's Bench. + {The Master of the Rolls. + {The Vice-Chancellor. + {The Lord Chief Justice of + { the Common Pleas. + {The Lord Chief Baron. + {The Barons of the Exchequer, + { and Justices of both + _In the Painted Chamber_ { Benches. + _and adjacent rooms, near_ {The Gentlemen of the Privy + _the House of Lords_ { Chamber. + {The Attorney and Solicitor + { General. + {Serjeants at Law. + {Masters in Chancery. + {The Lord Mayor, Aldermen, + { Recorder, & Sheriffs + { of London. + {King's Chaplains, having + { dignities. + {Six Clerks in Chancery. + + {The Knights Grand Crosses + { of the Order of the Bath, + _In the Chamber formerly_ { in the full habit of the + _the House of Lords_ { Order, wearing their collars; + { their caps and feathers + { in their hands. + + {The Knights Commanders + { of the said Order, in + { their full habits; their + { caps and feathers in their + _In the Chamber formerly { hands. + the House of Lords_ {The Officers of the said + { Order, in their mantles, + { chains, and badges. + + {The Treasurer and Comptroller + { of the Household. + {The Vice-Chamberlain. + {The Marquis of Londonderry, + { in the full habit of + _In the Chamber formerly { the Garter, having his + called the Prince's Chamber { cap and feathers in his + or Robing Room, near { hand. + the former House of {The Register of the said + Lords_ { Order, in his mantle, + { with his book. + {Privy Councillors, not + { being Peers or Knights + { Grand Crosses of the + { Bath. + { Clerks of the Council in + { Ordinary. + + _In his Majesty's Robing {The Train-bearers of his + Chamber, near the south { Majesty. + entrance into Westminster {Master of the Robes. + Hall_ {Groom of the Robes. + + {Lords and Grooms of the + { Bedchamber. + _In the room of Chairman of {Keeper of the Privy Purse. + Committees, adjoining the {Equerries and Pages of + House of Lords_ { Honour. + {Gentlemen Ushers & Aides-de-Camp. + + _In the Witness-room, adjoining {Physicians, Surgeons, and + the House of Lords_ { Apothecaries. + + {Officers of the Band of Gentlemen + { Pensioners, with + { their Corps, and the Serjeants + _In the House of Commons { at Arms. + and the Lobbies_ {The Officers of the Yeomen + { of the Guard, with their + { Corps. + + _In the Lobby between the {The Kings, Heralds, and + House of Lords and the { Pursuivants of Arms. + Painted Chamber_ + + _In Westminster Hall, at the {Sixteen Barons of the + lower end, near the great { Cinque Ports. + north door_ + + _In Westminster Hall, near {The Knight Marshall and + the north door_ { his two Officers. + + _In Westminster Hall, at the {His Majesty's Band. + lower end_ + + _Without the north door of {All who are to precede the + Westminster Hall_ { Knight Marshal in the + { procession. + + + * * * * * + +His Majesty was, during these preliminary arrangements, in his chamber, +near the south entrance into Westminster Hall. + +The peers were then called over in the House of Lords by deputy Garter; +and proceeded to the Hall, where the other persons appointed to walk in +the procession had been previously marshalled on the right and left by +the officers of arms; leaving an open passage in the middle, so that +the procession with the regalia might pass uninterruptedly up the Hall. + +His Majesty, preceded by the great officers of state, entered the Hall a +few minutes after ten, and took his seat in the chair of state at the +table, when a gun was fired. The deputy lord great chamberlain, the lord +high constable, and the deputy earl marshal, ascended the steps, and +placed themselves at the outer side of the table. + +The lord high steward, the great officers, deputy Garter, and black rod, +arranged themselves near the chair of state; the royal train-bearers on +each side of the throne. + +The lord chamberlain, assisted by officers of the Jewel-office, then +brought the sword of state to the lord high constable, who delivered it +to the deputy lord great chamberlain, by whom it was laid upon the +table; then Curtana, or the sword of mercy, with the two swords of +justice, being in like manner presented, were drawn from their scabbards +by the deputy lord great chamberlain, and laid on the table before his +Majesty; after which the gold spurs were delivered, and also placed on +the table. Immediately after, a procession, consisting of the dean and +prebendaries of Westminster, in their surplices and rich copes, +proceeded up the Hall, from the lower end thereof, in manner +following:-- + + _Procession with, and Delivery of, the Regalia._ + + Serjeant of the Vestry, in a scarlet mantle. + + Children of the King's Chapel, in scarlet mantles, four abreast. + + Children of the Choir of Westminster, in surplices, four abreast. + + Gentlemen of the King's Chapel, in scarlet mantles, four abreast. + + Choir of Westminster, in surplices, four abreast. + + Sub-Dean of the Chapel Royal. + + Two Pursuivants of Arms. + + Two Heralds. + + The two provincial Kings of Arms. + + The Dean of Westminster, carrying St. Edward's Crown on a cushion + of cloth of gold. + + First Prebendary of Westminster, carrying the Orb. + + Second Prebendary, carrying the Sceptre with the Dove. + + Third Prebendary, carrying the Sceptre with the Cross. + + Fourth Prebendary, carrying St. Edward's Staff. + + Fifth Prebendary, carrying the Chalice and Patina. + + Sixth Prebendary, carrying the Bible. + +In this procession they made their reverences, first at the lower end +of the Hall, secondly about the middle, where both the Choirs opening to +the right and left a passage, through which the officers of arms passing +opened likewise on each side, the seniors placing themselves nearest +towards the steps: then the dean and prebendaries having come to the +front of the steps, made their third reverence. This being done, the +dean and prebendaries being come to the foot of the steps, deputy Garter +preceding them (he having waited their coming there), ascended the +steps, and approaching near the table before the King, made their last +reverence. The dean then presented the crown to the lord high constable, +who delivered it to the deputy lord great chamberlain, and it was by him +placed on the table before the King. The rest of the regalia was +severally delivered by each prebendary, on his knee, to the dean, by him +to the lord high constable, by him to the deputy lord great chamberlain, +and by him laid on the table. The regalia being thus delivered, the +prebendaries and dean returned to the middle of the hall. His Majesty +having commanded deputy Garter to summon the noblemen and bishops who +were to bear the regalia, the deputy lord great chamberlain, then taking +up the several swords, sceptres, the orb, and crown, placed them in the +hands of those by whom they were to be carried. + + I. St. Edward's staff, by the Marquess of Salisbury. + II. The spurs, by Lord Calthorpe, as deputy to the Baroness Grey de + Ruthyn. + III. The sceptre with the cross, by the Marquess Wellesley. + IV. The pointed sword of temporal justice, by the Earl of Galloway. + V. The pointed sword of spiritual justice, by the Duke of Northumberland. + VI. Curtana, or sword of mercy, by the Duke of Newcastle. + VII. The sword of state, by the Duke of Dorset. + VIII. The sceptre with the dove, by the Duke of Rutland. + IX. The orb, by the Duke of Devonshire. + X. St. Edward's crown, by the Marquess of Anglesey, as lord high steward. + XI. The patina, by the Bishop of Gloucester. + XII. The chalice, by the Bishop of Chester. + XIII. The Bible, by the Bishop of Ely. + +The two bishops who are to support his Majesty were then summoned by +deputy Garter, and, ascending the steps, placed themselves on each side +of the king. + + +PROCESSION TO THE ABBEY. + +The second gun was then fired, and the procession moved upon the blue +cloth spread on the platform from the throne in Westminster Hall to the +great steps in the Abbey church; the following anthem, "O Lord, grant +the king a long life," &c. being sung in parts, in succession, with his +Majesty's band playing, the sounding of trumpets, and the beating of +drums, until the arrival in the Abbey. + + + Order. + + The King's Herb-woman with her six Maids, + strewing the way with herbs. + + Messenger of the College of Arms, in a scarlet cloak, + with the arms of the College embroidered + on the left shoulder. + + The Dean's Beadle of Westminster, with his staff. + + The High Constable of Westminster, with his staff, in a + scarlet cloak. + + Two Household Fifes with banners of velvet fringed with + gold, and five Household Drummers in royal + livery, drum-covers of crimson velvet, + laced and fringed with gold. + + The Drum-Major, in a rich livery, and a crimson scarf + fringed with gold. + + Eight Trumpets in rich liveries: banners of crimson + damask embroidered and fringed with gold, to + the silver trumpets. + + Kettle-Drums, drum-covers of crimson damask, embroidered + and fringed with gold. + + Eight Trumpets in liveries, as before. + + Serjeant Trumpeter, with his mace. + + The Knight Marshal, attended by his Officers. + + The Six Clerks in Chancery. + + The King's Chaplains having dignities. + + The Sheriffs of London. + + The Aldermen and Recorder of London. + + Masters in Chancery. + + The King's Serjeants at Law. + + The King's Ancient Serjeant. + + The King's Solicitor Gen. The King's Attorney Gen. + + Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber. + + Serj. of the Vestry of the Chapel Royal. Serj. Porter. + + Children of the Choir of Westminster, in surplices. + + Children of the Chapel Royal, in surplices, with scarlet + mantles over them. + + Choir of Westminster, in surplices. + + Gentlemen of the Chapel Royal, in scarlet mantles. + + Sub-Dean of the Chapel Royal, in a scarlet gown. + + Prebendaries of Westminster, in surplices and rich copes. + + The Dean of Westminster, in a surplice and rich cope. + + Pursuivants of Scotland and Ireland, in their tabards. + + His Majesty's Band. + + Officers attendant on the Knights Commanders of the + Bath, in their mantles, chains and badges. + + Knights Grand Crosses of the Bath (not Peers), in the + full habit of their order, caps in their hands. + + A Pursuivant of Arms, in his tabard. + + Barons of the Exchequer and Justices of both benches. + + The Lord Chief Baron The Lord Chief Justice + of the Exchequer. of the Common Pleas. + + The Vice Chancellor. The Master of the Rolls. + + The Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench. + + The Clerks of the Council in Ordinary. + + Privy Counsellors, not Peers. + + Register of the Order of the Garter. + + Knights of the Garter (not Peers), in the full habit and + collar of the order, caps in their hands. + + His Majesty's Vice Chamberlain. + + Comptroller of His Treasurer of His Majesty's + Majesty's Household, bearing the crimson + Household. bag with the medals. + + A Pursuivant of Arms, in his tabard. + + Heralds of Scotland and Ireland, in their tabards and + collars of SS. + + The Standard of Hanover, borne by the Earl of Mayo. + + Barons, in their robes of estate, their coronets + in their hands. + + A Herald, in his tabard and collar of SS. + + The Standard of Ireland, The Standard of Scotland, + borne by borne by the + Lord Beresford. Earl of Lauderdale. + + The Bishops of England and Ireland, in their rochets, + with their caps in their hands. + + Two Heralds, in their tabards and collars of SS. + + Viscounts, in their robes of estate, their + coronets in their hands. + + Two Heralds, in their tabards and collars of SS. + + The Standard of England, borne by Lord Hill. + + Earls, in their robes of estate, their coronets in their hand. + + Two Heralds, in their tabards and collars of SS. + + The Union Standard, borne by Earl Harcourt. + + Marquesses, in their robes of estate, their + coronets in their hands. + + The Lord Chamberlain of His Majesty's Household, in his + robes of estate, his coronet in his hand, attended by + an officer of the Jewel-Office in a scarlet mantle, + with a crown embroidered on his left + shoulder, bearing a cushion, on which + are placed the ruby ring and the + sword to be girt about + the King. + + The Lord Steward of His Majesty's Household, in his + robes of estate, his coronet in his hand. + + The Royal Standard, borne by the Earl of Harrington. + + King of Arms of Gloucester King Hanover King + the Order of of Arms, in his of Arms in his + St. Michael and tabard, crown tabard, crown + St. George, in his in his hand. in his hand. + tabard, crown + in his hand. + + Dukes, in their robes of estate, their coronets in their + hands. + + Ulster King of Clarenceux King of Norroy King of + Arms, in his Arms, in his Arms, in his + tabard, crown tabard, crown tabard, crown + in his hand. in his hand. in his hand. + + The Lord Privy Seal, in The Lord President of the + his robes of estate, Council, in his robes of + coronet in his hand. estate, coronet in his hand. + + Archbishops of Ireland. + + The Archbishop of York, in his rochet, + cap in his hand. + + The Lord High Chancellor, in his robes of estate, with his + coronet in his hand, bearing his purse, and attended + by his Pursebearer. + + The Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, in his rochet, + cap in his hand. + + Two Serjeants at Arms. + + + THE REGALIA. + + St. Edward's Staff, The Gold Spurs, The Sceptre with + borne by the borne by the the Cross, + Marquess of Salisbury. Lord Calthorpe. borne by the + Marquess Wellesley. + + The third Sword, Curtana, borne by The second Sword, + borne by the the Duke of borne by the + Earl of Galloway. Newcastle. Duke of Northumberland. + + Two Serjeants at Arms. + + Usher of the Green Rod. Usher of the White Rod. + + The The Garter Principal Gentleman + Lord Mayor Lord Lyon of King Usher of the + of London, Scotland, in of Arms, in Black Rod, + in his gown, his tabard, his tabard, bearing his + collar, and carrying his bearing his rod. + jewel, bearing crown and crown and + the City sceptre. sceptre. + mace. + + The Deputy Lord Great Chamberlain of England, in his + robes of estate, his coronet and his white staff in his + hand. + + His Royal Highness the Prince Leopold, in the full habit + of the Order of the Garter, carrying in his right hand + his baton as Field Marshal, and, in his left, his cap and + feathers; his train borne by a Page. + + His Royal Highness the Duke of Gloucester, in his robes + of estate, carrying, in his right hand, his baton as + Field Marshal, and in his left his coronet; his train + borne by a Page. + + His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, in his robes + of estate, carrying, in his right hand, his baton as Field + Marshal, and his coronet in his left; and his train + borne by a Page. + + His Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex, in his robes of + estate, with his coronet in his hand, and his train + borne by a Page. + + His Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence, in his robes + of estate, with his coronet in his hand, and his train + borne by a Page. + + His Royal Highness the Duke of York, in his robes of + estate, carrying, in his right hand, his baton as Field + Marshal, and his coronet in his left, and his train + borne by a Page. + + The High Constable of Ireland The High Constable of Scotland, + in his robes, coronet in his robes, coronet + in his hand, with his in his hand, with his staff. + staff. + + Two Serjeants at Arms. + + The Deputy Earl The Sword The Lord High Constable + Marshal of State, of England, in his + with his staff. borne by robes, his coronet in + the Duke of his hand, with his staff; + Dorset. attended by a Page + carrying his baton of + Field Marshal. + + Two Serjeants at Arms. + + The Sceptre St. Edward's The Orb, + with the Crown, carried by + Dove, carried by the Duke + carried by the Lord High of Devonshire. + A Gentleman the Duke Steward in A Gentleman + carrying the of Rutland. his robes. carrying the + Staff of the Coronet of the + Lord High The Patina, The Bible, The Chalice, Lord High + Steward. borne by borne by borne by Steward. + the Bishop the Bishop the Bishop + of Gloucester. of Ely. of Chester. + + + THE KING. + + Supporter: In the Royal Robes, Supporter: + Lord wearing a cap Lord + Bishop of of estate, adorned Bishop of + Oxford, with jewels, Lincoln + for the under a canopy for the + Lord of cloth of gold, Lord + Twenty Bishop of borne by Sixteen Bishop of Twenty + Gentlemen Bath and Barons of the Durham. gentlemen + Pensioners, Wells. Cinque Ports. pensioners, + with the His Majesty's train with the + Standard borne by Eight Lieutenant. + Bearer. Eldest Sons of Peers, + assisted by the + Master of the Robes, + and followed by the + Groom of the Robes. + + Captain of the Gold Stick of the Captain of the + Yeomen of Life Guards in Band of + the Guard, in his Waiting, in his Gentlemen + robes of estate; robes; Pensioners, in + coronet in his coronet in his his robes + hand. hand. of estate; + coronet in his + hand. + + Lords of the Bedchamber. + + The Keeper of His Majesty's Privy Purse. + + Grooms of the King's Bedchamber. + + Equerries and Pages of Honour. + + Aides-de-Camp. + + Gentlemen Ushers. + + Physicians, Surgeons, Apothecaries. + + Ensign of the Yeomen of Lieutenant of the Yeomen + the Guard. of the Guard. + + His Majesty's Pages in full State Liveries. + + His Majesty's Footmen in full State Liveries. + + Exons of the Yeomen Yeomen of Exons of the Yeomen + of the Guard. the Guard. of the Guard. + + Gentleman Harbinger of the Band of Gentlemen + Pensioners. + + Clerk of the Cheque Clerk of the Cheque to + to the Yeomen of the Guard. the Gentlemen Pensioners. + + Yeomen of the Guard, to close the Procession. + +On the arrival of the procession at the Abbey, the Herb-woman and her +Maids, and the Serjeant-Porter, remained at the entrance within the +great west door. + + +ENTRANCE INTO WESTMINSTER ABBEY. + +The King entered the west door of the Abbey church at eleven o'clock, +and was received with the undermentioned anthem, which was sung by the +choir of Westminster, who, with the dean and prebendaries, quitted the +procession a little before, and went to the left side of the middle +aisle, and remained there till his Majesty arrived, and then followed in +the procession next to the regalia. + +ANTHEM I. + + Psalm cxxii. verses 1, 5, 6, 7. "I was glad when they said unto me, + we will go into the House of the Lord. For there is the seat of + judgment, even the seat of the House of David. O pray for the peace + of Jerusalem; they shall prosper that love thee. Peace be within + thy walls, and plenteousness within thy palaces." + + Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost. + + As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without + end. Amen. + +During the above his Majesty passed through the body of the church, and +through the choir up the stairs to the theatre. He then passed his +throne and made his humble adoration, and afterwards knelt at the +faldstool set for him before his chair; at the same time his Majesty +used some short private prayer: he then sat down (not on his throne, but +in his chair before and below his throne) and reposed himself. + + +THE RECOGNITION. + +When the King was thus placed, the archbishop turned to the east part of +the theatre; then, together with the lord chancellor, lord great +chamberlain, lord high constable, and earl marshal (Garter king at arms +preceding them), went to the other three sides of the theatre, in the +order, south, west, and north, and at each side addressed the people in +a loud voice; the King at the same time standing up by his chair, +turned and showed himself to the people at each of the four sides of the +theatre, while the archbishop spoke as follows:-- + + "SIRS, + + "I here present unto you King George the Fourth, the undoubted king + of this realm: wherefore all you that come this day to do your + homage, are ye willing to do the same?" + +This was answered by the loud and repeated acclamations of the persons +present, expressive of their willingness and joy, at the same time they +cried out-- + +"God save King George the Fourth!" + +Then the trumpets sounded. + + +THE FIRST OBLATION. + +The archbishop in the meantime went to the altar and put on his cope, +and placed himself at the north side of the altar; as did also the +bishops who took part in the office. + +The officers of the wardrobe, &c. here spread carpets and cushions on +the floor and steps of the altar. + +And here, first the Bible, paten, and cup, were brought and placed upon +the altar. The King then, supported by the two bishops of Durham and +Bath, and attended by the dean of Westminster, the lords carrying the +regalia before him, went down to the altar, and knelt upon the steps of +it, and made his first oblation, uncovered. + +Here the pall, or altar-cloth of gold, was delivered by the master of +the great wardrobe to the lord great chamberlain, and by him, kneeling, +it was presented to his Majesty. The treasurer of the household then +delivered a wedge of gold of a pound weight to the lord great +chamberlain, which he, kneeling, delivered to his Majesty. The King then +(uncovered) delivered them to the archbishop. + +The archbishop received them one after another (standing) from his +Majesty, and laid the pall reverently upon the altar. The gold was +received into the basin; and, with like reverence, was placed upon the +altar. + +Then the archbishop said the following prayer, the King still +kneeling:-- + + O God, who dwellest in the high and holy place, with them also who + are of an humble spirit; mercifully look down upon this thy humble + servant, GEORGE our King, here humbling himself before thee at thy + footstool, and graciously receive these oblations which, in humble + acknowledgment of thy sovereignty over all, and of thy great bounty + to him in particular, he hath now offered up unto thee, through + Jesus Christ, our only Mediator and Advocate. Amen. + +When the King had thus offered his oblation, he went to his chair set +for him on the south side of the altar, and knelt at his faldstool, and +the Litany commenced, which was read by two bishops, vested in copes, +and kneeling at a faldstool above the steps of the theatre, on the +middle of the east side; the choir read the responses. + +In the meantime the lords who carried the regalia, except those who bore +the swords, approached the altar, and each presented what he carried to +the archbishop, who delivered them to the dean of Westminster, who +placed them on the altar. They then retired to the places and seats +appointed for them. + +The bishops, and the people with them, then said the Lord's Prayer. + +The Communion service was read; the people, kneeling, made the +responses to the ten commandments, which were delivered by the +archbishop. + +Then the archbishop, standing as before, said the following Collect for +the King:-- + + _Let us pray._ + + Almighty God, whose kingdom is everlasting and power infinite: have + mercy upon the whole church, and so rule the heart of thy chosen + servant George our king and governor, that he (knowing whose + minister he is) may above all things seek thy honour and glory; and + that we and all his subjects (duly considering whose authority he + hath) may faithfully serve, honour, and humbly obey him, in thee and + for thee, according to thy blessed word and ordinance, through Jesus + Christ our Lord, who with thee and the Holy Ghost, liveth and + reigneth ever one God, world without end. Amen. + +The following epistle was then read by one of the bishops:-- + + 1 Pet. ii. 13. + + Submit yourselves to man for the Lord's sake: whether it be to the + king as supreme; or unto governors, as unto them that are sent by + him for the punishment of evil-doers, and for the praise of them + that do well. For so is the will of God, that with well doing, ye + may put to silence the ignorance of foolish men: as free, and not + using your liberty for a cloke of maliciousness, but as the + servants of God. Honour all men. Love the brotherhood. Fear God. + Honour the king. + +The Gospel was then read by another bishop, the King and the people +standing. + + St. Matth. xxii. 15. + + Then went the Pharisees, and took counsel how they might entangle + him in his talk. And they sent out unto him their disciples, with + the Herodians, saying, Master, we know that thou art true, and + teachest the way of God in truth, neither carest thou for any man, + for thou regardest not the person of men: tell us therefore, What + thinkest thou? Is it lawful to give tribute unto Caesar, or not? But + Jesus perceived their wickedness, and said, Why tempt ye me, ye + hypocrites? Show me the tribute money. And they brought unto him a + penny. And he saith unto them, Whose is this image and + superscription? They say unto him, Caesar's. Then saith he unto them, + Render therefore unto Caesar, the things which are Caesar's: and unto + God, the things that are God's. When they had heard these words, + they marvelled, and left him, and went their way. + +Then the Archbishop read the Nicene Creed; the King and the people +standing as before. + + I believe in one God the Father, &c. &c. + +At the end of the Creed, the archbishop of York preached the sermon in +the pulpit placed against the pillar at the north-east corner of the +theatre. The King listened to the same sitting in his chair on the +south side of the altar, over against the pulpit. + + +The Sermon. + +His text was the 23d chapter of the Second Book of Samuel, and the 3d +and 4th verses. + + "He that ruleth over men must be just, ruling in the fear of God. + And he shall be as the light of the morning, when the sun riseth, + even a morning without clouds." + + Such, observed his Grace, were the words of a pious Prince, whose + opinions had been matured by experience. A steady adherence to the + maxims there laid down could scarcely fail to preserve from error, + and would at once inspire the subject with a reverence for the + sovereign, and impress the sovereign with a sense of those + obligations which bound him to render justice to the people. The + duties of kings were of a particular nature, and the subject was one + of more than common importance upon a day like the present, which + was to be marked by the solemnization of that contract by which the + king bound himself to rule with justice and equity. The highest + station, and the most exalted rank, were not free from the + infirmities of nature; and it therefore behoved the sovereign not to + forget that he was himself but the minister of a higher authority, + and that it was his duty so to exert the power which resided in him, + as to secure the love and attachment of his people. The history of + all nations would show that the people were not ungrateful under the + administration of good kings. It was true, that it was the + disposition of human nature to imagine grievances where in reality + none existed; but still there were many real grievances which a king + had the power and ought to have the disposition to relieve. The + text which he had just read naturally led to the consideration of + what were the principles which constituted a good government. In a + moral point of view, no distinction could be drawn between the + duties due from one individual to another, and those due from a + monarch to his people. It ought not to be forgotten that natural + equity demanded the same degree of observance with regard to the + contract entered into with a whole people, as it did to those + obligations into which individuals entered with regard to each + other. There was no higher duty incumbent upon kings than that of + selecting proper persons to represent them in the different + departments of state. Upon that step how much of the happiness of + the people would depend! It was a proud reflection, that no nation + stood more high in the estimation of surrounding nations, or was + more admired for its morality, its attention to religious duties, + the justice of its measures, or the soundness of its general policy, + than our own. He insisted that it was necessary to preserve and to + encourage that feeling by a reciprocal attention, on the parts both + of the monarch and of the people, to those duties which were due + from each. If such an attention was not given, it would be in vain + to expect national happiness; and however successful we might be in + our dealings with foreign nations, still it ought not to be + forgotten that the apparent prosperity of a nation ought not to be + regarded as an evidence of the happiness of its people. But, above + all, it was necessary that the king should seek to secure respect to + himself and obedience to the laws, by displaying in his own person + an example of good conduct. It was the province of the monarch to + reflect that he was responsible not only for his own actions, but + also for that evil which the direct influence of his own example + might accomplish. Well, therefore, had it been said in the words of + his text, "He that ruleth over men must be just, ruling in the fear + of God." A good government would secure to itself a due observance + of its own rights, and would also afford to the people the + protection of its wisdom and power. His Grace, after some general + remarks on the duties of kings, proceeded to observe, that the House + of Hanover had always been distinguished by its devotion to the + interests of true religion. Our late venerable sovereign had + presented a striking example of royal goodness by the attention + which had always marked both his public and private conduct; and we + were bound to hope (upon looking to the past) that the sovereign who + was now about to receive the imperial crown of his ancestors would + be equally remarkable for the exemplary discharge of the duties of + royalty. Nor ought it to be forgotten that the illustrious + individual, to whom he had alluded, had not been unused to the + functions of government; and that he had given proofs of such + capacity and disposition as enabled us to form good hopes of the + future. At the time when he had first been called to the exercise of + the supreme power, he had found the country involved in a war which + threatened its existence--a war which had not been engaged in on our + part for the purposes of aggrandisement, but for the defence and + preservation of our rights. Under his superintendence that war had + been concluded, and its conclusion had been marked by exertions + unparalleled in the history of any nation. Under such auspices, + therefore, it was right to anticipate all those blessings which + could arise on one hand from the protection of a just and wise + monarch, and on the other from the affections of a loyal and happy + people. "Let us then adore that Almighty Providence which has + conferred upon us such a sovereign; let us implore that blessings + may be multiplied on his head, and that his reign may be prosperous + and happy." + +His Grace commenced the Sermon at a quarter past twelve, and ended it at +about a quarter to one. + +The King was uncovered during the offering and the service that +followed; when the sermon commenced he put on his cap of crimson velvet +turned up with ermine, and remained covered to the end of it. + +On his Majesty's right hand stood the bishop of Durham, and beyond him, +on the same side, the lords that carried the swords. On his Majesty's +left hand stood the bishop of Bath and Wells, and the lord great +chamberlain. + +On the north side of the altar sat the archbishop in a purple velvet +chair; the bishops were placed on forms along the north side of the +wall, betwixt the King and the pulpit. Near the archbishop stood garter, +king at arms. On the south side, east of the King's chair, nearer to the +altar, stood the dean of Westminster, the rest of the bishops who took +part in the church service, and the prebendaries of Westminster. + + +THE OATH. + +When the Sermon ended, the archbishop went to the King, and standing +before him, (his Majesty, on Thursday, the 27th of April, 1820, in the +presence of the two Houses of Parliament, made and signed the +declaration against popery,) administered the coronation oath, first +asking the King-- + + Sir; is your Majesty willing to take the oath? + + The King answered:--I am willing. + +The archbishop then ministered these questions; and the King, having a +copy of the printed form and order of the coronation service in his +hands, answered each question severally, as follows:-- + + Arch. Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of + this United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the dominions + thereto belonging, according to the statutes in Parliament agreed + on, and the respective laws and customs of the same? + + King. I solemnly promise so to do. + + Arch. Will you to your power cause law and justice, in mercy, to be + executed in all your judgments? + + King. I will. + + Arch. Will you to the utmost of your power maintain the laws of God, + the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant Reformed + Religion established by law? And will you maintain and preserve + inviolably the settlement of the United Church of England and + Ireland, and the doctrine, worship, discipline, and government + thereof, as by law established within England and Ireland, and the + territories thereunto belonging? And will you preserve unto the + bishops and clergy of England and Ireland, and to the United Church + committed to their charge, all such rights and privileges, as by law + do, or shall appertain to them, or any of them? + + King. All this I promise to do. + +Then the King, arising out of his chair, supported as before, and +assisted by the lord great chamberlain, the sword of state being carried +before him, went to the altar, and there being uncovered, made his +solemn oath in the sight of all the people, to observe the premises; +laying his right hand upon the Holy Gospel in the great Bible, which was +before carried in the procession, and was now brought from the altar by +the archbishop, and tendered to him as he knelt upon the steps, saying +these words:-- + + The things which I have here before promised, I will perform and + keep. + + So help me God. + +Then the King kissed the book, and signed the oath. + + +THE ANOINTING. + +(In the morning early, care was taken that the ampula was filled with +oil, and the spoon laid ready upon the altar of the Abbey church.) + +The King having thus taken his oath, returned again at the chair; and +kneeling at his faldstool, the archbishop begun the hymn Veni, Creator +Spiritus, and the choir sang it out. + + ANTHEM II. + + Come, Holy Ghost, our souls inspire, + And warm them with thy heav'nly fire. + Thou who th' anointing Spirit art, + To us thy sevenfold gifts impart. + Let thy bless'd unction from above + Be to us comfort, life, and love. + Enable with celestial light + The weakness of our mortal sight: + Anoint our hearts, and cheer our face, + With the abundance of thy grace: + Keep far our foes, give peace at home; + Where thou dost dwell, no ill can come: + Teach us to know the Father, Son, + And Spirit of both, to be but one, + That so, through ages all along, + This may be our triumphant song; + In thee, O Lord, we make our boast, + Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. + +This being ended, the archbishop said this prayer:-- + + O Lord, Holy Father, who by anointing with oil didst of old make and + consecrate kings, priests, and prophets, to teach and govern thy + people Israel: bless and sanctify thy chosen servant George, who by + our office and ministry is now to be anointed with this oil, and + consecrated King of this realm: strengthen him, O Lord, with the + Holy Ghost the Comforter; Confirm and stablish him with thy free and + princely spirit, the spirit of wisdom and government, the spirit of + counsel and ghostly strength, the spirit of knowledge and true + godliness, and fill him, O Lord, with the spirit of thy holy fear, + now and for ever. Amen. + +This prayer being ended, the choir sang: + + ANTHEM III. + + Zadok the priest, and Nathan the prophet, anointed Solomon King; and + all the people rejoiced, and said, God save the King! Long live the + King! May the King live for ever! Amen. Hallelujah! + +In the meantime the King, rising from his devotions, went before the +altar, supported and attended as before. + +The King sat down in his chair, placed in the midst of the area over +against the altar, with the faldstool before it, wherein he was +anointed. Four knights of the garter held over him a rich pall of silk, +or cloth of gold; the dean of Westminster took the ampula and spoon +from off the altar, poured some of the holy oil into the spoon, and with +it the archbishop anointed the King, in the form of a cross: + +1. On the crown of the head, saying, + + Be thy head anointed with holy oil, as kings, priests, and prophets + were anointed. + +2. On the breast, saying, + + Be thy breast anointed with holy oil. + +3. On the palms of both the hands, saying, + + Be thy hands anointed with holy oil: + + And as Solomon was anointed king by Zadok the priest, and Nathan the + prophet, so be you anointed, blessed, and consecrated King over this + people, whom the Lord your God hath given you to rule and govern, in + the name of the father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Amen. + +Then the dean of Westminster laid the ampula and spoon upon the altar, +and the King kneeling down at the faldstool, and the archbishop standing +on the north side of the altar, said this prayer or blessing over him:-- + + Our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, who by his Father was + anointed with the oil of gladness above his fellows, by his holy + anointing pour down upon your head and heart the blessing of the + Holy Ghost, and prosper the works of your hands: that by the + assistance of his heavenly grace you may preserve the people + committed to your charge in wealth, peace, and godliness; and after + a long and glorious course of ruling this temporal kingdom wisely, + justly, and religiously, you may at last be made partaker of an + eternal kingdom, through the merits of Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. + +This prayer being ended, the King arose, and sat down again in his +chair, and the dean of Westminster wiped and dried all the places +anointed, with fine linen, or fine bombast wool, delivered to him by the +lord great chamberlain. + + +THE PRESENTING OF THE SPURS AND SWORD, AND THE GIRDING AND OBLATION OF +THE SAID SWORD. + +Then the spurs were brought from the altar by the dean of Westminster, +and delivered to a nobleman thereto appointed by the King, who, kneeling +down, presents them to His Majesty, who forthwith sent them back to the +altar. + +Then the lord who carried the sword of state, returned the said sword to +the officers of the Jewel-house, which was thereupon deposited in the +traverse in King Edward's chapel; he received thence, in lieu thereof, +another sword, in a scabbard of purple velvet, provided for the King to +be girt withal, which he delivered to the archbishop; and the +archbishop, laying it on the altar, said the following prayer:-- + + Hear our prayers, O Lord, we beseech thee, and so direct and support + thy servant King GEORGE, who is now to be girt with this sword, that + he may not bear it in vain; but may use it as the minister of God, + for the terror and punishment of evil-doers, and for the protection + and encouragement of those that do well, through Jesus Christ our + Lord. Amen. + +Then the archbishop took the sword from off the altar, and (the bishops +assisting, and going along with him) delivered it into the King's right +hand, and he holding it, the archbishop said:-- + + Receive this kingly sword, brought now from the altar of God, and + delivered to you by the hands of us the bishops and servants of God, + though unworthy. + +The King stood up, the sword was girt about him by the lord great +chamberlain, and then, the King sitting down, the archbishop said:-- + + Remember him of whom the royal Psalmist did prophesy, saying, "Gird + thee with thy sword upon thy thigh, O thou most mighty, good luck + have thou with thine honour, ride on prosperously, because of truth, + meekness, and righteousness;" and be thou a follower of him. With + this sword do justice, stop the growth of iniquity, protect the holy + Church of God, help and defend widows and orphans, restore the + things that are gone to decay, maintain the things that are + restored, punish and reform what is amiss, and confirm what is in + good order: that doing these things, you may be glorious in all + virtue; and so represent our Lord Jesus Christ in this life, that + you may reign for ever with him in the life which is to come. Amen. + +Then the King, rising up, ungirded his sword, and, going to the altar, +offered it there in the scabbard, and then returned and sat down in his +chair: and the chief peer offered the price of it, namely, a hundred +shillings, and having thus redeemed it, received it from off the altar +by the dean of Westminster, and drew it out of the scabbard, and carried +it naked before his Majesty during the rest of the solemnity. + + +THE INVESTING WITH THE ARMILL & ROYAL ROBE, AND THE DELIVERY OF THE ORB. + +Then the King arising, the dean of Westminster took the armill from the +master of the great wardrobe, and put it about his Majesty's neck, and +tied it to the bowings of his arms, above and below the elbows, with +silk strings; the archbishop standing before the King, and saying:-- + + Receive this armill as a token of the divine mercy embracing you on + every side. + +Next the robe royal, or purple robe of state, of cloth of tissue, lined +or furred with ermines, was by the master of the great wardrobe +delivered to the dean of Westminster, and by him put upon the King, +standing; the crimson robe which he wore before being first taken off by +the lord great chamberlain: the King having received it, sat down, and +then the orb with the cross was brought from the altar by the dean of +Westminster, and delivered into the King's hand by the archbishop, +pronouncing this blessing and exhortation:-- + + Receive this imperial robe and orb, and the Lord your God endue you + with knowledge and wisdom, with majesty and with power from on high; + the Lord clothe you with the robe of righteousness, and with the + garments of salvation. And when you see this orb set under the + cross, remember that the whole world is subject to the power and + empire of Christ our Redeemer. For He is the Prince of the kings of + the earth; King of kings, and Lord of lords: so that no man can + reign happily, who deriveth not his authority from him, and + directeth not all his actions according to his laws. + + +THE INVESTITURE PER ANNULUM ET BACULUM. + +Then the master of the Jewel-house delivered the King's ring to the +archbishop, in which a table jewel was enchased; the archbishop put it +on the fourth finger of his Majesty's right hand, and said:-- + + Receive this ring, the ensign of kingly dignity, and of defence of + the Catholic faith; and as you are this day solemnly invested in the + government of this earthly kingdom, so may you be sealed with that + spirit of promise, which is the earnest of an heavenly inheritance, + and reign with Him who is the blessed and only Potentate, to whom be + glory for ever and ever. Amen. + +The King delivered his orb to the dean of Westminster, to be by him laid +upon the altar; and then the dean of Westminster brought the sceptre and +rod to the archbishop; and the lord of the manor of Worksop (who claimed +to hold an estate by the service of presenting to the King a right hand +glove on the day of his coronation, and supporting the King's right arm +whilst he holds the sceptre with the cross) delivered to the King a +pair of rich gloves, and in any occasion happening afterwards, supported +his Majesty's right arm, or held his sceptre by him. + +The gloves being put on, the archbishop delivered the sceptre, with the +cross, into the King's right hand, saying, + + Receive the royal sceptre, the ensign of kingly power and justice. + +And then he delivered the rod, with the dove, into the King's left hand, +and said, + + Receive the rod of equity and mercy: and God, from whom all holy + desires, all good counsels, and all just works do proceed, direct + and assist you in the administration and exercise of all those + powers he hath given you. Be so merciful, that you be not too + remiss; so execute justice, that you forget not mercy. Punish the + wicked, protect the oppressed; and the blessing of him who was ready + to perish shall be upon you; thus in all things following His great + and holy example, of whom the prophet David said, "Thou lovest + righteousness, and hatest iniquity; the sceptre of thy kingdom is a + right sceptre;" even Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. + + +THE PUTTING ON OF THE CROWN. + +The archbishop, standing before the altar, took the crown into his +hands, and laying it again before him upon the altar, said, + + O God, who crownest thy faithful servants with mercy and + loving-kindness; look down upon this thy servant GEORGE our King, + who now in lowly devotion boweth his head to thy Divine Majesty; and + as thou dost this day set a crown of pure gold upon his head, so + enrich his royal heart with thy heavenly grace; and crown him with + all princely virtues, which may adorn the high station wherein thou + hast placed him, through Jesus Christ our Lord, to whom be honour + and glory, for ever and ever. Amen. + +Then the King sat down in king Edward's chair; the archbishop, assisted +with other bishops, came from the altar; the dean of Westminster brought +the crown, and the archbishop taking it of him, reverently put it upon +the King's head. At the sight whereof the people, with loud and repeated +shouts, cried, "God save the King!" and the trumpets sounded, and, by a +signal given, the great guns at the Tower were shot off. + +The noise ceasing, the archbishop rose and said, + + Be strong and of good courage: observe the commandments of God, and + walk in his holy ways: fight the good fight of faith, and lay hold + on eternal life; that in this world you may be crowned with success + and honour, and when you have finished your course, you may receive + a crown of righteousness, which God the righteous Judge shall give + you in that day. Amen. + +Then the choir sung this short anthem. + + ANTHEM IV. + + The King shall rejoice in thy strength, O Lord: exceeding glad shall + he be of thy salvation. Thou hast presented him with the blessings + of goodness, and hast set a crown of pure gold upon his head. + Hallelujah. Amen. + +As soon as the King was crowned, the peers, &c. put on their coronets +and caps. + + +THE PRESENTING OF THE HOLY BIBLE. + +The dean of Westminster took the Holy Bible, which was carried in the +procession, from off the altar, and delivered it to the archbishop, who, +with the rest of the bishops going along with him, presented it to the +King, first saying these words to him:-- + + Our Gracious King; we present unto your Majesty this book, the most + valuable thing that this world affordeth. Here is wisdom; this is + the royal law; these are the lively oracles of God. Blessed is he + that readeth, and they that hear the words of this book; that keep, + and do, the things contained in it. For these are the words of + eternal life, able to make you wise and happy in this world, nay + wise unto salvation, and so happy for evermore, through faith which + is in Christ Jesus; to whom be glory for ever. Amen. + +Then the King delivered back the Bible to the archbishop, who gave it to +the dean of Westminster, to be reverently placed again upon the holy +altar. + + +THE BENEDICTION, AND TE DEUM. + +And now the King having been thus anointed and crowned, and having +received all the ensigns of royalty, the archbishop solemnly blessed +him, and all the bishops standing about him, with the rest of the peers, +with a loud and hearty Amen. + + The Lord bless and keep you: the Lord make the light of his + countenance to shine for ever upon you, and be gracious unto you: + the Lord protect you in all your ways, preserve you from every evil + thing, and prosper you in every thing good. Amen. + + The Lord give you a faithful senate, wise and upright counsellors + and magistrates, a loyal nobility, and a dutiful gentry; a pious and + learned and useful clergy; an honest, industrious, and obedient + commonalty. Amen. + + In your days may mercy and truth meet together, and righteousness + and peace kiss each other; may wisdom and knowledge be the + stability of your times, and the fear of the Lord your treasure. + Amen. + + The Lord make your days many, and your reign prosperous; your fleets + and armies victorious: and may you be reverenced and beloved by all + your subjects, and ever increase in favour with God and man. Amen. + + The glorious Majesty of the Lord our God be upon you: may he bless + you with all temporal and spiritual happiness in this world, and + crown you with glory and immortality in the world to come. Amen. + + The Lord give you a religious and victorious posterity to rule these + kingdoms in all ages. Amen. + +Then the archbishop turned to the people, and said:-- + + And the same Lord God Almighty grant, that the clergy and nobles + assembled here for this great and solemn service, and together with + them all the people of the land, fearing God, and honouring the + King, may by the merciful superintendency of the Divine Providence, + and the vigilant care of our gracious Sovereign, continually enjoy + peace, plenty, and prosperity, through Jesus Christ our Lord; to + whom, with the Eternal Father, and God the Holy Ghost, be glory in + the church world without end. Amen. + +The blessing being thus given, the King sat down in his chair, +vouchsafed to kiss the archbishop and bishops assisting at his +coronation, they kneeling before him one after another. + +Then the choir began to sing the Te Deum, and the King went up to the +theatre on which the throne is placed, all the bishops, great officers, +and other peers, attending him, and then he sat down and reposed himself +in his chair, below the throne. + + + ANTHEM V. + + _Te Deum._ + + We praise thee, O God; we acknowledge thee to be the Lord. + + All the earth doth worship thee: the Father everlasting. + + To thee all angels cry aloud: the heavens, and all the powers + therein. + + To thee Cherubin and Seraphin: continually do cry, + + Holy, holy, holy: Lord God of Sabaoth. + + Heaven and earth are full of the majesty of thy glory. + + The glorious company of the Apostles: praise thee. + + The goodly fellowship of the Prophets: praise thee. + + The noble army of Martyrs: praise thee. + + The holy Church throughout all the world: doth acknowledge thee; + + The Father: of an infinite Majesty; + + Thine honourable, true, and only Son; + + Also the Holy Ghost: the Comforter. + + Thou art the King of glory: O Christ. + + Thou art the everlasting Son: of the Father. + + When thou tookest upon thee to deliver man: thou didst not abhor the + virgin's womb. + + When thou hadst overcome the sharpness of death: thou didst open the + kingdom of heaven to all believers. + + Thou sittest at the right hand of God: in the glory of the Father. + + We believe that thou shalt come: to be our judge. + + We therefore pray thee, help thy servants: whom thou hast redeemed + with thy precious blood. + + Make them to be numbered with thy saints: in glory everlasting. + + O Lord save thy people: and bless thine heritage. + + Govern them: and lift them up for ever. + + Day by day we magnify thee. + + And we worship thy name: ever world without end. + + Vouchsafe, O Lord: to keep us this day without sin. + + O Lord, have mercy upon us: have mercy upon us. + + O Lord, let thy mercy lighten upon us: as our trust is in thee. + + O Lord, in thee have I trusted: let me never be confounded. + + +THE INTHRONIZATION. + +The _Te Deum_ being ended, the King was lifted up into his throne by the +archbishop and bishops, and other peers of the kingdom. And being +inthronized or placed therein, all the great officers, those that bore +the swords, and the sceptres, and the rest of the nobles, stood round +about the steps of the throne, and the archbishop standing before the +King, said, + + Stand firm, and hold fast, from henceforth, the seat and imperial + dignity which is this day delivered unto you in the name, and by the + authority of Almighty God, and by the hands of us the bishops and + servants of God, though unworthy; and as you see us to approach + nearer to God's altar, so vouchsafe the more graciously to continue + to us your royal favour and protection. And the Lord God Almighty, + whose ministers we are, and the stewards of his mysteries, establish + your throne in righteousness, that it may stand fast for evermore, + like as the sun before Him, and as the faithful witness in heaven. + Amen. + + +THE HOMAGE. + +The exhortation being ended, all the peers present did homage publicly +and solemnly unto the King upon the theatre, and in the meantime the +treasurer of the household threw among the people medals of gold and +silver, as the King's princely largess or donative. + +The archbishop first knelt down before his Majesty's knees, and the rest +of the bishops knelt on either hand, and about him; and they did their +homage together, for the shortening of the ceremony, the archbishop +saying: + + I Charles archbishop of Canterbury [and so every one of the rest, I + N. bishop of N. repeating the rest audibly after the archbishop] + will be faithful and true, and faith and truth will bear, unto you + our Sovereign Lord, and your heirs, kings of the united kingdom of + Great Britain and Ireland. And I will do, and truly acknowledge the + service of the lands which I claim to hold of you, as in right of + the church. + + So help me God. + +Then the archbishop kissed the King's left cheek, and so the rest of the +bishops present after him. + +After which the other peers of the realm did their homage in like +manner, the dukes first by themselves, and so the marquesses, the earls, +the viscounts, and the barons, severally; the first of each order +kneeling before his Majesty, and the rest with and about him, all +putting off their coronets, and the first of each class beginning, and +the last saying after him:-- + + I N. duke, or earl, &c. of N. do become your liege man of life and + limb, and of earthly worship, and faith and truth I will bear unto + you, to live and die, against all manner of folks. + + So help me God. + +The peers having done their homage, they stood all together round about +the King; and each class or degree going by themselves, or (as it was at +the coronation of King Charles the First and Second) every peer one by +one, in order, put off their coronets, singly ascended the throne again, +and stretching forth their hands, touched the crown on his Majesty's +head, as promising by that ceremony to be ever ready to support it with +all their power, and then every one of them kissed the King's cheek. + +While the peers were thus doing their homage, and the medals thrown +about, the King delivered his sceptre with the cross to the lord of the +manor of Worksop, to hold; and the other sceptre, or rod, with the dove, +to the lord that carried it in the procession. + +And the bishops that supported the King in the procession also eased +him, by supporting the crown, as there was occasion. + + +THE FINAL ANTHEM. + +While the medals were scattered, and the homage of the lords performed, +the choir sung this anthem, with instrumental music of all sorts, as a +solemn conclusion of the King's coronation. + + + ANTHEM VI. + + Blessed be thou, Lord God of Israel, our Father, for ever and ever. + Thine, O Lord, is the greatness and the power, and the victory, and + the majesty; for all that is in the heaven and the earth are thine. + Thine is the kingdom, O Lord; and thou art exalted as head over all. + Both riches and honour come of thee, and thou reignest over all; + and in thine hand is power and might; and in thine hand it is to + make great, and to give strength unto all. Now, therefore, our God, + we thank thee, and praise thy glorious name. + +At the end of this anthem the drums beat, and the trumpets sounded, and +all the people shouted, crying out, + + God save King George the Fourth! + + Long live King George! + + May the King live for ever! + +The solemnity of the King's coronation being thus ended, the archbishop +left the King in his throne, and went down to the altar. + + +THE COMMUNION. + +Then the Offertory began, the archbishop reading these sentences:-- + + Let your light so shine before men that they may see your good + works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven. + + Charge them who are rich in this world, that they be ready to give, + and glad to distribute; laying up in store for themselves a good + foundation against the time to come, that they may attain eternal + life. + +The King descended from his throne, supported and attended as before; +and went to the steps of the altar, and knelt down there. + +And first the King offered bread and wine for the Communion, which were +brought out of king Edward's chapel, and delivered into his hands, the +bread upon the paten by the bishop that read the Epistle, and the wine +in the chalice by the bishop that read the Gospel; these were by the +archbishop received from the King, and reverently placed upon the altar, +and decently covered with a fair linen cloth, the archbishop first +saying this prayer:-- + + Bless, O Lord, we beseech thee, these thy gifts, and sanctify them + unto this holy use, that by them we may be made partakers of the + body and blood of thine only begotten Son Jesus Christ, and fed unto + everlasting life of soul and body: and that thy servant King GEORGE + may be enabled to the discharge of his weighty office, whereunto of + thy great goodness thou hast called and appointed him. Grant this, O + Lord, for Jesus Christ's sake, our only Mediator and Advocate. Amen. + +Then the King kneeling, as before, made his second Oblation, offering a +mark weight of gold, which the treasurer of the household delivered to +the lord great chamberlain, and he to His Majesty. And the archbishop +came to him, and received it in the basin, and placed it upon the +altar. After which the bishop said:-- + + O God, who dwellest in the high and holy place, with them also who + are of an humble spirit; look down mercifully upon this thy servant + GEORGE, our King, here humbling himself before thee at thy + footstool; and graciously receive these oblations, which in humble + acknowledgment of thy sovereignty over all, and of thy great bounty + to him in particular, he has now offered up unto thee, through Jesus + Christ, our only Mediator and Advocate. Amen. + +Then the King returned to his chair, and knelt down at his faldstool; +the archbishop said:-- + + Let us pray for the whole state of Christ's church militant here on + earth. + + Almighty and ever-living God, who by thy holy Apostle hast taught us + to make prayers and supplications, and to give thanks for all men: + we humbly beseech thee most mercifully to receive these our prayers + which we offer unto thy Divine Majesty, beseeching thee to inspire + continually the universal church with the spirit of truth, unity, + and concord: and grant that all they that do confess thy holy name, + may agree in the truth of thy holy word, and live in unity and godly + love. We beseech thee also to save and defend all Christian kings, + princes, and governors; and especially thy servant GEORGE our King, + that under him we may be godly and quietly governed: and grant unto + his whole council, and to all that are put in authority under him, + that they may truly and indifferently minister justice, to the + punishment of wickedness and vice, and to the maintenance of thy + true religion and virtue. Give grace, O heavenly Father, to all + bishops and curates, that they may both by their life and doctrine + set forth thy true and lively word, and rightly and duly administer + thy holy sacraments: and to all thy people give thy heavenly grace, + and especially to this congregation here present, that with meek + heart and due reverence they may hear and receive thy holy word, + truly serving thee in holiness and righteousness all the days of + their life. And we most humbly beseech thee of thy goodness, O Lord, + to comfort and succour all them who in this transitory life are in + trouble, sorrow, need, sickness, or any other adversity. And we also + bless thy holy name, for all thy servants departed this life in thy + faith and fear; beseeching thee to give us grace so to follow their + good examples, that with them we may be partakers of thy heavenly + kingdom. Grant this, O Father, for Jesus Christ's sake, our only + Mediator and Advocate. Amen. + + +THE EXHORTATION. + + Ye that do truly and earnestly repent you of your sins, and are in + love and charity with your neighbours, and intend to lead a new + life, following the commandments of God, and walking from henceforth + in his holy ways; draw near with faith, and take this holy Sacrament + to your comfort; and make your humble confession to Almighty God, + meekly kneeling upon your knees. + + +THE GENERAL CONFESSION. + + Almighty God, Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, Maker of all things, + Judge of all men; we acknowledge and bewail our manifold sins and + wickedness, which we from time to time most grievously have + committed, by thought, word, and deed, against thy divine Majesty, + provoking most justly thy wrath and indignation against us. We do + earnestly repent, and are heartily sorry for these our misdoings; + the remembrance of them is grievous unto us; the burden of them is + intolerable. Have mercy upon us, have mercy upon us, most merciful + Father; for thy Son our Lord Jesus Christ's sake, forgive us all + that is past, and grant that we may ever hereafter serve and please + thee, in newness of life, to the honour and glory of thy name, + through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. + + +THE ABSOLUTION. + + Almighty God our heavenly Father, who of his great mercy hath + promised forgiveness of sins to all them that with hearty + repentance, and true faith, turn unto him; have mercy upon you, + pardon and deliver you from all your sins, confirm and strengthen + you in all goodness, and bring you to everlasting life, through + Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. + +After which was said, + +Hear what comfortable words our Saviour saith unto all that truly turn +to him. + + Come unto me, all that travail and are heavy laden, and I will + refresh you. St. Matt. xi. 28. + + So God loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son to the + world, and that all that believe in him should not perish, but have + everlasting life. St. John, iii. 16. + +Hear also what St. Paul saith: + + This is a true saying, and worthy of all men to be received, that + Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners. 1 Tim. i. 15. + +Hear also what St. John saith: + + If any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ + the righteous, and he is the propitiation for our sins. 1 John, ii. + 1. + +After which the archbishop proceeded, saying, + + Arch. Lift up your hearts. + + Answ. We lift them unto the Lord. + + Arch. Let us give thanks unto our Lord God. + + Answ. It is meet and right so to do. + +Then the archbishop turned to the Lord's table, and said, + + It is very meet, right, and our bounden duty, that we should at all + times, and in all places, give thanks unto thee, O Lord, Holy + Father, Almighty everlasting God: + + Who hast at this time given us thy servant our sovereign King + GEORGE, to be the Defender of the Faith, and the protector of thy + people: + + Therefore with angels and archangels, and with all the company of + heaven, we laud and magnify thy glorious name, evermore praising + thee, and saying, Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of hosts, heaven and + earth are full of thy glory. Glory be to thee, O Lord most high. + Amen. + + +THE PRAYER OF ADDRESS. + + We do not presume to come to this thy table, O merciful God, + trusting in our own righteousness, but thy manifold great mercies. + We are not worthy so much as to gather up the crumbs under thy + table. But thou art the same God, whose property is always to have + mercy; grant us therefore, gracious God, so to eat the flesh of thy + dear Son, Jesus Christ, to drink his blood, that our sinful bodies + may be made clean by his body, our souls washed through his most + precious blood. That we may evermore dwell with him, and he with us. + Amen. + + +THE PRAYER OF CONSECRATION. + + Almighty God, our heavenly Father, who of thy tender mercy didst + give thine only Son Jesus Christ to suffer death upon the cross for + our redemption, who made there (by his one oblation of himself once + offered) a full, perfect, and sufficient sacrifice, oblation, and + satisfaction for the sins of the whole world, and did institute, and + in his holy Gospel command us to continue a perpetual memory of that + his precious death to his coming again; hear us, O merciful Father, + we most humbly beseech thee; and grant that we, receiving these thy + creatures of bread and wine, according to thy Son our Saviour Jesus + Christ's holy institution, in remembrance of his death and passion, + may be partakers of his most holy body and blood: who in the same + night that he was betrayed took bread[111], and when he had given + thanks, he brake it[112], and gave it to his disciples, saying, + Take, eat[113], this is my body which is given for you, do this in + remembrance of me. Likewise, after supper[114] he took the cup, and + when he had given thanks, he gave it to them, saying, Drink ye all + of this, for this[115] is my blood of the New Testament, which is + shed for you and for many for the remission of sins: do this, as oft + as ye shall drink it, in remembrance of me. Amen. + +When the archbishop, and dean of Westminster, with the bishops' +assistants, namely, the preacher, and those who read the Litany, and the +Epistle and Gospel, had communicated in both kinds, the archbishop +administered the bread, and the dean of Westminster the cup, to the +King. + +At the delivery of the bread, was said, + + The body of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was given for thee, + preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life. Take and eat this + in remembrance that Christ died for thee, and feed on him in thy + heart by faith with thanksgiving. + +At the delivery of the cup, + + The blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was shed for thee, + preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life. Drink this in + remembrance that Christ's blood was shed for thee, and be thankful. + +While the King received, the bishop appointed for that service held a +towel of white silk, or fine linen, before him. + +Then the archbishop went on to the Post Communion, saying,-- + + Our Father which art in heaven; hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom + come. Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven. Give us this + day our daily bread; and forgive us our trespasses as we forgive + them who trespass against us. Lead us not into temptation, but + deliver us from evil; for thine is the kingdom, and the power, and + the glory, for ever. Amen. + +Then this prayer, + + O Lord and heavenly Father, we, thy humble servants, entirely desire + thy fatherly goodness, mercifully to accept this our sacrifice of + praise and thanksgiving; most humbly beseeching thee to grant, that + by the merits and death of thy Son Jesus Christ, and through faith + in his blood, we and all thy whole church may obtain remission of + our sins, and all other benefits of his passion. And here we offer, + and present unto thee, O Lord, ourselves, our souls and bodies, to + be a reasonable, holy, and lively sacrifice unto thee; humbly + beseeching thee, that all we, who are partakers of this holy + communion, may be filled with thy grace and heavenly benediction. + +Then was said, + + Glory be to God on high, and on earth peace; good will towards men. + We praise thee; we bless thee; we worship thee; we glorify thee; we + give thanks to thee for thy great glory, O Lord God, heavenly King, + God the Father Almighty. + + O Lord, the only begotten Son, Jesu Christ. + + O Lord God, Lamb of God, Son of the Father, that takest away the + sins of the world, have mercy upon us. Thou that takest away the + sins of the world, receive our prayer. Thou that sittest at the + right hand of God the Father, have mercy upon us. + + For thou only art holy, thou only art the Lord, thou only, O Christ, + with the Holy Ghost, art most high in the glory of God the Father. + Amen. + +The King returned to his throne upon the theatre, and afterwards the +archbishop read the final prayers. + + +THE FINAL PRAYERS. + + Assist us mercifully, O Lord, in these our supplications and + prayers, and dispose the way of thy servants towards the attainment + of everlasting salvation, that, among all the changes and chances of + this mortal life, they may ever be defended by thy most gracious and + ready help, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. + + O Lord our God, who upholdest and governest all things in heaven and + earth, receive our humble prayers with our thanksgivings, for our + Sovereign Lord GEORGE, set over us by thy good providence to be our + King: and so, together with him, bless all the Royal Family, that + they, ever trusting in thy goodness, protected by thy power, and + crowned with thy favour, may continue before thee in health and + peace, in joy and honour, a long and happy life upon earth, and + after death may obtain everlasting life and glory in the kingdom of + heaven, through the merits and mediation of Jesus Christ our + Saviour; who with thee, O Father, and the Holy Spirit, liveth and + reigneth, ever one God, world without end. Amen. + + Almighty God, who hast promised to hear the petition of them that + ask in thy Son's name; we beseech thee mercifully to incline thine + ears to us that have made now our prayers and supplications unto + thee, and grant that those things which we have faithfully asked + according to thy will, may effectually be obtained to the relief of + our necessity, and to the setting forth of thy glory, through Jesus + Christ our Lord. Amen. + + The peace of God which passeth all understanding, keep your hearts + and minds in the knowledge and love of God, and of his Son Jesus + Christ our Lord. And the blessing of God Almighty, the Father, the + Son, and the Holy Ghost, be amongst you, and remain with you always. + Amen. + + +THE RECESS. + +The whole coronation office being thus performed, the King, attended and +accompanied as before, the four swords being carried before him, +descended from his throne crowned, and carrying the sceptre and rod in +his hands, went up the area eastward of the theatre, and passed on +through the door, on the south side of the altar, into king Edward's +chapel; and as they passed by the altar, the rest of the regalia, lying +upon it, were delivered by the dean of Westminster to the lords that +carried them in the procession, and so they proceeded in state into the +chapel; the organ all the while playing. + +The King then came into the chapel, and standing before the altar, took +off his crown, and delivered it, together with his sceptre, to the +archbishop, who laid them upon the altar there; and the rest of the +regalia were given into the hands of the dean of Westminster, and by him +laid there also. + +Then the King withdrew himself into his traverse prepared for him upon +the western wall of that chapel. + +Within his traverse the King was disrobed by the lord great chamberlain +of his royal robe of state (which was forthwith delivered to the dean of +Westminster to be laid also upon the altar) and again arrayed with his +robe of purple velvet, which was before laid ready in the traverse for +that purpose. + +When the King, thus habited, came forth of his traverse, he stood before +the altar, and the archbishop being still vested in his cope, set the +crown of state, provided for the King to wear during the rest of the +ceremony, upon his head. Then he gave the sceptre with the cross into +the King's right hand, and the orb with the cross into his left: which +being done, both the archbishop and dean divested themselves of their +copes, and left them there, and proceeded in their usual habits. + +Then the King carried his sceptre with the cross in his left hand; the +four swords being borne before the King, and the heralds having again +put the rest of the procession in order, he went on from king Edward's +chapel to the theatre, and thence through the midst of the choir and +body of the church, out at the west door, and so returned to Westminster +Hall. + + +RETURN OF THE PROCESSION TO THE HALL. + +At about twenty minutes to four the gates of the Hall were thrown open +to admit the procession on its return. + +The cheering in the Hall on the King's approach was neither so +spontaneous nor enthusiastic as it was along the line of march: as far +as we could see it originated generally with some of the choristers +employed to sing the various portions of the ceremonial. + +Viewed from the upper end of the Hall through the arched way, the +appearance of the white plumes of the knights of the Bath was most +magnificent. On their entrance to the Hall, the knights took off their +hats, but the peers continued to wear their coronets. The procession +then entered in the following order;-- + + The King's Herbwoman, with her six Maids. + + Messenger of the College of Arms. + + High Constable of Westminster. + + Fife and Drums, as before } + Drum Major } Who, on arrival in the + Eight Trumpets } Hall, immediately went + Kettle Drums } into the Gallery over the + Eight Trumpets } Triumphal Arch. + Serjeant Trumpeter } + + Serjeant Porter. + + Knight Marshal and his Officers. + + Six Clerks in Chancery. + + King's Chaplains. + + Sheriffs of London. + + Aldermen and Recorder of London. + + Masters in Chancery. + + King's Serjeants at Law. + + King's Ancient Serjeant. + + King's Solicitor-General. King's Attorney-General. + + Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber. + + Barons of the Exchequer, and Justices of both Benches. + + Lord Chief Baron of the Lord Chief Justice of + Exchequer. the Common Pleas. + + Vice-Chancellor. Master of the Rolls. + + Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench. + + Pursuivants of Scotland and Ireland. + + Officers attendant on the Knights Commanders of the + Bath, wearing their Caps. + + Knights Commanders of the Bath, wearing their Caps. + + Officers of the Order of the Bath, wearing their Caps. + + Knights Grand Crosses of the Order of the Bath, + wearing their Caps. + + A Pursuivant of Arms. + + Clerks of the Council in Ordinary. + + Privy Counsellors. + + Register of the Order of the Garter. + + Knight of the Garter, not a Peer, wearing his Cap and + Feathers. + + His Majesty's Vice-Chamberlain. + + Comptroller of the Household. Treasurer of the Household. + + A Pursuivant of Arms. + + Heralds or Scotland and Ireland. + + The Standard of Hanover, borne by the Earl of Mayo. + + Barons, wearing their Coronets. + + A Herald. + + The Standard of Ireland, The Standard of Scotland, + borne by borne by the + Lord Beresford. Earl of Lauderdale. + + Bishops, wearing their Caps. + + Two Heralds. + + Viscounts, wearing their Coronets. + + Two Heralds. + + The Standard of England, borne by Lord Hill. + + Earls, wearing their Coronets. + + Two Heralds. + + The Union Standard, borne by Earl Harcourt. + + Marquesses, wearing their Coronets. + + The Lord Chamberlain of the Household, wearing his + Coronet. + + The Lord Steward of the Household, wearing his + Coronet. + + The Royal Standard, borne by the Earl of Harrington. + + King of Arms of Gloucester King Hanover King + the Ionian Order of Arms, wearing of Arms, wearing + of St. Michael & his Crown. his Crown. + St. George, wearing + his Crown. + + Dukes, wearing their Coronets. + + Ulster King of Clarenceux King Norroy King + Arms, wearing of Arms, wearing of Arms, wearing + his Crown. his Crown. his Crown. + + The Lord Privy Seal, The Lord President of the + wearing his Coronet. Council, wearing his Coronet. + + Archbishops of Ireland, wearing their Caps. + + Archbishop of York, wearing his Cap. + + Lord High Chancellor, wearing his Coronet, and bearing his Purse. + + Archbishop of Canterbury, wearing his Cap. + + Four Serjeants at Arms. + + The third Sword, Curtana, borne by The second Sword, + borne by the the Duke of borne by the + Earl of Galloway, Newcastle, Duke of Northumberland, + wearing his wearing his wearing + Coronet. Coronet. his Coronet. + + Usher of the Green Rod. Usher of the White Rod. + + The The Garter Principal Black Rod. + Lord Mayor Lord Lyon of King + of London. Scotland, of Arms, + wearing his wearing his + Crown. Crown. + + The Deputy Lord Great Chamberlain, wearing his Coronet. + + His Royal Highness the Prince Leopold, wearing his Cap + and Feathers, and his Train borne as before. + + His Royal Highness the Duke of Gloucester, wearing his + Coronet, and his Train borne as before. + + His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, wearing his + Coronet, and his Train borne as before. + + His Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex, wearing his + Coronet, and his Train borne as before. + + His Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence, wearing his + Coronet, and his Train borne as before. + + His Royal Highness the Duke of York, wearing his + Coronet, and his Train borne as before. + + The High Constable The High Constable of Scotland, + of Ireland. wearing his Coronet. + + Four Serjeants at Arms. + + The Deputy Earl The sword which The Lord High + Marshal had been redeemed, Constable, + wearing his borne naked by wearing his + coronet. the Duke of Dorset, coronet. + wearing his coronet. + + The Lord High Steward, + wearing his coronet. + + The Sceptre with the Dove, + borne by + the Duke of Rutland, + wearing his coronet. + + THE KING, + + In his Robes of purple + velvet, furred with ermine, + and the Crown + Twenty of state on his head, Twenty + Gentlemen bearing in his right Gentlemen + Pensioners hand St. Edward's Pensioners with + with Bearer. Sceptre, with the Cross, the Lieutenant. + The Bishop and in his left the Orb The Bishop + of Oxford, with the Cross, under of Lincoln, + wearing his his canopy, supported wearing his + cap. as before, and his train cap. + borne as before. + + Captain of the Yeoman Gold Stick of the Captain of the Band + of the Guard, Life Guards in of Gentlemen Pensioners, + wearing his coronet. waiting, wearing wearing his + his coronet. coronet. + + Lords of the Bedchamber. + + The Keeper of his Majesty's Privy Purse. + + Grooms of the Bedchamber. + + Equerries and Pages of Honour. + + Aides-de-Camp. + + Gentlemen Ushers. + + Physicians. Surgeons. Apothecaries. + + Ensign of the Yeomen Lieutenant of the Yeomen of + of the Guard. the Guard. + + His Majesty's Pages. + + His Majesty's Footmen. + + Exons of the Yeomen Yeomen of Exons of the Yeomen + of the Guard. the Guard. of the Guard. + + Gentleman Harbinger of the Band of Gentlemen + Pensioners. + + Clerk of the Cheque Clerk of the Cheque to + to the Yeomen of the Guard. the Gentlemen Pensioners. + + Yeomen of the Guard, to close the Procession. + +As the procession entered the Hall, the fifes, drums, and trumpets went +to their gallery, and the several other persons composing it were +directed to their respective places by the officers of arms. + +On entering the Hall, the barons of the Cinque Ports, bearing the +canopy, remained at the bottom of the steps. His Majesty ascended the +elevated platform, and retired in his chamber near the state. + +The company at the table then sat down; and the barons of the Cinque +Ports carried away the canopy as their fee. + +It is mentioned above that the several orders of knighthood returned +wearing their hats. This was the case until they got to the entrance of +Westminster Hall. There all the knights of the Bath took off their +hats, as did some of the bishops and several other individuals who took +part in the procession. There were only two knights of the Garter who +appeared in the full dress of the order. These were his Royal Highness +the Prince Leopold and the Marquess of Londonderry. The noble marquess, +as attired in his robes, added very considerably to the splendour of the +scene by his graceful and elegant appearance. His lordship's hat was +encircled with a band of diamonds, which had a most brilliant effect. As +his Majesty passed up the Hall he was received with loud and continued +acclamations--the gentlemen waving their hats, and the ladies their +handkerchiefs: his Majesty seemed to feel sensibly the enthusiasm with +which he was greeted, and returned the salutations with repeated bows to +the assemblage on both sides. The peers took their seats at the table +appointed for them, and began to partake of the banquet. During the +interval between this and the return of his Majesty, the greater part of +the ladies and gentlemen who had previously occupied the galleries +retired for refreshments, or descended into the Hall, which they +promenaded for a considerable time. There were also a great number of +persons admitted into the Hall, who it was evident had not been in +before. This occasioned some slight inconvenience to those whose duty +obliged them to be present. We ought here to remark that the procession, +on its return to the Hall, was not conducted with any thing like the +same regularity which had distinguished its departure. This was probably +owing to the great fatigue which all the parties had undergone, and to +their consequent anxiety to get to their seats. Some slight derangement +was occasioned by the aldermen, who, either from the cause just +mentioned, or from a mistake with respect to the regulations of the +heralds, had no sooner got within the triumphal arch, than they walked +over to one of the tables, leaving several of those behind who ought to +have preceded them. This trifling mistake was soon corrected by one of +the heralds, who brought the worthy magistrates back to their former +station in the procession. + + +THE BANQUET. + +Precisely at twenty minutes past five the lord great chamberlain issued +his orders that the centre of the Hall should be cleared. This direction +occasioned much confusion, not only because many strangers had been +allowed to enter the lower doors for the purpose of surveying the +general arrangements, but because those who had tickets for the +galleries had descended in considerable numbers to the floor. Lord +Gwydyr was under the necessity of personally exerting his authority, +with considerable vehemence, in order to compel the attendants of the +earl-marshal to quit situations intended for persons more immediately +connected with the ceremony. A long interval now occurred, during which +the various officers, and especially the heralds, made the necessary +arrangements for the nobility expected to return with his Majesty. +During this pause silence was generally preserved, in expectation of the +return of his Majesty from his chamber. + +The entrance of the King was announced by one of the principal heralds, +who was followed into the Hall by the lord great chamberlain and the +Dukes of York, Clarence, Cambridge, Sussex, and Gloucester. Prince +Leopold had for some time previously been engaged in conversation with +some of the foreign ambassadors. + +His Majesty returned in the robes with which he had been invested in the +Abbey, wearing also the same crown. In his right hand he carried the +sceptre, and in his left the orb, which, on taking his seat on the +throne, he delivered to two peers stationed at his side for the purpose +of receiving them. + +The first course was then served up. It consisted of 24 gold covers and +dishes, carried by as many gentlemen pensioners: they were preceded by +six attendants on the clerk comptroller, by two clerks of the kitchen, +who received the dishes from the gentlemen pensioners, by the clerk +comptroller, in a velvet gown trimmed with silver lace, by two clerks +and the secretary of the Board of Green Cloth, by the comptroller and +treasurer of the household, and serjeants at arms with their maces. + +Before the dishes were placed upon the table by the two clerks of the +kitchen, the great doors at the bottom of the Hall were thrown open to +the sound of trumpets and clarionets, and the Duke of Wellington, as +lord high constable, the Marquis of Anglesey, as lord high steward, and +Lord Howard of Effingham, as deputy earl marshal, entered upon the floor +on horseback, remaining for some minutes under the archway. The Duke of +Wellington was on the left of the King, the earl marshal on the right, +and the Marquess of Anglesey in the centre. The two former were mounted +on beautiful white horses gorgeously trapped, and the latter on his +favourite dun-coloured Arabian. + + +THE CHALLENGE. + +Before the second course, the great gate was thrown open at the sound of +trumpets without. The deputy appointed to officiate as King's Champion +for the lord of the manor of Scrivelsby, in Lincolnshire, entered the +Hall on horseback, in a complete suit of bright armour, between the lord +high constable and deputy earl marshal, also on horseback, preceded +by-- + + Two Trumpeters, with the Champion's Arms on their Banners. + + The Serjeant Trumpeter, with his Mace on his Shoulder. + + Two Serjeants at Arms, with their Maces on their Shoulders. + + The Champion's two Esquires, in half Armour, one on the right hand + bearing the Champion's Lance, the other on the left hand with the + Champion's Target, and the Arms of Dymoke depicted thereon. + + A Herald, With a Paper in his hand containing the Challenge. + +Then followed:-- + + The | The | The + Deputy Earl Marshal, | CHAMPION, | Lord High Constable, + on Horseback, in | on Horseback, in a | in his Robes and + his Robes and Coronet,| complete suit of | Coronet, and Collar + with the Earl | bright Armour, with | of his Order, on + Marshal's Staff in | a Gauntlet in his | Horseback, with the + his Hand, attended | Hand, his Helmet on | Constable's Staff, attended + by a Page. | his Head, adorned | by two Pages. + | with a plume of | + | Feathers. | + + Four Pages, richly apparelled, attendants on the + Champion. + +His helmet was of polished steel, surmounted by a full rich bending +plume of white ostrich feathers, next of light blue, next red, and +lastly of an erect black feather. He seemed rather pale in the face, +which was of a resolute cast, and ornamented with handsome mustachios. +He sat his horse with ease, and the appearance of great firmness, which +was no doubt in part attributable to the enormous weight under which the +noble animal that bore him seemed to bend. His armour was extremely +massive, and deeply lined and engraven: no part of his body was +uncovered; and even the broad circular shoulder blades of the armour +were so folded over the cuirass, that in action the body could not but +be completely defended at all points. The horse was very richly +caparisoned, and wore in his headstall a plume of varied feathers. +Nothing could exceed the impression produced by the approach of the +champion and his loyal array. Every fair bosom felt an indescribable +sensation of mingled surprise, pleasure, and apprehension. It seemed as +if they were impressed with a conviction that the defiance might not +prove an empty ceremony; that a trial as severe as that of Ivanhoe, in +the presence of his future sovereign at Ashby, might await the +challenger; and that the nobly-equipped champion before them might, +nevertheless, be as little elated by his success, or as faint and feeble +when he fell at the feet of sympathising beauty to claim the hard-earned +meed of glory. For a moment the fast fading spirit of chivalry +re-asserted itself within those walls, over minds which the place and +occasion had rendered vividly susceptible of impressions connected with +the records of our earlier history. + +At the entrance into the Hall the trumpets sounded thrice, and the +passage to the king's table being cleared by the knight marshal, the +herald, with a loud voice, proclaimed the champion's challenge in the +words following:-- + + If any person, of what degree soever, high or low, shall deny or + gainsay our Sovereign Lord GEORGE the Fourth of the United Kingdom + of Great Britain and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, Son and next + Heir to our Sovereign Lord King GEORGE the Third, the last King, + deceased, to be right Heir to the Imperial Crown of this United + Kingdom, or that he ought not to enjoy the same, here is his + Champion, who saith that he lieth, and is a false traitor; being + ready in person to combat with him, and in this quarrel will + adventure his life against him on what day soever he shall be + appointed. + +The champion then threw down his iron glove or gauntlet; which, having +lain for a short time upon the ground, the herald took up, and delivered +again to the champion. + +They then advanced to the middle of the Hall, where the ceremony was +again performed in the same manner. + +Lastly, they advanced to the steps of the throne, where the herald (and +those who preceded him) ascending to the middle of the steps, proclaimed +the challenge in the like manner; when the champion, having thrown down +the gauntlet, and received it again from the herald, made a low +obeisance to the King, The peers had repeated, as if with one voice, +"God bless the King! God save the King!" which was accompanied by +acclamations so loud through all parts of the Hall, that it startled the +horses of the champion and his noble companions. Then the cupbearer, +having received from the officer of the Jewel-house a gold cup and cover +filled with wine, presented the same to the King, and his Majesty drank +to the champion, and sent to him by the cupbearer the said cup, which +the champion (having put on his gauntlet) received, and having made a +low obeisance to the King, drank off the wine; and in a loud articulate +voice, exclaimed, turning himself round, "Long life to his Majesty King +GEORGE the Fourth!" This was followed by a peal of applause resembling +thunder; after which, making another low obeisance to his Majesty, and +being accompanied as before, he departed out of the Hall, taking with +him the said cup and cover as his fee, retiring with his face to his +Majesty, and backing his horse out of the Hall. + + +PROCLAMATION OF THE STYLES. + +Immediately afterwards, Garter, attended by Clarenceux, Norroy, Lyon, +Ulster, and the rest of the kings and officers of arms, proclaimed his +Majesty's styles in Latin, French, and English, three several times, +first upon the uppermost step of the elevated platform, next in the +middle of the Hall; and, lastly, at the bottom of the Hall, the officers +of arms before each proclamation crying, "Largesse." After each +proclamation, the company shouted "God save the King!" and the ladies +waved their handkerchiefs and fans. + + +SECOND COURSE. + +The second course was then served up with the same ceremony as the +first. + + +SERVICES IN PURSUANCE OF CLAIMS. + +Then the lord of the manor of Nether Bilsington presented his Majesty +with three maple cups. + +The office of chief butler of England was executed by the Duke of +Norfolk, as Earl of Arundel and lord of the manor of Keninghall, who +received a gold basin and ewer as his fee. + +Dinner being concluded, the lord mayor and twelve principal citizens of +London, as assistants to the chief butler of England, accompanied by the +King's cupbearer and assistant, presented to his Majesty wine in a gold +cup; and the King having drunk thereof, returned the gold cup to the +lord mayor as his fee. + +The mayor of Oxford, with the eight other burgesses of that city, as +assistants to the lord mayor and citizens of London, as assistant to the +chief butler of England in the office of butler, was conducted to his +Majesty, preceded by the King's cupbearer, and having presented to the +King a bowl of wine, received the three maple cups for his fee. + +The lord of the manor of Lyston, pursuant to his claim, then brought up +a charger of wafers to his Majesty's table. + +The Duke of Athol, as lord of the Isle of Man, presented his Majesty +with two falcons. Considerable curiosity was excited by the presentment +of these beautiful birds, which sat perfectly tame on the arm of his +grace, completely hooded, and furnished with bells. + +The Duke of Montrose, as master of the horse to the King, performed the +office of serjeant of the silver scullery. + +The lord of the barony of Bedford performed the office of almoner; and +the office of chief larderer was performed by the deputy of the Earl of +Abergavenny. + +After the dessert was served up, the King's health was announced by the +peers, and drank by them and the whole of the persons in the Hall +standing, with three times three. The lord chancellor, overpowered by +his feelings on this propitious occasion, rose, and said it was usual to +drink the health of a subject with three times three, and he thought +that his subjects ought to drink the Sovereign's health with nine times +nine. The choir and additional singers had now been brought forward in +front of the knights commanders, and the national anthem of "God save +the King" was sung with incomparable effect. + +The Duke of Norfolk then said, "The King thanks his peers for drinking +his health: he does them the honour to drink their health and that of +his good people." His Majesty rose, and bowing three times to various +parts of the immense concourse-- + + ----"The abstract of his kingdom," + +he drank the health of all present. It was succeeded by long and +continued shouts from all present, during which the King resumed his +seat on his throne. + +The King quitted the Hall at a quarter before eight o'clock; afterwards +the company was indiscriminately admitted to partake of such +refreshments as remained on the tables of the peers. + +During Tuesday and Wednesday night, in order that no unnecessary +interruption might be experienced in the public thoroughfares during the +daytime, the workmen under the direction of the Board of Works were +busily engaged in raising barriers at different points that commanded +the streets and passes leading to Westminster Hall and Abbey. From +Charing Cross, a stout barrier was placed (about fifteen feet from the +pavement) to Parliament Street, so that the fullest possible room, about +twenty feet in width, should be secured for persons having tickets of +admission to the Hall, the Abbey, or the Coronation Galleries. And a +still stronger barrier was raised along the centre of Parliament Street, +one side only being appropriated to carriages going towards the scene of +universal attraction. Across Bridge Street, as well as in King Street, +and the neighbouring thoroughfares, all the carriage entrances were +wholly blockaded; thus securing the most commodious means to persons +proceeding on foot to the different places for which they possessed +admission tickets. At all these points were stationed constables, +supported by parties of military; and at the several passes were placed +experienced individuals who had been instructed in their various duties +during several days by Mr. Jackson and others, in the long chambers of +the House of Lords, &c. They examined the tickets and the pretensions of +the several persons applying to pass on to the Abbey, Hall, houses, or +galleries.--Still more effectually to qualify them for this duty, they +were previously made acquainted with the mode in which the various +tickets of the lord great chamberlain (Lord Gwydyr) for the Hall, and +the earl marshal of England (Lord Howard, of Effingham, acting deputy), +were prepared, signed, and superscribed.--They were also provided with +good general means of judging of the authenticity of cards for the +different galleries; and even to be guarded against imposture, there was +further authority to keep all the several parties in motion, till they +arrived at their respective destinations. Thus, every arrangement was +made to accomplish the great advantage of clear roads and facilities of +approach; and the regulations adopted at those points, passes, and +barriers already noticed, were provided at the other stations. + +All the arrangements were finally made on Wednesday night. The high +bailiff of Westminster (A. Morris, Esq.), the high constable (Mr. Lee), +and the several magistrates of the different Police Offices, Sir Robert +Baker, Mr. Birnie, Mr. Mainwaring, Mr. Raynsford, Mr. Markland, &c. +under the advice, and with the approbation of Lord Sidmouth, agreed upon +and adopted at the office of the home secretary of state, a plan of +general and particular operations. Each magistrate had his different +station allotted to him, with a specified number of the police officers +to attend his commands, and enforce his instructions. + +Besides the precautions taken in the several streets, and at the +various thoroughfares, as already described, arrangements of a similar +character were adopted at the several approaches from the river Thames. +In the course of the night, the stairs, landing-places, roads from +wharfs, &c., along the Westminster side of the banks of the Thames, were +closed, with parties to command them, from the Hungerford to the +Horseferry stairs. Some exceptions were made regarding the stairs at +Whitehall, by Lord Liverpool's house, and a temporary landing-place +formed in the course of Wednesday, at the lower end of the speaker's +garden, for the accommodation of the treasury and ordnance barges, +conveying certain great officers of state, some parties of peeresses, +&c., as well as the barges of the lord mayor, aldermen, sheriffs, and +twelve citizens of London, accompanied as they were (by the special +favour of the corporation of London) by the mayor of Oxford, its +recorder, two aldermen, two assistants, &c. And at this entrance proper +precautions were taken by stationing a civil force in the speaker's +gardens; while in the river, such regulations were strengthened by the +parties on board the Thames police-boat, and a gun-brig moored off this +point in the course of Wednesday. + + +THE PLATFORM. + +The temporary boarding placed up on each side of the platform, some +weeks ago, to prevent damage, by indiscriminate visitors travelling over +it day and night, was completely removed in the early part of the +morning. On the removal of such boarding, the platform presented a +lively and finished appearance. The railing on each side of it was +covered with purple cloth, and the flooring covered to the extent of +sixteen feet, leaving about a yard on each side uncovered, with the same +sort of blue cloth. + +The awnings were drawn, but at short distances red lines were placed, by +the pulling of which command was had of them, to close or spread them as +circumstances might require. To each line and pulley was allotted one +man, with a particular dress, so that the most rapid change of the +awnings could be effected, should the weather require any change in +their position, while the addition of a staff enabled such man likewise +to act as a constable. There were also placed, on each side of the +platform, along the whole range of it, men provided with pincers, +hammers, &c., to repair any damage that might happen to the platform, or +whatever was calculated to impede the progress of the procession, and +its attendant ceremonies. These men were also supplied with a like +livery, with staves of office; and they were sworn as constables. + +The flooring of the platform was raised several feet (in some instances +as much as four and five feet) from the roads; and the side platform was +nearly two feet below the surface of the main platform. Thus the view of +what excited the greatest curiosity, was not intercepted by the means so +judiciously arranged to preserve that regularity and order which so +essentially contribute to the effect of all ceremonies. + + +CORONATION GALLERIES. + +The immense range of galleries in the fronts of houses in New Palace +Yard, along the Exchequer Offices and Chambers, over the champion's +stables, in Parliament Street and Square, in George Street, in St. +Margaret's Churchyard, in the large spaces, on gardens and squares, +between the Parliament House and Sessions House, it would be impossible +to particularise. The magnitude of these accommodations, their +uniformity and convenience, excited the wonder of the inhabitants of +this great metropolis, and of thousands from all parts of the country, +who repaired to town solely with the view of witnessing the +preparations. All these galleries underwent the strictest investigation +by surveyors appointed for the purpose; so that all possible precautions +to prevent accidents were adopted. + + +WESTMINSTER HALL. + +The preparations within the Hall have on former occasions been fully +described, and a tolerably correct notion may be formed by many of the +main outlines of the arrangements there, to give effect to the +ceremonies preceding, and the banquet following, his Majesty's +coronation. The _coup d'oeil_ was of the most pleasing and imposing +character; the galleries along each side of the Hall, the tower and +turrets over the grand entrance, and the royal platform and table, were +finished in the highest order. The new windows in the roof, and the +recently-completed lantern upwards of forty feet high on the centre of +the ridge of the roof, with glazed windows all round, greatly improved +the effect. + +From each side of the angles formed by the ends of the hammer-beams in +the roof was suspended by a gilt chain a large splendid cut-glass +lustre, with broad ornamented gilt irons and frames, containing three +circles of wax candles, being between forty and fifty in each lustre. + +The first and second galleries had the mattings and scarlet coverings +completed only on Wednesday. The royal box on the right, and the +foreigners' box on the left side of the royal table were entirely lined +with scarlet cloth, festooned in front, and ornamented with gold fringe. + +The throne, seat, and the royal table, attracted general admiration. +With the exception of the large fluted columns, the royal seat and +canopy were in the style of the throne in the House of Lords. The back +of crimson velvet, with the royal arms embroidered on it, and the limits +decorated with gold and ornaments. The canopy was square, with a raised +and variegated gold cornice round. The centre displayed a splendid +crown, underneath which were G. R. IV. Underneath the cornice was a +crimson velvet vallance, separated into divisions, the lower portion of +each division being rounded with gold, while its centre was decorated +with gold, embroidered, and raised ornaments illustrative of the +military orders, and of the emblems of the United Kingdom, the Rose, the +Thistle, the Harp, &c. The chair was equally splendid; the arms and legs +consisting of rich carved work gilt, with crimson velvet back, also +ornamented. The only objection in point of taste that can be made to +this is, that the glitter did not harmonize with the sober grandeur of +the Hall. + +About nine o'clock on Wednesday night the King left Carlton Palace for +the house of the speaker of the House of Commons in Palace Yard, where +his Majesty slept on Wednesday night. His Majesty's coach was escorted +by a strong detachment of the Oxford Blues, accoutred as cuirassiers. +They made a most beautiful appearance. The carriage drove at a rapid +rate across the Parade in St. James's Park, through Storey's Gate and +Great George Street. His Majesty was recognised by the crowd on his +passage, and saluted with every expression of loyalty and attachment. +Prior to the departure of his Majesty from Carlton Palace the crowd +between Storey's Gate and Westminster Hall had been cleared by the Scots +Greys, so as to make a convenient passage for the carriage, and his +Majesty did not set out until after an officer had arrived at the Palace +gate to announce that all was ready. His Majesty was guarded through the +night by the lord great chamberlain and the usher of the black rod. +There were no preparations of importance. His Majesty's sofa bed was +brought from Carlton House. On Thursday morning the lord great +chamberlain, at seven o'clock, carried to his Majesty his shirt and +apparel, and with the lord chamberlain of the household dressed his +Majesty. His Majesty then breakfasted, and afterwards proceeded to his +chamber, near the south entrance into Westminster Hall. + +We entered the Hall at twenty minutes past five o'clock, and a crowd of +ladies admitted by peers' orders, and peeresses, were then struggling +for admittance. + +The first thing we observed on having entered the Hall, was the canopy +which was to be borne over the King by the barons of the Cinque Ports. +The canopy was yellow;--of silk and gold embroidery, with short curtains +of muslin spangled with gold. Eight bearers having fixed the poles by +which the canopy was supported, which were of steel (apparently), with +silver knobs, bore it up and down the Hall, to practise the mode of +carrying it in procession. It was then deposited at the upper end of the +side table of the Hall, to the left of the throne. The canopy was not +very elegant in form, and did not seem very well calculated to add to +the effect of the procession. But even at this early hour the +appearance of the Hall, studded with groups of gentlemen pensioners, and +various other attendants, in their fantastic and antique costumes, with +the officers of the guards, and others, in military uniform, and, above +all, the elegantly dressed women who began to fill the galleries, was +altogether superb. At this time there were several hundreds of +spectators in the Hall. + +The sides of the upper end of the Hall, including the boxes for the +foreign ministers and royal family, were hung with scarlet cloth, edged +with gold. + +The throne was splendid with gold and crimson; the canopy over the +throne was of crimson and gold, with the royal arms in embroidery. The +large square table before the throne, intended for the display of the +regalia, was of purple, having a rim of gold, and an interior square +moulding of the same description, about two feet from the edge. The +platform on which the throne was placed, and the three steps immediately +descending from it, were covered with brown carpeting; the two other +descending flights of steps, and the double chairs, placed by the side +of the tables for the peers (with the names of their future occupiers), +and the coverings of the railings in front of the seats, were of morone +cloth. From the bottom of the steps, descending from the throne to the +north gate, the middle of the floor of the Hall was covered with blue +cloth, in the same manner as the platform without. The rest of the floor +and the seats were matted. The side tables were covered with green +cloth; and as on each side, the galleries reached nearly to the top of +the windows in the wall, only the upper arches of those windows, and the +noble roof of the old fabric appeared, except at each end, the upper one +especially, where the grave visages of the Saxon kings, newly decorated, +made their appearance. The light, which was only admitted from the roof +windows, and from those in each end, though sober, was, on the whole, +good. At the lower end the attendants of the earl marshal attracted some +notice by their dark dresses, with white sashes, stockings, shoes with +large rosettes, and Queen Elizabeth ruffs, with gilt staves tipped with +black. At a quarter after seven o'clock an attendant, habited in the +dress of _Henri Quatre_ laid on the table, near the canopy, eight maces, +to be borne in the course of the procession. + +Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Gloucester was the first of the royal +family who arrived in the Hall; taking her seat in the royal box at a +quarter before six. Her Royal Highness was splendidly attired in a rich +dress of silver lama over French lilac; head-dress, a white satin hat, +with an elegant plume of white feathers, turned up with a diamond button +and loop in front; and appeared to be in excellent health and spirits. + +Soon afterwards the Duchess of Clarence entered the Hall, and took her +seat next to her royal sister-in-law, the Duchess of Gloucester. About +half past seven their Royal Highnesses the Duchess of Kent, the Princess +Sophia of Gloucester, and the Princess Feodore (daughter of the Duchess +of Kent) took their seats in the royal box. Their Royal Highnesses were +attired in splendid dresses of white satin, richly embroidered in +silver, with rich bandeau head-dresses, and large plumes of white +feathers. + +The herb-women entered the Hall from the south end before eight o'clock. +Miss Fellowes, the principal herb-woman, was led in by Mr. Fellowes; and +the six young ladies, her assistants, followed two and two. They were +afterwards seated at the north entrance of the Hall. They were elegantly +dressed in white, tastefully decorated with flowers. Miss Fellowes wore, +in addition to the same dress, a scarlet mantle. At eight o'clock three +large baskets were brought into the Hall, filled with flowers, for them +to bear. Of a very different description from these were some persons +who were observed in various parts of the Hall. These were well-known +prize-fighters, who were stationed from an idea of the necessity of +keeping peace among the honourable and noble throng. We observed Cribb, +Randall, Richmond, and we understood many others were present. + +The canopy was removed at eight o'clock from the side table where it had +been placed, and was brought into the middle of the Hall. The barons of +the Cinque Ports were then marshalled, two to each pole; they then bore +the canopy down the Hall by way of practice, according to a word of +command.--Some laughter was at first excited by the irregular manner in +which the bearers moved. Their dresses were, however, extremely +splendid--large cloaks of garter-blue satin, with slashed arms of +scarlet, and stockings of dead red. + +Many peers had been occasionally in the Hall at a very early hour in the +morning, and before eight o'clock they had all arrived at the buildings +near the House of Lords, and took their coronets and robes. The +archbishops and bishops assembled about the same time, and vested +themselves in their rochets, in the House of Lords and chambers +adjacent. The judges, and others of the long robe, together with the +gentlemen of the privy chamber, esquires of the body, serjeants at law, +masters in chancery, aldermen of London, chaplains having dignities, and +six clerks in chancery, being all in their proper habits, assembled at +the places, of which notice has been given, where the officers of arms +arranged them according to their respective classes, four in a rank, +placing the youngest on the left, and then conducted them into the Hall. + +The King's serjeants were in red gowns. The masters in chancery (nine of +whom attended) were in the dress in which they attend the house of +lords. + +The barons of the Cinque Ports took a second turn in the Hall, which, as +it began with more formality, was attended with more laughter than the +first. About this time also the four swords were brought in, and +deposited on the end of the left hand table, with the spurs, and a +cushion for the crown. The knights of the Bath now began to assemble, +and with the others who were to take part in the procession, were ranged +at the end of the Hall. The dresses of the knights of the Bath were +extremely splendid, but somewhat gaudy. The knights had all close +dresses of white satin, puckered in a variety of ways. The grand crosses +wore flowing robes of pinkish red satin, lined with white; the +commanders small mantles. The judges and privy counsellors, not being +peers, next entered; the latter in splendid dresses of blue velvet and +gold. + +Among them were the Earl of Yarmouth, Lord Binning, Mr. Canning, Mr. +Bathurst, Mr. Huskisson, Sir G. Hill, Mr. Robinson, Mr. Beckett, Lord G. +Beresford, and Mr. Wallace. + +The barons then entered, Lords Stowell and Maryborough (late Sir W. +Scott and W. W. Pole), being among the first. There were but forty-nine +(if we rightly counted them) present. Next came the bishops--fifteen +attended; the viscounts, nineteen in number. The earls were more +numerous--we should think seventy or eighty; but the Hall now became so +crowded that there was a difficulty in counting them accurately. The +marquesses and dukes, and lastly the great officers of state, +archbishops, and members of the royal family, entered. Prince Leopold of +Saxe-Cobourg was in the full robes of the order of the Garter. The +princes of the blood and some of the dukes placed themselves on the +right of the platform about the throne. The marquesses and some of the +earls on the left side, formed a line with those who had descended to +the floor of the Hall. The show of ermine and velvet on the descent of +the platform was of the most magnificent description. + +A herald then went through the line of peers, marshalling each according +to the order of their creation--the junior first. They were a second +time called over, and ranged in a double file on each side of the middle +space of the Hall by Mr. Mash. + +Before the King entered, the peers were all ranged on each side of the +Hall, none being left on the platform but the great officers of state +and the royal family. + +Precisely at ten o'clock the King entered the Hall from the door behind +the throne, habited in robes of enormous size and richness, wearing a +black hat with a monstrous plume of ostrich feathers, out of the midst +of which rose a black heron's plume. His Majesty seemed very much +oppressed with the weight of his robes. The train was of enormous length +and breadth. It was of crimson velvet adorned with large golden stars, +and a broad golden border. His Majesty frequently wiped his face while +he remained seated. He went through the ceremonies, which we have +described, with much spirit and apparent good humour. In descending the +steps of the platform his Majesty seemed very feeble, and requested the +aid and support of an officer who was near him. Instead of standing +under the canopy, his Majesty, perhaps afraid of the awkwardness of the +barons, preceded it. The canopy was therefore always borne after him. +When his Majesty had got a little way down the Hall, he turned to his +train-bearers, and requested them to bear his train farther from him, +apparently with a view to relieve himself from the weight. As he went +down the Hall he conversed with much apparent cheerfulness with the +bishop of Lincoln, who was on his right hand. + + * * * * * + +It will behove the historian to record the unsuccessful attempts of her +Majesty to obtain the usual honour of Queen-Consort on the preceding +occasion, _i.e._ that of a joint coronation with her husband; and too +much public attention was excited to the subject at the period of the +coronation to render our sketch of that august ceremony complete without +adverting to it. + +Her Majesty first presented a memorial, desiring to know in what way she +was to attend the coronation; to which it was replied, that it rested +with the King to nominate who should be present, and his Majesty was +advised that he could not allow her to be present. + +The Queen rejoined, that she should be present if not absolutely +prohibited; and it was farther replied, that his Majesty's ministers +advised that she could not be received. + +She now prayed the King in council (July 1) to be heard by her legal +advisers against this decision--a request which was granted "as matter +of _favour_," according to the language of the minister, "but not of +right;" and, on Thursday, July 5, at ten o'clock in the morning, the +Privy Council met at Whitehall to hear her Majesty's claim argued. For +many years so large a Privy Council had not met, there being forty-nine +members present, besides a considerable number of members of parliament +not of the council. + +Mr. BROUGHAM, after stating the refusal of the dean and chapter of +Westminster to grant him the use of the "_Liber Regalis_" (a formula of +the coronation ceremony in their custody), and having induced the +president to send for that volume, commenced by observing: + +That "the King had the right of being crowned," was a proposition which +he thought he should have no difficulty of supporting; and that the +Queen enjoyed the same right, he thought he could establish upon exactly +the same legal ground. The ground upon which he mainly relied was a +uniform, uninterrupted practice, in the sense in which he thought he +should be permitted to use and avail himself of these terms in a court +of justice, and in which he should be justified in establishing out of +them the legal existence of any private right. That some interruptions +had arisen in this uniform practice he was prepared to admit and +explain, for they were such as did not affect the uninterrupted right; +but, in the mode in which he had to account for them, rather sanctioned +and confirmed it. There would be two propositions which he entreated +their lordships to bear in mind while he went through his narrative of +historical facts. The first was the uniform exercise of the right; +namely, that no king had ever been crowned, being married at the time of +his coronation, without the queen-consort herself partaking with the +king in the solemnity of the coronation; and, secondly, that there never +was a queen-consort in England who had not partaken of the ceremony of +the coronation: but in making these two propositions, he begged of +course to be understood, as using them subject to the usual +qualifications of general propositions; which were--being bound to show +that where any interruptions had existed, they did not compromise the +general right. With interruptions, as to the first proposition, he had +but one to contend, which was capable of easy solution. As to the +second, he could easily and satisfactorily explain whatever exceptions +had arisen, for they were few, and tended to confirm the right of the +Queen-Consort. The learned gentleman then proceeded to call the +attention of the lords of the council to various records which he quoted +from English history, in order to establish his proposition,--the right +of British queens to be crowned, from the year 784, through the Saxon +and Norman lines, down to the house of Tudor. In Henry the Second's +reign a remarkable circumstance occurred: the solemnity of crowning his +eldest son took place in his father's life-time; the prince was married +to a daughter of Louis of France, and she was not crowned although her +husband was. The novelty of that omission of what was considered a +uniform ceremony, led to a complaint and remonstrance to the king of +England, and the result was, that he had recourse for redress to the +usual process of kings--to arms, and a declaration of war; and in front +of his reasons for taking that step, the French king placed the omission +to crown his daughter with her husband. Henry was at length obliged to +submit, for he went over to France and entered into some compromise +with Louis to avert hostilities, and the daughter of the French king was +solemnly crowned at Winchester by bishops and other venerable and +distinguished authorities, who were sent over from France to perform the +ceremony of her coronation with suitable splendour. + +On arriving at the era of Henry the Sixth, the learned counsel said he +should refer to the law of Scotland about the period of history at which +he was passing. The Scottish documents contained enough to establish the +fact, that no king of Scotland who was married at the time of his +coronation was ever crowned without his consort; nor, where the marriage +took place afterwards, was there an instance in which a Scottish queen +was not crowned as soon as possible after she became queen. The learned +counsel then referred to the act 1428 in the Scottish statutes, cap. +109, passed in the eighth parliament of James the First, and read the +"aith to be made to the queen, be the clergie and the baronnes." + +The case of Henry the Seventh's queen was next quoted. She had been +crowned two years after the king's coronation. This coronation was +announced by proclamation similar to that which had announced his own +two years and a month before; and the order of it, as would be seen in +the Close Roll, and in Rymer, was similar to that observed at all other +coronations of queens-consort. The varying conduct of Henry the Eighth +with regard to his queens was then accounted for. Charles the First was +crowned without his queen, because of the antipathy of the people +against the papists, of whom she was one; yet only nine days before he +was himself crowned, a proclamation was issued for the crowning of his +queen, but observing the popular feeling to be against such a measure, +that ceremony was postponed. The queen was said to have objected to take +any part in the coronation unless she could be assisted in it by a +popish priest, which the constitution of the country rendered absolutely +impossible. The same reasons operated against the crowning of Charles +the Second's queen, who was also a papist. James the Second and his +queen were crowned together, although they were both Roman Catholics. +If he and his consort could reconcile it to themselves to go into a +Protestant cathedral, and to partake in the ceremonies of a Protestant +ritual, there was an end of the difficulty which he had described as +originating from the words of one of the oaths having one sense to one +of the parties who took them, and another to the other. Since the +revolution every thing regarding this subject was well known, and every +king and queen had been regularly crowned. With regard to the queen of +George the First, he must beg leave to observe, that as she had never +been in this country, he had nothing to do with her. Besides, she was +said to have been divorced from her husband by the sentence of a foreign +ecclesiastical court before he ascended the throne of this country; so +that it was legally impossible that she could be crowned if she had been +divorced from her husband, and physically impossible if she had never +set foot in the country. Her case, therefore, formed no exception to her +present Majesty's right. Whilst he was upon this subject he might be +permitted to remark, as not extraneous to it, that he had not expected +and did not expect to hear in that court, as a bar to her Majesty's +claim, that some proceedings had been instituted against her. He made +that assertion not on his own authority, but on the authority of a noble +and learned judge, who, in giving sentence on the King and Wolfe, in the +court of the highest resort in the country, had said, in consequence of +some observations having been made as to the defendant having been +guilty of some great offence, "If a man be guilty of ever so great an +offence, and the proceedings against him fail in substantiating that +offence, he is to be considered in law as innocent as if no such offence +had ever been charged against him." + +Friday, July 6.--Mr. BROUGHAM rose at a few minutes after ten to resume +his speech. He had yesterday gone through a long and unbroken series of +precedents, showing that no king of England had ever been crowned, he +being married at the time of his coronation, without his consort +participating in that ceremony. Having gone so far, he contended that he +had a right to assume his larger proposition, that queens-consort had, +at all times throughout the ages of English history, themselves enjoyed +the ceremony of the coronation. If in one or two instances this was not +done at the time when the king's own coronation took place, and +supposing that there was an instance or two where the queen-consort +became such after the coronation of the king, still he would affirm, +that according to all the rules of argument, of law, and of common +sense, those few instances, (admitting there were some, though in point +of strict fact he believed there were none,) did not in any manner or +degree affect his general argument, which he held upon the authorities +he had cited to be altogether incontrovertible. He was not before their +lordships to show where the right which he asserted in behalf of the +queen-consort had been claimed and refused. In every instance, in which +it was actually possible for a coronation of a queen to take place, he +had shown that it had been solemnized. There was not a single case +which, _quoad_ that case, cast a doubt upon the uniform force of his +proposition, except that of Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles the First; +and he reminded their lordships, it was merely a doubt so far as that +particular case went. He had a right then to assume the larger +proposition, that all queens-consort of England had, in point of fact, +been crowned. Nothing was clearer in the rules of equity and law, than +that non-uses did not forfeit, unless where they clearly, from the +length of the lapse, involved a waiver of the claim. Where a right had +been disputed, and the opposition assented to by the party tacitly, or +confirmed by a competent authority, then, of course, there was an end to +the legal exercise of such a right. But here the very reverse was the +fact. Suppose he were called upon to prove a right of way or a right of +common, (the two instances in which the courts of law were most commonly +called upon to consider the length of usage,) the principle of law would +go with the uniformity, and the absence of exercising the right in one +or two particular instances would prove nothing. There were three modes +of calling into question the fact of usage; _first_, as to its uniform +enjoyment; _next_, where the right claimed by the party had been +contested, but nevertheless enjoyed by the person exercising it; and the +_third_ case was, where the right asserted had been confiscated, and an +adjudication passed upon it: that was of course held to be conclusive +against the party, where the right claimed was refused, opposed, and not +acquiesced in; then he admitted that no long admission of the right +could be pleaded without the fatal interruption of the bar. He entreated +their lordships to try the usage of the coronation of the queen-consort +by these three principles of investigating such rights founded upon +immemorial custom. Of the first, namely, uniform enjoyment, they had +abundant proof. As to the second, namely, the occurrence of interruption +in the exercise of the right, non-acquiescence in that interruption, a +successful and most complete resistance to the attempt to withhold the +exercise of the right, they had that, fully sustaining his proposition, +in the case of the wife of Prince Henry; where Henry thought proper in +his lifetime to crown his eldest son without also crowning that eldest +son's consort. He had therefore with him the uniform enjoyment of the +right her Majesty claimed; then the successful resistance of an attempt, +as in Henry's case, to delay the exercise of the right; and lastly, the +total absence of any adjudication or confiscation, or any thing like +either in any single instance against him. There was, in fact, no other +possible way of showing the existence of the right, but in the manner in +which he was assuming, proving, and, as he thought, establishing it. How +else, before the Court of Claims, were rights of service at the ceremony +of the coronation established? How else did the barons of the Cinque +Ports show their right to carry the canopy over the king, and to have a +part of that canopy for their service? Suppose any instance in which the +barons should, for want of specific proof, in the lapse of ages, fail to +show that they had exercised that privilege--would that countervail the +validity of their claim, founded on repeated usage? Certainly not. He +would venture to say that there were at least half a dozen instances in +which the barons could not show they had exercised their asserted right: +and would any of these instances, where that proof failed, shake the +firm hold of their long and undeniable usage? Upon a reference to the +services which were to be performed at the ceremony of the coronation, +it was clear, from the separate rights held upon the performance of +particular kinds of attendance upon the queen, that her part of the +ceremony was substantive, independent, and principal; that her right was +clearly within herself, and not dependent upon the mere will of the +King. So essential, indeed, was it that she should be crowned with all +the forms of pomp which belonged to such a solemnity, that the same +writs of summons were issued, and nearly the same demands of service +made upon officers of state as when the king himself was crowned. The +usage clearly governed the right, and more especially in this solemnity +of coronation, which was altogether the creature of precedent, and +existed only by its authority. The queen's coronation was in itself +manifestly a substantive, important, and independent ceremony, +illustrative of the right of the one party, and not dependent or +contingent upon the mere will of the monarch. The origin of the king's +ceremonial was lost in remote antiquity; but the numerous tenures and +dependencies determinable by the non-performance of services at the +solemnity, showed how important it was intended to be in the eyes of the +people. The only grounds of right for the king's coronation, the queen +equally had for hers; and there were, as he had already stated, separate +forms prescribed for those who were officially to attend her ceremony. + +The learned counsel then quoted some passages from the _Liber Regalis_, +being merely directions for particular parts of the ceremonial to be +observed on the queen's coronation. Every solemnity of which the origin +was lost in distant antiquity, which was in itself of a most high and +public nature, and which occupied a great and important space in the +history of the country, he would fearlessly assert, must be deemed and +taken as the right of the realm, and not as a mere appanage of the king. +He held the coronation of the king himself to be a right of this +nature; and that, not merely in the present times on account of the +coronation oath, (which had been devised by the legislature on the +coronation of William and Mary,) but also in times long before them: +indeed, it had always been considered as a high and august ceremony with +which the monarch himself could not dispense; it being the right of the +sovereign, not in his individual but in his political capacity, for the +benefit of the whole nation, in which capacity alone the nation knew him +at his coronation. So much with regard to the coronation of the king. +The coronation of the queen ought to be considered in a similar light, +from its having been celebrated almost without interruption with the +same publicity, and from being in its nature such as he had repeatedly +described it. The king and the queen being both of them the mere +creations of the law, the solemnities of their coronations were mere +creations of the law also, and were known to it in no other light than +as the rights of the whole realm of England. He, therefore, who was +ready to take one step, and to get rid of the queen's coronation, as a +mere optional ceremony, ought to be ready to take also another step, and +to get rid of the king's coronation, on the ground of its being a vain, +idle, empty, and expensive pageant. Her claim to a coronation rested +upon immemorial usage, and the numerous rights of individuals which were +interwoven and connected with it. Indeed, it rested on the same +foundation as the king's: it was supported by the same arguments, and +the interruptions which it had experienced admitted of the same +explanations that he had given to those which had occurred in the case +of the king. He had mentioned, in the course of his argument, the rights +which belonged to other individuals in consequence of the queen's right +to a coronation. If a coronation was not granted to her Majesty, their +rights were unavailing to them; and that, in his opinion, formed a very +sufficient reason why it should be celebrated. That the coronation was +the acknowledgment of the king by the people, he conceived to be a point +which it was unnecessary to prove to their lordships: but he might be +permitted to remark to them, that the coronation of the queen was even +considered as an acknowledgment of her right to enjoy that dignity in an +entry in a charter roll of the fifth year of King John, now preserved in +the Tower. The entry to which he alluded was the grant of certain lands +in dower to his Queen Isabella, and it referred by way of recital to her +coronation as queen. This excerpt was of no small importance in the +consideration of this question; for it proved to their lordships, that +in times when the coronation of the king was positively either his +election, or the recognition of his election as monarch, the coronation +of the queen was conducted, for the very same reasons, with the same +solemnities. This was evident from the description of what was done, and +from the manner and the avowed object of doing it. John was crowned to +show that he was king--"_coronatus in regem_." Isabella was crowned to +show that she was queen--"_in reginam coronata communi consensu +archiepiscoporum_," &c. &c. The very same persons who elected, or +recognised, or only crowned him as their monarch, are, in this passage, +recorded to have elected, or recognised, or only crowned her as their +queen. Was it intended to be maintained that no right existed, whenever +something moving from the crown was necessary to the exercise of it? He +would frankly confess that he knew of no right which a subject could +enjoy without the interposition of the crown in some manner or other. +All writs issued from the crown, and no right could be maintained +without them; yet, would any one dispute the right of the subject to +obtain them? Supposing a peer were to die, and the crown were to refuse +a writ of summons to his eldest son: it was said to be by petition of +right alone that he could sue to the crown to be admitted to his +father's honours; and yet that petition of right would be considered as +a strict undeniable legal right. He could refer also to cases in which +the subject could demand, not merely the king's writ, but also the +king's proclamation, to which he was entitled, not by a common law +right, but by a right given him by an express statute; for instance, in +all cases relative to prize-money. Again, supposing that the House of +Commons were to die a natural death after sitting for seven years, and +the king were to refuse to issue his proclamation to convoke another +within three years of that period, as ordered by the first of William +and Mary, sec. 2, cap. 2, would it be asserted that the subject would +have no right to call for the proclamation of the king to convoke +another parliament, because such proclamation could not issue without an +act of the crown? He thought that none of their lordships would advocate +such an absurdity. But the subject and the country were in full +possession of all these rights; and if the Queen's right to a coronation +were put upon the same footing, it would be equally clear that she +possessed it, and that the necessity of granting it was as obvious as it +was imperative. He had heard it said that her Majesty could not claim +the honours of a coronation by prescription, because she was not a +corporation. This, however, he denied. Her Majesty certainly could +prescribe, for what business had they to call her Majesty less a +corporation than the King? But still, supposing her not to be a +corporation, she had a right to prescribe as a functionary, holding a +high dignity and situation. This was evident from Baron Comyn's Digest, +who, under the title of _Prescription_, lays it down that such a +functionary can claim by prescription. In conclusion, Mr. Brougham said, +their lordships would sit in dignified judgment on the opinion given by +the great lawyers of the nineteenth century; and, as he firmly believed, +finding they had no difficulties to explain, perceiving that they had no +obscurities to clear up, they would not be under the necessity of +referring to those remote periods of our history, to which he had been +obliged to allude, but would look back to the first decision that ever +had been given on this question, with that decided confidence which the +names of those privy counsellors before whom the case was argued would +in after-times command--a judgment, which he ventured confidently to +pronounce, would not derogate from the high character they had so long +maintained. + +Mr. DENMAN followed on the same side, and after a long speech, called on +their lordships, as a court sitting for legal inquiry, to say whether +there ever was a case presented to an inquest, which depended on custom +and usage, where a more complete and perfect body of custom and usage +had been adduced, than was brought forward on the present occasion? If +her Majesty's claim were refused, no dignity was safe, no property was +secure, not a single institution could be said to rest on a firm +foundation. If the coronation of the Queen could not be supported by +custom, the rest of that ceremonial could not be supported. Why was this +country governed by a king? Why did we submit to a kingly government? +Because the earliest ages, because all times, had recognised that form +of government, and because we could trace that custom beyond all time of +memory. Nothing could be more dangerous than to separate royalty from +the circumstances which belonged to it and added to its dignity. The +lives and properties of men depended for their security upon the same +principle. Why was there a house of peers, in which noble lords formed a +part of the legislature? Why were there commoners, who sat as +representatives of the people? Precisely because custom had ordered it +so. Custom was the author of the law and the law-makers. Custom +authorized the king, lords, and commons, to enact laws for the +government of this realm. All property, all dignity, all offices +existed, because they were sanctioned by prescriptive custom, or because +custom gave a prescriptive right to create them. + +Saturday.--The Privy Council resumed this morning, soon after ten +o'clock. Below the bar was again crowded to excess. + +Counsel were then called in. + +MR. BROUGHAM said, he now held in his hand, and was prepared to lay +before the council, the documentary evidence to which he and his learned +friend had adverted in the course of their addresses in support of her +Majesty's memorial. + +LORD HARROWBY.--Mr. Attorney-General, have you any observations to offer +on what counsel have stated to their lordships? + +The ATTORNEY-GENERAL then rose.--He said, he perhaps should best +discharge his duty by stating, at the commencement, that, in his own +opinion, the argument and claim were wholly unfounded. That the claim +was not founded on any recognised law, appeared from the statements and +course of proceeding adopted by her Majesty's counsel. He would add, +that the claim now made, so far from ever being supposed to have any +foundation, was not even mentioned by any writer on the laws and +constitution. It had never been agitated or alluded to in any way, not +even by those writers who had touched on the privileges peculiar to a +queen-consort. The one single ground urged in support of the claim was +usage--that usage was supposed to have prevailed through a long series +of years at the coronation of kings who were married. It had been stated +with confidence that such usage was evidence in support of the right; +but when they were talking of rights founded on usage, it was not +sufficient to state that particular facts had taken place. In all such +cases, where the facts were relied on, it was essential to state the +circumstances that had attended such facts, the peculiarities that had +accompanied the alleged privilege, whether it was right of way or +otherwise. As to the right of way, for instance; if permission were +given to use certain paths or roads, the fact of such permission having +preceded the use, at once destroyed the claim of right. If the license +and permission were proved, there was an end of the right. By that +proof, all the inferences drawn from the use were at an end--they were +at once destroyed. The coronation was for the purpose of the monarch's +recognition by the people, and on the part of the king to enter into the +solemn compact to preserve the laws. The coronation of a queen was a +mere ceremony; but that of the king was something more than ceremony. +His coronation was accompanied by important political acts--the +recognition by the people, and, on the other hand, the solemn compact +entered into by the sovereign to preserve and maintain the laws of the +realm. Still, however, as far as the king was concerned, it was a +ceremony; it was not necessary to the sovereign's possession of the +crown--it was what proceeded from his will, and might be dispensed with. +But the queen-consort, who filled no political character in the state, +had only enjoyed the privilege because she was the king's consort. With +respect to a queen-consort, when she was crowned, there was no +recognition of her by the people, no compact towards the people. There +was no engagement between her and the subjects of the realm. This fact +established that, with respect to a queen-consort, a coronation was an +honorary ceremony, unaccompanied by any acts. That the coronation +neither was, nor had been considered to be essential to the possession +of the crown, was proved by the fact of considerable delays having often +taken place between the accession of the monarch and his coronation. +Henry the Sixth, for instance, was not crowned till eight years after +the crown had descended to him. Again, in the "_Pleas of the Crown_," it +was held, that the king was fully invested with the crown the moment it +descended to him; that he was absolutely king although there should have +been no coronation. If the coronation of a king, important as he held it +to be, proceeded from the sovereign will, _a fortiori_ it must be so +with that of a queen-consort. The rights of the queen-consort did not +proceed from any coronation; they flowed from her relationship to the +sovereign. Her rights were complete and absolute without any coronation. +Nor was it essential to the people, for the queen-consort occupied no +political station. This view of the right was strengthened by the +important preamble of William and Mary, which settled the coronation +oath. The language of the act applied to queens regnant, not to +queens-consort, for to the latter no oath was administered. As the oath +was prescribed, it became necessary that every reigning monarch should +be crowned, that there might be the oath and recognition; but the law +made no mention of any thing that rendered such a ceremony requisite in +the instance of a queen-consort. How then could the crowning of a +queen-consort be considered a necessary adjunct of the coronation of the +reigning monarch? No part of the ceremony rendered her presence +requisite. Selden's work had been quoted in support of the memorial; +amongst other things, Selden expressly said that the "anointing, &c. of +the queen-consort, were dignities communicated by the king." Selden +further stated, that the anointing of the queen, as well as her +consecration--it was, in fact, a consecration rather than a +coronation--proceeded from the "request" and "demand" of the king, after +he had been crowned, made to the metropolitan, who had performed such +ceremony. Bracton had entered largely into the particulars _de +coronatione regis_, but not one word of the queen's coronation. There +was not a single law-writer that had touched upon the existence of such +a right, as appertaining to a queen. Blackstone had it not, nor Lord +Coke, nor Selden. He next adverted at some length to the precedents +quoted by his learned friends opposite, beginning with that of William +the Conqueror. The very precedents quoted by his learned friends raised +the inference, if there were no other arguments, that the act, so far as +related to the queen, was entirely dependent on the will of the king. +The Attorney-General then referred largely to Reymer, from whose book he +quoted apposite passages, in support of his main argument, that the +ceremony of a queen's coronation was entirely dependent upon the order +of the king. In all, from the time of Henry the Seventh, six queens had +been crowned, and seven had not; so that the majority was against the +present claim, which it had been attempted to support on the plea of +ancient, uninterrupted usage. + +The Attorney-General concluded at a quarter before one o'clock; and the +Solicitor-General, after a short pause, rose to follow his learned +friend, and of course was compelled to go over the same ground, +strengthening and confirming the preceding statements by such arguments +as occurred to his observance, and contending that the usage pleaded by +her Majesty's law-officers arose entirely from the sovereign's will and +pleasure. + +About two o'clock MR. BROUGHAM rose in reply, but we can touch but very +briefly on his arguments. It had been intimated that the queen's right +to be crowned rested on the proclamation of the king; but it might as +well be pleaded that the right of the eldest sons of peers to seats in +the House of Lords rested on the king's writ, because usually preceded +by it. It had been argued from the word _postulamus_, that the queen's +coronation depended on the king's will; but it might as well be argued, +from another term employed (_dignemini_), that it was optional in the +archbishop. If this right was unnecessary for the queen, how was it +necessary to the king? He contended not for the necessity, but the +right. The learned gentleman then went over the various cases and +authorities of the learned counsel for the crown, and concluded by +stating his opinion, that even if the _right_ were not established, the +expediency was such, that the council would be all but criminal, in +advising that her Majesty should be excluded from her part in this +important ceremony; for it would be setting an example of the most +injurious nature. + +MR. BROUGHAM concluded his reply at half-past three o'clock. Strangers +were then ordered to withdraw; the counsel and agents on both sides, +however, remaining. The Tower record-keepers were called in, to verify +certain documents produced by Mr. Brougham. After which, at a quarter to +four o'clock, the Privy Council adjourned. + +The decision was ultimately _against_ the Queen's claim. + + * * * * * + +On the 11th of July, in the House of Commons, MR. HUME made an +ineffectual attempt to induce the House to address his Majesty on this +much-agitated subject. + +He had just commenced the reading of a resolution "That an humble +address be presented to his Majesty, praying that he will be graciously +pleased to issue his royal proclamation for the coronation of her +Majesty," when the deputy-usher of the black rod was heard knocking at +the door; and as he was concluding it, he was called to order by the +Speaker, who reminded him of the presence of that officer; and proceeded +forthwith to the House of Peers, where parliament was prorogued. + +The following spirited protest of her Majesty appeared on the 17th. + + HER MAJESTY'S PROTEST AGAINST THE DECISION OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL. + + CAROLINE R. + + To the King's Most Excellent Majesty. + + _The Protest and Remonstrance of_ CAROLINE, _Queen of Great Britain + and Ireland._ + + Your Majesty having been pleased to refer to your privy council the + Queen's memorial, claiming as of right to celebrate the ceremony of + her coronation on the 19th day of July, being the day appointed for + the celebration of your Majesty's royal coronation; and Lord + Viscount Sidmouth, one of your Majesty's principal secretaries of + state, having communicated to the Queen the judgment pronounced + against her Majesty's claim; in order to preserve her just rights, + and those of her successors, and to prevent the said minute being in + after-times referred to as deriving validity from her Majesty's + supposed acquiescence in the determination therein expressed, the + Queen feels it to be her bounden duty to enter her most deliberate + and solemn protest against the said determination; and to affirm and + maintain, that by the laws, usages, and customs of this realm, from + time immemorial, the queen-consort ought of right to be crowned at + the same time with the king's majesty. + + In support of this claim of right, her Majesty's law officers have + proved before the said council, from the most ancient and authentic + records, that queens-consort of this realm have, from time + immemorial, participated in the ceremony of the coronation with + their royal husbands. The few exceptions that occur demonstrate, + from the peculiar circumstances in which they originated, that the + right itself was never questioned, though the exercise of it was + from necessity suspended, or from motives of policy declined. + + Her Majesty has been taught to believe that the most valuable laws + of this country depend upon, and derive their authority from, + custom; that your Majesty's royal prerogatives stand upon the same + basis: the authority of ancient usage cannot therefore be rejected + without shaking that foundation upon which the most important rights + and institutions of the country depend. Your Majesty's council, + however, without controverting any of the facts or reasons upon + which the claim made on the part of her Majesty has been supported, + have expressed a judgment in opposition to the existence of such + right. But the Queen can place no confidence in that judgment, when + she recollects that the principal individuals by whom it has been + pronounced were formerly her successful defenders; that their + opinions have waved with their interest, and that they have since + become the most active and powerful of her persecutors: still less + can she confide in it, when her Majesty calls to mind that the + leading members of that council, when in the service of your + Majesty's royal father, reported in the most solemn form, that + documents reflecting upon her Majesty were satisfactorily disproved + as to the most important parts, and that the remainder was + undeserving of credit. Under this declared conviction, they strongly + recommended to your Majesty's royal father to bestow his favour upon + the Queen, then Princess of Wales, though in opposition to your + Majesty's declared wishes. But when your Majesty had assumed the + kingly power, these same advisers, in another minute of council, + recanted their former judgment, and referred to, and adopted these + very same documents as a justification of one of your Majesty's + harshest measures towards the Queen--the separation of her Majesty + from her affectionate and only child. + + The Queen, like your Majesty, descended from a long race of kings, + was the daughter of a sovereign house connected by the ties of blood + with the most illustrious families in Europe; and her not unequal + alliance with your Majesty was formed in full confidence that the + faith of the king and the people was equally pledged to secure to + her all those honours and rights which had been enjoyed by her royal + predecessors. + + In that alliance her Majesty believed that she exchanged the + protection of her family for that of a royal husband, and that of a + free and noble-minded nation. From your Majesty, the Queen has + experienced only the bitter disappointment of every hope she had + indulged. In the attachment of the people she has found that + powerful and decided protection which has ever been her steady + support and her unfailing consolation. Submission, from a subject, + to injuries of a private nature, may be matter of expedience--from a + wife it may be matter of necessity--but it never can be the duty of + a queen to acquiesce in the infringement of those rights which + belong to her constitutional character. + + The Queen does therefore repeat her must solemn and deliberate + protest against the decision of the said council, considering it + only as the sequel of that course of persecution under which her + Majesty has so long and so severely suffered; and which decision, if + it is to furnish a precedent for future times, can have no other + effect than to fortify oppression with the forms of law, and to give + to injustice the sanction of authority. The protection of the + subject from the highest to the lowest, is not only the true but + the only legitimate object of all power; and no act of power can be + legitimate which is not founded on those principles of eternal + justice, without which law is but the mask of tyranny, and power the + instrument of despotism. + + _Queen's House, July 17._ + + * * * * * + +On the day of the coronation a considerable crowd assembled about her +Majesty's house in South Audley Street soon after four o'clock. As soon +as it was ascertained that her Majesty's coach was making ready in the +yard, the crowd, both in South Audley Street and in Hill Street, became +very great. The wall opposite to her Majesty's house in Hill Street was +soon covered with spectators, who announced to the crowd below each +successive step of preparation. "The horses are to;" "every thing is +quite ready;" "the Queen has entered the coach,"--were the gradual +communications, and they were received with the loudest cheers. Lady +Anne Hamilton arrived a few minutes before five, and was most cordially +and respectfully greeted. Soon after five the gate was thrown open, and +a shout was raised--"The Queen! The Queen!" The Queen immediately +appeared in her coach of state, drawn by six bays. Lady Hood and Lady +Anne Hamilton sat opposite to her Majesty. Lord Hood followed in his own +carriage. Her Majesty looked extraordinarily well; and acknowledged, +with great dignity and composure, the gratulations of the people on each +side of her coach. The course taken was, through Great Stanhope Street, +Park Lane, Hyde-Park Corner, the Green Park, St. James's Park, Birdcage +Walk, and by Storey's Gate, along Prince's Street, to Dean's Yard--a +way, it must be observed, the least likely to attract notice or to +gather crowds. The crowd accumulated immensely along this line; the +soldiers every where presented arms with the utmost promptitude and +respect; and a thousand voices kept up a constant cry of "The Queen!" +"The Queen for ever!" The _coup d'oeil_ from the road along the Green +Park, was the most striking which can be imagined; the whole space +presented one mass of well dressed males and females hurrying with +every possible rapidity to accompany the Queen, and shouting their +attachment and admiration. The two torrents that poured along the south +side of the park and the eastern end occasioned the greatest conflux at +Storey's Gate. As soon as the Queen's arrival was known in the scene of +the King's coronation, shouts of "The Queen!" at once arose from all the +booths, and hats and handkerchiefs were every where waved in token of +respect. As soon as her Majesty came in sight of the coronation platform +and Westminster Abbey, she stopped for a few moments, apparently +uncertain what course to take, as she had hitherto met with no +obstruction, and yet had received nothing like an invitation to +approach. At this moment the feelings of the spectators were wound up to +a pitch of the most intense curiosity and most painful anxiety. The +persons who immediately surrounded her carriage knew no bounds in +expressing their enthusiastic attachment, while many of those in the +galleries, apprehensive of the consequences of the experiment which she +was making, could not restrain their fears and alarms. In the meantime +great confusion seemed to prevail among the officers and soldiers on and +near the platform; the former giving orders and retracting them, and the +latter running to their arms, uncertain whether they should salute her +by presenting them or not. Astonishment, hurry, and doubt, seemed to +agitate the whole multitude assembled either to witness or compose the +ensuing pageant. She alighted from her carriage and proceeded on foot, +leaning on the arm of Lord Hood, and accompanied by the faithful +companions of her affliction, Lady Hood and Lady Anne Hamilton, to +demand admission. The approach of the Queen towards the hall-door +produced a considerable sensation within: there was an immediate rush to +the door, which was closed amidst much confusion. The officer on guard +(we believe Colonel M'Kinnon) was immediately summoned to the spot, and +asked her Majesty for her ticket. She replied that she had none, and as +Queen of England needed none. He professed his sorrow, but said he must +obey orders, and that his orders were to see that no person whatever +should be admitted without a ticket. Her Majesty then retired. The party +went to the door of the duchy of Lancaster behind the champion's stable, +and had the door shut in their faces. They then turned round, and +leaving the royal carriage behind, proceeded to demand admission at +another entrance. The same intense sensation of interest and the same +applause, mixed with partial disapprobation, continued to follow her. + +When she arrived nearly at the other extremity of the platform--that +which was opposite to the central pavilion--her further progress was +arrested by a file of about a dozen soldiers, who were suddenly ordered +to form across the platform. Her Majesty then quitted it, and went +straight on to the House of Lords on foot, there to repeat the same +request, and with the same success. + +In about twenty minutes she returned, and having ordered the top of her +carriage to be taken down, rode off, amid the astonishment and +acclamations of the people. + +We subjoin the following account from the _Courier_ of her Majesty's +reception at the door of Westminster Abbey:-- + +"LORD HOOD having desired admission for her Majesty, the door-keepers +drew across the entrance, and requested to see the tickets. + +"LORD HOOD.--I present you your Queen; surely it is not necessary for +her to have a ticket. + +"Door-keeper.--Our orders are to admit no person without a peer's +ticket. + +"LORD HOOD.--This is your Queen: she is entitled to admission without +such a form. + +"The QUEEN, smiling, but still in some agitation--Yes, I am your Queen, +will you admit me? + +"Door-keeper.--My orders are specific, and I feel myself bound to obey +them. + +"The Queen laughed. + +"LORD HOOD.--I have a ticket. + +"Door-keeper.--Then, my Lord, we will let you pass upon producing it. + +"Lord Hood now drew from his pocket a peer's ticket for one person; the +original name in whose favour it was drawn was erased, and the name of +'Wellington' substituted. + +"Door-keeper.--This will let one person pass, but no more. + +"LORD HOOD.--Will your Majesty go in alone? + +"Her Majesty at first assented, but did not persevere, + +"LORD HOOD.--Am I to understand that you refuse her Majesty admission? + +"Door-keeper.--We only act in conformity with our orders. + +"Her Majesty again laughed. + +"LORD HOOD.--Then you refuse the Queen admission? + +"A door-keeper of a superior order then came forward, and was asked by +Lord Hood whether any preparations had been made for her Majesty? He was +answered respectfully in the negative. + +"LORD HOOD.--Will your Majesty enter the Abbey without your ladies? + +"Her Majesty declined. + +"Lord Hood then said, that her Majesty had better retire to her +carriage. It was clear no provision had been made for her accommodation. + +"Her Majesty assented. + +"Some persons within the porch of the Abbey laughed, and uttered some +expressions of disrespect. + +"LORD HOOD.--We expected to have met at least with the conduct of +gentlemen. Such conduct is neither manly nor mannerly. + +"Her Majesty then retired, leaning on Lord Hood's arm, and followed by +Lady Hood and Lady Hamilton. + +"She was preceded by constables back to the platform, over which she +returned, entered her carriage, and was driven off amidst reiterated +shouts of mingled applause and disapprobation." + +Her Majesty returned through Pall Mall, St. James's Street, and +Piccadilly, followed all along by a great concourse of people. In St. +James's Street the water had previously created abundance of mud, and +this material the crowd bestowed upon some public offices which were +prepared for an illumination. During the whole course of her Majesty's +progress no accident occurred. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 68: The beautiful anecdote which Mr. Lingard furnishes from +Bede of the debate on the conversion of the Northumbrian king, _Edwin_, +we cannot forbear transcribing. The high priest of the heathen rites +having spoken--a thane "sought for information respecting the origin and +destiny of man. 'Often,' said he, 'O king, in the depth of winter, while +you are feasting with your thanes, and the fire is blazing on the hearth +in the midst of the hall, you have seen a bird, pelted by the storm, +enter at one door, and escape at the other. During its passage it was +visible: but whence it came, or whither it went, you knew not. Such to +me appears the life of man. He walks the earth for a few years: but what +precedes his birth, or what is to follow after death, we cannot tell. +Undoubtedly, if the new religion can unfold these important secrets, it +must be worthy our attention.'"--_Lingard's History_, vol. i. p. 92.] + +[Footnote 69: The see of Canterbury was restored to the primacy again by +Cenulf, the successor of Egfurth.] + +[Footnote 70: Ep. Car. Mag. ap. Bouquet, tom. v. p. 260.] + +[Footnote 71: Titles of Honour, p. i. chap. 1.] + +[Footnote 72: See Mr. Turner's Anglo-Saxons, Spelman's Life of Alfred, +&c.] + +[Footnote 73: Taylor's Glory of Regality, Addit. Notes, p. 310.] + +[Footnote 74: Lingard's History, vol. i. p. 350.] + +[Footnote 75: See Hume's England, 8vo. vol. i. &c.] + +[Footnote 76: Turner's Anglo-Saxons, 4to. vol. i. p. 389.] + +[Footnote 77: "Princes beyond the baths of the sea-fowl, worshipped him +far and wide," says a poem on his death: "they bowed to the king as one +of their own kin. There was no fleet so proud, there was no host so +strong, as to seek food in England, while this noble king ruled the +kingdom. He reared up God's honour, he loved God's law, he preserved the +people's peace; the best of all the kings that were before in the memory +of man. And God was his helper: and kings and earls bowed to him: and +they obeyed his will: and without battle he ended all as he +willed."--_Chron. Sax._ p. 122.] + +[Footnote 78: Osbern, 113. Eadmer, 220.] + +[Footnote 79: Mr. Lingard has the following note on the accession of +Edwy, confirming our previous observations on the meaning of the +recognition. "It is observable, that the ancient writers almost always +speak of our kings as _elected_. Edwy's grandmother in her charter, +(Lye, App. iv.) says, "He was chosen, _gecoren_." The contemporary +biographer of Dunstan, (apud Boll. tom. iv. Maii, 344.) says, "Ab +universis Anglorum principibus communi electione.""] + +[Footnote 80: Hickes' Inst. Gram. Praef.] + +[Footnote 81: Lingard's Hist. p. 292.] + +[Footnote 82: Thus the Saxon Chronicler says of William I. "Thrice he +bore his _king-helmet_ every year, when he was in England; at Easter he +bore it at Winchester, at Pentecost at Westminster, and in Mid-winter at +Gloucester." p. 450.] + +[Footnote 83: We have noticed the present existence of a contemporary +account of the coronation of Ethelred II. It demonstrates, that some of +the most eloquent passages of the prayers now used on the occasion, were +the production of what we often denominate the darker ages of the world, +and well accords with the preceding sketch of the character and duties +of the Saxon kings. + +"Two bishops, with the witan[*]," it is said, "shall lead the king to +church; and the clergy with the bishops shall sing the anthem, _Firmetur +manus tua_, and the _Gloria Patri_. When the king arrives at the church, +he shall prostrate himself before the altar, and the _Te Deum_ shall be +chanted. When this is finished, the king shall be raised from the +ground, and having been _chosen_ by the bishops and people, shall with a +clear voice, before God and all the people, promise that he will observe +these three rules." [Then follows the coronation oath, quoted above.] + +[Footnote *: MS. Claude, A. 3. Cotton Library.] + +The prayers that follow, the bishops shall separately repeat. "We invoke +thee, O Lord, Holy Father Almighty and Eternal God, that this thy +servant, whom by the wisdom of thy divine dispensations from the +beginning of his existence to this day, thou hast permitted to increase, +rejoicing in the flower of youth, enriched with the gift of thy piety, +and full of the grace of thy truth, thou mayest cause to be always +advancing, day by day, to better things before God and men;--that +rejoicing in the bounty of supernal grace, he may receive the throne of +supreme power; and, defended on all sides from his enemies by the wall +of thy mercy, he may deserve to govern happily the people committed to +him, with the peace of propitiation and the strength of victory." + +The following combination of admirable Scripture allusions is extracted +from the third prayer, or that offered by the bishop after the +consecration, "holding the crown over the king." + +"Almighty Creator, everlasting Lord, Governor of heaven and earth, the +Maker and Disposer of angels and men, King of kings and Lord of lords! +who made thy faithful servant Abraham to triumph over his enemies, and +gavest manifold victories to Moses and Joshua, the _prelates_ of thy +people; and didst raise David, thy lowly child, to the summit of the +kingdom, and didst free him from the mouth of the lion and the paws of +the bear, and from Goliath, and from the malignant sword of Saul; who +didst endow Solomon with the ineffable gift of wisdom and peace;--look +down propitiously on our humble prayers, and multiply the gifts of thy +blessing on this thy servant, whom with humble devotion we have chosen +to be king of the Angles and Saxons. Surround him everywhere with the +right hand of thy power, that, strengthened with the faith of Abraham, +the meekness of Moses, the courage of Joshua, the humility of David, and +the wisdom of Solomon, he may be well pleasing to thee in all things, +and may always advance in the way of justice with inoffensive progress." + +When crowned, the invocation is, "May God crown thee with the honour of +justice, and the labour of fortitude; that by the virtue of _our_ +benediction, and by a right faith, and the various fruit of good works, +thou mayest attain to the crown of the everlasting kingdom, through his +bounty whose kingdom endureth for ever!" + +We cannot omit the concluding benedictions, rich with Scripture +phraseology as any church could make them. + +"May the Almighty Lord give thee, from the dew of heaven, and the +fatness of the earth, abundance of corn, wine, and oil! May the people +serve thee, and the tribes adore thee! Be the lord of thy brothers, and +let the sons of thy mother bow before thee! He who blesses thee shall be +filled with blessings; for God will be thy helper. May the Almighty +bless thee with the blessings of the heaven above, and in the mountains +and the valleys; with the blessings of the deep below; with the +blessings of the suckling and the womb; with the blessings of grapes and +apples; and may the blessing of the ancient fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and +Jacob, be heaped upon thee!--May the blessing of Him, who appeared in +the bush, come upon his head, and may the full blessing of the Lord be +upon his sons, and may he steep his feet in oil! With his horn, as the +horn of the rhinoceros, may he push the nations to the extremities of +the earth; and may He who has ascended the skies be his auxiliary for +ever!"] + +[Footnote 84: Chron. Sax. 257.] + +[Footnote 85: Lingard, vol. i. 485.] + +[Footnote 86: A tax of two shillings per hide on land, gathered +annually.] + +[Footnote 87: History of England, 8vo. edit. vol. i. p. 413.] + +[Footnote 88: Holinshed.] + +[Footnote 89: This is the common statement: Mr. Taylor (Glory of +Regality, p. 249,) objects to this being considered as a second +coronation, and thinks it only a renewal of the royal festivities at +Easter, with unusual splendor. But he seems to overlook the formal +resolve of the council at Nottingham, on the point.] + +[Footnote 90: See the whole speech, in Matt. Paris.] + +[Footnote 91: Leg. Sex. 154.] + +[Footnote 92: Brompton, 1283, 4.] + +[Footnote 93: See M. Paris, Rymer, &c.] + +[Footnote 94: Holinshed.] + +[Footnote 95: The queen is said to have sucked the poison out of a wound +which her husband received in the Holy Land, from the poisoned dagger of +the emir of Jaffa.--See Lingard, v. ii. p. 369.] + +[Footnote 96: Johnes' Froissart, i. xxv.] + +[Footnote 97: Rymer, vii.] + +[Footnote 98: Rot. Parl. iii.] + +[Footnote 99: See the curious original document in Hume.] + +[Footnote 100: King Henry IV. p. ii.] + +[Footnote 101: See a curious MS. account of this 'solempnyte' in the +Cotton Library, as quoted by Mr. Taylor, Glory of Regality, p. 263.] + +[Footnote 102: See the preceding Note.] + +[Footnote 103: Grafton, vol i. p. 592.] + +[Footnote 104: Historic Doubts, Lord Orford's Works, 5 vols. 4to. vol. +ii. p. 146.] + +[Footnote 105: Grafton, vol. ii. p. 156.] + +[Footnote 106: Burnet on the Reformation, and Appendix.] + +[Footnote 107: Walker's Circumstantial Account, 8vo. 1. p. 78.] + +[Footnote 108: Taylor's Preface, p. x.] + +[Footnote 109: Page 37.] + +[Footnote 110: No. 335.--The Spectator's encomium on Booth is, however, +sufficiently slight. The good bishop, it is evident, was better +acquainted with the realities he was here describing than these +theatrical types.] + +[Footnote 111: Here the archbishop took the paten into his hands.] + +[Footnote 112: And here broke the bread.] + +[Footnote 113: Here the archbishop laid his hand upon all the bread.] + +[Footnote 114: Here he took the cup into his hand.] + +[Footnote 115: And here laid his hand upon every vessel (be it chalice +or flagon) in which there was any wine to be consecrated.] + + +THE END. + + + LONDON: + PRINTED BY JAMES MOYES, GREVILLE STREET. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Coronation Anecdotes, by Giles Gossip + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CORONATION ANECDOTES *** + +***** This file should be named 27589.txt or 27589.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/7/5/8/27589/ + +Produced by David Yingling, Jane Hyland and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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