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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Coronation Anecdotes, by Giles Gossip
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Coronation Anecdotes
+
+Author: Giles Gossip
+
+Release Date: December 22, 2008 [EBook #27589]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CORONATION ANECDOTES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Yingling, Jane Hyland and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CORONATION ANECDOTES,
+
+ETC. ETC. ETC.
+
+
+
+
+LONDON:
+
+PRINTED BY J. MOYES, GREVILLE STREET.
+
+
+
+
+CORONATION ANECDOTES;
+
+OR,
+
+SELECT AND INTERESTING
+
+FRAGMENTS
+
+OF
+
+ENGLISH CORONATION CEREMONIES
+
+       *     *     *     *     *
+
+BY GILES GOSSIP, ESQ.
+
+  "In pensive thought recal the fancied scene,
+  See _Coronations_ rise on every green."--POPE.
+
+       *     *     *     *     *
+
+LONDON:
+
+PRINTED FOR ROBERT JENNINGS,
+
+IN THE POULTRY.
+
+1823.
+
+
+[Transcriber's Notes:
+
+    A letter with a dot over it, is denoted in the following way [.y]
+    Superscripts are denoted by a carat ^ ]
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENT.
+
+
+The coronation of our monarchs presents a wide field of meditation to an
+intelligent eye. It is an epitome of the genius of the monarchy, and a
+miniature exhibition of the leading events of our annals.
+
+Connected, in point of fact, with the first establishment of
+Christianity in this island, it also perpetuates some of the earliest
+British notions of public liberty; and while it confirms the hereditary
+claims of each succeeding prince, it is introduced by a recognition of
+some of the most ancient rights of the people,
+
+  "Mighty states, _characterless_, are grated
+  To dusty nothing,"
+
+says that great dramatist who has so largely alluded to English
+coronations in his historical plays. These ceremonies exhibit the
+character of each constituent portion of the political body from age to
+age; and are chiefly valuable, perhaps, as preserving a chain of
+_national identity_, unbroken by conquest, or by civil war; by changing
+dynasties, or the most important revolutions of the empire: on the other
+hand, they present to us a vast _variety_ of character and events.--They
+are associated with the gloom, "the dim religious light" of Anglo-Saxon
+history, with the stormy character of the Conquest and the Norman
+domination; they bring before us the lofty Plantagenet, the proud Tudor,
+and the tyrannical but unfortunate House of Stuart, in all the pomp, and
+strife, and vanity of their respective pretensions.
+
+But the general reader will require a _clue_ to this symbolical kind of
+instruction: a companion to his recollections of such an exhibition,
+which, without destroying the vividness and pleasure of the pageantry,
+shall connect its objects with the march of history, the advance of
+civilization, and the final settlement of our laws and liberties. "To
+converse with historians," says an accomplished writer, "is always to
+keep good company;" while, "to carry back the mind _in uniting_ and to
+make IT old," is the one great difficulty which Lord Bacon points out in
+the study of history. Every effort, therefore, to smooth this difficult
+path, and to introduce the rising generation to such company, will be
+properly appreciated by the anxious and intelligent parent; and such is
+the design of this little volume. It is the especial business of the
+historian, certainly, to instruct; but the more he can keep alive our
+_interest_ without flattering either our passions or vices, the more
+effectually will he accomplish his great object, and swell the train of
+the votaries of truth.
+
+
+
+
+CORONATION ANECDOTES,
+
+_&c. &c._
+
+
+
+
+§ 1. ANECDOTES OF THE REGALIA AND ROYAL VESTMENTS.
+
+    "History--the picture of man--has shared the fate of its original.
+    It has had its infancy of _Fable_; its youth of Poetry; its manhood
+    of Thought, Intelligence, and Reflection."--ANON.
+
+
+No. 1. _The Regal Chair._
+
+The Regalia of England are the symbols of a monarchical authority that
+has been transmitted by coronation ceremonies for upwards of ten
+centuries. But the incorporation of England, Scotland, and Ireland, into
+one united kingdom,--an event peculiar to the coronation of George IV,
+to have recognised,--has connected the history of the Imperial Regalia
+with some tales of legendary lore, the truth of which, if this
+circumstance does not demonstrate, be assured, gentle reader, nothing
+will. Irish records are said to add at least another thousand years of
+substantial history to the honours of that solid regal seat, or
+coronation chair, in which our monarchs are both anointed and
+crowned[1]: while some of our own "honest chroniclers" assign to it a
+still more marvellous antiquity.
+
+Holinshed gives us the history of one Gathelus, a Greek, who brought
+from Egypt into Spain the identical stone on which the patriarch Jacob
+slept and "poured oil" at Luz. He was "the sonne of Cecrops, who builded
+the citie of Athens;" but having married Scota, the daughter of Pharaoh,
+he resided for some time in Egypt, from whence he was induced to remove
+into the West by the judgments pronounced on that country by Moses. In
+Spain, "having peace with his neighbors, he builded a citie called
+Brigantia (Compostella)," where he "sat vpon his marble stone, gave
+lawes, and ministred justice vnto his people, thereby to maintaine them
+in wealth and quietnesse," And "Hereof it came to passe, that first in
+Spaine, after in Ireland, and then in Scotland, the kings which ruled
+over the Scotishmen received the crowne sittinge vpon that stone, vntill
+the time of Robert the First, king of Scotland." In another part of his
+"Historie of Scotland," Holinshed mentions king Simon Brech as having
+transmitted this stone to Ireland, about 700 years before the birth of
+Christ, and that "the first Fergus" brought it "out of Ireland into
+Albion," B.C. 330. One important property of this stone should not be
+unnoticed. It is said, by the writers from whom the foregoing
+particulars are derived, to furnish a test of legitimate royal descent;
+yielding an oracular sound when a prince of the true blood is placed
+upon it, and remaining silent under a mere pretender to the throne. We
+heard various joyful acclamations on the recent "royal day;" but
+(perhaps from that very circumstance) could not distinguish the sound in
+question.
+
+Apart from these legends, the real history of the [Saxon: hag-fail], or
+Fatal Stone[2], is curious; and has induced the learned Toland to call
+it "the antientest respected monument in the world[3]." It is to be
+traced, on the best authorities, into Ireland; whence it had been
+brought into Scotland, and had become of great notoriety in Argyleshire,
+some time before the reign of Kennith, or A.D. 834. This monarch found
+it at Dunstaffnage, a royal castle, enclosed it in a wooden chair, and
+removed it to the abbey of Scone, where for 450 years "all kingis of
+Scotland war crownit" upon it; or "quhil y^e tyme of Robert Bruse. In
+quhais tyme, besyde mony othir crueltis done be kyng EDWARD Lang
+Schankis, the said chiar of merbyll wes taikin be Inglismen, and brocht
+out of Scone to London, and put into Westmonistar, quhaer it remains to
+our dayis[4]."
+
+An ancient Irish prophecy, quoted by Mr. Taylor in his learned "Glory of
+Regality[5]," assures us, that the possession of this stone is essential
+to the preservation of regal power. It runs literally, "The race of
+Scots of the true blood, if this prophecy be not false, unless they
+possess the Stone of Fate, shall fail to obtain regal power." King
+Kennith caused the leonine verses following to be engraved on the
+chair:--
+
+  Ni fallat fatum
+  Scoti quocunque locatum
+  Invenient lapidem
+  Regnare tenentur ibidem.
+
+Thus given by Camden,
+
+  Or Fate is blind,
+  Or Scots shall find,
+  Where'er this stone
+  A royal throne.
+
+A prophecy which is said to have reconciled many a true Scot to the
+Union in Queen Anne's time; and which, since the extinction of the
+Stuart family, is remarkably fulfilled in the claims of the House of
+Brunswick,--George IV. being now the legitimate heir of both lines.
+
+At or near a consecrated stone, it was an ancient Eastern custom to
+appoint kings or chieftains to their office. Thus we read in Scripture
+of Abimelech being "made king by the plain of the pillar that was in
+Shechem[6]," (the earliest royal appointment, perhaps, of which we have
+any traces in history;) and of Joash having the "crown put upon him"
+while he "stood by a pillar, as the manner was[7]." Subsequently, and
+among the northern nations, the practice "was to form a circle of large
+stones, commonly twelve in number, in the middle of which one was set
+up, much larger than the rest: this was the royal seat; and the nobles
+occupied those surrounding it, which served also as a barrier to keep
+off the people who stood without. Here the leading men of the kingdom
+delivered their suffrages, and placed the elected king on his seat of
+dignity[8]." From such places, afterwards, justice was frequently
+dispensed.
+
+  "The old mun early rose, walk'd forth, and sate
+  On polished stone, before his palace gate;
+  With unguent smooth the lucid marble shone,
+  Where ancient Neleus sate, a rustic throne."
+
+  HOMER'S _Odyss._ POPE'S _Tr._ [Greek: G]. 496--10.
+
+Thus arises the name of our Court of King's Bench.
+
+At the coronation of our kings, the royal chair is now disguised in
+cloth of gold; but the wood-work, which forms its principal parts, is
+supposed to be the same in which Edward I. recased it, on bringing it to
+England.
+
+Shakspeare's RICHARD III. inquires--
+
+  "Is the _Chair_ empty? Is the Sword unswayed?
+  Is the King dead? The empire unpossessed?
+  What heir of York is there alive but We?"
+
+And the Earl of Richmond describes him, in admirable allusion to the
+foregoing facts, as
+
+  "A base foul _stone_, made precious by the foil
+  Of England's chair, where he is falsely set[9]."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: See Toland; Sir J. Ware's Antiq. of Ireland, vol. ii. pp.
+10, 124, &c.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Called also by the Irish Cloch na cinea[.m]na, or, the Stone
+of Fortune.]
+
+[Footnote 3: History of the Druids, p. 104.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Chron. of Scotland, lib. i. cap. 2.]
+
+[Footnote 5: P. 54.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Judges ix. 6.]
+
+[Footnote 7: 2 Kings, xi. 12, 14.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Taylor's Glory of Regality, p. 31.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Richard III.]
+
+
+No. 2. _Of the Crowns._
+
+We, can only speak to the growth and antiquity of their present
+"fashion," none of those now used being of older date than the reign of
+Charles II. This monarch issued a commission for the "remakeing such
+royall ornaments and regalia" as the rebellious Parliament of his
+father had destroyed[10], in which "the old names and fashions" were
+directed to be carefully sought after and retained[11]. Upon this
+authority, we still have the national crown with which our monarchs are
+actually invested called St. EDWARD'S, although the Great Seal of the
+Confessor exhibits him wearing a crown of a very different shape.
+
+Whether the parent of our present crowns were the Eastern fillet, in the
+tying on which there was great ceremony, according to Selden,--the Roman
+or Grecian wreath, a "corruptible crown" of laurel, olive, or bay,--or
+the Jewish diadem of gold,--we shall leave to antiquarian research.
+
+    "This high imperial type of [England's] glory"
+
+has slowly advanced, like the monarchy itself, to its present commanding
+size and brilliant appearance. From the coins and seals of the
+respective periods, several of our Anglo-Saxon princes appear to have
+worn only a fillet of pearl, and others a radiated diadem, with a
+crescent in front. Æthelstan's crown was of a more regular shape,
+resembling a modern earl's coronet. On king Alfred's there was the
+singular addition of "two little bells;" and the identical crown worn by
+this prince seems to have been long preserved at Westminster, if it were
+not the same which is described in the Parliamentary Inventory of 1642,
+as "King Alfred's crowne of gould wyer worke, sett with slight stones."
+Sir Henry Spelman thinks, there is some reason to conjecture that "the
+king fell upon the composing of an imperial crown;" but what could he
+mean by this accompaniment?
+
+Gradually the crown grew from ear to ear, and then from the back to the
+forehead; sometimes it is represented as encircling a cap or helm, and
+sometimes without. William the Conqueror and his successor wore it on a
+cap adorned with points, and with "labels hanging at each ear[12];" the
+Plantagenets a diadem ornamented with fleurs de lis or strawberry
+leaves, between which were small globes raised, or points rather lower
+than the leaves; Richard III. or Henry VII. introduced the crosses;
+about the same time (on the coins of Henry VII.) the arches first
+appear; and the subsequent varieties of shape are in the elevation or
+depression of the arches. The maiden queen wore them remarkably high.
+
+Blood's exploit with the new crown of Charles II. is told to all the
+young visitors at the Tower[13]. It is only wonderful that, in that age
+of plots, no political object or accusation was connected with it. The
+beautiful dialogue which our great dramatist puts into the mouth of
+Henry IV. and his son, who had taken the crown from his dying father's
+pillow, we could willingly transcribe entire:--
+
+      "_K. Henry._  O foolish youth!
+      Thou seek'st a greatness that will overwhelm thee.
+      Stay but a little; for my cloud of dignity
+      Is held from falling by so weak a wind,
+      That it will quickly drop; my day is dim.
+      Thou hast stolen THAT, which after some few hours
+      Were thine without offence; and at my death
+      Thou hast sealed up my expectation;
+      Thy life did manifest thou lovedst me not;
+      And thou wilt have me die assured of it.
+
+      "_P. Henry._ O pardon me, my Liege! but for my tears,
+      (The moist impediments unto my speech,)
+      I had forestalled this clear and deep rebuke,
+      Ere you with grief had spoke, and I had heard
+      The course of it so far. There is your CROWN--
+      And He that wears the crown immortally
+      Long guard it yours!----
+      Coming to look on you, thinking you dead,
+      (And dead almost, my Liege, to think you were,)
+      I spake unto the crown, as having sense,
+      And thus upbraided it. 'The care on thee depending
+      Hath fed upon the body of my father;
+      Therefore thou best of gold art worst of gold;
+      Other, less fine in carat, is more precious,
+      Preserving life, in medicine potable:
+      But thou, most fine, most honoured, most renowned,
+      Hast eat thy bearer up!'"
+
+It is the same prince who afterwards so well apostrophizes his own
+greatness:--
+
+          "O, be sick, great Greatness!
+      And bid thy ceremony give thee cure.
+      Think'st thou the fiery fever will go out
+      With titles blown from adulation?
+      Will it give place to flexure and low bending?
+      Canst thou, when thou command'st the beggar's knee,
+      Command the health of it? No, thou proud dream,
+      That play'st so subtly with a king's repose,
+      I am a king that find thee; and I know,
+      'Tis not the balm, the sceptre, and the ball,
+      The sword, the mace, the crown imperial,
+      The intertissued robe of gold and pearl,
+      The farsed title running 'fore the king,
+      The throne he sits on, nor the tide of pomp
+      That beats upon the high shoar of this world;
+      No, not all these thrice gorgeous ceremonies,
+      Not all these, laid in bed majestical,
+      Can sleep so soundly as the wretched slave."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 10: In the Archæologia, vol. xv. art. 24, is "A true and
+perfect Inventory of all the Plate and Jewells now being in the Upper
+Jewell House of the Tower, in the charge of Sir Henry Mildmay, together
+with an appraisement of them, made and taken the 13th, 14th, and 15th
+daies of August, 1649;" containing the following account of "crowns,"
+&c. demolished:--
+
+                                              £. _s._ _d._
+
+  "The imperiall crowne of massy gold,
+  weighing 7 lb. 6 oz. valued at           1110     0    0
+
+  The queene's crowne of massy gold,
+  weighing 3 lb. 10 oz.                     338     3    4
+
+  A small crowne found in an iron chest
+  formerly in the Lord Cottingham's
+  charge, &c.:
+
+  The gold                                   73    16    8
+  The diamonds, rubies, sapphires, &c.      355     0    0
+  The globe, weighing 1 lb. 5 1/4 oz.        57    10    0
+  Two coronation bracelets, weighing 7 oz.
+   (with three rubies and twelve pearls)     36     0    0
+  Two sceptres, weighing 11 oz.              60     0    0
+  A long rod of silver gilt, 1 lb. 5 oz.      4    10    8
+
+"The foremencion'd crownes, since the inventorie was taken, are,
+according to ord^r of Parliam^t, totallie broken and defaced."
+
+A second inventory, containing "that part of the regalia" found at
+Westminster, mentions "King Alfred's crowne of gould wyer worke, sett
+with slight stones, and 2 little bells, p. oz. 79 1/2, at £3. per oz.,
+£248. 10_s._ 0_d._"]
+
+[Footnote 11: See Sir Edward Walker's Account of "The Preparations for
+His Majesty's Coronation," &c. 8vo. Lond. First printed 1820.]
+
+[Footnote 12: Taylor, p, 65. The Saxon Chronicle says of the Conqueror:
+"He was very worshipful. Thrice he bore his _king-helmet_ every year,
+when he was in England: at Easter, he bore it at Winchester; at
+Pentecost, at Westminster; in midwinter, at Gloucester. And there were
+with him all the rich men over all England," &c.--_Sax. Chron._ 189,
+&c.]
+
+[Footnote 13: The following is Hume's account of this memorable
+project:--
+
+"A little after [his attempt to carry off the Duke of Ormond], Blood
+formed a design of carrying off the crown and regalia from the Tower; a
+design to which he was prompted, as well by the surprising boldness of
+the enterprise, as by the views of profit. He was near succeeding; he
+had bound and wounded Edwards, the keeper of the Jewel Office, and had
+gotten out of the Tower with his prey; but was overtaken and seized,
+with some of his associates. One of them was known to have been
+concerned in the attempt upon Ormond; and Blood was immediately
+concluded to be the ring-leader. When questioned, he frankly avowed the
+enterprise, but refused to tell his accomplices. 'The fear of death,' he
+said, 'should never engage him either to deny a guilt, or betray a
+friend.' All these extraordinary circumstances made him the general
+subject of conversation; and the king was moved by an idle curiosity to
+see and speak with a person so noted for his courage and his crimes....
+Blood might now esteem himself secure of pardon, and he wanted not
+address to improve the opportunity."--Charles eventually pardoned him,
+granted him an estate of £500. per annum, and encouraged his attendance
+about his person. "And while old Edwards, who had bravely ventured his
+life, and had been wounded in defending the crown and regalia, was
+forgotten and neglected, this man, who deserved only to be stared at and
+detested as a monster, became a kind of favourite."--HUME'S _England_,
+CHARLES II.]
+
+
+No. 3. _The Sceptre_
+
+Is a more ancient symbol of royalty than the crown. Homer speaks of
+"sceptred kings"--[Greek: skêptouchoi basilêes]; and the book of
+Genesis, "of far elder memory," of a sceptre, as denoting a king or
+supreme governor[14]. There is a very early form of delivering this
+ensign of authority preserved in the Saxon coronation services; and the
+coins and seals of succeeding reigns usually place it in the hand of our
+monarchs. Very anciently, too, our kings received at their coronations a
+sceptre for the right hand, surmounted by a _cross_; and for the left,
+sometimes called the verge, one that terminated in a globe, surmounted
+by a _dove_. The two great symbols of the Christian religion are thus
+professedly embraced; but the monarch never appears with two sceptres
+except on this occasion.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 14: Gen. xlix. 10.]
+
+
+No. 4. _The Ampulla, or Golden Eagle_
+
+And the "holy oil" which is poured from it, are connected, like the
+royal chair, with some of the miracles that no one now believes, and
+with some interesting historical facts.
+
+Amongst the honours bestowed by the Virgin on St. Thomas à Becket,
+(according to a MS. in the Cotton Library,) he received from our Lady's
+own hands, at Sens, in France, a golden eagle, and a small phial of
+stone or glass, containing an unction, on whose virtues she largely
+expatiated. Being then in banishment, he was directed to give them in
+charge to a monk of Poictiers, who hid them in St. Gregory's church at
+that place, where they were discovered in the reign of Edward III., with
+a written account of the vision; and, being delivered to the Black
+Prince, were deposited safely in the Tower. Henry IV. is said to be the
+first prince anointed with these vessels.
+
+"Holy oil" still retains its use, if not its virtue, in our coronations.
+The king was formerly anointed on the head, the bowings of the arms, on
+both shoulders, and between the shoulders, on the breast, and on the
+hands; but the ceremonials of the last two coronations only prescribe
+the anointing of the head, breast, and hands. In these, too, nothing is
+said of the "consecration" of the oil, which seems anciently to have
+been performed on the morning of the coronation[15].
+
+Historically, the custom of anointing kings is to be traced to the times
+of the Jewish judges; the consecration of one of whose descendants,
+Abimelech (before noticed), connects the subject with the earliest and
+one of the most beautiful fables of the East--that of the trees going
+forth to anoint a king[16]. Selden regards this fable as a proof "that
+anointing of kings was of known use in the eldest times," and "that
+solemnly to declare one to be a king, and to anoint a king, in the
+Eastern parts, were but synonymies[17]." The elegant allusion to the
+olive tree, "honouring both God and man" with its "_fatness_" or oil,
+should not escape us, as corroborating this conjecture. This poem is
+dated by the learned antiquary "about 200 years before the beginning of
+the [Jewish] kingdom in Saul."
+
+We have several instances in Scripture of the inauguration of the Jewish
+kings by anointing, and of its being performed at the express command of
+God[18]--a circumstance which was held to communicate an official
+sanctity to their persons, their attire, &c. The noble David twice
+spares the life of his bitterest enemy, Saul, upon this
+ground.--"Jehovah shall smite him," he says; "or his day shall come to
+die; or he shall descend into the battle, and perish"--"Who can stretch
+forth his hand against Jehovah's anointed, and be guiltless[19]?"--and
+he finely alludes to the general reverence of his country for these
+appointments, when he exclaims, in his memorable ode over his fallen
+rival, "The shield of the mighty is vilely cast away, the shield of
+Saul, as though it had not been anointed with oil!"
+
+With the spread of Christianity, or rather of the papal domination, over
+the kingdoms of western Europe, came the adoption of this rite into the
+coronation ceremonies of its princes. It at once increased the influence
+of the church, and surrounded the monarch with a popular veneration. The
+three distinct anointings yet retained (_i.e._ on the head, breast, and
+hands or arms,) were said by Becket to indicate glory, holiness, and
+fortitude: another prelate, one of the greatest scholars of his age,
+assured our Henry III., that as all former sins were washed away in
+baptism, "so also by this unction[20]."
+
+  "Not all the water in the rough rude sea
+  Can wash the balm from an ANOINTED king,"--
+
+Richard II. is made to say, by Shakspeare, on the invasion of
+Bolingbroke. Sir Walter Scott, in his notes to Marmion, speaks of a
+singular ancient consecration of the kings of arms in Scotland, who seem
+to have had a regular coronation down to the middle of the sixteenth
+century,--only that they were anointed with _wine_ instead of oil[21].
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 15: Sandford does not omit to notice, that the dean of
+Westminster, assisted by the prebendaries, duly performed this office
+for the coronation of James II., "early in the morning."]
+
+[Footnote 16: Vide Judges, chap. ix.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Titles of Honour, p. i, chap. 8.]
+
+[Footnote 18: 1 Sam. x. 10; xvi. 1; 1 Kings, xiv. 15; &c.]
+
+[Footnote 19: 1 Sam. xxvi. 9, 10.]
+
+[Footnote 20: Selden's Titles.]
+
+[Footnote 21: Marmion, 8vo. Note, p. 456.]
+
+
+No. 5. _The Royal Swords_
+
+Are named, _Curtana_, or the Sword of Mercy; the Sword of Justice to the
+Spirituality; the Sword of Justice to the Temporality; and the Sword of
+State. Of these the last alone is actually used in the coronation, being
+that with which the king is girded after his anointing; the rest are
+only carried before him by certain great officers. But Curtana has been
+honoured with a proper name since the reign of Henry III., at whose
+coronation it was carried by the Earl of Chester[22]. It is a flat
+sword, without a point; looking to which circumstance, and to its being
+also entitled the Sword of Mercy, some etymologists have traced it to
+the Latin _curto_, to cut short; while other writers, among whom is the
+learned Mr. Taylor, would transfer our researches to the scenes of
+ancient chivalry, and the exploits of Oger the Dane, or Orlando, as
+affording the title to this appendage of the monarchy, "The sword of
+Tristan," says this writer, "is found (ubi lapsus!) among the regalia of
+king John; and that of Charlemagne, _Joyeuse_, was preserved to grace
+the coronations of the kings of France. The adoption of these titles
+was, indeed, perfectly consonant with the taste and feeling of those
+ages, in which the gests of chivalry were the favourite theme of oral
+and historical celebration; and when the names of _Durlindana_, of
+_Curtein_, or _Escalibere_, would nerve the warrior's arm with a new and
+nobler energy[23]."
+
+The Sword of Justice to the Spirituality is _obtuse_, that of Justice to
+the Temporality _sharp_ at the point. "Henry VIII.," says a writer in a
+respectable periodical publication for July, "seems to have exercised
+his taste in endeavouring to abolish this discrepancy."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 22: "Comite Cestriæ gladium S. Edwardi, qui _Curtein_ dicetur,
+ante regem bagulante," &c.]
+
+[Footnote 23: Glory of Regality, p. 73, 4.]
+
+
+No. 6. _Of the Ring, Spurs, and Orb; and St. Edward's Staff._
+
+In the book of Genesis we read of Pharaoh's ring being given by him to
+Joseph, as a method of investing him with power: and thus the Persian
+monarch Ahasuerus transferred his authority to Haman and to
+Mordecai[24]. What is added in the Scripture narration of one of these
+latter cases will illustrate the significancy of this mode of
+investiture. "Then were the king's scribes called, on the thirteenth day
+of the first month; and there was written according to all that Haman
+commanded unto the king's lieutenants, and to the governors that were
+over every province--to every people after their language; in the name
+of king Ahasuerus was it written, and _sealed_ with the king's ring."
+
+Of the golden ring with which our kings are invested, as "the ensign of
+royal dignity, and of defence of the catholic faith," there is yet
+another miracle of the coronation to relate. A certain "fayre old man"
+having asked alms of St. Edward the Confessor, he had nothing at hand to
+bestow upon him but his ring. Shortly after, two English pilgrims lost
+their way in the Holy Land, when "there came to them a fayr ancient man,
+wyth whyte heer for age. Thenne the olde man axed theym what they were,
+and of what regyon. And they answerde that they were pylgryms of
+England, and hadde lost theyr fellyshyp and way also. Thenne thys olde
+man comforted theym goodly, and brought theym in to a fayre cytee; and
+whanne they had well refreshed theym, and rested there alle nyhte, on
+the morne, this fayre olde man went with theym, and brought theym in the
+ryght waye agayne. And he was gladde to here theym talke of the welfare
+and holynesse of theyr kynge Saynt Edward. And whan he shold depart fro
+theym, thenne he tolde theym what he was, and sayd, 'I am JOHAN THE
+EVANGELYST; and saye ye vnto Edward your kyng, that I grete him well by
+the token that he gaff to me, thys _rynge_, with hys one handes[25].'"
+
+By the exact mode that we have quoted from Scripture, do we find Offa,
+king of the East Angles, appointing Edmund as his successor; and with
+the ring, it is noticed, with which he had been invested at his own
+promotion to the royal dignity[26].
+
+On the detention of James II. by the fishermen of Sheerness, in his
+first attempt at escape from this country, in 1688, it is particularly
+noticed in his Memoirs, "The king kept the diamond bodkin which he had
+of the queen's, and the _coronation ring_, which for more security he
+put into his drawers." The captain, it appeared, was well acquainted
+with the dispositions of his crew; (one of whom "cried out, 'It is
+father Petre--I know him by his lantern jaws;' a second called him an
+'old hatchet-faced Jesuit;' and a third, 'a cunning old rogue, he would
+warrant him!') for, some time after he was gone, and probably by his
+order, several seamen entered the king's cabin, saying they must search
+him and the gentlemen, believing they had not given up all their money.
+The king and his companions told them that they were at liberty to do
+so, thinking that their readiness would induce them not to persist; but
+they were mistaken; the sailors began their search with a roughness and
+rudeness which proved they were accustomed to the employment: at last,
+one of them, feeling about the king's knee, got hold of the diamond
+bodkin, and cried out, with the usual oath, he had found a prize, but
+the king boldly declared he was mistaken. He had, indeed, scissors, a
+tooth-pick case, and little keys in his pocket, and what he felt was
+undoubtedly one of those articles. The man still seemed incredulous, and
+rudely thrust his hand into the king's pocket; but in his haste he lost
+hold of the diamond bodkin, and finding the things the king mentioned,
+remained satisfied it was so: by this means the bodkin and ring were
+preserved[27]." Whatever may be our opinion of the conduct of the
+monarch, we cannot follow him into these scenes without compassion for
+the _exile_, whose family seems to have been born to demonstrate how
+much of our pity unfortunate princes may claim, apart from their
+personal worth.
+
+This is said to have been originally a favourite ring of the beautiful
+but unfortunate Mary queen of Scots; to have been sent by her, at her
+death, to James I.; through whom it came into the possession of our
+Charles I., and on _his_ execution, was transmitted by bishop Juxon to
+his son. It lately came into the possession of his present Majesty,
+through the channels by which he has obtained all the remaining papers
+of the house of Stuart.
+
+Richard II. resigned the crown to Henry IV. by transferring to him his
+ring. A paper was put into Richard's hands, from which he read an
+acknowledgment of being incapable of the royal office, and worthy, from
+his past conduct, to be deposed; that he freely absolved his subjects
+from their allegiance, and swore by the holy Gospels never to act in
+opposition to this surrender: adding, that if it were left wholly to
+him to name the future monarch, it should be Henry of Lancaster, to whom
+he then gave his ring[28].
+
+The SPURS are a very ancient emblem of knighthood; in later coronations,
+the abundance of ceremonies has only allowed time for the king's heel to
+be touched with them. At the battle of Crecy, when Edward III. was
+requested to send reinforcements to his son, his reply was: "No; tell
+Warwick he shall have no assistance. Let the boy win his spurs[29]."
+
+The ORB, or MOUND (Fr. _monde_), is an emblem of sovereignty, said to be
+derived from imperial Rome; and to have been first adorned with the
+cross by Constantine, on his conversion to Christianity. It first
+appears among the royal insignia of England on the coins of Edward the
+Confessor; but Mr. Strutt authenticates a picture of Edgar, "made in the
+year 996," which represents that prince kneeling between two saints, who
+bear severally his sceptre and a globe surmounted by a cross[30]. This
+part of the regalia being inductive of supreme political power, has
+never been placed in the hands of any but kings or queens _regnant_. In
+the anomalous case of the coronation of William and Mary as joint
+sovereigns--the 'other world,' that Alexander wept for, was created; and
+the spare orb is still to be seen amongst the royal jewels of England!
+
+The only remaining member of the regalia now in use is St. EDWARD'S
+Staff; but whether so called from any of the pilgrimages of the
+Confessor--from its being designed to remind our monarchs of their being
+but pilgrims on earth--or simply from its being offered with the other
+regalia at that monarch's shrine, on the coronation of our kings, we
+have not the means of determining. All the regalia are supposed, indeed,
+to be in the custody of the Dean, as the successor of the Abbot of
+Westminster, at the period of each coronation.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 24: Esther, iii. 10, and viii. 2.]
+
+[Footnote 25: Golden Legende (Julyan Notary, 1503).]
+
+[Footnote 26: Battley's Antiq. St. Edm. Burgi, p. 119.]
+
+[Footnote 27: Memoirs of James II., ed. by Clarke. 2 vols, 4to.]
+
+[Footnote 28: Rot. Parl. iii. 417.]
+
+[Footnote 29: Lingard's Hist. England, iii. p. 51.]
+
+[Footnote 30: Strutt's [Saxon: Horda Angel-c[.y]nnan], v. ii.]
+
+
+No. 7. _The Royal Vestments_
+
+Of England are amongst the most gorgeous "makings of a king" known to
+history. In the robes ordinarily designed to be worn in Parliament; and
+consisting of a surcoat of the richest crimson velvet, and a mantle and
+hood of the same, furred with ermine, and bordered with gold lace, the
+king first makes his appearance on the Coronation day; (on which he
+wears a _cap of state_, of the same materials, and at this time only.)
+These are, therefore, called his Parliament Robes, in distinction from
+the Robes of Estate, for which he exchanges them in the Abbey, at the
+close of the coronation, and which only differ from the former in being
+made of purple velvet.
+
+These sumptuous external robes are of course laid aside during the
+anointing, and other parts of the coronation service.
+
+The ARMIL, or STOLE, is the only ecclesiastic symbol now retained in the
+investiture of our kings. In "MS. W. Y. in the College of Arms," quoted
+by Mr. Taylor, Henry VI. is said to have been "arrayed at the time of
+his coronation as a bishop that should sing mass, with a dalmatic like a
+tunic, and a stole about his neck[31]." This writer insists that the
+conductors of our English coronations since Henry VII.'s time (at the
+least) have very singularly mistaken the Stole for the Armil of more
+ancient times, and transferred to the latter the form of delivery
+originally designed for "a BRACELET or royal ornament of the wrist." It
+is singular that the form in question should appear, as it certainly
+does, to suit either symbol. "Receive this armil as a token of the
+divine mercy embracing thee on every side[32]." The ornament at present
+in use embraces the neck.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 31: Glory of Regality, p. 81.]
+
+[Footnote 32: These were (prudently enough, after the error hinted at,)
+the whole of the words used at the late ceremonial.]
+
+
+
+
+§ 2. ANECDOTES OF THE DISUSED CEREMONIES OF THE CORONATION.
+
+We regard the coronation ceremonies of England as presenting a
+bird's-eye view of our history; and particularly of the various claims
+and privileges--and changes--of the monarchical branch of the
+Constitution. Some of these ceremonies, as we have seen, had their
+origin in those remote periods in which every believer in Revelation
+must accord "a divine right" to the kings of Judea; others are connected
+with the ancient hero-worship of our Pagan ancestors; while a third
+class perpetuate certain feudal rights and customs, of which they form
+the only distinct remaining traces. Some, again, are memorials of the
+triumph of our princes over the liberties of the people, while others
+present the plainest proof of the noble and successful struggles of the
+people against the encroachments of the crown.
+
+The RECOGNITION, with which the coronation, strictly so called, begins,
+is an elective rite, in which some of the more direct terms of appeal to
+the people are disused. Its title, "the Recognition," is of modern
+date[33]. After reciting the coronation oath, a respectable writer of
+queen Elizabeth's time thus gives the "sum of the English coronation."
+"Then doth the archbishop, turning about to the people, declare what the
+king _hath promised_ and _sworn_, and by the mouth of an herald at arms
+asketh their _consents_, whether they be content to submit themselves
+unto this man as their king, or no, under the conditions proposed;
+whereunto when they have yielded themselves, then beginneth the
+archbishop to put upon him the regal ornaments[34]." Some of the
+questions anciently asked, accordingly, were, "Will you serve at this
+time, and give your good wills and assent to this same consecration,
+enunction, and coronation?"--To which the people answered, "Yea, yea."
+This was the form observed on the coronations of Edward VI., Henry
+VIII., and Henry VII. That of Henry VI.'s reign is curious. The
+archbishop made the "proclamacion on the iiij quarters of the scaffolde,
+seyend in this wyse: Sirs, heere comyth Henry, kyng Henryes sone the
+Vth, on whose sowle God have mercy, Amen. He humblyth hym to God and to
+holy cherche, askyng the crowne of this reame by right and defence of
+herytage; if ye hold y^e pays with hym say Ya, and hold up handes. And
+then all the people cryed with oon voyce, Ye, ye[35]."
+
+King John claimed the throne by "unanimous consent of the kingdom;" and
+the prelate of the day observed to the people that it was well known to
+them "that no man hath right of succession to this crown," except by
+such consent, and that "with invocation of the Holy Ghost, he be elected
+for his own deserts[36]."
+
+During the Norman reigns it is evident that the coronation oath was
+administered before the recognition, and then the archbishop having
+stated what the king had engaged to do, asked the people if they would
+consent to take him for their king[37]? And of an earlier period, says
+Mr. Turner, "From the comparison of all the passages on this subject,
+the result seems to be that the king was elected at the Witenagemote,
+held on the demise of the preceding sovereign[38]."
+
+On the whole, what is left of this ceremony seems rather unmeaning. The
+people are addressed, "ye that _are come_ this day _to do_ your homage,
+service, and bounden duty, are ye willing to do the same?" A feudal
+"recognition," and feudal "homage," it is not for the people, but the
+prelates and peers to perform; the ceremony, however, establishes what
+our history will corroborate, the undoubted right of the people to
+interfere with, and limit the succession of their princes, on
+extraordinary occasions, while it is the peaceful and sound policy of
+the Constitution to keep as near to the hereditary line as the emergency
+of the times shall allow.
+
+It was at Edward VI.'s coronation that the ancient form of receiving the
+king's oath, prior to the recognition, was first reversed.--See the
+Chronological Anecdotes.
+
+Coronations were anciently regarded as a species of parliamentary
+meeting between the king and his subjects. Writs of summons issued for
+the coronation of Edward II. are preserved in Rymer, which require the
+attendance of the people by their "knights, citizens, and burgesses;"
+and which differ very slightly from the ordinary parliamentary writs.
+Selden observes that at the coronation of Henry I. _clerus Angliæ et
+populus universus_ were summoned to Westminster, "when divers lawes were
+both made and declared[39]."
+
+The coronation oath has undergone some remarkable changes. The oath of
+Æthelred II. dated A.D. 978, is extant both in Latin and Anglo-Saxon,
+and agrees exactly with that of Henry I. preserved in the Cotton
+Library--a proof, as Lord Lyttleton observes, that even at the Conquest
+it was thought expedient to respect this fundamental compact between the
+prince and people. In the reign of Edward II. it first assumed the
+interrogatory form in which it is now administered, and remained in
+substance the same until the accession of Charles I. In this reign
+Archbishop Laud was accused of making both a serious interpolation, and
+an important omission in the coronation oath--a circumstance which, on
+his trial, brought its introductory clauses into warm discussion. Our
+forefathers had ever been jealous of all encroachments on what some
+copies of the old oath call "the lawes and customes of the people," by
+"old, rightfull, and devoute kings graunted;" and others "the laws,
+customs, and franchises granted to the clergy, and to the people by the
+glorious king St. Edward, according and conformable to the laws of God,
+the true profession of the Gospel established in this kingdom," &c. They
+had even compelled the Conqueror to engage repeatedly that these
+ancient statutes of the kingdom should not be violated; a stipulation
+renewed expressly in the great charter of his son Henry I. Laud was
+charged with adding, after the clause last quoted, the words "agreeable
+to the king's prerogative;" and of omitting these words, "which the
+people have chosen or shall choose." Of the latter charge he soon
+disposed by proving there were no such words in the oath of James I.;
+and on the former he remarks, "First, I humbly conceive this clause
+takes off none of the people's assurance. Secondly, that alteration,
+whatever it be, was not made by me--'tis not altogether improbable [it]
+was added in Edward VI. or Queen Elizabeth's time; and hath no relation
+at all to the laws of this kingdom _absolutely_ mentioned before in the
+beginning of this oath; but only to the words, 'the profession of the
+Gospel established in this kingdom:' and then immediately follows 'and
+agreeing to the prerogative of the kings thereof,'--If this be the
+meaning, he that made the alteration, whoever it were, for I did it
+not, deserves thanks for it, and not the reward of a traitor[40]."
+
+In James II.'s oath, as preserved by Sandford, and in which the
+precedent of Charles II.'s coronation was followed, we find both these
+alleged alterations!
+
+On the accession of William and Mary it was enacted, that "as the
+[coronation] oath hath hitherto been framed in doubtful words and
+expressions, with relation to ancient laws and constitutions at this
+time unknown, and to the end that one uniform oath may be in all times
+to come taken by the kings and queens of this realm, and to them
+respectively administered at the time of their coronation," the oath, of
+which the following is a copy, should be taken by all succeeding
+sovereigns.
+
+"_Abp._ Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this
+kingdom of England [now, this united kingdom of Great Britain and
+Ireland,] and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the
+statutes in parliament agreed on, and the [respective[41]] laws and
+customs of the same?
+
+_King._ I solemnly promise so to do.
+
+_Abp._ Will you, to your power, cause law and justice, in mercy, to be
+executed in all your judgments?
+
+_King._ I will.
+
+_Abp._ Will you to the utmost of your power maintain the laws of God,
+the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant reformed Religion
+established by law? [Here was inserted, at the Union with Scotland, in
+1707, And will you maintain and preserve inviolably the settlement of
+the Church of England, [now the united church of England and Ireland]
+and the doctrine, worship, discipline and government thereof as by law
+established, within the kingdoms of England and Ireland, the dominion of
+Wales and the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and the territories thereunto
+belonging, before the union of the two kingdoms[42]?] And will you
+preserve unto the bishops and clergy of England, and to the churches
+there committed to their charge, all such rights and privileges as by
+law do or shall appertain unto them or any of them?
+
+_King._ All this I promise to do."
+
+We have some slight traces in the history of our Anglo-Saxon kings of
+the Gothic mode of royal inauguration by the elevation of their princes.
+Eardnoulf, the second of those monarchs whose coronation is mentioned by
+our historians, was Ahoþen, lifted up to his royal seat, we are told by
+the Saxon Chronicle; and Athelstan received the royal unction at
+Kingston on a high scaffolding which exhibited him to the multitude[43].
+This custom is no further worth noticing, than as a pagan rite which was
+soon disused, on the direction of these ceremonies being assumed by the
+church: and as being probably the origin of the existing mode of
+chairing members of parliament[44].
+
+Anciently the king knelt while receiving the sacred unction from the
+prelate of the day, who sat in his chair at the high altar[45]: a
+deference to the priesthood which the kings of France retained to the
+period of the Revolution; and which the Roman Pontifical expressly
+requires. Since the Reformation our monarchs have also dispensed with
+"sprinkling the crown with holy water" and "censing it" before it is
+made use of in these important ceremonies--duties of the archbishop
+which are laid down in the Liber Regalis, of the dean and chapter of
+Westminster.
+
+There seems to have been a double anointing of our kings at their
+respective coronations until the reign of James I. or Charles I.; that
+is, after the present use of the unction on the hands, breast, &c.; the
+_chrism_ of the Catholic church was applied, in formâ crucis, on the
+forehead. The distinct signification of this anointing we cannot
+discover, even after a late learned attempt to elucidate it[46]. The
+sign of the cross, a symbolical acknowledgment of the Christian faith
+used in the anointing, we retain: but the _two_ vessels, the eagle and
+vial of the ancient ceremonies (so intelligently provided by the Virgin;
+see our last section) establish the fact of a double anointing having at
+one time obtained.
+
+But the most important ceremonies of the coronation which the superior
+economy, or superior intelligence, of modern times has taught us to
+omit, are the special creation of Knights of the Bath on this occasion,
+and the progress of the court from the Tower, through London.
+
+The ancient and noble order in question was so far very appropriately
+connected with the assumption of a sovereignty partly feudal, as it
+formed one of the most splendid feudal distinctions. It was conferred
+with great solemnity, among the Franks and Saxons, long prior to the
+Conquest; at which period our first William is shown by Mr. Anstey, to
+have been in the habit of bestowing it both in his Norman and English
+dominions. The candidate for that honour was required to keep his vigils
+with great strictness, after a previous ablution from which the name of
+the order is derived, and which were together meant to indicate the
+moral purity required of him; as the motto "_Tria juncta in uno_"
+implied a peculiar devotion to the honour of the Holy Trinity.
+
+The coronation of Henry IV. however, first brings it prominently into
+notice in our history. That prince, having compelled the unfortunate
+Richard II.
+
+  "With his own tears to wash away his balm,
+  With his own hands to give away the crown,
+  With his own tongue deny his sacred state;"
+
+was anxious to give those "sun-shine days" to the people which should
+induce them to forget the stormy commencement of his reign. Froissart
+describes him as proceeding with great pomp from Westminster to the
+Tower, "on the Saturday before his coronation." This was at that time
+"the castle royall and cheefe howse of safetye in this kingdome."
+Hither, therefore, many of our princes repaired for security until "all
+things of royal apparell and pompe necessarye and proper" to the
+coronation could be arranged. "Those squires who were to be knighted
+watched their arms that night: they amounted to forty-six; each squire
+had his chamber and bath, in which he bathed. The ensuing day the duke
+of Lancaster (Henry IV.) after mass, created them knights, and presented
+them with long green coats, with straight sleeves lined with minever,
+after the manner of prelates. These knights had on their left shoulders
+a double cord of white silk, with white tufts hanging down."
+
+Henry VI. created thirty-six knights on his coronation; Edward IV.
+thirty-two; and Charles II. sixty-eight. The marriages of the royal
+family, the birth of heirs to the crown, and the fitting out of military
+expeditions of importance, furnish other accessions to the order during
+this long period. After the reign of Charles II. this part of the
+ceremonial was omitted; and the order, in fact, discontinued until the
+accession of the House of Brunswick[47].
+
+The princes of this august house, however, have not revived the custom
+of an extraordinary creation of knights as a part of the coronation
+ceremonies.
+
+The other ancient and disused custom of a royal progress from the Tower
+to Westminster is a theme of admiration with several of our old
+chroniclers, and must have been a highly interesting and popular
+accompaniment of the royal pageant.
+
+The monarch, ordinarily, dined at the Tower on the day after the
+creation of the Knights of the Bath; and devoted the greater part of the
+day, _after_ dinner, to this prolonged exhibition of himself to the
+people. Charles II. dined at what is called an "early" hour, in the
+"account" of sir Edward Walker, i.e. nine o'clock in the morning, on
+this occasion.
+
+Froissart thus gives us the progress of Henry IV. "The duke of Lancaster
+left the Tower this Sunday after dinner, on his return to Westminster:
+he was bare-headed, and had round his neck the order of the king of
+France. The prince of Wales, six dukes, six earls, eighteen barons,
+accompanied him; and there were, of knights and other nobility, from
+eight to nine hundred horse with the procession. The duke was dressed in
+a jacket of the German fashion, of cloth of gold, mounted on a white
+courser, with a blue garter on his left leg. He passed through the
+streets of London, which were all handsomely decorated with tapestries
+and other rich hangings: there were nine fountains in Cheapside, and
+other streets he passed through, which perpetually ran with white and
+red wines. He was escorted by prodigious numbers of gentlemen, with
+their servants in liveries and badges; and the different companies of
+London were led by their wardens, clothed in their proper livery, and
+with ensigns of their trade. The whole cavalcade amounted to six
+thousand horse, which escorted the duke from the Tower to
+Westminster[48]."
+
+Or, as Shakspeare brings every movement of a similar procession of this
+monarch before us,
+
+  "Mounted upon a hot and fiery steed,
+  Which his aspiring rider seemed to know,
+  With slow but stately pace, kept on his course:
+  While all tongues cried, God save thee, Bolingbroke!
+  You would have thought the very windows spake,
+  So many greedy looks of young and old
+  Through casements darted their desiring eyes
+  Upon his visage; and that all the walls
+  With painted imagery had said at once
+  Jesu preserve thee! welcome Bolingbroke!
+  Whilst he, from one side to the other turning,
+  Bare-headed, lower than his proud steed's neck,
+  Bespoke them thus; I thank you, countrymen;
+  And thus still doing, thus he past along[49]."
+
+The coronation of Elizabeth the queen of Henry VII. includes one of the
+most splendid royal progresses on record. It will be recollected by our
+readers that this prince exhibited a strong personal reluctance to marry
+Elizabeth as well as to her subsequent coronation; although his union
+with her extinguished the bloody feuds of the houses of York and
+Lancaster, and bequeathed to posterity the invaluable boon of an
+undisputed succession to the throne. The Commons, in presenting him on
+his accession with the usual grant of tonnage and poundage, took the
+liberty to add their desire that he would "take to wife and consort the
+Princess Elizabeth, which marriage they hoped God would bless with a
+progeny of the race of kings," (_de stirpe regum_[50], the united race,
+perhaps, is meant). But it was not until a pretender to the throne had
+shaken the regal authority to its base, that, eighteen months after his
+marriage, he prepared for the coronation of his queen. A very superior
+modern historian[51] thus expresses the feelings of the prince and
+people on this occasion:--
+
+"From this insurrection [that which was terminated by the battle of
+Stoke] the king learned an important lesson, that it was not his
+interest to wound the feelings of those whose principles had attached
+them to the house of York. His behaviour to the queen had created great
+discontent. Why, it was asked, was she not crowned? Why was she, the
+rightful heir to the crown, refused the usual honours of royalty? Other
+kings had been eager to crown their consorts: but Elizabeth had now been
+married a year and a half; she had borne the king a son to succeed to
+the throne; and yet she was kept in obscurity, as if she were unworthy
+her station."
+
+The orders which he now gave, therefore, for her public investiture with
+the royal dignity, were calculated fully to conciliate the popular
+feeling. On the Friday preceding her coronation fourteen gentlemen were
+created knights of the Bath, and on the same day "the queene's good
+grace, royally apparelled, and accompanyed with my ladie the king's
+mother, and many other great estates, bothe lordes and ladies, richely
+besene, came forward to the coronacion; and, at their coming furth from
+Grenewich by water, there was attending upon her there, the maior,
+shrifes, and aldermen of the citie, and divers and many worshipfull
+comoners, chosen out of every craft, in their levereyes, in barges
+freshly furnished with banners and stremers of silke, richely beaton
+with the armes and bagges of their craftes; and, in especially, a barge
+called the bachelor's barge, garnished and apparelled passing all other;
+wherein was ordeynid a great redde dragon spowting flames of fyer into
+the Thamess, and many other gentlemanlie pagiaunts, well and curiously
+devised to do her highness sporte and pleasoure with. And her grace,
+thus royally apparelled and accompanied, and also furnished in every
+behalf with trumpettes, claryons, and other mynstrelleys as apperteynid
+and was fitting to her estate roial, came from Grenewich aforesaid, and
+landed at the Toure wharfe, and enterid into the Toure; where the king's
+highnes welcomed her in such maner and fourme as was to all the estates
+and others there being present, a very good sight, and right joyous and
+comfortable to beholde[52]."
+
+Next day she went in procession from the Tower to Westminster, dressed
+in white cloth of gold of damask, with a mantle of the same furred with
+ermine. Reclining on a litter, she wore "Her faire yelow haire hanging
+downe plaine behynd her bak, with a calle of pipes over it;" and
+confined only on the forehead by a circlet of gold, ornamented with
+precious stones. An elegant canopy of cloth of gold was borne over her
+by four knights of the body; and immediately behind her rode four
+baronesses on grey palfreys. The streets on this occasion were "clensed,
+dressed, and beseene with clothes of tapestrie and arras; and some, as
+Cheepe, hanged with rich clothe of golde, velvet, and silke; and along
+the streets, from the Toure to Powles, stode in order all the craftes of
+London in their liveries; and in divers places of the citie were
+ordeynid singing children, some arayed like angelles, and other like
+virgins, to sing swete songes as her grace passed by[53]."
+
+Similar accounts are given by Hall of the progress of Henry VIII. and
+Catherine of Arragon through the city. "The streates were railed and
+barred on the one side; from over ageynst Grace churche unto Bredstreate
+in Chepeside, where every occupacion stode in their liveries in ordre,
+beginnyng with base and meane occupacions, and so ascendyng to the
+worshipfull craftes; highest and lastly stode the maior with the
+aldermen. The goldsmithes stalles, unto the ende of the Olde Chaunge,
+beeing replenished with virgins in white, with braunches of white waxe;
+the priestes and clerkes in rich copes with crosses and censers of
+silver, censying his grace and the quene also as they passed[54]." The
+latter was borne on a litter by two white palfreys, trapped in cloth of
+gold.
+
+Anne Boleyn's progress must not be unnoticed. Like Elizabeth's, it began
+with a voyage from Greenwich, and the creation of a due number of
+knights "bathed and shryven according to the old vsuage of
+England."--"The high stretes where the queene should passe were all
+graveled from the Toure to Temple barre, and railed on the one side;
+within whiche rayle stode the craftes along in their order. And before
+the quene and her traine should come, Cornehill and Gracious Street were
+hanged with fyne scarlet, crimson and other greyned clothes, and in some
+place with rich arras, tapestry, and carpettes, and the moste part of
+the Chepe was hanged with clothe of tyssue, golde, velvet, and many
+riche hangings whyche made a goodlie shewe."
+
+Her connexion with the French court, it is to be supposed, suggested the
+appearance of "xii Frenchmen, whiche were belongyng to the Frenche
+ambassador," coming "fyrst" in her "company--in coats of blewe velvet,
+with sleves of yelowe and blewe velvet, and their horses trapped with
+close trappers of blewe sarcenet, powdered with white crosses." The
+French ambassador also rode before her.
+
+At Gracious Church street was a costly and a marveilous connyng
+pageaunt, made by the merchauntes of the Styllarde, for there was the
+Mount Penasus, with the fountayne of Helycon, which was of white marble,
+and iiii streames, without pype, did rise an elle hye and mette together
+in a litle cuppe above the fountain, which ranne abundantly Racke and
+Rennishe wyne 'til night! On the mountaine satte Apollo, and at his
+feete satte Calliope, and on every side of the mountaine satte iiii
+Muses playing on several swete instrumentes, and at their feete
+Epigrammes and Poyses were written in golden letters, with the which
+every Muse, accordyng to her propertie, praised the Quene.--"At the
+conduite in Cornhill there were thre graces set in a throne; afore whom
+was the _spryng of grace_ continually ronnyng--wine!" At the cross in
+Chepe, "Master Baker, the recorder, with lowe reverence, makyng a proper
+and briefe proposicion--gave to her, in the name of the citie, 1000
+marks of golde in a purse of golde[55]." This was the last time (we mean
+no reflection on its inhabitants,) that the Muses and Graces exhibited
+themselves on such an occasion in the city. Hereafter the zeal of
+contending religious parties in the state taught them to choose other
+emblems of their desires and anticipations.
+
+Edward VI.'s progress exhibited Valentine and Orson, "in Cheap," at due
+distance from whom stood Sapience and the Seven Liberal Sciences, who
+"declared certaine goodly speeches," for the instruction of the young
+king. Various other allegorical personages harangued him by the way; but
+the most singular spectacle was that whereby "Paul's steple laie at
+anchor," as Holinshed expresses it. An Arragosen made fast a rope to the
+battlements of St. Paul's, which was also attached to an anchor at the
+gate of the dean's house; and descended upon it in the sight of the king
+and assembled populace, to the no small gratification of both.
+
+His sister Mary was welcomed into the city by "one Peter, a Dutchman,"
+who placed himself on the weathercock of St. Paul's, holding "a streamer
+in his hand five yards long;" occasionally kneeling down on the said
+weathercock, "to the great marvell of the people," and balancing himself
+sometimes on one foot and sometimes on another.
+
+In her procession appeared "the ladie Elizabeth and the ladie Anne of
+Cleve;" the queen rode in a chariot of cloth of tissue, her sister
+following in "another chariot having a covering of cloth of
+silver."--"She sat in a gowne of purple velvet, furred with powdered
+ermins, having on her head a kall of cloth of tinsell, béeset with
+pearle and stone, and above the same, vppon her head, a round circlet of
+gold, béeset so richlie with pretius stones, that the value thereof was
+inestimable; the same kall and circle being so massie and ponderous,
+that she was faine to beare vp her head with her hand."
+
+Holinshed is very garrulous on the progress of the Virgin Queen,
+although he singularly enough omits all details of the principal parts
+of her coronation.
+
+"On Thursdaie the twelfe of Januari (1559), the queene's maiestie
+remooved from her palace at Westminster, by water, vnto the tower of
+London, the lord mayor and aldermen in their barge, and all the citizens
+with their barges decked and trimmed with targets and banners of their
+mysteries accordinglie, attending on her grace. The bachellers barge of
+the lord maior's companie, to wit, the mercers', had their barge with a
+foist trimmed with three tops, and artillerie aboord, gallantlie
+appointed to wait vpon them, shooting off lustilie as they went, with
+great and pleasant melodie of instruments, which plaied in most swete
+and heavenlie maner. Her grace shut (shot) the bridge about two of the
+clocke in the after noone, at the still of the ebbe, the lord maior and
+the rest following after her barge, attending the same, till her
+maiestie tooke lande at the privie staires at the tower wharfe."
+
+"At her entring the citie" a variety of pageants were prepared to
+express the "praiers, wishes, and welcommings" of her loving people,
+which we cannot attempt to particularize. "If a man should saie well,"
+remarks our chronicler, "he could not better terme the citie of London
+that time than a stage wherein was shewed the woonderfull spectacle of a
+noble hearted princesse toward her most loving people, and the people's
+exceeding comfort in beholding so woorthie a soveraigne, and hearing so
+princelike a voice."
+
+The Muses had, indeed, quitted "the citie"--and miserable enough are the
+ditties which Holinshed gives us from the mouth of the various children
+"who expounded the pageants:" some appropriate devices were, however,
+mixed up with much child's-play. The union of the red and white roses on
+the marriage of Henry VII. (the queen's grandfather) with Elizabeth of
+York, was commemorated by personages representing the king and queen,
+sitting with hands joined together by the ring of matrimony; "and all
+emptie places of this pageant were furnished with sentences concerning
+vnitie."--"This pageant was grounded upon the queen's name," adds our
+historian, "For like as the long warre betweene the two houses of Yorke
+and Lancaster then ended, when Elizabeth, daughter to Edward the Fourth,
+matched in marriage with Henrie the Seventh, heire to the house of
+Lancaster: so--the queene maiestie's name was Elizabeth, and for so much
+as she is the onlie heir of Henrie the Eighth, which came of both
+houses, [she was] the knitting vp of concord." The eight beatitudes
+expressed in the fifth chapter of the gospell of Saint Matthew "applied
+to our soveraigne ladie Elizabeth," were at "Soper Lane end," in Chepe:
+but the pageant presenting an English Bible to the queen was
+particularly well devised. Our readers will take the poetry as by far
+the best specimen of the productions of the day. Between two hills,
+representing a flourishing and a decayed commonwealth, "was made
+artificiallie one hollow place or cave, with doore and locke inclosed,
+out of the which, a little before the queenes' highnesse commyng
+thither, issued one personage, whose name was Time, apparalled as an old
+man, with a sieth in his hand, havinge winges artificiallie made,
+leading a personage of lesser stature than himselfe, which was finelie
+and well apparalled, all clad in white silke, and directly over her head
+was set her name and title in Latin and English, Temporis filia, the
+daughter of Time. Which two, as appointed, went forwards toward the
+south side of the pageants, and on her brest was written her proper
+name, which was Veritas, Truth, who held a book in her hand, upon the
+which was written Verbum Veritas, the Word of Truth. And out of the
+south side of the pageant was cast a standing for a child, which should
+interpret the same pageant. Against whom when the queen's maiestie came,
+he spake vnto her grace these sweet words:--
+
+  "This old man with a sieth
+    Old father Time they call,
+  And her his daughter Truth,
+    Which holdeth yonder booke:
+  Whome he out of his nooke
+    Hath brought foorth to us all,
+  From whence this manie yeares
+    She durst not once out looke.
+
+  "Now sith that Time againe
+    His daughter Truth hath brought,
+  We trust, ô worthie queene,
+    Thou wilt this truth embrace,
+  And sith thou vnderstandst
+    The good estate and naught,
+  We trust wealth thou wilt plant,
+    And barrenesse displace.
+
+  "But for to heale the sore
+    And cure that is not seene;
+  Which thing the booke of truth,
+    Dooth teach in writing plaine:
+  Shee doth present to thee
+    The same, ô worthie queene,
+  For that, that words doo flie,
+    But written dooth remaine."
+
+"Thus the queene's highnesse passed through the citie, which, without
+anie foreigne person, of itself beautified itselfe, and received her
+grace at all places, as hath been before mentioned, with most tender
+obedience and love, due to so gratious a queene and sovereigne a ladie."
+
+JAMES I. made the most important "progress" for himself and family that
+we have yet recorded; when, as tranquilly as ever the crown of England
+had descended from father to son, the house of Stuart succeeded that of
+Tudor on the throne of Great Britain. Nor was his journey from Edinburgh
+to London unobserved by the people. They are said to have contrasted his
+hauteur and reserve at this period with the well-remembered affability
+and popular manner of Elizabeth on such occasions; but neither does his
+coronation progress, nor that of his immediate successors, Charles I. or
+II. (with whom this usage terminated) present any new features of
+interest. The great object of the conductors of the ceremony was to
+conform to the ancient precedents; while the personal disposition of
+each of the sovereigns of this house was to retain as much of the
+demi-god as possible in these stately movements of the monarch.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 33: Being first given by Sandford to his description of this
+part of the ceremony of James II.'s coronation.]
+
+[Footnote 34: Doleman's Conferences concerning Succession, &c.]
+
+[Footnote 35: MS. Cott. Nero, c. ix. p. 172.]
+
+[Footnote 36: See his curious Speech in M. Paris, Hist. Major, 1640, p.
+197.]
+
+[Footnote 37: Hoveden, Walsingham, &c. are quoted to this effect by
+Taylor.]
+
+[Footnote 38: History of the Anglo-Saxons, b. iv. chap. 1.]
+
+[Footnote 39: Titles of Honour, p. ii. c. v. 26.]
+
+[Footnote 40: Wharton's Troubles of Archbishop Laud, p. 324.]
+
+[Footnote 41: Inserted on the union with Scotland, in 1707.]
+
+[Footnote 42: In the oath recently taken by His Majesty the latter
+members of this clause, read 'within England and Ireland, and the
+territories thereunto belonging.']
+
+[Footnote 43: Stow's Annals.]
+
+[Footnote 44: In France we read of the exaltation of king Pharamond on a
+shield, so early as the year 420; of the chairing of Gunbald, king of
+Burgundy, A.D. 500, in which that prince fell from the supporting arms
+of his subjects, nearly to the ground; and of king Pepin being elevated
+on a target in 751. (Greg. Turon. Hist. lib. vii. cap. 10. Mezeray Hist.
+de Pepin, &c.) In Navarre, the king and queen, after being anointed,
+were thrice elevated before the altar on a shield emblazoned with the
+arms of the kingdom, and upheld by six staves.]
+
+[Footnote 45: Thus in the ordo of Henry VII.'s coronation; "the
+cardinal," it is said, "sitting, shall anoynte the king,
+kneeling."--IVE'S _Papers_.]
+
+[Footnote 46: Vide Taylor's Additional Notes, p. 347, &c.]
+
+[Footnote 47: It will complete the sketch of the history of an
+institution closely connected with our subject, to observe, that George
+I. on restoring it in 1725, constituted it a regular military order of
+thirty-six companions and one grand-master, having as officers a dean,
+genealogist, king at arms, register, secretary, usher and messenger; and
+a seal, on one side of which is the figure of the king on horseback in
+complete armour, the shield azure and three imperial crowns with the
+circumscription, _Sigillum Honoratissimi Militaris Ordinis De Balneo_;
+and on the reverse the same, impaling the royal arms.
+
+The badge of the order exhibits a happy specimen of the art of moulding
+old institutions to modern purposes. It consists of a rose, thistle and
+shamrock, issuing from a sceptre surrounded by three imperial crowns,
+enclosed within the ancient motto _Tria juncta in uno_. Of pure gold
+chased and pierced, it is worn by the knight elect pendant from a red
+riband across the right shoulder. The collar is also of gold, weighing
+thirty ounces troy, and is composed of nine imperial crowns, and eight
+roses, thistles, and shamrocks, issuing from a sceptre, enamelled in
+proper colours, tied or linked together with seventeen gold knots,
+enamelled white, and having the badge of the order pendant from it. The
+star consists of three imperial crowns of gold, surrounded by the motto
+upon a circle of red, with rays issuing from the silver centre forming a
+star, and is embroidered on the left side of the upper garment.
+
+The installation dress is a surcoat of white satin, a mantle of crimson
+satin lined with white, tied at the neck with a cordon of crimson silk
+and gold, with gold tassels, and the star of the order embroidered on
+the left shoulder; a white silk hat adorned with a standing plume of
+white ostrich feathers, white leather boots, edged and heeled, spurs of
+crimson and gold, a sword in a white leather scabbard with cross hilts
+of gold. Each knight is allowed three squires, who must be gentlemen of
+blood, bearing coat armour, and who are entitled during life to all the
+privileges and exemptions enjoyed by the esquires of the sovereign's
+body, or the gentlemen of the privy chamber.
+
+We need hardly add, that both in the number of knights and the
+brilliancy of its appearance, this order maintained its full splendor at
+the coronation of the fourth sovereign of the House of Brunswick.]
+
+[Footnote 48: Johnes' Froissart, v. 12. p. 160, 1.]
+
+[Footnote 49: King Richard II.]
+
+[Footnote 50: Rot. Parl, vi. 278.]
+
+[Footnote 51: Lingard's History of England, v. iii. p. 662, 3.]
+
+[Footnote 52: Ives' Coronacion of Queene Elizabeth, p. 120.]
+
+[Footnote 53: Ives' Coronacion of Queene Elizabeth, p. 120.]
+
+[Footnote 54: Hall's Chronicle.]
+
+[Footnote 55: Hall's Chronicle, Henry VIII.]
+
+
+
+
+§3. ANECDOTES OF THE ASSISTANT OFFICES OF THE CORONATION.
+
+
+The assistant offices of the coronation are, for the far greater part,
+ecclesiastical or hereditary. They are connected therefore with all the
+religious changes, and family honours of the empire. The nobility bear
+in person a part in the royal day, and approach and actually touch that
+crown, from which, as the fountain of honour, they seem to renew, and
+re-invigorate, their most ancient claims to distinction: while the
+metropolitan of the English Church enjoys the exclusive right of
+consecrating and crowning the monarch.
+
+As early as the Norman Conquest, this privilege of the see of Canterbury
+is spoken of as well-established; and but two subsequent instances occur
+of its being overlooked or denied: both remarkably associated with the
+history of the papal power in this country[56]. In the first, that of
+the coronation by the archbishop of York of prince Henry, son of Henry
+II., may be traced the incipient cause of the assassination of
+archbishop Becket, whose martyrdom became conducive to the highest
+triumphs of that power: in the second, queen Elizabeth's coronation by
+Oglethorpe, bishop of Carlisle, and the refusal of all the other
+prelates to assist in the ceremony, we behold its dying struggles for a
+dominion never more to be renewed.
+
+Mr. Lingard, who, as a Catholic, may be supposed to state these
+transactions with a sufficient leaning to his own church, as expressly
+connects the murder of Becket with a jealousy on this subject as any
+other of our historians. Henry II. had employed the known enemy of the
+archbishop, Roger of York, in the consecration of his son above alluded
+to; but the primate and the king met on friendly terms at Rouen, in the
+following month; they compromised their differences; and the former set
+out on his return to his diocese. The Pope, however, "before he heard of
+the reconciliation, had issued letters of suspension or excommunication
+against the bishops who had officiated at the late coronation." The
+archbishop had at one time resolved to suppress these letters, our
+historian admits; and surely it was now an imperative duty so to do. But
+the prelates concerned, it seems, who knew that he carried them about
+him, had assembled at Canterbury, and sent to the coast Ranulf de Broc,
+with a party of soldiers, to search him on his landing, and take them
+from him. Information of the design reached him at Witsand: and "in a
+moment of irritation," says Mr. L., "he despatched them before himself
+by a trusty messenger, by whom, or by whose means, they were publicly
+delivered to the bishops in the presence of their attendants. It was a
+precipitate and unfortunate measure, the occasion, at least, of the
+catastrophe that followed."
+
+The prelates hastened to Normandy to demand redress and protection from
+the king; who, irritated by their representation, exclaimed: "Of the
+cowards who eat my bread, is there not one, who will free me from this
+turbulent priest?" and the blood of Becket flowed a few days after in
+reply. When he asked one of his assassins, "What is thy object?" he was
+told that he must instantly absolve the bishops--"Till they offer
+satisfaction, I will not," said the primate. "Then die," exclaimed his
+murderers, and closed around him[57].
+
+The _Lord Great Chamberlain's_ office commences with carrying the king
+his shirt on the morning of the coronation, and assisting the
+chamberlain of the household to dress his majesty. Queens regnant depute
+this office to some of the ladies of the household: we are told that the
+celebrated duchess of Marlborough last enjoyed it, at the coronation of
+queen Anne.
+
+The office gives a claim to all the furniture of the royal chamber, in
+which its duties begin. The idea of our ancestors was, that the
+coronation, and particularly the consecration of a king, conferred new
+honours and talents of the most sacred and extraordinary description. He
+was now made a new man, and elevated into a new order of beings;
+
+  "Consideration, like an angel, came
+  And whipt the offending Adam out of him;
+  Leaving his body as a paradise,
+  To envelope and contain celestial spirits[58]."
+
+Hence every part of his office was new and kingly. Froissart describes
+the consecration of Henry IV. immediately after the recognition, thus:
+"after this the duke descended from his throne, and advanced to the
+altar to be consecrated. This ceremony was performed by two archbishops
+and ten bishops: he was stripped of all his royal state before the
+altar, naked to his shirt, and was then anointed and consecrated in six
+places; that is to say, on the head, the breast, the shoulders, before
+and behind, on the back and hands: they then placed a bonnet on his
+head; and while this was doing, the clergy chaunted the litany, a
+service that is performed to hallow a font[59]." The lord chamberlain is
+official governor of the palace for the time being, and the principal
+personal attendant of the king.
+
+The _Lord High Constable_ also attends the royal person, assists at the
+reception of the regalia from the dean and chapter of Westminster, and,
+together with the earl Marshal, ushers the champion into the hall.
+
+
+_Of the Royal Championship._
+
+Whether we consider its uninterrupted exercise, and that by one family,
+for so many centuries, its feudal import, or its present splendid and
+imposing effect, the office of champion certainly eclipses all the other
+services of the coronation.
+
+Since the coronation of Richard II. A.D. 1377, (of which there is in
+Walsingham a detailed account) this office has been performed by a
+Dymoke, the head of the family of that name who have held the manor of
+Scrivelsby in Lincolnshire, worth about £1200 per annum, by the tenure
+of this service. During the reigns of Edward II. and III. the right was
+in dispute: prior to that period and from the days of the Conqueror it
+was vested in the far-famed family of MARMION, whose chief, as
+
+  "----Lord of Fontenay,
+  Of Lutterworth and Scrivilbaye,
+  Of Tamworth tower and town,"
+
+came from Normandy with William, and is there supposed to have held the
+first of these possessions, on condition of performing the service of
+champion to the successive dukes.
+
+At the conquest the feudal system was established in England in its
+maturest and strictest forms; and the present office being the most
+perfect relic of that system known to modern times, a slight sketch of
+its peculiarities will not be uninteresting.
+
+The foundation of all the subsequent customs of homage, suit, service,
+purveyance, &c. is to be traced in the original connexion between the
+vassal and his lord, or the chief and his retainers, which Tacitus
+notices as remarkable in ancient Germany. According to this, every
+follower was to be found fighting by the side of his chief in time of
+war, as the very first duty of social life--and in time of peace to look
+up to him as the only legitimate fountain of honour and justice.
+
+Certain it is, that this relation was, in substance, as well known and
+supported by our Anglo-Saxon ancestors, before the accession of William,
+as it was by our Highland neighbours, down to the rebellion in 1745. A
+striking instance of the romantic and desperate courage to which it gave
+rise occurs as early as the reign of Cynewulf, king of Wessex, A.D. 784.
+Sigebircht, the deposed predecessor of this prince, was, in the first
+year of his rival's reign, found murdered in the forest of Andreswald:
+but left a brother, of the name of Cyneheard, who cherished for
+thirty-one years the secret purpose of avenging his death. At last he
+returned, with eighty-four retainers, into the neighbourhood of
+Winchester, the royal residence; and, tracing the king to a country
+seat at Merton, the abode of a favourite lady, surrounded the house at
+midnight. Cynewulf was quickly roused; but his followers were scattered
+throughout the place, and could not be collected until, after a brave
+personal conflict with the enemy, the king's life-blood had satiated his
+vengeance. Cyneheard now offered the royal train their liberty and
+possessions, on condition of their peaceable departure; but they
+rejected his proposals with scorn, and to a man died on the threshold of
+their master. On the intelligence reaching the court, in the morning,
+Osric and Wavirth, two powerful chieftains, surrounded themselves with
+their vassals, and rode to Merton, where they were met by Cyneheard,
+with professions of friendship. He called their attention to the
+injuries of his family, the duty of avenging which had devolved upon
+himself; urged his claim to the vacant throne; made them the most
+liberal offers, in case of their acknowledgment of him; and concluded by
+reminding them, that many of his adherents were their own near kinsmen.
+"Our kinsmen," they indignantly answered, "are not dearer to us than was
+our lord. To his murderer we shall never submit. If those who are
+related to us wish to save their lives, let them depart." "The same
+offer," rejoined the followers of Cyneheard, "was made to the attendants
+of the king, who refused it. We will prove to-day that our attachment is
+equal to theirs:" and Cyneheard, and all his adherents except one, were
+slain[60].
+
+But the Conqueror, owing his crown to the sword, more strictly adapted
+the system which he found in use to his own military notions and future
+safety. Having divided all the principal estates of the country amongst
+his vassals, he converted the English military tenures into a regular
+obligation, called knights' fees, which compelled each tenant in chief
+to have a certain number of knights, or horsemen, always ready to assert
+the rights of the crown, and to fight under its banner, in any cause,
+"We will," says a law on this subject, yet extant, "that _all_ the
+freemen of our kingdom possess their lands in peace, free of all
+tollage and unjust exaction: that nothing be required or taken from them
+but their free service, which they owe to us of right, as has been
+appointed to them, and granted by us with hereditary right for ever, by
+the common council of our whole kingdom." "And we command that all
+earls, barons, knights, serjeants, and freemen, be always provided with
+horses and arms as they ought; and that they be always ready to perform
+to us their whole service, in manner as they owe it to us of right, for
+their fees and tenements, and as we have appointed to them by the common
+council of our whole kingdom, and as we have granted to them in fee a
+right of inheritance[61]." This free service required the due quota of
+horsemen, which each vassal was to furnish, to come, completely armed,
+on his requisition, and to be maintained under the royal command, at the
+charge of the party sending them, for forty days. Even the dignitaries
+of the church, and monastic bodies holding lands, were not exempt from
+this service.
+
+Each tenant in chief subdivided his property into sub-vassalships,
+imposing a similar service, and carrying downwards all the obligations
+of homage, fealty, and personal attendance on all important occasions.
+
+Out of such a system, that a favoured vassal should be selected to
+assert the personal right of the monarch to his throne, will appear very
+natural: it is only surprising that the violence and constant habit of
+appealing to the sword, in which this with the other feudal claims
+originated, should have left it to flow on in such an uninterrupted
+course--a course of succession far more regular than the transmission of
+the crown it is supposed to defend.
+
+The championship is connected also with a remarkable feature of ancient
+jurisprudence, the wager of battle, recently abolished. This was
+regarded as an appeal to the judgment of _God_; and succeeded, at the
+Conquest, the fires and other ordeals of our ancestors, which the
+Normans affected to despise. The reader, however, may be disposed to
+conjecture, that as much of the divine interposition might be expected
+to decide the healing of a burn or scald, as the issue of a battle. The
+older custom was for the accused to plunge his hand into a cauldron of
+boiling water, and take out a stone or piece of iron of a given weight;
+the depth of the vessel being proportionate to the magnitude of the
+crime charged: or for him to seize, at the end of a religious service, a
+bar of iron placed on a fire at the beginning of the service, and run
+over a certain length of ground with it: the method in which the wounds
+healed, in either case, being the criterion of guilt or innocence.
+
+The wager of battle was certainly of more splendid pretensions, and was
+introduced at first with these stipulations. If the opposite parties
+were countrymen, they were to follow their national customs, whatever
+they were; if the appellee were a foreigner, or of foreign descent, he
+might offer wager of battle, and on its being declined, purge himself by
+his own oath and that of his witnesses, according to the Norman law; or
+if a native of the country, he might have his choice of the trial by
+ordeal or by battle.
+
+The solemn feelings and great religious sincerity with which our
+forefathers regarded combats of this description, cannot be more
+powerfully or more accurately depicted, than in the memorable combat
+scene of IVANHOE:--
+
+"The draw-bridge fell, the gates opened, and a knight, bearing the great
+standard of the order, sallied from the castle, preceded by six
+trumpets, and followed by the knights preceptors, two and two, the grand
+master coming last, mounted on a stately horse, whose furniture was of
+the simplest kind. Behind him came Brian de Bois Guilbert, armed
+cap-a-pee in bright armour, but without his lance, shield, or sword,
+which were borne by his two esquires behind him.--He looked ghastly
+pale, as if he had not slept for several nights, yet reined in his
+pawing war-horse with the habitual ease and grace proper to the best
+lance of the Order of the Temple. His general appearance was grand and
+commanding; but looking at him with attention, men read that in his dark
+features from which we willingly withdraw our eyes.
+
+"On either side rode Conrade of Mont Fitchet and Albert de Malvoisin,
+who acted as godfathers to the champion. They were in their robes of
+peace, the white dress of the order. Behind them followed other knights
+companions of the Temple, with a long train of esquires and pages, clad
+in black, aspirants to the honour of being one day knights of the
+order."
+
+After these walked the accused in a coarse white dress, surrounded by
+wardens in sable livery.
+
+"The slow procession moved up the gentle eminence, on the summit of
+which was the tilt-yard, and entering the lists, marched once around
+them from right to left, and when they had completed the circle made a
+halt. There was then a momentary bustle while the grand-master and his
+attendants" took their places: when "a long and loud flourish of
+trumpets announced that the court was seated for judgment. Malvoisin,
+then acting as godfather to the champion, stepped forward and laid the
+glove of the Jewess, which was the pledge of battle, at the feet of the
+grand-master.
+
+"Valourous lord and reverend father," said he, "here standeth the good
+knight Brian de Bois Guilbert, knight preceptor of the Order of the
+Temple, who by accepting the pledge of battle which I now lay at your
+reverence's feet, hath become bound to do his devoir in combat this day,
+to maintain that this Jewish maiden, by name Rebecca, hath justly
+deserved the doom passed upon her--condemning her to die as a sorceress.
+Here, I say, he standeth such battle to do knightly and honourably, if
+such should be your noble and sanctified pleasure."
+
+"Hath he made oath," said the grand-master, "that his quarrel is just
+and honourable? Bring forward the crucifix and the _Te igitur_."
+
+"Sir and most reverend father," answered Malvoisin readily, "our brother
+here present hath already sworn to the truth of his accusation, in the
+hand of the good knight Conrade de Mont Fitchet, and otherwise he ought
+not to be sworn, seeing his adversary is an unbeliever and may take no
+oath."
+
+"The grand-master having allowed the apology, commanded the herald to
+stand forth and do his devoir. The trumpets then flourished, and a
+herald stepping forward, proclaimed aloud, "Oyez, oyez, oyez. Here
+standeth the good knight Sir Brian de Bois Guilbert, ready to do battle
+with any knight of free blood who will sustain the quarrel allowed and
+allotted to the Jewess Rebecca, to try by champion in respect of lawful
+essoigne of her own body; and to such champion the reverend and valorous
+grand-master here present allows a fair field, an equal partition of sun
+and wind, and whatever else appertains to a fair combat." The trumpets
+again sounded, and there was a dead pause of many minutes.--
+
+"The judges had now been two hours in the lists, awaiting in vain the
+appearance of a champion.
+
+"It was the general belief, that no one could or would appear for a
+Jewess accused of sorcery, and the knights, instigated by Malvoisin,
+whispered to each other, that it was time to declare the pledge of
+Rebecca forfeited. At this instant a knight, urging his horse to speed,
+appeared on the plain, advancing towards the lists. An hundred voices
+exclaimed, 'A champion,' 'a champion!' And, despite the prepossession
+and prejudices of the multitude, they shouted unanimously as the knight
+rode into the tilt-yard. The second glance, however, served to destroy
+the hope that his timely arrival had excited. His horse, urged for many
+miles to its utmost speed, appeared to reel from fatigue, and the rider,
+however undauntedly he presented himself to the lists, either from
+weakness, weariness, or both, seemed scarce able to support himself in
+the saddle.
+
+"To the summons of the herald who demanded his rank, his name and
+purpose, the strange knight answered readily and boldly, 'I am a good
+knight and noble, come hither to sustain with lance and sword the just
+and lawful quarrel of this damsel, Rebecca, daughter of Isaac of York;
+to uphold the doom pronounced against her to be false, and truthless,
+and to defy Sir Brian de Bois Guilbert as a traitor, murtherer, and
+liar; as I will prove in this field with my body against his, by the aid
+of God, our Lady, and of Monseigneur Saint George, the good knight.'
+
+"The stranger must first show," said Malvoisin, "that he is a good
+knight, and of honourable lineage. The Temple sendeth not forth her
+champion against nameless men."
+
+"My name," said the knight, raising his helmet, "is better known, my
+lineage more pure, Malvoisin, than thine own. I am Wilfrid of
+Ivanhoe."--"Rebecca", said he, riding up to the fatal chair, "dost thou
+accept of me for thy champion?"
+
+"I do," she said, "I do!" fluttered by an emotion which the fear of
+death was unable to produce.
+
+--"Ivanhoe was already at his post, and had closed his visor, and
+assumed his lance. Bois Guilbert did the same.
+
+--"The herald then, seeing each champion in his place, uplifted his
+voice, repeating thrice, _Faites vos devoirs, preux chevaliers_. After
+the third cry, he withdrew to one side of the lists, and again
+proclaimed, that none on peril of instant death should dare by word,
+cry, or action, to interfere with, or disturb this fair field of combat.
+The grand-master, who held in his hand the gage of battle, Rebecca's
+glove, now threw it into the lists, and pronounced the fatal signal
+words, _Laissez aller_. The trumpets sounded, and the knights charged
+each other in full career."
+
+The result arising out of the peculiar situation of one of the
+combatants toward Rebecca, was his almost immediate death: but, seeing
+him fall, Wilfrid assumed the rights of a victor, and "placing his foot
+on his breast, and the sword point to his throat, commanded him to yield
+or die on the spot. Bois Guilbert returned no answer.
+
+"Slay him not, sir knight," said the grand-master, "unshriven and
+unabsolved--kill not body and soul. We allow him vanquished."--"This is
+indeed the judgment of God," said he, looking upwards--"_Fiat voluntas
+tua_[62]!"
+
+But Froissart records a most curious instance of the motives that were
+sometimes assigned for "a deed of arms" of this description.
+
+Shortly after Henry IV. had ascended the throne of our feeble Richard
+II. Louis duke of Orleans sent him a letter of the following tenor.
+
+"I Louis, by the grace of God, son and brother to the kings of France,
+duke of Orleans, write and make known to you, that with the aid of God
+and the blessed Trinity, in the desire which I have to gain renown, and
+which you in like manner should feel, considering _idleness_ as the bane
+of lords of high birth which do not employ themselves in arms, and
+thinking I can no way better seek renown than by proposing to you to
+meet me at an appointed place, each of us accompanied with one hundred
+knights and esquires, of name and arms without reproach, there to combat
+together until one of the parties shall surrender; and he to whom God
+shall grant the victory, shall do with his prisoners as it may please
+him. We will not employ any incantations that are forbidden by the
+church, but make every use of the bodily strength granted us by God,
+having armour as may be most agreeable to every one for the security of
+his person, and with the usual arms; that is to say, lance, battle-axe,
+sword and dagger, and each to employ them as he shall think most to his
+advantage, without aiding himself by any bodkins, hooks, bearded darts,
+poisoned needles, or razors, as may be done by persons unless they be
+positively ordered to the contrary."
+
+He then states, that "under the good pleasure of our Lady and my lord
+St. Michael" he will wait the answer of the king at Angouleme: and
+concludes,
+
+"Most potent and noble prince, let me know your will in regard to this
+proposal, and have the goodness to send me as speedy an answer as may
+be; for in all affairs of arms, the shortest determination is the best,
+especially for the kings of France, and great lords and princes; and as
+many delays may arise from business of importance, which must be
+attended to, as well as doubts respecting the veracity of our letters,
+that you may know I am resolved, with God's help, on the accomplishment
+of this deed of arms, I have signed this letter with my own hand, and
+sealed it with my seal of arms. Written at my castle of Coucy, the 7th
+of August, 1402."
+
+Henry replied to this curious challenge, by expressing his surprise at
+such an invitation from a sworn friend and ally.--"With regard to what
+you say, that we ought to accept your proposal to avoid idleness," he
+adds, "it is true we are not so much employed in arms and honourable
+exploits as our noble predecessors have been; but the all-powerful God
+may, when he pleases, make us follow their steps, and we through the
+indulgence of his graces have not been so idle, but that we have been
+able to defend our honour." He declines the meeting, at that time,
+principally on account of the inequality of rank between the
+parties,--but intimates that he shall be ready to afford all proper
+satisfaction to his challenger on his next visit to the continent. This
+affair ended in a mere war of words; but the real motive of Louis was
+subsequently avowed by him to be the revenging on Henry what he had
+"done against king Richard," the son-in-law of the king of France. "With
+regard to your high station," he smartly says, "I do not think the
+divine virtues have placed you there. God may have dissembled with you,
+and have set you on a throne, like many other princes, whose reign has
+ended in confusion; but in consideration of my own honour I do not wish
+to be compared with you."
+
+An _Inquisitio post mortem_, dated in the 7th of Edward III., speaks of
+the tenure of the manor appertaining to the royal champion as follows:
+"That the manor of Scrivelsby is holden by grand sergeanty, to wit by
+the service of finding, on the day of coronation, an armed knight, who
+shall prove by his body, _if need be_, that the king is true and
+rightful heir to the kingdom."
+
+It is remarkable that this important document neither prescribes the
+absolute appearance of the lord of the manor as knight, but only that
+he is bound to '_find_ an armed knight' if required; nor does it
+describe the office as hereditary. With regard to the latter point, it
+would seem that possession is the entire law of the case, and we suppose
+the office would pass with the property by sale: with respect to the
+former, the honour seems to have called forth the valour of every
+successive lord, and princes have seldom imagined that their subjects
+can in such a cause overstep their duty.
+
+Anciently, the champion rode with the royal procession from the Hall to
+the Abbey, and proclaimed the challenge on his way, as well as at the
+feast: some instances have occurred of its being repeated also in the
+city, as at the coronation of Henry IV. At his predecessors coronation
+it is remarked by Walsingham, that sir John Dimmock, being armed
+according to custom, came to the door of the Abbey with his attendants
+before the service was concluded: and that the earl marshal of the day
+went out to him and said, he should not have made his appearance so
+soon.
+
+The fate of our recent and future champions has become of late duly
+regarded by law. To challenge all who should dispute the pretensions of
+the king is rightly enough a post of honour; to accept the challenge
+would always, we know, have been still more bold; but an act of
+parliament passed during the regency (59 Geo. III. cap. 46.) abolishes
+altogether the trial and actual battle; so that the champion's lands,
+after being held with manifest peril for centuries, have at last become
+a peaceable possession; and all dispute respecting the crown is of
+course as fully disposed of. It no longer rests on the valour of a
+single arm--not even on that of a Marmion, or a Dymoke.
+
+There was another office, that of the _Lord High Steward_ of England, to
+which in former times much authority was attached. He possessed a kind
+of vice-regal power on the demise of the crown and until the coronation
+of the rightful heir, and was a governor of the kingdom immediately
+under the reigning monarch, so as to be able to control or remove the
+judicial servants of the crown, at any time. What was once the
+importance of this office is still indicated by the temporary
+guardianship of St. Edward's crown being committed to an officer bearing
+this title on the day of the coronation, and his honourable place of
+walking immediately before the king in procession. The Earls of
+Leicester once enjoyed this great dignity hereditarily; through them it
+descended to the De Montford family, until, on the attainder of the last
+Earl, it was granted by Henry III. to his younger son Edmund, by whom it
+became transmitted to John of Gaunt, and eventually to Henry IV. while
+Duke of Lancaster; since which period it has been prudently suffered to
+merge in the crown.
+
+The _Court of Claims_ takes its origin from the ancient prerogatives of
+the Lord High Steward, who sat judicially in the Whitehall of the king's
+palace, at Westminster, to receive the applications and decide upon the
+claims of all those who held lands on the tenure of performing some
+personal service at the coronation. It is a court, in fact, exercising
+this part of his ancient office by commission. These services had the
+name of _magnum servitium_, or grand sergeanty, as being attached to the
+person of the king, and involve the honour of knighthood in all cases;
+no person under the rank of a knight, nor a minor or female tenant,
+being allowed to perform them.
+
+Numerous offices occur in the list of claims, to which our limits will
+not allow us to pay attention. Toward him who is "every inch a king"
+every sort of service is supposed to confer honour; and many
+comparatively trivial duties have been long connected with the more
+substantial rights of property. The preceding offices require no
+recognition of the Court of Claims for their exercise; but those which
+follow are to be substantiated before this tribunal at each successive
+coronation.
+
+The hereditary _Grand Almoner_ of England is an honour attached to the
+barony of Bedford. Its duties are to collect and distribute certain
+monies at the coronation from a silver dish; which the Almoner claims
+for his fee, together with all the cloth on which the king walks in
+procession from the door of the hall at Westminster to the Abbey church.
+
+The _Chief Butlership_ is traced by authentic records into the hands of
+William de Albini, who came to England with William the Conqueror, and
+has been exercised by some of the noblest families in the country since.
+It is now an hereditary right of the Duke of Norfolk as Earl of Arundel,
+and entitles the possessor to the best gold cup and cover, with all the
+vessels and wine remaining under the bar, and all the pots and cups,
+except those of gold and silver, which shall be in the wine cellar after
+dinner.
+
+In the remote periods of our history, when the assassination of princes
+was practised by various arts, a faithful guardian of the royal cup
+might well be esteemed an acquisition to the court. A "chief butler" was
+one of the most ancient attendants on royalty, we know from Scripture
+history, and, according to the same details, was instrumental in
+bringing about that singular revolution in the court of Egypt[63],
+which resulted in planting the Jews there, for the accomplishment of
+some of the most extraordinary purposes of God. The same kind of office
+seems to have been held by the Jewish chieftain Nehemiah in the court of
+Persia, and to have given him considerable influence in accelerating the
+return of his countrymen from their captivity in Babylon[64].
+
+The _Dapifer_ or _Sewer_, who, "in his surcote, with tabard, sleeves,
+and a hoode about his neck, and his towell above all, served the
+messes," or arranged the dishes on the table of the coronation feast of
+Elizabeth, Henry VII.'s queen, is an ancient worthy of the royal day,
+whose office has become extinct. If the dishes are not become more
+tractable, or the royal observation less nice, royal feasting has
+become, perhaps, less rare in modern times, and this kind of skill,
+therefore, more common.
+
+The _Grand Carver--Grand Panniter_, or provider of bread, and the Royal
+_Napier_, are offices that have also become extinct, while good carving
+and good living have been still found at the royal table; and while the
+_Chief Cupbearer_ has retained his office and the possession of the
+manor of Great Wimondley, in Hertfordshire, as his reward.
+
+The _Chief Lardiner_ is also still entitled to notice, as having the
+care and management of the royal larder, and being duly careful of "the
+remainder of beef, mutton, venison, kids, lard, and other flesh; as also
+the fish, salt, &c. remaining in the larder," which fall to his share of
+the feast. This office has been attached to the manor of Scoulton, in
+Norfolk, from the reign of Henry II.
+
+Nor should we omit to notice that the Lord Mayor and Citizens of London
+claim a snug "seat next the cupboard, on the left side of the hall," in
+virtue of their right to assist the Chief Butler in his duties at the
+coronation feast; or that his lordship serves the king after dinner with
+wine in a gold cup, having the cup and its cover for a fee. It is
+remarkable that the city claims a right to perform the same service, and
+to receive a similar fee, at the coronation of our queens: but as this
+escaped Her Majesty's law officers in the late argument for her
+coronation, we will not suppose it had any connexion with the strong
+desire for that event at the Mansion House. The mayor, bailiffs, and
+commonalty of Oxford also claim to assist in the office of butlery, and
+receive the humbler reward of three maple cups.
+
+With other presents--of grout or gruel, maple cups and napkins, _to_ the
+king, gentle reader, we will suppose thou hast of late been sufficiently
+acquainted; but the conspicuous duty of the Barons of the Cinque Ports
+must not pass unnoticed.
+
+These ports claim to furnish sixteen supporters of the royal canopy, in
+the following proportion, _i.e._--Hastings, 3; Dover, 2; Hithe, 2; Rye,
+2; Sandwich, 3; Rumney, 2; Winchelsea, 2. It is called in an account of
+the coronation of Richard I. "a silk _umbraculum_, borne on four
+lances:" but is now generally composed of cloth of gold, having a gilt
+silver bell at each of the four corners, which are supported by four
+staves of silver. The origin of this claim is involved in such remote
+antiquity, that a charter of Charles II. speaks of "the time of the
+contrary being never remembered to have been." We have seen that a
+crown, ascribed to the days of King Alfred, bore a couple of bells on
+its sides. These accompaniments of royal and pontifical dignity, appear
+to be of Eastern origin; but the modern application of them is curiously
+contrasted with the ancient design. At the doors of the tents or houses
+of grandees a bell or sonorous body was generally placed, that
+applicants for admission might announce _their_ desires[65]: thus the
+Jewish High Priest wore bells round the lower border of his sacerdotal
+garments, "that his sound might be heard" on approaching the presence of
+God. It was clearly designed to indicate an application for the audience
+of a superior: but in the roar of cannon, the clatter of church bells,
+and the warm gratulations of such a people as received His Majesty on a
+late occasion, _what_ tidings of any kind could the feeble bells of the
+canopy convey?
+
+We shall notice but one other claim, that of the lord of the Isle of Man
+to present the king with the interesting present of two falcons on the
+day of his coronation. "Hawks and falcons were favourite subjects of
+amusement, and valuable presents in those days," says Mr. Turner[66],
+"when the country being much over-run with wood, all species of the
+feathered race must have abounded. A king of Kent begged of a friend
+abroad two falcons of such skill and courage as to attack cranes
+willingly, and seizing them to throw them on the ground. An Anglo-Saxon,
+by his will, gives two hawks (hafocas), and all his stag-hounds (head or
+hundas) to his natural lord." And similarly to this claim of the king on
+the lord of Man, "Ethelstan," according to this writer, "made North
+Wales furnish him with as many dogs as he chose, whose scent-pursuing
+noses might explore the haunts and coverts of the deer; he also exacted
+_birds_ 'who knew how to hunt others along the atmosphere[67].'"
+
+The Isle of Man was given in the reign of Henry IV. to the
+Northumberland family; on the forfeiture of that earldom Sir John
+Stanley became possessed of it, on the present tenure of presenting the
+kings of England with two falcons on the day of their coronation; and
+although the sovereignty was purchased from the Duke of Athol by the
+crown during the late king's reign, that nobleman still holds his
+manorial rights by the performance of this duty.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 56: There have been instances in which the see having been
+vacant, and the archbishop suspended or abroad, other prelates have
+officiated: but the right of the metropolitan see seems to have been
+still preserved.]
+
+[Footnote 57: Lingard's History of England, vol. ii. p. 88, 89.]
+
+[Footnote 58: Henry V. p. i.]
+
+[Footnote 59: Johnes' Froissart, v. 12. p. 162.]
+
+[Footnote 60: Chron. Sax. 57, 63; Malmsbury, &c.]
+
+[Footnote 61: Wilk. Leg. 217, 228.]
+
+[Footnote 62: Ivanhoe, v. iii. p. 328-345.]
+
+[Footnote 63: Gen. xli. 9.]
+
+[Footnote 64: Neh. i. 11.]
+
+[Footnote 65: Clarke's Bible, Part ii. Exod.]
+
+[Footnote 66: Hist. Anglo-Saxons, v. ii, p. 79.]
+
+[Footnote 67: Malmsb. lib. iii. p. 80.]
+
+
+
+
+§ 4. ANECDOTES OF THE ACTUAL CEREMONIES OF THE CORONATION,
+
+CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED.
+
+
+Although the ceremonies of the royal investiture form a _spectacle_ for
+the eye of the passing age, rather than a subject of historical record,
+presenting any thing characteristic of our monarchs, traces of the "form
+and body of the time" have occasionally been left by them on the page of
+history, which it is now our design to present to the reader.
+
+The chief of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of the octarchy at the close of
+the eighth century was Mercia; and hither we find Pope Adrian, the
+friend and favourite of Charlemagne, sending two legates to enforce a
+new code of ecclesiastical laws, as early as A.D. 785. A synod was held
+in Northumbria, and another in Mercia, to receive them; but while the
+former kingdom first embraced Christianity[68], in the latter were
+first exhibited, at this time, the solemn rites of an ecclesiastical
+consecration in the person of EGFURTH, the son of Offa, who was
+"hallowed to king," in the presence of his father, then reigning. This
+phrase of the Saxon Chronicle describes all that is now known of the
+mode of this early coronation; but prince Egfurth seems, in virtue of
+it, to have reigned conjointly with his father afterwards. It is
+remarkable that, although the Archbishop of Canterbury soon obtained the
+entire ecclesiastical precedence in the coronation of our kings[69], at
+this same synod of Calcuith, (Chelsey, Bucks,) it was decided that a
+metropolitan see should be established amongst the Mercians, taking from
+that of Canterbury all the territory between the Thames and the Humber;
+and that Adrian accordingly sent the pallium of archiepiscopal dignity
+to Adulph, Bishop of Lichfield. Charlemagne, who called himself in
+letters produced at this synod, "the most powerful of the kings of the
+east," gives to Offa the sounding title of "the most powerful of the
+kings of the west[70]." Egfurth, it would seem, was not again crowned on
+his accession to the entire regal authority.
+
+There is one instance of a Northumbrian coronation, in the stormy close
+of that dynasty, _i.e._, that of EARDULF, A.D. 795. This prince had a
+singular escape from the hands of Ethelred, his predecessor, by whom he
+was brought to the church door of Rippon, in Yorkshire, and as the
+monarch and the spectators thought, put to death. The body was carried
+into the choir by the monks; who, in chanting the funeral service,
+perceived it to breathe, dressed his wounds, and carefully preserved
+their future sovereign in their monastery. He was consecrated and
+assisted to the throne by Æanbald, Archbishop of York, and two other
+prelates.
+
+A consecration of ALFRED the Great, which is by many writers regarded as
+"regal," took place at Rome, A.D. 754, when that prince was but five
+years of age; and was performed by Pope Leo IV. at the request of his
+father. Mr. Turner supposes that Æthelwulf thus intended to designate
+him for his heir in preference to his elder brothers: and Mr. Lingard,
+that it was to secure his succession to the crown _after_ his brothers,
+to the exclusion of their children; a conjecture that is strongly
+supported by the subsequent arrangements of the will of Æthelwulf, by
+which the minor kingdom of Kent was left to his second son, Ethelbert;
+and the kingdom of Wessex to Ethelbald, Ethelred, and Alfred, in order
+of seniority. "If there be room here for conjecture, I rather think,"
+says Selden, "that as the unction used in the baptism of king Clovis was
+among the French made also by tradition to be an anointing him for king,
+so here the use of chrisme in confirmation (for it appears that at the
+same time Pope Leo confirmed king Alured,) was afterward, by mistaking,
+accounted for the royal unction[71]."
+
+Malmsbury says expressly that the pope gave him "the regal unction _and_
+the crown;" and Robert of Gloucester
+
+  --Pope Leon h[.y]m blessede þe he þuder com,
+  And þe k[.y]nges crowne of þ[.y]s lond.--
+
+It is also to be observed that no one of his brothers, Ethelbert,
+Ethelbald, or Ethelred, seem to have received a regal consecration, and
+that we do not read of a repetition of that ceremony when Alfred himself
+was crowned at Winchester;--and here we leave the solution of the
+meaning of this ceremony to the reader.
+
+Our next is an instance of female coronation. Æthelwulf, devotedly
+attached to the church, and fitted more for the cowl than the crowns she
+was now in the habit of bestowing, espoused, on his return from a
+pilgrimage to Rome, JUDITH, the daughter of Charles the Bold--and at the
+close of the marriage ceremony caused her to be crowned and anointed by
+the archbishop of Rheims. A regal seat was prepared for her by his side,
+and she received the new or disused title of Queen. This was in the year
+856. To his people the marriage seems to have been as distasteful as it
+was in itself unnatural; the lady not having reached her 12th year, and
+the king being advanced in age; but the "royal makings of a queen," with
+which she was honoured, are said to have excited their particular
+displeasure. Whether this arose, as is probable, from the consecration
+of a female to the royal dignity being wholly unprecedented at the court
+of Wessex, from some apprehension on the part of his subjects that the
+king designed to transfer their allegiance to a female at his death, or
+from disgust at the recent conduct of Eadburga, who had poisoned her
+husband king Brichtric, must at this period be matter of pure
+conjecture. Clear, however, it is that some of our most respectable
+historians must be mistaken respecting the crime of Eadburga, causing
+the honour of a coronation to be "_taken from_[72]" the Saxon queens. We
+have no instance of a female coronation in England until so late as the
+year 978, in the reign of Ethelred II.[73]: that of Judith, therefore,
+was no revival of a discontinued custom. But a degradation of the
+consorts of the kings of Wessex in regard to the _title_ of queen, and
+the right to sit in equal dignity with the king upon a throne, in
+consequence of the crime of Eadburga, is, perhaps, sufficiently
+established. Mr. Lingard, whose accuracy as an historian is entitled to
+the highest praise, adverts to this circumstance in the following
+summary of the honours of an Anglo-Saxon queen. "The consort of the
+c[.y]ning was originally known by the appellation of "queen," and shared,
+in common with her husband, the splendour of royalty. But of this
+distinction she was deprived by the crime of Eadburga, the daughter of
+Offa, who had administered poison to her husband Brichtric, the king of
+Wessex. In the paroxysm of their indignation the witan punished the
+unoffending wives of their future monarchs by abolishing, with the title
+of queen, all the appendages of female royalty. Æthelwulf, in his old
+age, ventured to despise the prejudices of his subjects. His young
+consort Judith was crowned in France, and was permitted to seat herself
+by his side on the throne. But during several subsequent reigns no other
+king imitated his example: and the latest of the Anglo-Saxon queens,
+though they had been solemnly crowned, generally contented themselves
+with the modest appellation of "the lady[74].""
+
+After king "Alfride," saith Peter Langtoft--
+
+                    Kam EDWARD the olde,
+  Faire man he was and wis, stalworth and bolde.
+
+He was distinguished for those successful inroads on the Danish
+possessions in Britain which resulted in the entire dominion of England
+being united under the sceptre of his successors.
+
+On the same authority we learn that he "toke the croun at Saynt
+Poule's," London: if by this his coronation is intended, Stow and Speed
+contradict the poet, assigning this honour to the town of
+Kingston-upon-Thames. But the proclamation of the monarch in London may
+be the meaning of the old chronicler.
+
+ETHELSTAN, the first monarch of England, was crowned at Kingston, (id
+est, villa regia, says an early writer), "according to the ancient
+laws," A.D. 924, by Athelm, archbishop of Canterbury. On this occasion,
+as we have before noticed, a high scaffolding was erected in the
+market-place of that borough, for the better exhibition of the prince
+and of the ceremonies to the people.
+
+The coronations of EDMUND I. and EDRED, his brothers, (both of which
+took place at Kingston,) present nothing remarkable to our notice.
+
+But that of EDWY, the eldest son of Edmund, was distinguished for a
+remarkable outrage on the person of the king. The popular account of
+this affair is, that the young prince had espoused a beautiful young
+lady of the royal blood, Elgiva, who was pronounced by the monks to be
+within the canonical degrees of affinity. Before his accession,
+therefore, she had been a source of dispute between the dignified
+ecclesiastics and the king. On the coronation-day he did not obtrude her
+claims upon the people; nor, on the contrary, would he forego his
+private comforts in her society. When the barons were indulging
+themselves in the pleasures of the feast, Edwy retired to his domestic
+apartments, and in the company of Elgiva and her mother, laid aside his
+crown and regal state. Dunstan, the aspiring abbot of Glastonbury,
+surmised the cause of his retreat; and taking with him his creature Odo,
+the nominal primate, penetrated into the interior of the palace,
+upbraided the prince with this untimely indulgence of his passions, and
+after branding his consort with the most opprobrious name of woman,
+brought him back with considerable personal violence into the hall[75].
+Mr. Turner, our able Anglo-Saxon historian, regards the transaction as a
+bold attempt of Dunstan to subdue the regal power to his ambition. He
+represents the nobility as evincing some displeasure at the king's early
+departure, and the anxiety of Odo to communicate the state of their
+minds to Edwy. That the persons he first addressed excused themselves
+from undertaking this errand: and the commission devolved by a sort of
+general wish on Dunstan and Cynesius, a bishop, his relative. "But with
+the delivery of the message," he observes, "his commission must have
+terminated; and on the king's refusal [if he did refuse] it was his duty
+to have retired. As an ecclesiastic, he should not have compelled him to
+a scene of inebriety; as a subject, it was treasonable to offer violence
+to his prince[76]."
+
+The latest, and not least able of our English historians, however, would
+place these events in a different light. He insists, somewhat in the
+spirit of the monkish writers, on this amour being highly disgraceful
+to the king; and while he represents it as "the scandal of the age"
+(whose sources, in the king's disputes with the ecclesiastics, Mr.
+Lingard in any other instance would have readily traced,) he states it
+as not altogether incredible that both Ethelgiva, the mother, and her
+daughter, whom he does not name, had sacrificed their honour to the
+equivocal ambition of _one_ of them becoming queen. The nobles, he adds,
+accompanied their demand for the king's return with an injunction in the
+name of the whole assembly, for Ethelgiva to leave the court. The rest
+of his account does not materially differ from that of former
+historians. But with all the unfeigned respect for his impartiality,
+with which the perusal of this writer's volumes has inspired us, we
+cannot hold him successful in this attempt to disengage the character of
+Dunstan and his associates from the imputation of great indecorum.
+
+Were the lady the king's mistress and not his wife, was a dignified
+ecclesiastic justified in following him into her apartments? and had
+the amour been ever so unbecoming, was this a species of conduct likely
+to detach him from it? But the story of the wife and daughter together
+speculating upon his affections is surely improbable in the highest
+degree: we know that the monkish writers, who furnish the only account
+we have of the transaction, would call a wife espoused in opposition to
+the will of the church, a mistress; and the sufferings of the young
+monarch from this interference with his affections, should teach us to
+exercise the judgment of charity on his memory.
+
+EDGAR, the successor of Edwy, surnamed "the Peaceful," his whole reign
+being exempt from the scourge of war, delayed his coronation for
+thirteen of the sixteen years to which it extended; a circumstance for
+which none of our historians assign a reason. The royal investiture was
+celebrated at last, (A.D. 973,) with great pomp at Bath, Dunstan,
+archbishop of Canterbury, presiding.
+
+  "There was bliss mickle
+  On that happy day
+  Caused to all"--
+
+says a poem in commemoration of the event, preserved in the Saxon
+Chronicle,
+
+  "Of priests a heap,
+  Of monks much crowd,
+  I understand."--
+
+The monarch, indeed, was as celebrated for his magnificence as for the
+talents suited to his station. From Bath he proceeded to Chester, to
+receive the homage of eight tributary princes, _i.e._ Kenneth, king of
+Scotland, Malcolm of Cumberland, M'Orric of Anglesey and the Iles, Jukil
+of Westmoreland, Iago of Galloway, and Howel, Dyfnwel, and Griffith,
+princes of Wales. A splendid procession by water introduced the
+ceremony. Edgar assumed his seat at the stern of the royal barge, and
+his tributaries taking the oars, rowed the monarch to the church of St.
+John; the bishops and noblemen following in their state barges, and
+returning the acclamations of the populace who lined the shores. The
+king is said to have remarked, "When my successors can command the
+service of the like number of princes, let them consider themselves
+kings[77]."
+
+A remarkable objection was made, according to the Saxon Chronicle, to
+the right of EDWARD, the son of Edgar, to the throne, viz. that he was
+born before the coronation either of his father or mother[78], and the
+pretensions of his younger brother, Ethelred, were so successfully urged
+by the Queen dowager, that a convocation of the witan was held to settle
+the dispute[79]. Here the claim of Edward was fully admitted, and he
+was crowned and anointed by Dunstan, at Kingston, accordingly, in the
+year 975--to be sacrificed to the ambition of his cruel stepmother, in
+less than four years afterwards.
+
+Stained with the blood of its former wearer, even the ambitious prelate
+Dunstan "hated much to give the crown" to ETHELRED II., as Robert of
+Gloucester informs us; he assisted, however, at his coronation, and,
+according to the most perfect Anglo-Saxon ritual that has come down to
+us, addressed some admirable counsel to the monarch on the duties of his
+new station. The following is a translation of the coronation oath of
+this period. "In the name of the Most Holy Trinity, I promise; First,
+that the church of God, and all Christian people, shall enjoy true peace
+under my government; secondly, that I will prohibit all manner of rapine
+and injustice to men of every condition; thirdly, that in all
+judgments, I will cause equity to be united with mercy, that the most
+clement God may, through his eternal mercy, forgive us all. Amen[80]."
+The ceremony was performed at Kingston, on the festival of Easter, 978.
+
+EDMUND II., surnamed Ironside, was also crowned at Kingston; he
+struggled nobly for seven months against the overwhelming power of the
+Danes, who, at the moment of his coronation, had an army of 27,000 men
+on board their fleet in the Thames; and who, in the fatal field of
+Ashdown, extirpated almost all the old nobility of the kingdom, ere this
+unfortunate reign closed. This hero led them, during his short reign,
+into five pitched battles against the enemy.
+
+CANUTE is said to have been chosen by the unanimous voice of the nation
+to the vacant throne; and received consecration from Levingius,
+archbishop of Canterbury, at London, A.D. 1016. He first surrounded the
+throne with regular guards, called Thing-men, for whose government he
+compiled a set of rules still extant. The king himself having violated
+one of them in a transport of passion, by slaying a private soldier,
+assembled the whole corps, and having referred to the law prohibiting
+such excesses, acknowledged his crime, descended from the throne, and
+demanded punishment. The Thing-men were silent, and being urged, on a
+promise of perfect impunity, to state their sentiments, they left the
+decision to the king, who adjudged himself to pay 69 talents of gold,
+more than nine times the ordinary pecuniary mulct in such a case.
+
+The Scots refused homage to this prince, because he had not obtained the
+crown of hereditary descent; but on his assembling an army to assert his
+claims, they submitted: shortly after which occurred the memorable
+effort of his courtiers to persuade him, that the monarch of six
+powerful nations--England, Scotland, and Wales, Denmark, Norway, and
+Sweden,--could command the ocean tide to retire from his feet. Having
+convinced them of their folly, by making the experiment, he took the
+crown from his head, it is said, and placed it on the great cross in
+the cathedral of Winchester, refusing ever after to wear it, even on
+occasions of public ceremony.
+
+At the coronation of HAROLD I., who in fact usurped the throne in the
+absence of the legitimate claimant, Hardicanute, Egilnoth, archbishop of
+Canterbury, refused the episcopal benediction. He placed the royal
+insignia on the altar, and addressing the king and his surrounding
+prelates, said, "There are the crown and sceptre which Canute intrusted
+to my charge. To you, I neither give nor refuse them, you may take them
+if you please; but I strictly forbid any of my brother bishops to usurp
+an office, which is the prerogative of my see[81]."
+
+EDWARD THE CONFESSOR'S name is attached to too much of the Regalia, to
+allow us to overlook his accession to the throne. He was crowned at
+Winchester, A.D. 1042, on Easter day; and being a Saxon, was hailed by
+the people as a native prince. The archbishop, Eadsius, read to him a
+long exhortation on the duties of a sovereign, and closed by reminding
+him of the paternal government which England enjoyed under his
+predecessors in the Saxon line. All our early historians dwell with
+great zeal on the manner in which he fulfilled these duties. He was "the
+good king Edward," for whose "laws" the people were always anxious, when
+under the subsequent despotism of the Normans, they found an opportunity
+of expressing their desires; and his reign, forming an interval between
+the Danish and Norman Conquest, was long remembered as an era of
+deliverance from foreign thraldom. It is principally from these
+feelings, that historians account for the crown itself wearing for so
+many ages the name of St. Edward's--St. Edward's staff, as it is called,
+being carried before our monarchs at their coronation, &c. The people
+literally applied to him that celebrated maxim of our constitution, the
+king can do no wrong; for, although his reign was chequered by many
+internal commotions, on his ministers and not on himself, was the blame
+uniformly cast.
+
+This prince, however, seems to have committed a pious fraud on his good
+people. Being importuned by his council to marry, he espoused the
+daughter of the powerful Earl Godwin; to whom he privately disclosed a
+vow of perpetual continence under which he had bound himself: but
+offered to raise her to the regal seat (and she was accordingly publicly
+crowned as queen), on condition that he should be allowed without
+molestation to observe his vow. She is represented by our historians as
+a very learned lady.
+
+The coronation of the unfortunate HAROLD II. took place on the day of
+the funeral of his predecessor--a striking proof of the importance
+attached to this ceremony at that period. But William, Duke of Normandy,
+having previously extorted from him an oath of fealty, protested from
+the first against his consecration, and in the memorable battle of
+Hastings caused him to pay the penalty of his life for the momentary
+honour.
+
+At this point of our progress through the history of these ceremonies,
+it will be interesting to review briefly the political character of the
+Anglo-Saxon _cyning_ or king. The rites in question will always derive
+the greatest illustration from being considered as the reflected light
+of ancient opinions respecting the monarchy.
+
+The eorl and ceorl were the great distinctive appellations of noble and
+ignoble descent: none were or are admitted, it will be seen, to any
+important office in the coronation ceremonies but the former class. They
+were said to be "ethel-born," and every member of the royal family was
+an "etheling," or son of the noble, emphatically. Ere Christianity
+dispelled the fables of divine descent, the pedigree of the monarch was
+always to be traced to Woden, and after the demi-god was no longer
+revered, the first of earthly families and "full-born" blood was seen in
+him.
+
+Yet our Anglo-Saxon ancestors unquestionably _chose_ the identical
+member of the family whom they would acknowledge as king: the witan
+regularly assembled on the death of a monarch, and proceeded to the
+election of his successor.
+
+"The Saxons could not comprehend," says Mr. Lingard, "how a freeman
+could become the dependent of another, except by his own consent: but
+the election rendered the cyning the lord of the principal chieftains,
+and through them of their respective vassals."
+
+His revenue, derived from the fines and amercements known to the
+Anglo-Saxon law for crimes of every description--from territory obtained
+by conquest, or forfeited by treason--and from those gross bargains for
+obtaining the king's peace, which were only exceeded by those which
+purchased at this time, what was called "the peace of God," (both being
+an exemption for certain days, or in certain places, from the pursuit of
+every enemy or claimant), was far larger than that of the most powerful
+of the nobles who were, in fact, _his_ feudal tenants, in whatever
+portion of lands they possessed. Thrice in the year this proud
+muster-roll of noble tenants was examined, _i.e._ at the festivals of
+Christmas, Easter, and Whitsuntide, where they appeared before the
+monarch in all the pomp of state. A sort of coronation scene was at this
+time exhibited. The nobles renewed their homage to the monarch, who
+received them at once as his guests and dependents--seated on his
+throne, with a crown on his head, and a sceptre in each of his hands.
+Public officers were at this time appointed, laws, on some occasions,
+enacted, while for eight days it was forbidden for any man to slay,
+maim, or assault his enemy, or to distrain upon his debtor's lands. The
+return of these festivals has sometimes been mistaken by our historians
+for a repetition of the coronation, strictly so called[82].
+
+The monarch exercised, as at the present time, a supreme command over
+the national forces. He consulted the witan, but he himself determined
+on, and proclaimed war or peace. He was also, as now, the supreme judge,
+and received appeals in person, from all the ordinary courts of
+judicature: the ealdormen, sheriffs, and other officers of those
+courts, holding their appointments at his pleasure. The intelligent
+reader will thus find the substantial duties of the royal office as
+remarkably similar at this distant period with its present functions, as
+the pageant of a coronation can be uniform[83].
+
+WILLIAM I. may be said to have been crowned in character as a conqueror.
+Christmas-day 1066, being appointed for his coronation, at Westminster,
+he was surrounded by his Norman barons, and a full attendance of the
+English nobles and prelates--when Aldred, archbishop of York, put the
+questions of the Recognition to his new subjects; and the bishop of
+Constance, who was in his train, to the Normans, The assent of both
+nations was given with loud acclaim. So boisterous, indeed, was their
+loyalty at this part of the ceremony, that the Norman soldiers of
+William, on the outside of the Abbey church, affected to consider the
+shouts as the signal of insurrection, and immediately set fire to the
+houses of the neighbourhood (a singular remedy for riot), and began the
+congenial work of plunder, to the great mortification of the king. All
+now became confusion in the interior of the Abbey: the Norman barons
+prepared for battle; the native nobles regarded themselves as victims
+selected for slaughter, and the king is said to have been left alone,
+with the ecclesiastics, to conclude the ceremony. That the shouts were
+but the pretext for a preconcerted attack and plunder of the people,
+appears but too clearly from the subsequent remonstrance of the king
+with the barons, whom he warned against the certain result of oppressing
+the English; while he strictly prohibited the soldiers from appearing at
+taverns, or molesting the private abodes of the citizens; and appointed
+a commission to enforce his regulations.
+
+Matilda, duchess of Normandy, was not brought into England until William
+had fully subdued his refractory subjects--when, on Whit Sunday, 1068,
+she was crowned queen at Winchester, by the archbishop of York.
+
+WILLIAM RUFUS, though a second son, was the Conqueror's favorite, and
+duly elected his successor by the prelates and barons of England. His
+coronation, as it was principally procured by the influence of the
+church, was conducted with great splendour by Lanfranc, archbishop of
+Canterbury, at Westminster, 20th Sept, 1087.
+
+Of this prince the Saxon Chronicle furnishes an anecdote, of which the
+naval excursions of his present Majesty are calculated to remind us.
+While hunting in the New Forest he received intelligence of the defeat
+of his Norman forces by Helie de la Fleche--and would hardly suffer the
+messenger to conclude his tale, ere he exclaimed, "Let those that love,
+follow me;" and rode immediately toward the sea shore. He leaped into
+the first vessel that presented itself: the master remonstrating that
+the weather was very stormy, and the passage perilous in such a bark,
+"Hold thy peace," said William, "kings are never drowned[84]."
+
+HENRY I., who was near his brother at the time of his death in the New
+Forest, hastened to Winchester to secure the royal treasures. So
+precipitate was the prince on this occasion, as to neglect all care for
+the decent interment of William, whose body was carried in a cart to the
+royal city, and without any religious rites interred in the
+cathedral[85]. The treasurer of his predecessor seems to have been more
+respectful to his memory. He ventured to tell Henry that he held the
+money for the rightful heir, his brother Robert; and blood would have
+been shed but for the interference of the surrounding nobles, who
+overcame the scruples of the minister. Having obtained possession of the
+royal castle and treasures, Henry proceeded to Westminster, where on the
+third day after his brother's death he was crowned by the bishop of
+London, the see of York being vacant, and Anselm, archbishop of
+Canterbury, abroad.
+
+This was the first of our monarchs who thought it needful to strengthen
+the attachment of his subjects to him by a formal charter; which seems
+in some measure to have been regarded as a condition of his election to
+the crown. It was, at any rate, promulgated on the day of the
+coronation, and is a document of no small historical importance, as
+professing to abolish all the grievances that had been introduced by the
+Norman princes, and to restore the laws of Edward the Confessor. We can
+only notice a few of its items. 1. The people were exempted from all
+taxes which they had not paid under their Saxon rulers; and the venders
+of base or light coin were to be punished with severity. 2. The church
+was reinstated in all her ancient rights, and the king engaged never to
+sell or farm vacant benefices, or to retain their revenues for the use
+of his exchequer. 3. He granted to all the barons and immediate vassals
+of the crown (requiring them to make the same grant to their respective
+tenants) the right of a free disposal of personal property: that for
+breaches of the peace they should not be placed as heretofore at the
+king's mercy, but be adjudged to pay the sums prescribed by the Saxon
+law; that their heirs should pay the customary reliefs for the livery of
+lands, and not the arbitrary compensations which had been exacted by his
+two predecessors; that the wardship of minors, and the custody of their
+lands, should be committed to their nearest relations; that neither
+heiresses nor widows should be compelled by the king to marry, but the
+daughters and female relations of noble families should be given in
+marriage without any impediment being offered by the crown, or any fee
+being required for the exercise of such liberty. He at the same time
+granted a very beneficial charter to the citizens of London. Two queens
+of this prince were successively crowned.
+
+STEPHEN was the fourth monarch in succession from the Conqueror who
+claimed the crown without an hereditary title. Any settlement of the
+government was preferred by well-disposed men to the anarchy that
+usually succeeded the decease of a feudal sovereign: and the promptitude
+of this monarch, and his former popularity in the country, united with
+the antipathy of the people to a female reign, gave him an easy access
+to sovereign power. He was crowned at Winchester, by the archbishop of
+Canterbury, Dec, 22, 1135; stipulating in the coronation oath that he
+would not levy the danegelt[86] which his uncle had so frequently
+extorted, nor retain for his own profit the vacant benefices of the
+church, nor molest clerks or laymen in the possession of their woods or
+forests.
+
+By a compact entered into with Stephen and the assembled barons, in the
+latter days of that prince, HENRY II., grandson of Henry I., succeeded
+to the throne, and was crowned at Westminster, Dec. 19, 1154, attended
+by a great concourse of foreign nobility. His queen received the royal
+unction on Christmas-day, 1158.
+
+During the disputes between this monarch and the celebrated Thomas à
+Becket, we find the king adopting a singular expedient for strengthening
+and perpetuating the authority of his family--the coronation of his son
+Henry. Historians are divided as to his design in this ceremony; but a
+probable opinion is suggested by Mr. Hume, that when the thunders of the
+Vatican were every day expected to dissolve the ties of allegiance
+between Henry's subjects and himself, he was anxious by the new oaths of
+allegiance now taken, to secure their obedience, at least, to his family
+in the person of his son.
+
+But in the manner of conducting this unique coronation he added new
+matter to the existing strife. It had long been esteemed a right of the
+metropolitan to anoint and crown the kings of England; and Becket had
+been diligent enough to procure the pope's letters prohibitory against
+the interference of any other prelate with his privileges on this
+occasion. The coronation however proceeded; the archbishop of York
+feeling no scruple in supplying Becket's place:--all the royal makings
+of a king were bestowed on the young prince, at Westminster, June 15,
+1170, and his father waited upon him during the coronation feast, at
+table. It being remarked to the prince how great was the honour for him
+to be thus attended, he is said to have replied haughtily, "That he
+thought it no such great condescension for the son of an earl to wait on
+the son of a king."
+
+This coronation also involved the father in a rupture with the court of
+France. Prince Henry had married a daughter of that crown, to which the
+omission of her coronation with her husband was in the highest degree
+offensive: the king of France entered the Norman territories of Henry in
+consequence, and it was not until that monarch had promised to supply
+the omission, and that the prince and princess should be together
+crowned by Becket, that either the French king or the primate were
+appeased. The ultimate issue of this circumstance, in the assassination
+of Becket, we have noticed in another part of this work. Hume remarks on
+the whole affair--"There prevailed in that age an opinion which was akin
+to its other superstitions, that the royal unction was essential to the
+exercise of royal power. It was therefore natural both for the king of
+France, careful of his daughter's establishment, and for Becket, jealous
+of his own dignity, to demand in the treaty with Henry some satisfaction
+on this essential point[87]." The second coronation of the prince (in
+which his consort was duly associated) took place Aug. 27th, 1172.
+
+Nor did the calamitous consequences of this event thus terminate. It
+seems to have sown deeply the seeds of ambitious discord in the family
+of Henry. The young prince, after a visit to France with his consort,
+formally demanded of his father some substantial share of the royal
+power with whose insignia he had been invested. The intrigues and civil
+commotions that followed, it is not within our plan to detail; but the
+conduct of his different children, instigated by the example of this
+unworthy first-born, eventually brought the parent to his grave.
+
+The coronation of RICHARD I., is the earliest upon which our historians
+dilate. It took place September 3, 1189, at Westminster; differing in no
+material point from the modern ceremony. The archbishop is said to have
+solemnly adjured the king at the altar, "not to assume the royal dignity
+unless he were resolved to keep the regal oath." An infamous outrage on
+the unoffending and oppressed race of the Jews closed the coronation day
+in London, and was followed by equally cruel treatment of them in
+several large towns. They seem on this occasion to have tempted the
+cupidity, by appealing to the generosity and humanity of the court.
+Numbers of them came to the metropolis with presents for the young king,
+who forbade them, however, to appear at his coronation. In the evening a
+few of the richer Israelites endeavoured to pass into the hall of the
+palace; when they were repulsed, insulted, and pursued into the city. A
+report now spread that the king, regretting the unhallowed forbearance
+of his father toward this apostate race, had given orders for a general
+attack upon them. The populace quickly murdered the first that had
+appeared; they then attacked the houses of all the richer Jews, and
+after stripping them of every thing valuable, left them in flames. At
+York, five hundred of this hapless nation who had retired into the
+castle for protection, and eventually seized it from the governor,
+murdered their own wives and children, to prevent their falling into the
+hands of their enemies, and then despatched each other nearly to a man.
+
+On the return of Richard from his romantic expedition to Jerusalem, in
+1194, he is said to have been crowned a second time; "to put awaie, as
+it were, the reproofe of his captivitie[88]." A solemn council was held
+at Nottingham, to review the affairs of the kingdom, and the conduct of
+his brother John during the king's absence; the last or third day being
+occupied in discussing the question, whether it were necessary that the
+king should be crowned a second time; the king voted in the negative,
+but his peers and prelates were of the contrary opinion, and the
+ceremony was accordingly performed at Winchester, by Hubert, archbishop
+of Canterbury[89].
+
+JOHN was declared by Richard, on his death-bed, to be his legitimate
+successor: but the people being divided between his claims and those of
+Arthur, his nephew, a great council was held at Northampton, in which
+the nobles resolved unanimously on swearing fealty to him; and the
+coronation was ordered to take place at Westminster, 27th of May, 1199.
+The primate introduced the ceremony by a speech intended to maintain
+the claim of John. He observed, that all his auditors well knew the
+crown to be elective, and could only be held by the unanimous agreement
+of the nation with regard to the personal merits of the wearer: that it
+was the gift of the people, who chose generally from the members of the
+reigning family the prince who appeared most deserving of that honour.
+Such was the selection in the scriptural case of David, and others: and
+that having that day met to perform this important duty, they, on these
+principles, brought forward their future sovereign, John, earl of
+Montaigné, brother to the deceased king[90]. John, who was present,
+signified his concurrence with these sentiments; and a few days
+afterwards, (June 7) we find a law published from Northampton in which
+he asserts, that 'God had given him the throne by hereditary right,
+through the unanimous consent and favour of the clergy and people[91].'
+The friends of Arthur made a faint resistance to the claims of John, as
+duke of Normandy, but that unhappy prince, we know, soon met an
+untimely death, by the means, if not by the dagger of his uncle.
+
+This prince, having procured a divorce, on the pretext of consanguinity,
+from a wife to whom he had been married twelve years, negociated a new
+marriage in 1200 with the princess of Portugal. Ere his overtures,
+however, could be answered, he was by accident diverted to another
+choice. Isabella, daughter of the count of Angouleme, was a celebrated
+beauty of the day, who had been publicly promised and privately espoused
+to Hugh, count of La Marche. But John, in one of his visits to Normandy,
+became enamoured of her: and the lady found the crown of her new lover
+an irresistible recommendation. The princess of Portugal was
+disappointed, the count de La Marche enraged, and all Europe surprised
+at the event, when the monarch conducted his bride in triumph to
+Westminster early in the month of October, and assembled his peers for
+her coronation, on the 8th of that month. Hoveden represents king John
+himself to have partaken of the benediction on the occasion: some
+writers state, that he was a second time crowned.
+
+Soon after this event, we have a formal demand of feudal homage made by
+John on William king of Scotland, with which the latter promised
+promptly to comply. The two monarchs met at Lincoln, and, on an eminence
+near that city, in the presence of the assembled nobles of both
+kingdoms, the king of Scotland swore fealty of life and limb to
+John--against all men, saving his own right. He, at the same time, is
+said to have acknowledged by a written document the feudal superiority
+of the English crown, to have engaged to keep the peace with its king
+and kingdom, and to have bound himself not to marry his son without the
+permission of John, as his liege lord[92]. But this is a little
+inconsistent with another recorded fact--rising from his knees, he
+explicitly demanded of John the restoration of the three counties of
+Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmoreland, as the heir of his
+grandfather David, from whom he alleged them to have been unjustly
+wrested in the wars of Matilda and Stephen. The kind of homage rendered
+by the Scottish princes to the English crown, in this and succeeding
+ages, was always proportioned to the strength or weakness of the
+respective governments, and was hardly construed to mean the same thing
+during two successive reigns. On the whole, this singular interview
+seems to have been consented to on the part of the wily Scot,
+principally with a view to sound the dispositions of the new sovereign.
+
+The profligate and pusillanimous John is well known to have exposed his
+own rights, and the liberties of his people, to all the evils of
+protracted civil wars, and foreign invasion. At the period of his
+decease, the capital and the southern counties were in the hands of
+Louis, king of France.
+
+HENRY III., his son, had but just completed his tenth year when the
+title of a king descended to him. But his youth and innocence
+conciliated that regard to his person, which the conduct of John had
+long estranged from himself; the claims of Louis were disowned by the
+holy see; and the more powerful of the barons saw an object worth
+contending for in the direction of the young king's affairs. Ten days
+after the death of his father, (October 28, 1218), he was brought in
+procession to the cathedral of Gloucester, and crowned by the papal
+legate Gualo, assisted by the bishops of Winchester, Exeter, and Bath.
+It is remarked by the contemporary historians[93], that a plain circle
+of gold was used on this occasion in lieu of the crown, which had been
+lost with the other jewels and baggage of John in his passage across the
+wash near Wisbech. A proclamation was next day issued, lamenting the
+dissensions that had existed between the king's father and his barons,
+and promising, on the part of Henry, to bury them in oblivion. By the
+same instrument he commanded the tenants of the crown forthwith to
+appear, and do him homage; and enjoined upon all persons appearing in
+public, to wear a white fillet round their heads during the ensuing
+month, in honour of his coronation.
+
+Henry was crowned a second time, on the final deliverance of his kingdom
+from the French invaders, _i.e._ in May 1220; by Langton, archbishop of
+Canterbury:--"all the estates and subjects of his realme," meeting him
+at Westminster--"to the end; it might be said, that now after the
+extinguishment of all seditious factions, he was crowned by the general
+consent[94]."
+
+At the late age of twenty-nine, a bride was provided for the young
+monarch: her father, who accompanied her to England, was only bishop
+elect of Valence; but the beauty of the queen seems in this case to have
+been the sovereign recommendation; and all the eloquence of the
+historian is exerted by Matthew Paris, in describing the ceremonies of
+her marriage and coronation. The nobility of both sexes, the clergy in
+their various orders, all the vassals of the crown and the citizens are
+assigned their several places and offices, with an amusing precision;
+nor does he forget the trumpet's clang, or the minstrel's pipe: the
+various banners that streamed in the procession; or the viands and wines
+of the banquet. Eleanor, the pride of the day, was a queen amongst
+beauties--the whole world, he says in conclusion, might be challenged to
+produce a spectacle equally glorious and enchanting.
+
+This monarch rebuilt the whole of the abbey church at Westminster from
+its foundations; and was interred in the tomb out of which he had
+removed the bones of Edward the Confessor. At his funeral his successor
+was proclaimed by the earl of Gloucester; who, before the deceased
+king's body was covered, stept forward, and putting his hand upon it,
+swore fealty to the then absent prince.
+
+EDWARD I., at this period returning to Europe from the Holy Land. He is
+said to have received the news of his father's death with those tears of
+sincere grief, which surprised some of his princely companions; and did
+not much appear to quicken his progress toward England. Being challenged
+to a tournament, by the count of Chalons, the exhortations of the
+reigning Pontiff could not induce him to forego the combat; he felt his
+honour, as the champion of the cross, at stake; and appeared in the
+lists at the appointed day, attended by a thousand knights. The trial of
+skill was converted into a deadly battle, in which the count seriously
+attempted the king's life; and out of which, the English only came
+victorious after a sanguinary conflict. Edward succeeded to the throne
+in November 1272; but did not arrive in England, until August 1274, when
+his first object was to receive, with his consort, Eleanor of Castile,
+the regal unction. He was crowned with this affectionate[95] companion
+of his crusade, at Westminster, on the 19th; Alexander, king of
+Scotland, being present, and doing homage as a vassal of the English
+crown. Several of the orders for provisions required for the coronation
+feast, are preserved in Rymer, among which are, 380 head of cattle; 430
+sheep, 450 pigs, 18 wild boars, 278 flitches of bacon; and 19,660 capons
+and fowls. Holinshed informs us, that there were five hundred horses
+"let go at libertie" on this occasion, "catch them that catch might." In
+Rymer we also read of a singular stipulation originally made by Richard
+I., that, whenever a king of Scotland should attend at the summons of
+the English king, to do homage, or service at his court, he should be
+attended, and provided for, by the bishop, sheriffs, and barons of each
+county, through which he came; 5_l._ per day being allowed for his
+expenses on the road, and 30_s._ per day so long as he remained at the
+English court, together with twenty-four loaves, four sexterces of the
+best, and eight of inferior, wine, four wax tapers, forty better, and
+eighty inferior, candles, two pounds of pepper, and four pounds of
+cinnamon. At this time, it appears, the Scottish party received
+regularly the 5_l._ a day, and purchased their own provision:
+Alexander's whole disbursement was 175_l._
+
+Edward, in the first year after his coronation, forbade the Jews to
+erect, or hold any synagogues in his dominions; to hold fiefs, or any
+free tenement; or to demand interest for the loan of money: at seven
+years of age they were to wear two pieces of woollen cloth, sown into
+their outward garment, and at twelve to be subject to a capitation tax
+of three pence, to be paid annually at Easter. Thus cut off from their
+ordinary modes of living, they had recourse to the clipping of money and
+other illegal modes of debasing the coin; and after trials, fines, and
+executions of the most oppressive and unjustifiable description, were
+finally banished the realm, A.D. 1290.
+
+EDWARD II. ascended a throne that, by the energies of his father, had
+extended its sway over almost the whole island of Great Britain. At the
+period of his decease, Edward I. was prosecuting the conquest of
+Scotland, and left, according to Froissart, a solemn charge to his
+successor, "to have his body boiled in a large cauldron, until the flesh
+should be separated from the bones; that he would have the flesh buried
+and the bones preserved; and that every time the Scots should rebel
+against him, he would summon his people, and carry against them the
+bones of his father: for he believed most firmly, that as long as his
+bones should be carried against the Scots, those Scots should never be
+victorious[96]." The young prince first visited the court of France, and
+married Isabella, the French king's daughter; whom he brought to England
+with her two uncles, and a magnificent train of foreign nobility, to
+participate in the splendors of their joint coronation, which was
+celebrated at Westminster, February 25, 1308. It was well attended also
+by the English nobility; but the king's marked preference for a personal
+favourite, (Piers Gaveston) was resented as a general insult. He
+appeared the sole dispenser of all the honours and favours of the day;
+for the promotion of his friends and dependents, the claims of
+inheritance and the precedents of former reigns were alike disregarded.
+Three days afterwards, the barons met in the refectory of the monks, at
+Westminster, to petition for the banishment of Gaveston, and thus began
+the unhappy differences between this monarch and his nobles, which
+resulted in his final deposition.
+
+This involved the singular circumstance of the barons formally
+withdrawing their homage. The favourites of the king, against whom they
+had armed, being slain,--a parliament was called by the queen Isabella,
+and _her_ paramour; which was opened by a long speech from the bishop of
+Hereford. He painted in strong terms the incapacity, and what he called
+the vindictive and treacherous disposition, of the king; and declared,
+that to liberate him from the confinement under which he was now placed,
+would be to expose to certain death, a princess, who, by her wisdom and
+courage, had been the salvation of the state. He, therefore, desired
+them to retire, and to consider, by the next morning, whether it were
+not better to deprive the father of the crown, and elect, forthwith,
+his son. On the following day this motion was carried by acclamation;
+the temporal peers, and many of the prelates, swore fealty at once to
+the young Edward: a bill of impeachment, containing six articles, was
+drawn up against the old king; and the reign of Edward of Carnarvon was
+declared to have terminated, and that of Edward of Windsor to have
+begun.
+
+But the queen now affected great scruples and grief at these
+proceedings; declared her fears, that the parliament had exceeded its
+powers, and exhorted her son, it is said, to refuse the crown. On the
+ground of this delicacy of feeling, a deputation of both lords and
+commons was appointed to wait on the deposed monarch,--to give him
+notice of the election of his son; tender him back their homage, and
+"act as circumstances might suggest." Their measures are variously
+related by the partisans of the new and old king. They flattered and
+they threatened him; they exhorted him to show that greatness of mind,
+which could sacrifice a throne to the good of his people, and promised
+him an ample revenue and the indulgence of all his personal wishes, if
+he should freely resign the crown. At last he was brought, dressed in a
+plain black gown, into a room where the deputation had been arranged to
+receive him; and sir William Trussel, a judge, addressed him in these
+words: "I, William Trussel, procurator of the earls, barons, and others,
+having for this full and sufficient power, do render and give back to
+you Edward, once king of England, the homage and fealty of the persons
+named in my procuracy: and acquit and discharge them thereof, in the
+best manner that law and custom will give. And I now make protestation,
+in their name, that they will no longer be in your fealty, or
+allegiance, nor claim to hold any thing of you as king, but will account
+you, hereafter, as a private person, without any manner of royal
+dignity." Then sir Thomas Blount, the steward of the king's household,
+broke his staff of office, as is usual on the death of a king, and
+declared all persons once in his Majesty's service, to be discharged
+from their former duty.
+
+On the return of the deputation, the new king was proclaimed in the
+metropolis by the heralds, in the following unprecedented form.
+"Whereas, sir Edward, late king of England, of his own good will, and
+with the common advice and assent of the prelates, earls, barons, and
+other nobles, and all the commonalty of the realm, hath put himself out
+of the government of the realm, and has granted and willed that the
+government of the said realm should come to sir Edward, his eldest son
+and heir, and that _he_ should govern the kingdom, and be crowned king,
+on which account all the lords have done him homage; we cry and publish
+the peace of our said lord, sir Edward, the son, and on his part
+strictly command and enjoin under pain and peril of disherison and loss
+of life and member, that no one break the peace of our said lord the
+king. For he is, and will be ready to do justice to all and each of the
+said kingdom, both to the little and the great, in all things and
+against all men. And if any one have a claim against another, let him
+proceed by way of action, and not by violence or force."
+
+At the coronation, February 1st, 1327, a similar assertion of the late
+king having resigned by his free-will, and with the consent of
+parliament, was made. The medal distributed during the ceremony,
+represented the son resting his sceptre on the heart of his people,
+within the motto, "Populo dat jura volenti;" having on the reverse a
+hand receiving a fallen crown, with the inscription, "Non rapit, sed
+recipit." The best comment on the "free-will" of the deposed monarch,
+appeared in his being murdered by the queen's party, in the course of
+the year following.
+
+EDWARD III. married Philippa of Hainault, in 1327, on which occasion she
+was crowned at Westminster. She bore the king a son, the celebrated
+Edward the Black Prince, before he had reached his 19th year.
+
+RICHARD II. succeeded his grandfather in 1377, being then in his
+eleventh year; and no coronation in our annals was more magnificent.
+The Liber Regalis, still preserved at Westminster, contains the ritual
+used on this occasion, and a record of the proceedings of the Court of
+Claims is also extant[97].
+
+On the day after the death of Edward, this prince entered London in
+great state: triumphal arches were erected, conduits ran with wine, and
+the usual pageants of the coronation procession were displayed in the
+streets. Walsingham mentions in particular a turreted building, erected
+in the market of Cheap, out of which ran streams of wine, and at the
+angles of which, on the top, four young maidens of the age of the king
+were placed, dressed in white. On the approach of the sovereign, shreds
+of gold leaf were blown to him, and florins _of paper_ were showered on
+his head!--such was what at this time was regarded as the "superior
+ingenuity of the merchants of Cheapside."
+
+The progress through the city on the day preceding the coronation, (15th
+of July, 1377) was similarly distinguished. The king dined at the
+Tower, from which he came forth dressed in white garments, and placed
+himself under the escort of the mayor and citizens, who conducted him to
+his palace at Westminster. On the following morning he rose early, and,
+having received mass in his private chapel, came down into the great
+hall "arraid in the fairest vestments, and with buskins only upon his
+feet." The procession from Westminster Hall to the Abbey, was now
+marshalled in the usual order. While the litany was chanted the young
+prince lay prostrate before the altar, whence he was conducted to his
+throne on a platform in the centre of the nave. The entire ceremony of
+the coronation so much exhausted him, that he was borne back to the
+palace in a litter carried by knights. He soon, however, appeared at the
+banquet, where he created four earls and nine knights, and partook of a
+splendid though turbulent repast. The next morning a council of regency
+was formed, to exercise the royal authority, during the minority of the
+king. It is remarkable, that in the first parliament of this monarch's
+reign, we find the archbishop of Canterbury recommending the young king
+to the affection of his subjects, because he was not an elected
+sovereign, but the true heir and representative of their former
+kings[98].
+
+On the 22d of January, 1382, this monarch espoused Anne of Bohemia,
+daughter of the late emperor Charles IV., and sister of Winceslaus, king
+of the Romans. As usual, she was crowned at the same period; and is said
+so entirely to have possessed, during the twelve years of her union with
+him, the affections of her husband and his people, as to be long
+remembered among the latter by the title of the good Queen Anne.
+
+The tragic close of this prince's reign will never be forgotten while
+
+  ---- ----"The hallowed crown
+  Shall round the mortal temples of a king,"
+
+or Shakspeare's celebrated "Richard II." be extant. The march of his
+successor, Bolingbroke, from Ravenspur to London, and the rapid
+increase of his followers from twenty men to sixty thousand, his
+peaceful entry into the metropolis, and ultimate possession of the
+kingdom, without striking a blow, have only been exceeded, in modern
+times, by the celebrated march of Napoleon from Cannes to Paris.
+
+HENRY IV. challenged the crown partly by right of conquest[99]. In his
+coronation, which took place on the 13th of Oct. 1399, he caused the
+sword which he wore when he landed at Ravenspur to be carried naked, on
+his left hand, by the earl of Northumberland. Froissart's description of
+"the progress" of this monarch we have before noticed.
+
+Of HENRY V., Holinshed says, "This kyng, this man, was he whiche,
+(accordyng to the old proverbe) declared and shewed that honour ought to
+change maners: for incontinent after that he was stalled in the siege
+royall, and had received the crowne and sceptre of this famous and
+fortunate region, [he] determined with hymself to put on the shape of a
+new man, and to use another sorte of livyng, turning insolence and
+wildnesse into gravitie and sobernes, and wavering vice into constant
+virtue." It was this prince, our readers will recollect, who, while "the
+immediate heir of England," was committed into custody by the Lord Chief
+Justice, for disturbing the court in which he sat as judge, and who
+afterwards, when king, so nobly commended that officer's conduct.
+Shakspeare has a similar train of thought with the old chronicler.
+
+  ----"Princes all, believe me, I beseech you,
+  My father is gone wild into his grave;
+  For in his tomb lie my affections;
+  And with his spirit sadly I survive,
+  To mock the expectations of the world,
+  To frustrate prophecies, and to raze out
+  Rotten opinion, which hath writ me down
+  After my seeming. Though my tide of blood
+  Hath proudly flowed in vanity till now;
+  Now doth it turn and ebb unto the sea,
+  Where it shall mingle with the state of flood,
+  And flow henceforth in formal majesty[100]."
+
+Fabian gives a splendid account of the coronation of Katherine, the
+queen of Henry V. "upon whose ryght hande satte at the ende of the same
+table the archebyshop of Cauntorbury, and Henrye, surnamed the ryche
+cardynall of Wynchester. And vppon the lefte hande of the quene satte
+the Kynge of Scottes in hys estate, the wyche was served wythe covered
+messe, like vnto the forenamed byshoppes, but after them." "And ye shall
+vnderstande, that this feaste was al of _fyshe_." Each course had its
+"sotyltye," however, embodying the wit of other parts of the creation;
+as "a pellycane syttyng on his nest with her byrdes, and an ymage of
+saynte Katheryne holdyng a boke and disputyng with the doctoures,
+holdyng a reason in her ryghte hande, saiynge: 'Madame le roigne' and
+the pellycan as an answere, 'Ce est la signe et du roy, partenir joy, et
+a tout sa gent, elle mete sa entent,'--a sotyltye named a panter with an
+ymage of saynte Katheryne with a whele in her hande, and a rolle wyth a
+reason in that other hande, sayeng: 'La royne ma file, in ceste ile, per
+bon reson, aves renoun.'" &c.
+
+HENRY VI. had the high honour of being solemnly crowned as king, both
+at London and in Paris--"in infant bands." In the ninth year of his age
+"he was leyde upon the high scaffold" in Westminster Abbey, "and that
+was covered all with red soy between the high autere and the quere. And
+he was set in his astate in the middes of the scaffold there, beholdynge
+the people all abowte sadly and wisely." The archbishop "made a
+proclamacion on the iiij quarters of the scaffolde, seyend in this wyse:
+Sirs, heere comyth Henry, kyng Henryes sone the Vth, on whos sowle God
+have mercy, amen. He homblyth hym to God and to holy cherche, askynge
+the crowne of this reame by right and defence of herytage; if ye hold ye
+pays with hym, say ya, and hold up handes. And than all the people cryed
+with oon voyce, Ye, ye. Having been crowned, he rose vp ayen and wente
+to the shryne; and there was he dyspoyled of all his bysshopp's gere,
+and arayd as a kynge in rich cloth of gold, with a crowne on his hede;
+which crown the kyng dyd doo make for hymself[101]." The following
+account of the appearance of the champion at the coronation feast, will
+show the antiquity of the present observances. "Settynge at the mete the
+kyng kept his astate; and on the right hand sat the cardynall with a
+lower astate, and on the left hande satt the chaunceler and a bysshop of
+Fraunce, and no mob at that table. And on the righth hand of the table
+at that boord sat the barons of the V. portes. And so forth the clerkes
+of the same chauncery. And on the lefte hande of the hall sat the mayre
+of London with the aldyrmen. And so forth worthy cominers: and in the
+myddes of the hall sat the bisshoppes, justices, and worthy knyghts and
+equyers. And so they filled bothe the midde boordes of the hall. And
+upon a scaffold stoode the kynges herawdes of armes all the tyme with
+crownes on thyr hedes; and at the fyrst cours they came down from her
+scaffold, and they wente before the kynges champyon Sir Phelip Dymok
+that rode in the hall bright as saynte George! And he proclaimed in the
+iiij quarters of the hall that the kyng was a rightfull kyng and heyre
+to the crowne of Engelond: and what maner man that wyll say the contrary
+he was redy to defende it as hys knyght and hys chaumpion, for by that
+offyce he holdith his lande[102]."
+
+At Paris, in his eleventh year, this prince was "honourably accompanied
+to the church of our Lady, where he was anointed and crowned by the
+cardinal bishop of Winchester, after which he departed to the palace,
+having one crown on his head, and another borne before him." "But what
+should I speake," continues Grafton, "of the honorable service, the
+dayntie dishes, the pleasant conceytes, the costly wynes, the sweet
+armony, the musicall instruments which were seene and shewed at that
+feast, sithe all men may conjecture, that nothing was omitted that
+might be bought for golde, nor nothing was forgotten, that by man's wyt
+could be invented[103]."
+
+Our fourth EDWARD, like John, affected an elective right to the crown.
+What is now called the Recognition, being at this period what Burnet
+terms, "a rite of an election, rather than a ceremony of investing one,
+who was already king." "A question was asked of the people then
+present," says Fabian, "if they would admitte hym for their kyng and
+soveraigne lorde, the which with one voice cried Yea, yea."
+
+RICHARD III. and his consort Anne, were crowned with great state at
+Westminster, 6th of July, 1483; there being an unusual concourse of
+nobility at this festival, according to Walpole, including three
+duchesses of Norfolk. Some preparations seem also to have been made for
+the appearance of his deposed nephew, Edward V., in the procession, but
+whether he in reality wore his "apparel and array" there, will ever
+remain, among "Historic Doubts." The circumstance of such an
+arrangement being publicly made, however, demonstrates the confidence of
+Richard in his own title. Lord Orford, who first brought forward the
+evidence of this singular arrangement, says, "Though Richard's son did
+not walk at his father's coronation, Edward V. probably did. I conceive
+all the astonishment of my readers at this assertion, and yet it is
+founded on strongly presumptive evidence. In the coronation roll itself,
+is this amazing entry: 'To lord Edward, son of late king Edward IV., for
+his apparel and array, that is to say, a short gowne made of two yards
+and three quarters of crymsyn clothe of gold, lined with two yards and
+three quarters of blac velvet, a long gowne made of six yards of crymsyn
+cloth of gold, lynned with six yards of green damask, a shorte gowne
+made of two yards and three quarters of purpell velvet, &c.' Let nobody
+tell me that these robes, this magnificence, these trappings for a
+cavalcade, were for the use of a prisoner. Marvellous as the fact is,
+there can be no doubt but the deposed young king walked, or it was
+intended should walk, at his uncle's coronation[104]."
+
+HENRY VII. was crowned "both in form and substance" on Bosworth Field.
+Grafton's remark is, "Lord Stanley took the crown of king Richard, which
+was found amongst the spoyle in the field, and set it on the erle's
+head--as though he had been _elected_ king by the voyce of the people,
+as in auncient tymes past in divers realmes it hath been
+accustomed[105]." This monarch, it is well known, endeavoured to
+strengthen the substantial claims of conquest by those of marriage with
+the daughter of Edward IV., and his own hereditary rights. To the
+people, he seems to have promised a joint coronation with "dame
+Elizabeth his wief," according to a "Little Devise" of his coronation at
+Westminster, which has reached the present times. But in point of fact,
+she did not appear there. Unwilling to lose the influence, Henry was
+still more determined not to appear to rely on the importance, of his
+matrimonial title: he did not, therefore, marry the heiress of the house
+of York, until after his coronation, and delayed to invest her with the
+diadem, until the 3d year of his reign. We have a fine description of
+her coronation in Mr. Ives' Select Papers relating to English
+Antiquities, to which we have already adverted.
+
+No English monarch ascended the throne under happier auspices, or with
+more splendour, than HENRY VIII. "The ordre of the services" of this
+"high and honourable coronation" is given at great length by Hall: in
+which the disused custom of a progress through the metropolis
+constitutes no small part of the pageantry.
+
+Katherine of Arragon appeared on this occasion, borne on a litter by two
+white palfreys, "apparelled in white satyn embroudered, her heeire
+hanging doune to her back of a very great length, bewtefull and goodly
+to behold, and on her head a coronate set with many rich orient stones."
+The entrance of the champion, and his challenge, are in the highest
+style of feudal pomp, and in strict accordance with the old mode of
+trial by combat. "The seconde course beyng served, in at the haule doore
+entered a knight, armed at al poyntes, his bases rich tissue
+embroudered, a great plume and a sumpteous of ostriche fethers on his
+helmet, sittyng on a great courser trapped in tissue, and embroudered
+with tharmes of England, and of Fraunce, and an herauld of armes before
+him. And passyng through the halle, presented hymself with humble
+reverence before the kynges majestie, to whom garter kyng of herauldes
+cried and said, with a loude voyce, Sir knight, from whence come you,
+and what is your pretence? This knight's name was Sir Robert Dimmocke,
+champion to the kyng by tenure of his enheritaunce, who answered the
+saied kyng of armes in effecte after this manner:--Sir, the place that I
+come from is not materiall, nor the cause of my repaire hether is not
+concernyng any matter of any place or countrey, but only this; and
+therewithall commanded his heraulde to make an O yes: then saied the
+knyght to the kyng of armes, Now shal ye here the cause of my commyng
+and pretence. Then he commaunded his owne herauld by proclamacion to
+saye: If there be any persone, of what estate or degree soever he be,
+that wil saie or prove that King Henry the Eight is not the rightfull
+enheritor and kyng of this realme, I, Sir Robert Dimmocke, here his
+champion, offre my glove, to fight in his querrell with any persone to
+the utteraunce."
+
+The coronation of Anne Boleyn was distinguished by the appearance of
+"marvailous connyng pageauntes" in the city: all the Graces were seen on
+Cornhill; the Muses hailed her approach "in Cheap;" and the Cardinal
+Virtues (how are times changed!) paraded Fleet Street. At the banquet
+the king took his station, incog. in a little closet made out of the
+cloyster of St. Stephen's, on the right side of the hall.
+
+We are informed by Burnet, that at the coronation of EDWARD VI. the
+office for that ceremony was revised and much shortened; there being
+"some things that did not agree with" the existing "laws of the land,
+as the promise made to the abbotts for maintaining their lands and
+dignities;" and "for the tedious length of the same, which should weary
+and be hurtsome, peradventure, to the king's majesty, being yet of
+tender age, fully to endure and bide out[106]."--"The most material
+thing in it," he adds, "is the first ceremony, whereby the king being
+shewed to the people at the four corners of the stage, the archbishop
+was to demand their consent to it; and yet in such terms as to
+demonstrate he was no elective prince, for he being declared the
+rightful and undoubted heir, both by the laws of God and man, they were
+desired to give their good wills and assent to the same, as by their
+duty and allegiance they were bound to do." Yet 'King Edward's Journal,'
+preserved in the Appendix of this writer, says, "and it was asked of the
+people whether they would have him _to be the king_? Who answered, yea,
+yea." The young monarch did not, of course, understand the doctrine of
+his own "legitimacy" so well as his loyal courtiers.
+
+MARY, our first queen regnant, was crowned at Westminster, Oct. 1, 1553,
+by Gardiner, bishop of Winchester; the archbishops of Canterbury and
+York being both involved in the rigorous persecution of the Protestants
+which had now begun. In Cheapside the chamberlain of the city presented
+her majesty with a purse containing a thousand marks of gold. It is
+somewhat remarkable, that with all the personal fondness of Mary for her
+husband, Philip of Spain, she should never have proposed his coronation,
+in any form: it would have been quite as regular and constitutional, we
+imagine, as that of a queen consort, and much more so than many of her
+fruitless efforts to promote his influence and authority over her
+subjects.
+
+Queen ELIZABETH, according to the usual custom, resorted to the Tower at
+the death of her sister. Every part of her conduct, until finally
+established in the most unbounded sway over the hearts of her people, is
+from this moment interesting. On entering the Tower she is said to have
+been immediately impressed with the important change that had taken
+place in her condition since she was imprisoned in that fortress, and in
+constant danger of her life. She went on her knees in gratitude to
+Heaven, and spoke of her deliverance being as great as that of Daniel
+from the lions' den: an "act of pious gratitude," says Hume, "which
+seems to have been the last circumstance in which she remembered any
+past hardships or injuries." Cautious and temperate as she was in the
+restoration of Protestantism, the prelates almost entirely refused to
+grant her episcopal consecration. At length, Oglethorpe, bishop of
+Carlisle, was prevailed upon to officiate--but he was the only bishop
+present.
+
+Whether the solemn presentation of the Bible to the sovereign, at his
+coronation, was an improvement upon the pageant in which an English
+Bible was presented to this princess during her progress through the
+city (see p. 60), or at which of our Protestant coronations it was
+introduced, we know not. It clearly is a Protestant and most
+appropriate symbol of the royal duty, and of the best means of
+performing it.
+
+In her first communication with her parliament, there is an allusion of
+this princess to one part of the coronation ceremony, which we must not
+omit to notice. The Commons, after granting a liberal subsidy, ventured
+to recommend the queen to marry. In reply she told them, that as the
+application was general, without presuming to direct her choice as to a
+husband, she could not take offence at it; but that any further
+interposition on their parts would have ill become them to make, or her
+to bear: that even while she was a private person, and exposed to much
+danger from the malice of her enemies, she had always declined that
+engagement, as an encumbrance; much more at present must she persevere
+in that sentiment, when the charge of a great kingdom was committed to
+her, and her life ought to be devoted to its interests: that as
+_England_ was her husband, wedded to her by this pledge (and here she
+exhibited her finger with the CORONATION RING upon it), Englishmen were
+her children; and while she was employed in rearing or governing such a
+family, she could not deem herself barren, or her life useless and
+unprofitable: that if she ever entertained thoughts of changing her
+condition, the care of her subjects' welfare would be uppermost in her
+thoughts; but should she live and die a virgin, she doubted not but
+divine Providence, seconding their counsels and her own measures, would
+be able to prevent all dispute with regard to the succession;--and that,
+for her part, she desired no higher character or fairer remembrance of
+her should be transmitted to posterity, than to have this inscription
+engraved on her tombstone, "Here lies Elizabeth, who lived and died a
+maiden queen!"
+
+The accession of JAMES I. to the throne was distinguished by nothing
+remarkable connected with our subject, except the numerous creations of
+peers and other titles. He is said, during the first six weeks after his
+entrance into the kingdom, to have bestowed knighthood on 237 persons.
+It was at this period that an advertisement was affixed to the door of
+St. Paul's cathedral, offering to teach a new art of memory, to enable
+the people to recollect the names of the additions to the nobility.
+
+There has been a recent publication of Sir Edward Walker's "Account of
+the Preparations for the Coronation of King CHARLES II.;" but his
+"minute detail" adds nothing important to the history of that splendid
+ceremony, unless we so account the "double felicitie" of the prince and
+people, "that as hee was the object of innumerable multitudes of his
+subjects, so by no accident from Towre-Hill to his own palace, no one
+suffered the least prejudice; and that the sunne shined gloriously all
+that day and the next until after his coronation, not one drop of raine
+falling in all that time, as very much had done at least ten dayes
+before, and as many after those two great solemnityes[107]."
+
+Sandford, the "most dutiful author and collector" of the details of
+JAMES II.'s coronation, has furnished the only complete text-book of
+our subject. Mr. Taylor, and all subsequent writers, follow him
+throughout the entire ritual of the church service, and in "every thing
+relating to practice[108]." In an address to "the King," he speaks of
+"the pomp, the dignity, and the many glorious circumstances which
+accompany this matter and occasion," "being such as would _endanger the
+tempting_ of another man to swell a dedication to the bulk of a
+History;" and dilates upon "the boundless antiquity of the imperial
+descent," with the splendour, "both in war and peace," of the kingly
+progenitors of His Majesty--not forgetting the "_series of miracles_,"
+which he asserts to have been still following in that descent, and to
+have been specially "wrought in favour of His Majesty's life and
+government." "If I should presume to follow the impulse of my zeal," he
+adds, "I should _enlarge_ myself upon this theme; but being conscious,
+that it is as little my faculty as it is my province, and that long
+importunities from a subject to his sovereign are neither good
+discretion nor good manners; I will take care not to be needlessly
+troublesome, by being over officiously thankful," &c. This is modest
+enough for the introduction of a folio on the royal occupations of one
+day.
+
+The book describes the preparations for the coronation, the
+performances, and the subsequent claims arising out of the performances
+of the day: but it is as stiff and stately throughout as in the
+dedication. Omitting no one Christian name of a dowager peeress, nor of
+any "individual person who went in the grand proceeding," nor even of
+"such who _ought_ to have gone," it furnishes not a single personal
+anecdote of the day, nothing that stirs our sympathies: the king is a
+sort of demi-god, "most high, most mighty, and most excellent," and his
+nobles a number of well ordered automata moving round him. They speak
+all the day "out of a book held before" them. Nothing is heard, even at
+dinner, but grace and defiance from the bishop and champion.
+
+Something human, however, appears in their appetites. In the Journal of
+Preparations, we find His Majesty's pleasure declared in council, that
+"a particular account" should be obtained "of the dinner kept in
+Westminster Hall, at the coronation of His Majesty King Charles II., as
+also that provided at the coronation of his royal father; together,"
+gentle reader, "with the whole _expense_ and charge of the said
+dinners." And we accordingly find the feet and inches of the royal table
+of Charles II. duly given; the courses of meat, hot and cold, and the
+dishes in each course; as likewise the orders of the "_banquet_," served
+in plate, on each of the tables of the Hall: that term (our future
+commentators on Shakspeare must observe) being confined to the
+"confections dried and wet, with fruit of the season." In another minute
+of council is a recommendation that there "be provided a magnificent
+table for their Majesties in the nature of an ambigue; but with two
+courses, in regard to the ceremonies that are to be performed at the
+second course." On turning to our books to understand _this_ method of
+good living, we were somewhat startled to find the following
+contradictory recommendation, quoted by Johnson, from an old Art of
+Cookery:--
+
+  When _straitened_ in your time, and servants _few_,
+  You'd richly then compose an ambigue,
+  Where first and second course, and your desert,
+  All in _one single_ table have their part.
+
+St. George's day, in 1684-5, was happily chosen for the ceremony; and a
+letter of summons, which seems to constitute the actual right of
+appearing at a coronation, was ordered to be drawn up by the Earl of
+Sunderland. This document, the form of which continues to be followed,
+runs thus:--
+
+    "JAMES R.
+
+    "Right trusty and well-beloved cousin, we greet you well. Whereas we
+    have appointed the 23d day of April next for the solemnity of our
+    royal coronation. These are, therefore, to will and command you, all
+    excuses set apart, that you make your personal attendance on us, at
+    the time above mentioned, furnished and appointed, as to your rank
+    and quality appertaineth, there to do and perform such services as
+    shall be required and belonging to you. And whereas we have also
+    resolved, that the coronation of our Royal Consort the Queen shall
+    be solemnized on the same day; we do further require the [Countess]
+    your wife to make her personal attendance on our said Royal Consort,
+    at the time, and in the manner aforesaid: whereof you and she are
+    not to fail. And so we bid you heartily farewell. Given at our Court
+    at Whitehall, the 21st day of March, in the first year of our reign,
+    1684-5."
+
+In the "Explanation of the Sacred and Royal Habits, and other Ornaments,
+wherewith the King was invested," Sandford mentions a tablet which hung
+to the royal chair, and on which were "written, in the Old English
+letter, these verses"--
+
+  Si quid habent veri vel chronica cana fidesve,
+    Clauditur hac cathedra nobilis ecce lapis,
+  Ad caput eximus Jacob quondam patriarcha
+    Quem posuit cernens numina mira poli:
+  Quem tulit ex Scotis spolians quasi victor honoristhan
+    Edwardus Primus, Mars velut armipotens,
+  Scotorum domitor, notis validissimus Hector,
+    Anglorum decus, et gloria militiæ.
+
+This must, therefore, have been destroyed since King James's coronation,
+for it is now lost. There is but one objection to ascribing the verses,
+with Mr. Taylor, to Edward the First's reign--would he have written
+"Edwardus _Primus_?"
+
+The queen's crown of state, or that worn on her return from Westminster
+Hall, seems to have been the most valuable part of the regalia of that
+day. It is regularly set forth, in its component pearls and diamonds, as
+of "value 111,900_l._" (an immense sum at that period), and weighing
+only eighteen ounces ten pennyweights.
+
+King James and his Queen slept at St. James's Palace on the vigil of St.
+George, "for the greater convenience of performing their devotions,"
+&c.; and joined the peers and other dignitaries at the Palace of
+Westminster, by "half an hour after ten." Here the latter were
+marshalled according to their respective classes, _four_ in a rank;
+placing the youngest on the left, pursuant to what had been before
+resolved on by his majesty in council, for "the greater glory of the
+solemnity:" and "note," says our accurate chronicler, "that at _all_
+former coronations the classes proceeded only by two abreast." The king
+and queen entered Westminster Hall at half past eleven o'clock
+precisely; when the dean of Westminster "having, early in the morning,
+with the assistance of the prebendaries, consecrated the holy oil for
+their majesties' anointing," (in what manner we are not informed),
+presented the regalia to the king. Then the queen's regalia were placed
+before her; and the several noblemen and gentlemen who were to bear the
+different symbols of royalty to the Abbey were summoned to receive them;
+the whole procession being ready to move forward exactly at _noon_.
+
+Now came the stately pomp of England's royalty and nobility "through the
+New Palace Yard into King Street, and so through the Great Sanctuary
+unto the west door of the collegiate church of St. Peter," as depicted
+by Sandford in "nineteen sculptures following," or, as modern
+book-manufacturers would say, in thirty-eight well-executed folio
+plates, which give the exact appearance of "each degree and order of
+person in the same," and really form an admirable memorial of such a
+procession.
+
+The twelve principal ceremonies assigned by this writer to the Abbey are
+the same in substance with the modern observances. It is noticed by Mr.
+Taylor that Sandford is the author who _first_ terms the presentation of
+the monarch to the people, and their reply, "the recognition."
+
+The king sat down in St. Edward's chair; and the archbishop, assisted by
+the dean of Westminster, "reverently put the crown on the king's head"
+at three of the clock precisely. The queen, having been first anointed
+on her head and breast, was now crowned and enthroned, and the
+procession returned to the Hall at "five of the clock."
+
+The first course of the "ambigue" appears to have consisted of
+"ninety-nine dishes of the most excellent and choicest of all sorts of
+cold meats, both flesh and fish, excellently well dressed, and ordered
+all manner of ways;" and the whole feast of 1445 dishes, of the placing
+of which we have a numbered scheme (a folio plate), and catalogues
+corresponding. Could this _provoking_ volume present its viands to some
+of our other senses in equal perfection with that in which "the first
+course of hot meat served up to their majesties' table" meets the eye,
+it were more reasonable to detain the reader over this part of the work;
+but, at the late hour of the morning at which we write this, it is too
+much to dwell on the "cocks' combs," and "petty-toes" and
+"turkeys-à-la-royale," and "partridges by the dozen," with which it
+abounds.
+
+The appearance of the champion and the challenge were exactly according
+to modern usage.
+
+Sandford concludes with an abstract of the record of the Court of
+Claims, giving both those which were admitted and those which were
+rejected. The following is a form of judgment respecting the office of
+lord great chamberlain:--
+
+    "Quarum quidem petitionum consideratione maturâ habitâ, eo quod idem
+    Comes de Lyndsey modo existit in possessione et executione officii
+    prædicti, et quod Robertus non ita pridem Carolum Primum fælicissimæ
+    memoriæ, tunc Regem Angliæ, de advisamento Dominorum in Parliamento;
+    quod quidem officium Montague nuper Comes Lyndsey pater ejus, cujus
+    hæres ipse est executus est in coronatione Caroli Secundi nuper
+    Regis Angliæ. Ideo consideratum est per commissionarios prædictos
+    quod clameum prædicti Comitis de Lyndsey ad officium prædictum eidem
+    Comiti de Lyndsey allocetur, exercendum prædicto die Coronationis;
+    et quod clameum prædicti Comitis Derbiæ non allocetur; sed quoad
+    feoda et vadia per dictum Comitem de Lyndsey clamata, clameum ejus
+    quoad poculum de Assay non allocatur, eo quod non constabat
+    prædictis commissionariis Magnum Angliæ Camerarium dictum poculum
+    aliquâ precedenti coronatione habuisse. Sed quod alia clamea
+    prædicta eidem Comiti de Lyndsey allocantur.
+
+    "Et postea et ante coronationem prædietam dicta quadraginta Virgatæ
+    Velveti eidem Comiti deliberatæ fuere: et pro reliquis feodis
+    prædictis compositio facta est cum prædicto Comiti, pro ducentis
+    libris sterlingorum, et prædictus Comes de Lyndsey officium Magni
+    Camerarii Angliæ in die Coronationis adimplevit."
+
+And thus the reader has a summary of the contents of this important
+work.
+
+James II. boasts, in his Memoirs, of having saved the country 60,000_l._
+by the omission (for the first time) of the royal procession through the
+city, at his coronation.
+
+The coronation of WILLIAM and MARY presented the singular feature of a
+joint sovereignty over these realms, conferred by public consent. The
+only alteration this made in the ceremonial was, that another symbol of
+sovereign power, the orb, was required, and presented in due form to
+the queen as well as to the king. The new-modelling of the coronation
+oath, at this period, we have before noticed[109].
+
+It is certainly remarkable that neither of our married queens regnant,
+MARY or ANNE, should have obtained the coronation of their husbands: in
+neither case was conjugal influence wanted; but the superior force of
+the people's jealousy of foreign sway was, perhaps, wisely deferred to:
+in neither reign were other subjects of strife wanted between the crown
+and the people.
+
+The princes of the illustrious House now seated on the throne have
+affected no novelties in their coronation ceremonies--except, perhaps,
+that they have endeavoured to simplify and abridge them. GEORGE I.
+ascended the throne at the age of fifty-five, and was crowned at
+Westminster, on the 20th of October, 1714. His consort, the Princess
+Sophia Dorothy of Zell, having fallen under his displeasure for alleged
+infidelity to her marriage vows, and having been, it is said, divorced
+from him by the Hanoverian law, was never brought into this country; and
+never, therefore, acknowledged Queen of England. GEORGE II. was crowned
+with his consort, at Westminster, on the 11th day of October, 1727.
+
+Our late beloved monarch had the happiness of exhibiting to his people
+the splendid spectacles of his marriage and coronation within the same
+month of September, 1761. On the 8th of July, in that year, the king
+first announced to the privy council his intention of demanding in
+marriage the Princess Charlotte of Mecklenberg, sister of the reigning
+Duke Adolphus IV., and on the same day signed a proclamation for the
+assembling of the Court of Claims, and for his own coronation. The
+queen, being detained by contrary winds, did not arrive in this country
+until the 6th of September; on the 8th the nuptial ceremony was
+performed; on the 11th a second proclamation directed that her majesty
+should be united with her royal consort in the pending coronation
+ceremonies. These so far varied from that august ceremonial which has
+recently occupied the public attention, as the presence of a queen
+consort in the procession to the Abbey, and at the royal feast; her
+personal attendants; and the body of the peeresses, may be thought to
+give additional interest and splendour to the scene. The queen entered
+Westminster Hall the same hour as his majesty, and occupied a chair of
+state at his left hand, while the regalia were presented by the Dean of
+Westminster and his attendants. In the procession to the Abbey her
+majesty's vice-chamberlain took his place immediately following the
+gentlemen who personated the Dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy, and was
+succeeded by the other part of the queen's state in the following
+order:--
+
+The Queen's Vice-Chamberlain, (Lord Viscount Cantalupe,)
+
+Two Gentlemen Ushers.
+
+  The Ivory Rod with      |The Queen's Lord        |The Sceptre with the
+  the Dove, borne by the  |Chamberlain, (Duke      |Cross, borne by the
+  Earl of Northampton,    |of Manchester,)         |Duke of Rutland,
+  in his robes of estate. |in his robes, with his  |in his robes of estate.
+                          |coronet and staff in his|
+                          |hands.                  |
+
+
+  Two Serjeants at        { The Queen's Crown, borne by } Two Serjeants at
+  Arms,                   { the Duke of Bolton,         } Arms,
+  with their gilt collars { in his robes of estate.     } with their gilt collars
+  and maces.              {                             } and maces.
+
+
+  G |                                                                                 | G
+  e |A Baron of       +--------------+---------------+--------------+A Baron of       | e
+  n |the Cinque-Ports,|Dr.           |               |Dr.           |the Cinque-Ports,| n
+  t |supporting the   |Thomas        |     THE       |John          |supporting the   | t
+  l |Canopy.          |Hayter,       |     QUEEN,    |Thomas,       |Canopy.          | l
+  e |                 |Lord          |               |Lord          |                 | e
+  m |                 |Bishop of     |in her Royal   |Bishop of     |                 | m
+  e |                 |Norwich,      |Robes of       |Lincoln,      |                 | e
+  n |                 |in his Rochet,|Crimson Velvet;|in his Rochet,|                 | n
+    |                 |supporter     |on her         |supporter     |                 |
+  P |A Baron, do.     |to the Queen. |head a circlet |to the Queen. |A Baron, do.     | P
+  e |                 +--------------+               +--------------+                 | e
+  n |A Baron, do.     |            of Gold, adorned with            |A Baron, do.     | n
+  s |                 |                                             |                 | s
+  i |                 |            Jewels; going under              |                 | i
+  o |                 |                                             |                 | o
+  n |A Baron, do.     |              a Canopy of                    |A Baron, do.     | n
+  e |                 |                                             |                 | e
+  r |                 |            Cloth of Gold: her Train         |                 | r
+  s |                 |                                             |                 | s
+  , |A Baron, do.     |              borne by Her Royal             |A Baron, do.     | ,
+    |                 |                                             |                 |
+  c |                 |                 Highness the                |                 | c
+  a |                 |                                             |                 | a
+  r |A Baron, do.     |               Princess Augusta,             |A Baron, do.     | r
+  r |                 |                                             |                 | r
+  y |                 |               in her Robes of               |                 | y
+  i |                 |                                             |                 | i
+  n |A Baron, do.     |              Estate, assisted by            |A Baron, do.     | n
+  g |                 |                                             |                 | g
+    |                 |             Six Earls' daughters.           |                 |
+  t |                 |                                             |                 | t
+  h |A Baron of       |Lady Jane Steuart.   |  Ldy. Mary Douglas    |A Baron of       | h
+  e |the Cinque-Ports,|Lady Elizabeth       |  Lady Heneage         |the Cinque-Ports | e
+  i |supporting the   | Montague.           |   Finch.              |supporting the   | i
+  r |Canopy.          |Lady Mary Grey.      |  L. Selina Hastings.  |Canopy.          | r
+    |                 +---------------------+-----------------------+                 |
+  g |                                                                                 | g
+  i |                               THE PRINCESS AUGUSTA,                             | i
+  l |                                                                                 | l
+  t |                  her coronet borne by the Marquess of Carnarvon.                | t
+    |                                                                                 |
+  A |                    Duchess of Ancaster, Mistress of the Robes.                  | A
+  x |                                                                                 | x
+  e |                    Two Women of Her Majesty's Bed-Chamber.                      | e
+  s |                                                                                 | s
+  . |                                                                                 | .
+
+The peeresses preceded their respective lords--each rank of the peerage
+being classed together; that is, the baronesses preceding the barons,
+the viscountesses the viscounts, and so forth. In the Abbey the queen
+first ascended the theatre, and stood opposite her chair until the king
+was seated. His majesty was then anointed and crowned: when the order
+for the queen's coronation prescribed as follows:--
+
+The anthem being ended, the Archbishop of Canterbury goes to the altar;
+and the queen arising from her chair on the south side of the area where
+she sat during the time the king was anointed and crowned, being
+supported by two bishops, goes towards the altar, attended by the ladies
+who bear her train, the ladies of the bedchamber, &c., and kneels before
+it; when the archbishop, being at the north side of the altar, says the
+following prayer:--
+
+    (_Omnipotens sempiterne Deus._)
+
+    Almighty and everlasting God, the fountain of all goodness, give
+    ear, we beseech thee, to our prayers, and multiply thy blessings
+    upon this thy servant, whom in thy name, with all humble devotion,
+    we consecrate our queen. Defend her always with thy mighty hand,
+    protect her on every side, that she may be able to overcome all her
+    enemies; and that with Sarah and Rebecca, Leah and Rachel, and all
+    other blessed and honourable women, she may multiply and rejoice in
+    the fruit of her womb, to the honour of the kingdom and the good
+    government of thy church, through Christ our Lord, who vouchsafed to
+    be born of a virgin that he might redeem the world, who liveth and
+    reigneth with thee, in unity of the Holy Ghost, world without end.
+
+This being done, the queen arises and goes to the faldstool, between
+king Edward's chair and the steps of the altar, where the groom of the
+stole to her majesty, and the ladies of the bedchamber, take off her
+circle or coronet. Then the queen kneels down, and the archbishop pours
+the holy oil on the crown of her head, in form of a cross, saying these
+words:--"In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, let the
+anointing of this oil increase thine honour, and the grace of God's Holy
+Spirit establish thee for ever and ever. Amen."--The ladies then open
+her apparel for the anointing on the breast, which the archbishop also
+performs, using the same words. After which, he says this prayer:
+
+    (_Omnipotens sempiterne Deus._)
+
+    Almighty and everlasting God, we beseech thee of thy abundant
+    goodness poor out the spirit of thy grace and blessing upon this thy
+    servant queen----; that as by the imposition of our hands she is
+    this day crowned queen, so she may, by thy sanctification, continue
+    always thy chosen servant, through Christ our Lord.
+
+One of the ladies in attendance (having first dried the place anointed
+with fine cotton wool) then closes the queen's robes at her breast, and
+after puts a linen coif upon her head; which being done, the archbishop
+puts the ring (which he receives from the master of the jewel-house) on
+the fourth finger of her right hand, saying,
+
+    Receive this ring, the seal of a sincere faith, that you may avoid
+    all infection of heresy, and by the power of God compel barbarous
+    nations, and bring them to the knowledge of the truth.
+
+His grace then takes the crown from off the altar, and reverently sets
+it upon the queen's head, saying,
+
+    Receive the crown of glory, honour, and joy; and God, the crown of
+    the faithful, who by our episcopal hands, though most unworthy, hath
+    this day set a crown of pure gold upon thy head, enrich you with
+    wisdom and virtue, that after this life you may meet the everlasting
+    Bridegroom our Lord Jesus Christ, who, with the Father and the Holy
+    Ghost, liveth and reigneth for ever and ever. Amen.
+
+The queen being crowned, all the peeresses put on their coronets; the
+archbishop then puts the sceptre into her majesty's right hand, and the
+ivory rod into her left, and says the following prayer:
+
+    (_Omnium Domine, fons bonorum._)
+
+    O Lord, the fountain of all good things, and the giver of all
+    perfection, grant unto this thy servant ------ our queen, that she
+    may order aright the high dignity she hath obtained, and with good
+    works establish the glory thou hast given her, through Christ our
+    Lord. Amen.
+
+The queen being thus anointed and crowned, and having received all her
+royal ornaments, the choirs sing an anthem, commonly from Psalm xlv.
+ver. 1, "My heart is inditing of a good matter," &c. As soon as this is
+begun, the queen rises from her faldstool, and, being supported by the
+two bishops, and attended as before, goes up to the theatre: as she
+approaches the king, she bows herself reverently to his majesty sitting
+upon his throne; and so is conducted to her own throne on the left hand
+of the king, where she reposes till the anthem is ended.
+
+The dignity of the monarch, as well as his humility on this august
+occasion, have been celebrated by the late Bishop Newton. "The king's
+whole behaviour at the coronation," he says, "was justly admired and
+commended by every one, and particularly his manner of seating himself
+on the throne after his coronation. No actor in the character of
+Pyrrhus, in the Distressed Mother,--not even Booth himself, who was
+celebrated for it in the Spectator[110],--ever ascended the throne with
+so much grace and dignity. There was another particular which those only
+could observe who sat near the Communion-Table, as did the prebendaries
+of Westminster. When the king approached the communion-table, in order
+to receive the sacrament, he inquired of the archbishop, Whether he
+should not lay aside his crown? The archbishop asked the Bishop of
+Rochester, but neither of them knew, nor could say, what had been the
+usual form. The king determined within himself that humility best became
+such a solemn act of devotion, and took off the crown, and laid it
+aside during the administration."
+
+That one of the last of the unfortunate race of the Stuarts, Prince
+Charles, was in London, if not present at the coronation feast, on this
+occasion, seems to be a fact pretty well established. The Gentleman's
+Magazine, 1764, (p. 28,) speaks of it as "publicly said, That the young
+Pretender himself came from Flanders to see the coronation; that he was
+in Westminster Hall (?) during the ceremony, and in London two or three
+days before and after it, under the name of Mr. Brown." And Mr. Hume
+thus writes to one of his literary friends:--"What will surprise you
+more, Lord Marshal, a few days after the coronation of the present king,
+told me, that he believed the young Pretender was at that time in
+London, or, at least, had been so very lately, and had come over to see
+the show of the coronation, and had actually seen it. I asked my lord
+the reason for this strange fact. 'Why,' says he, 'a gentleman told me
+so who saw him there, and whispered in his ear--'Your royal highness is
+the last of all mortals whom I should expect to see here.'--'It was
+curiosity that led me,' said the other: 'but I assure you,' added he,
+'that the person who is the cause of all this pomp and magnificence, is
+the man I envy the least.'" A report recently found its way to the
+public papers, which we have not been able to trace to any authentic
+source, that a glove was actually thrown from an upper seat in the Hall,
+as a gage to the king's champion, at this period: that the champion
+receiving it from his attendants, asked, 'who was his fair foe?' and
+that the rumour of the day soon connected it with the appearance, and
+attributed it to the romantic dispositions of the young Chevalier.
+
+Of the late coronation we shall at once consult the best feelings of our
+own mind, and of the community, by presenting the most copious account
+we have been able to collect:--
+
+
+      CORONATION
+
+      of
+
+      His Most Excellent Majesty
+
+      KING GEORGE IV.,
+
+      _On Thursday the 19th day of July, 1821._
+
+      ARRANGEMENT FOR THE ASSEMBLING OF THE
+      PEERS AND OFFICERS.
+
+                                        {Their R. H. the Dukes of
+                                        {  the Blood Royal, in their
+                                        {  robes of estate, having
+                                        {  their coronets, and the
+                                        {  Field Marshals their batons,
+                                        {  in their hands.
+                                        {The Peers in their robes of
+                                        {  estate, having their coronets
+                                        {  in their hands.
+      _They were to assemble in         {His R. H. Prince Leopold,
+      the House of Lords_               {  in the full habit of the
+                                        {  Order of the Garter, having
+                                        {  his cap and feathers
+                                        {  in his hand.
+                                        {The Archbishops and Bishops,
+                                        {  vested in their
+                                        {  rochets, having their
+                                        {  square caps in their
+                                        {  hands.
+
+      _In his place near the Bar_       {The Gentleman Usher of
+                                        {  the Black Rod.
+
+      _In the space below the Bar       {The Train-bearers of the
+      of the House of Lords_            {  Princes of the Blood
+                                        {  Royal.
+
+                                        {The Attendants on the Lord
+                                        {  High Steward, on the
+                                        {  Lord Chancellor, the Lord
+      _In the space below the Bar_      {  High Constable, and on
+      _of the House of Lords_           {  the Lord Chamberlain
+                                        {  of the Household.
+                                        {The Gentlemen Ushers of the
+                                        {  White and Green Rods,
+                                        {  all in their proper habits.
+
+                                        {The Lord Chief Justice of
+                                        {  the King's Bench.
+                                        {The Master of the Rolls.
+                                        {The Vice-Chancellor.
+                                        {The Lord Chief Justice of
+                                        {  the Common Pleas.
+                                        {The Lord Chief Baron.
+                                        {The Barons of the Exchequer,
+                                        {  and Justices of both
+      _In the Painted Chamber_          {  Benches.
+      _and adjacent rooms, near_        {The Gentlemen of the Privy
+      _the House of Lords_              {  Chamber.
+                                        {The Attorney and Solicitor
+                                        {  General.
+                                        {Serjeants at Law.
+                                        {Masters in Chancery.
+                                        {The Lord Mayor, Aldermen,
+                                        {  Recorder, & Sheriffs
+                                        {  of London.
+                                        {King's Chaplains, having
+                                        {  dignities.
+                                        {Six Clerks in Chancery.
+
+                                        {The Knights Grand Crosses
+                                        {  of the Order of the Bath,
+      _In the Chamber formerly_         {  in the full habit of the
+      _the House of Lords_              {  Order, wearing their collars;
+                                        {  their caps and feathers
+                                        {  in their hands.
+
+                                        {The Knights Commanders
+                                        {  of the said Order, in
+                                        {  their full habits; their
+                                        {  caps and feathers in their
+      _In the Chamber formerly          {  hands.
+      the House of Lords_               {The Officers of the said
+                                        {  Order, in their mantles,
+                                        {  chains, and badges.
+
+                                        {The Treasurer and Comptroller
+                                        {  of the Household.
+                                        {The Vice-Chamberlain.
+                                        {The Marquis of Londonderry,
+                                        {  in the full habit of
+      _In the Chamber formerly          {  the Garter, having his
+        called the Prince's Chamber     {  cap and feathers in his
+        or Robing Room, near            {  hand.
+        the former House of             {The Register of the said
+        Lords_                          {  Order, in his mantle,
+                                        {  with his book.
+                                        {Privy Councillors, not
+                                        {  being Peers or Knights
+                                        {  Grand Crosses of the
+                                        {  Bath.
+                                        { Clerks of the Council in
+                                        {  Ordinary.
+
+      _In his Majesty's Robing          {The Train-bearers of his
+      Chamber, near the south           {  Majesty.
+      entrance into Westminster         {Master of the Robes.
+      Hall_                             {Groom of the Robes.
+
+                                        {Lords and Grooms of the
+                                        {  Bedchamber.
+      _In the room of Chairman of       {Keeper of the Privy Purse.
+      Committees, adjoining the         {Equerries and Pages of
+      House of Lords_                   {  Honour.
+                                        {Gentlemen Ushers & Aides-de-Camp.
+
+      _In the Witness-room, adjoining   {Physicians, Surgeons, and
+      the House of Lords_               {  Apothecaries.
+
+                                        {Officers of the Band of Gentlemen
+                                        {  Pensioners, with
+                                        {  their Corps, and the Serjeants
+      _In the House of Commons          {  at Arms.
+      and the Lobbies_                  {The Officers of the Yeomen
+                                        {  of the Guard, with their
+                                        {  Corps.
+
+      _In the Lobby between the         {The Kings, Heralds, and
+      House of Lords and the            {  Pursuivants of Arms.
+      Painted Chamber_
+
+      _In Westminster Hall, at the      {Sixteen Barons of the
+      lower end, near the great         {  Cinque Ports.
+      north door_
+
+      _In Westminster Hall, near        {The Knight Marshall and
+      the north door_                   {  his two Officers.
+
+      _In Westminster Hall, at the      {His Majesty's Band.
+      lower end_
+
+      _Without the north door of        {All who are to precede the
+      Westminster Hall_                 {  Knight Marshal in the
+                                        {  procession.
+
+
+       *     *     *     *     *
+
+His Majesty was, during these preliminary arrangements, in his chamber,
+near the south entrance into Westminster Hall.
+
+The peers were then called over in the House of Lords by deputy Garter;
+and proceeded to the Hall, where the other persons appointed to walk in
+the procession had been previously marshalled on the right and left by
+the officers of arms; leaving an open passage in the middle, so that
+the procession with the regalia might pass uninterruptedly up the Hall.
+
+His Majesty, preceded by the great officers of state, entered the Hall a
+few minutes after ten, and took his seat in the chair of state at the
+table, when a gun was fired. The deputy lord great chamberlain, the lord
+high constable, and the deputy earl marshal, ascended the steps, and
+placed themselves at the outer side of the table.
+
+The lord high steward, the great officers, deputy Garter, and black rod,
+arranged themselves near the chair of state; the royal train-bearers on
+each side of the throne.
+
+The lord chamberlain, assisted by officers of the Jewel-office, then
+brought the sword of state to the lord high constable, who delivered it
+to the deputy lord great chamberlain, by whom it was laid upon the
+table; then Curtana, or the sword of mercy, with the two swords of
+justice, being in like manner presented, were drawn from their scabbards
+by the deputy lord great chamberlain, and laid on the table before his
+Majesty; after which the gold spurs were delivered, and also placed on
+the table. Immediately after, a procession, consisting of the dean and
+prebendaries of Westminster, in their surplices and rich copes,
+proceeded up the Hall, from the lower end thereof, in manner
+following:--
+
+  _Procession with, and Delivery of, the Regalia._
+
+  Serjeant of the Vestry, in a scarlet mantle.
+
+  Children of the King's Chapel, in scarlet mantles, four abreast.
+
+  Children of the Choir of Westminster, in surplices, four abreast.
+
+  Gentlemen of the King's Chapel, in scarlet mantles, four abreast.
+
+  Choir of Westminster, in surplices, four abreast.
+
+  Sub-Dean of the Chapel Royal.
+
+  Two Pursuivants of Arms.
+
+  Two Heralds.
+
+  The two provincial Kings of Arms.
+
+  The Dean of Westminster, carrying St. Edward's Crown on a cushion
+    of cloth of gold.
+
+  First Prebendary of Westminster, carrying the Orb.
+
+  Second Prebendary, carrying the Sceptre with the Dove.
+
+  Third Prebendary, carrying the Sceptre with the Cross.
+
+  Fourth Prebendary, carrying St. Edward's Staff.
+
+  Fifth Prebendary, carrying the Chalice and Patina.
+
+  Sixth Prebendary, carrying the Bible.
+
+In this procession they made their reverences, first at the lower end
+of the Hall, secondly about the middle, where both the Choirs opening to
+the right and left a passage, through which the officers of arms passing
+opened likewise on each side, the seniors placing themselves nearest
+towards the steps: then the dean and prebendaries having come to the
+front of the steps, made their third reverence. This being done, the
+dean and prebendaries being come to the foot of the steps, deputy Garter
+preceding them (he having waited their coming there), ascended the
+steps, and approaching near the table before the King, made their last
+reverence. The dean then presented the crown to the lord high constable,
+who delivered it to the deputy lord great chamberlain, and it was by him
+placed on the table before the King. The rest of the regalia was
+severally delivered by each prebendary, on his knee, to the dean, by him
+to the lord high constable, by him to the deputy lord great chamberlain,
+and by him laid on the table. The regalia being thus delivered, the
+prebendaries and dean returned to the middle of the hall. His Majesty
+having commanded deputy Garter to summon the noblemen and bishops who
+were to bear the regalia, the deputy lord great chamberlain, then taking
+up the several swords, sceptres, the orb, and crown, placed them in the
+hands of those by whom they were to be carried.
+
+  I. St. Edward's staff, by the Marquess of Salisbury.
+  II. The spurs, by Lord Calthorpe, as deputy to the Baroness Grey de
+    Ruthyn.
+  III. The sceptre with the cross, by the Marquess Wellesley.
+  IV. The pointed sword of temporal justice, by the Earl of Galloway.
+  V. The pointed sword of spiritual justice, by the Duke of Northumberland.
+  VI. Curtana, or sword of mercy, by the Duke of Newcastle.
+  VII. The sword of state, by the Duke of Dorset.
+  VIII. The sceptre with the dove, by the Duke of Rutland.
+  IX. The orb, by the Duke of Devonshire.
+  X. St. Edward's crown, by the Marquess of Anglesey, as lord high steward.
+  XI. The patina, by the Bishop of Gloucester.
+  XII. The chalice, by the Bishop of Chester.
+  XIII. The Bible, by the Bishop of Ely.
+
+The two bishops who are to support his Majesty were then summoned by
+deputy Garter, and, ascending the steps, placed themselves on each side
+of the king.
+
+
+PROCESSION TO THE ABBEY.
+
+The second gun was then fired, and the procession moved upon the blue
+cloth spread on the platform from the throne in Westminster Hall to the
+great steps in the Abbey church; the following anthem, "O Lord, grant
+the king a long life," &c. being sung in parts, in succession, with his
+Majesty's band playing, the sounding of trumpets, and the beating of
+drums, until the arrival in the Abbey.
+
+
+      Order.
+
+      The King's Herb-woman with her six Maids,
+      strewing the way with herbs.
+
+      Messenger of the College of Arms, in a scarlet cloak,
+      with the arms of the College embroidered
+      on the left shoulder.
+
+      The Dean's Beadle of Westminster, with his staff.
+
+      The High Constable of Westminster, with his staff, in a
+      scarlet cloak.
+
+      Two Household Fifes with banners of velvet fringed with
+      gold, and five Household Drummers in royal
+      livery, drum-covers of crimson velvet,
+      laced and fringed with gold.
+
+      The Drum-Major, in a rich livery, and a crimson scarf
+      fringed with gold.
+
+      Eight Trumpets in rich liveries: banners of crimson
+      damask embroidered and fringed with gold, to
+      the silver trumpets.
+
+      Kettle-Drums, drum-covers of crimson damask, embroidered
+      and fringed with gold.
+
+      Eight Trumpets in liveries, as before.
+
+      Serjeant Trumpeter, with his mace.
+
+      The Knight Marshal, attended by his Officers.
+
+      The Six Clerks in Chancery.
+
+      The King's Chaplains having dignities.
+
+      The Sheriffs of London.
+
+      The Aldermen and Recorder of London.
+
+      Masters in Chancery.
+
+      The King's Serjeants at Law.
+
+      The King's Ancient Serjeant.
+
+      The King's Solicitor Gen. The King's Attorney Gen.
+
+      Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber.
+
+      Serj. of the Vestry of the Chapel Royal. Serj. Porter.
+
+      Children of the Choir of Westminster, in surplices.
+
+      Children of the Chapel Royal, in surplices, with scarlet
+      mantles over them.
+
+      Choir of Westminster, in surplices.
+
+      Gentlemen of the Chapel Royal, in scarlet mantles.
+
+      Sub-Dean of the Chapel Royal, in a scarlet gown.
+
+      Prebendaries of Westminster, in surplices and rich copes.
+
+      The Dean of Westminster, in a surplice and rich cope.
+
+      Pursuivants of Scotland and Ireland, in their tabards.
+
+      His Majesty's Band.
+
+      Officers attendant on the Knights Commanders of the
+      Bath, in their mantles, chains and badges.
+
+      Knights Grand Crosses of the Bath (not Peers), in the
+      full habit of their order, caps in their hands.
+
+      A Pursuivant of Arms, in his tabard.
+
+      Barons of the Exchequer and Justices of both benches.
+
+      The Lord Chief Baron   The Lord Chief Justice
+        of the Exchequer.      of the Common Pleas.
+
+      The Vice Chancellor.   The Master of the Rolls.
+
+      The Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench.
+
+      The Clerks of the Council in Ordinary.
+
+      Privy Counsellors, not Peers.
+
+      Register of the Order of the Garter.
+
+      Knights of the Garter (not Peers), in the full habit and
+      collar of the order, caps in their hands.
+
+      His Majesty's Vice Chamberlain.
+
+      Comptroller of His   Treasurer of His Majesty's
+        Majesty's            Household, bearing the crimson
+        Household.           bag with the medals.
+
+      A Pursuivant of Arms, in his tabard.
+
+      Heralds of Scotland and Ireland, in their tabards and
+      collars of SS.
+
+      The Standard of Hanover, borne by the Earl of Mayo.
+
+      Barons, in their robes of estate, their coronets
+      in their hands.
+
+      A Herald, in his tabard and collar of SS.
+
+      The Standard of Ireland,  The Standard of Scotland,
+      borne by                  borne by the
+      Lord Beresford.           Earl of Lauderdale.
+
+      The Bishops of England and Ireland, in their rochets,
+      with their caps in their hands.
+
+      Two Heralds, in their tabards and collars of SS.
+
+      Viscounts, in their robes of estate, their
+      coronets in their hands.
+
+      Two Heralds, in their tabards and collars of SS.
+
+      The Standard of England, borne by Lord Hill.
+
+      Earls, in their robes of estate, their coronets in their hand.
+
+      Two Heralds, in their tabards and collars of SS.
+
+      The Union Standard, borne by Earl Harcourt.
+
+      Marquesses, in their robes of estate, their
+      coronets in their hands.
+
+      The Lord Chamberlain of His Majesty's Household, in his
+      robes of estate, his coronet in his hand, attended by
+      an officer of the Jewel-Office in a scarlet mantle,
+      with a crown embroidered on his left
+      shoulder, bearing a cushion, on which
+      are placed the ruby ring and the
+      sword to be girt about
+      the King.
+
+      The Lord Steward of His Majesty's Household, in his
+      robes of estate, his coronet in his hand.
+
+      The Royal Standard, borne by the Earl of Harrington.
+
+      King of Arms of     Gloucester King   Hanover King
+      the Order of        of Arms, in his   of Arms in his
+      St. Michael and     tabard, crown     tabard, crown
+      St. George, in his  in his hand.      in his hand.
+      tabard, crown
+      in his hand.
+
+      Dukes, in their robes of estate, their coronets in their
+      hands.
+
+      Ulster King of      Clarenceux King of   Norroy King of
+      Arms, in his        Arms, in his         Arms, in his
+      tabard, crown       tabard, crown        tabard, crown
+      in his hand.        in his hand.         in his hand.
+
+      The Lord Privy Seal, in   The Lord President of the
+      his robes of estate,      Council, in his robes of
+      coronet in his hand.      estate, coronet in his hand.
+
+      Archbishops of Ireland.
+
+      The Archbishop of York, in his rochet,
+      cap in his hand.
+
+      The Lord High Chancellor, in his robes of estate, with his
+      coronet in his hand, bearing his purse, and attended
+      by his Pursebearer.
+
+      The Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, in his rochet,
+      cap in his hand.
+
+      Two Serjeants at Arms.
+
+
+      THE REGALIA.
+
+      St. Edward's Staff,     The Gold Spurs,    The Sceptre with
+        borne by the            borne by the       the Cross,
+      Marquess of Salisbury.  Lord Calthorpe.    borne by the
+                                               Marquess Wellesley.
+
+      The third Sword,        Curtana, borne by  The second Sword,
+        borne by the            the Duke of        borne by the
+      Earl of Galloway.         Newcastle.    Duke of Northumberland.
+
+      Two Serjeants at Arms.
+
+      Usher of the Green Rod.   Usher of the White Rod.
+
+      The             The           Garter Principal  Gentleman
+      Lord Mayor      Lord Lyon of  King              Usher of the
+      of London,      Scotland, in  of Arms, in       Black Rod,
+      in his gown,    his tabard,   his tabard,       bearing his
+      collar, and     carrying his  bearing his       rod.
+      jewel, bearing  crown and     crown and
+      the City        sceptre.      sceptre.
+      mace.
+
+      The Deputy Lord Great Chamberlain of England, in his
+      robes of estate, his coronet and his white staff in his
+      hand.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Prince Leopold, in the full habit
+      of the Order of the Garter, carrying in his right hand
+      his baton as Field Marshal, and, in his left, his cap and
+      feathers; his train borne by a Page.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Duke of Gloucester, in his robes
+      of estate, carrying, in his right hand, his baton as
+      Field Marshal, and in his left his coronet; his train
+      borne by a Page.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, in his robes
+      of estate, carrying, in his right hand, his baton as Field
+      Marshal, and his coronet in his left; and his train
+      borne by a Page.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex, in his robes of
+      estate, with his coronet in his hand, and his train
+      borne by a Page.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence, in his robes
+      of estate, with his coronet in his hand, and his train
+      borne by a Page.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Duke of York, in his robes of
+      estate, carrying, in his right hand, his baton as Field
+      Marshal, and his coronet in his left, and his train
+      borne by a Page.
+
+      The High Constable of Ireland   The High Constable of Scotland,
+      in his robes, coronet           in his robes, coronet
+      in his hand, with his           in his hand, with his staff.
+      staff.
+
+      Two Serjeants at Arms.
+
+      The Deputy Earl     The Sword    The Lord High Constable
+      Marshal             of State,    of England, in his
+      with his staff.     borne by     robes, his coronet in
+                          the Duke of  his hand, with his staff;
+                          Dorset.      attended by a Page
+                                       carrying his baton of
+                                       Field Marshal.
+
+      Two Serjeants at Arms.
+
+                     The Sceptre      St. Edward's   The Orb,
+                     with the         Crown,         carried by
+                     Dove,            carried by     the Duke
+                     carried by       the Lord High  of Devonshire.
+      A Gentleman    the Duke         Steward in                 A Gentleman
+      carrying the   of Rutland.      his robes.                 carrying the
+      Staff of the                                               Coronet of the
+      Lord High      The Patina,      The Bible,     The Chalice,   Lord High
+      Steward.       borne by         borne by       borne by       Steward.
+                     the Bishop       the Bishop     the Bishop
+                     of Gloucester.   of Ely.        of Chester.
+
+
+      THE KING.
+
+                   Supporter:   In the Royal Robes,    Supporter:
+                   Lord         wearing a cap          Lord
+                   Bishop of    of estate, adorned     Bishop of
+                   Oxford,      with jewels,           Lincoln
+                   for the      under a canopy         for the
+                   Lord         of cloth of gold,      Lord
+      Twenty       Bishop of    borne by Sixteen       Bishop of   Twenty
+      Gentlemen    Bath and     Barons of the          Durham.     gentlemen
+      Pensioners,  Wells.       Cinque Ports.                      pensioners,
+      with the                  His Majesty's train                with the
+      Standard                  borne by Eight                     Lieutenant.
+      Bearer.                   Eldest Sons of Peers,
+                                assisted by the
+                                Master of the Robes,
+                                and followed by the
+                                Groom of the Robes.
+
+             Captain of the     Gold Stick of the     Captain of the
+             Yeomen of          Life Guards in        Band of
+             the Guard, in his  Waiting, in his       Gentlemen
+             robes of estate;   robes;                Pensioners, in
+             coronet in his     coronet in his        his robes
+             hand.              hand.                 of estate;
+                                                      coronet in his
+                                                      hand.
+
+      Lords of the Bedchamber.
+
+      The Keeper of His Majesty's Privy Purse.
+
+      Grooms of the King's Bedchamber.
+
+      Equerries and Pages of Honour.
+
+      Aides-de-Camp.
+
+      Gentlemen Ushers.
+
+      Physicians, Surgeons, Apothecaries.
+
+      Ensign of the Yeomen of   Lieutenant of the Yeomen
+        the Guard.                of the Guard.
+
+      His Majesty's Pages in full State Liveries.
+
+      His Majesty's Footmen in full State Liveries.
+
+      Exons of the Yeomen   Yeomen of   Exons of the Yeomen
+        of the Guard.       the Guard.    of the Guard.
+
+      Gentleman Harbinger of the Band of Gentlemen
+      Pensioners.
+
+      Clerk of the Cheque           Clerk of the Cheque to
+      to the Yeomen of the Guard.   the Gentlemen Pensioners.
+
+      Yeomen of the Guard, to close the Procession.
+
+On the arrival of the procession at the Abbey, the Herb-woman and her
+Maids, and the Serjeant-Porter, remained at the entrance within the
+great west door.
+
+
+ENTRANCE INTO WESTMINSTER ABBEY.
+
+The King entered the west door of the Abbey church at eleven o'clock,
+and was received with the undermentioned anthem, which was sung by the
+choir of Westminster, who, with the dean and prebendaries, quitted the
+procession a little before, and went to the left side of the middle
+aisle, and remained there till his Majesty arrived, and then followed in
+the procession next to the regalia.
+
+ANTHEM I.
+
+    Psalm cxxii. verses 1, 5, 6, 7. "I was glad when they said unto me,
+    we will go into the House of the Lord. For there is the seat of
+    judgment, even the seat of the House of David. O pray for the peace
+    of Jerusalem; they shall prosper that love thee. Peace be within
+    thy walls, and plenteousness within thy palaces."
+
+    Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost.
+
+    As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without
+    end. Amen.
+
+During the above his Majesty passed through the body of the church, and
+through the choir up the stairs to the theatre. He then passed his
+throne and made his humble adoration, and afterwards knelt at the
+faldstool set for him before his chair; at the same time his Majesty
+used some short private prayer: he then sat down (not on his throne, but
+in his chair before and below his throne) and reposed himself.
+
+
+THE RECOGNITION.
+
+When the King was thus placed, the archbishop turned to the east part of
+the theatre; then, together with the lord chancellor, lord great
+chamberlain, lord high constable, and earl marshal (Garter king at arms
+preceding them), went to the other three sides of the theatre, in the
+order, south, west, and north, and at each side addressed the people in
+a loud voice; the King at the same time standing up by his chair,
+turned and showed himself to the people at each of the four sides of the
+theatre, while the archbishop spoke as follows:--
+
+    "SIRS,
+
+    "I here present unto you King George the Fourth, the undoubted king
+    of this realm: wherefore all you that come this day to do your
+    homage, are ye willing to do the same?"
+
+This was answered by the loud and repeated acclamations of the persons
+present, expressive of their willingness and joy, at the same time they
+cried out--
+
+"God save King George the Fourth!"
+
+Then the trumpets sounded.
+
+
+THE FIRST OBLATION.
+
+The archbishop in the meantime went to the altar and put on his cope,
+and placed himself at the north side of the altar; as did also the
+bishops who took part in the office.
+
+The officers of the wardrobe, &c. here spread carpets and cushions on
+the floor and steps of the altar.
+
+And here, first the Bible, paten, and cup, were brought and placed upon
+the altar. The King then, supported by the two bishops of Durham and
+Bath, and attended by the dean of Westminster, the lords carrying the
+regalia before him, went down to the altar, and knelt upon the steps of
+it, and made his first oblation, uncovered.
+
+Here the pall, or altar-cloth of gold, was delivered by the master of
+the great wardrobe to the lord great chamberlain, and by him, kneeling,
+it was presented to his Majesty. The treasurer of the household then
+delivered a wedge of gold of a pound weight to the lord great
+chamberlain, which he, kneeling, delivered to his Majesty. The King then
+(uncovered) delivered them to the archbishop.
+
+The archbishop received them one after another (standing) from his
+Majesty, and laid the pall reverently upon the altar. The gold was
+received into the basin; and, with like reverence, was placed upon the
+altar.
+
+Then the archbishop said the following prayer, the King still
+kneeling:--
+
+    O God, who dwellest in the high and holy place, with them also who
+    are of an humble spirit; mercifully look down upon this thy humble
+    servant, GEORGE our King, here humbling himself before thee at thy
+    footstool, and graciously receive these oblations which, in humble
+    acknowledgment of thy sovereignty over all, and of thy great bounty
+    to him in particular, he hath now offered up unto thee, through
+    Jesus Christ, our only Mediator and Advocate. Amen.
+
+When the King had thus offered his oblation, he went to his chair set
+for him on the south side of the altar, and knelt at his faldstool, and
+the Litany commenced, which was read by two bishops, vested in copes,
+and kneeling at a faldstool above the steps of the theatre, on the
+middle of the east side; the choir read the responses.
+
+In the meantime the lords who carried the regalia, except those who bore
+the swords, approached the altar, and each presented what he carried to
+the archbishop, who delivered them to the dean of Westminster, who
+placed them on the altar. They then retired to the places and seats
+appointed for them.
+
+The bishops, and the people with them, then said the Lord's Prayer.
+
+The Communion service was read; the people, kneeling, made the
+responses to the ten commandments, which were delivered by the
+archbishop.
+
+Then the archbishop, standing as before, said the following Collect for
+the King:--
+
+    _Let us pray._
+
+    Almighty God, whose kingdom is everlasting and power infinite: have
+    mercy upon the whole church, and so rule the heart of thy chosen
+    servant George our king and governor, that he (knowing whose
+    minister he is) may above all things seek thy honour and glory; and
+    that we and all his subjects (duly considering whose authority he
+    hath) may faithfully serve, honour, and humbly obey him, in thee and
+    for thee, according to thy blessed word and ordinance, through Jesus
+    Christ our Lord, who with thee and the Holy Ghost, liveth and
+    reigneth ever one God, world without end. Amen.
+
+The following epistle was then read by one of the bishops:--
+
+    1 Pet. ii. 13.
+
+    Submit yourselves to man for the Lord's sake: whether it be to the
+    king as supreme; or unto governors, as unto them that are sent by
+    him for the punishment of evil-doers, and for the praise of them
+    that do well. For so is the will of God, that with well doing, ye
+    may put to silence the ignorance of foolish men: as free, and not
+    using your liberty for a cloke of maliciousness, but as the
+    servants of God. Honour all men. Love the brotherhood. Fear God.
+    Honour the king.
+
+The Gospel was then read by another bishop, the King and the people
+standing.
+
+    St. Matth. xxii. 15.
+
+    Then went the Pharisees, and took counsel how they might entangle
+    him in his talk. And they sent out unto him their disciples, with
+    the Herodians, saying, Master, we know that thou art true, and
+    teachest the way of God in truth, neither carest thou for any man,
+    for thou regardest not the person of men: tell us therefore, What
+    thinkest thou? Is it lawful to give tribute unto Cæsar, or not? But
+    Jesus perceived their wickedness, and said, Why tempt ye me, ye
+    hypocrites? Show me the tribute money. And they brought unto him a
+    penny. And he saith unto them, Whose is this image and
+    superscription? They say unto him, Cæsar's. Then saith he unto them,
+    Render therefore unto Cæsar, the things which are Cæsar's: and unto
+    God, the things that are God's. When they had heard these words,
+    they marvelled, and left him, and went their way.
+
+Then the Archbishop read the Nicene Creed; the King and the people
+standing as before.
+
+    I believe in one God the Father, &c. &c.
+
+At the end of the Creed, the archbishop of York preached the sermon in
+the pulpit placed against the pillar at the north-east corner of the
+theatre. The King listened to the same sitting in his chair on the
+south side of the altar, over against the pulpit.
+
+
+The Sermon.
+
+His text was the 23d chapter of the Second Book of Samuel, and the 3d
+and 4th verses.
+
+    "He that ruleth over men must be just, ruling in the fear of God.
+    And he shall be as the light of the morning, when the sun riseth,
+    even a morning without clouds."
+
+    Such, observed his Grace, were the words of a pious Prince, whose
+    opinions had been matured by experience. A steady adherence to the
+    maxims there laid down could scarcely fail to preserve from error,
+    and would at once inspire the subject with a reverence for the
+    sovereign, and impress the sovereign with a sense of those
+    obligations which bound him to render justice to the people. The
+    duties of kings were of a particular nature, and the subject was one
+    of more than common importance upon a day like the present, which
+    was to be marked by the solemnization of that contract by which the
+    king bound himself to rule with justice and equity. The highest
+    station, and the most exalted rank, were not free from the
+    infirmities of nature; and it therefore behoved the sovereign not to
+    forget that he was himself but the minister of a higher authority,
+    and that it was his duty so to exert the power which resided in him,
+    as to secure the love and attachment of his people. The history of
+    all nations would show that the people were not ungrateful under the
+    administration of good kings. It was true, that it was the
+    disposition of human nature to imagine grievances where in reality
+    none existed; but still there were many real grievances which a king
+    had the power and ought to have the disposition to relieve. The
+    text which he had just read naturally led to the consideration of
+    what were the principles which constituted a good government. In a
+    moral point of view, no distinction could be drawn between the
+    duties due from one individual to another, and those due from a
+    monarch to his people. It ought not to be forgotten that natural
+    equity demanded the same degree of observance with regard to the
+    contract entered into with a whole people, as it did to those
+    obligations into which individuals entered with regard to each
+    other. There was no higher duty incumbent upon kings than that of
+    selecting proper persons to represent them in the different
+    departments of state. Upon that step how much of the happiness of
+    the people would depend! It was a proud reflection, that no nation
+    stood more high in the estimation of surrounding nations, or was
+    more admired for its morality, its attention to religious duties,
+    the justice of its measures, or the soundness of its general policy,
+    than our own. He insisted that it was necessary to preserve and to
+    encourage that feeling by a reciprocal attention, on the parts both
+    of the monarch and of the people, to those duties which were due
+    from each. If such an attention was not given, it would be in vain
+    to expect national happiness; and however successful we might be in
+    our dealings with foreign nations, still it ought not to be
+    forgotten that the apparent prosperity of a nation ought not to be
+    regarded as an evidence of the happiness of its people. But, above
+    all, it was necessary that the king should seek to secure respect to
+    himself and obedience to the laws, by displaying in his own person
+    an example of good conduct. It was the province of the monarch to
+    reflect that he was responsible not only for his own actions, but
+    also for that evil which the direct influence of his own example
+    might accomplish. Well, therefore, had it been said in the words of
+    his text, "He that ruleth over men must be just, ruling in the fear
+    of God." A good government would secure to itself a due observance
+    of its own rights, and would also afford to the people the
+    protection of its wisdom and power. His Grace, after some general
+    remarks on the duties of kings, proceeded to observe, that the House
+    of Hanover had always been distinguished by its devotion to the
+    interests of true religion. Our late venerable sovereign had
+    presented a striking example of royal goodness by the attention
+    which had always marked both his public and private conduct; and we
+    were bound to hope (upon looking to the past) that the sovereign who
+    was now about to receive the imperial crown of his ancestors would
+    be equally remarkable for the exemplary discharge of the duties of
+    royalty. Nor ought it to be forgotten that the illustrious
+    individual, to whom he had alluded, had not been unused to the
+    functions of government; and that he had given proofs of such
+    capacity and disposition as enabled us to form good hopes of the
+    future. At the time when he had first been called to the exercise of
+    the supreme power, he had found the country involved in a war which
+    threatened its existence--a war which had not been engaged in on our
+    part for the purposes of aggrandisement, but for the defence and
+    preservation of our rights. Under his superintendence that war had
+    been concluded, and its conclusion had been marked by exertions
+    unparalleled in the history of any nation. Under such auspices,
+    therefore, it was right to anticipate all those blessings which
+    could arise on one hand from the protection of a just and wise
+    monarch, and on the other from the affections of a loyal and happy
+    people. "Let us then adore that Almighty Providence which has
+    conferred upon us such a sovereign; let us implore that blessings
+    may be multiplied on his head, and that his reign may be prosperous
+    and happy."
+
+His Grace commenced the Sermon at a quarter past twelve, and ended it at
+about a quarter to one.
+
+The King was uncovered during the offering and the service that
+followed; when the sermon commenced he put on his cap of crimson velvet
+turned up with ermine, and remained covered to the end of it.
+
+On his Majesty's right hand stood the bishop of Durham, and beyond him,
+on the same side, the lords that carried the swords. On his Majesty's
+left hand stood the bishop of Bath and Wells, and the lord great
+chamberlain.
+
+On the north side of the altar sat the archbishop in a purple velvet
+chair; the bishops were placed on forms along the north side of the
+wall, betwixt the King and the pulpit. Near the archbishop stood garter,
+king at arms. On the south side, east of the King's chair, nearer to the
+altar, stood the dean of Westminster, the rest of the bishops who took
+part in the church service, and the prebendaries of Westminster.
+
+
+THE OATH.
+
+When the Sermon ended, the archbishop went to the King, and standing
+before him, (his Majesty, on Thursday, the 27th of April, 1820, in the
+presence of the two Houses of Parliament, made and signed the
+declaration against popery,) administered the coronation oath, first
+asking the King--
+
+    Sir; is your Majesty willing to take the oath?
+
+    The King answered:--I am willing.
+
+The archbishop then ministered these questions; and the King, having a
+copy of the printed form and order of the coronation service in his
+hands, answered each question severally, as follows:--
+
+    Arch. Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of
+    this United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the dominions
+    thereto belonging, according to the statutes in Parliament agreed
+    on, and the respective laws and customs of the same?
+
+    King. I solemnly promise so to do.
+
+    Arch. Will you to your power cause law and justice, in mercy, to be
+    executed in all your judgments?
+
+    King. I will.
+
+    Arch. Will you to the utmost of your power maintain the laws of God,
+    the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant Reformed
+    Religion established by law? And will you maintain and preserve
+    inviolably the settlement of the United Church of England and
+    Ireland, and the doctrine, worship, discipline, and government
+    thereof, as by law established within England and Ireland, and the
+    territories thereunto belonging? And will you preserve unto the
+    bishops and clergy of England and Ireland, and to the United Church
+    committed to their charge, all such rights and privileges, as by law
+    do, or shall appertain to them, or any of them?
+
+    King. All this I promise to do.
+
+Then the King, arising out of his chair, supported as before, and
+assisted by the lord great chamberlain, the sword of state being carried
+before him, went to the altar, and there being uncovered, made his
+solemn oath in the sight of all the people, to observe the premises;
+laying his right hand upon the Holy Gospel in the great Bible, which was
+before carried in the procession, and was now brought from the altar by
+the archbishop, and tendered to him as he knelt upon the steps, saying
+these words:--
+
+    The things which I have here before promised, I will perform and
+    keep.
+
+                                    So help me God.
+
+Then the King kissed the book, and signed the oath.
+
+
+THE ANOINTING.
+
+(In the morning early, care was taken that the ampula was filled with
+oil, and the spoon laid ready upon the altar of the Abbey church.)
+
+The King having thus taken his oath, returned again at the chair; and
+kneeling at his faldstool, the archbishop begun the hymn Veni, Creator
+Spiritus, and the choir sang it out.
+
+  ANTHEM II.
+
+  Come, Holy Ghost, our souls inspire,
+  And warm them with thy heav'nly fire.
+  Thou who th' anointing Spirit art,
+  To us thy sevenfold gifts impart.
+  Let thy bless'd unction from above
+  Be to us comfort, life, and love.
+  Enable with celestial light
+  The weakness of our mortal sight:
+  Anoint our hearts, and cheer our face,
+  With the abundance of thy grace:
+  Keep far our foes, give peace at home;
+  Where thou dost dwell, no ill can come:
+  Teach us to know the Father, Son,
+  And Spirit of both, to be but one,
+  That so, through ages all along,
+  This may be our triumphant song;
+  In thee, O Lord, we make our boast,
+  Father, Son, and Holy Ghost.
+
+This being ended, the archbishop said this prayer:--
+
+    O Lord, Holy Father, who by anointing with oil didst of old make and
+    consecrate kings, priests, and prophets, to teach and govern thy
+    people Israel: bless and sanctify thy chosen servant George, who by
+    our office and ministry is now to be anointed with this oil, and
+    consecrated King of this realm: strengthen him, O Lord, with the
+    Holy Ghost the Comforter; Confirm and stablish him with thy free and
+    princely spirit, the spirit of wisdom and government, the spirit of
+    counsel and ghostly strength, the spirit of knowledge and true
+    godliness, and fill him, O Lord, with the spirit of thy holy fear,
+    now and for ever. Amen.
+
+This prayer being ended, the choir sang:
+
+    ANTHEM III.
+
+    Zadok the priest, and Nathan the prophet, anointed Solomon King; and
+    all the people rejoiced, and said, God save the King! Long live the
+    King! May the King live for ever! Amen. Hallelujah!
+
+In the meantime the King, rising from his devotions, went before the
+altar, supported and attended as before.
+
+The King sat down in his chair, placed in the midst of the area over
+against the altar, with the faldstool before it, wherein he was
+anointed. Four knights of the garter held over him a rich pall of silk,
+or cloth of gold; the dean of Westminster took the ampula and spoon
+from off the altar, poured some of the holy oil into the spoon, and with
+it the archbishop anointed the King, in the form of a cross:
+
+1. On the crown of the head, saying,
+
+    Be thy head anointed with holy oil, as kings, priests, and prophets
+    were anointed.
+
+2. On the breast, saying,
+
+    Be thy breast anointed with holy oil.
+
+3. On the palms of both the hands, saying,
+
+    Be thy hands anointed with holy oil:
+
+    And as Solomon was anointed king by Zadok the priest, and Nathan the
+    prophet, so be you anointed, blessed, and consecrated King over this
+    people, whom the Lord your God hath given you to rule and govern, in
+    the name of the father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Amen.
+
+Then the dean of Westminster laid the ampula and spoon upon the altar,
+and the King kneeling down at the faldstool, and the archbishop standing
+on the north side of the altar, said this prayer or blessing over him:--
+
+    Our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, who by his Father was
+    anointed with the oil of gladness above his fellows, by his holy
+    anointing pour down upon your head and heart the blessing of the
+    Holy Ghost, and prosper the works of your hands: that by the
+    assistance of his heavenly grace you may preserve the people
+    committed to your charge in wealth, peace, and godliness; and after
+    a long and glorious course of ruling this temporal kingdom wisely,
+    justly, and religiously, you may at last be made partaker of an
+    eternal kingdom, through the merits of Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+This prayer being ended, the King arose, and sat down again in his
+chair, and the dean of Westminster wiped and dried all the places
+anointed, with fine linen, or fine bombast wool, delivered to him by the
+lord great chamberlain.
+
+
+THE PRESENTING OF THE SPURS AND SWORD, AND THE GIRDING AND OBLATION OF
+THE SAID SWORD.
+
+Then the spurs were brought from the altar by the dean of Westminster,
+and delivered to a nobleman thereto appointed by the King, who, kneeling
+down, presents them to His Majesty, who forthwith sent them back to the
+altar.
+
+Then the lord who carried the sword of state, returned the said sword to
+the officers of the Jewel-house, which was thereupon deposited in the
+traverse in King Edward's chapel; he received thence, in lieu thereof,
+another sword, in a scabbard of purple velvet, provided for the King to
+be girt withal, which he delivered to the archbishop; and the
+archbishop, laying it on the altar, said the following prayer:--
+
+    Hear our prayers, O Lord, we beseech thee, and so direct and support
+    thy servant King GEORGE, who is now to be girt with this sword, that
+    he may not bear it in vain; but may use it as the minister of God,
+    for the terror and punishment of evil-doers, and for the protection
+    and encouragement of those that do well, through Jesus Christ our
+    Lord. Amen.
+
+Then the archbishop took the sword from off the altar, and (the bishops
+assisting, and going along with him) delivered it into the King's right
+hand, and he holding it, the archbishop said:--
+
+    Receive this kingly sword, brought now from the altar of God, and
+    delivered to you by the hands of us the bishops and servants of God,
+    though unworthy.
+
+The King stood up, the sword was girt about him by the lord great
+chamberlain, and then, the King sitting down, the archbishop said:--
+
+    Remember him of whom the royal Psalmist did prophesy, saying, "Gird
+    thee with thy sword upon thy thigh, O thou most mighty, good luck
+    have thou with thine honour, ride on prosperously, because of truth,
+    meekness, and righteousness;" and be thou a follower of him. With
+    this sword do justice, stop the growth of iniquity, protect the holy
+    Church of God, help and defend widows and orphans, restore the
+    things that are gone to decay, maintain the things that are
+    restored, punish and reform what is amiss, and confirm what is in
+    good order: that doing these things, you may be glorious in all
+    virtue; and so represent our Lord Jesus Christ in this life, that
+    you may reign for ever with him in the life which is to come. Amen.
+
+Then the King, rising up, ungirded his sword, and, going to the altar,
+offered it there in the scabbard, and then returned and sat down in his
+chair: and the chief peer offered the price of it, namely, a hundred
+shillings, and having thus redeemed it, received it from off the altar
+by the dean of Westminster, and drew it out of the scabbard, and carried
+it naked before his Majesty during the rest of the solemnity.
+
+
+THE INVESTING WITH THE ARMILL & ROYAL ROBE, AND THE DELIVERY OF THE ORB.
+
+Then the King arising, the dean of Westminster took the armill from the
+master of the great wardrobe, and put it about his Majesty's neck, and
+tied it to the bowings of his arms, above and below the elbows, with
+silk strings; the archbishop standing before the King, and saying:--
+
+    Receive this armill as a token of the divine mercy embracing you on
+    every side.
+
+Next the robe royal, or purple robe of state, of cloth of tissue, lined
+or furred with ermines, was by the master of the great wardrobe
+delivered to the dean of Westminster, and by him put upon the King,
+standing; the crimson robe which he wore before being first taken off by
+the lord great chamberlain: the King having received it, sat down, and
+then the orb with the cross was brought from the altar by the dean of
+Westminster, and delivered into the King's hand by the archbishop,
+pronouncing this blessing and exhortation:--
+
+    Receive this imperial robe and orb, and the Lord your God endue you
+    with knowledge and wisdom, with majesty and with power from on high;
+    the Lord clothe you with the robe of righteousness, and with the
+    garments of salvation. And when you see this orb set under the
+    cross, remember that the whole world is subject to the power and
+    empire of Christ our Redeemer. For He is the Prince of the kings of
+    the earth; King of kings, and Lord of lords: so that no man can
+    reign happily, who deriveth not his authority from him, and
+    directeth not all his actions according to his laws.
+
+
+THE INVESTITURE PER ANNULUM ET BACULUM.
+
+Then the master of the Jewel-house delivered the King's ring to the
+archbishop, in which a table jewel was enchased; the archbishop put it
+on the fourth finger of his Majesty's right hand, and said:--
+
+    Receive this ring, the ensign of kingly dignity, and of defence of
+    the Catholic faith; and as you are this day solemnly invested in the
+    government of this earthly kingdom, so may you be sealed with that
+    spirit of promise, which is the earnest of an heavenly inheritance,
+    and reign with Him who is the blessed and only Potentate, to whom be
+    glory for ever and ever. Amen.
+
+The King delivered his orb to the dean of Westminster, to be by him laid
+upon the altar; and then the dean of Westminster brought the sceptre and
+rod to the archbishop; and the lord of the manor of Worksop (who claimed
+to hold an estate by the service of presenting to the King a right hand
+glove on the day of his coronation, and supporting the King's right arm
+whilst he holds the sceptre with the cross) delivered to the King a
+pair of rich gloves, and in any occasion happening afterwards, supported
+his Majesty's right arm, or held his sceptre by him.
+
+The gloves being put on, the archbishop delivered the sceptre, with the
+cross, into the King's right hand, saying,
+
+    Receive the royal sceptre, the ensign of kingly power and justice.
+
+And then he delivered the rod, with the dove, into the King's left hand,
+and said,
+
+    Receive the rod of equity and mercy: and God, from whom all holy
+    desires, all good counsels, and all just works do proceed, direct
+    and assist you in the administration and exercise of all those
+    powers he hath given you. Be so merciful, that you be not too
+    remiss; so execute justice, that you forget not mercy. Punish the
+    wicked, protect the oppressed; and the blessing of him who was ready
+    to perish shall be upon you; thus in all things following His great
+    and holy example, of whom the prophet David said, "Thou lovest
+    righteousness, and hatest iniquity; the sceptre of thy kingdom is a
+    right sceptre;" even Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+
+THE PUTTING ON OF THE CROWN.
+
+The archbishop, standing before the altar, took the crown into his
+hands, and laying it again before him upon the altar, said,
+
+    O God, who crownest thy faithful servants with mercy and
+    loving-kindness; look down upon this thy servant GEORGE our King,
+    who now in lowly devotion boweth his head to thy Divine Majesty; and
+    as thou dost this day set a crown of pure gold upon his head, so
+    enrich his royal heart with thy heavenly grace; and crown him with
+    all princely virtues, which may adorn the high station wherein thou
+    hast placed him, through Jesus Christ our Lord, to whom be honour
+    and glory, for ever and ever. Amen.
+
+Then the King sat down in king Edward's chair; the archbishop, assisted
+with other bishops, came from the altar; the dean of Westminster brought
+the crown, and the archbishop taking it of him, reverently put it upon
+the King's head. At the sight whereof the people, with loud and repeated
+shouts, cried, "God save the King!" and the trumpets sounded, and, by a
+signal given, the great guns at the Tower were shot off.
+
+The noise ceasing, the archbishop rose and said,
+
+    Be strong and of good courage: observe the commandments of God, and
+    walk in his holy ways: fight the good fight of faith, and lay hold
+    on eternal life; that in this world you may be crowned with success
+    and honour, and when you have finished your course, you may receive
+    a crown of righteousness, which God the righteous Judge shall give
+    you in that day. Amen.
+
+Then the choir sung this short anthem.
+
+    ANTHEM IV.
+
+    The King shall rejoice in thy strength, O Lord: exceeding glad shall
+    he be of thy salvation. Thou hast presented him with the blessings
+    of goodness, and hast set a crown of pure gold upon his head.
+    Hallelujah. Amen.
+
+As soon as the King was crowned, the peers, &c. put on their coronets
+and caps.
+
+
+THE PRESENTING OF THE HOLY BIBLE.
+
+The dean of Westminster took the Holy Bible, which was carried in the
+procession, from off the altar, and delivered it to the archbishop, who,
+with the rest of the bishops going along with him, presented it to the
+King, first saying these words to him:--
+
+    Our Gracious King; we present unto your Majesty this book, the most
+    valuable thing that this world affordeth. Here is wisdom; this is
+    the royal law; these are the lively oracles of God. Blessed is he
+    that readeth, and they that hear the words of this book; that keep,
+    and do, the things contained in it. For these are the words of
+    eternal life, able to make you wise and happy in this world, nay
+    wise unto salvation, and so happy for evermore, through faith which
+    is in Christ Jesus; to whom be glory for ever. Amen.
+
+Then the King delivered back the Bible to the archbishop, who gave it to
+the dean of Westminster, to be reverently placed again upon the holy
+altar.
+
+
+THE BENEDICTION, AND TE DEUM.
+
+And now the King having been thus anointed and crowned, and having
+received all the ensigns of royalty, the archbishop solemnly blessed
+him, and all the bishops standing about him, with the rest of the peers,
+with a loud and hearty Amen.
+
+    The Lord bless and keep you: the Lord make the light of his
+    countenance to shine for ever upon you, and be gracious unto you:
+    the Lord protect you in all your ways, preserve you from every evil
+    thing, and prosper you in every thing good. Amen.
+
+    The Lord give you a faithful senate, wise and upright counsellors
+    and magistrates, a loyal nobility, and a dutiful gentry; a pious and
+    learned and useful clergy; an honest, industrious, and obedient
+    commonalty. Amen.
+
+    In your days may mercy and truth meet together, and righteousness
+    and peace kiss each other; may wisdom and knowledge be the
+    stability of your times, and the fear of the Lord your treasure.
+    Amen.
+
+    The Lord make your days many, and your reign prosperous; your fleets
+    and armies victorious: and may you be reverenced and beloved by all
+    your subjects, and ever increase in favour with God and man. Amen.
+
+    The glorious Majesty of the Lord our God be upon you: may he bless
+    you with all temporal and spiritual happiness in this world, and
+    crown you with glory and immortality in the world to come. Amen.
+
+    The Lord give you a religious and victorious posterity to rule these
+    kingdoms in all ages. Amen.
+
+Then the archbishop turned to the people, and said:--
+
+    And the same Lord God Almighty grant, that the clergy and nobles
+    assembled here for this great and solemn service, and together with
+    them all the people of the land, fearing God, and honouring the
+    King, may by the merciful superintendency of the Divine Providence,
+    and the vigilant care of our gracious Sovereign, continually enjoy
+    peace, plenty, and prosperity, through Jesus Christ our Lord; to
+    whom, with the Eternal Father, and God the Holy Ghost, be glory in
+    the church world without end. Amen.
+
+The blessing being thus given, the King sat down in his chair,
+vouchsafed to kiss the archbishop and bishops assisting at his
+coronation, they kneeling before him one after another.
+
+Then the choir began to sing the Te Deum, and the King went up to the
+theatre on which the throne is placed, all the bishops, great officers,
+and other peers, attending him, and then he sat down and reposed himself
+in his chair, below the throne.
+
+
+    ANTHEM V.
+
+    _Te Deum._
+
+    We praise thee, O God; we acknowledge thee to be the Lord.
+
+    All the earth doth worship thee: the Father everlasting.
+
+    To thee all angels cry aloud: the heavens, and all the powers
+    therein.
+
+    To thee Cherubin and Seraphin: continually do cry,
+
+    Holy, holy, holy: Lord God of Sabaoth.
+
+    Heaven and earth are full of the majesty of thy glory.
+
+    The glorious company of the Apostles: praise thee.
+
+    The goodly fellowship of the Prophets: praise thee.
+
+    The noble army of Martyrs: praise thee.
+
+    The holy Church throughout all the world: doth acknowledge thee;
+
+    The Father: of an infinite Majesty;
+
+    Thine honourable, true, and only Son;
+
+    Also the Holy Ghost: the Comforter.
+
+    Thou art the King of glory: O Christ.
+
+    Thou art the everlasting Son: of the Father.
+
+    When thou tookest upon thee to deliver man: thou didst not abhor the
+    virgin's womb.
+
+    When thou hadst overcome the sharpness of death: thou didst open the
+    kingdom of heaven to all believers.
+
+    Thou sittest at the right hand of God: in the glory of the Father.
+
+    We believe that thou shalt come: to be our judge.
+
+    We therefore pray thee, help thy servants: whom thou hast redeemed
+    with thy precious blood.
+
+    Make them to be numbered with thy saints: in glory everlasting.
+
+    O Lord save thy people: and bless thine heritage.
+
+    Govern them: and lift them up for ever.
+
+    Day by day we magnify thee.
+
+    And we worship thy name: ever world without end.
+
+    Vouchsafe, O Lord: to keep us this day without sin.
+
+    O Lord, have mercy upon us: have mercy upon us.
+
+    O Lord, let thy mercy lighten upon us: as our trust is in thee.
+
+    O Lord, in thee have I trusted: let me never be confounded.
+
+
+THE INTHRONIZATION.
+
+The _Te Deum_ being ended, the King was lifted up into his throne by the
+archbishop and bishops, and other peers of the kingdom. And being
+inthronized or placed therein, all the great officers, those that bore
+the swords, and the sceptres, and the rest of the nobles, stood round
+about the steps of the throne, and the archbishop standing before the
+King, said,
+
+    Stand firm, and hold fast, from henceforth, the seat and imperial
+    dignity which is this day delivered unto you in the name, and by the
+    authority of Almighty God, and by the hands of us the bishops and
+    servants of God, though unworthy; and as you see us to approach
+    nearer to God's altar, so vouchsafe the more graciously to continue
+    to us your royal favour and protection. And the Lord God Almighty,
+    whose ministers we are, and the stewards of his mysteries, establish
+    your throne in righteousness, that it may stand fast for evermore,
+    like as the sun before Him, and as the faithful witness in heaven.
+    Amen.
+
+
+THE HOMAGE.
+
+The exhortation being ended, all the peers present did homage publicly
+and solemnly unto the King upon the theatre, and in the meantime the
+treasurer of the household threw among the people medals of gold and
+silver, as the King's princely largess or donative.
+
+The archbishop first knelt down before his Majesty's knees, and the rest
+of the bishops knelt on either hand, and about him; and they did their
+homage together, for the shortening of the ceremony, the archbishop
+saying:
+
+    I Charles archbishop of Canterbury [and so every one of the rest, I
+    N. bishop of N. repeating the rest audibly after the archbishop]
+    will be faithful and true, and faith and truth will bear, unto you
+    our Sovereign Lord, and your heirs, kings of the united kingdom of
+    Great Britain and Ireland. And I will do, and truly acknowledge the
+    service of the lands which I claim to hold of you, as in right of
+    the church.
+
+                                                So help me God.
+
+Then the archbishop kissed the King's left cheek, and so the rest of the
+bishops present after him.
+
+After which the other peers of the realm did their homage in like
+manner, the dukes first by themselves, and so the marquesses, the earls,
+the viscounts, and the barons, severally; the first of each order
+kneeling before his Majesty, and the rest with and about him, all
+putting off their coronets, and the first of each class beginning, and
+the last saying after him:--
+
+    I N. duke, or earl, &c. of N. do become your liege man of life and
+    limb, and of earthly worship, and faith and truth I will bear unto
+    you, to live and die, against all manner of folks.
+
+                                              So help me God.
+
+The peers having done their homage, they stood all together round about
+the King; and each class or degree going by themselves, or (as it was at
+the coronation of King Charles the First and Second) every peer one by
+one, in order, put off their coronets, singly ascended the throne again,
+and stretching forth their hands, touched the crown on his Majesty's
+head, as promising by that ceremony to be ever ready to support it with
+all their power, and then every one of them kissed the King's cheek.
+
+While the peers were thus doing their homage, and the medals thrown
+about, the King delivered his sceptre with the cross to the lord of the
+manor of Worksop, to hold; and the other sceptre, or rod, with the dove,
+to the lord that carried it in the procession.
+
+And the bishops that supported the King in the procession also eased
+him, by supporting the crown, as there was occasion.
+
+
+THE FINAL ANTHEM.
+
+While the medals were scattered, and the homage of the lords performed,
+the choir sung this anthem, with instrumental music of all sorts, as a
+solemn conclusion of the King's coronation.
+
+
+    ANTHEM VI.
+
+    Blessed be thou, Lord God of Israel, our Father, for ever and ever.
+    Thine, O Lord, is the greatness and the power, and the victory, and
+    the majesty; for all that is in the heaven and the earth are thine.
+    Thine is the kingdom, O Lord; and thou art exalted as head over all.
+    Both riches and honour come of thee, and thou reignest over all;
+    and in thine hand is power and might; and in thine hand it is to
+    make great, and to give strength unto all. Now, therefore, our God,
+    we thank thee, and praise thy glorious name.
+
+At the end of this anthem the drums beat, and the trumpets sounded, and
+all the people shouted, crying out,
+
+  God save King George the Fourth!
+
+  Long live King George!
+
+  May the King live for ever!
+
+The solemnity of the King's coronation being thus ended, the archbishop
+left the King in his throne, and went down to the altar.
+
+
+THE COMMUNION.
+
+Then the Offertory began, the archbishop reading these sentences:--
+
+    Let your light so shine before men that they may see your good
+    works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven.
+
+    Charge them who are rich in this world, that they be ready to give,
+    and glad to distribute; laying up in store for themselves a good
+    foundation against the time to come, that they may attain eternal
+    life.
+
+The King descended from his throne, supported and attended as before;
+and went to the steps of the altar, and knelt down there.
+
+And first the King offered bread and wine for the Communion, which were
+brought out of king Edward's chapel, and delivered into his hands, the
+bread upon the paten by the bishop that read the Epistle, and the wine
+in the chalice by the bishop that read the Gospel; these were by the
+archbishop received from the King, and reverently placed upon the altar,
+and decently covered with a fair linen cloth, the archbishop first
+saying this prayer:--
+
+    Bless, O Lord, we beseech thee, these thy gifts, and sanctify them
+    unto this holy use, that by them we may be made partakers of the
+    body and blood of thine only begotten Son Jesus Christ, and fed unto
+    everlasting life of soul and body: and that thy servant King GEORGE
+    may be enabled to the discharge of his weighty office, whereunto of
+    thy great goodness thou hast called and appointed him. Grant this, O
+    Lord, for Jesus Christ's sake, our only Mediator and Advocate. Amen.
+
+Then the King kneeling, as before, made his second Oblation, offering a
+mark weight of gold, which the treasurer of the household delivered to
+the lord great chamberlain, and he to His Majesty. And the archbishop
+came to him, and received it in the basin, and placed it upon the
+altar. After which the bishop said:--
+
+    O God, who dwellest in the high and holy place, with them also who
+    are of an humble spirit; look down mercifully upon this thy servant
+    GEORGE, our King, here humbling himself before thee at thy
+    footstool; and graciously receive these oblations, which in humble
+    acknowledgment of thy sovereignty over all, and of thy great bounty
+    to him in particular, he has now offered up unto thee, through Jesus
+    Christ, our only Mediator and Advocate. Amen.
+
+Then the King returned to his chair, and knelt down at his faldstool;
+the archbishop said:--
+
+    Let us pray for the whole state of Christ's church militant here on
+    earth.
+
+    Almighty and ever-living God, who by thy holy Apostle hast taught us
+    to make prayers and supplications, and to give thanks for all men:
+    we humbly beseech thee most mercifully to receive these our prayers
+    which we offer unto thy Divine Majesty, beseeching thee to inspire
+    continually the universal church with the spirit of truth, unity,
+    and concord: and grant that all they that do confess thy holy name,
+    may agree in the truth of thy holy word, and live in unity and godly
+    love. We beseech thee also to save and defend all Christian kings,
+    princes, and governors; and especially thy servant GEORGE our King,
+    that under him we may be godly and quietly governed: and grant unto
+    his whole council, and to all that are put in authority under him,
+    that they may truly and indifferently minister justice, to the
+    punishment of wickedness and vice, and to the maintenance of thy
+    true religion and virtue. Give grace, O heavenly Father, to all
+    bishops and curates, that they may both by their life and doctrine
+    set forth thy true and lively word, and rightly and duly administer
+    thy holy sacraments: and to all thy people give thy heavenly grace,
+    and especially to this congregation here present, that with meek
+    heart and due reverence they may hear and receive thy holy word,
+    truly serving thee in holiness and righteousness all the days of
+    their life. And we most humbly beseech thee of thy goodness, O Lord,
+    to comfort and succour all them who in this transitory life are in
+    trouble, sorrow, need, sickness, or any other adversity. And we also
+    bless thy holy name, for all thy servants departed this life in thy
+    faith and fear; beseeching thee to give us grace so to follow their
+    good examples, that with them we may be partakers of thy heavenly
+    kingdom. Grant this, O Father, for Jesus Christ's sake, our only
+    Mediator and Advocate. Amen.
+
+
+THE EXHORTATION.
+
+    Ye that do truly and earnestly repent you of your sins, and are in
+    love and charity with your neighbours, and intend to lead a new
+    life, following the commandments of God, and walking from henceforth
+    in his holy ways; draw near with faith, and take this holy Sacrament
+    to your comfort; and make your humble confession to Almighty God,
+    meekly kneeling upon your knees.
+
+
+THE GENERAL CONFESSION.
+
+    Almighty God, Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, Maker of all things,
+    Judge of all men; we acknowledge and bewail our manifold sins and
+    wickedness, which we from time to time most grievously have
+    committed, by thought, word, and deed, against thy divine Majesty,
+    provoking most justly thy wrath and indignation against us. We do
+    earnestly repent, and are heartily sorry for these our misdoings;
+    the remembrance of them is grievous unto us; the burden of them is
+    intolerable. Have mercy upon us, have mercy upon us, most merciful
+    Father; for thy Son our Lord Jesus Christ's sake, forgive us all
+    that is past, and grant that we may ever hereafter serve and please
+    thee, in newness of life, to the honour and glory of thy name,
+    through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+
+THE ABSOLUTION.
+
+    Almighty God our heavenly Father, who of his great mercy hath
+    promised forgiveness of sins to all them that with hearty
+    repentance, and true faith, turn unto him; have mercy upon you,
+    pardon and deliver you from all your sins, confirm and strengthen
+    you in all goodness, and bring you to everlasting life, through
+    Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+After which was said,
+
+Hear what comfortable words our Saviour saith unto all that truly turn
+to him.
+
+    Come unto me, all that travail and are heavy laden, and I will
+    refresh you. St. Matt. xi. 28.
+
+    So God loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son to the
+    world, and that all that believe in him should not perish, but have
+    everlasting life. St. John, iii. 16.
+
+Hear also what St. Paul saith:
+
+    This is a true saying, and worthy of all men to be received, that
+    Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners. 1 Tim. i. 15.
+
+Hear also what St. John saith:
+
+    If any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ
+    the righteous, and he is the propitiation for our sins. 1 John, ii.
+    1.
+
+After which the archbishop proceeded, saying,
+
+    Arch. Lift up your hearts.
+
+    Answ. We lift them unto the Lord.
+
+    Arch. Let us give thanks unto our Lord God.
+
+    Answ. It is meet and right so to do.
+
+Then the archbishop turned to the Lord's table, and said,
+
+    It is very meet, right, and our bounden duty, that we should at all
+    times, and in all places, give thanks unto thee, O Lord, Holy
+    Father, Almighty everlasting God:
+
+    Who hast at this time given us thy servant our sovereign King
+    GEORGE, to be the Defender of the Faith, and the protector of thy
+    people:
+
+    Therefore with angels and archangels, and with all the company of
+    heaven, we laud and magnify thy glorious name, evermore praising
+    thee, and saying, Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of hosts, heaven and
+    earth are full of thy glory. Glory be to thee, O Lord most high.
+    Amen.
+
+
+THE PRAYER OF ADDRESS.
+
+    We do not presume to come to this thy table, O merciful God,
+    trusting in our own righteousness, but thy manifold great mercies.
+    We are not worthy so much as to gather up the crumbs under thy
+    table. But thou art the same God, whose property is always to have
+    mercy; grant us therefore, gracious God, so to eat the flesh of thy
+    dear Son, Jesus Christ, to drink his blood, that our sinful bodies
+    may be made clean by his body, our souls washed through his most
+    precious blood. That we may evermore dwell with him, and he with us.
+    Amen.
+
+
+THE PRAYER OF CONSECRATION.
+
+    Almighty God, our heavenly Father, who of thy tender mercy didst
+    give thine only Son Jesus Christ to suffer death upon the cross for
+    our redemption, who made there (by his one oblation of himself once
+    offered) a full, perfect, and sufficient sacrifice, oblation, and
+    satisfaction for the sins of the whole world, and did institute, and
+    in his holy Gospel command us to continue a perpetual memory of that
+    his precious death to his coming again; hear us, O merciful Father,
+    we most humbly beseech thee; and grant that we, receiving these thy
+    creatures of bread and wine, according to thy Son our Saviour Jesus
+    Christ's holy institution, in remembrance of his death and passion,
+    may be partakers of his most holy body and blood: who in the same
+    night that he was betrayed took bread[111], and when he had given
+    thanks, he brake it[112], and gave it to his disciples, saying,
+    Take, eat[113], this is my body which is given for you, do this in
+    remembrance of me. Likewise, after supper[114] he took the cup, and
+    when he had given thanks, he gave it to them, saying, Drink ye all
+    of this, for this[115] is my blood of the New Testament, which is
+    shed for you and for many for the remission of sins: do this, as oft
+    as ye shall drink it, in remembrance of me. Amen.
+
+When the archbishop, and dean of Westminster, with the bishops'
+assistants, namely, the preacher, and those who read the Litany, and the
+Epistle and Gospel, had communicated in both kinds, the archbishop
+administered the bread, and the dean of Westminster the cup, to the
+King.
+
+At the delivery of the bread, was said,
+
+    The body of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was given for thee,
+    preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life. Take and eat this
+    in remembrance that Christ died for thee, and feed on him in thy
+    heart by faith with thanksgiving.
+
+At the delivery of the cup,
+
+    The blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was shed for thee,
+    preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life. Drink this in
+    remembrance that Christ's blood was shed for thee, and be thankful.
+
+While the King received, the bishop appointed for that service held a
+towel of white silk, or fine linen, before him.
+
+Then the archbishop went on to the Post Communion, saying,--
+
+    Our Father which art in heaven; hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom
+    come. Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven. Give us this
+    day our daily bread; and forgive us our trespasses as we forgive
+    them who trespass against us. Lead us not into temptation, but
+    deliver us from evil; for thine is the kingdom, and the power, and
+    the glory, for ever. Amen.
+
+Then this prayer,
+
+    O Lord and heavenly Father, we, thy humble servants, entirely desire
+    thy fatherly goodness, mercifully to accept this our sacrifice of
+    praise and thanksgiving; most humbly beseeching thee to grant, that
+    by the merits and death of thy Son Jesus Christ, and through faith
+    in his blood, we and all thy whole church may obtain remission of
+    our sins, and all other benefits of his passion. And here we offer,
+    and present unto thee, O Lord, ourselves, our souls and bodies, to
+    be a reasonable, holy, and lively sacrifice unto thee; humbly
+    beseeching thee, that all we, who are partakers of this holy
+    communion, may be filled with thy grace and heavenly benediction.
+
+Then was said,
+
+    Glory be to God on high, and on earth peace; good will towards men.
+    We praise thee; we bless thee; we worship thee; we glorify thee; we
+    give thanks to thee for thy great glory, O Lord God, heavenly King,
+    God the Father Almighty.
+
+    O Lord, the only begotten Son, Jesu Christ.
+
+    O Lord God, Lamb of God, Son of the Father, that takest away the
+    sins of the world, have mercy upon us. Thou that takest away the
+    sins of the world, receive our prayer. Thou that sittest at the
+    right hand of God the Father, have mercy upon us.
+
+    For thou only art holy, thou only art the Lord, thou only, O Christ,
+    with the Holy Ghost, art most high in the glory of God the Father.
+    Amen.
+
+The King returned to his throne upon the theatre, and afterwards the
+archbishop read the final prayers.
+
+
+THE FINAL PRAYERS.
+
+    Assist us mercifully, O Lord, in these our supplications and
+    prayers, and dispose the way of thy servants towards the attainment
+    of everlasting salvation, that, among all the changes and chances of
+    this mortal life, they may ever be defended by thy most gracious and
+    ready help, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+    O Lord our God, who upholdest and governest all things in heaven and
+    earth, receive our humble prayers with our thanksgivings, for our
+    Sovereign Lord GEORGE, set over us by thy good providence to be our
+    King: and so, together with him, bless all the Royal Family, that
+    they, ever trusting in thy goodness, protected by thy power, and
+    crowned with thy favour, may continue before thee in health and
+    peace, in joy and honour, a long and happy life upon earth, and
+    after death may obtain everlasting life and glory in the kingdom of
+    heaven, through the merits and mediation of Jesus Christ our
+    Saviour; who with thee, O Father, and the Holy Spirit, liveth and
+    reigneth, ever one God, world without end. Amen.
+
+    Almighty God, who hast promised to hear the petition of them that
+    ask in thy Son's name; we beseech thee mercifully to incline thine
+    ears to us that have made now our prayers and supplications unto
+    thee, and grant that those things which we have faithfully asked
+    according to thy will, may effectually be obtained to the relief of
+    our necessity, and to the setting forth of thy glory, through Jesus
+    Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+    The peace of God which passeth all understanding, keep your hearts
+    and minds in the knowledge and love of God, and of his Son Jesus
+    Christ our Lord. And the blessing of God Almighty, the Father, the
+    Son, and the Holy Ghost, be amongst you, and remain with you always.
+    Amen.
+
+
+THE RECESS.
+
+The whole coronation office being thus performed, the King, attended and
+accompanied as before, the four swords being carried before him,
+descended from his throne crowned, and carrying the sceptre and rod in
+his hands, went up the area eastward of the theatre, and passed on
+through the door, on the south side of the altar, into king Edward's
+chapel; and as they passed by the altar, the rest of the regalia, lying
+upon it, were delivered by the dean of Westminster to the lords that
+carried them in the procession, and so they proceeded in state into the
+chapel; the organ all the while playing.
+
+The King then came into the chapel, and standing before the altar, took
+off his crown, and delivered it, together with his sceptre, to the
+archbishop, who laid them upon the altar there; and the rest of the
+regalia were given into the hands of the dean of Westminster, and by him
+laid there also.
+
+Then the King withdrew himself into his traverse prepared for him upon
+the western wall of that chapel.
+
+Within his traverse the King was disrobed by the lord great chamberlain
+of his royal robe of state (which was forthwith delivered to the dean of
+Westminster to be laid also upon the altar) and again arrayed with his
+robe of purple velvet, which was before laid ready in the traverse for
+that purpose.
+
+When the King, thus habited, came forth of his traverse, he stood before
+the altar, and the archbishop being still vested in his cope, set the
+crown of state, provided for the King to wear during the rest of the
+ceremony, upon his head. Then he gave the sceptre with the cross into
+the King's right hand, and the orb with the cross into his left: which
+being done, both the archbishop and dean divested themselves of their
+copes, and left them there, and proceeded in their usual habits.
+
+Then the King carried his sceptre with the cross in his left hand; the
+four swords being borne before the King, and the heralds having again
+put the rest of the procession in order, he went on from king Edward's
+chapel to the theatre, and thence through the midst of the choir and
+body of the church, out at the west door, and so returned to Westminster
+Hall.
+
+
+RETURN OF THE PROCESSION TO THE HALL.
+
+At about twenty minutes to four the gates of the Hall were thrown open
+to admit the procession on its return.
+
+The cheering in the Hall on the King's approach was neither so
+spontaneous nor enthusiastic as it was along the line of march: as far
+as we could see it originated generally with some of the choristers
+employed to sing the various portions of the ceremonial.
+
+Viewed from the upper end of the Hall through the arched way, the
+appearance of the white plumes of the knights of the Bath was most
+magnificent. On their entrance to the Hall, the knights took off their
+hats, but the peers continued to wear their coronets. The procession
+then entered in the following order;--
+
+      The King's Herbwoman, with her six Maids.
+
+      Messenger of the College of Arms.
+
+      High Constable of Westminster.
+
+      Fife and Drums, as before   }
+      Drum Major                  }    Who, on arrival in the
+      Eight Trumpets              }    Hall, immediately went
+      Kettle Drums                }    into the Gallery over the
+      Eight Trumpets              }    Triumphal Arch.
+      Serjeant Trumpeter          }
+
+      Serjeant Porter.
+
+      Knight Marshal and his Officers.
+
+      Six Clerks in Chancery.
+
+      King's Chaplains.
+
+      Sheriffs of London.
+
+      Aldermen and Recorder of London.
+
+      Masters in Chancery.
+
+      King's Serjeants at Law.
+
+      King's Ancient Serjeant.
+
+      King's Solicitor-General.     King's Attorney-General.
+
+      Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber.
+
+      Barons of the Exchequer, and Justices of both Benches.
+
+      Lord Chief Baron of the       Lord Chief Justice of
+      Exchequer.                    the Common Pleas.
+
+      Vice-Chancellor.              Master of the Rolls.
+
+      Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench.
+
+      Pursuivants of Scotland and Ireland.
+
+      Officers attendant on the Knights Commanders of the
+      Bath, wearing their Caps.
+
+      Knights Commanders of the Bath, wearing their Caps.
+
+      Officers of the Order of the Bath, wearing their Caps.
+
+      Knights Grand Crosses of the Order of the Bath,
+      wearing their Caps.
+
+      A Pursuivant of Arms.
+
+      Clerks of the Council in Ordinary.
+
+      Privy Counsellors.
+
+      Register of the Order of the Garter.
+
+      Knight of the Garter, not a Peer, wearing his Cap and
+      Feathers.
+
+      His Majesty's Vice-Chamberlain.
+
+      Comptroller of the Household.  Treasurer of the Household.
+
+      A Pursuivant of Arms.
+
+      Heralds or Scotland and Ireland.
+
+      The Standard of Hanover, borne by the Earl of Mayo.
+
+      Barons, wearing their Coronets.
+
+      A Herald.
+
+      The Standard of Ireland,      The Standard of Scotland,
+        borne by                      borne by the
+      Lord Beresford.               Earl of Lauderdale.
+
+      Bishops, wearing their Caps.
+
+      Two Heralds.
+
+      Viscounts, wearing their Coronets.
+
+      Two Heralds.
+
+      The Standard of England, borne by Lord Hill.
+
+      Earls, wearing their Coronets.
+
+      Two Heralds.
+
+      The Union Standard, borne by Earl Harcourt.
+
+      Marquesses, wearing their Coronets.
+
+      The Lord Chamberlain of the Household, wearing his
+      Coronet.
+
+      The Lord Steward of the Household, wearing his
+      Coronet.
+
+      The Royal Standard, borne by the Earl of Harrington.
+
+      King of Arms of       Gloucester King    Hanover King
+      the Ionian Order      of Arms, wearing   of Arms, wearing
+      of St. Michael &        his Crown.         his Crown.
+      St. George, wearing
+      his Crown.
+
+      Dukes, wearing their Coronets.
+
+      Ulster King of        Clarenceux King     Norroy King
+      Arms, wearing         of Arms, wearing    of Arms, wearing
+      his Crown.              his Crown.          his Crown.
+
+      The Lord Privy Seal,          The Lord President of the
+      wearing his Coronet.          Council, wearing his Coronet.
+
+      Archbishops of Ireland, wearing their Caps.
+
+      Archbishop of York, wearing his Cap.
+
+      Lord High Chancellor, wearing his Coronet, and bearing his Purse.
+
+      Archbishop of Canterbury, wearing his Cap.
+
+      Four Serjeants at Arms.
+
+      The third Sword,      Curtana, borne by   The second Sword,
+      borne by the          the Duke of         borne by the
+      Earl of Galloway,     Newcastle,          Duke of Northumberland,
+      wearing his           wearing his         wearing
+      Coronet.              Coronet.            his Coronet.
+
+      Usher of the Green Rod.       Usher of the White Rod.
+
+      The         The            Garter Principal    Black Rod.
+      Lord Mayor  Lord Lyon of   King
+      of London.  Scotland,      of Arms,
+                  wearing his    wearing his
+                  Crown.         Crown.
+
+      The Deputy Lord Great Chamberlain, wearing his Coronet.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Prince Leopold, wearing his Cap
+      and Feathers, and his Train borne as before.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Duke of Gloucester, wearing his
+      Coronet, and his Train borne as before.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, wearing his
+      Coronet, and his Train borne as before.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex, wearing his
+      Coronet, and his Train borne as before.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence, wearing his
+      Coronet, and his Train borne as before.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Duke of York, wearing his
+      Coronet, and his Train borne as before.
+
+      The High Constable    The High Constable of Scotland,
+      of Ireland.           wearing his Coronet.
+
+      Four Serjeants at Arms.
+
+      The Deputy Earl    The sword which      The Lord High
+      Marshal            had been redeemed,   Constable,
+      wearing his        borne naked by       wearing his
+      coronet.           the Duke of Dorset,  coronet.
+                         wearing his coronet.
+
+                         The Lord High Steward,
+                         wearing his coronet.
+
+                         The Sceptre with the Dove,
+                         borne by
+                         the Duke of Rutland,
+                         wearing his coronet.
+
+                               THE KING,
+
+                        In his Robes of purple
+                        velvet, furred with ermine,
+                        and the Crown
+    Twenty              of state on his head,               Twenty
+    Gentlemen           bearing in his right                Gentlemen
+    Pensioners          hand St. Edward's                   Pensioners with
+    with Bearer.        Sceptre, with the Cross,            the Lieutenant.
+           The Bishop   and in his left the Orb     The Bishop
+           of Oxford,   with the Cross, under       of Lincoln,
+           wearing his  his canopy, supported       wearing his
+           cap.         as before, and his train    cap.
+                        borne as before.
+
+      Captain of the Yeoman   Gold Stick of the   Captain of the Band
+      of the Guard,           Life Guards in      of Gentlemen Pensioners,
+      wearing his coronet.    waiting, wearing    wearing his
+                              his coronet.        coronet.
+
+      Lords of the Bedchamber.
+
+      The Keeper of his Majesty's Privy Purse.
+
+      Grooms of the Bedchamber.
+
+      Equerries and Pages of Honour.
+
+      Aides-de-Camp.
+
+      Gentlemen Ushers.
+
+      Physicians.     Surgeons.     Apothecaries.
+
+      Ensign of the Yeomen          Lieutenant of the Yeomen of
+      of the Guard.                 the Guard.
+
+      His Majesty's Pages.
+
+      His Majesty's Footmen.
+
+      Exons of the Yeomen   Yeomen of     Exons of the Yeomen
+      of the Guard.         the Guard.    of the Guard.
+
+      Gentleman Harbinger of the Band of Gentlemen
+      Pensioners.
+
+      Clerk of the Cheque           Clerk of the Cheque to
+      to the Yeomen of the Guard.   the Gentlemen Pensioners.
+
+      Yeomen of the Guard, to close the Procession.
+
+As the procession entered the Hall, the fifes, drums, and trumpets went
+to their gallery, and the several other persons composing it were
+directed to their respective places by the officers of arms.
+
+On entering the Hall, the barons of the Cinque Ports, bearing the
+canopy, remained at the bottom of the steps. His Majesty ascended the
+elevated platform, and retired in his chamber near the state.
+
+The company at the table then sat down; and the barons of the Cinque
+Ports carried away the canopy as their fee.
+
+It is mentioned above that the several orders of knighthood returned
+wearing their hats. This was the case until they got to the entrance of
+Westminster Hall. There all the knights of the Bath took off their
+hats, as did some of the bishops and several other individuals who took
+part in the procession. There were only two knights of the Garter who
+appeared in the full dress of the order. These were his Royal Highness
+the Prince Leopold and the Marquess of Londonderry. The noble marquess,
+as attired in his robes, added very considerably to the splendour of the
+scene by his graceful and elegant appearance. His lordship's hat was
+encircled with a band of diamonds, which had a most brilliant effect. As
+his Majesty passed up the Hall he was received with loud and continued
+acclamations--the gentlemen waving their hats, and the ladies their
+handkerchiefs: his Majesty seemed to feel sensibly the enthusiasm with
+which he was greeted, and returned the salutations with repeated bows to
+the assemblage on both sides. The peers took their seats at the table
+appointed for them, and began to partake of the banquet. During the
+interval between this and the return of his Majesty, the greater part of
+the ladies and gentlemen who had previously occupied the galleries
+retired for refreshments, or descended into the Hall, which they
+promenaded for a considerable time. There were also a great number of
+persons admitted into the Hall, who it was evident had not been in
+before. This occasioned some slight inconvenience to those whose duty
+obliged them to be present. We ought here to remark that the procession,
+on its return to the Hall, was not conducted with any thing like the
+same regularity which had distinguished its departure. This was probably
+owing to the great fatigue which all the parties had undergone, and to
+their consequent anxiety to get to their seats. Some slight derangement
+was occasioned by the aldermen, who, either from the cause just
+mentioned, or from a mistake with respect to the regulations of the
+heralds, had no sooner got within the triumphal arch, than they walked
+over to one of the tables, leaving several of those behind who ought to
+have preceded them. This trifling mistake was soon corrected by one of
+the heralds, who brought the worthy magistrates back to their former
+station in the procession.
+
+
+THE BANQUET.
+
+Precisely at twenty minutes past five the lord great chamberlain issued
+his orders that the centre of the Hall should be cleared. This direction
+occasioned much confusion, not only because many strangers had been
+allowed to enter the lower doors for the purpose of surveying the
+general arrangements, but because those who had tickets for the
+galleries had descended in considerable numbers to the floor. Lord
+Gwydyr was under the necessity of personally exerting his authority,
+with considerable vehemence, in order to compel the attendants of the
+earl-marshal to quit situations intended for persons more immediately
+connected with the ceremony. A long interval now occurred, during which
+the various officers, and especially the heralds, made the necessary
+arrangements for the nobility expected to return with his Majesty.
+During this pause silence was generally preserved, in expectation of the
+return of his Majesty from his chamber.
+
+The entrance of the King was announced by one of the principal heralds,
+who was followed into the Hall by the lord great chamberlain and the
+Dukes of York, Clarence, Cambridge, Sussex, and Gloucester. Prince
+Leopold had for some time previously been engaged in conversation with
+some of the foreign ambassadors.
+
+His Majesty returned in the robes with which he had been invested in the
+Abbey, wearing also the same crown. In his right hand he carried the
+sceptre, and in his left the orb, which, on taking his seat on the
+throne, he delivered to two peers stationed at his side for the purpose
+of receiving them.
+
+The first course was then served up. It consisted of 24 gold covers and
+dishes, carried by as many gentlemen pensioners: they were preceded by
+six attendants on the clerk comptroller, by two clerks of the kitchen,
+who received the dishes from the gentlemen pensioners, by the clerk
+comptroller, in a velvet gown trimmed with silver lace, by two clerks
+and the secretary of the Board of Green Cloth, by the comptroller and
+treasurer of the household, and serjeants at arms with their maces.
+
+Before the dishes were placed upon the table by the two clerks of the
+kitchen, the great doors at the bottom of the Hall were thrown open to
+the sound of trumpets and clarionets, and the Duke of Wellington, as
+lord high constable, the Marquis of Anglesey, as lord high steward, and
+Lord Howard of Effingham, as deputy earl marshal, entered upon the floor
+on horseback, remaining for some minutes under the archway. The Duke of
+Wellington was on the left of the King, the earl marshal on the right,
+and the Marquess of Anglesey in the centre. The two former were mounted
+on beautiful white horses gorgeously trapped, and the latter on his
+favourite dun-coloured Arabian.
+
+
+THE CHALLENGE.
+
+Before the second course, the great gate was thrown open at the sound of
+trumpets without. The deputy appointed to officiate as King's Champion
+for the lord of the manor of Scrivelsby, in Lincolnshire, entered the
+Hall on horseback, in a complete suit of bright armour, between the lord
+high constable and deputy earl marshal, also on horseback, preceded
+by--
+
+    Two Trumpeters, with the Champion's Arms on their Banners.
+
+    The Serjeant Trumpeter, with his Mace on his Shoulder.
+
+    Two Serjeants at Arms, with their Maces on their Shoulders.
+
+    The Champion's two Esquires, in half Armour, one on the right hand
+    bearing the Champion's Lance, the other on the left hand with the
+    Champion's Target, and the Arms of Dymoke depicted thereon.
+
+    A Herald, With a Paper in his hand containing the Challenge.
+
+Then followed:--
+
+  The                   | The                 | The
+  Deputy Earl Marshal,  | CHAMPION,           | Lord High Constable,
+  on Horseback, in      | on Horseback, in a  | in his Robes and
+  his Robes and Coronet,| complete suit of    | Coronet, and Collar
+  with the Earl         | bright Armour, with | of his Order, on
+  Marshal's Staff in    | a Gauntlet in his   | Horseback, with the
+  his Hand, attended    | Hand, his Helmet on | Constable's Staff, attended
+  by a Page.            | his Head, adorned   | by two Pages.
+                        | with a plume of     |
+                        | Feathers.           |
+
+  Four Pages, richly apparelled, attendants on the
+  Champion.
+
+His helmet was of polished steel, surmounted by a full rich bending
+plume of white ostrich feathers, next of light blue, next red, and
+lastly of an erect black feather. He seemed rather pale in the face,
+which was of a resolute cast, and ornamented with handsome mustachios.
+He sat his horse with ease, and the appearance of great firmness, which
+was no doubt in part attributable to the enormous weight under which the
+noble animal that bore him seemed to bend. His armour was extremely
+massive, and deeply lined and engraven: no part of his body was
+uncovered; and even the broad circular shoulder blades of the armour
+were so folded over the cuirass, that in action the body could not but
+be completely defended at all points. The horse was very richly
+caparisoned, and wore in his headstall a plume of varied feathers.
+Nothing could exceed the impression produced by the approach of the
+champion and his loyal array. Every fair bosom felt an indescribable
+sensation of mingled surprise, pleasure, and apprehension. It seemed as
+if they were impressed with a conviction that the defiance might not
+prove an empty ceremony; that a trial as severe as that of Ivanhoe, in
+the presence of his future sovereign at Ashby, might await the
+challenger; and that the nobly-equipped champion before them might,
+nevertheless, be as little elated by his success, or as faint and feeble
+when he fell at the feet of sympathising beauty to claim the hard-earned
+meed of glory. For a moment the fast fading spirit of chivalry
+re-asserted itself within those walls, over minds which the place and
+occasion had rendered vividly susceptible of impressions connected with
+the records of our earlier history.
+
+At the entrance into the Hall the trumpets sounded thrice, and the
+passage to the king's table being cleared by the knight marshal, the
+herald, with a loud voice, proclaimed the champion's challenge in the
+words following:--
+
+    If any person, of what degree soever, high or low, shall deny or
+    gainsay our Sovereign Lord GEORGE the Fourth of the United Kingdom
+    of Great Britain and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, Son and next
+    Heir to our Sovereign Lord King GEORGE the Third, the last King,
+    deceased, to be right Heir to the Imperial Crown of this United
+    Kingdom, or that he ought not to enjoy the same, here is his
+    Champion, who saith that he lieth, and is a false traitor; being
+    ready in person to combat with him, and in this quarrel will
+    adventure his life against him on what day soever he shall be
+    appointed.
+
+The champion then threw down his iron glove or gauntlet; which, having
+lain for a short time upon the ground, the herald took up, and delivered
+again to the champion.
+
+They then advanced to the middle of the Hall, where the ceremony was
+again performed in the same manner.
+
+Lastly, they advanced to the steps of the throne, where the herald (and
+those who preceded him) ascending to the middle of the steps, proclaimed
+the challenge in the like manner; when the champion, having thrown down
+the gauntlet, and received it again from the herald, made a low
+obeisance to the King, The peers had repeated, as if with one voice,
+"God bless the King! God save the King!" which was accompanied by
+acclamations so loud through all parts of the Hall, that it startled the
+horses of the champion and his noble companions. Then the cupbearer,
+having received from the officer of the Jewel-house a gold cup and cover
+filled with wine, presented the same to the King, and his Majesty drank
+to the champion, and sent to him by the cupbearer the said cup, which
+the champion (having put on his gauntlet) received, and having made a
+low obeisance to the King, drank off the wine; and in a loud articulate
+voice, exclaimed, turning himself round, "Long life to his Majesty King
+GEORGE the Fourth!" This was followed by a peal of applause resembling
+thunder; after which, making another low obeisance to his Majesty, and
+being accompanied as before, he departed out of the Hall, taking with
+him the said cup and cover as his fee, retiring with his face to his
+Majesty, and backing his horse out of the Hall.
+
+
+PROCLAMATION OF THE STYLES.
+
+Immediately afterwards, Garter, attended by Clarenceux, Norroy, Lyon,
+Ulster, and the rest of the kings and officers of arms, proclaimed his
+Majesty's styles in Latin, French, and English, three several times,
+first upon the uppermost step of the elevated platform, next in the
+middle of the Hall; and, lastly, at the bottom of the Hall, the officers
+of arms before each proclamation crying, "Largesse." After each
+proclamation, the company shouted "God save the King!" and the ladies
+waved their handkerchiefs and fans.
+
+
+SECOND COURSE.
+
+The second course was then served up with the same ceremony as the
+first.
+
+
+SERVICES IN PURSUANCE OF CLAIMS.
+
+Then the lord of the manor of Nether Bilsington presented his Majesty
+with three maple cups.
+
+The office of chief butler of England was executed by the Duke of
+Norfolk, as Earl of Arundel and lord of the manor of Keninghall, who
+received a gold basin and ewer as his fee.
+
+Dinner being concluded, the lord mayor and twelve principal citizens of
+London, as assistants to the chief butler of England, accompanied by the
+King's cupbearer and assistant, presented to his Majesty wine in a gold
+cup; and the King having drunk thereof, returned the gold cup to the
+lord mayor as his fee.
+
+The mayor of Oxford, with the eight other burgesses of that city, as
+assistants to the lord mayor and citizens of London, as assistant to the
+chief butler of England in the office of butler, was conducted to his
+Majesty, preceded by the King's cupbearer, and having presented to the
+King a bowl of wine, received the three maple cups for his fee.
+
+The lord of the manor of Lyston, pursuant to his claim, then brought up
+a charger of wafers to his Majesty's table.
+
+The Duke of Athol, as lord of the Isle of Man, presented his Majesty
+with two falcons. Considerable curiosity was excited by the presentment
+of these beautiful birds, which sat perfectly tame on the arm of his
+grace, completely hooded, and furnished with bells.
+
+The Duke of Montrose, as master of the horse to the King, performed the
+office of serjeant of the silver scullery.
+
+The lord of the barony of Bedford performed the office of almoner; and
+the office of chief larderer was performed by the deputy of the Earl of
+Abergavenny.
+
+After the dessert was served up, the King's health was announced by the
+peers, and drank by them and the whole of the persons in the Hall
+standing, with three times three. The lord chancellor, overpowered by
+his feelings on this propitious occasion, rose, and said it was usual to
+drink the health of a subject with three times three, and he thought
+that his subjects ought to drink the Sovereign's health with nine times
+nine. The choir and additional singers had now been brought forward in
+front of the knights commanders, and the national anthem of "God save
+the King" was sung with incomparable effect.
+
+The Duke of Norfolk then said, "The King thanks his peers for drinking
+his health: he does them the honour to drink their health and that of
+his good people." His Majesty rose, and bowing three times to various
+parts of the immense concourse--
+
+  ----"The abstract of his kingdom,"
+
+he drank the health of all present. It was succeeded by long and
+continued shouts from all present, during which the King resumed his
+seat on his throne.
+
+The King quitted the Hall at a quarter before eight o'clock; afterwards
+the company was indiscriminately admitted to partake of such
+refreshments as remained on the tables of the peers.
+
+During Tuesday and Wednesday night, in order that no unnecessary
+interruption might be experienced in the public thoroughfares during the
+daytime, the workmen under the direction of the Board of Works were
+busily engaged in raising barriers at different points that commanded
+the streets and passes leading to Westminster Hall and Abbey. From
+Charing Cross, a stout barrier was placed (about fifteen feet from the
+pavement) to Parliament Street, so that the fullest possible room, about
+twenty feet in width, should be secured for persons having tickets of
+admission to the Hall, the Abbey, or the Coronation Galleries. And a
+still stronger barrier was raised along the centre of Parliament Street,
+one side only being appropriated to carriages going towards the scene of
+universal attraction. Across Bridge Street, as well as in King Street,
+and the neighbouring thoroughfares, all the carriage entrances were
+wholly blockaded; thus securing the most commodious means to persons
+proceeding on foot to the different places for which they possessed
+admission tickets. At all these points were stationed constables,
+supported by parties of military; and at the several passes were placed
+experienced individuals who had been instructed in their various duties
+during several days by Mr. Jackson and others, in the long chambers of
+the House of Lords, &c. They examined the tickets and the pretensions of
+the several persons applying to pass on to the Abbey, Hall, houses, or
+galleries.--Still more effectually to qualify them for this duty, they
+were previously made acquainted with the mode in which the various
+tickets of the lord great chamberlain (Lord Gwydyr) for the Hall, and
+the earl marshal of England (Lord Howard, of Effingham, acting deputy),
+were prepared, signed, and superscribed.--They were also provided with
+good general means of judging of the authenticity of cards for the
+different galleries; and even to be guarded against imposture, there was
+further authority to keep all the several parties in motion, till they
+arrived at their respective destinations. Thus, every arrangement was
+made to accomplish the great advantage of clear roads and facilities of
+approach; and the regulations adopted at those points, passes, and
+barriers already noticed, were provided at the other stations.
+
+All the arrangements were finally made on Wednesday night. The high
+bailiff of Westminster (A. Morris, Esq.), the high constable (Mr. Lee),
+and the several magistrates of the different Police Offices, Sir Robert
+Baker, Mr. Birnie, Mr. Mainwaring, Mr. Raynsford, Mr. Markland, &c.
+under the advice, and with the approbation of Lord Sidmouth, agreed upon
+and adopted at the office of the home secretary of state, a plan of
+general and particular operations. Each magistrate had his different
+station allotted to him, with a specified number of the police officers
+to attend his commands, and enforce his instructions.
+
+Besides the precautions taken in the several streets, and at the
+various thoroughfares, as already described, arrangements of a similar
+character were adopted at the several approaches from the river Thames.
+In the course of the night, the stairs, landing-places, roads from
+wharfs, &c., along the Westminster side of the banks of the Thames, were
+closed, with parties to command them, from the Hungerford to the
+Horseferry stairs. Some exceptions were made regarding the stairs at
+Whitehall, by Lord Liverpool's house, and a temporary landing-place
+formed in the course of Wednesday, at the lower end of the speaker's
+garden, for the accommodation of the treasury and ordnance barges,
+conveying certain great officers of state, some parties of peeresses,
+&c., as well as the barges of the lord mayor, aldermen, sheriffs, and
+twelve citizens of London, accompanied as they were (by the special
+favour of the corporation of London) by the mayor of Oxford, its
+recorder, two aldermen, two assistants, &c. And at this entrance proper
+precautions were taken by stationing a civil force in the speaker's
+gardens; while in the river, such regulations were strengthened by the
+parties on board the Thames police-boat, and a gun-brig moored off this
+point in the course of Wednesday.
+
+
+THE PLATFORM.
+
+The temporary boarding placed up on each side of the platform, some
+weeks ago, to prevent damage, by indiscriminate visitors travelling over
+it day and night, was completely removed in the early part of the
+morning. On the removal of such boarding, the platform presented a
+lively and finished appearance. The railing on each side of it was
+covered with purple cloth, and the flooring covered to the extent of
+sixteen feet, leaving about a yard on each side uncovered, with the same
+sort of blue cloth.
+
+The awnings were drawn, but at short distances red lines were placed, by
+the pulling of which command was had of them, to close or spread them as
+circumstances might require. To each line and pulley was allotted one
+man, with a particular dress, so that the most rapid change of the
+awnings could be effected, should the weather require any change in
+their position, while the addition of a staff enabled such man likewise
+to act as a constable. There were also placed, on each side of the
+platform, along the whole range of it, men provided with pincers,
+hammers, &c., to repair any damage that might happen to the platform, or
+whatever was calculated to impede the progress of the procession, and
+its attendant ceremonies. These men were also supplied with a like
+livery, with staves of office; and they were sworn as constables.
+
+The flooring of the platform was raised several feet (in some instances
+as much as four and five feet) from the roads; and the side platform was
+nearly two feet below the surface of the main platform. Thus the view of
+what excited the greatest curiosity, was not intercepted by the means so
+judiciously arranged to preserve that regularity and order which so
+essentially contribute to the effect of all ceremonies.
+
+
+CORONATION GALLERIES.
+
+The immense range of galleries in the fronts of houses in New Palace
+Yard, along the Exchequer Offices and Chambers, over the champion's
+stables, in Parliament Street and Square, in George Street, in St.
+Margaret's Churchyard, in the large spaces, on gardens and squares,
+between the Parliament House and Sessions House, it would be impossible
+to particularise. The magnitude of these accommodations, their
+uniformity and convenience, excited the wonder of the inhabitants of
+this great metropolis, and of thousands from all parts of the country,
+who repaired to town solely with the view of witnessing the
+preparations. All these galleries underwent the strictest investigation
+by surveyors appointed for the purpose; so that all possible precautions
+to prevent accidents were adopted.
+
+
+WESTMINSTER HALL.
+
+The preparations within the Hall have on former occasions been fully
+described, and a tolerably correct notion may be formed by many of the
+main outlines of the arrangements there, to give effect to the
+ceremonies preceding, and the banquet following, his Majesty's
+coronation. The _coup d'oeil_ was of the most pleasing and imposing
+character; the galleries along each side of the Hall, the tower and
+turrets over the grand entrance, and the royal platform and table, were
+finished in the highest order. The new windows in the roof, and the
+recently-completed lantern upwards of forty feet high on the centre of
+the ridge of the roof, with glazed windows all round, greatly improved
+the effect.
+
+From each side of the angles formed by the ends of the hammer-beams in
+the roof was suspended by a gilt chain a large splendid cut-glass
+lustre, with broad ornamented gilt irons and frames, containing three
+circles of wax candles, being between forty and fifty in each lustre.
+
+The first and second galleries had the mattings and scarlet coverings
+completed only on Wednesday. The royal box on the right, and the
+foreigners' box on the left side of the royal table were entirely lined
+with scarlet cloth, festooned in front, and ornamented with gold fringe.
+
+The throne, seat, and the royal table, attracted general admiration.
+With the exception of the large fluted columns, the royal seat and
+canopy were in the style of the throne in the House of Lords. The back
+of crimson velvet, with the royal arms embroidered on it, and the limits
+decorated with gold and ornaments. The canopy was square, with a raised
+and variegated gold cornice round. The centre displayed a splendid
+crown, underneath which were G. R. IV. Underneath the cornice was a
+crimson velvet vallance, separated into divisions, the lower portion of
+each division being rounded with gold, while its centre was decorated
+with gold, embroidered, and raised ornaments illustrative of the
+military orders, and of the emblems of the United Kingdom, the Rose, the
+Thistle, the Harp, &c. The chair was equally splendid; the arms and legs
+consisting of rich carved work gilt, with crimson velvet back, also
+ornamented. The only objection in point of taste that can be made to
+this is, that the glitter did not harmonize with the sober grandeur of
+the Hall.
+
+About nine o'clock on Wednesday night the King left Carlton Palace for
+the house of the speaker of the House of Commons in Palace Yard, where
+his Majesty slept on Wednesday night. His Majesty's coach was escorted
+by a strong detachment of the Oxford Blues, accoutred as cuirassiers.
+They made a most beautiful appearance. The carriage drove at a rapid
+rate across the Parade in St. James's Park, through Storey's Gate and
+Great George Street. His Majesty was recognised by the crowd on his
+passage, and saluted with every expression of loyalty and attachment.
+Prior to the departure of his Majesty from Carlton Palace the crowd
+between Storey's Gate and Westminster Hall had been cleared by the Scots
+Greys, so as to make a convenient passage for the carriage, and his
+Majesty did not set out until after an officer had arrived at the Palace
+gate to announce that all was ready. His Majesty was guarded through the
+night by the lord great chamberlain and the usher of the black rod.
+There were no preparations of importance. His Majesty's sofa bed was
+brought from Carlton House. On Thursday morning the lord great
+chamberlain, at seven o'clock, carried to his Majesty his shirt and
+apparel, and with the lord chamberlain of the household dressed his
+Majesty. His Majesty then breakfasted, and afterwards proceeded to his
+chamber, near the south entrance into Westminster Hall.
+
+We entered the Hall at twenty minutes past five o'clock, and a crowd of
+ladies admitted by peers' orders, and peeresses, were then struggling
+for admittance.
+
+The first thing we observed on having entered the Hall, was the canopy
+which was to be borne over the King by the barons of the Cinque Ports.
+The canopy was yellow;--of silk and gold embroidery, with short curtains
+of muslin spangled with gold. Eight bearers having fixed the poles by
+which the canopy was supported, which were of steel (apparently), with
+silver knobs, bore it up and down the Hall, to practise the mode of
+carrying it in procession. It was then deposited at the upper end of the
+side table of the Hall, to the left of the throne. The canopy was not
+very elegant in form, and did not seem very well calculated to add to
+the effect of the procession. But even at this early hour the
+appearance of the Hall, studded with groups of gentlemen pensioners, and
+various other attendants, in their fantastic and antique costumes, with
+the officers of the guards, and others, in military uniform, and, above
+all, the elegantly dressed women who began to fill the galleries, was
+altogether superb. At this time there were several hundreds of
+spectators in the Hall.
+
+The sides of the upper end of the Hall, including the boxes for the
+foreign ministers and royal family, were hung with scarlet cloth, edged
+with gold.
+
+The throne was splendid with gold and crimson; the canopy over the
+throne was of crimson and gold, with the royal arms in embroidery. The
+large square table before the throne, intended for the display of the
+regalia, was of purple, having a rim of gold, and an interior square
+moulding of the same description, about two feet from the edge. The
+platform on which the throne was placed, and the three steps immediately
+descending from it, were covered with brown carpeting; the two other
+descending flights of steps, and the double chairs, placed by the side
+of the tables for the peers (with the names of their future occupiers),
+and the coverings of the railings in front of the seats, were of morone
+cloth. From the bottom of the steps, descending from the throne to the
+north gate, the middle of the floor of the Hall was covered with blue
+cloth, in the same manner as the platform without. The rest of the floor
+and the seats were matted. The side tables were covered with green
+cloth; and as on each side, the galleries reached nearly to the top of
+the windows in the wall, only the upper arches of those windows, and the
+noble roof of the old fabric appeared, except at each end, the upper one
+especially, where the grave visages of the Saxon kings, newly decorated,
+made their appearance. The light, which was only admitted from the roof
+windows, and from those in each end, though sober, was, on the whole,
+good. At the lower end the attendants of the earl marshal attracted some
+notice by their dark dresses, with white sashes, stockings, shoes with
+large rosettes, and Queen Elizabeth ruffs, with gilt staves tipped with
+black. At a quarter after seven o'clock an attendant, habited in the
+dress of _Henri Quatre_ laid on the table, near the canopy, eight maces,
+to be borne in the course of the procession.
+
+Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Gloucester was the first of the royal
+family who arrived in the Hall; taking her seat in the royal box at a
+quarter before six. Her Royal Highness was splendidly attired in a rich
+dress of silver lama over French lilac; head-dress, a white satin hat,
+with an elegant plume of white feathers, turned up with a diamond button
+and loop in front; and appeared to be in excellent health and spirits.
+
+Soon afterwards the Duchess of Clarence entered the Hall, and took her
+seat next to her royal sister-in-law, the Duchess of Gloucester. About
+half past seven their Royal Highnesses the Duchess of Kent, the Princess
+Sophia of Gloucester, and the Princess Feodore (daughter of the Duchess
+of Kent) took their seats in the royal box. Their Royal Highnesses were
+attired in splendid dresses of white satin, richly embroidered in
+silver, with rich bandeau head-dresses, and large plumes of white
+feathers.
+
+The herb-women entered the Hall from the south end before eight o'clock.
+Miss Fellowes, the principal herb-woman, was led in by Mr. Fellowes; and
+the six young ladies, her assistants, followed two and two. They were
+afterwards seated at the north entrance of the Hall. They were elegantly
+dressed in white, tastefully decorated with flowers. Miss Fellowes wore,
+in addition to the same dress, a scarlet mantle. At eight o'clock three
+large baskets were brought into the Hall, filled with flowers, for them
+to bear. Of a very different description from these were some persons
+who were observed in various parts of the Hall. These were well-known
+prize-fighters, who were stationed from an idea of the necessity of
+keeping peace among the honourable and noble throng. We observed Cribb,
+Randall, Richmond, and we understood many others were present.
+
+The canopy was removed at eight o'clock from the side table where it had
+been placed, and was brought into the middle of the Hall. The barons of
+the Cinque Ports were then marshalled, two to each pole; they then bore
+the canopy down the Hall by way of practice, according to a word of
+command.--Some laughter was at first excited by the irregular manner in
+which the bearers moved. Their dresses were, however, extremely
+splendid--large cloaks of garter-blue satin, with slashed arms of
+scarlet, and stockings of dead red.
+
+Many peers had been occasionally in the Hall at a very early hour in the
+morning, and before eight o'clock they had all arrived at the buildings
+near the House of Lords, and took their coronets and robes. The
+archbishops and bishops assembled about the same time, and vested
+themselves in their rochets, in the House of Lords and chambers
+adjacent. The judges, and others of the long robe, together with the
+gentlemen of the privy chamber, esquires of the body, serjeants at law,
+masters in chancery, aldermen of London, chaplains having dignities, and
+six clerks in chancery, being all in their proper habits, assembled at
+the places, of which notice has been given, where the officers of arms
+arranged them according to their respective classes, four in a rank,
+placing the youngest on the left, and then conducted them into the Hall.
+
+The King's serjeants were in red gowns. The masters in chancery (nine of
+whom attended) were in the dress in which they attend the house of
+lords.
+
+The barons of the Cinque Ports took a second turn in the Hall, which, as
+it began with more formality, was attended with more laughter than the
+first. About this time also the four swords were brought in, and
+deposited on the end of the left hand table, with the spurs, and a
+cushion for the crown. The knights of the Bath now began to assemble,
+and with the others who were to take part in the procession, were ranged
+at the end of the Hall. The dresses of the knights of the Bath were
+extremely splendid, but somewhat gaudy. The knights had all close
+dresses of white satin, puckered in a variety of ways. The grand crosses
+wore flowing robes of pinkish red satin, lined with white; the
+commanders small mantles. The judges and privy counsellors, not being
+peers, next entered; the latter in splendid dresses of blue velvet and
+gold.
+
+Among them were the Earl of Yarmouth, Lord Binning, Mr. Canning, Mr.
+Bathurst, Mr. Huskisson, Sir G. Hill, Mr. Robinson, Mr. Beckett, Lord G.
+Beresford, and Mr. Wallace.
+
+The barons then entered, Lords Stowell and Maryborough (late Sir W.
+Scott and W. W. Pole), being among the first. There were but forty-nine
+(if we rightly counted them) present. Next came the bishops--fifteen
+attended; the viscounts, nineteen in number. The earls were more
+numerous--we should think seventy or eighty; but the Hall now became so
+crowded that there was a difficulty in counting them accurately. The
+marquesses and dukes, and lastly the great officers of state,
+archbishops, and members of the royal family, entered. Prince Leopold of
+Saxe-Cobourg was in the full robes of the order of the Garter. The
+princes of the blood and some of the dukes placed themselves on the
+right of the platform about the throne. The marquesses and some of the
+earls on the left side, formed a line with those who had descended to
+the floor of the Hall. The show of ermine and velvet on the descent of
+the platform was of the most magnificent description.
+
+A herald then went through the line of peers, marshalling each according
+to the order of their creation--the junior first. They were a second
+time called over, and ranged in a double file on each side of the middle
+space of the Hall by Mr. Mash.
+
+Before the King entered, the peers were all ranged on each side of the
+Hall, none being left on the platform but the great officers of state
+and the royal family.
+
+Precisely at ten o'clock the King entered the Hall from the door behind
+the throne, habited in robes of enormous size and richness, wearing a
+black hat with a monstrous plume of ostrich feathers, out of the midst
+of which rose a black heron's plume. His Majesty seemed very much
+oppressed with the weight of his robes. The train was of enormous length
+and breadth. It was of crimson velvet adorned with large golden stars,
+and a broad golden border. His Majesty frequently wiped his face while
+he remained seated. He went through the ceremonies, which we have
+described, with much spirit and apparent good humour. In descending the
+steps of the platform his Majesty seemed very feeble, and requested the
+aid and support of an officer who was near him. Instead of standing
+under the canopy, his Majesty, perhaps afraid of the awkwardness of the
+barons, preceded it. The canopy was therefore always borne after him.
+When his Majesty had got a little way down the Hall, he turned to his
+train-bearers, and requested them to bear his train farther from him,
+apparently with a view to relieve himself from the weight. As he went
+down the Hall he conversed with much apparent cheerfulness with the
+bishop of Lincoln, who was on his right hand.
+
+       *     *     *     *     *
+
+It will behove the historian to record the unsuccessful attempts of her
+Majesty to obtain the usual honour of Queen-Consort on the preceding
+occasion, _i.e._ that of a joint coronation with her husband; and too
+much public attention was excited to the subject at the period of the
+coronation to render our sketch of that august ceremony complete without
+adverting to it.
+
+Her Majesty first presented a memorial, desiring to know in what way she
+was to attend the coronation; to which it was replied, that it rested
+with the King to nominate who should be present, and his Majesty was
+advised that he could not allow her to be present.
+
+The Queen rejoined, that she should be present if not absolutely
+prohibited; and it was farther replied, that his Majesty's ministers
+advised that she could not be received.
+
+She now prayed the King in council (July 1) to be heard by her legal
+advisers against this decision--a request which was granted "as matter
+of _favour_," according to the language of the minister, "but not of
+right;" and, on Thursday, July 5, at ten o'clock in the morning, the
+Privy Council met at Whitehall to hear her Majesty's claim argued. For
+many years so large a Privy Council had not met, there being forty-nine
+members present, besides a considerable number of members of parliament
+not of the council.
+
+Mr. BROUGHAM, after stating the refusal of the dean and chapter of
+Westminster to grant him the use of the "_Liber Regalis_" (a formula of
+the coronation ceremony in their custody), and having induced the
+president to send for that volume, commenced by observing:
+
+That "the King had the right of being crowned," was a proposition which
+he thought he should have no difficulty of supporting; and that the
+Queen enjoyed the same right, he thought he could establish upon exactly
+the same legal ground. The ground upon which he mainly relied was a
+uniform, uninterrupted practice, in the sense in which he thought he
+should be permitted to use and avail himself of these terms in a court
+of justice, and in which he should be justified in establishing out of
+them the legal existence of any private right. That some interruptions
+had arisen in this uniform practice he was prepared to admit and
+explain, for they were such as did not affect the uninterrupted right;
+but, in the mode in which he had to account for them, rather sanctioned
+and confirmed it. There would be two propositions which he entreated
+their lordships to bear in mind while he went through his narrative of
+historical facts. The first was the uniform exercise of the right;
+namely, that no king had ever been crowned, being married at the time of
+his coronation, without the queen-consort herself partaking with the
+king in the solemnity of the coronation; and, secondly, that there never
+was a queen-consort in England who had not partaken of the ceremony of
+the coronation: but in making these two propositions, he begged of
+course to be understood, as using them subject to the usual
+qualifications of general propositions; which were--being bound to show
+that where any interruptions had existed, they did not compromise the
+general right. With interruptions, as to the first proposition, he had
+but one to contend, which was capable of easy solution. As to the
+second, he could easily and satisfactorily explain whatever exceptions
+had arisen, for they were few, and tended to confirm the right of the
+Queen-Consort. The learned gentleman then proceeded to call the
+attention of the lords of the council to various records which he quoted
+from English history, in order to establish his proposition,--the right
+of British queens to be crowned, from the year 784, through the Saxon
+and Norman lines, down to the house of Tudor. In Henry the Second's
+reign a remarkable circumstance occurred: the solemnity of crowning his
+eldest son took place in his father's life-time; the prince was married
+to a daughter of Louis of France, and she was not crowned although her
+husband was. The novelty of that omission of what was considered a
+uniform ceremony, led to a complaint and remonstrance to the king of
+England, and the result was, that he had recourse for redress to the
+usual process of kings--to arms, and a declaration of war; and in front
+of his reasons for taking that step, the French king placed the omission
+to crown his daughter with her husband. Henry was at length obliged to
+submit, for he went over to France and entered into some compromise
+with Louis to avert hostilities, and the daughter of the French king was
+solemnly crowned at Winchester by bishops and other venerable and
+distinguished authorities, who were sent over from France to perform the
+ceremony of her coronation with suitable splendour.
+
+On arriving at the era of Henry the Sixth, the learned counsel said he
+should refer to the law of Scotland about the period of history at which
+he was passing. The Scottish documents contained enough to establish the
+fact, that no king of Scotland who was married at the time of his
+coronation was ever crowned without his consort; nor, where the marriage
+took place afterwards, was there an instance in which a Scottish queen
+was not crowned as soon as possible after she became queen. The learned
+counsel then referred to the act 1428 in the Scottish statutes, cap.
+109, passed in the eighth parliament of James the First, and read the
+"aith to be made to the queen, be the clergie and the baronnes."
+
+The case of Henry the Seventh's queen was next quoted. She had been
+crowned two years after the king's coronation. This coronation was
+announced by proclamation similar to that which had announced his own
+two years and a month before; and the order of it, as would be seen in
+the Close Roll, and in Rymer, was similar to that observed at all other
+coronations of queens-consort. The varying conduct of Henry the Eighth
+with regard to his queens was then accounted for. Charles the First was
+crowned without his queen, because of the antipathy of the people
+against the papists, of whom she was one; yet only nine days before he
+was himself crowned, a proclamation was issued for the crowning of his
+queen, but observing the popular feeling to be against such a measure,
+that ceremony was postponed. The queen was said to have objected to take
+any part in the coronation unless she could be assisted in it by a
+popish priest, which the constitution of the country rendered absolutely
+impossible. The same reasons operated against the crowning of Charles
+the Second's queen, who was also a papist. James the Second and his
+queen were crowned together, although they were both Roman Catholics.
+If he and his consort could reconcile it to themselves to go into a
+Protestant cathedral, and to partake in the ceremonies of a Protestant
+ritual, there was an end of the difficulty which he had described as
+originating from the words of one of the oaths having one sense to one
+of the parties who took them, and another to the other. Since the
+revolution every thing regarding this subject was well known, and every
+king and queen had been regularly crowned. With regard to the queen of
+George the First, he must beg leave to observe, that as she had never
+been in this country, he had nothing to do with her. Besides, she was
+said to have been divorced from her husband by the sentence of a foreign
+ecclesiastical court before he ascended the throne of this country; so
+that it was legally impossible that she could be crowned if she had been
+divorced from her husband, and physically impossible if she had never
+set foot in the country. Her case, therefore, formed no exception to her
+present Majesty's right. Whilst he was upon this subject he might be
+permitted to remark, as not extraneous to it, that he had not expected
+and did not expect to hear in that court, as a bar to her Majesty's
+claim, that some proceedings had been instituted against her. He made
+that assertion not on his own authority, but on the authority of a noble
+and learned judge, who, in giving sentence on the King and Wolfe, in the
+court of the highest resort in the country, had said, in consequence of
+some observations having been made as to the defendant having been
+guilty of some great offence, "If a man be guilty of ever so great an
+offence, and the proceedings against him fail in substantiating that
+offence, he is to be considered in law as innocent as if no such offence
+had ever been charged against him."
+
+Friday, July 6.--Mr. BROUGHAM rose at a few minutes after ten to resume
+his speech. He had yesterday gone through a long and unbroken series of
+precedents, showing that no king of England had ever been crowned, he
+being married at the time of his coronation, without his consort
+participating in that ceremony. Having gone so far, he contended that he
+had a right to assume his larger proposition, that queens-consort had,
+at all times throughout the ages of English history, themselves enjoyed
+the ceremony of the coronation. If in one or two instances this was not
+done at the time when the king's own coronation took place, and
+supposing that there was an instance or two where the queen-consort
+became such after the coronation of the king, still he would affirm,
+that according to all the rules of argument, of law, and of common
+sense, those few instances, (admitting there were some, though in point
+of strict fact he believed there were none,) did not in any manner or
+degree affect his general argument, which he held upon the authorities
+he had cited to be altogether incontrovertible. He was not before their
+lordships to show where the right which he asserted in behalf of the
+queen-consort had been claimed and refused. In every instance, in which
+it was actually possible for a coronation of a queen to take place, he
+had shown that it had been solemnized. There was not a single case
+which, _quoad_ that case, cast a doubt upon the uniform force of his
+proposition, except that of Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles the First;
+and he reminded their lordships, it was merely a doubt so far as that
+particular case went. He had a right then to assume the larger
+proposition, that all queens-consort of England had, in point of fact,
+been crowned. Nothing was clearer in the rules of equity and law, than
+that non-uses did not forfeit, unless where they clearly, from the
+length of the lapse, involved a waiver of the claim. Where a right had
+been disputed, and the opposition assented to by the party tacitly, or
+confirmed by a competent authority, then, of course, there was an end to
+the legal exercise of such a right. But here the very reverse was the
+fact. Suppose he were called upon to prove a right of way or a right of
+common, (the two instances in which the courts of law were most commonly
+called upon to consider the length of usage,) the principle of law would
+go with the uniformity, and the absence of exercising the right in one
+or two particular instances would prove nothing. There were three modes
+of calling into question the fact of usage; _first_, as to its uniform
+enjoyment; _next_, where the right claimed by the party had been
+contested, but nevertheless enjoyed by the person exercising it; and the
+_third_ case was, where the right asserted had been confiscated, and an
+adjudication passed upon it: that was of course held to be conclusive
+against the party, where the right claimed was refused, opposed, and not
+acquiesced in; then he admitted that no long admission of the right
+could be pleaded without the fatal interruption of the bar. He entreated
+their lordships to try the usage of the coronation of the queen-consort
+by these three principles of investigating such rights founded upon
+immemorial custom. Of the first, namely, uniform enjoyment, they had
+abundant proof. As to the second, namely, the occurrence of interruption
+in the exercise of the right, non-acquiescence in that interruption, a
+successful and most complete resistance to the attempt to withhold the
+exercise of the right, they had that, fully sustaining his proposition,
+in the case of the wife of Prince Henry; where Henry thought proper in
+his lifetime to crown his eldest son without also crowning that eldest
+son's consort. He had therefore with him the uniform enjoyment of the
+right her Majesty claimed; then the successful resistance of an attempt,
+as in Henry's case, to delay the exercise of the right; and lastly, the
+total absence of any adjudication or confiscation, or any thing like
+either in any single instance against him. There was, in fact, no other
+possible way of showing the existence of the right, but in the manner in
+which he was assuming, proving, and, as he thought, establishing it. How
+else, before the Court of Claims, were rights of service at the ceremony
+of the coronation established? How else did the barons of the Cinque
+Ports show their right to carry the canopy over the king, and to have a
+part of that canopy for their service? Suppose any instance in which the
+barons should, for want of specific proof, in the lapse of ages, fail to
+show that they had exercised that privilege--would that countervail the
+validity of their claim, founded on repeated usage? Certainly not. He
+would venture to say that there were at least half a dozen instances in
+which the barons could not show they had exercised their asserted right:
+and would any of these instances, where that proof failed, shake the
+firm hold of their long and undeniable usage? Upon a reference to the
+services which were to be performed at the ceremony of the coronation,
+it was clear, from the separate rights held upon the performance of
+particular kinds of attendance upon the queen, that her part of the
+ceremony was substantive, independent, and principal; that her right was
+clearly within herself, and not dependent upon the mere will of the
+King. So essential, indeed, was it that she should be crowned with all
+the forms of pomp which belonged to such a solemnity, that the same
+writs of summons were issued, and nearly the same demands of service
+made upon officers of state as when the king himself was crowned. The
+usage clearly governed the right, and more especially in this solemnity
+of coronation, which was altogether the creature of precedent, and
+existed only by its authority. The queen's coronation was in itself
+manifestly a substantive, important, and independent ceremony,
+illustrative of the right of the one party, and not dependent or
+contingent upon the mere will of the monarch. The origin of the king's
+ceremonial was lost in remote antiquity; but the numerous tenures and
+dependencies determinable by the non-performance of services at the
+solemnity, showed how important it was intended to be in the eyes of the
+people. The only grounds of right for the king's coronation, the queen
+equally had for hers; and there were, as he had already stated, separate
+forms prescribed for those who were officially to attend her ceremony.
+
+The learned counsel then quoted some passages from the _Liber Regalis_,
+being merely directions for particular parts of the ceremonial to be
+observed on the queen's coronation. Every solemnity of which the origin
+was lost in distant antiquity, which was in itself of a most high and
+public nature, and which occupied a great and important space in the
+history of the country, he would fearlessly assert, must be deemed and
+taken as the right of the realm, and not as a mere appanage of the king.
+He held the coronation of the king himself to be a right of this
+nature; and that, not merely in the present times on account of the
+coronation oath, (which had been devised by the legislature on the
+coronation of William and Mary,) but also in times long before them:
+indeed, it had always been considered as a high and august ceremony with
+which the monarch himself could not dispense; it being the right of the
+sovereign, not in his individual but in his political capacity, for the
+benefit of the whole nation, in which capacity alone the nation knew him
+at his coronation. So much with regard to the coronation of the king.
+The coronation of the queen ought to be considered in a similar light,
+from its having been celebrated almost without interruption with the
+same publicity, and from being in its nature such as he had repeatedly
+described it. The king and the queen being both of them the mere
+creations of the law, the solemnities of their coronations were mere
+creations of the law also, and were known to it in no other light than
+as the rights of the whole realm of England. He, therefore, who was
+ready to take one step, and to get rid of the queen's coronation, as a
+mere optional ceremony, ought to be ready to take also another step, and
+to get rid of the king's coronation, on the ground of its being a vain,
+idle, empty, and expensive pageant. Her claim to a coronation rested
+upon immemorial usage, and the numerous rights of individuals which were
+interwoven and connected with it. Indeed, it rested on the same
+foundation as the king's: it was supported by the same arguments, and
+the interruptions which it had experienced admitted of the same
+explanations that he had given to those which had occurred in the case
+of the king. He had mentioned, in the course of his argument, the rights
+which belonged to other individuals in consequence of the queen's right
+to a coronation. If a coronation was not granted to her Majesty, their
+rights were unavailing to them; and that, in his opinion, formed a very
+sufficient reason why it should be celebrated. That the coronation was
+the acknowledgment of the king by the people, he conceived to be a point
+which it was unnecessary to prove to their lordships: but he might be
+permitted to remark to them, that the coronation of the queen was even
+considered as an acknowledgment of her right to enjoy that dignity in an
+entry in a charter roll of the fifth year of King John, now preserved in
+the Tower. The entry to which he alluded was the grant of certain lands
+in dower to his Queen Isabella, and it referred by way of recital to her
+coronation as queen. This excerpt was of no small importance in the
+consideration of this question; for it proved to their lordships, that
+in times when the coronation of the king was positively either his
+election, or the recognition of his election as monarch, the coronation
+of the queen was conducted, for the very same reasons, with the same
+solemnities. This was evident from the description of what was done, and
+from the manner and the avowed object of doing it. John was crowned to
+show that he was king--"_coronatus in regem_." Isabella was crowned to
+show that she was queen--"_in reginam coronata communi consensu
+archiepiscoporum_," &c. &c. The very same persons who elected, or
+recognised, or only crowned him as their monarch, are, in this passage,
+recorded to have elected, or recognised, or only crowned her as their
+queen. Was it intended to be maintained that no right existed, whenever
+something moving from the crown was necessary to the exercise of it? He
+would frankly confess that he knew of no right which a subject could
+enjoy without the interposition of the crown in some manner or other.
+All writs issued from the crown, and no right could be maintained
+without them; yet, would any one dispute the right of the subject to
+obtain them? Supposing a peer were to die, and the crown were to refuse
+a writ of summons to his eldest son: it was said to be by petition of
+right alone that he could sue to the crown to be admitted to his
+father's honours; and yet that petition of right would be considered as
+a strict undeniable legal right. He could refer also to cases in which
+the subject could demand, not merely the king's writ, but also the
+king's proclamation, to which he was entitled, not by a common law
+right, but by a right given him by an express statute; for instance, in
+all cases relative to prize-money. Again, supposing that the House of
+Commons were to die a natural death after sitting for seven years, and
+the king were to refuse to issue his proclamation to convoke another
+within three years of that period, as ordered by the first of William
+and Mary, sec. 2, cap. 2, would it be asserted that the subject would
+have no right to call for the proclamation of the king to convoke
+another parliament, because such proclamation could not issue without an
+act of the crown? He thought that none of their lordships would advocate
+such an absurdity. But the subject and the country were in full
+possession of all these rights; and if the Queen's right to a coronation
+were put upon the same footing, it would be equally clear that she
+possessed it, and that the necessity of granting it was as obvious as it
+was imperative. He had heard it said that her Majesty could not claim
+the honours of a coronation by prescription, because she was not a
+corporation. This, however, he denied. Her Majesty certainly could
+prescribe, for what business had they to call her Majesty less a
+corporation than the King? But still, supposing her not to be a
+corporation, she had a right to prescribe as a functionary, holding a
+high dignity and situation. This was evident from Baron Comyn's Digest,
+who, under the title of _Prescription_, lays it down that such a
+functionary can claim by prescription. In conclusion, Mr. Brougham said,
+their lordships would sit in dignified judgment on the opinion given by
+the great lawyers of the nineteenth century; and, as he firmly believed,
+finding they had no difficulties to explain, perceiving that they had no
+obscurities to clear up, they would not be under the necessity of
+referring to those remote periods of our history, to which he had been
+obliged to allude, but would look back to the first decision that ever
+had been given on this question, with that decided confidence which the
+names of those privy counsellors before whom the case was argued would
+in after-times command--a judgment, which he ventured confidently to
+pronounce, would not derogate from the high character they had so long
+maintained.
+
+Mr. DENMAN followed on the same side, and after a long speech, called on
+their lordships, as a court sitting for legal inquiry, to say whether
+there ever was a case presented to an inquest, which depended on custom
+and usage, where a more complete and perfect body of custom and usage
+had been adduced, than was brought forward on the present occasion? If
+her Majesty's claim were refused, no dignity was safe, no property was
+secure, not a single institution could be said to rest on a firm
+foundation. If the coronation of the Queen could not be supported by
+custom, the rest of that ceremonial could not be supported. Why was this
+country governed by a king? Why did we submit to a kingly government?
+Because the earliest ages, because all times, had recognised that form
+of government, and because we could trace that custom beyond all time of
+memory. Nothing could be more dangerous than to separate royalty from
+the circumstances which belonged to it and added to its dignity. The
+lives and properties of men depended for their security upon the same
+principle. Why was there a house of peers, in which noble lords formed a
+part of the legislature? Why were there commoners, who sat as
+representatives of the people? Precisely because custom had ordered it
+so. Custom was the author of the law and the law-makers. Custom
+authorized the king, lords, and commons, to enact laws for the
+government of this realm. All property, all dignity, all offices
+existed, because they were sanctioned by prescriptive custom, or because
+custom gave a prescriptive right to create them.
+
+Saturday.--The Privy Council resumed this morning, soon after ten
+o'clock. Below the bar was again crowded to excess.
+
+Counsel were then called in.
+
+MR. BROUGHAM said, he now held in his hand, and was prepared to lay
+before the council, the documentary evidence to which he and his learned
+friend had adverted in the course of their addresses in support of her
+Majesty's memorial.
+
+LORD HARROWBY.--Mr. Attorney-General, have you any observations to offer
+on what counsel have stated to their lordships?
+
+The ATTORNEY-GENERAL then rose.--He said, he perhaps should best
+discharge his duty by stating, at the commencement, that, in his own
+opinion, the argument and claim were wholly unfounded. That the claim
+was not founded on any recognised law, appeared from the statements and
+course of proceeding adopted by her Majesty's counsel. He would add,
+that the claim now made, so far from ever being supposed to have any
+foundation, was not even mentioned by any writer on the laws and
+constitution. It had never been agitated or alluded to in any way, not
+even by those writers who had touched on the privileges peculiar to a
+queen-consort. The one single ground urged in support of the claim was
+usage--that usage was supposed to have prevailed through a long series
+of years at the coronation of kings who were married. It had been stated
+with confidence that such usage was evidence in support of the right;
+but when they were talking of rights founded on usage, it was not
+sufficient to state that particular facts had taken place. In all such
+cases, where the facts were relied on, it was essential to state the
+circumstances that had attended such facts, the peculiarities that had
+accompanied the alleged privilege, whether it was right of way or
+otherwise. As to the right of way, for instance; if permission were
+given to use certain paths or roads, the fact of such permission having
+preceded the use, at once destroyed the claim of right. If the license
+and permission were proved, there was an end of the right. By that
+proof, all the inferences drawn from the use were at an end--they were
+at once destroyed. The coronation was for the purpose of the monarch's
+recognition by the people, and on the part of the king to enter into the
+solemn compact to preserve the laws. The coronation of a queen was a
+mere ceremony; but that of the king was something more than ceremony.
+His coronation was accompanied by important political acts--the
+recognition by the people, and, on the other hand, the solemn compact
+entered into by the sovereign to preserve and maintain the laws of the
+realm. Still, however, as far as the king was concerned, it was a
+ceremony; it was not necessary to the sovereign's possession of the
+crown--it was what proceeded from his will, and might be dispensed with.
+But the queen-consort, who filled no political character in the state,
+had only enjoyed the privilege because she was the king's consort. With
+respect to a queen-consort, when she was crowned, there was no
+recognition of her by the people, no compact towards the people. There
+was no engagement between her and the subjects of the realm. This fact
+established that, with respect to a queen-consort, a coronation was an
+honorary ceremony, unaccompanied by any acts. That the coronation
+neither was, nor had been considered to be essential to the possession
+of the crown, was proved by the fact of considerable delays having often
+taken place between the accession of the monarch and his coronation.
+Henry the Sixth, for instance, was not crowned till eight years after
+the crown had descended to him. Again, in the "_Pleas of the Crown_," it
+was held, that the king was fully invested with the crown the moment it
+descended to him; that he was absolutely king although there should have
+been no coronation. If the coronation of a king, important as he held it
+to be, proceeded from the sovereign will, _à fortiori_ it must be so
+with that of a queen-consort. The rights of the queen-consort did not
+proceed from any coronation; they flowed from her relationship to the
+sovereign. Her rights were complete and absolute without any coronation.
+Nor was it essential to the people, for the queen-consort occupied no
+political station. This view of the right was strengthened by the
+important preamble of William and Mary, which settled the coronation
+oath. The language of the act applied to queens regnant, not to
+queens-consort, for to the latter no oath was administered. As the oath
+was prescribed, it became necessary that every reigning monarch should
+be crowned, that there might be the oath and recognition; but the law
+made no mention of any thing that rendered such a ceremony requisite in
+the instance of a queen-consort. How then could the crowning of a
+queen-consort be considered a necessary adjunct of the coronation of the
+reigning monarch? No part of the ceremony rendered her presence
+requisite. Selden's work had been quoted in support of the memorial;
+amongst other things, Selden expressly said that the "anointing, &c. of
+the queen-consort, were dignities communicated by the king." Selden
+further stated, that the anointing of the queen, as well as her
+consecration--it was, in fact, a consecration rather than a
+coronation--proceeded from the "request" and "demand" of the king, after
+he had been crowned, made to the metropolitan, who had performed such
+ceremony. Bracton had entered largely into the particulars _de
+coronatione regis_, but not one word of the queen's coronation. There
+was not a single law-writer that had touched upon the existence of such
+a right, as appertaining to a queen. Blackstone had it not, nor Lord
+Coke, nor Selden. He next adverted at some length to the precedents
+quoted by his learned friends opposite, beginning with that of William
+the Conqueror. The very precedents quoted by his learned friends raised
+the inference, if there were no other arguments, that the act, so far as
+related to the queen, was entirely dependent on the will of the king.
+The Attorney-General then referred largely to Reymer, from whose book he
+quoted apposite passages, in support of his main argument, that the
+ceremony of a queen's coronation was entirely dependent upon the order
+of the king. In all, from the time of Henry the Seventh, six queens had
+been crowned, and seven had not; so that the majority was against the
+present claim, which it had been attempted to support on the plea of
+ancient, uninterrupted usage.
+
+The Attorney-General concluded at a quarter before one o'clock; and the
+Solicitor-General, after a short pause, rose to follow his learned
+friend, and of course was compelled to go over the same ground,
+strengthening and confirming the preceding statements by such arguments
+as occurred to his observance, and contending that the usage pleaded by
+her Majesty's law-officers arose entirely from the sovereign's will and
+pleasure.
+
+About two o'clock MR. BROUGHAM rose in reply, but we can touch but very
+briefly on his arguments. It had been intimated that the queen's right
+to be crowned rested on the proclamation of the king; but it might as
+well be pleaded that the right of the eldest sons of peers to seats in
+the House of Lords rested on the king's writ, because usually preceded
+by it. It had been argued from the word _postulamus_, that the queen's
+coronation depended on the king's will; but it might as well be argued,
+from another term employed (_dignemini_), that it was optional in the
+archbishop. If this right was unnecessary for the queen, how was it
+necessary to the king? He contended not for the necessity, but the
+right. The learned gentleman then went over the various cases and
+authorities of the learned counsel for the crown, and concluded by
+stating his opinion, that even if the _right_ were not established, the
+expediency was such, that the council would be all but criminal, in
+advising that her Majesty should be excluded from her part in this
+important ceremony; for it would be setting an example of the most
+injurious nature.
+
+MR. BROUGHAM concluded his reply at half-past three o'clock. Strangers
+were then ordered to withdraw; the counsel and agents on both sides,
+however, remaining. The Tower record-keepers were called in, to verify
+certain documents produced by Mr. Brougham. After which, at a quarter to
+four o'clock, the Privy Council adjourned.
+
+The decision was ultimately _against_ the Queen's claim.
+
+       *     *     *     *     *
+
+On the 11th of July, in the House of Commons, MR. HUME made an
+ineffectual attempt to induce the House to address his Majesty on this
+much-agitated subject.
+
+He had just commenced the reading of a resolution "That an humble
+address be presented to his Majesty, praying that he will be graciously
+pleased to issue his royal proclamation for the coronation of her
+Majesty," when the deputy-usher of the black rod was heard knocking at
+the door; and as he was concluding it, he was called to order by the
+Speaker, who reminded him of the presence of that officer; and proceeded
+forthwith to the House of Peers, where parliament was prorogued.
+
+The following spirited protest of her Majesty appeared on the 17th.
+
+    HER MAJESTY'S PROTEST AGAINST THE DECISION OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL.
+
+    CAROLINE R.
+
+    To the King's Most Excellent Majesty.
+
+    _The Protest and Remonstrance of_ CAROLINE, _Queen of Great Britain
+    and Ireland._
+
+    Your Majesty having been pleased to refer to your privy council the
+    Queen's memorial, claiming as of right to celebrate the ceremony of
+    her coronation on the 19th day of July, being the day appointed for
+    the celebration of your Majesty's royal coronation; and Lord
+    Viscount Sidmouth, one of your Majesty's principal secretaries of
+    state, having communicated to the Queen the judgment pronounced
+    against her Majesty's claim; in order to preserve her just rights,
+    and those of her successors, and to prevent the said minute being in
+    after-times referred to as deriving validity from her Majesty's
+    supposed acquiescence in the determination therein expressed, the
+    Queen feels it to be her bounden duty to enter her most deliberate
+    and solemn protest against the said determination; and to affirm and
+    maintain, that by the laws, usages, and customs of this realm, from
+    time immemorial, the queen-consort ought of right to be crowned at
+    the same time with the king's majesty.
+
+    In support of this claim of right, her Majesty's law officers have
+    proved before the said council, from the most ancient and authentic
+    records, that queens-consort of this realm have, from time
+    immemorial, participated in the ceremony of the coronation with
+    their royal husbands. The few exceptions that occur demonstrate,
+    from the peculiar circumstances in which they originated, that the
+    right itself was never questioned, though the exercise of it was
+    from necessity suspended, or from motives of policy declined.
+
+    Her Majesty has been taught to believe that the most valuable laws
+    of this country depend upon, and derive their authority from,
+    custom; that your Majesty's royal prerogatives stand upon the same
+    basis: the authority of ancient usage cannot therefore be rejected
+    without shaking that foundation upon which the most important rights
+    and institutions of the country depend. Your Majesty's council,
+    however, without controverting any of the facts or reasons upon
+    which the claim made on the part of her Majesty has been supported,
+    have expressed a judgment in opposition to the existence of such
+    right. But the Queen can place no confidence in that judgment, when
+    she recollects that the principal individuals by whom it has been
+    pronounced were formerly her successful defenders; that their
+    opinions have waved with their interest, and that they have since
+    become the most active and powerful of her persecutors: still less
+    can she confide in it, when her Majesty calls to mind that the
+    leading members of that council, when in the service of your
+    Majesty's royal father, reported in the most solemn form, that
+    documents reflecting upon her Majesty were satisfactorily disproved
+    as to the most important parts, and that the remainder was
+    undeserving of credit. Under this declared conviction, they strongly
+    recommended to your Majesty's royal father to bestow his favour upon
+    the Queen, then Princess of Wales, though in opposition to your
+    Majesty's declared wishes. But when your Majesty had assumed the
+    kingly power, these same advisers, in another minute of council,
+    recanted their former judgment, and referred to, and adopted these
+    very same documents as a justification of one of your Majesty's
+    harshest measures towards the Queen--the separation of her Majesty
+    from her affectionate and only child.
+
+    The Queen, like your Majesty, descended from a long race of kings,
+    was the daughter of a sovereign house connected by the ties of blood
+    with the most illustrious families in Europe; and her not unequal
+    alliance with your Majesty was formed in full confidence that the
+    faith of the king and the people was equally pledged to secure to
+    her all those honours and rights which had been enjoyed by her royal
+    predecessors.
+
+    In that alliance her Majesty believed that she exchanged the
+    protection of her family for that of a royal husband, and that of a
+    free and noble-minded nation. From your Majesty, the Queen has
+    experienced only the bitter disappointment of every hope she had
+    indulged. In the attachment of the people she has found that
+    powerful and decided protection which has ever been her steady
+    support and her unfailing consolation. Submission, from a subject,
+    to injuries of a private nature, may be matter of expedience--from a
+    wife it may be matter of necessity--but it never can be the duty of
+    a queen to acquiesce in the infringement of those rights which
+    belong to her constitutional character.
+
+    The Queen does therefore repeat her must solemn and deliberate
+    protest against the decision of the said council, considering it
+    only as the sequel of that course of persecution under which her
+    Majesty has so long and so severely suffered; and which decision, if
+    it is to furnish a precedent for future times, can have no other
+    effect than to fortify oppression with the forms of law, and to give
+    to injustice the sanction of authority. The protection of the
+    subject from the highest to the lowest, is not only the true but
+    the only legitimate object of all power; and no act of power can be
+    legitimate which is not founded on those principles of eternal
+    justice, without which law is but the mask of tyranny, and power the
+    instrument of despotism.
+
+  _Queen's House, July 17._
+
+       *     *     *     *     *
+
+On the day of the coronation a considerable crowd assembled about her
+Majesty's house in South Audley Street soon after four o'clock. As soon
+as it was ascertained that her Majesty's coach was making ready in the
+yard, the crowd, both in South Audley Street and in Hill Street, became
+very great. The wall opposite to her Majesty's house in Hill Street was
+soon covered with spectators, who announced to the crowd below each
+successive step of preparation. "The horses are to;" "every thing is
+quite ready;" "the Queen has entered the coach,"--were the gradual
+communications, and they were received with the loudest cheers. Lady
+Anne Hamilton arrived a few minutes before five, and was most cordially
+and respectfully greeted. Soon after five the gate was thrown open, and
+a shout was raised--"The Queen! The Queen!" The Queen immediately
+appeared in her coach of state, drawn by six bays. Lady Hood and Lady
+Anne Hamilton sat opposite to her Majesty. Lord Hood followed in his own
+carriage. Her Majesty looked extraordinarily well; and acknowledged,
+with great dignity and composure, the gratulations of the people on each
+side of her coach. The course taken was, through Great Stanhope Street,
+Park Lane, Hyde-Park Corner, the Green Park, St. James's Park, Birdcage
+Walk, and by Storey's Gate, along Prince's Street, to Dean's Yard--a
+way, it must be observed, the least likely to attract notice or to
+gather crowds. The crowd accumulated immensely along this line; the
+soldiers every where presented arms with the utmost promptitude and
+respect; and a thousand voices kept up a constant cry of "The Queen!"
+"The Queen for ever!" The _coup d'oeil_ from the road along the Green
+Park, was the most striking which can be imagined; the whole space
+presented one mass of well dressed males and females hurrying with
+every possible rapidity to accompany the Queen, and shouting their
+attachment and admiration. The two torrents that poured along the south
+side of the park and the eastern end occasioned the greatest conflux at
+Storey's Gate. As soon as the Queen's arrival was known in the scene of
+the King's coronation, shouts of "The Queen!" at once arose from all the
+booths, and hats and handkerchiefs were every where waved in token of
+respect. As soon as her Majesty came in sight of the coronation platform
+and Westminster Abbey, she stopped for a few moments, apparently
+uncertain what course to take, as she had hitherto met with no
+obstruction, and yet had received nothing like an invitation to
+approach. At this moment the feelings of the spectators were wound up to
+a pitch of the most intense curiosity and most painful anxiety. The
+persons who immediately surrounded her carriage knew no bounds in
+expressing their enthusiastic attachment, while many of those in the
+galleries, apprehensive of the consequences of the experiment which she
+was making, could not restrain their fears and alarms. In the meantime
+great confusion seemed to prevail among the officers and soldiers on and
+near the platform; the former giving orders and retracting them, and the
+latter running to their arms, uncertain whether they should salute her
+by presenting them or not. Astonishment, hurry, and doubt, seemed to
+agitate the whole multitude assembled either to witness or compose the
+ensuing pageant. She alighted from her carriage and proceeded on foot,
+leaning on the arm of Lord Hood, and accompanied by the faithful
+companions of her affliction, Lady Hood and Lady Anne Hamilton, to
+demand admission. The approach of the Queen towards the hall-door
+produced a considerable sensation within: there was an immediate rush to
+the door, which was closed amidst much confusion. The officer on guard
+(we believe Colonel M'Kinnon) was immediately summoned to the spot, and
+asked her Majesty for her ticket. She replied that she had none, and as
+Queen of England needed none. He professed his sorrow, but said he must
+obey orders, and that his orders were to see that no person whatever
+should be admitted without a ticket. Her Majesty then retired. The party
+went to the door of the duchy of Lancaster behind the champion's stable,
+and had the door shut in their faces. They then turned round, and
+leaving the royal carriage behind, proceeded to demand admission at
+another entrance. The same intense sensation of interest and the same
+applause, mixed with partial disapprobation, continued to follow her.
+
+When she arrived nearly at the other extremity of the platform--that
+which was opposite to the central pavilion--her further progress was
+arrested by a file of about a dozen soldiers, who were suddenly ordered
+to form across the platform. Her Majesty then quitted it, and went
+straight on to the House of Lords on foot, there to repeat the same
+request, and with the same success.
+
+In about twenty minutes she returned, and having ordered the top of her
+carriage to be taken down, rode off, amid the astonishment and
+acclamations of the people.
+
+We subjoin the following account from the _Courier_ of her Majesty's
+reception at the door of Westminster Abbey:--
+
+"LORD HOOD having desired admission for her Majesty, the door-keepers
+drew across the entrance, and requested to see the tickets.
+
+"LORD HOOD.--I present you your Queen; surely it is not necessary for
+her to have a ticket.
+
+"Door-keeper.--Our orders are to admit no person without a peer's
+ticket.
+
+"LORD HOOD.--This is your Queen: she is entitled to admission without
+such a form.
+
+"The QUEEN, smiling, but still in some agitation--Yes, I am your Queen,
+will you admit me?
+
+"Door-keeper.--My orders are specific, and I feel myself bound to obey
+them.
+
+"The Queen laughed.
+
+"LORD HOOD.--I have a ticket.
+
+"Door-keeper.--Then, my Lord, we will let you pass upon producing it.
+
+"Lord Hood now drew from his pocket a peer's ticket for one person; the
+original name in whose favour it was drawn was erased, and the name of
+'Wellington' substituted.
+
+"Door-keeper.--This will let one person pass, but no more.
+
+"LORD HOOD.--Will your Majesty go in alone?
+
+"Her Majesty at first assented, but did not persevere,
+
+"LORD HOOD.--Am I to understand that you refuse her Majesty admission?
+
+"Door-keeper.--We only act in conformity with our orders.
+
+"Her Majesty again laughed.
+
+"LORD HOOD.--Then you refuse the Queen admission?
+
+"A door-keeper of a superior order then came forward, and was asked by
+Lord Hood whether any preparations had been made for her Majesty? He was
+answered respectfully in the negative.
+
+"LORD HOOD.--Will your Majesty enter the Abbey without your ladies?
+
+"Her Majesty declined.
+
+"Lord Hood then said, that her Majesty had better retire to her
+carriage. It was clear no provision had been made for her accommodation.
+
+"Her Majesty assented.
+
+"Some persons within the porch of the Abbey laughed, and uttered some
+expressions of disrespect.
+
+"LORD HOOD.--We expected to have met at least with the conduct of
+gentlemen. Such conduct is neither manly nor mannerly.
+
+"Her Majesty then retired, leaning on Lord Hood's arm, and followed by
+Lady Hood and Lady Hamilton.
+
+"She was preceded by constables back to the platform, over which she
+returned, entered her carriage, and was driven off amidst reiterated
+shouts of mingled applause and disapprobation."
+
+Her Majesty returned through Pall Mall, St. James's Street, and
+Piccadilly, followed all along by a great concourse of people. In St.
+James's Street the water had previously created abundance of mud, and
+this material the crowd bestowed upon some public offices which were
+prepared for an illumination. During the whole course of her Majesty's
+progress no accident occurred.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 68: The beautiful anecdote which Mr. Lingard furnishes from
+Bede of the debate on the conversion of the Northumbrian king, _Edwin_,
+we cannot forbear transcribing. The high priest of the heathen rites
+having spoken--a thane "sought for information respecting the origin and
+destiny of man. 'Often,' said he, 'O king, in the depth of winter, while
+you are feasting with your thanes, and the fire is blazing on the hearth
+in the midst of the hall, you have seen a bird, pelted by the storm,
+enter at one door, and escape at the other. During its passage it was
+visible: but whence it came, or whither it went, you knew not. Such to
+me appears the life of man. He walks the earth for a few years: but what
+precedes his birth, or what is to follow after death, we cannot tell.
+Undoubtedly, if the new religion can unfold these important secrets, it
+must be worthy our attention.'"--_Lingard's History_, vol. i. p. 92.]
+
+[Footnote 69: The see of Canterbury was restored to the primacy again by
+Cenulf, the successor of Egfurth.]
+
+[Footnote 70: Ep. Car. Mag. ap. Bouquet, tom. v. p. 260.]
+
+[Footnote 71: Titles of Honour, p. i. chap. 1.]
+
+[Footnote 72: See Mr. Turner's Anglo-Saxons, Spelman's Life of Alfred,
+&c.]
+
+[Footnote 73: Taylor's Glory of Regality, Addit. Notes, p. 310.]
+
+[Footnote 74: Lingard's History, vol. i. p. 350.]
+
+[Footnote 75: See Hume's England, 8vo. vol. i. &c.]
+
+[Footnote 76: Turner's Anglo-Saxons, 4to. vol. i. p. 389.]
+
+[Footnote 77: "Princes beyond the baths of the sea-fowl, worshipped him
+far and wide," says a poem on his death: "they bowed to the king as one
+of their own kin. There was no fleet so proud, there was no host so
+strong, as to seek food in England, while this noble king ruled the
+kingdom. He reared up God's honour, he loved God's law, he preserved the
+people's peace; the best of all the kings that were before in the memory
+of man. And God was his helper: and kings and earls bowed to him: and
+they obeyed his will: and without battle he ended all as he
+willed."--_Chron. Sax._ p. 122.]
+
+[Footnote 78: Osbern, 113. Eadmer, 220.]
+
+[Footnote 79: Mr. Lingard has the following note on the accession of
+Edwy, confirming our previous observations on the meaning of the
+recognition. "It is observable, that the ancient writers almost always
+speak of our kings as _elected_. Edwy's grandmother in her charter,
+(Lye, App. iv.) says, "He was chosen, _gecoren_." The contemporary
+biographer of Dunstan, (apud Boll. tom. iv. Maii, 344.) says, "Ab
+universis Anglorum principibus communi electione.""]
+
+[Footnote 80: Hickes' Inst. Gram. Præf.]
+
+[Footnote 81: Lingard's Hist. p. 292.]
+
+[Footnote 82: Thus the Saxon Chronicler says of William I. "Thrice he
+bore his _king-helmet_ every year, when he was in England; at Easter he
+bore it at Winchester, at Pentecost at Westminster, and in Mid-winter at
+Gloucester." p. 450.]
+
+[Footnote 83: We have noticed the present existence of a contemporary
+account of the coronation of Ethelred II. It demonstrates, that some of
+the most eloquent passages of the prayers now used on the occasion, were
+the production of what we often denominate the darker ages of the world,
+and well accords with the preceding sketch of the character and duties
+of the Saxon kings.
+
+"Two bishops, with the witan[*]," it is said, "shall lead the king to
+church; and the clergy with the bishops shall sing the anthem, _Firmetur
+manus tua_, and the _Gloria Patri_. When the king arrives at the church,
+he shall prostrate himself before the altar, and the _Te Deum_ shall be
+chanted. When this is finished, the king shall be raised from the
+ground, and having been _chosen_ by the bishops and people, shall with a
+clear voice, before God and all the people, promise that he will observe
+these three rules." [Then follows the coronation oath, quoted above.]
+
+[Footnote *: MS. Claude, A. 3. Cotton Library.]
+
+The prayers that follow, the bishops shall separately repeat. "We invoke
+thee, O Lord, Holy Father Almighty and Eternal God, that this thy
+servant, whom by the wisdom of thy divine dispensations from the
+beginning of his existence to this day, thou hast permitted to increase,
+rejoicing in the flower of youth, enriched with the gift of thy piety,
+and full of the grace of thy truth, thou mayest cause to be always
+advancing, day by day, to better things before God and men;--that
+rejoicing in the bounty of supernal grace, he may receive the throne of
+supreme power; and, defended on all sides from his enemies by the wall
+of thy mercy, he may deserve to govern happily the people committed to
+him, with the peace of propitiation and the strength of victory."
+
+The following combination of admirable Scripture allusions is extracted
+from the third prayer, or that offered by the bishop after the
+consecration, "holding the crown over the king."
+
+"Almighty Creator, everlasting Lord, Governor of heaven and earth, the
+Maker and Disposer of angels and men, King of kings and Lord of lords!
+who made thy faithful servant Abraham to triumph over his enemies, and
+gavest manifold victories to Moses and Joshua, the _prelates_ of thy
+people; and didst raise David, thy lowly child, to the summit of the
+kingdom, and didst free him from the mouth of the lion and the paws of
+the bear, and from Goliath, and from the malignant sword of Saul; who
+didst endow Solomon with the ineffable gift of wisdom and peace;--look
+down propitiously on our humble prayers, and multiply the gifts of thy
+blessing on this thy servant, whom with humble devotion we have chosen
+to be king of the Angles and Saxons. Surround him everywhere with the
+right hand of thy power, that, strengthened with the faith of Abraham,
+the meekness of Moses, the courage of Joshua, the humility of David, and
+the wisdom of Solomon, he may be well pleasing to thee in all things,
+and may always advance in the way of justice with inoffensive progress."
+
+When crowned, the invocation is, "May God crown thee with the honour of
+justice, and the labour of fortitude; that by the virtue of _our_
+benediction, and by a right faith, and the various fruit of good works,
+thou mayest attain to the crown of the everlasting kingdom, through his
+bounty whose kingdom endureth for ever!"
+
+We cannot omit the concluding benedictions, rich with Scripture
+phraseology as any church could make them.
+
+"May the Almighty Lord give thee, from the dew of heaven, and the
+fatness of the earth, abundance of corn, wine, and oil! May the people
+serve thee, and the tribes adore thee! Be the lord of thy brothers, and
+let the sons of thy mother bow before thee! He who blesses thee shall be
+filled with blessings; for God will be thy helper. May the Almighty
+bless thee with the blessings of the heaven above, and in the mountains
+and the valleys; with the blessings of the deep below; with the
+blessings of the suckling and the womb; with the blessings of grapes and
+apples; and may the blessing of the ancient fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and
+Jacob, be heaped upon thee!--May the blessing of Him, who appeared in
+the bush, come upon his head, and may the full blessing of the Lord be
+upon his sons, and may he steep his feet in oil! With his horn, as the
+horn of the rhinoceros, may he push the nations to the extremities of
+the earth; and may He who has ascended the skies be his auxiliary for
+ever!"]
+
+[Footnote 84: Chron. Sax. 257.]
+
+[Footnote 85: Lingard, vol. i. 485.]
+
+[Footnote 86: A tax of two shillings per hide on land, gathered
+annually.]
+
+[Footnote 87: History of England, 8vo. edit. vol. i. p. 413.]
+
+[Footnote 88: Holinshed.]
+
+[Footnote 89: This is the common statement: Mr. Taylor (Glory of
+Regality, p. 249,) objects to this being considered as a second
+coronation, and thinks it only a renewal of the royal festivities at
+Easter, with unusual splendor. But he seems to overlook the formal
+resolve of the council at Nottingham, on the point.]
+
+[Footnote 90: See the whole speech, in Matt. Paris.]
+
+[Footnote 91: Leg. Sex. 154.]
+
+[Footnote 92: Brompton, 1283, 4.]
+
+[Footnote 93: See M. Paris, Rymer, &c.]
+
+[Footnote 94: Holinshed.]
+
+[Footnote 95: The queen is said to have sucked the poison out of a wound
+which her husband received in the Holy Land, from the poisoned dagger of
+the emir of Jaffa.--See Lingard, v. ii. p. 369.]
+
+[Footnote 96: Johnes' Froissart, i. xxv.]
+
+[Footnote 97: Rymer, vii.]
+
+[Footnote 98: Rot. Parl. iii.]
+
+[Footnote 99: See the curious original document in Hume.]
+
+[Footnote 100: King Henry IV. p. ii.]
+
+[Footnote 101: See a curious MS. account of this 'solempnyte' in the
+Cotton Library, as quoted by Mr. Taylor, Glory of Regality, p. 263.]
+
+[Footnote 102: See the preceding Note.]
+
+[Footnote 103: Grafton, vol i. p. 592.]
+
+[Footnote 104: Historic Doubts, Lord Orford's Works, 5 vols. 4to. vol.
+ii. p. 146.]
+
+[Footnote 105: Grafton, vol. ii. p. 156.]
+
+[Footnote 106: Burnet on the Reformation, and Appendix.]
+
+[Footnote 107: Walker's Circumstantial Account, 8vo. 1. p. 78.]
+
+[Footnote 108: Taylor's Preface, p. x.]
+
+[Footnote 109: Page 37.]
+
+[Footnote 110: No. 335.--The Spectator's encomium on Booth is, however,
+sufficiently slight. The good bishop, it is evident, was better
+acquainted with the realities he was here describing than these
+theatrical types.]
+
+[Footnote 111: Here the archbishop took the paten into his hands.]
+
+[Footnote 112: And here broke the bread.]
+
+[Footnote 113: Here the archbishop laid his hand upon all the bread.]
+
+[Footnote 114: Here he took the cup into his hand.]
+
+[Footnote 115: And here laid his hand upon every vessel (be it chalice
+or flagon) in which there was any wine to be consecrated.]
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+  LONDON:
+  PRINTED BY JAMES MOYES, GREVILLE STREET.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Coronation Anecdotes, by Giles Gossip
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Coronation Anecdotes, by Giles Gossip.
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Coronation Anecdotes, by Giles Gossip
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
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+Title: Coronation Anecdotes
+
+Author: Giles Gossip
+
+Release Date: December 22, 2008 [EBook #27589]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CORONATION ANECDOTES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Yingling, Jane Hyland and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
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+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i-ii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<h1>CORONATION ANECDOTES<br /><br /></h1>
+
+<h3>ETC. ETC. ETC.<br /><br /><br /><br /></h3>
+
+
+
+
+<h3>LONDON:</h3>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p><h5>PRINTED BY J. MOYES, GREVILLE STREET.</h5>
+
+
+
+
+<h1><br /><br />CORONATION ANECDOTES</h1>
+
+<h4>OR,</h4>
+
+<h3>SELECT AND INTERESTING</h3>
+
+<h1>FRAGMENTS</h1>
+
+<h4>OF</h4>
+
+<h2>ENGLISH CORONATION CEREMONIES</h2>
+
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">By</span> GILES GOSSIP, <span class="smcap">Esq</span>.</h3>
+
+
+<p class="center">"In pensive thought recal the fancied scene,<br />
+See <i>Coronations</i> rise on every green."&mdash;<span class="smcap">Pope</span>.<br /></p>
+
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<h3>LONDON:</h3>
+
+<h3>PRINTED FOR ROBERT JENNINGS,</h3>
+
+<h4>IN THE POULTRY.</h4>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg iv-v]</a></span></p><h3>1823.</h3>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>ADVERTISEMENT.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The coronation of our monarchs presents a wide field of meditation to an
+intelligent eye. It is an epitome of the genius of the monarchy, and a
+miniature exhibition of the leading events of our annals.</p>
+
+<p>Connected, in point of fact, with the first establishment of
+Christianity in this island, it also perpetuates some of the earliest
+British notions of public liberty; and while it confirms the hereditary
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span>claims of each succeeding prince, it is introduced by a recognition of
+some of the most ancient rights of the people,</p>
+
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Mighty states, <i>characterless</i>, are grated</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To dusty nothing,"</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>says that great dramatist who has so largely alluded to English
+coronations in his historical plays. These ceremonies exhibit the
+character of each constituent portion of the political body from age to
+age; and are chiefly valuable, perhaps, as preserving a chain of
+<i>national identity</i>, unbroken by conquest, or by civil war; by changing
+dynasties, or the most important revolutions of the empire: on the other
+hand, they present to us a vast <i>variety</i> of character and events.&mdash;They
+are associated with the gloom, "the dim religious light" of Anglo-Saxon
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span>history, with the stormy character of the Conquest and the Norman
+domination; they bring before us the lofty Plantagenet, the proud Tudor,
+and the tyrannical but unfortunate House of Stuart, in all the pomp, and
+strife, and vanity of their respective pretensions.</p>
+
+<p>But the general reader will require a <i>clue</i> to this symbolical kind of
+instruction: a companion to his recollections of such an exhibition,
+which, without destroying the vividness and pleasure of the pageantry,
+shall connect its objects with the march of history, the advance of
+civilization, and the final settlement of our laws and liberties. "To
+converse with historians," says an accomplished writer, "is always to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span>keep good company;" while, "to carry back the mind <i>in uniting</i> and to
+make <span class="smcap">it</span> old," is the one great difficulty which Lord Bacon points out in
+the study of history. Every effort, therefore, to smooth this difficult
+path, and to introduce the rising generation to such company, will be
+properly appreciated by the anxious and intelligent parent; and such is
+the design of this little volume. It is the especial business of the
+historian, certainly, to instruct; but the more he can keep alive our
+<i>interest</i> without flattering either our passions or vices, the more
+effectually will he accomplish his great object, and swell the train of
+the votaries of truth.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CORONATION ANECDOTES,</h2>
+
+<h4><i>&amp;c. &amp;c.</i></h4>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>&sect; 1. ANECDOTES OF THE REGALIA AND ROYAL VESTMENTS.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"History&mdash;the picture of man&mdash;has shared the fate of its original.
+It has had its infancy of <i>Fable</i>; its youth of Poetry; its manhood
+of Thought, Intelligence, and Reflection."&mdash;<span class="smcap">Anon.</span></p></div>
+
+
+<p class="center">No. 1. <i>The Regal Chair.</i></p>
+
+<p>The Regalia of England are the symbols of a monarchical authority that
+has been transmitted by coronation ceremonies for upwards of ten
+centuries. But the incorporation of England, Scotland, and Ireland, into
+one united kingdom,&mdash;an event peculiar to the coronation of George IV,
+to have recognised,&mdash;has connected the history of the Imperial Regalia
+with some tales of legendary lore, the truth of which, if this
+circumstance does not demonstrate, be assured, gentle reader, nothing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>
+will. Irish records are said to add at least another thousand years of
+substantial history to the honours of that solid regal seat, or
+coronation chair, in which our monarchs are both anointed and
+crowned<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>: while some of our own "honest chroniclers" assign to it a
+still more marvellous antiquity.</p>
+
+<p>Holinshed gives us the history of one Gathelus, a Greek, who brought
+from Egypt into Spain the identical stone on which the patriarch Jacob
+slept and "poured oil" at Luz. He was "the sonne of Cecrops, who builded
+the citie of Athens;" but having married Scota, the daughter of Pharaoh,
+he resided for some time in Egypt, from whence he was induced to remove
+into the West by the judgments pronounced on that country by Moses. In
+Spain, "having peace with his neighbors, he builded a citie called
+Brigantia (Compostella)," where he "sat vpon his marble stone, gave
+lawes, and ministred justice vnto his people, thereby to maintaine them
+in wealth and quietnesse," And "Hereof it came to passe, that first in
+Spaine, after in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>Ireland, and then in Scotland, the kings which ruled
+over the Scotishmen received the crowne sittinge vpon that stone, vntill
+the time of Robert the First, king of Scotland." In another part of his
+"Historie of Scotland," Holinshed mentions king Simon Brech as having
+transmitted this stone to Ireland, about 700 years before the birth of
+Christ, and that "the first Fergus" brought it "out of Ireland into
+Albion," B.C. 330. One important property of this stone should not be
+unnoticed. It is said, by the writers from whom the foregoing
+particulars are derived, to furnish a test of legitimate royal descent;
+yielding an oracular sound when a prince of the true blood is placed
+upon it, and remaining silent under a mere pretender to the throne. We
+heard various joyful acclamations on the recent "royal day;" but
+(perhaps from that very circumstance) could not distinguish the sound in
+question.</p>
+
+<p>Apart from these legends, the real history of the [Saxon: hag-fail], or
+Fatal Stone<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>, is curious;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> and has induced the learned Toland to call
+it "the antientest respected monument in the world<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>." It is to be
+traced, on the best authorities, into Ireland; whence it had been
+brought into Scotland, and had become of great notoriety in Argyleshire,
+some time before the reign of Kennith, or A.D. 834. This monarch found
+it at Dunstaffnage, a royal castle, enclosed it in a wooden chair, and
+removed it to the abbey of Scone, where for 450 years "all kingis of
+Scotland war crownit" upon it; or "quhil y<sup>e</sup> tyme of Robert Bruse. In
+quhais tyme, besyde mony othir crueltis done be kyng <span class="smcap">Edward</span> Lang
+Schankis, the said chiar of merbyll wes taikin be Inglismen, and brocht
+out of Scone to London, and put into Westmonistar, quhaer it remains to
+our dayis<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>An ancient Irish prophecy, quoted by Mr. Taylor in his learned "Glory of
+Regality<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>," assures us, that the possession of this stone is essential
+to the preservation of regal power. It runs literally, "The race of
+Scots of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> true blood, if this prophecy be not false, unless they
+possess the Stone of Fate, shall fail to obtain regal power." King
+Kennith caused the leonine verses following to be engraved on the
+chair:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ni fallat fatum</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scoti quocunque locatum</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Invenient lapidem</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Regnare tenentur ibidem.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Thus given by Camden,</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Or Fate is blind,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Or Scots shall find,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where'er this stone</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A royal throne.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>A prophecy which is said to have reconciled many a true Scot to the
+Union in Queen Anne's time; and which, since the extinction of the
+Stuart family, is remarkably fulfilled in the claims of the House of
+Brunswick,&mdash;George IV. being now the legitimate heir of both lines.</p>
+
+<p>At or near a consecrated stone, it was an ancient Eastern custom to
+appoint kings or chieftains to their office. Thus we read in Scripture
+of Abimelech being "made king by the plain of the pillar that was in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>
+Shechem<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>," (the earliest royal appointment, perhaps, of which we have
+any traces in history;) and of Joash having the "crown put upon him"
+while he "stood by a pillar, as the manner was<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>." Subsequently, and
+among the northern nations, the practice "was to form a circle of large
+stones, commonly twelve in number, in the middle of which one was set
+up, much larger than the rest: this was the royal seat; and the nobles
+occupied those surrounding it, which served also as a barrier to keep
+off the people who stood without. Here the leading men of the kingdom
+delivered their suffrages, and placed the elected king on his seat of
+dignity<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>." From such places, afterwards, justice was frequently
+dispensed.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"The old mun early rose, walk'd forth, and sate</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On polished stone, before his palace gate;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With unguent smooth the lucid marble shone,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where ancient Neleus sate, a rustic throne."</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 8em;"><span class="smcap">Homer's</span> <i>Odyss.</i> <span class="smcap">Pope's</span> <i>Tr.</i> &#915;. 496&mdash;10.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Thus arises the name of our Court of King's Bench.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At the coronation of our kings, the royal chair is now disguised in
+cloth of gold; but the wood-work, which forms its principal parts, is
+supposed to be the same in which Edward I. recased it, on bringing it to
+England.</p>
+
+<p>Shakspeare's <span class="smcap">Richard</span> III. inquires&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Is the <i>Chair</i> empty? Is the Sword unswayed?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Is the King dead? The empire unpossessed?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">What heir of York is there alive but We?"</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>And the Earl of Richmond describes him, in admirable allusion to the
+foregoing facts, as</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"A base foul <i>stone</i>, made precious by the foil</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of England's chair, where he is falsely set<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">No. 2. <i>Of the Crowns.</i></p>
+
+<p>We, can only speak to the growth and antiquity of their present
+"fashion," none of those now used being of older date than the reign of
+Charles II. This monarch issued a commission for the "remakeing such
+royall ornaments and regalia" as the rebellious<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> Parliament of his
+father had destroyed<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>, in which "the old names and fashions" were
+directed to be carefully sought after and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> retained<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>. Upon this
+authority, we still have the national crown with which our monarchs are
+actually invested called St. <span class="smcap">Edward's</span>, although the Great Seal of the
+Confessor exhibits him wearing a crown of a very different shape.</p>
+
+<p>Whether the parent of our present crowns were the Eastern fillet, in the
+tying on which there was great ceremony, according to Selden,&mdash;the Roman
+or Grecian wreath, a "corruptible crown" of laurel, olive, or bay,&mdash;or
+the Jewish diadem of gold,&mdash;we shall leave to antiquarian research.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"This high imperial type of [England's] glory"</p></div>
+
+<p>has slowly advanced, like the monarchy itself, to its present commanding
+size and brilliant appearance. From the coins and seals of the
+respective periods, several of our Anglo-Saxon princes appear to have
+worn only a fillet of pearl, and others a radiated diadem, with a
+crescent in front. &AElig;thelstan's crown was of a more regular shape,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>
+resembling a modern earl's coronet. On king Alfred's there was the
+singular addition of "two little bells;" and the identical crown worn by
+this prince seems to have been long preserved at Westminster, if it were
+not the same which is described in the Parliamentary Inventory of 1642,
+as "King Alfred's crowne of gould wyer worke, sett with slight stones."
+Sir Henry Spelman thinks, there is some reason to conjecture that "the
+king fell upon the composing of an imperial crown;" but what could he
+mean by this accompaniment?</p>
+
+<p>Gradually the crown grew from ear to ear, and then from the back to the
+forehead; sometimes it is represented as encircling a cap or helm, and
+sometimes without. William the Conqueror and his successor wore it on a
+cap adorned with points, and with "labels hanging at each ear<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>;" the
+Planta<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>genets a diadem ornamented with fleurs de lis or strawberry
+leaves, between which were small globes raised, or points rather lower
+than the leaves; Richard III. or Henry VII. introduced the crosses;
+about the same time (on the coins of Henry VII.) the arches first
+appear; and the subsequent varieties of shape are in the elevation or
+depression of the arches. The maiden queen wore them remarkably high.</p>
+
+<p>Blood's exploit with the new crown of Charles II. is told to all the
+young visitors at the Tower<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>. It is only wonderful that, in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> that age
+of plots, no political object or accusation was connected with it. The
+beautiful dialogue which our great dramatist puts into the mouth of
+Henry IV. and his son, who had taken the crown from his dying father's
+pillow, we could willingly transcribe entire:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">"<i>K. Henry.</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; O foolish youth!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Thou seek'st a greatness that will overwhelm thee.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Stay but a little; for my cloud of dignity</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Is held from falling by so weak a wind,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">That it will quickly drop; my day is dim.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Thou hast stolen <span class="smcap">that</span>, which after some few hours</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Were thine without offence; and at my death</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Thou hast sealed up my expectation;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Thy life did manifest thou lovedst me not;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">And thou wilt have me die assured of it.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">"<i>P. Henry.</i> O pardon me, my Liege! but for my tears,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">(The moist impediments unto my speech,)</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">I had forestalled this clear and deep rebuke,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ere you with grief had spoke, and I had heard</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">The course of it so far. There is your <span class="smcap">crown</span>&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">And He that wears the crown immortally</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Long guard it yours!&mdash;&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Coming to look on you, thinking you dead,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">(And dead almost, my Liege, to think you were,)</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">I spake unto the crown, as having sense,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">And thus upbraided it. 'The care on thee depending</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hath fed upon the body of my father;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Therefore thou best of gold art worst of gold;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Other, less fine in carat, is more precious,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Preserving life, in medicine potable:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">But thou, most fine, most honoured, most renowned,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hast eat thy bearer up!'"</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>It is the same prince who afterwards so well apostrophizes his own
+greatness:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">"O, be sick, great Greatness!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">And bid thy ceremony give thee cure.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Think'st thou the fiery fever will go out</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">With titles blown from adulation?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Will it give place to flexure and low bending?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Canst thou, when thou command'st the beggar's knee,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Command the health of it? No, thou proud dream,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">That play'st so subtly with a king's repose,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">I am a king that find thee; and I know,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">'Tis not the balm, the sceptre, and the ball,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">The sword, the mace, the crown imperial,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">The intertissued robe of gold and pearl,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">The farsed title running 'fore the king,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">The throne he sits on, nor the tide of pomp</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">That beats upon the high shoar of this world;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">No, not all these thrice gorgeous ceremonies,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Not all these, laid in bed majestical,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Can sleep so soundly as the wretched slave."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">No. 3. <i>The Sceptre</i></p>
+
+<p>Is a more ancient symbol of royalty than the crown. Homer speaks of
+"sceptred kings"&mdash;&#963;&#954;&#951;&#960;&#964;&#959;&#965;&#967;&#959;&#953; &#946;&#945;&#963;&#953;&#955;&#951;&#949;&#963;; and the book of Genesis, "of far
+elder memory," of a sceptre, as denoting a king or supreme governor<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>.
+There is a very early form of delivering this ensign of authority
+preserved in the Saxon coronation services; and the coins and seals of
+succeeding reigns usually place it in the hand of our monarchs. Very
+anciently, too, our kings received at their coronations a sceptre for
+the right hand, surmounted by a <i>cross</i>; and for the left, sometimes
+called the verge, one that terminated in a globe, surmounted by a
+<i>dove</i>. The two great symbols of the Christian religion are thus
+professedly embraced; but the monarch never appears with two sceptres
+except on this occasion.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">No. 4. <i>The Ampulla, or Golden Eagle</i></p>
+
+<p>And the "holy oil" which is poured from it, are connected, like the
+royal chair, with some of the miracles that no one now believes, and
+with some interesting historical facts.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst the honours bestowed by the Virgin on St. Thomas &agrave; Becket,
+(according to a MS. in the Cotton Library,) he received from our Lady's
+own hands, at Sens, in France, a golden eagle, and a small phial of
+stone or glass, containing an unction, on whose virtues she largely
+expatiated. Being then in banishment, he was directed to give them in
+charge to a monk of Poictiers, who hid them in St. Gregory's church at
+that place, where they were discovered in the reign of Edward III., with
+a written account of the vision; and, being delivered to the Black
+Prince, were deposited safely in the Tower. Henry IV. is said to be the
+first prince anointed with these vessels.</p>
+
+<p>"Holy oil" still retains its use, if not its virtue, in our coronations.
+The king was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> formerly anointed on the head, the bowings of the arms, on
+both shoulders, and between the shoulders, on the breast, and on the
+hands; but the ceremonials of the last two coronations only prescribe
+the anointing of the head, breast, and hands. In these, too, nothing is
+said of the "consecration" of the oil, which seems anciently to have
+been performed on the morning of the coronation<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Historically, the custom of anointing kings is to be traced to the times
+of the Jewish judges; the consecration of one of whose descendants,
+Abimelech (before noticed), connects the subject with the earliest and
+one of the most beautiful fables of the East&mdash;that of the trees going
+forth to anoint a king<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>. Selden regards this fable as a proof "that
+anointing of kings was of known use in the eldest times," and "that
+solemnly to declare one to be a king, and to anoint a king, in the
+Eastern parts, were but syno<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>nymies<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>." The elegant allusion to the
+olive tree, "honouring both God and man" with its "<i>fatness</i>" or oil,
+should not escape us, as corroborating this conjecture. This poem is
+dated by the learned antiquary "about 200 years before the beginning of
+the [Jewish] kingdom in Saul."</p>
+
+<p>We have several instances in Scripture of the inauguration of the Jewish
+kings by anointing, and of its being performed at the express command of
+God<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>&mdash;a circumstance which was held to communicate an official
+sanctity to their persons, their attire, &amp;c. The noble David twice
+spares the life of his bitterest enemy, Saul, upon this
+ground.&mdash;"Jehovah shall smite him," he says; "or his day shall come to
+die; or he shall descend into the battle, and perish"&mdash;"Who can stretch
+forth his hand against Jehovah's anointed, and be guiltless<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>?"&mdash;and
+he finely alludes to the general reverence of his country for these
+appointments, when he exclaims, in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> his memorable ode over his fallen
+rival, "The shield of the mighty is vilely cast away, the shield of
+Saul, as though it had not been anointed with oil!"</p>
+
+<p>With the spread of Christianity, or rather of the papal domination, over
+the kingdoms of western Europe, came the adoption of this rite into the
+coronation ceremonies of its princes. It at once increased the influence
+of the church, and surrounded the monarch with a popular veneration. The
+three distinct anointings yet retained (<i>i.e.</i> on the head, breast, and
+hands or arms,) were said by Becket to indicate glory, holiness, and
+fortitude: another prelate, one of the greatest scholars of his age,
+assured our Henry III., that as all former sins were washed away in
+baptism, "so also by this unction<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Not all the water in the rough rude sea</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Can wash the balm from an <span class="smcap">anointed</span> king,"&mdash;</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Richard II. is made to say, by Shakspeare, on the invasion of
+Bolingbroke. Sir Walter Scott, in his notes to Marmion, speaks of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> a
+singular ancient consecration of the kings of arms in Scotland, who seem
+to have had a regular coronation down to the middle of the sixteenth
+century,&mdash;only that they were anointed with <i>wine</i> instead of oil<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">No. 5. <i>The Royal Swords</i></p>
+
+<p>Are named, <i>Curtana</i>, or the Sword of Mercy; the Sword of Justice to the
+Spirituality; the Sword of Justice to the Temporality; and the Sword of
+State. Of these the last alone is actually used in the coronation, being
+that with which the king is girded after his anointing; the rest are
+only carried before him by certain great officers. But Curtana has been
+honoured with a proper name since the reign of Henry III., at whose
+coronation it was carried by the Earl of Chester<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>. It is a flat
+sword, without a point; looking to which circumstance, and to its being
+also entitled the Sword of Mercy, some etymologists have traced it to
+the Latin <i>curto</i>, to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> cut short; while other writers, among whom is the
+learned Mr. Taylor, would transfer our researches to the scenes of
+ancient chivalry, and the exploits of Oger the Dane, or Orlando, as
+affording the title to this appendage of the monarchy, "The sword of
+Tristan," says this writer, "is found (ubi lapsus!) among the regalia of
+king John; and that of Charlemagne, <i>Joyeuse</i>, was preserved to grace
+the coronations of the kings of France. The adoption of these titles
+was, indeed, perfectly consonant with the taste and feeling of those
+ages, in which the gests of chivalry were the favourite theme of oral
+and historical celebration; and when the names of <i>Durlindana</i>, of
+<i>Curtein</i>, or <i>Escalibere</i>, would nerve the warrior's arm with a new and
+nobler energy<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>The Sword of Justice to the Spirituality is <i>obtuse</i>, that of Justice to
+the Temporality <i>sharp</i> at the point. "Henry VIII.," says a writer in a
+respectable periodical publication for July, "seems to have exercised
+his taste in endeavouring to abolish this discrepancy."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">No. 6. <i>Of the Ring, Spurs, and Orb; and St. Edward's Staff.</i></p>
+
+<p>In the book of Genesis we read of Pharaoh's ring being given by him to
+Joseph, as a method of investing him with power: and thus the Persian
+monarch Ahasuerus transferred his authority to Haman and to
+Mordecai<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>. What is added in the Scripture narration of one of these
+latter cases will illustrate the significancy of this mode of
+investiture. "Then were the king's scribes called, on the thirteenth day
+of the first month; and there was written according to all that Haman
+commanded unto the king's lieutenants, and to the governors that were
+over every province&mdash;to every people after their language; in the name
+of king Ahasuerus was it written, and <i>sealed</i> with the king's ring."</p>
+
+<p>Of the golden ring with which our kings are invested, as "the ensign of
+royal dignity, and of defence of the catholic faith," there<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> is yet
+another miracle of the coronation to relate. A certain "fayre old man"
+having asked alms of St. Edward the Confessor, he had nothing at hand to
+bestow upon him but his ring. Shortly after, two English pilgrims lost
+their way in the Holy Land, when "there came to them a fayr ancient man,
+wyth whyte heer for age. Thenne the olde man axed theym what they were,
+and of what regyon. And they answerde that they were pylgryms of
+England, and hadde lost theyr fellyshyp and way also. Thenne thys olde
+man comforted theym goodly, and brought theym in to a fayre cytee; and
+whanne they had well refreshed theym, and rested there alle nyhte, on
+the morne, this fayre olde man went with theym, and brought theym in the
+ryght waye agayne. And he was gladde to here theym talke of the welfare
+and holynesse of theyr kynge Saynt Edward. And whan he shold depart fro
+theym, thenne he tolde theym what he was, and sayd, 'I am <span class="smcap">Johan the
+Evangelyst</span>; and saye ye vnto Edward your kyng, that I grete him well by
+the token that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> he gaff to me, thys <i>rynge</i>, with hys one handes<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>.'"</p>
+
+<p>By the exact mode that we have quoted from Scripture, do we find Offa,
+king of the East Angles, appointing Edmund as his successor; and with
+the ring, it is noticed, with which he had been invested at his own
+promotion to the royal dignity<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>On the detention of James II. by the fishermen of Sheerness, in his
+first attempt at escape from this country, in 1688, it is particularly
+noticed in his Memoirs, "The king kept the diamond bodkin which he had
+of the queen's, and the <i>coronation ring</i>, which for more security he
+put into his drawers." The captain, it appeared, was well acquainted
+with the dispositions of his crew; (one of whom "cried out, 'It is
+father Petre&mdash;I know him by his lantern jaws;' a second called him an
+'old hatchet-faced Jesuit;' and a third, 'a cunning old rogue, he would
+warrant him!') for, some time after he was gone, and probably by his
+order, several<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> seamen entered the king's cabin, saying they must search
+him and the gentlemen, believing they had not given up all their money.
+The king and his companions told them that they were at liberty to do
+so, thinking that their readiness would induce them not to persist; but
+they were mistaken; the sailors began their search with a roughness and
+rudeness which proved they were accustomed to the employment: at last,
+one of them, feeling about the king's knee, got hold of the diamond
+bodkin, and cried out, with the usual oath, he had found a prize, but
+the king boldly declared he was mistaken. He had, indeed, scissors, a
+tooth-pick case, and little keys in his pocket, and what he felt was
+undoubtedly one of those articles. The man still seemed incredulous, and
+rudely thrust his hand into the king's pocket; but in his haste he lost
+hold of the diamond bodkin, and finding the things the king mentioned,
+remained satisfied it was so: by this means the bodkin and ring were
+preserved<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>." What<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>ever may be our opinion of the conduct of the
+monarch, we cannot follow him into these scenes without compassion for
+the <i>exile</i>, whose family seems to have been born to demonstrate how
+much of our pity unfortunate princes may claim, apart from their
+personal worth.</p>
+
+<p>This is said to have been originally a favourite ring of the beautiful
+but unfortunate Mary queen of Scots; to have been sent by her, at her
+death, to James I.; through whom it came into the possession of our
+Charles I., and on <i>his</i> execution, was transmitted by bishop Juxon to
+his son. It lately came into the possession of his present Majesty,
+through the channels by which he has obtained all the remaining papers
+of the house of Stuart.</p>
+
+<p>Richard II. resigned the crown to Henry IV. by transferring to him his
+ring. A paper was put into Richard's hands, from which he read an
+acknowledgment of being incapable of the royal office, and worthy, from
+his past conduct, to be deposed; that he freely absolved his subjects
+from their allegiance, and swore by the holy Gospels never to act in
+opposition<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> to this surrender: adding, that if it were left wholly to
+him to name the future monarch, it should be Henry of Lancaster, to whom
+he then gave his ring<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Spurs</span> are a very ancient emblem of knighthood; in later coronations,
+the abundance of ceremonies has only allowed time for the king's heel to
+be touched with them. At the battle of Crecy, when Edward III. was
+requested to send reinforcements to his son, his reply was: "No; tell
+Warwick he shall have no assistance. Let the boy win his spurs<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Orb</span>, or <span class="smcap">Mound</span> (Fr. <i>monde</i>), is an emblem of sovereignty, said to be
+derived from imperial Rome; and to have been first adorned with the
+cross by Constantine, on his conversion to Christianity. It first
+appears among the royal insignia of England on the coins of Edward the
+Confessor; but Mr. Strutt authenticates a picture of Edgar, "made in the
+year 996," which represents that prince kneeling between two saints, who
+bear seve<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>rally his sceptre and a globe surmounted by a cross<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>. This
+part of the regalia being inductive of supreme political power, has
+never been placed in the hands of any but kings or queens <i>regnant</i>. In
+the anomalous case of the coronation of William and Mary as joint
+sovereigns&mdash;the 'other world,' that Alexander wept for, was created; and
+the spare orb is still to be seen amongst the royal jewels of England!</p>
+
+<p>The only remaining member of the regalia now in use is St. <span class="smcap">Edward's</span>
+Staff; but whether so called from any of the pilgrimages of the
+Confessor&mdash;from its being designed to remind our monarchs of their being
+but pilgrims on earth&mdash;or simply from its being offered with the other
+regalia at that monarch's shrine, on the coronation of our kings, we
+have not the means of determining. All the regalia are supposed, indeed,
+to be in the custody of the Dean, as the successor of the Abbot of
+Westminster, at the period of each coronation.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">No. 7. <i>The Royal Vestments</i></p>
+
+<p>Of England are amongst the most gorgeous "makings of a king" known to
+history. In the robes ordinarily designed to be worn in Parliament; and
+consisting of a surcoat of the richest crimson velvet, and a mantle and
+hood of the same, furred with ermine, and bordered with gold lace, the
+king first makes his appearance on the Coronation day; (on which he
+wears a <i>cap of state</i>, of the same materials, and at this time only.)
+These are, therefore, called his Parliament Robes, in distinction from
+the Robes of Estate, for which he exchanges them in the Abbey, at the
+close of the coronation, and which only differ from the former in being
+made of purple velvet.</p>
+
+<p>These sumptuous external robes are of course laid aside during the
+anointing, and other parts of the coronation service.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Armil</span>, or <span class="smcap">Stole</span>, is the only ecclesiastic symbol now retained in the
+investiture of our kings. In "MS. W. Y. in the College of Arms," quoted
+by Mr. Taylor, Henry VI.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> is said to have been "arrayed at the time of
+his coronation as a bishop that should sing mass, with a dalmatic like a
+tunic, and a stole about his neck<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a>." This writer insists that the
+conductors of our English coronations since Henry VII.'s time (at the
+least) have very singularly mistaken the Stole for the Armil of more
+ancient times, and transferred to the latter the form of delivery
+originally designed for "a <span class="smcap">bracelet</span> or royal ornament of the wrist." It
+is singular that the form in question should appear, as it certainly
+does, to suit either symbol. "Receive this armil as a token of the
+divine mercy embracing thee on every side<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a>." The ornament at present
+in use embraces the neck.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>&sect; 2. ANECDOTES OF THE DISUSED CEREMONIES OF THE CORONATION.</h3>
+
+<p>We regard the coronation ceremonies of England as presenting a
+bird's-eye view of our history; and particularly of the various claims
+and privileges&mdash;and changes&mdash;of the monarchical branch of the
+Constitution. Some of these ceremonies, as we have seen, had their
+origin in those remote periods in which every believer in Revelation
+must accord "a divine right" to the kings of Judea; others are connected
+with the ancient hero-worship of our Pagan ancestors; while a third
+class perpetuate certain feudal rights and customs, of which they form
+the only distinct remaining traces. Some, again, are memorials of the
+triumph of our princes over the liberties of the people, while others
+present the plainest proof of the noble and successful struggles of the
+people against the encroachments of the crown.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Recognition</span>, with which the coronation, strictly so called, begins,
+is an elective rite, in which some of the more direct terms of appeal to
+the people are disused. Its title, "the Recognition," is of modern
+date<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a>. After reciting the coronation oath, a respectable writer of
+queen Elizabeth's time thus gives the "sum of the English coronation."
+"Then doth the archbishop, turning about to the people, declare what the
+king <i>hath promised</i> and <i>sworn</i>, and by the mouth of an herald at arms
+asketh their <i>consents</i>, whether they be content to submit themselves
+unto this man as their king, or no, under the conditions proposed;
+whereunto when they have yielded themselves, then beginneth the
+archbishop to put upon him the regal ornaments<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>." Some of the
+questions anciently asked, accordingly, were, "Will you serve at this
+time, and give your good wills and assent to this same consecration,
+enunction, and coronation?"&mdash;To which the people answered, "Yea, yea."
+This was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> the form observed on the coronations of Edward VI., Henry
+VIII., and Henry VII. That of Henry VI.'s reign is curious. The
+archbishop made the "proclamacion on the iiij quarters of the scaffolde,
+seyend in this wyse: Sirs, heere comyth Henry, kyng Henryes sone the
+Vth, on whose sowle God have mercy, Amen. He humblyth hym to God and to
+holy cherche, askyng the crowne of this reame by right and defence of
+herytage; if ye hold y<sup>e</sup> pays with hym say Ya, and hold up handes. And
+then all the people cryed with oon voyce, Ye, ye<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>King John claimed the throne by "unanimous consent of the kingdom;" and
+the prelate of the day observed to the people that it was well known to
+them "that no man hath right of succession to this crown," except by
+such consent, and that "with invocation of the Holy Ghost, he be elected
+for his own deserts<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>During the Norman reigns it is evident<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> that the coronation oath was
+administered before the recognition, and then the archbishop having
+stated what the king had engaged to do, asked the people if they would
+consent to take him for their king<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a>? And of an earlier period, says
+Mr. Turner, "From the comparison of all the passages on this subject,
+the result seems to be that the king was elected at the Witenagemote,
+held on the demise of the preceding sovereign<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>On the whole, what is left of this ceremony seems rather unmeaning. The
+people are addressed, "ye that <i>are come</i> this day <i>to do</i> your homage,
+service, and bounden duty, are ye willing to do the same?" A feudal
+"recognition," and feudal "homage," it is not for the people, but the
+prelates and peers to perform; the ceremony, however, establishes what
+our history will corroborate, the undoubted right of the people to
+interfere with, and limit the succession of their princes, on
+extraordinary occasions, while it is the peace<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>ful and sound policy of
+the Constitution to keep as near to the hereditary line as the emergency
+of the times shall allow.</p>
+
+<p>It was at Edward VI.'s coronation that the ancient form of receiving the
+king's oath, prior to the recognition, was first reversed.&mdash;See the
+Chronological Anecdotes.</p>
+
+<p>Coronations were anciently regarded as a species of parliamentary
+meeting between the king and his subjects. Writs of summons issued for
+the coronation of Edward II. are preserved in Rymer, which require the
+attendance of the people by their "knights, citizens, and burgesses;"
+and which differ very slightly from the ordinary parliamentary writs.
+Selden observes that at the coronation of Henry I. <i>clerus Angli&aelig; et
+populus universus</i> were summoned to Westminster, "when divers lawes were
+both made and declared<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>The coronation oath has undergone some remarkable changes. The oath of
+&AElig;thelred II. dated A.D. 978, is extant both in Latin and Anglo-Saxon,
+and agrees exactly with that of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> Henry I. preserved in the Cotton
+Library&mdash;a proof, as Lord Lyttleton observes, that even at the Conquest
+it was thought expedient to respect this fundamental compact between the
+prince and people. In the reign of Edward II. it first assumed the
+interrogatory form in which it is now administered, and remained in
+substance the same until the accession of Charles I. In this reign
+Archbishop Laud was accused of making both a serious interpolation, and
+an important omission in the coronation oath&mdash;a circumstance which, on
+his trial, brought its introductory clauses into warm discussion. Our
+forefathers had ever been jealous of all encroachments on what some
+copies of the old oath call "the lawes and customes of the people," by
+"old, rightfull, and devoute kings graunted;" and others "the laws,
+customs, and franchises granted to the clergy, and to the people by the
+glorious king St. Edward, according and conformable to the laws of God,
+the true profession of the Gospel established in this kingdom," &amp;c. They
+had even compelled the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> Conqueror to engage repeatedly that these
+ancient statutes of the kingdom should not be violated; a stipulation
+renewed expressly in the great charter of his son Henry I. Laud was
+charged with adding, after the clause last quoted, the words "agreeable
+to the king's prerogative;" and of omitting these words, "which the
+people have chosen or shall choose." Of the latter charge he soon
+disposed by proving there were no such words in the oath of James I.;
+and on the former he remarks, "First, I humbly conceive this clause
+takes off none of the people's assurance. Secondly, that alteration,
+whatever it be, was not made by me&mdash;'tis not altogether improbable [it]
+was added in Edward VI. or Queen Elizabeth's time; and hath no relation
+at all to the laws of this kingdom <i>absolutely</i> mentioned before in the
+beginning of this oath; but only to the words, 'the profession of the
+Gospel established in this kingdom:' and then immediately follows 'and
+agreeing to the prerogative of the kings thereof,'&mdash;If this be the
+meaning, he that made the alteration,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> whoever it were, for I did it
+not, deserves thanks for it, and not the reward of a traitor<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>In James II.'s oath, as preserved by Sandford, and in which the
+precedent of Charles II.'s coronation was followed, we find both these
+alleged alterations!</p>
+
+<p>On the accession of William and Mary it was enacted, that "as the
+[coronation] oath hath hitherto been framed in doubtful words and
+expressions, with relation to ancient laws and constitutions at this
+time unknown, and to the end that one uniform oath may be in all times
+to come taken by the kings and queens of this realm, and to them
+respectively administered at the time of their coronation," the oath, of
+which the following is a copy, should be taken by all succeeding
+sovereigns.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Abp.</i> Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this
+kingdom of England [now, this united kingdom of Great Britain and
+Ireland,] and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the
+statutes in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> parliament agreed on, and the [respective<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a>] laws and
+customs of the same?</p>
+
+<p><i>King.</i> I solemnly promise so to do.</p>
+
+<p><i>Abp.</i> Will you, to your power, cause law and justice, in mercy, to be
+executed in all your judgments?</p>
+
+<p><i>King.</i> I will.</p>
+
+<p><i>Abp.</i> Will you to the utmost of your power maintain the laws of God,
+the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant reformed Religion
+established by law? [Here was inserted, at the Union with Scotland, in
+1707, And will you maintain and preserve inviolably the settlement of
+the Church of England, [now the united church of England and Ireland]
+and the doctrine, worship, discipline and government thereof as by law
+established, within the kingdoms of England and Ireland, the dominion of
+Wales and the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and the territories thereunto
+belonging, before the union of the two kingdoms<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a>?] And will you
+pre<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>serve unto the bishops and clergy of England, and to the churches
+there committed to their charge, all such rights and privileges as by
+law do or shall appertain unto them or any of them?</p>
+
+<p><i>King.</i> All this I promise to do."</p>
+
+<p>We have some slight traces in the history of our Anglo-Saxon kings of
+the Gothic mode of royal inauguration by the elevation of their princes.
+Eardnoulf, the second of those monarchs whose coronation is mentioned by
+our historians, was Aho&thorn;en, lifted up to his royal seat, we are told by
+the Saxon Chronicle; and Athelstan received the royal unction at
+Kingston on a high scaffolding which exhibited him to the multitude<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a>.
+This custom is no further worth noticing, than as a pagan rite which was
+soon disused, on the direction of these ceremonies being assumed by the
+church: and as being probably the origin of the existing mode of
+chairing members of parliament<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Anciently the king knelt while receiving the sacred unction from the
+prelate of the day, who sat in his chair at the high altar<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a>: a
+deference to the priesthood which the kings of France retained to the
+period of the Revolution; and which the Roman Pontifical expressly
+requires. Since the Reformation our monarchs have also dispensed with
+"sprinkling the crown with holy water" and "censing it" before it is
+made use of in these important ceremonies&mdash;duties of the archbishop
+which are laid down in the Liber Regalis, of the dean and chapter of
+Westminster.</p>
+
+<p>There seems to have been a double anointing of our kings at their
+respective coronations until the reign of James I. or Charles I.; that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>
+is, after the present use of the unction on the hands, breast, &amp;c.; the
+<i>chrism</i> of the Catholic church was applied, in form&acirc; crucis, on the
+forehead. The distinct signification of this anointing we cannot
+discover, even after a late learned attempt to elucidate it<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a>. The
+sign of the cross, a symbolical acknowledgment of the Christian faith
+used in the anointing, we retain: but the <i>two</i> vessels, the eagle and
+vial of the ancient ceremonies (so intelligently provided by the Virgin;
+see our last section) establish the fact of a double anointing having at
+one time obtained.</p>
+
+<p>But the most important ceremonies of the coronation which the superior
+economy, or superior intelligence, of modern times has taught us to
+omit, are the special creation of Knights of the Bath on this occasion,
+and the progress of the court from the Tower, through London.</p>
+
+<p>The ancient and noble order in question was so far very appropriately
+connected with the assumption of a sovereignty partly feudal, as it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
+formed one of the most splendid feudal distinctions. It was conferred
+with great solemnity, among the Franks and Saxons, long prior to the
+Conquest; at which period our first William is shown by Mr. Anstey, to
+have been in the habit of bestowing it both in his Norman and English
+dominions. The candidate for that honour was required to keep his vigils
+with great strictness, after a previous ablution from which the name of
+the order is derived, and which were together meant to indicate the
+moral purity required of him; as the motto "<i>Tria juncta in uno</i>"
+implied a peculiar devotion to the honour of the Holy Trinity.</p>
+
+<p>The coronation of Henry IV. however, first brings it prominently into
+notice in our history. That prince, having compelled the unfortunate
+Richard II.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"With his own tears to wash away his balm,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With his own hands to give away the crown,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With his own tongue deny his sacred state;"</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>was anxious to give those "sun-shine days" to the people which should
+induce them to forget the stormy commencement of his reign. Froissart<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>
+describes him as proceeding with great pomp from Westminster to the
+Tower, "on the Saturday before his coronation." This was at that time
+"the castle royall and cheefe howse of safetye in this kingdome."
+Hither, therefore, many of our princes repaired for security until "all
+things of royal apparell and pompe necessarye and proper" to the
+coronation could be arranged. "Those squires who were to be knighted
+watched their arms that night: they amounted to forty-six; each squire
+had his chamber and bath, in which he bathed. The ensuing day the duke
+of Lancaster (Henry IV.) after mass, created them knights, and presented
+them with long green coats, with straight sleeves lined with minever,
+after the manner of prelates. These knights had on their left shoulders
+a double cord of white silk, with white tufts hanging down."</p>
+
+<p>Henry VI. created thirty-six knights on his coronation; Edward IV.
+thirty-two; and Charles II. sixty-eight. The marriages of the royal
+family, the birth of heirs to the crown, and the fitting out of military<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
+expeditions of importance, furnish other accessions to the order during
+this long period. After the reign of Charles II. this part of the
+ceremonial was omitted; and the order, in fact, discontinued until the
+accession of the House of Brunswick<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The princes of this august house, however, have not revived the custom
+of an extraordinary creation of knights as a part of the coronation
+ceremonies.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The other ancient and disused custom of a royal progress from the Tower
+to Westminster is a theme of admiration with several of our old
+chroniclers, and must have been a highly interesting and popular
+accompaniment of the royal pageant.</p>
+
+<p>The monarch, ordinarily, dined at the Tower on the day after the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>
+creation of the Knights of the Bath; and devoted the greater part of the
+day, <i>after</i> dinner, to this prolonged exhibition of himself to the
+people. Charles II. dined at what is called an "early" hour, in the
+"account" of sir Edward Walker, i.e. nine o'clock in the morning, on
+this occasion.</p>
+
+<p>Froissart thus gives us the progress of Henry IV. "The duke of Lancaster
+left the Tower this Sunday after dinner, on his return to Westminster:
+he was bare-headed, and had round his neck the order of the king of
+France. The prince of Wales, six dukes, six earls, eighteen barons,
+accompanied him; and there were, of knights and other nobility, from
+eight to nine hundred horse with the procession. The duke was dressed in
+a jacket of the German fashion, of cloth of gold, mounted on a white
+courser, with a blue garter on his left leg. He passed through the
+streets of London, which were all handsomely decorated with tapestries
+and other rich hangings: there were nine fountains in Cheapside, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>
+other streets he passed through, which perpetually ran with white and
+red wines. He was escorted by prodigious numbers of gentlemen, with
+their servants in liveries and badges; and the different companies of
+London were led by their wardens, clothed in their proper livery, and
+with ensigns of their trade. The whole cavalcade amounted to six
+thousand horse, which escorted the duke from the Tower to
+Westminster<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>Or, as Shakspeare brings every movement of a similar procession of this
+monarch before us,</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Mounted upon a hot and fiery steed,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Which his aspiring rider seemed to know,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With slow but stately pace, kept on his course:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While all tongues cried, God save thee, Bolingbroke!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">You would have thought the very windows spake,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">So many greedy looks of young and old</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Through casements darted their desiring eyes</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Upon his visage; and that all the walls</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With painted imagery had said at once</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jesu preserve thee! welcome Bolingbroke!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whilst he, from one side to the other turning,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bare-headed, lower than his proud steed's neck,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bespoke them thus; I thank you, countrymen;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And thus still doing, thus he past along<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a>."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The coronation of Elizabeth the queen of Henry VII. includes one of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>
+most splendid royal progresses on record. It will be recollected by our
+readers that this prince exhibited a strong personal reluctance to marry
+Elizabeth as well as to her subsequent coronation; although his union
+with her extinguished the bloody feuds of the houses of York and
+Lancaster, and bequeathed to posterity the invaluable boon of an
+undisputed succession to the throne. The Commons, in presenting him on
+his accession with the usual grant of tonnage and poundage, took the
+liberty to add their desire that he would "take to wife and consort the
+Princess Elizabeth, which marriage they hoped God would bless with a
+progeny of the race of kings," (<i>de stirpe regum</i><a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a>, the united race,
+perhaps, is meant). But it was not until a pretender to the throne had
+shaken the regal authority to its base, that, eighteen months after his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>
+marriage, he prepared for the coronation of his queen. A very superior
+modern historian<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> thus expresses the feelings of the prince and
+people on this occasion:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"From this insurrection [that which was terminated by the battle of
+Stoke] the king learned an important lesson, that it was not his
+interest to wound the feelings of those whose principles had attached
+them to the house of York. His behaviour to the queen had created great
+discontent. Why, it was asked, was she not crowned? Why was she, the
+rightful heir to the crown, refused the usual honours of royalty? Other
+kings had been eager to crown their consorts: but Elizabeth had now been
+married a year and a half; she had borne the king a son to succeed to
+the throne; and yet she was kept in obscurity, as if she were unworthy
+her station."</p>
+
+<p>The orders which he now gave, therefore, for her public investiture with
+the royal dignity, were calculated fully to conciliate the popular<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
+feeling. On the Friday preceding her coronation fourteen gentlemen were
+created knights of the Bath, and on the same day "the queene's good
+grace, royally apparelled, and accompanyed with my ladie the king's
+mother, and many other great estates, bothe lordes and ladies, richely
+besene, came forward to the coronacion; and, at their coming furth from
+Grenewich by water, there was attending upon her there, the maior,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>
+shrifes, and aldermen of the citie, and divers and many worshipfull
+comoners, chosen out of every craft, in their levereyes, in barges
+freshly furnished with banners and stremers of silke, richely beaton
+with the armes and bagges of their craftes; and, in especially, a barge
+called the bachelor's barge, garnished and apparelled passing all other;
+wherein was ordeynid a great redde dragon spowting flames of fyer into
+the Thamess, and many other gentlemanlie pagiaunts, well and curiously
+devised to do her highness sporte and pleasoure with. And her grace,
+thus royally apparelled and accompanied, and also furnished in every
+behalf with trumpettes, claryons, and other mynstrelleys as apperteynid
+and was fitting to her estate roial, came from Grenewich aforesaid, and
+landed at the Toure wharfe, and enterid into the Toure; where the king's
+highnes welcomed her in such maner and fourme as was to all the estates
+and others there being present, a very good sight, and right joyous and
+comfortable to beholde<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>Next day she went in procession from the Tower to Westminster, dressed
+in white cloth of gold of damask, with a mantle of the same furred with
+ermine. Reclining on a litter, she wore "Her faire yelow haire hanging
+downe plaine behynd her bak, with a calle of pipes over it;" and
+confined only on the forehead by a circlet of gold, ornamented with
+precious stones. An elegant canopy of cloth of gold was borne over her
+by four knights of the body; and immediately behind her rode four
+baronesses on grey palfreys. The streets on this occasion were "clensed,
+dressed, and beseene with clothes of tapestrie and arras; and some, as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
+Cheepe, hanged with rich clothe of golde, velvet, and silke; and along
+the streets, from the Toure to Powles, stode in order all the craftes of
+London in their liveries; and in divers places of the citie were
+ordeynid singing children, some arayed like angelles, and other like
+virgins, to sing swete songes as her grace passed by<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>Similar accounts are given by Hall of the progress of Henry VIII. and
+Catherine of Arragon through the city. "The streates were railed and
+barred on the one side; from over ageynst Grace churche unto Bredstreate
+in Chepeside, where every occupacion stode in their liveries in ordre,
+beginnyng with base and meane occupacions, and so ascendyng to the
+worshipfull craftes; highest and lastly stode the maior with the
+aldermen. The goldsmithes stalles, unto the ende of the Olde Chaunge,
+beeing replenished with virgins in white, with braunches of white waxe;
+the priestes and clerkes in rich copes with crosses and censers of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>
+silver, censying his grace and the quene also as they passed<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a>." The
+latter was borne on a litter by two white palfreys, trapped in cloth of
+gold.</p>
+
+<p>Anne Boleyn's progress must not be unnoticed. Like Elizabeth's, it began
+with a voyage from Greenwich, and the creation of a due number of
+knights "bathed and shryven according to the old vsuage of
+England."&mdash;"The high stretes where the queene should passe were all
+graveled from the Toure to Temple barre, and railed on the one side;
+within whiche rayle stode the craftes along in their order. And before
+the quene and her traine should come, Cornehill and Gracious Street were
+hanged with fyne scarlet, crimson and other greyned clothes, and in some
+place with rich arras, tapestry, and carpettes, and the moste part of
+the Chepe was hanged with clothe of tyssue, golde, velvet, and many
+riche hangings whyche made a goodlie shewe."</p>
+
+<p>Her connexion with the French court, it is to be supposed, suggested the
+appearance of "xii Frenchmen, whiche were belongyng to the Frenche<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>
+ambassador," coming "fyrst" in her "company&mdash;in coats of blewe velvet,
+with sleves of yelowe and blewe velvet, and their horses trapped with
+close trappers of blewe sarcenet, powdered with white crosses." The
+French ambassador also rode before her.</p>
+
+<p>At Gracious Church street was a costly and a marveilous connyng
+pageaunt, made by the merchauntes of the Styllarde, for there was the
+Mount Penasus, with the fountayne of Helycon, which was of white marble,
+and iiii streames, without pype, did rise an elle hye and mette together
+in a litle cuppe above the fountain, which ranne abundantly Racke and
+Rennishe wyne 'til night! On the mountaine satte Apollo, and at his
+feete satte Calliope, and on every side of the mountaine satte iiii
+Muses playing on several swete instrumentes, and at their feete
+Epigrammes and Poyses were written in golden letters, with the which
+every Muse, accordyng to her propertie, praised the Quene.&mdash;"At the
+conduite in Cornhill there were thre graces set in a throne; afore whom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>
+was the <i>spryng of grace</i> continually ronnyng&mdash;wine!" At the cross in
+Chepe, "Master Baker, the recorder, with lowe reverence, makyng a proper
+and briefe proposicion&mdash;gave to her, in the name of the citie, 1000
+marks of golde in a purse of golde<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a>." This was the last time (we mean
+no reflection on its inhabitants,) that the Muses and Graces exhibited
+themselves on such an occasion in the city. Hereafter the zeal of
+contending religious parties in the state taught them to choose other
+emblems of their desires and anticipations.</p>
+
+<p>Edward VI.'s progress exhibited Valentine and Orson, "in Cheap," at due
+distance from whom stood Sapience and the Seven Liberal Sciences, who
+"declared certaine goodly speeches," for the instruction of the young
+king. Various other allegorical personages harangued him by the way; but
+the most singular spectacle was that whereby "Paul's steple laie at
+anchor," as Holinshed expresses it. An Arragosen made fast a rope to the
+battlements of St. Paul's, which was also attached to an anchor at the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>
+gate of the dean's house; and descended upon it in the sight of the king
+and assembled populace, to the no small gratification of both.</p>
+
+<p>His sister Mary was welcomed into the city by "one Peter, a Dutchman,"
+who placed himself on the weathercock of St. Paul's, holding "a streamer
+in his hand five yards long;" occasionally kneeling down on the said
+weathercock, "to the great marvell of the people," and balancing himself
+sometimes on one foot and sometimes on another.</p>
+
+<p>In her procession appeared "the ladie Elizabeth and the ladie Anne of
+Cleve;" the queen rode in a chariot of cloth of tissue, her sister
+following in "another chariot having a covering of cloth of
+silver."&mdash;"She sat in a gowne of purple velvet, furred with powdered
+ermins, having on her head a kall of cloth of tinsell, b&eacute;eset with
+pearle and stone, and above the same, vppon her head, a round circlet of
+gold, b&eacute;eset so richlie with pretius stones, that the value thereof was
+inestimable; the same kall and circle being so massie and ponderous,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>
+that she was faine to beare vp her head with her hand."</p>
+
+<p>Holinshed is very garrulous on the progress of the Virgin Queen,
+although he singularly enough omits all details of the principal parts
+of her coronation.</p>
+
+<p>"On Thursdaie the twelfe of Januari (1559), the queene's maiestie
+remooved from her palace at Westminster, by water, vnto the tower of
+London, the lord mayor and aldermen in their barge, and all the citizens
+with their barges decked and trimmed with targets and banners of their
+mysteries accordinglie, attending on her grace. The bachellers barge of
+the lord maior's companie, to wit, the mercers', had their barge with a
+foist trimmed with three tops, and artillerie aboord, gallantlie
+appointed to wait vpon them, shooting off lustilie as they went, with
+great and pleasant melodie of instruments, which plaied in most swete
+and heavenlie maner. Her grace shut (shot) the bridge about two of the
+clocke in the after noone, at the still of the ebbe, the lord maior and
+the rest following after her barge, attending the same, till her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>
+maiestie tooke lande at the privie staires at the tower wharfe."</p>
+
+<p>"At her entring the citie" a variety of pageants were prepared to
+express the "praiers, wishes, and welcommings" of her loving people,
+which we cannot attempt to particularize. "If a man should saie well,"
+remarks our chronicler, "he could not better terme the citie of London
+that time than a stage wherein was shewed the woonderfull spectacle of a
+noble hearted princesse toward her most loving people, and the people's
+exceeding comfort in beholding so woorthie a soveraigne, and hearing so
+princelike a voice."</p>
+
+<p>The Muses had, indeed, quitted "the citie"&mdash;and miserable enough are the
+ditties which Holinshed gives us from the mouth of the various children
+"who expounded the pageants:" some appropriate devices were, however,
+mixed up with much child's-play. The union of the red and white roses on
+the marriage of Henry VII. (the queen's grandfather) with Elizabeth of
+York, was commemorated by personages representing the king and queen,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>
+sitting with hands joined together by the ring of matrimony; "and all
+emptie places of this pageant were furnished with sentences concerning
+vnitie."&mdash;"This pageant was grounded upon the queen's name," adds our
+historian, "For like as the long warre betweene the two houses of Yorke
+and Lancaster then ended, when Elizabeth, daughter to Edward the Fourth,
+matched in marriage with Henrie the Seventh, heire to the house of
+Lancaster: so&mdash;the queene maiestie's name was Elizabeth, and for so much
+as she is the onlie heir of Henrie the Eighth, which came of both
+houses, [she was] the knitting vp of concord." The eight beatitudes
+expressed in the fifth chapter of the gospell of Saint Matthew "applied
+to our soveraigne ladie Elizabeth," were at "Soper Lane end," in Chepe:
+but the pageant presenting an English Bible to the queen was
+particularly well devised. Our readers will take the poetry as by far
+the best specimen of the productions of the day. Between two hills,
+representing a flourishing and a decayed commonwealth, "was made<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+artificiallie one hollow place or cave, with doore and locke inclosed,
+out of the which, a little before the queenes' highnesse commyng
+thither, issued one personage, whose name was Time, apparalled as an old
+man, with a sieth in his hand, havinge winges artificiallie made,
+leading a personage of lesser stature than himselfe, which was finelie
+and well apparalled, all clad in white silke, and directly over her head
+was set her name and title in Latin and English, Temporis filia, the
+daughter of Time. Which two, as appointed, went forwards toward the
+south side of the pageants, and on her brest was written her proper
+name, which was Veritas, Truth, who held a book in her hand, upon the
+which was written Verbum Veritas, the Word of Truth. And out of the
+south side of the pageant was cast a standing for a child, which should
+interpret the same pageant. Against whom when the queen's maiestie came,
+he spake vnto her grace these sweet words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"This old man with a sieth</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Old father Time they call,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And her his daughter Truth,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Which holdeth yonder booke:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whome he out of his nooke</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hath brought foorth to us all,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From whence this manie yeares</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">She durst not once out looke.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Now sith that Time againe</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">His daughter Truth hath brought,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">We trust, &ocirc; worthie queene,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thou wilt this truth embrace,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And sith thou vnderstandst</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The good estate and naught,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">We trust wealth thou wilt plant,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And barrenesse displace.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"But for to heale the sore</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And cure that is not seene;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Which thing the booke of truth,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dooth teach in writing plaine:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shee doth present to thee</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The same, &ocirc; worthie queene,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For that, that words doo flie,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">But written dooth remaine."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"Thus the queene's highnesse passed through the citie, which, without
+anie foreigne person, of itself beautified itselfe, and received her
+grace at all places, as hath been before mentioned, with most tender
+obedience and love, due to so gratious a queene and sovereigne a ladie."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James I.</span> made the most important "progress" for himself and family that
+we have yet recorded; when, as tranquilly as ever the crown of England<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>
+had descended from father to son, the house of Stuart succeeded that of
+Tudor on the throne of Great Britain. Nor was his journey from Edinburgh
+to London unobserved by the people. They are said to have contrasted his
+hauteur and reserve at this period with the well-remembered affability
+and popular manner of Elizabeth on such occasions; but neither does his
+coronation progress, nor that of his immediate successors, Charles I. or
+II. (with whom this usage terminated) present any new features of
+interest. The great object of the conductors of the ceremony was to
+conform to the ancient precedents; while the personal disposition of
+each of the sovereigns of this house was to retain as much of the
+demi-god as possible in these stately movements of the monarch.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>&sect;3. ANECDOTES OF THE ASSISTANT OFFICES OF THE CORONATION.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The assistant offices of the coronation are, for the far greater part,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>
+ecclesiastical or hereditary. They are connected therefore with all the
+religious changes, and family honours of the empire. The nobility bear
+in person a part in the royal day, and approach and actually touch that
+crown, from which, as the fountain of honour, they seem to renew, and
+re-invigorate, their most ancient claims to distinction: while the
+metropolitan of the English Church enjoys the exclusive right of
+consecrating and crowning the monarch.</p>
+
+<p>As early as the Norman Conquest, this privilege of the see of Canterbury
+is spoken of as well-established; and but two subsequent instances occur
+of its being overlooked or denied: both remarkably associated with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> the
+history of the papal power in this country<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a>. In the first, that of
+the coronation by the archbishop of York of prince Henry, son of Henry
+II., may be traced the incipient cause of the assassination of
+archbishop Becket, whose martyrdom became conducive to the highest
+triumphs of that power: in the second, queen Elizabeth's coronation by
+Oglethorpe, bishop of Carlisle, and the refusal of all the other
+prelates to assist in the ceremony, we behold its dying struggles for a
+dominion never more to be renewed.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lingard, who, as a Catholic, may be supposed to state these
+transactions with a sufficient leaning to his own church, as expressly
+connects the murder of Becket with a jealousy on this subject as any
+other of our historians. Henry II. had employed the known enemy of the
+archbishop, Roger of York, in the consecration of his son above alluded
+to; but the primate and the king met<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> on friendly terms at Rouen, in the
+following month; they compromised their differences; and the former set
+out on his return to his diocese. The Pope, however, "before he heard of
+the reconciliation, had issued letters of suspension or excommunication
+against the bishops who had officiated at the late coronation." The
+archbishop had at one time resolved to suppress these letters, our
+historian admits; and surely it was now an imperative duty so to do. But
+the prelates concerned, it seems, who knew that he carried them about
+him, had assembled at Canterbury, and sent to the coast Ranulf de Broc,
+with a party of soldiers, to search him on his landing, and take them
+from him. Information of the design reached him at Witsand: and "in a
+moment of irritation," says Mr. L., "he despatched them before himself
+by a trusty messenger, by whom, or by whose means, they were publicly
+delivered to the bishops in the presence of their attendants. It was a
+precipitate and unfortunate measure, the occasion, at least, of the
+catastrophe that followed."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The prelates hastened to Normandy to demand redress and protection from
+the king; who, irritated by their representation, exclaimed: "Of the
+cowards who eat my bread, is there not one, who will free me from this
+turbulent priest?" and the blood of Becket flowed a few days after in
+reply. When he asked one of his assassins, "What is thy object?" he was
+told that he must instantly absolve the bishops&mdash;"Till they offer
+satisfaction, I will not," said the primate. "Then die," exclaimed his
+murderers, and closed around him<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Lord Great Chamberlain's</i> office commences with carrying the king
+his shirt on the morning of the coronation, and assisting the
+chamberlain of the household to dress his majesty. Queens regnant depute
+this office to some of the ladies of the household: we are told that the
+celebrated duchess of Marlborough last enjoyed it, at the coronation of
+queen Anne.</p>
+
+<p>The office gives a claim to all the furniture<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> of the royal chamber, in
+which its duties begin. The idea of our ancestors was, that the
+coronation, and particularly the consecration of a king, conferred new
+honours and talents of the most sacred and extraordinary description. He
+was now made a new man, and elevated into a new order of beings;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Consideration, like an angel, came</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And whipt the offending Adam out of him;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leaving his body as a paradise,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To envelope and contain celestial spirits<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a>."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Hence every part of his office was new and kingly. Froissart describes
+the consecration of Henry IV. immediately after the recognition, thus:
+"after this the duke descended from his throne, and advanced to the
+altar to be consecrated. This ceremony was performed by two archbishops
+and ten bishops: he was stripped of all his royal state before the
+altar, naked to his shirt, and was then anointed and consecrated in six
+places; that is to say, on the head, the breast, the shoulders, before
+and behind, on the back and hands:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> they then placed a bonnet on his
+head; and while this was doing, the clergy chaunted the litany, a
+service that is performed to hallow a font<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a>." The lord chamberlain is
+official governor of the palace for the time being, and the principal
+personal attendant of the king.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Lord High Constable</i> also attends the royal person, assists at the
+reception of the regalia from the dean and chapter of Westminster, and,
+together with the earl Marshal, ushers the champion into the hall.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Of the Royal Championship.</i></p>
+
+<p>Whether we consider its uninterrupted exercise, and that by one family,
+for so many centuries, its feudal import, or its present splendid and
+imposing effect, the office of champion certainly eclipses all the other
+services of the coronation.</p>
+
+<p>Since the coronation of Richard II. A.D. 1377, (of which there is in
+Walsingham a detailed account) this office has been per<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>formed by a
+Dymoke, the head of the family of that name who have held the manor of
+Scrivelsby in Lincolnshire, worth about &pound;1200 per annum, by the tenure
+of this service. During the reigns of Edward II. and III. the right was
+in dispute: prior to that period and from the days of the Conqueror it
+was vested in the far-famed family of <span class="smcap">Marmion</span>, whose chief, as</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"&mdash;&mdash;Lord of Fontenay,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of Lutterworth and Scrivilbaye,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of Tamworth tower and town,"</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>came from Normandy with William, and is there supposed to have held the
+first of these possessions, on condition of performing the service of
+champion to the successive dukes.</p>
+
+<p>At the conquest the feudal system was established in England in its
+maturest and strictest forms; and the present office being the most
+perfect relic of that system known to modern times, a slight sketch of
+its peculiarities will not be uninteresting.</p>
+
+<p>The foundation of all the subsequent customs of homage, suit, service,
+purveyance, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>&amp;c. is to be traced in the original connexion between the
+vassal and his lord, or the chief and his retainers, which Tacitus
+notices as remarkable in ancient Germany. According to this, every
+follower was to be found fighting by the side of his chief in time of
+war, as the very first duty of social life&mdash;and in time of peace to look
+up to him as the only legitimate fountain of honour and justice.</p>
+
+<p>Certain it is, that this relation was, in substance, as well known and
+supported by our Anglo-Saxon ancestors, before the accession of William,
+as it was by our Highland neighbours, down to the rebellion in 1745. A
+striking instance of the romantic and desperate courage to which it gave
+rise occurs as early as the reign of Cynewulf, king of Wessex, A.D. 784.
+Sigebircht, the deposed predecessor of this prince, was, in the first
+year of his rival's reign, found murdered in the forest of Andreswald:
+but left a brother, of the name of Cyneheard, who cherished for
+thirty-one years the secret purpose of avenging his death. At last he
+returned, with eighty-four retainers, into the neighbourhood of
+Winchester, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> royal residence; and, tracing the king to a country
+seat at Merton, the abode of a favourite lady, surrounded the house at
+midnight. Cynewulf was quickly roused; but his followers were scattered
+throughout the place, and could not be collected until, after a brave
+personal conflict with the enemy, the king's life-blood had satiated his
+vengeance. Cyneheard now offered the royal train their liberty and
+possessions, on condition of their peaceable departure; but they
+rejected his proposals with scorn, and to a man died on the threshold of
+their master. On the intelligence reaching the court, in the morning,
+Osric and Wavirth, two powerful chieftains, surrounded themselves with
+their vassals, and rode to Merton, where they were met by Cyneheard,
+with professions of friendship. He called their attention to the
+injuries of his family, the duty of avenging which had devolved upon
+himself; urged his claim to the vacant throne; made them the most
+liberal offers, in case of their acknowledgment of him; and concluded by
+reminding them, that many of his adherents were their own near<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> kinsmen.
+"Our kinsmen," they indignantly answered, "are not dearer to us than was
+our lord. To his murderer we shall never submit. If those who are
+related to us wish to save their lives, let them depart." "The same
+offer," rejoined the followers of Cyneheard, "was made to the attendants
+of the king, who refused it. We will prove to-day that our attachment is
+equal to theirs:" and Cyneheard, and all his adherents except one, were
+slain<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>But the Conqueror, owing his crown to the sword, more strictly adapted
+the system which he found in use to his own military notions and future
+safety. Having divided all the principal estates of the country amongst
+his vassals, he converted the English military tenures into a regular
+obligation, called knights' fees, which compelled each tenant in chief
+to have a certain number of knights, or horsemen, always ready to assert
+the rights of the crown, and to fight under its banner, in any cause,
+"We will," says a law on this subject, yet extant, "that <i>all</i> the
+freemen of our kingdom possess their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> lands in peace, free of all
+tollage and unjust exaction: that nothing be required or taken from them
+but their free service, which they owe to us of right, as has been
+appointed to them, and granted by us with hereditary right for ever, by
+the common council of our whole kingdom." "And we command that all
+earls, barons, knights, serjeants, and freemen, be always provided with
+horses and arms as they ought; and that they be always ready to perform
+to us their whole service, in manner as they owe it to us of right, for
+their fees and tenements, and as we have appointed to them by the common
+council of our whole kingdom, and as we have granted to them in fee a
+right of inheritance<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a>." This free service required the due quota of
+horsemen, which each vassal was to furnish, to come, completely armed,
+on his requisition, and to be maintained under the royal command, at the
+charge of the party sending them, for forty days. Even the dignitaries
+of the church, and monastic bodies holding lands, were not exempt from
+this service.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Each tenant in chief subdivided his property into sub-vassalships,
+imposing a similar service, and carrying downwards all the obligations
+of homage, fealty, and personal attendance on all important occasions.</p>
+
+<p>Out of such a system, that a favoured vassal should be selected to
+assert the personal right of the monarch to his throne, will appear very
+natural: it is only surprising that the violence and constant habit of
+appealing to the sword, in which this with the other feudal claims
+originated, should have left it to flow on in such an uninterrupted
+course&mdash;a course of succession far more regular than the transmission of
+the crown it is supposed to defend.</p>
+
+<p>The championship is connected also with a remarkable feature of ancient
+jurisprudence, the wager of battle, recently abolished. This was
+regarded as an appeal to the judgment of <i>God</i>; and succeeded, at the
+Conquest, the fires and other ordeals of our ancestors, which the
+Normans affected to despise. The reader, however, may be disposed to
+conjecture, that as much of the divine interposition might be expected
+to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> decide the healing of a burn or scald, as the issue of a battle. The
+older custom was for the accused to plunge his hand into a cauldron of
+boiling water, and take out a stone or piece of iron of a given weight;
+the depth of the vessel being proportionate to the magnitude of the
+crime charged: or for him to seize, at the end of a religious service, a
+bar of iron placed on a fire at the beginning of the service, and run
+over a certain length of ground with it: the method in which the wounds
+healed, in either case, being the criterion of guilt or innocence.</p>
+
+<p>The wager of battle was certainly of more splendid pretensions, and was
+introduced at first with these stipulations. If the opposite parties
+were countrymen, they were to follow their national customs, whatever
+they were; if the appellee were a foreigner, or of foreign descent, he
+might offer wager of battle, and on its being declined, purge himself by
+his own oath and that of his witnesses, according to the Norman law; or
+if a native of the country, he might have his choice of the trial by
+ordeal or by battle.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The solemn feelings and great religious sincerity with which our
+forefathers regarded combats of this description, cannot be more
+powerfully or more accurately depicted, than in the memorable combat
+scene of <span class="smcap">Ivanhoe</span>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The draw-bridge fell, the gates opened, and a knight, bearing the great
+standard of the order, sallied from the castle, preceded by six
+trumpets, and followed by the knights preceptors, two and two, the grand
+master coming last, mounted on a stately horse, whose furniture was of
+the simplest kind. Behind him came Brian de Bois Guilbert, armed
+cap-a-pee in bright armour, but without his lance, shield, or sword,
+which were borne by his two esquires behind him.&mdash;He looked ghastly
+pale, as if he had not slept for several nights, yet reined in his
+pawing war-horse with the habitual ease and grace proper to the best
+lance of the Order of the Temple. His general appearance was grand and
+commanding; but looking at him with attention, men read that in his dark
+features from which we willingly withdraw our eyes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"On either side rode Conrade of Mont Fitchet and Albert de Malvoisin,
+who acted as godfathers to the champion. They were in their robes of
+peace, the white dress of the order. Behind them followed other knights
+companions of the Temple, with a long train of esquires and pages, clad
+in black, aspirants to the honour of being one day knights of the
+order."</p>
+
+<p>After these walked the accused in a coarse white dress, surrounded by
+wardens in sable livery.</p>
+
+<p>"The slow procession moved up the gentle eminence, on the summit of
+which was the tilt-yard, and entering the lists, marched once around
+them from right to left, and when they had completed the circle made a
+halt. There was then a momentary bustle while the grand-master and his
+attendants" took their places: when "a long and loud flourish of
+trumpets announced that the court was seated for judgment. Malvoisin,
+then acting as godfather to the champion, stepped forward and laid the
+glove of the Jewess, which was the pledge of battle, at the feet of the
+grand-master.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Valourous lord and reverend father," said he, "here standeth the good
+knight Brian de Bois Guilbert, knight preceptor of the Order of the
+Temple, who by accepting the pledge of battle which I now lay at your
+reverence's feet, hath become bound to do his devoir in combat this day,
+to maintain that this Jewish maiden, by name Rebecca, hath justly
+deserved the doom passed upon her&mdash;condemning her to die as a sorceress.
+Here, I say, he standeth such battle to do knightly and honourably, if
+such should be your noble and sanctified pleasure."</p>
+
+<p>"Hath he made oath," said the grand-master, "that his quarrel is just
+and honourable? Bring forward the crucifix and the <i>Te igitur</i>."</p>
+
+<p>"Sir and most reverend father," answered Malvoisin readily, "our brother
+here present hath already sworn to the truth of his accusation, in the
+hand of the good knight Conrade de Mont Fitchet, and otherwise he ought
+not to be sworn, seeing his adversary is an unbeliever and may take no
+oath."</p>
+
+<p>"The grand-master having allowed the apology, commanded the herald to
+stand<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> forth and do his devoir. The trumpets then flourished, and a
+herald stepping forward, proclaimed aloud, "Oyez, oyez, oyez. Here
+standeth the good knight Sir Brian de Bois Guilbert, ready to do battle
+with any knight of free blood who will sustain the quarrel allowed and
+allotted to the Jewess Rebecca, to try by champion in respect of lawful
+essoigne of her own body; and to such champion the reverend and valorous
+grand-master here present allows a fair field, an equal partition of sun
+and wind, and whatever else appertains to a fair combat." The trumpets
+again sounded, and there was a dead pause of many minutes.&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The judges had now been two hours in the lists, awaiting in vain the
+appearance of a champion.</p>
+
+<p>"It was the general belief, that no one could or would appear for a
+Jewess accused of sorcery, and the knights, instigated by Malvoisin,
+whispered to each other, that it was time to declare the pledge of
+Rebecca forfeited. At this instant a knight, urging his horse to speed,
+appeared on the plain, ad<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>vancing towards the lists. An hundred voices
+exclaimed, 'A champion,' 'a champion!' And, despite the prepossession
+and prejudices of the multitude, they shouted unanimously as the knight
+rode into the tilt-yard. The second glance, however, served to destroy
+the hope that his timely arrival had excited. His horse, urged for many
+miles to its utmost speed, appeared to reel from fatigue, and the rider,
+however undauntedly he presented himself to the lists, either from
+weakness, weariness, or both, seemed scarce able to support himself in
+the saddle.</p>
+
+<p>"To the summons of the herald who demanded his rank, his name and
+purpose, the strange knight answered readily and boldly, 'I am a good
+knight and noble, come hither to sustain with lance and sword the just
+and lawful quarrel of this damsel, Rebecca, daughter of Isaac of York;
+to uphold the doom pronounced against her to be false, and truthless,
+and to defy Sir Brian de Bois Guilbert as a traitor, murtherer, and
+liar; as I will prove in this field with my body against his, by the aid
+of God, our Lady,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> and of Monseigneur Saint George, the good knight.'</p>
+
+<p>"The stranger must first show," said Malvoisin, "that he is a good
+knight, and of honourable lineage. The Temple sendeth not forth her
+champion against nameless men."</p>
+
+<p>"My name," said the knight, raising his helmet, "is better known, my
+lineage more pure, Malvoisin, than thine own. I am Wilfrid of
+Ivanhoe."&mdash;"Rebecca", said he, riding up to the fatal chair, "dost thou
+accept of me for thy champion?"</p>
+
+<p>"I do," she said, "I do!" fluttered by an emotion which the fear of
+death was unable to produce.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;"Ivanhoe was already at his post, and had closed his visor, and
+assumed his lance. Bois Guilbert did the same.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;"The herald then, seeing each champion in his place, uplifted his
+voice, repeating thrice, <i>Faites vos devoirs, preux chevaliers</i>. After
+the third cry, he withdrew to one side of the lists, and again
+proclaimed, that none on peril of instant death should dare by word,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>
+cry, or action, to interfere with, or disturb this fair field of combat.
+The grand-master, who held in his hand the gage of battle, Rebecca's
+glove, now threw it into the lists, and pronounced the fatal signal
+words, <i>Laissez aller</i>. The trumpets sounded, and the knights charged
+each other in full career."</p>
+
+<p>The result arising out of the peculiar situation of one of the
+combatants toward Rebecca, was his almost immediate death: but, seeing
+him fall, Wilfrid assumed the rights of a victor, and "placing his foot
+on his breast, and the sword point to his throat, commanded him to yield
+or die on the spot. Bois Guilbert returned no answer.</p>
+
+<p>"Slay him not, sir knight," said the grand-master, "unshriven and
+unabsolved&mdash;kill not body and soul. We allow him vanquished."&mdash;"This is
+indeed the judgment of God," said he, looking upwards&mdash;"<i>Fiat voluntas
+tua</i><a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a>!"</p>
+
+<p>But Froissart records a most curious<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> instance of the motives that were
+sometimes assigned for "a deed of arms" of this description.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after Henry IV. had ascended the throne of our feeble Richard
+II. Louis duke of Orleans sent him a letter of the following tenor.</p>
+
+<p>"I Louis, by the grace of God, son and brother to the kings of France,
+duke of Orleans, write and make known to you, that with the aid of God
+and the blessed Trinity, in the desire which I have to gain renown, and
+which you in like manner should feel, considering <i>idleness</i> as the bane
+of lords of high birth which do not employ themselves in arms, and
+thinking I can no way better seek renown than by proposing to you to
+meet me at an appointed place, each of us accompanied with one hundred
+knights and esquires, of name and arms without reproach, there to combat
+together until one of the parties shall surrender; and he to whom God
+shall grant the victory, shall do with his prisoners as it may please
+him. We will not employ any incantations that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> are forbidden by the
+church, but make every use of the bodily strength granted us by God,
+having armour as may be most agreeable to every one for the security of
+his person, and with the usual arms; that is to say, lance, battle-axe,
+sword and dagger, and each to employ them as he shall think most to his
+advantage, without aiding himself by any bodkins, hooks, bearded darts,
+poisoned needles, or razors, as may be done by persons unless they be
+positively ordered to the contrary."</p>
+
+<p>He then states, that "under the good pleasure of our Lady and my lord
+St. Michael" he will wait the answer of the king at Angouleme: and
+concludes,</p>
+
+<p>"Most potent and noble prince, let me know your will in regard to this
+proposal, and have the goodness to send me as speedy an answer as may
+be; for in all affairs of arms, the shortest determination is the best,
+especially for the kings of France, and great lords and princes; and as
+many delays may arise from business of importance, which must be
+attended to, as well as doubts respect<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>ing the veracity of our letters,
+that you may know I am resolved, with God's help, on the accomplishment
+of this deed of arms, I have signed this letter with my own hand, and
+sealed it with my seal of arms. Written at my castle of Coucy, the 7th
+of August, 1402."</p>
+
+<p>Henry replied to this curious challenge, by expressing his surprise at
+such an invitation from a sworn friend and ally.&mdash;"With regard to what
+you say, that we ought to accept your proposal to avoid idleness," he
+adds, "it is true we are not so much employed in arms and honourable
+exploits as our noble predecessors have been; but the all-powerful God
+may, when he pleases, make us follow their steps, and we through the
+indulgence of his graces have not been so idle, but that we have been
+able to defend our honour." He declines the meeting, at that time,
+principally on account of the inequality of rank between the
+parties,&mdash;but intimates that he shall be ready to afford all proper
+satisfaction to his challenger on his next visit to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> continent. This
+affair ended in a mere war of words; but the real motive of Louis was
+subsequently avowed by him to be the revenging on Henry what he had
+"done against king Richard," the son-in-law of the king of France. "With
+regard to your high station," he smartly says, "I do not think the
+divine virtues have placed you there. God may have dissembled with you,
+and have set you on a throne, like many other princes, whose reign has
+ended in confusion; but in consideration of my own honour I do not wish
+to be compared with you."</p>
+
+<p>An <i>Inquisitio post mortem</i>, dated in the 7th of Edward III., speaks of
+the tenure of the manor appertaining to the royal champion as follows:
+"That the manor of Scrivelsby is holden by grand sergeanty, to wit by
+the service of finding, on the day of coronation, an armed knight, who
+shall prove by his body, <i>if need be</i>, that the king is true and
+rightful heir to the kingdom."</p>
+
+<p>It is remarkable that this important document neither prescribes the
+absolute appearance of the lord of the manor as knight, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> only that
+he is bound to '<i>find</i> an armed knight' if required; nor does it
+describe the office as hereditary. With regard to the latter point, it
+would seem that possession is the entire law of the case, and we suppose
+the office would pass with the property by sale: with respect to the
+former, the honour seems to have called forth the valour of every
+successive lord, and princes have seldom imagined that their subjects
+can in such a cause overstep their duty.</p>
+
+<p>Anciently, the champion rode with the royal procession from the Hall to
+the Abbey, and proclaimed the challenge on his way, as well as at the
+feast: some instances have occurred of its being repeated also in the
+city, as at the coronation of Henry IV. At his predecessors coronation
+it is remarked by Walsingham, that sir John Dimmock, being armed
+according to custom, came to the door of the Abbey with his attendants
+before the service was concluded: and that the earl marshal of the day
+went out to him and said, he should not have made his appearance so
+soon.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The fate of our recent and future champions has become of late duly
+regarded by law. To challenge all who should dispute the pretensions of
+the king is rightly enough a post of honour; to accept the challenge
+would always, we know, have been still more bold; but an act of
+parliament passed during the regency (59 Geo. III. cap. 46.) abolishes
+altogether the trial and actual battle; so that the champion's lands,
+after being held with manifest peril for centuries, have at last become
+a peaceable possession; and all dispute respecting the crown is of
+course as fully disposed of. It no longer rests on the valour of a
+single arm&mdash;not even on that of a Marmion, or a Dymoke.</p>
+
+<p>There was another office, that of the <i>Lord High Steward</i> of England, to
+which in former times much authority was attached. He possessed a kind
+of vice-regal power on the demise of the crown and until the coronation
+of the rightful heir, and was a governor of the kingdom immediately
+under the reigning monarch, so as to be able to control or remove the
+judicial servants of the crown,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> at any time. What was once the
+importance of this office is still indicated by the temporary
+guardianship of St. Edward's crown being committed to an officer bearing
+this title on the day of the coronation, and his honourable place of
+walking immediately before the king in procession. The Earls of
+Leicester once enjoyed this great dignity hereditarily; through them it
+descended to the De Montford family, until, on the attainder of the last
+Earl, it was granted by Henry III. to his younger son Edmund, by whom it
+became transmitted to John of Gaunt, and eventually to Henry IV. while
+Duke of Lancaster; since which period it has been prudently suffered to
+merge in the crown.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Court of Claims</i> takes its origin from the ancient prerogatives of
+the Lord High Steward, who sat judicially in the Whitehall of the king's
+palace, at Westminster, to receive the applications and decide upon the
+claims of all those who held lands on the tenure of performing some
+personal service at the coronation. It is a court, in fact, exer<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>cising
+this part of his ancient office by commission. These services had the
+name of <i>magnum servitium</i>, or grand sergeanty, as being attached to the
+person of the king, and involve the honour of knighthood in all cases;
+no person under the rank of a knight, nor a minor or female tenant,
+being allowed to perform them.</p>
+
+<p>Numerous offices occur in the list of claims, to which our limits will
+not allow us to pay attention. Toward him who is "every inch a king"
+every sort of service is supposed to confer honour; and many
+comparatively trivial duties have been long connected with the more
+substantial rights of property. The preceding offices require no
+recognition of the Court of Claims for their exercise; but those which
+follow are to be substantiated before this tribunal at each successive
+coronation.</p>
+
+<p>The hereditary <i>Grand Almoner</i> of England is an honour attached to the
+barony of Bedford. Its duties are to collect and distribute certain
+monies at the coronation from a silver dish; which the Almoner claims
+for his fee,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> together with all the cloth on which the king walks in
+procession from the door of the hall at Westminster to the Abbey church.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Chief Butlership</i> is traced by authentic records into the hands of
+William de Albini, who came to England with William the Conqueror, and
+has been exercised by some of the noblest families in the country since.
+It is now an hereditary right of the Duke of Norfolk as Earl of Arundel,
+and entitles the possessor to the best gold cup and cover, with all the
+vessels and wine remaining under the bar, and all the pots and cups,
+except those of gold and silver, which shall be in the wine cellar after
+dinner.</p>
+
+<p>In the remote periods of our history, when the assassination of princes
+was practised by various arts, a faithful guardian of the royal cup
+might well be esteemed an acquisition to the court. A "chief butler" was
+one of the most ancient attendants on royalty, we know from Scripture
+history, and, according to the same details, was instrumental in
+bringing about that singular revolution in the court<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> of Egypt<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a>,
+which resulted in planting the Jews there, for the accomplishment of
+some of the most extraordinary purposes of God. The same kind of office
+seems to have been held by the Jewish chieftain Nehemiah in the court of
+Persia, and to have given him considerable influence in accelerating the
+return of his countrymen from their captivity in Babylon<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Dapifer</i> or <i>Sewer</i>, who, "in his surcote, with tabard, sleeves,
+and a hoode about his neck, and his towell above all, served the
+messes," or arranged the dishes on the table of the coronation feast of
+Elizabeth, Henry VII.'s queen, is an ancient worthy of the royal day,
+whose office has become extinct. If the dishes are not become more
+tractable, or the royal observation less nice, royal feasting has
+become, perhaps, less rare in modern times, and this kind of skill,
+therefore, more common.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Grand Carver&mdash;Grand Panniter</i>, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> provider of bread, and the Royal
+<i>Napier</i>, are offices that have also become extinct, while good carving
+and good living have been still found at the royal table; and while the
+<i>Chief Cupbearer</i> has retained his office and the possession of the
+manor of Great Wimondley, in Hertfordshire, as his reward.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Chief Lardiner</i> is also still entitled to notice, as having the
+care and management of the royal larder, and being duly careful of "the
+remainder of beef, mutton, venison, kids, lard, and other flesh; as also
+the fish, salt, &amp;c. remaining in the larder," which fall to his share of
+the feast. This office has been attached to the manor of Scoulton, in
+Norfolk, from the reign of Henry II.</p>
+
+<p>Nor should we omit to notice that the Lord Mayor and Citizens of London
+claim a snug "seat next the cupboard, on the left side of the hall," in
+virtue of their right to assist the Chief Butler in his duties at the
+coronation feast; or that his lordship serves the king after dinner with
+wine in a gold cup, having the cup and its cover for a fee. It is
+remarkable that the city claims a right to perform the same service, and
+to receive a similar fee,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> at the coronation of our queens: but as this
+escaped Her Majesty's law officers in the late argument for her
+coronation, we will not suppose it had any connexion with the strong
+desire for that event at the Mansion House. The mayor, bailiffs, and
+commonalty of Oxford also claim to assist in the office of butlery, and
+receive the humbler reward of three maple cups.</p>
+
+<p>With other presents&mdash;of grout or gruel, maple cups and napkins, <i>to</i> the
+king, gentle reader, we will suppose thou hast of late been sufficiently
+acquainted; but the conspicuous duty of the Barons of the Cinque Ports
+must not pass unnoticed.</p>
+
+<p>These ports claim to furnish sixteen supporters of the royal canopy, in
+the following proportion, <i>i.e.</i>&mdash;Hastings, 3; Dover, 2; Hithe, 2; Rye,
+2; Sandwich, 3; Rumney, 2; Winchelsea, 2. It is called in an account of
+the coronation of Richard I. "a silk <i>umbraculum</i>, borne on four
+lances:" but is now generally composed of cloth of gold, having a gilt
+silver bell at each of the four corners, which are supported by four
+staves of silver. The origin of this claim is involved in such<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> remote
+antiquity, that a charter of Charles II. speaks of "the time of the
+contrary being never remembered to have been." We have seen that a
+crown, ascribed to the days of King Alfred, bore a couple of bells on
+its sides. These accompaniments of royal and pontifical dignity, appear
+to be of Eastern origin; but the modern application of them is curiously
+contrasted with the ancient design. At the doors of the tents or houses
+of grandees a bell or sonorous body was generally placed, that
+applicants for admission might announce <i>their</i> desires<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a>: thus the
+Jewish High Priest wore bells round the lower border of his sacerdotal
+garments, "that his sound might be heard" on approaching the presence of
+God. It was clearly designed to indicate an application for the audience
+of a superior: but in the roar of cannon, the clatter of church bells,
+and the warm gratulations of such a people as received His Majesty on a
+late occasion, <i>what</i> tidings of any kind could the feeble bells of the
+canopy convey?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We shall notice but one other claim, that of the lord of the Isle of Man
+to present the king with the interesting present of two falcons on the
+day of his coronation. "Hawks and falcons were favourite subjects of
+amusement, and valuable presents in those days," says Mr. Turner<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a>,
+"when the country being much over-run with wood, all species of the
+feathered race must have abounded. A king of Kent begged of a friend
+abroad two falcons of such skill and courage as to attack cranes
+willingly, and seizing them to throw them on the ground. An Anglo-Saxon,
+by his will, gives two hawks (hafocas), and all his stag-hounds (head or
+hundas) to his natural lord." And similarly to this claim of the king on
+the lord of Man, "Ethelstan," according to this writer, "made North
+Wales furnish him with as many dogs as he chose, whose scent-pursuing
+noses might explore the haunts and coverts of the deer; he also exacted
+<i>birds</i> 'who knew how to hunt others along the atmosphere<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a>.'"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Isle of Man was given in the reign of Henry IV. to the
+Northumberland family; on the forfeiture of that earldom Sir John
+Stanley became possessed of it, on the present tenure of presenting the
+kings of England with two falcons on the day of their coronation; and
+although the sovereignty was purchased from the Duke of Athol by the
+crown during the late king's reign, that nobleman still holds his
+manorial rights by the performance of this duty.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>&sect; 4. ANECDOTES OF THE ACTUAL CEREMONIES OF THE CORONATION,</h3>
+
+<h5>CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED.</h5>
+
+
+<p>Although the ceremonies of the royal investiture form a <i>spectacle</i> for
+the eye of the passing age, rather than a subject of historical record,
+presenting any thing characteristic of our monarchs, traces of the "form
+and body of the time" have occasionally been left by them on the page of
+history, which it is now our design to present to the reader.</p>
+
+<p>The chief of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of the octarchy at the close of
+the eighth century was Mercia; and hither we find Pope Adrian, the
+friend and favourite of Charlemagne, sending two legates to enforce a
+new code of ecclesiastical laws, as early as A.D. 785. A synod was held
+in Northumbria, and another in Mercia, to receive them; but while the
+former kingdom first embraced Christian<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>ity<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a>, in the latter were
+first exhibited, at this time, the solemn rites of an ecclesiastical
+consecration in the person of <span class="smcap">Egfurth</span>, the son of Offa, who was
+"hallowed to king," in the presence of his father, then reigning. This
+phrase of the Saxon Chronicle describes all that is now known of the
+mode of this early coronation; but prince Egfurth seems, in virtue of
+it, to have reigned conjointly with his father afterwards. It is
+remarkable that, although the Archbishop of Canterbury soon obtained the
+entire ecclesiastical precedence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> in the coronation of our kings<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a>, at
+this same synod of Calcuith, (Chelsey, Bucks,) it was decided that a
+metropolitan see should be established amongst the Mercians, taking from
+that of Canterbury all the territory between the Thames and the Humber;
+and that Adrian accordingly sent the pallium of archiepiscopal dignity
+to Adulph, Bishop of Lichfield. Charlemagne, who called himself in
+letters produced at this synod, "the most powerful of the kings of the
+east," gives to Offa the sounding title of "the most powerful of the
+kings of the west<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a>." Egfurth, it would seem, was not again crowned on
+his accession to the entire regal authority.</p>
+
+<p>There is one instance of a Northumbrian coronation, in the stormy close
+of that dynasty, <i>i.e.</i>, that of <span class="smcap">Eardulf</span>, A.D. 795. This prince had a
+singular escape from the hands of Ethelred, his predecessor, by whom he
+was brought to the church door of Rippon, in Yorkshire, and as the
+monarch and the spec<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>tators thought, put to death. The body was carried
+into the choir by the monks; who, in chanting the funeral service,
+perceived it to breathe, dressed his wounds, and carefully preserved
+their future sovereign in their monastery. He was consecrated and
+assisted to the throne by &AElig;anbald, Archbishop of York, and two other
+prelates.</p>
+
+<p>A consecration of <span class="smcap">Alfred</span> the Great, which is by many writers regarded as
+"regal," took place at Rome, A.D. 754, when that prince was but five
+years of age; and was performed by Pope Leo IV. at the request of his
+father. Mr. Turner supposes that &AElig;thelwulf thus intended to designate
+him for his heir in preference to his elder brothers: and Mr. Lingard,
+that it was to secure his succession to the crown <i>after</i> his brothers,
+to the exclusion of their children; a conjecture that is strongly
+supported by the subsequent arrangements of the will of &AElig;thelwulf, by
+which the minor kingdom of Kent was left to his second son, Ethelbert;
+and the kingdom of Wessex to Ethelbald, Ethelred, and Alfred, in order
+of seniority. "If there be room<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> here for conjecture, I rather think,"
+says Selden, "that as the unction used in the baptism of king Clovis was
+among the French made also by tradition to be an anointing him for king,
+so here the use of chrisme in confirmation (for it appears that at the
+same time Pope Leo confirmed king Alured,) was afterward, by mistaking,
+accounted for the royal unction<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>Malmsbury says expressly that the pope gave him "the regal unction <i>and</i>
+the crown;" and Robert of Gloucester</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Pope Leon h<small>&#7823;</small>m blessede &thorn;e he &thorn;uder com,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And &thorn;e k<small>&#7823;</small>nges crowne of &thorn;<small>&#7823;</small>s lond.&mdash;</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>It is also to be observed that no one of his brothers, Ethelbert,
+Ethelbald, or Ethelred, seem to have received a regal consecration, and
+that we do not read of a repetition of that ceremony when Alfred himself
+was crowned at Winchester;&mdash;and here we leave the solution of the
+meaning of this ceremony to the reader.</p>
+
+<p>Our next is an instance of female corona<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>tion. &AElig;thelwulf, devotedly
+attached to the church, and fitted more for the cowl than the crowns she
+was now in the habit of bestowing, espoused, on his return from a
+pilgrimage to Rome, <span class="smcap">Judith</span>, the daughter of Charles the Bold&mdash;and at the
+close of the marriage ceremony caused her to be crowned and anointed by
+the archbishop of Rheims. A regal seat was prepared for her by his side,
+and she received the new or disused title of Queen. This was in the year
+856. To his people the marriage seems to have been as distasteful as it
+was in itself unnatural; the lady not having reached her 12th year, and
+the king being advanced in age; but the "royal makings of a queen," with
+which she was honoured, are said to have excited their particular
+displeasure. Whether this arose, as is probable, from the consecration
+of a female to the royal dignity being wholly unprecedented at the court
+of Wessex, from some apprehension on the part of his subjects that the
+king designed to transfer their allegiance to a female at his death, or
+from disgust at the recent conduct of Eadburga, who had poisoned her
+hus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>band king Brichtric, must at this period be matter of pure
+conjecture. Clear, however, it is that some of our most respectable
+historians must be mistaken respecting the crime of Eadburga, causing
+the honour of a coronation to be "<i>taken from</i><a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a>" the Saxon queens. We
+have no instance of a female coronation in England until so late as the
+year 978, in the reign of Ethelred II.<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a>: that of Judith, therefore,
+was no revival of a discontinued custom. But a degradation of the
+consorts of the kings of Wessex in regard to the <i>title</i> of queen, and
+the right to sit in equal dignity with the king upon a throne, in
+consequence of the crime of Eadburga, is, perhaps, sufficiently
+established. Mr. Lingard, whose accuracy as an historian is entitled to
+the highest praise, adverts to this circumstance in the following
+summary of the honours of an Anglo-Saxon queen. "The consort of the
+c&#7823;ning was originally known by the appellation of "queen," and shared,
+in common with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> her husband, the splendour of royalty. But of this
+distinction she was deprived by the crime of Eadburga, the daughter of
+Offa, who had administered poison to her husband Brichtric, the king of
+Wessex. In the paroxysm of their indignation the witan punished the
+unoffending wives of their future monarchs by abolishing, with the title
+of queen, all the appendages of female royalty. &AElig;thelwulf, in his old
+age, ventured to despise the prejudices of his subjects. His young
+consort Judith was crowned in France, and was permitted to seat herself
+by his side on the throne. But during several subsequent reigns no other
+king imitated his example: and the latest of the Anglo-Saxon queens,
+though they had been solemnly crowned, generally contented themselves
+with the modest appellation of "the lady<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a>.""</p>
+
+<p>After king "Alfride," saith Peter Langtoft&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;">Kam <span class="smcap">Edward</span> the olde,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Faire man he was and wis, stalworth and bolde.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>He was distinguished for those successful<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> inroads on the Danish
+possessions in Britain which resulted in the entire dominion of England
+being united under the sceptre of his successors.</p>
+
+<p>On the same authority we learn that he "toke the croun at Saynt
+Poule's," London: if by this his coronation is intended, Stow and Speed
+contradict the poet, assigning this honour to the town of
+Kingston-upon-Thames. But the proclamation of the monarch in London may
+be the meaning of the old chronicler.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ethelstan</span>, the first monarch of England, was crowned at Kingston, (id
+est, villa regia, says an early writer), "according to the ancient
+laws," A.D. 924, by Athelm, archbishop of Canterbury. On this occasion,
+as we have before noticed, a high scaffolding was erected in the
+market-place of that borough, for the better exhibition of the prince
+and of the ceremonies to the people.</p>
+
+<p>The coronations of <span class="smcap">Edmund</span> I. and <span class="smcap">Edred</span>, his brothers, (both of which
+took place at Kingston,) present nothing remarkable to our notice.</p>
+
+<p>But that of <span class="smcap">Edwy</span>, the eldest son of Ed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>mund, was distinguished for a
+remarkable outrage on the person of the king. The popular account of
+this affair is, that the young prince had espoused a beautiful young
+lady of the royal blood, Elgiva, who was pronounced by the monks to be
+within the canonical degrees of affinity. Before his accession,
+therefore, she had been a source of dispute between the dignified
+ecclesiastics and the king. On the coronation-day he did not obtrude her
+claims upon the people; nor, on the contrary, would he forego his
+private comforts in her society. When the barons were indulging
+themselves in the pleasures of the feast, Edwy retired to his domestic
+apartments, and in the company of Elgiva and her mother, laid aside his
+crown and regal state. Dunstan, the aspiring abbot of Glastonbury,
+surmised the cause of his retreat; and taking with him his creature Odo,
+the nominal primate, penetrated into the interior of the palace,
+upbraided the prince with this untimely indulgence of his passions, and
+after branding his consort with the most opprobrious name of woman,
+brought him back with considerable personal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> violence into the hall<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a>.
+Mr. Turner, our able Anglo-Saxon historian, regards the transaction as a
+bold attempt of Dunstan to subdue the regal power to his ambition. He
+represents the nobility as evincing some displeasure at the king's early
+departure, and the anxiety of Odo to communicate the state of their
+minds to Edwy. That the persons he first addressed excused themselves
+from undertaking this errand: and the commission devolved by a sort of
+general wish on Dunstan and Cynesius, a bishop, his relative. "But with
+the delivery of the message," he observes, "his commission must have
+terminated; and on the king's refusal [if he did refuse] it was his duty
+to have retired. As an ecclesiastic, he should not have compelled him to
+a scene of inebriety; as a subject, it was treasonable to offer violence
+to his prince<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>The latest, and not least able of our English historians, however, would
+place these events in a different light. He insists, somewhat in the
+spirit of the monkish writers, on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> this amour being highly disgraceful
+to the king; and while he represents it as "the scandal of the age"
+(whose sources, in the king's disputes with the ecclesiastics, Mr.
+Lingard in any other instance would have readily traced,) he states it
+as not altogether incredible that both Ethelgiva, the mother, and her
+daughter, whom he does not name, had sacrificed their honour to the
+equivocal ambition of <i>one</i> of them becoming queen. The nobles, he adds,
+accompanied their demand for the king's return with an injunction in the
+name of the whole assembly, for Ethelgiva to leave the court. The rest
+of his account does not materially differ from that of former
+historians. But with all the unfeigned respect for his impartiality,
+with which the perusal of this writer's volumes has inspired us, we
+cannot hold him successful in this attempt to disengage the character of
+Dunstan and his associates from the imputation of great indecorum.</p>
+
+<p>Were the lady the king's mistress and not his wife, was a dignified
+ecclesiastic justified in following him into her apartments? and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> had
+the amour been ever so unbecoming, was this a species of conduct likely
+to detach him from it? But the story of the wife and daughter together
+speculating upon his affections is surely improbable in the highest
+degree: we know that the monkish writers, who furnish the only account
+we have of the transaction, would call a wife espoused in opposition to
+the will of the church, a mistress; and the sufferings of the young
+monarch from this interference with his affections, should teach us to
+exercise the judgment of charity on his memory.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edgar</span>, the successor of Edwy, surnamed "the Peaceful," his whole reign
+being exempt from the scourge of war, delayed his coronation for
+thirteen of the sixteen years to which it extended; a circumstance for
+which none of our historians assign a reason. The royal investiture was
+celebrated at last, (A.D. 973,) with great pomp at Bath, Dunstan,
+archbishop of Canterbury, presiding.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"There was bliss mickle</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On that happy day</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caused to all"&mdash;</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>says a poem in commemoration of the event, preserved in the Saxon
+Chronicle,</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Of priests a heap,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of monks much crowd,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I understand."&mdash;</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The monarch, indeed, was as celebrated for his magnificence as for the
+talents suited to his station. From Bath he proceeded to Chester, to
+receive the homage of eight tributary princes, <i>i.e.</i> Kenneth, king of
+Scotland, Malcolm of Cumberland, M'Orric of Anglesey and the Iles, Jukil
+of Westmoreland, Iago of Galloway, and Howel, Dyfnwel, and Griffith,
+princes of Wales. A splendid procession by water introduced the
+ceremony. Edgar assumed his seat at the stern of the royal barge, and
+his tributaries taking the oars, rowed the monarch to the church of St.
+John; the bishops and noblemen following in their state barges, and
+returning the acclamations of the populace who lined the shores. The
+king is said to have remarked, "When my successors can command the
+service of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> the like number of princes, let them consider themselves
+kings<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>A remarkable objection was made, according to the Saxon Chronicle, to
+the right of <span class="smcap">Edward</span>, the son of Edgar, to the throne, viz. that he was
+born before the coronation either of his father or mother<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a>, and the
+pretensions of his younger brother, Ethelred, were so successfully urged
+by the Queen dowager, that a convocation of the witan was held to settle
+the dispute<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a>. Here the claim<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> of Edward was fully admitted, and he
+was crowned and anointed by Dunstan, at Kingston, accordingly, in the
+year 975&mdash;to be sacrificed to the ambition of his cruel stepmother, in
+less than four years afterwards.</p>
+
+<p>Stained with the blood of its former wearer, even the ambitious prelate
+Dunstan "hated much to give the crown" to <span class="smcap">Ethelred II.</span>, as Robert of
+Gloucester informs us; he assisted, however, at his coronation, and,
+according to the most perfect Anglo-Saxon ritual that has come down to
+us, addressed some admirable counsel to the monarch on the duties of his
+new station. The following is a translation of the coronation oath of
+this period. "In the name of the Most Holy Trinity, I promise; First,
+that the church of God, and all Christian people, shall enjoy true peace
+under my government; secondly, that I will prohibit all manner of rapine
+and injustice to men of every condition; thirdly, that in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> all
+judgments, I will cause equity to be united with mercy, that the most
+clement God may, through his eternal mercy, forgive us all. Amen<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a>."
+The ceremony was performed at Kingston, on the festival of Easter, 978.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edmund II.</span>, surnamed Ironside, was also crowned at Kingston; he
+struggled nobly for seven months against the overwhelming power of the
+Danes, who, at the moment of his coronation, had an army of 27,000 men
+on board their fleet in the Thames; and who, in the fatal field of
+Ashdown, extirpated almost all the old nobility of the kingdom, ere this
+unfortunate reign closed. This hero led them, during his short reign,
+into five pitched battles against the enemy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Canute</span> is said to have been chosen by the unanimous voice of the nation
+to the vacant throne; and received consecration from Levingius,
+archbishop of Canterbury, at London, A.D. 1016. He first surrounded the
+throne with regular guards, called Thing-men, for whose government he
+compiled a set<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> of rules still extant. The king himself having violated
+one of them in a transport of passion, by slaying a private soldier,
+assembled the whole corps, and having referred to the law prohibiting
+such excesses, acknowledged his crime, descended from the throne, and
+demanded punishment. The Thing-men were silent, and being urged, on a
+promise of perfect impunity, to state their sentiments, they left the
+decision to the king, who adjudged himself to pay 69 talents of gold,
+more than nine times the ordinary pecuniary mulct in such a case.</p>
+
+<p>The Scots refused homage to this prince, because he had not obtained the
+crown of hereditary descent; but on his assembling an army to assert his
+claims, they submitted: shortly after which occurred the memorable
+effort of his courtiers to persuade him, that the monarch of six
+powerful nations&mdash;England, Scotland, and Wales, Denmark, Norway, and
+Sweden,&mdash;could command the ocean tide to retire from his feet. Having
+convinced them of their folly, by making the experiment, he took the
+crown from his head, it is said, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> placed it on the great cross in
+the cathedral of Winchester, refusing ever after to wear it, even on
+occasions of public ceremony.</p>
+
+<p>At the coronation of <span class="smcap">Harold I.</span>, who in fact usurped the throne in the
+absence of the legitimate claimant, Hardicanute, Egilnoth, archbishop of
+Canterbury, refused the episcopal benediction. He placed the royal
+insignia on the altar, and addressing the king and his surrounding
+prelates, said, "There are the crown and sceptre which Canute intrusted
+to my charge. To you, I neither give nor refuse them, you may take them
+if you please; but I strictly forbid any of my brother bishops to usurp
+an office, which is the prerogative of my see<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a>."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edward the Confessor's</span> name is attached to too much of the Regalia, to
+allow us to overlook his accession to the throne. He was crowned at
+Winchester, A.D. 1042, on Easter day; and being a Saxon, was hailed by
+the people as a native prince. The archbishop, Eadsius, read to him a
+long exhorta<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>tion on the duties of a sovereign, and closed by reminding
+him of the paternal government which England enjoyed under his
+predecessors in the Saxon line. All our early historians dwell with
+great zeal on the manner in which he fulfilled these duties. He was "the
+good king Edward," for whose "laws" the people were always anxious, when
+under the subsequent despotism of the Normans, they found an opportunity
+of expressing their desires; and his reign, forming an interval between
+the Danish and Norman Conquest, was long remembered as an era of
+deliverance from foreign thraldom. It is principally from these
+feelings, that historians account for the crown itself wearing for so
+many ages the name of St. Edward's&mdash;St. Edward's staff, as it is called,
+being carried before our monarchs at their coronation, &amp;c. The people
+literally applied to him that celebrated maxim of our constitution, the
+king can do no wrong; for, although his reign was chequered by many
+internal commotions, on his ministers and not on himself, was the blame
+uniformly cast.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This prince, however, seems to have committed a pious fraud on his good
+people. Being importuned by his council to marry, he espoused the
+daughter of the powerful Earl Godwin; to whom he privately disclosed a
+vow of perpetual continence under which he had bound himself: but
+offered to raise her to the regal seat (and she was accordingly publicly
+crowned as queen), on condition that he should be allowed without
+molestation to observe his vow. She is represented by our historians as
+a very learned lady.</p>
+
+<p>The coronation of the unfortunate <span class="smcap">Harold</span> II. took place on the day of
+the funeral of his predecessor&mdash;a striking proof of the importance
+attached to this ceremony at that period. But William, Duke of Normandy,
+having previously extorted from him an oath of fealty, protested from
+the first against his consecration, and in the memorable battle of
+Hastings caused him to pay the penalty of his life for the momentary
+honour.</p>
+
+<p>At this point of our progress through the history of these ceremonies,
+it will be interesting to review briefly the political character of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> the
+Anglo-Saxon <i>cyning</i> or king. The rites in question will always derive
+the greatest illustration from being considered as the reflected light
+of ancient opinions respecting the monarchy.</p>
+
+<p>The eorl and ceorl were the great distinctive appellations of noble and
+ignoble descent: none were or are admitted, it will be seen, to any
+important office in the coronation ceremonies but the former class. They
+were said to be "ethel-born," and every member of the royal family was
+an "etheling," or son of the noble, emphatically. Ere Christianity
+dispelled the fables of divine descent, the pedigree of the monarch was
+always to be traced to Woden, and after the demi-god was no longer
+revered, the first of earthly families and "full-born" blood was seen in
+him.</p>
+
+<p>Yet our Anglo-Saxon ancestors unquestionably <i>chose</i> the identical
+member of the family whom they would acknowledge as king: the witan
+regularly assembled on the death of a monarch, and proceeded to the
+election of his successor.</p>
+
+<p>"The Saxons could not comprehend," says<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> Mr. Lingard, "how a freeman
+could become the dependent of another, except by his own consent: but
+the election rendered the cyning the lord of the principal chieftains,
+and through them of their respective vassals."</p>
+
+<p>His revenue, derived from the fines and amercements known to the
+Anglo-Saxon law for crimes of every description&mdash;from territory obtained
+by conquest, or forfeited by treason&mdash;and from those gross bargains for
+obtaining the king's peace, which were only exceeded by those which
+purchased at this time, what was called "the peace of God," (both being
+an exemption for certain days, or in certain places, from the pursuit of
+every enemy or claimant), was far larger than that of the most powerful
+of the nobles who were, in fact, <i>his</i> feudal tenants, in whatever
+portion of lands they possessed. Thrice in the year this proud
+muster-roll of noble tenants was examined, <i>i.e.</i> at the festivals of
+Christmas, Easter, and Whitsuntide, where they appeared before the
+monarch in all the pomp of state. A sort of coronation scene was at this
+time exhibited. The nobles renewed their homage<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> to the monarch, who
+received them at once as his guests and dependents&mdash;seated on his
+throne, with a crown on his head, and a sceptre in each of his hands.
+Public officers were at this time appointed, laws, on some occasions,
+enacted, while for eight days it was forbidden for any man to slay,
+maim, or assault his enemy, or to distrain upon his debtor's lands. The
+return of these festivals has sometimes been mistaken by our historians
+for a repetition of the coronation, strictly so called<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The monarch exercised, as at the present time, a supreme command over
+the national forces. He consulted the witan, but he himself determined
+on, and proclaimed war or peace. He was also, as now, the supreme judge,
+and received appeals in person, from all the ordinary courts of
+judicature: the ealdormen, sheriffs, and other officers of those<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>
+courts, holding their appointments at his pleasure. The intelligent
+reader will thus find the substantial duties of the royal office as
+remarkably similar at this distant period with its present functions, as
+the pageant of a coronation can be uniform<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William I.</span> may be said to have been crowned in character as a conqueror.
+Christmas-day 1066, being appointed for his coronation, at Westminster,
+he was surrounded by his Norman barons, and a full attendance of the
+English nobles and prelates&mdash;when<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> Aldred, archbishop of York, put the
+questions of the Recognition to his new subjects; and the bishop of
+Constance, who was in his train, to the Normans, The assent of both
+nations was given with loud acclaim. So boisterous, indeed, was their
+loyalty at this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> part of the ceremony, that the Norman soldiers of
+William, on the outside of the Abbey church, affected to consider the
+shouts as the signal of insurrection, and immediately set fire to the
+houses of the neighbourhood (a singular remedy for riot), and began the
+congenial work of plunder, to the great mortification of the king. All
+now became confusion in the interior of the Abbey: the Norman barons
+prepared for battle; the native nobles regarded themselves as victims
+selected for slaughter, and the king is said to have been left alone,
+with the ecclesiastics, to conclude the ceremony. That the shouts were
+but the pretext for a preconcerted attack and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> plunder of the people,
+appears but too clearly from the subsequent remonstrance of the king
+with the barons, whom he warned against the certain result of oppressing
+the English; while he strictly prohibited the soldiers from appearing at
+taverns, or molesting the private abodes of the citizens; and appointed
+a commission to enforce his regulations.</p>
+
+<p>Matilda, duchess of Normandy, was not brought into England until William
+had fully subdued his refractory subjects&mdash;when, on Whit Sunday, 1068,
+she was crowned queen at Winchester, by the archbishop of York.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Rufus</span>, though a second son, was the Conqueror's favorite, and
+duly elected his successor by the prelates and barons of England. His
+coronation, as it was principally procured by the influence of the
+church, was conducted with great splendour by Lanfranc, archbishop of
+Canterbury, at Westminster, 20th Sept, 1087.</p>
+
+<p>Of this prince the Saxon Chronicle furnishes an anecdote, of which the
+naval excursions of his present Majesty are calculated to remind us.
+While hunting in the New Forest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> he received intelligence of the defeat
+of his Norman forces by Helie de la Fleche&mdash;and would hardly suffer the
+messenger to conclude his tale, ere he exclaimed, "Let those that love,
+follow me;" and rode immediately toward the sea shore. He leaped into
+the first vessel that presented itself: the master remonstrating that
+the weather was very stormy, and the passage perilous in such a bark,
+"Hold thy peace," said William, "kings are never drowned<a name="FNanchor_84_85" id="FNanchor_84_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_85" class="fnanchor">[84]</a>."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry I.</span>, who was near his brother at the time of his death in the New
+Forest, hastened to Winchester to secure the royal treasures. So
+precipitate was the prince on this occasion, as to neglect all care for
+the decent interment of William, whose body was carried in a cart to the
+royal city, and without any religious rites interred in the
+cathedral<a name="FNanchor_85_86" id="FNanchor_85_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_86" class="fnanchor">[85]</a>. The treasurer of his predecessor seems to have been more
+respectful to his memory. He ventured to tell Henry that he held the
+money for the rightful heir, his brother Robert; and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> blood would have
+been shed but for the interference of the surrounding nobles, who
+overcame the scruples of the minister. Having obtained possession of the
+royal castle and treasures, Henry proceeded to Westminster, where on the
+third day after his brother's death he was crowned by the bishop of
+London, the see of York being vacant, and Anselm, archbishop of
+Canterbury, abroad.</p>
+
+<p>This was the first of our monarchs who thought it needful to strengthen
+the attachment of his subjects to him by a formal charter; which seems
+in some measure to have been regarded as a condition of his election to
+the crown. It was, at any rate, promulgated on the day of the
+coronation, and is a document of no small historical importance, as
+professing to abolish all the grievances that had been introduced by the
+Norman princes, and to restore the laws of Edward the Confessor. We can
+only notice a few of its items. 1. The people were exempted from all
+taxes which they had not paid under their Saxon rulers; and the venders
+of base or light coin were to be punished with severity. 2. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> church
+was reinstated in all her ancient rights, and the king engaged never to
+sell or farm vacant benefices, or to retain their revenues for the use
+of his exchequer. 3. He granted to all the barons and immediate vassals
+of the crown (requiring them to make the same grant to their respective
+tenants) the right of a free disposal of personal property: that for
+breaches of the peace they should not be placed as heretofore at the
+king's mercy, but be adjudged to pay the sums prescribed by the Saxon
+law; that their heirs should pay the customary reliefs for the livery of
+lands, and not the arbitrary compensations which had been exacted by his
+two predecessors; that the wardship of minors, and the custody of their
+lands, should be committed to their nearest relations; that neither
+heiresses nor widows should be compelled by the king to marry, but the
+daughters and female relations of noble families should be given in
+marriage without any impediment being offered by the crown, or any fee
+being required for the exercise of such liberty. He at the same time
+granted a very beneficial charter to the citi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>zens of London. Two queens
+of this prince were successively crowned.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Stephen</span> was the fourth monarch in succession from the Conqueror who
+claimed the crown without an hereditary title. Any settlement of the
+government was preferred by well-disposed men to the anarchy that
+usually succeeded the decease of a feudal sovereign: and the promptitude
+of this monarch, and his former popularity in the country, united with
+the antipathy of the people to a female reign, gave him an easy access
+to sovereign power. He was crowned at Winchester, by the archbishop of
+Canterbury, Dec, 22, 1135; stipulating in the coronation oath that he
+would not levy the danegelt<a name="FNanchor_86_87" id="FNanchor_86_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_87" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> which his uncle had so frequently
+extorted, nor retain for his own profit the vacant benefices of the
+church, nor molest clerks or laymen in the possession of their woods or
+forests.</p>
+
+<p>By a compact entered into with Stephen and the assembled barons, in the
+latter days of that prince, <span class="smcap">Henry II.</span>, grandson of Henry I.,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> succeeded
+to the throne, and was crowned at Westminster, Dec. 19, 1154, attended
+by a great concourse of foreign nobility. His queen received the royal
+unction on Christmas-day, 1158.</p>
+
+<p>During the disputes between this monarch and the celebrated Thomas &agrave;
+Becket, we find the king adopting a singular expedient for strengthening
+and perpetuating the authority of his family&mdash;the coronation of his son
+Henry. Historians are divided as to his design in this ceremony; but a
+probable opinion is suggested by Mr. Hume, that when the thunders of the
+Vatican were every day expected to dissolve the ties of allegiance
+between Henry's subjects and himself, he was anxious by the new oaths of
+allegiance now taken, to secure their obedience, at least, to his family
+in the person of his son.</p>
+
+<p>But in the manner of conducting this unique coronation he added new
+matter to the existing strife. It had long been esteemed a right of the
+metropolitan to anoint and crown the kings of England; and Becket had
+been diligent enough to procure the pope's letters pro<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>hibitory against
+the interference of any other prelate with his privileges on this
+occasion. The coronation however proceeded; the archbishop of York
+feeling no scruple in supplying Becket's place:&mdash;all the royal makings
+of a king were bestowed on the young prince, at Westminster, June 15,
+1170, and his father waited upon him during the coronation feast, at
+table. It being remarked to the prince how great was the honour for him
+to be thus attended, he is said to have replied haughtily, "That he
+thought it no such great condescension for the son of an earl to wait on
+the son of a king."</p>
+
+<p>This coronation also involved the father in a rupture with the court of
+France. Prince Henry had married a daughter of that crown, to which the
+omission of her coronation with her husband was in the highest degree
+offensive: the king of France entered the Norman territories of Henry in
+consequence, and it was not until that monarch had promised to supply
+the omission, and that the prince and princess should be together
+crowned by Becket, that either the French king or the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> primate were
+appeased. The ultimate issue of this circumstance, in the assassination
+of Becket, we have noticed in another part of this work. Hume remarks on
+the whole affair&mdash;"There prevailed in that age an opinion which was akin
+to its other superstitions, that the royal unction was essential to the
+exercise of royal power. It was therefore natural both for the king of
+France, careful of his daughter's establishment, and for Becket, jealous
+of his own dignity, to demand in the treaty with Henry some satisfaction
+on this essential point<a name="FNanchor_87_88" id="FNanchor_87_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_88" class="fnanchor">[87]</a>." The second coronation of the prince (in
+which his consort was duly associated) took place Aug. 27th, 1172.</p>
+
+<p>Nor did the calamitous consequences of this event thus terminate. It
+seems to have sown deeply the seeds of ambitious discord in the family
+of Henry. The young prince, after a visit to France with his consort,
+formally demanded of his father some substantial share of the royal
+power with whose insignia he had been invested. The intrigues and civil<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>
+commotions that followed, it is not within our plan to detail; but the
+conduct of his different children, instigated by the example of this
+unworthy first-born, eventually brought the parent to his grave.</p>
+
+<p>The coronation of <span class="smcap">Richard I.</span>, is the earliest upon which our historians
+dilate. It took place September 3, 1189, at Westminster; differing in no
+material point from the modern ceremony. The archbishop is said to have
+solemnly adjured the king at the altar, "not to assume the royal dignity
+unless he were resolved to keep the regal oath." An infamous outrage on
+the unoffending and oppressed race of the Jews closed the coronation day
+in London, and was followed by equally cruel treatment of them in
+several large towns. They seem on this occasion to have tempted the
+cupidity, by appealing to the generosity and humanity of the court.
+Numbers of them came to the metropolis with presents for the young king,
+who forbade them, however, to appear at his coronation. In the evening a
+few of the richer Israelites endeavoured to pass into<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> the hall of the
+palace; when they were repulsed, insulted, and pursued into the city. A
+report now spread that the king, regretting the unhallowed forbearance
+of his father toward this apostate race, had given orders for a general
+attack upon them. The populace quickly murdered the first that had
+appeared; they then attacked the houses of all the richer Jews, and
+after stripping them of every thing valuable, left them in flames. At
+York, five hundred of this hapless nation who had retired into the
+castle for protection, and eventually seized it from the governor,
+murdered their own wives and children, to prevent their falling into the
+hands of their enemies, and then despatched each other nearly to a man.</p>
+
+<p>On the return of Richard from his romantic expedition to Jerusalem, in
+1194, he is said to have been crowned a second time; "to put awaie, as
+it were, the reproofe of his captivitie<a name="FNanchor_88_89" id="FNanchor_88_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_89" class="fnanchor">[88]</a>." A solemn council was held
+at Nottingham, to review the affairs of the king<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>dom, and the conduct of
+his brother John during the king's absence; the last or third day being
+occupied in discussing the question, whether it were necessary that the
+king should be crowned a second time; the king voted in the negative,
+but his peers and prelates were of the contrary opinion, and the
+ceremony was accordingly performed at Winchester, by Hubert, archbishop
+of Canterbury<a name="FNanchor_89_90" id="FNanchor_89_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_90" class="fnanchor">[89]</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John</span> was declared by Richard, on his death-bed, to be his legitimate
+successor: but the people being divided between his claims and those of
+Arthur, his nephew, a great council was held at Northampton, in which
+the nobles resolved unanimously on swearing fealty to him; and the
+coronation was ordered to take place at Westminster, 27th of May, 1199.
+The primate introduced the ceremony by a speech intended to main<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>tain
+the claim of John. He observed, that all his auditors well knew the
+crown to be elective, and could only be held by the unanimous agreement
+of the nation with regard to the personal merits of the wearer: that it
+was the gift of the people, who chose generally from the members of the
+reigning family the prince who appeared most deserving of that honour.
+Such was the selection in the scriptural case of David, and others: and
+that having that day met to perform this important duty, they, on these
+principles, brought forward their future sovereign, John, earl of
+Montaign&eacute;, brother to the deceased king<a name="FNanchor_90_91" id="FNanchor_90_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_91" class="fnanchor">[90]</a>. John, who was present,
+signified his concurrence with these sentiments; and a few days
+afterwards, (June 7) we find a law published from Northampton in which
+he asserts, that 'God had given him the throne by hereditary right,
+through the unanimous consent and favour of the clergy and people<a name="FNanchor_91_92" id="FNanchor_91_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_92" class="fnanchor">[91]</a>.'
+The friends of Arthur made a faint resistance to the claims of John, as
+duke of Normandy,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> but that unhappy prince, we know, soon met an
+untimely death, by the means, if not by the dagger of his uncle.</p>
+
+<p>This prince, having procured a divorce, on the pretext of consanguinity,
+from a wife to whom he had been married twelve years, negociated a new
+marriage in 1200 with the princess of Portugal. Ere his overtures,
+however, could be answered, he was by accident diverted to another
+choice. Isabella, daughter of the count of Angouleme, was a celebrated
+beauty of the day, who had been publicly promised and privately espoused
+to Hugh, count of La Marche. But John, in one of his visits to Normandy,
+became enamoured of her: and the lady found the crown of her new lover
+an irresistible recommendation. The princess of Portugal was
+disappointed, the count de La Marche enraged, and all Europe surprised
+at the event, when the monarch conducted his bride in triumph to
+Westminster early in the month of October, and assembled his peers for
+her coronation, on the 8th of that month. Hoveden represents king John
+himself to have partaken of the bene<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>diction on the occasion: some
+writers state, that he was a second time crowned.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after this event, we have a formal demand of feudal homage made by
+John on William king of Scotland, with which the latter promised
+promptly to comply. The two monarchs met at Lincoln, and, on an eminence
+near that city, in the presence of the assembled nobles of both
+kingdoms, the king of Scotland swore fealty of life and limb to
+John&mdash;against all men, saving his own right. He, at the same time, is
+said to have acknowledged by a written document the feudal superiority
+of the English crown, to have engaged to keep the peace with its king
+and kingdom, and to have bound himself not to marry his son without the
+permission of John, as his liege lord<a name="FNanchor_92_93" id="FNanchor_92_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_93" class="fnanchor">[92]</a>. But this is a little
+inconsistent with another recorded fact&mdash;rising from his knees, he
+explicitly demanded of John the restoration of the three counties of
+Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmoreland, as the heir of his
+grandfather David, from whom he alleged<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> them to have been unjustly
+wrested in the wars of Matilda and Stephen. The kind of homage rendered
+by the Scottish princes to the English crown, in this and succeeding
+ages, was always proportioned to the strength or weakness of the
+respective governments, and was hardly construed to mean the same thing
+during two successive reigns. On the whole, this singular interview
+seems to have been consented to on the part of the wily Scot,
+principally with a view to sound the dispositions of the new sovereign.</p>
+
+<p>The profligate and pusillanimous John is well known to have exposed his
+own rights, and the liberties of his people, to all the evils of
+protracted civil wars, and foreign invasion. At the period of his
+decease, the capital and the southern counties were in the hands of
+Louis, king of France.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry III.</span>, his son, had but just completed his tenth year when the
+title of a king descended to him. But his youth and innocence
+conciliated that regard to his person, which the conduct of John had
+long estranged from himself; the claims of Louis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> were disowned by the
+holy see; and the more powerful of the barons saw an object worth
+contending for in the direction of the young king's affairs. Ten days
+after the death of his father, (October 28, 1218), he was brought in
+procession to the cathedral of Gloucester, and crowned by the papal
+legate Gualo, assisted by the bishops of Winchester, Exeter, and Bath.
+It is remarked by the contemporary historians<a name="FNanchor_93_94" id="FNanchor_93_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_94" class="fnanchor">[93]</a>, that a plain circle
+of gold was used on this occasion in lieu of the crown, which had been
+lost with the other jewels and baggage of John in his passage across the
+wash near Wisbech. A proclamation was next day issued, lamenting the
+dissensions that had existed between the king's father and his barons,
+and promising, on the part of Henry, to bury them in oblivion. By the
+same instrument he commanded the tenants of the crown forthwith to
+appear, and do him homage; and enjoined upon all persons appearing in
+public, to wear a white fillet round their heads during the ensuing
+month, in honour of his coronation.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Henry was crowned a second time, on the final deliverance of his kingdom
+from the French invaders, <i>i.e.</i> in May 1220; by Langton, archbishop of
+Canterbury:&mdash;"all the estates and subjects of his realme," meeting him
+at Westminster&mdash;"to the end; it might be said, that now after the
+extinguishment of all seditious factions, he was crowned by the general
+consent<a name="FNanchor_94_95" id="FNanchor_94_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_95" class="fnanchor">[94]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>At the late age of twenty-nine, a bride was provided for the young
+monarch: her father, who accompanied her to England, was only bishop
+elect of Valence; but the beauty of the queen seems in this case to have
+been the sovereign recommendation; and all the eloquence of the
+historian is exerted by Matthew Paris, in describing the ceremonies of
+her marriage and coronation. The nobility of both sexes, the clergy in
+their various orders, all the vassals of the crown and the citizens are
+assigned their several places and offices, with an amusing precision;
+nor does he forget the trumpet's clang, or the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> minstrel's pipe: the
+various banners that streamed in the procession; or the viands and wines
+of the banquet. Eleanor, the pride of the day, was a queen amongst
+beauties&mdash;the whole world, he says in conclusion, might be challenged to
+produce a spectacle equally glorious and enchanting.</p>
+
+<p>This monarch rebuilt the whole of the abbey church at Westminster from
+its foundations; and was interred in the tomb out of which he had
+removed the bones of Edward the Confessor. At his funeral his successor
+was proclaimed by the earl of Gloucester; who, before the deceased
+king's body was covered, stept forward, and putting his hand upon it,
+swore fealty to the then absent prince.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edward I.</span>, at this period returning to Europe from the Holy Land. He is
+said to have received the news of his father's death with those tears of
+sincere grief, which surprised some of his princely companions; and did
+not much appear to quicken his progress toward England. Being challenged
+to a tournament, by the count of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> Chalons, the exhortations of the
+reigning Pontiff could not induce him to forego the combat; he felt his
+honour, as the champion of the cross, at stake; and appeared in the
+lists at the appointed day, attended by a thousand knights. The trial of
+skill was converted into a deadly battle, in which the count seriously
+attempted the king's life; and out of which, the English only came
+victorious after a sanguinary conflict. Edward succeeded to the throne
+in November 1272; but did not arrive in England, until August 1274, when
+his first object was to receive, with his consort, Eleanor of Castile,
+the regal unction. He was crowned with this affectionate<a name="FNanchor_95_96" id="FNanchor_95_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_96" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> companion
+of his crusade, at Westminster, on the 19th; Alexander, king of
+Scotland, being present, and doing homage as a vassal of the English
+crown. Several of the orders for provisions required for the coronation
+feast, are preserved in Rymer,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> among which are, 380 head of cattle; 430
+sheep, 450 pigs, 18 wild boars, 278 flitches of bacon; and 19,660 capons
+and fowls. Holinshed informs us, that there were five hundred horses
+"let go at libertie" on this occasion, "catch them that catch might." In
+Rymer we also read of a singular stipulation originally made by Richard
+I., that, whenever a king of Scotland should attend at the summons of
+the English king, to do homage, or service at his court, he should be
+attended, and provided for, by the bishop, sheriffs, and barons of each
+county, through which he came; 5<i>l.</i> per day being allowed for his
+expenses on the road, and 30<i>s.</i> per day so long as he remained at the
+English court, together with twenty-four loaves, four sexterces of the
+best, and eight of inferior, wine, four wax tapers, forty better, and
+eighty inferior, candles, two pounds of pepper, and four pounds of
+cinnamon. At this time, it appears, the Scottish party received
+regularly the 5<i>l.</i> a day, and purchased their own provision:
+Alexander's whole disbursement was 175<i>l.</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Edward, in the first year after his coronation, forbade the Jews to
+erect, or hold any synagogues in his dominions; to hold fiefs, or any
+free tenement; or to demand interest for the loan of money: at seven
+years of age they were to wear two pieces of woollen cloth, sown into
+their outward garment, and at twelve to be subject to a capitation tax
+of three pence, to be paid annually at Easter. Thus cut off from their
+ordinary modes of living, they had recourse to the clipping of money and
+other illegal modes of debasing the coin; and after trials, fines, and
+executions of the most oppressive and unjustifiable description, were
+finally banished the realm, A.D. 1290.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edward II.</span> ascended a throne that, by the energies of his father, had
+extended its sway over almost the whole island of Great Britain. At the
+period of his decease, Edward I. was prosecuting the conquest of
+Scotland, and left, according to Froissart, a solemn charge to his
+successor, "to have his body boiled in a large cauldron, until the flesh
+should be separated from the bones;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> that he would have the flesh buried
+and the bones preserved; and that every time the Scots should rebel
+against him, he would summon his people, and carry against them the
+bones of his father: for he believed most firmly, that as long as his
+bones should be carried against the Scots, those Scots should never be
+victorious<a name="FNanchor_96_97" id="FNanchor_96_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_97" class="fnanchor">[96]</a>." The young prince first visited the court of France, and
+married Isabella, the French king's daughter; whom he brought to England
+with her two uncles, and a magnificent train of foreign nobility, to
+participate in the splendors of their joint coronation, which was
+celebrated at Westminster, February 25, 1308. It was well attended also
+by the English nobility; but the king's marked preference for a personal
+favourite, (Piers Gaveston) was resented as a general insult. He
+appeared the sole dispenser of all the honours and favours of the day;
+for the promotion of his friends and dependents, the claims of
+inheritance and the precedents of former reigns were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> alike disregarded.
+Three days afterwards, the barons met in the refectory of the monks, at
+Westminster, to petition for the banishment of Gaveston, and thus began
+the unhappy differences between this monarch and his nobles, which
+resulted in his final deposition.</p>
+
+<p>This involved the singular circumstance of the barons formally
+withdrawing their homage. The favourites of the king, against whom they
+had armed, being slain,&mdash;a parliament was called by the queen Isabella,
+and <i>her</i> paramour; which was opened by a long speech from the bishop of
+Hereford. He painted in strong terms the incapacity, and what he called
+the vindictive and treacherous disposition, of the king; and declared,
+that to liberate him from the confinement under which he was now placed,
+would be to expose to certain death, a princess, who, by her wisdom and
+courage, had been the salvation of the state. He, therefore, desired
+them to retire, and to consider, by the next morning, whether it were
+not better to deprive the father of the crown,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> and elect, forthwith,
+his son. On the following day this motion was carried by acclamation;
+the temporal peers, and many of the prelates, swore fealty at once to
+the young Edward: a bill of impeachment, containing six articles, was
+drawn up against the old king; and the reign of Edward of Carnarvon was
+declared to have terminated, and that of Edward of Windsor to have
+begun.</p>
+
+<p>But the queen now affected great scruples and grief at these
+proceedings; declared her fears, that the parliament had exceeded its
+powers, and exhorted her son, it is said, to refuse the crown. On the
+ground of this delicacy of feeling, a deputation of both lords and
+commons was appointed to wait on the deposed monarch,&mdash;to give him
+notice of the election of his son; tender him back their homage, and
+"act as circumstances might suggest." Their measures are variously
+related by the partisans of the new and old king. They flattered and
+they threatened him; they exhorted him to show that greatness of mind,
+which could sacrifice<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> a throne to the good of his people, and promised
+him an ample revenue and the indulgence of all his personal wishes, if
+he should freely resign the crown. At last he was brought, dressed in a
+plain black gown, into a room where the deputation had been arranged to
+receive him; and sir William Trussel, a judge, addressed him in these
+words: "I, William Trussel, procurator of the earls, barons, and others,
+having for this full and sufficient power, do render and give back to
+you Edward, once king of England, the homage and fealty of the persons
+named in my procuracy: and acquit and discharge them thereof, in the
+best manner that law and custom will give. And I now make protestation,
+in their name, that they will no longer be in your fealty, or
+allegiance, nor claim to hold any thing of you as king, but will account
+you, hereafter, as a private person, without any manner of royal
+dignity." Then sir Thomas Blount, the steward of the king's household,
+broke his staff of office, as is usual on the death<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> of a king, and
+declared all persons once in his Majesty's service, to be discharged
+from their former duty.</p>
+
+<p>On the return of the deputation, the new king was proclaimed in the
+metropolis by the heralds, in the following unprecedented form.
+"Whereas, sir Edward, late king of England, of his own good will, and
+with the common advice and assent of the prelates, earls, barons, and
+other nobles, and all the commonalty of the realm, hath put himself out
+of the government of the realm, and has granted and willed that the
+government of the said realm should come to sir Edward, his eldest son
+and heir, and that <i>he</i> should govern the kingdom, and be crowned king,
+on which account all the lords have done him homage; we cry and publish
+the peace of our said lord, sir Edward, the son, and on his part
+strictly command and enjoin under pain and peril of disherison and loss
+of life and member, that no one break the peace of our said lord the
+king. For he is, and will be ready to do justice to all and each of the
+said kingdom, both to the little and the great, in all things<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> and
+against all men. And if any one have a claim against another, let him
+proceed by way of action, and not by violence or force."</p>
+
+<p>At the coronation, February 1st, 1327, a similar assertion of the late
+king having resigned by his free-will, and with the consent of
+parliament, was made. The medal distributed during the ceremony,
+represented the son resting his sceptre on the heart of his people,
+within the motto, "Populo dat jura volenti;" having on the reverse a
+hand receiving a fallen crown, with the inscription, "Non rapit, sed
+recipit." The best comment on the "free-will" of the deposed monarch,
+appeared in his being murdered by the queen's party, in the course of
+the year following.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edward III.</span> married Philippa of Hainault, in 1327, on which occasion she
+was crowned at Westminster. She bore the king a son, the celebrated
+Edward the Black Prince, before he had reached his 19th year.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Richard II.</span> succeeded his grandfather in 1377, being then in his
+eleventh year; and no coronation in our annals was more magni<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span>ficent.
+The Liber Regalis, still preserved at Westminster, contains the ritual
+used on this occasion, and a record of the proceedings of the Court of
+Claims is also extant<a name="FNanchor_97_98" id="FNanchor_97_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_98" class="fnanchor">[97]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>On the day after the death of Edward, this prince entered London in
+great state: triumphal arches were erected, conduits ran with wine, and
+the usual pageants of the coronation procession were displayed in the
+streets. Walsingham mentions in particular a turreted building, erected
+in the market of Cheap, out of which ran streams of wine, and at the
+angles of which, on the top, four young maidens of the age of the king
+were placed, dressed in white. On the approach of the sovereign, shreds
+of gold leaf were blown to him, and florins <i>of paper</i> were showered on
+his head!&mdash;such was what at this time was regarded as the "superior
+ingenuity of the merchants of Cheapside."</p>
+
+<p>The progress through the city on the day preceding the coronation, (15th
+of July, 1377) was similarly distinguished. The king<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> dined at the
+Tower, from which he came forth dressed in white garments, and placed
+himself under the escort of the mayor and citizens, who conducted him to
+his palace at Westminster. On the following morning he rose early, and,
+having received mass in his private chapel, came down into the great
+hall "arraid in the fairest vestments, and with buskins only upon his
+feet." The procession from Westminster Hall to the Abbey, was now
+marshalled in the usual order. While the litany was chanted the young
+prince lay prostrate before the altar, whence he was conducted to his
+throne on a platform in the centre of the nave. The entire ceremony of
+the coronation so much exhausted him, that he was borne back to the
+palace in a litter carried by knights. He soon, however, appeared at the
+banquet, where he created four earls and nine knights, and partook of a
+splendid though turbulent repast. The next morning a council of regency
+was formed, to exercise the royal authority, during the minority of the
+king. It is remarkable, that in the first parliament of this monarch's
+reign,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> we find the archbishop of Canterbury recommending the young king
+to the affection of his subjects, because he was not an elected
+sovereign, but the true heir and representative of their former
+kings<a name="FNanchor_98_99" id="FNanchor_98_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_99" class="fnanchor">[98]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>On the 22d of January, 1382, this monarch espoused Anne of Bohemia,
+daughter of the late emperor Charles IV., and sister of Winceslaus, king
+of the Romans. As usual, she was crowned at the same period; and is said
+so entirely to have possessed, during the twelve years of her union with
+him, the affections of her husband and his people, as to be long
+remembered among the latter by the title of the good Queen Anne.</p>
+
+<p>The tragic close of this prince's reign will never be forgotten while</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;"The hallowed crown</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shall round the mortal temples of a king,"</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>or Shakspeare's celebrated "Richard II." be extant. The march of his
+successor, Bolingbroke, from Ravenspur to London, and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> rapid
+increase of his followers from twenty men to sixty thousand, his
+peaceful entry into the metropolis, and ultimate possession of the
+kingdom, without striking a blow, have only been exceeded, in modern
+times, by the celebrated march of Napoleon from Cannes to Paris.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry IV.</span> challenged the crown partly by right of conquest<a name="FNanchor_99_100" id="FNanchor_99_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_100" class="fnanchor">[99]</a>. In his
+coronation, which took place on the 13th of Oct. 1399, he caused the
+sword which he wore when he landed at Ravenspur to be carried naked, on
+his left hand, by the earl of Northumberland. Froissart's description of
+"the progress" of this monarch we have before noticed.</p>
+
+<p>Of <span class="smcap">Henry V.</span>, Holinshed says, "This kyng, this man, was he whiche,
+(accordyng to the old proverbe) declared and shewed that honour ought to
+change maners: for incontinent after that he was stalled in the siege
+royall, and had received the crowne and sceptre of this famous and
+fortunate region, [he] determined with hymself to put on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> shape of a
+new man, and to use another sorte of livyng, turning insolence and
+wildnesse into gravitie and sobernes, and wavering vice into constant
+virtue." It was this prince, our readers will recollect, who, while "the
+immediate heir of England," was committed into custody by the Lord Chief
+Justice, for disturbing the court in which he sat as judge, and who
+afterwards, when king, so nobly commended that officer's conduct.
+Shakspeare has a similar train of thought with the old chronicler.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;&mdash;"Princes all, believe me, I beseech you,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">My father is gone wild into his grave;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For in his tomb lie my affections;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And with his spirit sadly I survive,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To mock the expectations of the world,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To frustrate prophecies, and to raze out</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rotten opinion, which hath writ me down</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">After my seeming. Though my tide of blood</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hath proudly flowed in vanity till now;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Now doth it turn and ebb unto the sea,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where it shall mingle with the state of flood,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And flow henceforth in formal majesty<a name="FNanchor_100_101" id="FNanchor_100_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_101" class="fnanchor">[100]</a>."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Fabian gives a splendid account of the coronation of Katherine, the
+queen of Henry V.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> "upon whose ryght hande satte at the ende of the same
+table the archebyshop of Cauntorbury, and Henrye, surnamed the ryche
+cardynall of Wynchester. And vppon the lefte hande of the quene satte
+the Kynge of Scottes in hys estate, the wyche was served wythe covered
+messe, like vnto the forenamed byshoppes, but after them." "And ye shall
+vnderstande, that this feaste was al of <i>fyshe</i>." Each course had its
+"sotyltye," however, embodying the wit of other parts of the creation;
+as "a pellycane syttyng on his nest with her byrdes, and an ymage of
+saynte Katheryne holdyng a boke and disputyng with the doctoures,
+holdyng a reason in her ryghte hande, saiynge: 'Madame le roigne' and
+the pellycan as an answere, 'Ce est la signe et du roy, partenir joy, et
+a tout sa gent, elle mete sa entent,'&mdash;a sotyltye named a panter with an
+ymage of saynte Katheryne with a whele in her hande, and a rolle wyth a
+reason in that other hande, sayeng: 'La royne ma file, in ceste ile, per
+bon reson, aves renoun.'" &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry VI.</span> had the high honour of being<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> solemnly crowned as king, both
+at London and in Paris&mdash;"in infant bands." In the ninth year of his age
+"he was leyde upon the high scaffold" in Westminster Abbey, "and that
+was covered all with red soy between the high autere and the quere. And
+he was set in his astate in the middes of the scaffold there, beholdynge
+the people all abowte sadly and wisely." The archbishop "made a
+proclamacion on the iiij quarters of the scaffolde, seyend in this wyse:
+Sirs, heere comyth Henry, kyng Henryes sone the Vth, on whos sowle God
+have mercy, amen. He homblyth hym to God and to holy cherche, askynge
+the crowne of this reame by right and defence of herytage; if ye hold ye
+pays with hym, say ya, and hold up handes. And than all the people cryed
+with oon voyce, Ye, ye. Having been crowned, he rose vp ayen and wente
+to the shryne; and there was he dyspoyled of all his bysshopp's gere,
+and arayd as a kynge in rich cloth of gold, with a crowne on his hede;
+which crown the kyng dyd<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> doo make for hymself<a name="FNanchor_101_102" id="FNanchor_101_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_102" class="fnanchor">[101]</a>." The following
+account of the appearance of the champion at the coronation feast, will
+show the antiquity of the present observances. "Settynge at the mete the
+kyng kept his astate; and on the right hand sat the cardynall with a
+lower astate, and on the left hande satt the chaunceler and a bysshop of
+Fraunce, and no mob at that table. And on the righth hand of the table
+at that boord sat the barons of the V. portes. And so forth the clerkes
+of the same chauncery. And on the lefte hande of the hall sat the mayre
+of London with the aldyrmen. And so forth worthy cominers: and in the
+myddes of the hall sat the bisshoppes, justices, and worthy knyghts and
+equyers. And so they filled bothe the midde boordes of the hall. And
+upon a scaffold stoode the kynges herawdes of armes all the tyme with
+crownes on thyr hedes; and at the fyrst cours they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> came down from her
+scaffold, and they wente before the kynges champyon Sir Phelip Dymok
+that rode in the hall bright as saynte George! And he proclaimed in the
+iiij quarters of the hall that the kyng was a rightfull kyng and heyre
+to the crowne of Engelond: and what maner man that wyll say the contrary
+he was redy to defende it as hys knyght and hys chaumpion, for by that
+offyce he holdith his lande<a name="FNanchor_102_103" id="FNanchor_102_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_103" class="fnanchor">[102]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>At Paris, in his eleventh year, this prince was "honourably accompanied
+to the church of our Lady, where he was anointed and crowned by the
+cardinal bishop of Winchester, after which he departed to the palace,
+having one crown on his head, and another borne before him." "But what
+should I speake," continues Grafton, "of the honorable service, the
+dayntie dishes, the pleasant conceytes, the costly wynes, the sweet
+armony, the musicall instruments which were seene and shewed at that
+feast, sithe all men may conjecture, that nothing was omitted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> that
+might be bought for golde, nor nothing was forgotten, that by man's wyt
+could be invented<a name="FNanchor_103_104" id="FNanchor_103_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_104" class="fnanchor">[103]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>Our fourth <span class="smcap">Edward</span>, like John, affected an elective right to the crown.
+What is now called the Recognition, being at this period what Burnet
+terms, "a rite of an election, rather than a ceremony of investing one,
+who was already king." "A question was asked of the people then
+present," says Fabian, "if they would admitte hym for their kyng and
+soveraigne lorde, the which with one voice cried Yea, yea."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Richard III.</span> and his consort Anne, were crowned with great state at
+Westminster, 6th of July, 1483; there being an unusual concourse of
+nobility at this festival, according to Walpole, including three
+duchesses of Norfolk. Some preparations seem also to have been made for
+the appearance of his deposed nephew, Edward V., in the procession, but
+whether he in reality wore his "apparel and array" there, will ever
+remain,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> among "Historic Doubts." The circumstance of such an
+arrangement being publicly made, however, demonstrates the confidence of
+Richard in his own title. Lord Orford, who first brought forward the
+evidence of this singular arrangement, says, "Though Richard's son did
+not walk at his father's coronation, Edward V. probably did. I conceive
+all the astonishment of my readers at this assertion, and yet it is
+founded on strongly presumptive evidence. In the coronation roll itself,
+is this amazing entry: 'To lord Edward, son of late king Edward IV., for
+his apparel and array, that is to say, a short gowne made of two yards
+and three quarters of crymsyn clothe of gold, lined with two yards and
+three quarters of blac velvet, a long gowne made of six yards of crymsyn
+cloth of gold, lynned with six yards of green damask, a shorte gowne
+made of two yards and three quarters of purpell velvet, &amp;c.' Let nobody
+tell me that these robes, this magnificence, these trappings for a
+cavalcade, were for the use of a prisoner. Marvellous as the fact is,
+there can be no<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> doubt but the deposed young king walked, or it was
+intended should walk, at his uncle's coronation<a name="FNanchor_104_105" id="FNanchor_104_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_105" class="fnanchor">[104]</a>."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henry VII.</span> was crowned "both in form and substance" on Bosworth Field.
+Grafton's remark is, "Lord Stanley took the crown of king Richard, which
+was found amongst the spoyle in the field, and set it on the erle's
+head&mdash;as though he had been <i>elected</i> king by the voyce of the people,
+as in auncient tymes past in divers realmes it hath been
+accustomed<a name="FNanchor_105_106" id="FNanchor_105_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_106" class="fnanchor">[105]</a>." This monarch, it is well known, endeavoured to
+strengthen the substantial claims of conquest by those of marriage with
+the daughter of Edward IV., and his own hereditary rights. To the
+people, he seems to have promised a joint coronation with "dame
+Elizabeth his wief," according to a "Little Devise" of his coronation at
+Westminster, which has reached the present times. But in point of fact,
+she did not appear there. Unwilling to lose the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> influence, Henry was
+still more determined not to appear to rely on the importance, of his
+matrimonial title: he did not, therefore, marry the heiress of the house
+of York, until after his coronation, and delayed to invest her with the
+diadem, until the 3d year of his reign. We have a fine description of
+her coronation in Mr. Ives' Select Papers relating to English
+Antiquities, to which we have already adverted.</p>
+
+<p>No English monarch ascended the throne under happier auspices, or with
+more splendour, than <span class="smcap">Henry VIII.</span> "The ordre of the services" of this
+"high and honourable coronation" is given at great length by Hall: in
+which the disused custom of a progress through the metropolis
+constitutes no small part of the pageantry.</p>
+
+<p>Katherine of Arragon appeared on this occasion, borne on a litter by two
+white palfreys, "apparelled in white satyn embroudered, her heeire
+hanging doune to her back of a very great length, bewtefull and goodly
+to behold, and on her head a coronate set with many rich orient stones."
+The entrance of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> the champion, and his challenge, are in the highest
+style of feudal pomp, and in strict accordance with the old mode of
+trial by combat. "The seconde course beyng served, in at the haule doore
+entered a knight, armed at al poyntes, his bases rich tissue
+embroudered, a great plume and a sumpteous of ostriche fethers on his
+helmet, sittyng on a great courser trapped in tissue, and embroudered
+with tharmes of England, and of Fraunce, and an herauld of armes before
+him. And passyng through the halle, presented hymself with humble
+reverence before the kynges majestie, to whom garter kyng of herauldes
+cried and said, with a loude voyce, Sir knight, from whence come you,
+and what is your pretence? This knight's name was Sir Robert Dimmocke,
+champion to the kyng by tenure of his enheritaunce, who answered the
+saied kyng of armes in effecte after this manner:&mdash;Sir, the place that I
+come from is not materiall, nor the cause of my repaire hether is not
+concernyng any matter of any place or countrey, but only this; and
+therewithall commanded his heraulde to make an O yes: then saied the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>
+knyght to the kyng of armes, Now shal ye here the cause of my commyng
+and pretence. Then he commaunded his owne herauld by proclamacion to
+saye: If there be any persone, of what estate or degree soever he be,
+that wil saie or prove that King Henry the Eight is not the rightfull
+enheritor and kyng of this realme, I, Sir Robert Dimmocke, here his
+champion, offre my glove, to fight in his querrell with any persone to
+the utteraunce."</p>
+
+<p>The coronation of Anne Boleyn was distinguished by the appearance of
+"marvailous connyng pageauntes" in the city: all the Graces were seen on
+Cornhill; the Muses hailed her approach "in Cheap;" and the Cardinal
+Virtues (how are times changed!) paraded Fleet Street. At the banquet
+the king took his station, incog. in a little closet made out of the
+cloyster of St. Stephen's, on the right side of the hall.</p>
+
+<p>We are informed by Burnet, that at the coronation of <span class="smcap">Edward VI.</span> the
+office for that ceremony was revised and much shortened; there being
+"some things that did not agree<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> with" the existing "laws of the land,
+as the promise made to the abbotts for maintaining their lands and
+dignities;" and "for the tedious length of the same, which should weary
+and be hurtsome, peradventure, to the king's majesty, being yet of
+tender age, fully to endure and bide out<a name="FNanchor_106_107" id="FNanchor_106_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_107" class="fnanchor">[106]</a>."&mdash;"The most material
+thing in it," he adds, "is the first ceremony, whereby the king being
+shewed to the people at the four corners of the stage, the archbishop
+was to demand their consent to it; and yet in such terms as to
+demonstrate he was no elective prince, for he being declared the
+rightful and undoubted heir, both by the laws of God and man, they were
+desired to give their good wills and assent to the same, as by their
+duty and allegiance they were bound to do." Yet 'King Edward's Journal,'
+preserved in the Appendix of this writer, says, "and it was asked of the
+people whether they would have him <i>to be the king</i>? Who answered, yea,
+yea." The young monarch<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> did not, of course, understand the doctrine of
+his own "legitimacy" so well as his loyal courtiers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mary</span>, our first queen regnant, was crowned at Westminster, Oct. 1, 1553,
+by Gardiner, bishop of Winchester; the archbishops of Canterbury and
+York being both involved in the rigorous persecution of the Protestants
+which had now begun. In Cheapside the chamberlain of the city presented
+her majesty with a purse containing a thousand marks of gold. It is
+somewhat remarkable, that with all the personal fondness of Mary for her
+husband, Philip of Spain, she should never have proposed his coronation,
+in any form: it would have been quite as regular and constitutional, we
+imagine, as that of a queen consort, and much more so than many of her
+fruitless efforts to promote his influence and authority over her
+subjects.</p>
+
+<p>Queen <span class="smcap">Elizabeth</span>, according to the usual custom, resorted to the Tower at
+the death of her sister. Every part of her conduct, until finally
+established in the most unbounded sway over the hearts of her people, is
+from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> this moment interesting. On entering the Tower she is said to have
+been immediately impressed with the important change that had taken
+place in her condition since she was imprisoned in that fortress, and in
+constant danger of her life. She went on her knees in gratitude to
+Heaven, and spoke of her deliverance being as great as that of Daniel
+from the lions' den: an "act of pious gratitude," says Hume, "which
+seems to have been the last circumstance in which she remembered any
+past hardships or injuries." Cautious and temperate as she was in the
+restoration of Protestantism, the prelates almost entirely refused to
+grant her episcopal consecration. At length, Oglethorpe, bishop of
+Carlisle, was prevailed upon to officiate&mdash;but he was the only bishop
+present.</p>
+
+<p>Whether the solemn presentation of the Bible to the sovereign, at his
+coronation, was an improvement upon the pageant in which an English
+Bible was presented to this princess during her progress through the
+city (see p. 60), or at which of our Protestant coronations it was
+introduced, we know not. It<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> clearly is a Protestant and most
+appropriate symbol of the royal duty, and of the best means of
+performing it.</p>
+
+<p>In her first communication with her parliament, there is an allusion of
+this princess to one part of the coronation ceremony, which we must not
+omit to notice. The Commons, after granting a liberal subsidy, ventured
+to recommend the queen to marry. In reply she told them, that as the
+application was general, without presuming to direct her choice as to a
+husband, she could not take offence at it; but that any further
+interposition on their parts would have ill become them to make, or her
+to bear: that even while she was a private person, and exposed to much
+danger from the malice of her enemies, she had always declined that
+engagement, as an encumbrance; much more at present must she persevere
+in that sentiment, when the charge of a great kingdom was committed to
+her, and her life ought to be devoted to its interests: that as
+<i>England</i> was her husband, wedded to her by this pledge (and here she
+exhibited her finger with the <span class="smcap">coronation ring</span> upon it), English<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>men were
+her children; and while she was employed in rearing or governing such a
+family, she could not deem herself barren, or her life useless and
+unprofitable: that if she ever entertained thoughts of changing her
+condition, the care of her subjects' welfare would be uppermost in her
+thoughts; but should she live and die a virgin, she doubted not but
+divine Providence, seconding their counsels and her own measures, would
+be able to prevent all dispute with regard to the succession;&mdash;and that,
+for her part, she desired no higher character or fairer remembrance of
+her should be transmitted to posterity, than to have this inscription
+engraved on her tombstone, "Here lies Elizabeth, who lived and died a
+maiden queen!"</p>
+
+<p>The accession of <span class="smcap">James I.</span> to the throne was distinguished by nothing
+remarkable connected with our subject, except the numerous creations of
+peers and other titles. He is said, during the first six weeks after his
+entrance into the kingdom, to have bestowed knighthood on 237 persons.
+It was at this period that an advertisement was affixed to the door<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> of
+St. Paul's cathedral, offering to teach a new art of memory, to enable
+the people to recollect the names of the additions to the nobility.</p>
+
+<p>There has been a recent publication of Sir Edward Walker's "Account of
+the Preparations for the Coronation of King <span class="smcap">Charles II.</span>;" but his
+"minute detail" adds nothing important to the history of that splendid
+ceremony, unless we so account the "double felicitie" of the prince and
+people, "that as hee was the object of innumerable multitudes of his
+subjects, so by no accident from Towre-Hill to his own palace, no one
+suffered the least prejudice; and that the sunne shined gloriously all
+that day and the next until after his coronation, not one drop of raine
+falling in all that time, as very much had done at least ten dayes
+before, and as many after those two great solemnityes<a name="FNanchor_107_108" id="FNanchor_107_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_108" class="fnanchor">[107]</a>."</p>
+
+<p>Sandford, the "most dutiful author and collector" of the details of
+<span class="smcap">James II.</span>'s coronation, has furnished the only complete text-book of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>
+our subject. Mr. Taylor, and all subsequent writers, follow him
+throughout the entire ritual of the church service, and in "every thing
+relating to practice<a name="FNanchor_108_109" id="FNanchor_108_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_109" class="fnanchor">[108]</a>." In an address to "the King," he speaks of
+"the pomp, the dignity, and the many glorious circumstances which
+accompany this matter and occasion," "being such as would <i>endanger the
+tempting</i> of another man to swell a dedication to the bulk of a
+History;" and dilates upon "the boundless antiquity of the imperial
+descent," with the splendour, "both in war and peace," of the kingly
+progenitors of His Majesty&mdash;not forgetting the "<i>series of miracles</i>,"
+which he asserts to have been still following in that descent, and to
+have been specially "wrought in favour of His Majesty's life and
+government." "If I should presume to follow the impulse of my zeal," he
+adds, "I should <i>enlarge</i> myself upon this theme; but being conscious,
+that it is as little my faculty as it is my province, and that long
+importunities from a subject to his sovereign are neither good<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>
+discretion nor good manners; I will take care not to be needlessly
+troublesome, by being over officiously thankful," &amp;c. This is modest
+enough for the introduction of a folio on the royal occupations of one
+day.</p>
+
+<p>The book describes the preparations for the coronation, the
+performances, and the subsequent claims arising out of the performances
+of the day: but it is as stiff and stately throughout as in the
+dedication. Omitting no one Christian name of a dowager peeress, nor of
+any "individual person who went in the grand proceeding," nor even of
+"such who <i>ought</i> to have gone," it furnishes not a single personal
+anecdote of the day, nothing that stirs our sympathies: the king is a
+sort of demi-god, "most high, most mighty, and most excellent," and his
+nobles a number of well ordered automata moving round him. They speak
+all the day "out of a book held before" them. Nothing is heard, even at
+dinner, but grace and defiance from the bishop and champion.</p>
+
+<p>Something human, however, appears in their appetites. In the Journal of
+Prepara<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>tions, we find His Majesty's pleasure declared in council, that
+"a particular account" should be obtained "of the dinner kept in
+Westminster Hall, at the coronation of His Majesty King Charles II., as
+also that provided at the coronation of his royal father; together,"
+gentle reader, "with the whole <i>expense</i> and charge of the said
+dinners." And we accordingly find the feet and inches of the royal table
+of Charles II. duly given; the courses of meat, hot and cold, and the
+dishes in each course; as likewise the orders of the "<i>banquet</i>," served
+in plate, on each of the tables of the Hall: that term (our future
+commentators on Shakspeare must observe) being confined to the
+"confections dried and wet, with fruit of the season." In another minute
+of council is a recommendation that there "be provided a magnificent
+table for their Majesties in the nature of an ambigue; but with two
+courses, in regard to the ceremonies that are to be performed at the
+second course." On turning to our books to understand <i>this</i> method of
+good living, we were somewhat startled to find the following
+contradictory recom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>mendation, quoted by Johnson, from an old Art of
+Cookery:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When <i>straitened</i> in your time, and servants <i>few</i>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">You'd richly then compose an ambigue,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where first and second course, and your desert,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">All in <i>one single</i> table have their part.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>St. George's day, in 1684-5, was happily chosen for the ceremony; and a
+letter of summons, which seems to constitute the actual right of
+appearing at a coronation, was ordered to be drawn up by the Earl of
+Sunderland. This document, the form of which continues to be followed,
+runs thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">James R.</span></p>
+
+<p>"Right trusty and well-beloved cousin, we greet you well. Whereas we
+have appointed the 23d day of April next for the solemnity of our
+royal coronation. These are, therefore, to will and command you, all
+excuses set apart, that you make your personal attendance on us, at
+the time above mentioned, furnished and appointed, as to your rank
+and quality appertaineth, there to do and perform such services as
+shall be required and belonging to you. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>And whereas we have also
+resolved, that the coronation of our Royal Consort the Queen shall
+be solemnized on the same day; we do further require the [Countess]
+your wife to make her personal attendance on our said Royal Consort,
+at the time, and in the manner aforesaid: whereof you and she are
+not to fail. And so we bid you heartily farewell. Given at our Court
+at Whitehall, the 21st day of March, in the first year of our reign,
+1684-5."</p></div>
+
+<p>In the "Explanation of the Sacred and Royal Habits, and other Ornaments,
+wherewith the King was invested," Sandford mentions a tablet which hung
+to the royal chair, and on which were "written, in the Old English
+letter, these verses"&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Si quid habent veri vel chronica cana fidesve,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Clauditur hac cathedra nobilis ecce lapis,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ad caput eximus Jacob quondam patriarcha</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Quem posuit cernens numina mira poli:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Quem tulit ex Scotis spolians quasi victor honoristhan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Edwardus Primus, Mars velut armipotens,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scotorum domitor, notis validissimus Hector,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Anglorum decus, et gloria militi&aelig;.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This must, therefore, have been destroyed since King James's coronation,
+for it is now lost. There is but one objection to ascribing the verses,
+with Mr. Taylor, to Edward the First's reign&mdash;would he have written
+"Edwardus <i>Primus</i>?"</p>
+
+<p>The queen's crown of state, or that worn on her return from Westminster
+Hall, seems to have been the most valuable part of the regalia of that
+day. It is regularly set forth, in its component pearls and diamonds, as
+of "value 111,900<i>l.</i>" (an immense sum at that period), and weighing
+only eighteen ounces ten pennyweights.</p>
+
+<p>King James and his Queen slept at St. James's Palace on the vigil of St.
+George, "for the greater convenience of performing their devotions,"
+&amp;c.; and joined the peers and other dignitaries at the Palace of
+Westminster, by "half an hour after ten." Here the latter were
+marshalled according to their respective classes, <i>four</i> in a rank;
+placing the youngest on the left, pursuant to what had been before
+resolved on by his majesty in council, for "the greater glory of the
+solem<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>nity:" and "note," says our accurate chronicler, "that at <i>all</i>
+former coronations the classes proceeded only by two abreast." The king
+and queen entered Westminster Hall at half past eleven o'clock
+precisely; when the dean of Westminster "having, early in the morning,
+with the assistance of the prebendaries, consecrated the holy oil for
+their majesties' anointing," (in what manner we are not informed),
+presented the regalia to the king. Then the queen's regalia were placed
+before her; and the several noblemen and gentlemen who were to bear the
+different symbols of royalty to the Abbey were summoned to receive them;
+the whole procession being ready to move forward exactly at <i>noon</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Now came the stately pomp of England's royalty and nobility "through the
+New Palace Yard into King Street, and so through the Great Sanctuary
+unto the west door of the collegiate church of St. Peter," as depicted
+by Sandford in "nineteen sculptures following," or, as modern
+book-manufacturers would say, in thirty-eight well-executed folio
+plates, which give the exact appearance of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> "each degree and order of
+person in the same," and really form an admirable memorial of such a
+procession.</p>
+
+<p>The twelve principal ceremonies assigned by this writer to the Abbey are
+the same in substance with the modern observances. It is noticed by Mr.
+Taylor that Sandford is the author who <i>first</i> terms the presentation of
+the monarch to the people, and their reply, "the recognition."</p>
+
+<p>The king sat down in St. Edward's chair; and the archbishop, assisted by
+the dean of Westminster, "reverently put the crown on the king's head"
+at three of the clock precisely. The queen, having been first anointed
+on her head and breast, was now crowned and enthroned, and the
+procession returned to the Hall at "five of the clock."</p>
+
+<p>The first course of the "ambigue" appears to have consisted of
+"ninety-nine dishes of the most excellent and choicest of all sorts of
+cold meats, both flesh and fish, excellently well dressed, and ordered
+all manner of ways;" and the whole feast of 1445 dishes, of the placing
+of which we have a numbered scheme (a folio plate), and catalogues
+corre<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>sponding. Could this <i>provoking</i> volume present its viands to some
+of our other senses in equal perfection with that in which "the first
+course of hot meat served up to their majesties' table" meets the eye,
+it were more reasonable to detain the reader over this part of the work;
+but, at the late hour of the morning at which we write this, it is too
+much to dwell on the "cocks' combs," and "petty-toes" and
+"turkeys-&agrave;-la-royale," and "partridges by the dozen," with which it
+abounds.</p>
+
+<p>The appearance of the champion and the challenge were exactly according
+to modern usage.</p>
+
+<p>Sandford concludes with an abstract of the record of the Court of
+Claims, giving both those which were admitted and those which were
+rejected. The following is a form of judgment respecting the office of
+lord great chamberlain:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Quarum quidem petitionum consideratione matur&acirc; habit&acirc;, eo quod idem
+Comes de Lyndsey modo existit in possessione et executione officii
+pr&aelig;dicti, et quod Robertus non ita pridem Carolum Primum f&aelig;licissim&aelig;
+memori&aelig;, tunc Regem Angli&aelig;, de advisamento Dominorum in Parliamento;
+quod quidem officium Montague nuper Comes Lyndsey pater ejus, cujus
+h&aelig;res ipse est executus est in coronatione Caroli Secundi nuper
+Regis Angli&aelig;. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>Ideo consideratum est per commissionarios pr&aelig;dictos
+quod clameum pr&aelig;dicti Comitis de Lyndsey ad officium pr&aelig;dictum eidem
+Comiti de Lyndsey allocetur, exercendum pr&aelig;dicto die Coronationis;
+et quod clameum pr&aelig;dicti Comitis Derbi&aelig; non allocetur; sed quoad
+feoda et vadia per dictum Comitem de Lyndsey clamata, clameum ejus
+quoad poculum de Assay non allocatur, eo quod non constabat
+pr&aelig;dictis commissionariis Magnum Angli&aelig; Camerarium dictum poculum
+aliqu&acirc; precedenti coronatione habuisse. Sed quod alia clamea
+pr&aelig;dicta eidem Comiti de Lyndsey allocantur.</p>
+
+<p>"Et postea et ante coronationem pr&aelig;dietam dicta quadraginta Virgat&aelig;
+Velveti eidem Comiti deliberat&aelig; fuere: et pro reliquis feodis
+pr&aelig;dictis compositio facta est cum pr&aelig;dicto Comiti, pro ducentis
+libris sterlingorum, et pr&aelig;dictus Comes de Lyndsey officium Magni
+Camerarii Angli&aelig; in die Coronationis adimplevit."</p></div>
+
+<p>And thus the reader has a summary of the contents of this important
+work.</p>
+
+<p>James II. boasts, in his Memoirs, of having saved the country 60,000<i>l.</i>
+by the omission (for the first time) of the royal procession through the
+city, at his coronation.</p>
+
+<p>The coronation of <span class="smcap">William</span> and <span class="smcap">Mary</span> presented the singular feature of a
+joint sovereignty over these realms, conferred by public consent. The
+only alteration this made in the ceremonial was, that another symbol of
+sovereign power, the orb, was required, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> presented in due form to
+the queen as well as to the king. The new-modelling of the coronation
+oath, at this period, we have before noticed<a name="FNanchor_109_110" id="FNanchor_109_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_110" class="fnanchor">[109]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>It is certainly remarkable that neither of our married queens regnant,
+<span class="smcap">Mary</span> or <span class="smcap">Anne</span>, should have obtained the coronation of their husbands: in
+neither case was conjugal influence wanted; but the superior force of
+the people's jealousy of foreign sway was, perhaps, wisely deferred to:
+in neither reign were other subjects of strife wanted between the crown
+and the people.</p>
+
+<p>The princes of the illustrious House now seated on the throne have
+affected no novelties in their coronation ceremonies&mdash;except, perhaps,
+that they have endeavoured to simplify and abridge them. <span class="smcap">George I.</span>
+ascended the throne at the age of fifty-five, and was crowned at
+Westminster, on the 20th of October, 1714. His consort, the Princess
+Sophia Dorothy of Zell, having fallen under his displeasure for alleged
+infidelity to her marriage vows, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> having been, it is said, divorced
+from him by the Hanoverian law, was never brought into this country; and
+never, therefore, acknowledged Queen of England. <span class="smcap">George II.</span> was crowned
+with his consort, at Westminster, on the 11th day of October, 1727.</p>
+
+<p>Our late beloved monarch had the happiness of exhibiting to his people
+the splendid spectacles of his marriage and coronation within the same
+month of September, 1761. On the 8th of July, in that year, the king
+first announced to the privy council his intention of demanding in
+marriage the Princess Charlotte of Mecklenberg, sister of the reigning
+Duke Adolphus IV., and on the same day signed a proclamation for the
+assembling of the Court of Claims, and for his own coronation. The
+queen, being detained by contrary winds, did not arrive in this country
+until the 6th of September; on the 8th the nuptial ceremony was
+performed; on the 11th a second proclamation directed that her majesty
+should be united with her royal consort in the pending coronation
+ceremonies. These so far varied from that august ceremonial<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> which has
+recently occupied the public attention, as the presence of a queen
+consort in the procession to the Abbey, and at the royal feast; her
+personal attendants; and the body of the peeresses, may be thought to
+give additional interest and splendour to the scene. The queen entered
+Westminster Hall the same hour as his majesty, and occupied a chair of
+state at his left hand, while the regalia were presented by the Dean of
+Westminster and his attendants. In the procession to the Abbey her
+majesty's vice-chamberlain took his place immediately following the
+gentlemen who personated the Dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy, and was
+succeeded by the other part of the queen's state in the following
+order:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+
+<p class="center">The Queen's Vice-Chamberlain, (Lord Viscount Cantalupe,)</p>
+
+<p class="center">Two Gentlemen Ushers.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="20" cellspacing="0" summary="Two Gentlemen Ushers.">
+<tr>
+  <td align="center">The Ivory Rod with<br />the Dove, borne by the<br />Earl of Northampton,<br />in his robes of estate.</td>
+  <td align="center">The Queen's Lord<br />Chamberlain, (Duke<br />of Manchester,)<br />in his robes, with his<br />coronet and staff in his<br />hands.<br /></td>
+  <td align="center">The Sceptre with the<br />Cross, borne by the<br />Duke of Rutland,<br />in his robes of estate.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" summary="Two Gentlemen Ushers.">
+<tr><td align="center">Two Serjeants at<br />Arms,<br />with their gilt collars<br />and maces.</td>
+  <td rowspan="3"><span class="bracket3">{</span></td>
+  <td align="center">The Queen's Crown, borne by <br />the Duke of Bolton,<br />in his robes of estate.</td>
+  <td rowspan="3"><span class="bracket3">}</span></td>
+  <td align="center">Two Serjeants<br />Arms,<br />with their gilt collars<br />and maces.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="Two Gentlemen Ushers.">
+<tr><td rowspan="10" align="center"><i>Gentlemen<br />Pensioners,<br />carrying<br />their<br />gilt Axes.</i></td>
+
+<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">
+    A Baron of<br />the Cinque-Ports,<br />supporting the<br />Canopy.<br /><br />A Baron, do.<br /><br />
+    A Baron, do.<br /><br />A Baron, do.<br /><br />A Baron, do.<br /><br />A Baron, do.<br /><br />A Baron, do.<br /><br /><br />
+    A Baron of<br />the Cinque-Ports,<br />supporting the<br />Canopy.
+</td>
+
+<td align="center" valign="top">
+    Dr.<br />Thomas<br />Hayter,<br />Lord<br />Bishop<br />of Norwich,<br />in his Rochet,<br />supporter<br />to the Queen.
+</td>
+<td align="center">
+    <span class="smcap">the<br />queen</span>,<br />in her Royal<br />Robes of<br />Crimson Velvet;<br />on her<br /> head a circlet<br />of Gold, adorned with<br />
+    Jewels; going under<br />a Canopy of <br/>Cloth of Gold: her Train<br />borne by Her Royal<br />Highness the<br />Princess
+    Augusta,<br />in her Robes of<br />Estate, assisted by<br />Six Earls' daughters.
+</td>
+<td align="center" valign="top">
+    Dr.<br />John<br />Thomas,<br />Lord<br />Bishop of<br />Lincoln,<br />in his Rochet,<br />supporter<br />to the Queen.
+</td>
+<td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">
+    A Baron of<br />the Cinque-Ports,<br />supporting the<br />Canopy.<br /><br />A Baron, do.<br /><br />
+    A Baron, do.<br /><br />A Baron, do.<br /><br />A Baron, do.<br /><br />A Baron, do.<br /><br />A Baron, do.<br /><br /><br />
+    A Baron of<br />the Cinque-Ports,<br />supporting the<br />Canopy.
+</td>
+<td rowspan="10" align="center">
+    <i>Gentlemen<br />Pensioners,<br />carrying<br />their<br />gilt Axes.</i>
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+   <td align="center">Lady Jane Steuart.<br />Lady Elizabeth<br />Montague.<br />Lady Mary Grey.</td>
+<td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">Ldy. Mary Douglas<br />Lady Heneage<br />Finch.<br />L. Selina Hastings</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">the princess augusta</span>,<br />
+    her coronet borne by the Marquess of Carnarvon.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span><br />
+Duchess of Ancaster, Mistress of the Robes.<br />
+Two Women of Her Majesty's Bed-Chamber.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The peeresses preceded their respective lords&mdash;each rank of the peerage
+being classed together; that is, the baronesses preceding the barons,
+the viscountesses the viscounts, and so forth. In the Abbey the queen
+first ascended the theatre, and stood opposite her chair until the king
+was seated. His majesty was then anointed and crowned: when the order
+for the queen's coronation prescribed as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>The anthem being ended, the Archbishop of Canterbury goes to the altar;
+and the queen arising from her chair on the south side of the area where
+she sat during the time the king was anointed and crowned, being
+supported by two bishops, goes towards the altar, attended by the ladies
+who bear her train, the ladies of the bedchamber, &amp;c., and kneels before
+it; when the archbishop, being at the north side of the altar, says the
+following prayer:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">(<i>Omnipotens sempiterne Deus.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>Almighty and everlasting God, the fountain of all goodness, give
+ear, we beseech thee, to our prayers, and multiply thy blessings
+upon this thy servant, whom in thy name, with all humble devotion,
+we consecrate our <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>queen. Defend her always with thy mighty hand,
+protect her on every side, that she may be able to overcome all her
+enemies; and that with Sarah and Rebecca, Leah and Rachel, and all
+other blessed and honourable women, she may multiply and rejoice in
+the fruit of her womb, to the honour of the kingdom and the good
+government of thy church, through Christ our Lord, who vouchsafed to
+be born of a virgin that he might redeem the world, who liveth and
+reigneth with thee, in unity of the Holy Ghost, world without end.</p></div>
+
+<p>This being done, the queen arises and goes to the faldstool, between
+king Edward's chair and the steps of the altar, where the groom of the
+stole to her majesty, and the ladies of the bedchamber, take off her
+circle or coronet. Then the queen kneels down, and the archbishop pours
+the holy oil on the crown of her head, in form of a cross, saying these
+words:&mdash;"In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, let the
+anointing of this oil increase thine honour, and the grace of God's Holy
+Spirit establish thee for ever and ever. Amen."&mdash;The ladies then open
+her apparel for the anointing on the breast, which the archbishop also
+performs, using the same words. After which, he says this prayer:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">(<i>Omnipotens sempiterne Deus.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>Almighty and everlasting God, we beseech thee of thy <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>abundant
+goodness poor out the spirit of thy grace and blessing upon this thy
+servant queen&mdash;&mdash;; that as by the imposition of our hands she is
+this day crowned queen, so she may, by thy sanctification, continue
+always thy chosen servant, through Christ our Lord.</p></div>
+
+<p>One of the ladies in attendance (having first dried the place anointed
+with fine cotton wool) then closes the queen's robes at her breast, and
+after puts a linen coif upon her head; which being done, the archbishop
+puts the ring (which he receives from the master of the jewel-house) on
+the fourth finger of her right hand, saying,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Receive this ring, the seal of a sincere faith, that you may avoid
+all infection of heresy, and by the power of God compel barbarous
+nations, and bring them to the knowledge of the truth.</p></div>
+
+<p>His grace then takes the crown from off the altar, and reverently sets
+it upon the queen's head, saying,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Receive the crown of glory, honour, and joy; and God, the crown of
+the faithful, who by our episcopal hands, though most unworthy, hath
+this day set a crown of pure gold upon thy head, enrich you with
+wisdom and virtue, that after this life you may meet the everlasting
+Bridegroom our Lord Jesus Christ, who, with the Father and the Holy
+Ghost, liveth and reigneth for ever and ever. Amen.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The queen being crowned, all the peeresses put on their coronets; the
+archbishop then puts the sceptre into her majesty's right hand, and the
+ivory rod into her left, and says the following prayer:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">(<i>Omnium Domine, fons bonorum.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>O Lord, the fountain of all good things, and the giver of all
+perfection, grant unto this thy servant &mdash;&mdash;&mdash; our queen, that she
+may order aright the high dignity she hath obtained, and with good
+works establish the glory thou hast given her, through Christ our
+Lord. Amen.</p></div>
+
+<p>The queen being thus anointed and crowned, and having received all her
+royal ornaments, the choirs sing an anthem, commonly from Psalm xlv.
+ver. 1, "My heart is inditing of a good matter," &amp;c. As soon as this is
+begun, the queen rises from her faldstool, and, being supported by the
+two bishops, and attended as before, goes up to the theatre: as she
+approaches the king, she bows herself reverently to his majesty sitting
+upon his throne; and so is conducted to her own throne on the left hand
+of the king, where she reposes till the anthem is ended.</p>
+
+<p>The dignity of the monarch, as well as his humility on this august
+occasion, have been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> celebrated by the late Bishop Newton. "The king's
+whole behaviour at the coronation," he says, "was justly admired and
+commended by every one, and particularly his manner of seating himself
+on the throne after his coronation. No actor in the character of
+Pyrrhus, in the Distressed Mother,&mdash;not even Booth himself, who was
+celebrated for it in the Spectator<a name="FNanchor_110_111" id="FNanchor_110_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_111" class="fnanchor">[110]</a>,&mdash;ever ascended the throne with
+so much grace and dignity. There was another particular which those only
+could observe who sat near the Communion-Table, as did the prebendaries
+of Westminster. When the king approached the communion-table, in order
+to receive the sacrament, he inquired of the archbishop, Whether he
+should not lay aside his crown? The archbishop asked the Bishop of
+Rochester, but neither of them knew, nor could say, what had been the
+usual form. The king determined within himself that humility best became
+such a solemn act of devotion,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> and took off the crown, and laid it
+aside during the administration."</p>
+
+<p>That one of the last of the unfortunate race of the Stuarts, Prince
+Charles, was in London, if not present at the coronation feast, on this
+occasion, seems to be a fact pretty well established. The Gentleman's
+Magazine, 1764, (p. 28,) speaks of it as "publicly said, That the young
+Pretender himself came from Flanders to see the coronation; that he was
+in Westminster Hall (?) during the ceremony, and in London two or three
+days before and after it, under the name of Mr. Brown." And Mr. Hume
+thus writes to one of his literary friends:&mdash;"What will surprise you
+more, Lord Marshal, a few days after the coronation of the present king,
+told me, that he believed the young Pretender was at that time in
+London, or, at least, had been so very lately, and had come over to see
+the show of the coronation, and had actually seen it. I asked my lord
+the reason for this strange fact. 'Why,' says he, 'a gentleman told me
+so who saw him there,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> and whispered in his ear&mdash;'Your royal highness is
+the last of all mortals whom I should expect to see here.'&mdash;'It was
+curiosity that led me,' said the other: 'but I assure you,' added he,
+'that the person who is the cause of all this pomp and magnificence, is
+the man I envy the least.'" A report recently found its way to the
+public papers, which we have not been able to trace to any authentic
+source, that a glove was actually thrown from an upper seat in the Hall,
+as a gage to the king's champion, at this period: that the champion
+receiving it from his attendants, asked, 'who was his fair foe?' and
+that the rumour of the day soon connected it with the appearance, and
+attributed it to the romantic dispositions of the young Chevalier.</p>
+
+<p>Of the late coronation we shall at once consult the best feelings of our
+own mind, and of the community, by presenting the most copious account
+we have been able to collect:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<h2>CORONATION</h2>
+<h4>OF</h4>
+<h3>His Most Excellent Majesty</h3>
+<h2>KING GEORGE IV.,</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><i>On Thursday the 19th day of July, 1821.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><br />ARRANGEMENT FOR THE ASSEMBLING OF THE PEERS AND OFFICERS.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="ARRANGEMENT FOR THE ASSEMBLING OF THE PEERS">
+
+<tr><td><i>They were to assemble<br />in the House of Lords</i></td>
+<td><span class="bracket3">{</span></td>
+<td>
+Their R. H. the Dukes of  the Blood Royal, in their robes of estate, having their coronets, and the Field Marshals their batons, in their hands.<br />
+The Peers in their robes of estate, having their coronets in their hands.<br />
+His R. H. Prince Leopold, in the full habit of the Order of the Garter, having his cap and feathers in his hand.<br />
+The Archbishops and Bishops, vested in their rochets, having their square caps in their hands.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><i>In his place near the Bar</i></td><td><span class="bracket3">{</span></td><td>The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><i>In the space below the Bar<br />of the House of Lords</i></td><td><span class="bracket3">{</span></td><td>The Train-bearers of the Princes of the Blood Royal.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><i>In the space below the Bar<br />of the House of Lords</i></td><td><span class="bracket3">{</span></td><td>The Attendants on the Lord High Steward, on the Lord Chancellor, the Lord<br />
+High Constable, and on the Lord Chamberlain of the Household.<br />
+The Gentlemen Ushers of the White and Green Rods, all in their proper habits.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><i>In the Painted Chamber and <br />adjacent rooms, near the<br />House of Lords</i></td>
+<td><span class="bracket3">{</span></td>
+<td>The Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench.<br />
+The Master of the Rolls.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span><br />
+The Vice-Chancellor.<br />
+The Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas.<br />
+The Lord Chief Baron.<br />
+The Barons of the Exchequer, and Justices of both Benches.<br />
+The Gentlemen of the Privy  Chamber.<br />
+The Attorney and Solicitor General.<br />
+Serjeants at Law.<br />
+Masters in Chancery.<br />
+The Lord Mayor, Aldermen, Recorder, &amp; Sheriffs of London.<br />
+King's Chaplains, having dignities.<br />
+Six Clerks in Chancery.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><i>In the Chamber formerly<br />the House of Lords</i></td>
+<td><span class="bracket3">{</span></td>
+<td>The Knights Grand Crosses of the Order of the Bath, in the full habit of the Order, wearing their collars; their caps and feathers in their hands.</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td><i>In the Chamber formerly<br />the House of Lords</i></td>
+<td><span class="bracket3">{</span></td>
+<td>The Knights Commanders of the said Order, in their full habits; their caps and feathers in their hands.<br />
+The Officers of the said Order, in their mantles, chains, and badges.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td><i>In the Chamber formerly<br />called the Prince's Chamber <br />or Robing Room, near the<br /> former House of Lords</i></td>
+<td><span class="bracket3">{</span></td>
+<td>The Treasurer and Comptroller of the Household.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span><br />
+The Vice-Chamberlain.<br />
+The Marquis of Londonderry, in the full habit of the Garter, having his cap and feathers in his hand.<br />
+The Register of the said Order, in his mantle, with his book.<br />
+Privy Councillors, not being Peers or Knights Grand Crosses of the Bath.<br />
+Clerks of the Council in Ordinary.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td><i>In his Majesty's Robing ,<br />Chamber near the south<br />entrance into<br />Westminster Hall.</i></td>
+<td><span class="bracket3">{</span></td>
+<td>The Train-bearers of his Majesty.<br />Master of the Robes.<br />Groom of the Robes.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td><i>In the room of Chairman of<br />Committees, adjoining<br />the House of Lords</i></td>
+<td><span class="bracket3">{</span></td>
+<td>Lords and Grooms of the Bedchamber.<br />Keeper of the Privy Purse.<br />Equerries and Pages of Honour.<br />
+Gentlemen Ushers &amp; Aides-de-Camp.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td><i>In the Witness-room, adjoining<br />the House of Lords</i></td>
+<td><span class="bracket3">{</span></td>
+<td>Physicians, Surgeons, and Apothecaries.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td><i>In the House of Commons<br />and the Lobbies</i></td>
+<td><span class="bracket3">{</span></td>
+<td>Officers of the Band of Gentlemen Pensioners, with their Corps, and the Serjeants at Arms.<br />
+The Officers of the Yeomen of the Guard, with their Corps.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td><i>In the Lobby between<br />the House of Lords and the<br />the Painted Chamber</i><br /></td>
+<td><span class="bracket3">{</span></td>
+<td>The Kings, Heralds, and Pursuivants of Arms.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td><i>In Westminster Hall,<br />at the lower end, near<br />the great north door</i></td>
+<td><span class="bracket3">{</span></td>
+<td>Sixteen Barons of the Cinque Ports.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td><i>In Westminster Hall,<br />near the north door</i></td>
+<td><span class="bracket3">{</span></td>
+<td>The Knight Marshall and his two Officers.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td><i>In Westminster Hall,<br />at the lower end</i></td>
+<td><span class="bracket3">{</span></td>
+<td>His Majesty's Band.<br /></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td><i>Without the north door<br />of Westminster Hall</i></td>
+<td><span class="bracket3">{</span></td>
+<td>All who are to precede the Knight Marshal in the procession.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>His Majesty was, during these preliminary arrangements, in his chamber,
+near the south entrance into Westminster Hall.</p>
+
+<p>The peers were then called over in the House of Lords by deputy Garter;
+and proceeded to the Hall, where the other persons appointed to walk in
+the procession had been previously marshalled on the right and left by
+the officers of arms; leaving an open passage<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> in the middle, so that
+the procession with the regalia might pass uninterruptedly up the Hall.</p>
+
+<p>His Majesty, preceded by the great officers of state, entered the Hall a
+few minutes after ten, and took his seat in the chair of state at the
+table, when a gun was fired. The deputy lord great chamberlain, the lord
+high constable, and the deputy earl marshal, ascended the steps, and
+placed themselves at the outer side of the table.</p>
+
+<p>The lord high steward, the great officers, deputy Garter, and black rod,
+arranged themselves near the chair of state; the royal train-bearers on
+each side of the throne.</p>
+
+<p>The lord chamberlain, assisted by officers of the Jewel-office, then
+brought the sword of state to the lord high constable, who delivered it
+to the deputy lord great chamberlain, by whom it was laid upon the
+table; then Curtana, or the sword of mercy, with the two swords of
+justice, being in like manner presented, were drawn from their scabbards
+by the deputy lord great chamberlain, and laid on the table before his
+Majesty; after which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> the gold spurs were delivered, and also placed on
+the table. Immediately after, a procession, consisting of the dean and
+prebendaries of Westminster, in their surplices and rich copes,
+proceeded up the Hall, from the lower end thereof, in manner
+following:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<h4>Procession with, and Delivery of, the Regalia.</h4>
+
+<p class="center">
+Serjeant of the Vestry, in a scarlet mantle.<br />
+<br />
+Children of the King's Chapel, in scarlet mantles, four abreast.<br />
+<br />
+Children of the Choir of Westminster, in surplices, four abreast.<br />
+<br />
+Gentlemen of the King's Chapel, in scarlet mantles, four abreast.<br />
+<br />
+Choir of Westminster, in surplices, four abreast.<br />
+<br />
+Sub-Dean of the Chapel Royal.<br />
+<br />
+Two Pursuivants of Arms.<br />
+<br />
+Two Heralds.<br />
+<br />
+The two provincial Kings of Arms.<br />
+<br />
+The Dean of Westminster, carrying St. Edward's Crown on a cushion of cloth of gold.<br />
+<br />
+First Prebendary of Westminster, carrying the Orb.<br />
+<br />
+Second Prebendary, carrying the Sceptre with the Dove.<br />
+<br />
+Third Prebendary, carrying the Sceptre with the Cross.<br />
+<br />
+Fourth Prebendary, carrying St. Edward's Staff.<br />
+<br />
+Fifth Prebendary, carrying the Chalice and Patina.<br />
+<br />
+Sixth Prebendary, carrying the Bible.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>In this procession they made their reverences,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> first at the lower end
+of the Hall, secondly about the middle, where both the Choirs opening to
+the right and left a passage, through which the officers of arms passing
+opened likewise on each side, the seniors placing themselves nearest
+towards the steps: then the dean and prebendaries having come to the
+front of the steps, made their third reverence. This being done, the
+dean and prebendaries being come to the foot of the steps, deputy Garter
+preceding them (he having waited their coming there), ascended the
+steps, and approaching near the table before the King, made their last
+reverence. The dean then presented the crown to the lord high constable,
+who delivered it to the deputy lord great chamberlain, and it was by him
+placed on the table before the King. The rest of the regalia was
+severally delivered by each prebendary, on his knee, to the dean, by him
+to the lord high constable, by him to the deputy lord great chamberlain,
+and by him laid on the table. The regalia being thus delivered, the
+prebendaries and dean returned to the middle<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> of the hall. His Majesty
+having commanded deputy Garter to summon the noblemen and bishops who
+were to bear the regalia, the deputy lord great chamberlain, then taking
+up the several swords, sceptres, the orb, and crown, placed them in the
+hands of those by whom they were to be carried.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I. St. Edward's staff, by the Marquess of Salisbury.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">II. The spurs, by Lord Calthorpe, as deputy to the Baroness Grey de Ruthyn.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">III. The sceptre with the cross, by the Marquess Wellesley.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">IV. The pointed sword of temporal justice, by the Earl of Galloway.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">V. The pointed sword of spiritual justice, by the Duke of Northumberland.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">VI. Curtana, or sword of mercy, by the Duke of Newcastle.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">VII. The sword of state, by the Duke of Dorset.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">VIII. The sceptre with the dove, by the Duke of Rutland.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">IX. The orb, by the Duke of Devonshire.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">X. St. Edward's crown, by the Marquess of Anglesey, as lord high steward.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">XI. The patina, by the Bishop of Gloucester.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">XII. The chalice, by the Bishop of Chester.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">XIII. The Bible, by the Bishop of Ely.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The two bishops who are to support his Majesty were then summoned by
+deputy Gar<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span>ter, and, ascending the steps, placed themselves on each side
+of the king.</p>
+
+
+<h3>PROCESSION TO THE ABBEY.</h3>
+
+<p>The second gun was then fired, and the procession moved upon the blue
+cloth spread on the platform from the throne in Westminster Hall to the
+great steps in the Abbey church; the following anthem, "O Lord, grant
+the king a long life," &amp;c. being sung in parts, in succession, with his
+Majesty's band playing, the sounding of trumpets, and the beating of
+drums, until the arrival in the Abbey.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Order.</h3>
+
+<p class="center">
+The King's Herb-woman with her six Maids, strewing the way with herbs.<br />
+<br />
+Messenger of the College of Arms, in a scarlet cloak, with the arms of the College embroidered on the left shoulder.<br />
+<br />
+The Dean's Beadle of Westminster, with his staff.<br />
+<br />
+The High Constable of Westminster, with his staff, in a scarlet cloak.<br />
+<br />
+Two Household Fifes with banners of velvet fringed with gold, and five Household Drummers in royal livery, drum-covers of crimson velvet,
+laced and fringed with gold.<br />
+<br />
+The Drum-Major, in a rich livery, and a crimson scarf fringed with gold.<br />
+<br />
+Eight Trumpets in rich liveries: banners of crimson damask embroidered and fringed with gold, to
+the silver trumpets.<br />
+<br />
+Kettle-Drums, drum-covers of crimson damask, embroidered and fringed with gold.<br />
+<br />
+Eight Trumpets in liveries, as before.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Serjeant Trumpeter, with his mace.<br />
+<br />
+The Knight Marshal, attended by his Officers.<br />
+<br />
+The Six Clerks in Chancery.<br />
+<br />
+The King's Chaplains having dignities.<br />
+<br />
+The Sheriffs of London.<br />
+<br />
+The Aldermen and Recorder of London.<br />
+<br />
+Masters in Chancery.<br />
+<br />
+The King's Serjeants at Law.<br />
+<br />
+The King's Ancient Serjeant.<br />
+<br />
+The King's Solicitor Gen.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The King's Attorney Gen.<br />
+<br />
+Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber.<br />
+<br />
+Serj. of the Vestry of the Chapel Royal. Serj. Porter.<br />
+<br />
+Children of the Choir of Westminster, in surplices.<br />
+<br />
+Children of the Chapel Royal, in surplices, with scarlet mantles over them.<br />
+<br />
+Choir of Westminster, in surplices.<br />
+<br />
+Gentlemen of the Chapel Royal, in scarlet mantles.<br />
+<br />
+Sub-Dean of the Chapel Royal, in a scarlet gown.<br />
+<br />
+Prebendaries of Westminster, in surplices and rich copes.<br />
+<br />
+The Dean of Westminster, in a surplice and rich cope.<br />
+<br />
+Pursuivants of Scotland and Ireland, in their tabards.<br />
+<br />
+His Majesty's Band.<br />
+<br />
+Officers attendant on the Knights Commanders of the Bath, in their mantles, chains and badges.<br />
+<br />
+Knights Grand Crosses of the Bath (not Peers), in the full habit of their order, caps in their hands.<br />
+<br />
+A Pursuivant of Arms, in his tabard.<br />
+<br />
+Barons of the Exchequer and Justices of both benches.
+</p>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="234">
+<tr>
+<td>The Lord Chief Baron<br />of the Exchequer.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">The Lord Chief Justice<br />of the Common Pleas.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>The Vice Chancellor.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td>The Master of the Rolls.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="center">
+The Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span><br />
+<br />
+The Clerks of the Council in Ordinary.<br />
+<br />
+Privy Counsellors, not Peers.<br />
+<br />
+Register of the Order of the Garter.<br />
+<br />
+Knights of the Garter (not Peers), in the full habit and collar of the order, caps in their hands.<br />
+<br />
+His Majesty's Vice Chamberlain.<br />
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="123">
+<tr>
+<td align="center">Comptroller of His<br />Majesty's<br />Household.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">Treasurer of His Majesty's<br />Household, bearing the <br />crimson
+bag with the medals.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">
+A Pursuivant of Arms, in his tabard.<br />
+<br />
+Heralds of Scotland and Ireland, in their tabards and collars of SS.<br />
+<br />
+The Standard of Hanover, borne by the Earl of Mayo.<br />
+<br />
+Barons, in their robes of estate, their coronets
+in their hands.<br />
+<br />
+A Herald, in his tabard and collar of SS.<br />
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="The Standard of Ireland">
+<tr><td align="center">The Standard of Ireland,<br />borne by<br />Lord Beresford.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">The Standard of Scotland,<br />borne by the<br />Earl of Lauderdale.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">
+The Bishops of England and Ireland, in their rochets,
+with their caps in their hands.<br />
+<br />
+Two Heralds, in their tabards and collars of SS.<br />
+<br />
+Viscounts, in their robes of estate, their coronets in their hands.<br />
+<br />
+Two Heralds, in their tabards and collars of SS.<br />
+<br />
+The Standard of England, borne by Lord Hill.<br />
+<br />
+Earls, in their robes of estate, their coronets in their hand.<br />
+<br />
+Two Heralds, in their tabards and collars of SS.<br />
+<br />
+The Union Standard, borne by Earl Harcourt.<br />
+<br />
+Marquesses, in their robes of estate, their coronets in their hands.<br />
+<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span>
+The Lord Chamberlain of His Majesty's Household, in his<br />
+robes of estate, his coronet in his hand, attended by<br />
+an officer of the Jewel-Office in a scarlet mantle,<br />
+with a crown embroidered on his left<br />
+shoulder, bearing a cushion, on which<br />
+are placed the ruby ring and the<br />
+sword to be girt about<br />
+the King.<br />
+<br />
+The Lord Steward of His Majesty's Household, in his
+robes of estate, his coronet in his hand.<br />
+<br />
+The Royal Standard, borne by the Earl of Harrington.
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="abc">
+<tr>
+<td align="center">King of Arms of<br />the Order of<br />St. Michael and<br />St. George, in his<br />tabard, crown<br />in his hand.<br /></td>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center" valign="top">Gloucester King<br />of Arms, in his<br />tabard, crown<br />in his hand.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center" valign="top">Hanover King<br />of Arms in his<br />tabard, crown<br />in his hand.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">
+Dukes, in their robes of estate, their coronets in their hands.<br />
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="def">
+<tr>
+<td align="center">Ulster King of<br />Arms, in his<br />tabard, crown<br />in his hand.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">Clarenceux King of<br />Arms, in his tabard,<br />crown<br />in his hand.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">Norroy King of<br />Arms, in his<br />tabard, crown<br />in his hand.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="ghi">
+<tr>
+<td align="center">The Lord Privy Seal, in<br />his robes of estate,<br />coronet in his hand.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center">The Lord President of the<br />Council, in his robes of<br />estate, coronet in his hand.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">
+Archbishops of Ireland.<br />
+<br />
+The Archbishop of York, in his rochet, cap in his hand.<br />
+<br />
+The Lord High Chancellor, in his robes of estate, with his
+coronet in his hand, bearing his purse, and attended
+by his Pursebearer.<br />
+<br />
+The Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, in his rochet, cap in his hand.<br />
+<br />
+Two Serjeants at Arms.<br /><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span>
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE REGALIA.</h3>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="THE REGALIA">
+<tr>
+    <td valign="top" align="center">St. Edward's Staff,<br />borne by the<br />Marquess of Salisbury.</td>
+    <td valign="top" align="center">The Gold Spurs,<br />borne by the<br />Lord Calthorpe.</td>
+    <td valign="top" align="center">The Sceptre with<br />the Cross,<br />borne by the<br />Marquess Wellesley.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+    <td valign="top" align="center">The third Sword,<br />borne by the<br />Earl of Galloway.</td>
+    <td valign="top" align="center">Curtana, borne by<br />the Duke of<br />Newcastle.</td>
+    <td valign="top" align="center">The second Sword,<br />borne by the<br />Duke of Northumberland.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">Two Serjeants at Arms.</p>
+<p class="center">Usher of the Green Rod.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Usher of the White Rod.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="Two Serjeants at Arms">
+<tr>
+    <td valign="top" align="center">The Lord Mayor&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />of London,<br />in his gown,<br />collar, and<br />jewel, bearing<br />the City<br />mace.</td>
+    <td valign="top" align="center">The Lord Lyon&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />of Scotland, in<br />his tabard,<br />carrying his<br />crown and<br />sceptre.</td>
+    <td valign="top" align="center">Garter Principal&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />King<br />of Arms, in<br />his tabard,<br />bearing his<br />crown and<br />sceptre.</td>
+    <td valign="top" align="center">Gentleman<br />Usher of the<br />Black Rod,<br />bearing his<br />rod.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">The Deputy Lord Great Chamberlain of England, in his
+robes of estate, his coronet and his white staff in his hand.</p>
+
+<p class="center">His Royal Highness the Prince Leopold, in the full habit
+of the Order of the Garter, carrying in his right hand<br />
+his baton as Field Marshal, and, in his left, his cap and
+feathers; his train borne by a Page.</p>
+<p class="center">His Royal Highness the Duke of Gloucester, in his robes
+of estate, carrying, in his right hand, his baton as<br />
+Field Marshal, and in his left his coronet; his train borne by a Page.</p>
+
+<p class="center">His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, in his robes
+of estate, carrying, in his right hand, his baton as Field<br />
+Marshal, and his coronet in his left; and his train borne by a Page.</p>
+
+<p class="center">His Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex, in his robes of
+estate, with his coronet in his hand, and his train borne by a Page.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center">His Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence, in his robes
+of estate, with his coronet in his hand, and his train borne by a Page.</p>
+
+<p class="center">His Royal Highness the Duke of York, in his robes of
+estate, carrying, in his right hand, his baton as Field<br />
+Marshal, and his coronet in his left, and his train borne by a Page.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="The High Constable of Ireland">
+<tr>
+    <td valign="top" align="center">The High Constable of Ireland&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />in his robes, coronet<br />in his hand, with his staff.</td>
+    <td valign="top" align="center">The High Constable of Scotland,<br /> in his robes, coronet<br />in his hand, with his staff.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">Two Serjeants at Arms.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="Two Serjeants at Arms">
+<tr><td valign="top" align="center">The Deputy Earl<br />Marshal<br />with his staff.</td>
+    <td valign="top" align="center">The Sword<br />of State,<br />borne by<br />the Duke of<br />Dorset.</td>
+    <td valign="top" align="center">The Lord High Constable<br />of England, in his<br />robes, his coronet in<br />
+        his hand, with his staff;<br />attended by a Page<br />carrying his baton of<br />Field Marshal.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">Two Serjeants at Arms.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="8" summary="Two Serjeants at Arms">
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2" align="center">A Gentleman carrying&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />the Staff of the<br />Lord High Steward.</td>
+<td valign="top" align="center">The Sceptre<br />with the<br />Dove,<br />carried by<br />the Duke<br />of Rutland.</td>
+<td valign="top" align="center">St Edward's<br />Crown,<br />carried by<br />the Lord High<br />Steward in<br />his robes.</td>
+<td valign="top" align="center">The Orb,<br />carried by<br />the Duke of<br />Devonshire.</td>
+<td rowspan="2" align="center">&nbsp;&nbsp;A Gentleman carrying<br />the Coronet of the<br />Lord High Steward.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td valign="top" align="center">The Pantina,<br />borne by<br />the Bishop<br />of Gloucester.</td>
+<td valign="top" align="center">The Bible,<br />borne by<br />the Bishop<br />of Ely.</td>
+<td valign="top" align="center">The Chalice,<br />borne by<br />the Bishop<br />of Chester.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h3>THE KING.</h3>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="king">
+<tr>
+<td align="center">Twenty  Gentlemen Pensioners, with<br />the Standard Bearer.</td>
+<td align="center">Supporter:Lord<br />Bishop of<br />Oxford,<br />for the<br />Lord<br />Bishop of<br />Bath andWells.</td>
+<td align="center">In the Royal Robes,<br />wearing a cap<br />of estate, adorned<br />with jewels,<br />under a canopy<br />of cloth of gold,<br />
+    borne by Sixteen<br />Barons of the<br />Cinque Ports.<br />His Majesty's train<br />borne by Eight<br />Eldest Sons of Peers,<br />assisted by the<br />
+    Master of the Robes,<br />and followed by the<br />Groom of the Robes.</td>
+<td align="center">Supporter:<br />Lord<br />Bishop of<br />Lincoln<br />for the<br />Lord<br />Bishop of<br />Durham.</td>
+<td align="center">Twenty  Gentlemen Pensioners, with<br />the Lieutenant.<br /></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" summary="king1">
+<tr>
+<td valign="top" align="center">Captain of the<br />Yeoman of<br />the Guard, in his<br />robes of estate;<br />coronet in his<br />hand.</td>
+<td valign="top" align="center">Gold Stick of the<br />Life Guards in<br />Waiting, in his<br />robes;<br />coronet in his<br />hand.</td>
+<td align="center">Captain of the<br />Band of<br />Gentlemen<br />Pensioners, in<br />his robes<br />of estate;<br />coronet in his<br />hand.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">Lords of the Bedchamber.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span><br />
+<br />
+The Keeper of His Majesty's Privy Purse.<br />
+<br />
+Grooms of the King's Bedchamber.<br />
+<br />
+Equerries and Pages of Honour.<br />
+<br />
+Aides-de-Camp.<br />
+<br />
+Gentlemen Ushers.<br />
+<br />
+Physicians, Surgeons, Apothecaries.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" summary="king2">
+<tr>
+<td align="center">Ensign of the Yeomen of<br />the Guard.</td>
+<td align="center">Lieutenant of the Yeomen<br />of the Guard.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">His Majesty's Pages in full State Liveries.<br />
+<br />
+His Majesty's Footmen in full State Liveries.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" summary="king3">
+<tr>
+<td align="center">Exons of the Yeomen<br />of the Guard.</td>
+<td align="center">Yeomen of<br />the Guard.</td>
+<td align="center">Exons of the Yeomen<br />of the Guard.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">
+Gentleman Harbinger of the Band of Gentlemen Pensioners.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" summary="king4">
+<tr>
+<td align="center">Clerk of the Cheque<br />to the Yeomen of the Guard.</td>
+<td align="center">Clerk of the Cheque to<br />the Gentlemen Pensioners.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">
+Yeomen of the Guard, to close the Procession.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>On the arrival of the procession at the Abbey, the Herb-woman and her
+Maids, and the Serjeant-Porter, remained at the entrance within the
+great west door.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ENTRANCE INTO WESTMINSTER ABBEY.</h3>
+
+<p>The King entered the west door of the Abbey church at eleven o'clock,
+and was received with the undermentioned anthem, which was sung by the
+choir of Westminster, who, with the dean and prebendaries, quitted the
+procession a little before, and went to the left side of the middle
+aisle, and remained there till his Majesty arrived, and then followed in
+the procession next to the regalia.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">ANTHEM I.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Psalm cxxii. verses 1, 5, 6, 7. "I was glad when they said unto me,
+we will go into the House of the Lord. For there is the seat of
+judgment, even the seat of the House of David. O pray for the peace
+of Jerusalem; <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>they shall prosper that love thee. Peace be within
+thy walls, and plenteousness within thy palaces."</p>
+
+<p>Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost.</p>
+
+<p>As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without
+end. Amen.</p></div>
+
+<p>During the above his Majesty passed through the body of the church, and
+through the choir up the stairs to the theatre. He then passed his
+throne and made his humble adoration, and afterwards knelt at the
+faldstool set for him before his chair; at the same time his Majesty
+used some short private prayer: he then sat down (not on his throne, but
+in his chair before and below his throne) and reposed himself.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE RECOGNITION.</h3>
+
+<p>When the King was thus placed, the archbishop turned to the east part of
+the theatre; then, together with the lord chancellor, lord great
+chamberlain, lord high constable, and earl marshal (Garter king at arms
+preceding them), went to the other three sides of the theatre, in the
+order, south, west, and north, and at each side addressed the people in
+a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> loud voice; the King at the same time standing up by his chair,
+turned and showed himself to the people at each of the four sides of the
+theatre, while the archbishop spoke as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">Sirs</span>,</p>
+
+<p>"I here present unto you King George the Fourth, the undoubted king
+of this realm: wherefore all you that come this day to do your
+homage, are ye willing to do the same?"</p></div>
+
+<p>This was answered by the loud and repeated acclamations of the persons
+present, expressive of their willingness and joy, at the same time they
+cried out&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"God save King George the Fourth!"</p></div>
+
+<p>Then the trumpets sounded.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE FIRST OBLATION.</h3>
+
+<p>The archbishop in the meantime went to the altar and put on his cope,
+and placed himself at the north side of the altar; as did also the
+bishops who took part in the office.</p>
+
+<p>The officers of the wardrobe, &amp;c. here spread carpets and cushions on
+the floor and steps of the altar.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>And here, first the Bible, paten, and cup, were brought and placed upon
+the altar. The King then, supported by the two bishops of Durham and
+Bath, and attended by the dean of Westminster, the lords carrying the
+regalia before him, went down to the altar, and knelt upon the steps of
+it, and made his first oblation, uncovered.</p>
+
+<p>Here the pall, or altar-cloth of gold, was delivered by the master of
+the great wardrobe to the lord great chamberlain, and by him, kneeling,
+it was presented to his Majesty. The treasurer of the household then
+delivered a wedge of gold of a pound weight to the lord great
+chamberlain, which he, kneeling, delivered to his Majesty. The King then
+(uncovered) delivered them to the archbishop.</p>
+
+<p>The archbishop received them one after another (standing) from his
+Majesty, and laid the pall reverently upon the altar. The gold was
+received into the basin; and, with like reverence, was placed upon the
+altar.</p>
+
+<p>Then the archbishop said the following prayer, the King still
+kneeling:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span></p><div class="blockquot"><p>O God, who dwellest in the high and holy place, with them also who
+are of an humble spirit; mercifully look down upon this thy humble
+servant, <span class="smcap">George</span> our King, here humbling himself before thee at thy
+footstool, and graciously receive these oblations which, in humble
+acknowledgment of thy sovereignty over all, and of thy great bounty
+to him in particular, he hath now offered up unto thee, through
+Jesus Christ, our only Mediator and Advocate. Amen.</p></div>
+
+<p>When the King had thus offered his oblation, he went to his chair set
+for him on the south side of the altar, and knelt at his faldstool, and
+the Litany commenced, which was read by two bishops, vested in copes,
+and kneeling at a faldstool above the steps of the theatre, on the
+middle of the east side; the choir read the responses.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime the lords who carried the regalia, except those who bore
+the swords, approached the altar, and each presented what he carried to
+the archbishop, who delivered them to the dean of Westminster, who
+placed them on the altar. They then retired to the places and seats
+appointed for them.</p>
+
+<p>The bishops, and the people with them, then said the Lord's Prayer.</p>
+
+<p>The Communion service was read; the peo<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span>ple, kneeling, made the
+responses to the ten commandments, which were delivered by the
+archbishop.</p>
+
+<p>Then the archbishop, standing as before, said the following Collect for
+the King:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><i>Let us pray.</i></p>
+
+<p>Almighty God, whose kingdom is everlasting and power infinite: have
+mercy upon the whole church, and so rule the heart of thy chosen
+servant George our king and governor, that he (knowing whose
+minister he is) may above all things seek thy honour and glory; and
+that we and all his subjects (duly considering whose authority he
+hath) may faithfully serve, honour, and humbly obey him, in thee and
+for thee, according to thy blessed word and ordinance, through Jesus
+Christ our Lord, who with thee and the Holy Ghost, liveth and
+reigneth ever one God, world without end. Amen.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following epistle was then read by one of the bishops:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">1 Pet. ii. 13.</p>
+
+<p>Submit yourselves to man for the Lord's sake: whether it be to the
+king as supreme; or unto governors, as unto them that are sent by
+him for the punishment of evil-doers, and for the praise of them
+that do well. For so is the will of God, that with well doing, ye
+may put to silence the ignorance of foolish men: as free, and not
+using your liberty for a cloke of maliciousness, but as the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span>servants of God. Honour all men. Love the brotherhood. Fear God.
+Honour the king.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Gospel was then read by another bishop, the King and the people
+standing.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">St. Matth. xxii. 15.</p>
+
+<p>Then went the Pharisees, and took counsel how they might entangle
+him in his talk. And they sent out unto him their disciples, with
+the Herodians, saying, Master, we know that thou art true, and
+teachest the way of God in truth, neither carest thou for any man,
+for thou regardest not the person of men: tell us therefore, What
+thinkest thou? Is it lawful to give tribute unto C&aelig;sar, or not? But
+Jesus perceived their wickedness, and said, Why tempt ye me, ye
+hypocrites? Show me the tribute money. And they brought unto him a
+penny. And he saith unto them, Whose is this image and
+superscription? They say unto him, C&aelig;sar's. Then saith he unto them,
+Render therefore unto C&aelig;sar, the things which are C&aelig;sar's: and unto
+God, the things that are God's. When they had heard these words,
+they marvelled, and left him, and went their way.</p></div>
+
+<p>Then the Archbishop read the Nicene Creed; the King and the people
+standing as before.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I believe in one God the Father, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<p>At the end of the Creed, the archbishop of York preached the sermon in
+the pulpit placed against the pillar at the north-east corner of the
+theatre. The King listened to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> the same sitting in his chair on the
+south side of the altar, over against the pulpit.</p>
+
+
+<h2>The Sermon.</h2>
+
+<p>His text was the 23d chapter of the Second Book of Samuel, and the 3d
+and 4th verses.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"He that ruleth over men must be just, ruling in the fear of God.
+And he shall be as the light of the morning, when the sun riseth,
+even a morning without clouds."</p>
+
+<p>Such, observed his Grace, were the words of a pious Prince, whose
+opinions had been matured by experience. A steady adherence to the
+maxims there laid down could scarcely fail to preserve from error,
+and would at once inspire the subject with a reverence for the
+sovereign, and impress the sovereign with a sense of those
+obligations which bound him to render justice to the people. The
+duties of kings were of a particular nature, and the subject was one
+of more than common importance upon a day like the present, which
+was to be marked by the solemnization of that contract by which the
+king bound himself to rule with justice and equity. The highest
+station, and the most exalted rank, were not free from the
+infirmities of nature; and it therefore behoved the sovereign not to
+forget that he was himself but the minister of a higher authority,
+and that it was his duty so to exert the power which resided in him,
+as to secure the love and attachment of his people. The history of
+all nations would show that the people were not ungrateful under the
+administration of good kings. It was true, that it was the
+disposition of human nature to imagine grievances where in reality
+none existed; but still there were many real grievances which a king
+had the power and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span>ought to have the disposition to relieve. The
+text which he had just read naturally led to the consideration of
+what were the principles which constituted a good government. In a
+moral point of view, no distinction could be drawn between the
+duties due from one individual to another, and those due from a
+monarch to his people. It ought not to be forgotten that natural
+equity demanded the same degree of observance with regard to the
+contract entered into with a whole people, as it did to those
+obligations into which individuals entered with regard to each
+other. There was no higher duty incumbent upon kings than that of
+selecting proper persons to represent them in the different
+departments of state. Upon that step how much of the happiness of
+the people would depend! It was a proud reflection, that no nation
+stood more high in the estimation of surrounding nations, or was
+more admired for its morality, its attention to religious duties,
+the justice of its measures, or the soundness of its general policy,
+than our own. He insisted that it was necessary to preserve and to
+encourage that feeling by a reciprocal attention, on the parts both
+of the monarch and of the people, to those duties which were due
+from each. If such an attention was not given, it would be in vain
+to expect national happiness; and however successful we might be in
+our dealings with foreign nations, still it ought not to be
+forgotten that the apparent prosperity of a nation ought not to be
+regarded as an evidence of the happiness of its people. But, above
+all, it was necessary that the king should seek to secure respect to
+himself and obedience to the laws, by displaying in his own person
+an example of good conduct. It was the province of the monarch to
+reflect that he was responsible not only for his own actions, but
+also for that evil which the direct influence of his own example
+might accomplish. Well, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span>therefore, had it been said in the words of
+his text, "He that ruleth over men must be just, ruling in the fear
+of God." A good government would secure to itself a due observance
+of its own rights, and would also afford to the people the
+protection of its wisdom and power. His Grace, after some general
+remarks on the duties of kings, proceeded to observe, that the House
+of Hanover had always been distinguished by its devotion to the
+interests of true religion. Our late venerable sovereign had
+presented a striking example of royal goodness by the attention
+which had always marked both his public and private conduct; and we
+were bound to hope (upon looking to the past) that the sovereign who
+was now about to receive the imperial crown of his ancestors would
+be equally remarkable for the exemplary discharge of the duties of
+royalty. Nor ought it to be forgotten that the illustrious
+individual, to whom he had alluded, had not been unused to the
+functions of government; and that he had given proofs of such
+capacity and disposition as enabled us to form good hopes of the
+future. At the time when he had first been called to the exercise of
+the supreme power, he had found the country involved in a war which
+threatened its existence&mdash;a war which had not been engaged in on our
+part for the purposes of aggrandisement, but for the defence and
+preservation of our rights. Under his superintendence that war had
+been concluded, and its conclusion had been marked by exertions
+unparalleled in the history of any nation. Under such auspices,
+therefore, it was right to anticipate all those blessings which
+could arise on one hand from the protection of a just and wise
+monarch, and on the other from the affections of a loyal and happy
+people. "Let us then adore that Almighty Providence which has
+conferred upon us such a sovereign; <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span>let us implore that blessings
+may be multiplied on his head, and that his reign may be prosperous
+and happy."</p></div>
+
+<p>His Grace commenced the Sermon at a quarter past twelve, and ended it at
+about a quarter to one.</p>
+
+<p>The King was uncovered during the offering and the service that
+followed; when the sermon commenced he put on his cap of crimson velvet
+turned up with ermine, and remained covered to the end of it.</p>
+
+<p>On his Majesty's right hand stood the bishop of Durham, and beyond him,
+on the same side, the lords that carried the swords. On his Majesty's
+left hand stood the bishop of Bath and Wells, and the lord great
+chamberlain.</p>
+
+<p>On the north side of the altar sat the archbishop in a purple velvet
+chair; the bishops were placed on forms along the north side of the
+wall, betwixt the King and the pulpit. Near the archbishop stood garter,
+king at arms. On the south side, east of the King's chair, nearer to the
+altar, stood the dean of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> Westminster, the rest of the bishops who took
+part in the church service, and the prebendaries of Westminster.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE OATH.</h3>
+
+<p>When the Sermon ended, the archbishop went to the King, and standing
+before him, (his Majesty, on Thursday, the 27th of April, 1820, in the
+presence of the two Houses of Parliament, made and signed the
+declaration against popery,) administered the coronation oath, first
+asking the King&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Sir; is your Majesty willing to take the oath?<br />
+The King answered:&mdash;I am willing.</p></div>
+
+<p>The archbishop then ministered these questions; and the King, having a
+copy of the printed form and order of the coronation service in his
+hands, answered each question severally, as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Arch. Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of
+this United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the dominions
+thereto belonging, according to the statutes in Parliament agreed
+on, and the respective laws and customs of the same?</p>
+
+<p>King. I solemnly promise so to do.</p>
+
+<p>Arch. Will you to your power cause law and justice, in mercy, to be
+executed in all your judgments?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>King. I will.</p>
+
+<p>Arch. Will you to the utmost of your power maintain the laws of God,
+the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant Reformed
+Religion established by law? And will you maintain and preserve
+inviolably the settlement of the United Church of England and
+Ireland, and the doctrine, worship, discipline, and government
+thereof, as by law established within England and Ireland, and the
+territories thereunto belonging? And will you preserve unto the
+bishops and clergy of England and Ireland, and to the United Church
+committed to their charge, all such rights and privileges, as by law
+do, or shall appertain to them, or any of them?</p>
+
+<p>King. All this I promise to do.</p></div>
+
+<p>Then the King, arising out of his chair, supported as before, and
+assisted by the lord great chamberlain, the sword of state being carried
+before him, went to the altar, and there being uncovered, made his
+solemn oath in the sight of all the people, to observe the premises;
+laying his right hand upon the Holy Gospel in the great Bible, which was
+before carried in the procession, and was now brought from the altar by
+the archbishop, and tendered to him as he knelt upon the steps, saying
+these words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The things which I have here before promised, I will perform and
+keep.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 14em;">So help me God.</span><br />
+</p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Then the King kissed the book, and signed the oath.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE ANOINTING.</h3>
+
+<p>(In the morning early, care was taken that the ampula was filled with
+oil, and the spoon laid ready upon the altar of the Abbey church.)</p>
+
+<p>The King having thus taken his oath, returned again at the chair; and
+kneeling at his faldstool, the archbishop begun the hymn Veni, Creator
+Spiritus, and the choir sang it out.</p>
+
+<p class="center">ANTHEM II.</p>
+<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Come, Holy Ghost, our souls inspire,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And warm them with thy heav'nly fire.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thou who th' anointing Spirit art,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To us thy sevenfold gifts impart.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Let thy bless'd unction from above</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Be to us comfort, life, and love.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Enable with celestial light</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The weakness of our mortal sight:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anoint our hearts, and cheer our face,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With the abundance of thy grace:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Keep far our foes, give peace at home;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where thou dost dwell, no ill can come:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Teach us to know the Father, Son,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And Spirit of both, to be but one,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That so, through ages all along,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">This may be our triumphant song;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In thee, O Lord, we make our boast,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Father, Son, and Holy Ghost.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This being ended, the archbishop said this prayer:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>O Lord, Holy Father, who by anointing with oil didst of old make and
+consecrate kings, priests, and prophets, to teach and govern thy
+people Israel: bless and sanctify thy chosen servant George, who by
+our office and ministry is now to be anointed with this oil, and
+consecrated King of this realm: strengthen him, O Lord, with the
+Holy Ghost the Comforter; Confirm and stablish him with thy free and
+princely spirit, the spirit of wisdom and government, the spirit of
+counsel and ghostly strength, the spirit of knowledge and true
+godliness, and fill him, O Lord, with the spirit of thy holy fear,
+now and for ever. Amen.</p></div>
+
+<p>This prayer being ended, the choir sang:</p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">ANTHEM III.</p>
+
+<p>Zadok the priest, and Nathan the prophet, anointed Solomon King; and
+all the people rejoiced, and said, God save the King! Long live the
+King! May the King live for ever! Amen. Hallelujah!</p></div>
+
+<p>In the meantime the King, rising from his devotions, went before the
+altar, supported and attended as before.</p>
+
+<p>The King sat down in his chair, placed in the midst of the area over
+against the altar, with the faldstool before it, wherein he was
+anointed. Four knights of the garter held over him a rich pall of silk,
+or cloth of gold;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> the dean of Westminster took the ampula and spoon
+from off the altar, poured some of the holy oil into the spoon, and with
+it the archbishop anointed the King, in the form of a cross:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>1. On the crown of the head, saying,</p>
+
+<p>Be thy head anointed with holy oil, as kings, priests, and prophets
+were anointed.</p>
+
+<p>2. On the breast, saying,</p>
+
+<p>Be thy breast anointed with holy oil.</p>
+
+<p>3. On the palms of both the hands, saying,</p>
+
+<p>Be thy hands anointed with holy oil:</p>
+
+<p>And as Solomon was anointed king by Zadok the priest, and Nathan the
+prophet, so be you anointed, blessed, and consecrated King over this
+people, whom the Lord your God hath given you to rule and govern, in
+the name of the father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Amen.</p></div>
+
+<p>Then the dean of Westminster laid the ampula and spoon upon the altar,
+and the King kneeling down at the faldstool, and the archbishop standing
+on the north side of the altar, said this prayer or blessing over him:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, who by his Father was
+anointed with the oil of gladness above his <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>fellows, by his holy
+anointing pour down upon your head and heart the blessing of the
+Holy Ghost, and prosper the works of your hands: that by the
+assistance of his heavenly grace you may preserve the people
+committed to your charge in wealth, peace, and godliness; and after
+a long and glorious course of ruling this temporal kingdom wisely,
+justly, and religiously, you may at last be made partaker of an
+eternal kingdom, through the merits of Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.</p></div>
+
+<p>This prayer being ended, the King arose, and sat down again in his
+chair, and the dean of Westminster wiped and dried all the places
+anointed, with fine linen, or fine bombast wool, delivered to him by the
+lord great chamberlain.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE PRESENTING OF THE SPURS AND SWORD, AND THE GIRDING AND OBLATION OF
+THE SAID SWORD.</h3>
+
+<p>Then the spurs were brought from the altar by the dean of Westminster,
+and delivered to a nobleman thereto appointed by the King, who, kneeling
+down, presents them to His Majesty, who forthwith sent them back to the
+altar.</p>
+
+<p>Then the lord who carried the sword of state, returned the said sword to
+the officers of the Jewel-house, which was thereupon deposited<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> in the
+traverse in King Edward's chapel; he received thence, in lieu thereof,
+another sword, in a scabbard of purple velvet, provided for the King to
+be girt withal, which he delivered to the archbishop; and the
+archbishop, laying it on the altar, said the following prayer:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Hear our prayers, O Lord, we beseech thee, and so direct and support
+thy servant King <span class="smcap">George</span>, who is now to be girt with this sword, that
+he may not bear it in vain; but may use it as the minister of God,
+for the terror and punishment of evil-doers, and for the protection
+and encouragement of those that do well, through Jesus Christ our
+Lord. Amen.</p></div>
+
+<p>Then the archbishop took the sword from off the altar, and (the bishops
+assisting, and going along with him) delivered it into the King's right
+hand, and he holding it, the archbishop said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Receive this kingly sword, brought now from the altar of God, and
+delivered to you by the hands of us the bishops and servants of God,
+though unworthy.</p></div>
+
+<p>The King stood up, the sword was girt about him by the lord great
+chamberlain, and then, the King sitting down, the archbishop said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Remember him of whom the royal Psalmist did prophesy, saying, "Gird
+thee with thy sword upon thy <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span>thigh, O thou most mighty, good luck
+have thou with thine honour, ride on prosperously, because of truth,
+meekness, and righteousness;" and be thou a follower of him. With
+this sword do justice, stop the growth of iniquity, protect the holy
+Church of God, help and defend widows and orphans, restore the
+things that are gone to decay, maintain the things that are
+restored, punish and reform what is amiss, and confirm what is in
+good order: that doing these things, you may be glorious in all
+virtue; and so represent our Lord Jesus Christ in this life, that
+you may reign for ever with him in the life which is to come. Amen.</p></div>
+
+<p>Then the King, rising up, ungirded his sword, and, going to the altar,
+offered it there in the scabbard, and then returned and sat down in his
+chair: and the chief peer offered the price of it, namely, a hundred
+shillings, and having thus redeemed it, received it from off the altar
+by the dean of Westminster, and drew it out of the scabbard, and carried
+it naked before his Majesty during the rest of the solemnity.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE INVESTING WITH THE ARMILL &amp; ROYAL ROBE, AND THE DELIVERY OF THE ORB.</h3>
+
+<p>Then the King arising, the dean of Westminster took the armill from the
+master of the great wardrobe, and put it about his Majesty's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> neck, and
+tied it to the bowings of his arms, above and below the elbows, with
+silk strings; the archbishop standing before the King, and saying:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Receive this armill as a token of the divine mercy embracing you on
+every side.</p></div>
+
+<p>Next the robe royal, or purple robe of state, of cloth of tissue, lined
+or furred with ermines, was by the master of the great wardrobe
+delivered to the dean of Westminster, and by him put upon the King,
+standing; the crimson robe which he wore before being first taken off by
+the lord great chamberlain: the King having received it, sat down, and
+then the orb with the cross was brought from the altar by the dean of
+Westminster, and delivered into the King's hand by the archbishop,
+pronouncing this blessing and exhortation:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Receive this imperial robe and orb, and the Lord your God endue you
+with knowledge and wisdom, with majesty and with power from on high;
+the Lord clothe you with the robe of righteousness, and with the
+garments of salvation. And when you see this orb set under the
+cross, remember that the whole world is subject to the power and
+empire of Christ our Redeemer. For He is the Prince of the kings of
+the earth; King of kings, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>Lord of lords: so that no man can
+reign happily, who deriveth not his authority from him, and
+directeth not all his actions according to his laws.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE INVESTITURE PER ANNULUM ET BACULUM.</h3>
+
+<p>Then the master of the Jewel-house delivered the King's ring to the
+archbishop, in which a table jewel was enchased; the archbishop put it
+on the fourth finger of his Majesty's right hand, and said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Receive this ring, the ensign of kingly dignity, and of defence of
+the Catholic faith; and as you are this day solemnly invested in the
+government of this earthly kingdom, so may you be sealed with that
+spirit of promise, which is the earnest of an heavenly inheritance,
+and reign with Him who is the blessed and only Potentate, to whom be
+glory for ever and ever. Amen.</p></div>
+
+<p>The King delivered his orb to the dean of Westminster, to be by him laid
+upon the altar; and then the dean of Westminster brought the sceptre and
+rod to the archbishop; and the lord of the manor of Worksop (who claimed
+to hold an estate by the service of presenting to the King a right hand
+glove on the day of his coronation, and supporting the King's right arm
+whilst he holds the sceptre<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> with the cross) delivered to the King a
+pair of rich gloves, and in any occasion happening afterwards, supported
+his Majesty's right arm, or held his sceptre by him.</p>
+
+<p>The gloves being put on, the archbishop delivered the sceptre, with the
+cross, into the King's right hand, saying,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Receive the royal sceptre, the ensign of kingly power and justice.</p></div>
+
+<p>And then he delivered the rod, with the dove, into the King's left hand,
+and said,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Receive the rod of equity and mercy: and God, from whom all holy
+desires, all good counsels, and all just works do proceed, direct
+and assist you in the administration and exercise of all those
+powers he hath given you. Be so merciful, that you be not too
+remiss; so execute justice, that you forget not mercy. Punish the
+wicked, protect the oppressed; and the blessing of him who was ready
+to perish shall be upon you; thus in all things following His great
+and holy example, of whom the prophet David said, "Thou lovest
+righteousness, and hatest iniquity; the sceptre of thy kingdom is a
+right sceptre;" even Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE PUTTING ON OF THE CROWN.</h3>
+
+<p>The archbishop, standing before the altar,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> took the crown into his
+hands, and laying it again before him upon the altar, said,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>O God, who crownest thy faithful servants with mercy and
+loving-kindness; look down upon this thy servant <span class="smcap">George</span> our King,
+who now in lowly devotion boweth his head to thy Divine Majesty; and
+as thou dost this day set a crown of pure gold upon his head, so
+enrich his royal heart with thy heavenly grace; and crown him with
+all princely virtues, which may adorn the high station wherein thou
+hast placed him, through Jesus Christ our Lord, to whom be honour
+and glory, for ever and ever. Amen.</p></div>
+
+<p>Then the King sat down in king Edward's chair; the archbishop, assisted
+with other bishops, came from the altar; the dean of Westminster brought
+the crown, and the archbishop taking it of him, reverently put it upon
+the King's head. At the sight whereof the people, with loud and repeated
+shouts, cried, "God save the King!" and the trumpets sounded, and, by a
+signal given, the great guns at the Tower were shot off.</p>
+
+<p>The noise ceasing, the archbishop rose and said,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Be strong and of good courage: observe the commandments of God, and
+walk in his holy ways: fight the good fight of faith, and lay hold
+on eternal life; that in this <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span>world you may be crowned with success
+and honour, and when you have finished your course, you may receive
+a crown of righteousness, which God the righteous Judge shall give
+you in that day. Amen.</p></div>
+
+<p>Then the choir sung this short anthem.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">ANTHEM IV.</p>
+
+<p>The King shall rejoice in thy strength, O Lord: exceeding glad shall
+he be of thy salvation. Thou hast presented him with the blessings
+of goodness, and hast set a crown of pure gold upon his head.
+Hallelujah. Amen.</p></div>
+
+<p>As soon as the King was crowned, the peers, &amp;c. put on their coronets
+and caps.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE PRESENTING OF THE HOLY BIBLE.</h3>
+
+<p>The dean of Westminster took the Holy Bible, which was carried in the
+procession, from off the altar, and delivered it to the archbishop, who,
+with the rest of the bishops going along with him, presented it to the
+King, first saying these words to him:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Our Gracious King; we present unto your Majesty this book, the most
+valuable thing that this world affordeth. Here is wisdom; this is
+the royal law; these are the lively oracles of God. Blessed is he
+that readeth, and they that hear the words of this book; that keep,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span>and do, the things contained in it. For these are the words of
+eternal life, able to make you wise and happy in this world, nay
+wise unto salvation, and so happy for evermore, through faith which
+is in Christ Jesus; to whom be glory for ever. Amen.</p></div>
+
+<p>Then the King delivered back the Bible to the archbishop, who gave it to
+the dean of Westminster, to be reverently placed again upon the holy
+altar.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE BENEDICTION, AND TE DEUM.</h3>
+
+<p>And now the King having been thus anointed and crowned, and having
+received all the ensigns of royalty, the archbishop solemnly blessed
+him, and all the bishops standing about him, with the rest of the peers,
+with a loud and hearty Amen.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Lord bless and keep you: the Lord make the light of his
+countenance to shine for ever upon you, and be gracious unto you:
+the Lord protect you in all your ways, preserve you from every evil
+thing, and prosper you in every thing good. Amen.</p>
+
+<p>The Lord give you a faithful senate, wise and upright counsellors
+and magistrates, a loyal nobility, and a dutiful gentry; a pious and
+learned and useful clergy; an honest, industrious, and obedient
+commonalty. Amen.</p>
+
+<p>In your days may mercy and truth meet together, and righteousness
+and peace kiss each other; may wisdom <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span>and knowledge be the
+stability of your times, and the fear of the Lord your treasure.
+Amen.</p>
+
+<p>The Lord make your days many, and your reign prosperous; your fleets
+and armies victorious: and may you be reverenced and beloved by all
+your subjects, and ever increase in favour with God and man. Amen.</p>
+
+<p>The glorious Majesty of the Lord our God be upon you: may he bless
+you with all temporal and spiritual happiness in this world, and
+crown you with glory and immortality in the world to come. Amen.</p>
+
+<p>The Lord give you a religious and victorious posterity to rule these
+kingdoms in all ages. Amen.</p></div>
+
+<p>Then the archbishop turned to the people, and said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>And the same Lord God Almighty grant, that the clergy and nobles
+assembled here for this great and solemn service, and together with
+them all the people of the land, fearing God, and honouring the
+King, may by the merciful superintendency of the Divine Providence,
+and the vigilant care of our gracious Sovereign, continually enjoy
+peace, plenty, and prosperity, through Jesus Christ our Lord; to
+whom, with the Eternal Father, and God the Holy Ghost, be glory in
+the church world without end. Amen.</p></div>
+
+<p>The blessing being thus given, the King sat down in his chair,
+vouchsafed to kiss the archbishop and bishops assisting at his
+coronation, they kneeling before him one after another.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Then the choir began to sing the Te Deum, and the King went up to the
+theatre on which the throne is placed, all the bishops, great officers,
+and other peers, attending him, and then he sat down and reposed himself
+in his chair, below the throne.</p>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">ANTHEM V.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Te Deum.</i></p>
+
+<p>We praise thee, O God; we acknowledge thee to be the Lord.</p>
+
+<p>All the earth doth worship thee: the Father everlasting.</p>
+
+<p>To thee all angels cry aloud: the heavens, and all the powers
+therein.</p>
+
+<p>To thee Cherubin and Seraphin: continually do cry,</p>
+
+<p>Holy, holy, holy: Lord God of Sabaoth.</p>
+
+<p>Heaven and earth are full of the majesty of thy glory.</p>
+
+<p>The glorious company of the Apostles: praise thee.</p>
+
+<p>The goodly fellowship of the Prophets: praise thee.</p>
+
+<p>The noble army of Martyrs: praise thee.</p>
+
+<p>The holy Church throughout all the world: doth acknowledge thee;</p>
+
+<p>The Father: of an infinite Majesty;</p>
+
+<p>Thine honourable, true, and only Son;</p>
+
+<p>Also the Holy Ghost: the Comforter.</p>
+
+<p>Thou art the King of glory: O Christ.</p>
+
+<p>Thou art the everlasting Son: of the Father.</p>
+
+<p>When thou tookest upon thee to deliver man: thou didst not abhor the
+virgin's womb.</p>
+
+<p>When thou hadst overcome the sharpness of death: thou didst open the
+kingdom of heaven to all believers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Thou sittest at the right hand of God: in the glory of the Father.</p>
+
+<p>We believe that thou shalt come: to be our judge.</p>
+
+<p>We therefore pray thee, help thy servants: whom thou hast redeemed
+with thy precious blood.</p>
+
+<p>Make them to be numbered with thy saints: in glory everlasting.</p>
+
+<p>O Lord save thy people: and bless thine heritage.</p>
+
+<p>Govern them: and lift them up for ever.</p>
+
+<p>Day by day we magnify thee.</p>
+
+<p>And we worship thy name: ever world without end.</p>
+
+<p>Vouchsafe, O Lord: to keep us this day without sin.</p>
+
+<p>O Lord, have mercy upon us: have mercy upon us.</p>
+
+<p>O Lord, let thy mercy lighten upon us: as our trust is in thee.</p>
+
+<p>O Lord, in thee have I trusted: let me never be confounded.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE INTHRONIZATION.</h3>
+
+<p>The <i>Te Deum</i> being ended, the King was lifted up into his throne by the
+archbishop and bishops, and other peers of the kingdom. And being
+inthronized or placed therein, all the great officers, those that bore
+the swords, and the sceptres, and the rest of the nobles, stood round
+about the steps of the throne, and the archbishop standing before the
+King, said,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Stand firm, and hold fast, from henceforth, the seat and imperial
+dignity which is this day delivered unto you in the name, and by the
+authority of Almighty God, and by the hands of us the bishops and
+servants of God, though <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span>unworthy; and as you see us to approach
+nearer to God's altar, so vouchsafe the more graciously to continue
+to us your royal favour and protection. And the Lord God Almighty,
+whose ministers we are, and the stewards of his mysteries, establish
+your throne in righteousness, that it may stand fast for evermore,
+like as the sun before Him, and as the faithful witness in heaven.
+Amen.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE HOMAGE.</h3>
+
+<p>The exhortation being ended, all the peers present did homage publicly
+and solemnly unto the King upon the theatre, and in the meantime the
+treasurer of the household threw among the people medals of gold and
+silver, as the King's princely largess or donative.</p>
+
+<p>The archbishop first knelt down before his Majesty's knees, and the rest
+of the bishops knelt on either hand, and about him; and they did their
+homage together, for the shortening of the ceremony, the archbishop
+saying:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I Charles archbishop of Canterbury [and so every one of the rest, I
+N. bishop of N. repeating the rest audibly after the archbishop]
+will be faithful and true, and faith and truth will bear, unto you
+our Sovereign Lord, and your heirs, kings of the united kingdom of
+Great Britain and Ireland. And I will do, and truly acknowledge the
+service of the lands which I claim to hold of you, as in right of
+the church.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 22em;">So help me God.</span><br />
+</p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Then the archbishop kissed the King's left cheek, and so the rest of the
+bishops present after him.</p>
+
+<p>After which the other peers of the realm did their homage in like
+manner, the dukes first by themselves, and so the marquesses, the earls,
+the viscounts, and the barons, severally; the first of each order
+kneeling before his Majesty, and the rest with and about him, all
+putting off their coronets, and the first of each class beginning, and
+the last saying after him:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I N. duke, or earl, &amp;c. of N. do become your liege man of life and
+limb, and of earthly worship, and faith and truth I will bear unto
+you, to live and die, against all manner of folks.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 22em;">So help me God.</span><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>The peers having done their homage, they stood all together round about
+the King; and each class or degree going by themselves, or (as it was at
+the coronation of King Charles the First and Second) every peer one by
+one, in order, put off their coronets, singly ascended the throne again,
+and stretching forth their hands, touched the crown on his Majesty's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span>
+head, as promising by that ceremony to be ever ready to support it with
+all their power, and then every one of them kissed the King's cheek.</p>
+
+<p>While the peers were thus doing their homage, and the medals thrown
+about, the King delivered his sceptre with the cross to the lord of the
+manor of Worksop, to hold; and the other sceptre, or rod, with the dove,
+to the lord that carried it in the procession.</p>
+
+<p>And the bishops that supported the King in the procession also eased
+him, by supporting the crown, as there was occasion.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">THE FINAL ANTHEM.</p>
+
+<p>While the medals were scattered, and the homage of the lords performed,
+the choir sung this anthem, with instrumental music of all sorts, as a
+solemn conclusion of the King's coronation.</p>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">ANTHEM VI.</p>
+
+<p>Blessed be thou, Lord God of Israel, our Father, for ever and ever.
+Thine, O Lord, is the greatness and the power, and the victory, and
+the majesty; for all that is in the heaven and the earth are thine.
+Thine is the kingdom, O Lord; and thou art exalted as head over all.
+Both riches and honour come of thee, and thou reignest <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span>over all;
+and in thine hand is power and might; and in thine hand it is to
+make great, and to give strength unto all. Now, therefore, our God,
+we thank thee, and praise thy glorious name.</p></div>
+
+<p>At the end of this anthem the drums beat, and the trumpets sounded, and
+all the people shouted, crying out,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+God save King George the Fourth!<br />
+<br />
+Long live King George!<br />
+<br />
+May the King live for ever!<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The solemnity of the King's coronation being thus ended, the archbishop
+left the King in his throne, and went down to the altar.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE COMMUNION.</h3>
+
+<p>Then the Offertory began, the archbishop reading these sentences:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Let your light so shine before men that they may see your good
+works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven.</p>
+
+<p>Charge them who are rich in this world, that they be ready to give,
+and glad to distribute; laying up in store for themselves a good
+foundation against the time to come, that they may attain eternal
+life.</p></div>
+
+<p>The King descended from his throne, sup<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>ported and attended as before;
+and went to the steps of the altar, and knelt down there.</p>
+
+<p>And first the King offered bread and wine for the Communion, which were
+brought out of king Edward's chapel, and delivered into his hands, the
+bread upon the paten by the bishop that read the Epistle, and the wine
+in the chalice by the bishop that read the Gospel; these were by the
+archbishop received from the King, and reverently placed upon the altar,
+and decently covered with a fair linen cloth, the archbishop first
+saying this prayer:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Bless, O Lord, we beseech thee, these thy gifts, and sanctify them
+unto this holy use, that by them we may be made partakers of the
+body and blood of thine only begotten Son Jesus Christ, and fed unto
+everlasting life of soul and body: and that thy servant King <span class="smcap">George</span>
+may be enabled to the discharge of his weighty office, whereunto of
+thy great goodness thou hast called and appointed him. Grant this, O
+Lord, for Jesus Christ's sake, our only Mediator and Advocate. Amen.</p></div>
+
+<p>Then the King kneeling, as before, made his second Oblation, offering a
+mark weight of gold, which the treasurer of the household delivered to
+the lord great chamberlain, and he to His Majesty. And the archbishop
+came<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> to him, and received it in the basin, and placed it upon the
+altar. After which the bishop said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>O God, who dwellest in the high and holy place, with them also who
+are of an humble spirit; look down mercifully upon this thy servant
+<span class="smcap">George</span>, our King, here humbling himself before thee at thy
+footstool; and graciously receive these oblations, which in humble
+acknowledgment of thy sovereignty over all, and of thy great bounty
+to him in particular, he has now offered up unto thee, through Jesus
+Christ, our only Mediator and Advocate. Amen.</p></div>
+
+<p>Then the King returned to his chair, and knelt down at his faldstool;
+the archbishop said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Let us pray for the whole state of Christ's church militant here on
+earth.</p>
+
+<p>Almighty and ever-living God, who by thy holy Apostle hast taught us
+to make prayers and supplications, and to give thanks for all men:
+we humbly beseech thee most mercifully to receive these our prayers
+which we offer unto thy Divine Majesty, beseeching thee to inspire
+continually the universal church with the spirit of truth, unity,
+and concord: and grant that all they that do confess thy holy name,
+may agree in the truth of thy holy word, and live in unity and godly
+love. We beseech thee also to save and defend all Christian kings,
+princes, and governors; and especially thy servant <span class="smcap">George</span> our King,
+that under him we may be godly and quietly governed: and grant unto
+his whole council, and to all that <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span>are put in authority under him,
+that they may truly and indifferently minister justice, to the
+punishment of wickedness and vice, and to the maintenance of thy
+true religion and virtue. Give grace, O heavenly Father, to all
+bishops and curates, that they may both by their life and doctrine
+set forth thy true and lively word, and rightly and duly administer
+thy holy sacraments: and to all thy people give thy heavenly grace,
+and especially to this congregation here present, that with meek
+heart and due reverence they may hear and receive thy holy word,
+truly serving thee in holiness and righteousness all the days of
+their life. And we most humbly beseech thee of thy goodness, O Lord,
+to comfort and succour all them who in this transitory life are in
+trouble, sorrow, need, sickness, or any other adversity. And we also
+bless thy holy name, for all thy servants departed this life in thy
+faith and fear; beseeching thee to give us grace so to follow their
+good examples, that with them we may be partakers of thy heavenly
+kingdom. Grant this, O Father, for Jesus Christ's sake, our only
+Mediator and Advocate. Amen.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE EXHORTATION.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Ye that do truly and earnestly repent you of your sins, and are in
+love and charity with your neighbours, and intend to lead a new
+life, following the commandments of God, and walking from henceforth
+in his holy ways; draw near with faith, and take this holy Sacrament
+to your comfort; and make your humble confession to Almighty God,
+meekly kneeling upon your knees.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE GENERAL CONFESSION.</h3>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span></p><div class="blockquot"><p>Almighty God, Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, Maker of all things,
+Judge of all men; we acknowledge and bewail our manifold sins and
+wickedness, which we from time to time most grievously have
+committed, by thought, word, and deed, against thy divine Majesty,
+provoking most justly thy wrath and indignation against us. We do
+earnestly repent, and are heartily sorry for these our misdoings;
+the remembrance of them is grievous unto us; the burden of them is
+intolerable. Have mercy upon us, have mercy upon us, most merciful
+Father; for thy Son our Lord Jesus Christ's sake, forgive us all
+that is past, and grant that we may ever hereafter serve and please
+thee, in newness of life, to the honour and glory of thy name,
+through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE ABSOLUTION.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Almighty God our heavenly Father, who of his great mercy hath
+promised forgiveness of sins to all them that with hearty
+repentance, and true faith, turn unto him; have mercy upon you,
+pardon and deliver you from all your sins, confirm and strengthen
+you in all goodness, and bring you to everlasting life, through
+Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.</p></div>
+
+<p>After which was said,</p>
+
+<p>Hear what comfortable words our Saviour saith unto all that truly turn
+to him.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Come unto me, all that travail and are heavy laden, and I will
+refresh you. St. Matt. xi. 28.</p>
+
+<p>So God loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son to the
+world, and that all that believe in him should not perish, but have
+everlasting life. St. John, iii. 16.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Hear also what St. Paul saith:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>This is a true saying, and worthy of all men to be received, that
+Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners. 1 Tim. i. 15.</p></div>
+
+<p>Hear also what St. John saith:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>If any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ
+the righteous, and he is the propitiation for our sins. 1 John, ii.
+1.</p></div>
+
+<p>After which the archbishop proceeded, saying,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Arch. Lift up your hearts.</p>
+
+<p>Answ. We lift them unto the Lord.</p>
+
+<p>Arch. Let us give thanks unto our Lord God.</p>
+
+<p>Answ. It is meet and right so to do.</p></div>
+
+<p>Then the archbishop turned to the Lord's table, and said,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>It is very meet, right, and our bounden duty, that we should at all
+times, and in all places, give thanks unto thee, O Lord, Holy
+Father, Almighty everlasting God:</p>
+
+<p>Who hast at this time given us thy servant our sovereign King
+<span class="smcap">George</span>, to be the Defender of the Faith, and the protector of thy
+people:</p>
+
+<p>Therefore with angels and archangels, and with all the company of
+heaven, we laud and magnify thy glorious name, evermore praising
+thee, and saying, Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of hosts, heaven and
+earth are full <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span>of thy glory. Glory be to thee, O Lord most high.
+Amen.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE PRAYER OF ADDRESS.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>We do not presume to come to this thy table, O merciful God,
+trusting in our own righteousness, but thy manifold great mercies.
+We are not worthy so much as to gather up the crumbs under thy
+table. But thou art the same God, whose property is always to have
+mercy; grant us therefore, gracious God, so to eat the flesh of thy
+dear Son, Jesus Christ, to drink his blood, that our sinful bodies
+may be made clean by his body, our souls washed through his most
+precious blood. That we may evermore dwell with him, and he with us.
+Amen.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE PRAYER OF CONSECRATION.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Almighty God, our heavenly Father, who of thy tender mercy didst
+give thine only Son Jesus Christ to suffer death upon the cross for
+our redemption, who made there (by his one oblation of himself once
+offered) a full, perfect, and sufficient sacrifice, oblation, and
+satisfaction for the sins of the whole world, and did institute, and
+in his holy Gospel command us to continue a perpetual memory of that
+his precious death to his coming again; hear us, O merciful Father,
+we most humbly beseech thee; and grant that we, receiving these thy
+creatures of bread and wine, according to thy Son our Saviour Jesus
+Christ's holy institution, in remembrance of his death and passion,
+may be partakers of his most holy body and blood: who in the same
+night that he was betrayed took bread<a name="FNanchor_111_112" id="FNanchor_111_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_112" class="fnanchor">[111]</a>, and when he had given
+thanks, he brake it<a name="FNanchor_112_113" id="FNanchor_112_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_113" class="fnanchor">[112]</a>, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span>gave it to his disciples, saying,
+Take, eat<a name="FNanchor_113_114" id="FNanchor_113_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_114" class="fnanchor">[113]</a>, this is my body which is given for you, do this in
+remembrance of me. Likewise, after supper<a name="FNanchor_114_115" id="FNanchor_114_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_115" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> he took the cup, and
+when he had given thanks, he gave it to them, saying, Drink ye all
+of this, for this<a name="FNanchor_115_116" id="FNanchor_115_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_116" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> is my blood of the New Testament, which is
+shed for you and for many for the remission of sins: do this, as oft
+as ye shall drink it, in remembrance of me. Amen.</p></div>
+
+<p>When the archbishop, and dean of Westminster, with the bishops'
+assistants, namely, the preacher, and those who read the Litany, and the
+Epistle and Gospel, had communicated in both kinds, the archbishop
+administered the bread, and the dean of Westminster the cup, to the
+King.</p>
+
+<p>At the delivery of the bread, was said,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The body of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was given for thee,
+preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life. Take and eat this
+in remembrance that Christ died for thee, and feed on him in thy
+heart by faith with thanksgiving.</p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At the delivery of the cup,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was shed for thee,
+preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life. Drink this in
+remembrance that Christ's blood was shed for thee, and be thankful.</p></div>
+
+<p>While the King received, the bishop appointed for that service held a
+towel of white silk, or fine linen, before him.</p>
+
+<p>Then the archbishop went on to the Post Communion, saying,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Our Father which art in heaven; hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom
+come. Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven. Give us this
+day our daily bread; and forgive us our trespasses as we forgive
+them who trespass against us. Lead us not into temptation, but
+deliver us from evil; for thine is the kingdom, and the power, and
+the glory, for ever. Amen.</p></div>
+
+<p>Then this prayer,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>O Lord and heavenly Father, we, thy humble servants, entirely desire
+thy fatherly goodness, mercifully to accept this our sacrifice of
+praise and thanksgiving; most humbly beseeching thee to grant, that
+by the merits and death of thy Son Jesus Christ, and through faith
+in his blood, we and all thy whole church may obtain remission of
+our sins, and all other benefits of his passion. And here we offer,
+and present unto thee, O Lord, ourselves, our souls and bodies, to
+be a reasonable, holy, and lively sacrifice unto thee; humbly
+beseeching thee, that all we, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span>who are partakers of this holy
+communion, may be filled with thy grace and heavenly benediction.</p></div>
+
+<p>Then was said,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Glory be to God on high, and on earth peace; good will towards men.
+We praise thee; we bless thee; we worship thee; we glorify thee; we
+give thanks to thee for thy great glory, O Lord God, heavenly King,
+God the Father Almighty.</p>
+
+<p>O Lord, the only begotten Son, Jesu Christ.</p>
+
+<p>O Lord God, Lamb of God, Son of the Father, that takest away the
+sins of the world, have mercy upon us. Thou that takest away the
+sins of the world, receive our prayer. Thou that sittest at the
+right hand of God the Father, have mercy upon us.</p>
+
+<p>For thou only art holy, thou only art the Lord, thou only, O Christ,
+with the Holy Ghost, art most high in the glory of God the Father.
+Amen.</p></div>
+
+<p>The King returned to his throne upon the theatre, and afterwards the
+archbishop read the final prayers.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE FINAL PRAYERS.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Assist us mercifully, O Lord, in these our supplications and
+prayers, and dispose the way of thy servants towards the attainment
+of everlasting salvation, that, among all the changes and chances of
+this mortal life, they may ever be defended by thy most gracious and
+ready help, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.</p>
+
+<p>O Lord our God, who upholdest and governest all things in heaven and
+earth, receive our humble prayers <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span>with our thanksgivings, for our
+Sovereign Lord <span class="smcap">George</span>, set over us by thy good providence to be our
+King: and so, together with him, bless all the Royal Family, that
+they, ever trusting in thy goodness, protected by thy power, and
+crowned with thy favour, may continue before thee in health and
+peace, in joy and honour, a long and happy life upon earth, and
+after death may obtain everlasting life and glory in the kingdom of
+heaven, through the merits and mediation of Jesus Christ our
+Saviour; who with thee, O Father, and the Holy Spirit, liveth and
+reigneth, ever one God, world without end. Amen.</p>
+
+<p>Almighty God, who hast promised to hear the petition of them that
+ask in thy Son's name; we beseech thee mercifully to incline thine
+ears to us that have made now our prayers and supplications unto
+thee, and grant that those things which we have faithfully asked
+according to thy will, may effectually be obtained to the relief of
+our necessity, and to the setting forth of thy glory, through Jesus
+Christ our Lord. Amen.</p>
+
+<p>The peace of God which passeth all understanding, keep your hearts
+and minds in the knowledge and love of God, and of his Son Jesus
+Christ our Lord. And the blessing of God Almighty, the Father, the
+Son, and the Holy Ghost, be amongst you, and remain with you always.
+Amen.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE RECESS.</h3>
+
+<p>The whole coronation office being thus performed, the King, attended and
+accompanied as before, the four swords being carried before him,
+descended from his throne crowned, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> carrying the sceptre and rod in
+his hands, went up the area eastward of the theatre, and passed on
+through the door, on the south side of the altar, into king Edward's
+chapel; and as they passed by the altar, the rest of the regalia, lying
+upon it, were delivered by the dean of Westminster to the lords that
+carried them in the procession, and so they proceeded in state into the
+chapel; the organ all the while playing.</p>
+
+<p>The King then came into the chapel, and standing before the altar, took
+off his crown, and delivered it, together with his sceptre, to the
+archbishop, who laid them upon the altar there; and the rest of the
+regalia were given into the hands of the dean of Westminster, and by him
+laid there also.</p>
+
+<p>Then the King withdrew himself into his traverse prepared for him upon
+the western wall of that chapel.</p>
+
+<p>Within his traverse the King was disrobed by the lord great chamberlain
+of his royal robe of state (which was forthwith delivered to the dean of
+Westminster to be laid also<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> upon the altar) and again arrayed with his
+robe of purple velvet, which was before laid ready in the traverse for
+that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>When the King, thus habited, came forth of his traverse, he stood before
+the altar, and the archbishop being still vested in his cope, set the
+crown of state, provided for the King to wear during the rest of the
+ceremony, upon his head. Then he gave the sceptre with the cross into
+the King's right hand, and the orb with the cross into his left: which
+being done, both the archbishop and dean divested themselves of their
+copes, and left them there, and proceeded in their usual habits.</p>
+
+<p>Then the King carried his sceptre with the cross in his left hand; the
+four swords being borne before the King, and the heralds having again
+put the rest of the procession in order, he went on from king Edward's
+chapel to the theatre, and thence through the midst of the choir and
+body of the church, out at the west door, and so returned to Westminster
+Hall.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>RETURN OF THE PROCESSION TO THE HALL.</h3>
+
+<p>At about twenty minutes to four the gates of the Hall were thrown open
+to admit the procession on its return.</p>
+
+<p>The cheering in the Hall on the King's approach was neither so
+spontaneous nor enthusiastic as it was along the line of march: as far
+as we could see it originated generally with some of the choristers
+employed to sing the various portions of the ceremonial.</p>
+
+<p>Viewed from the upper end of the Hall through the arched way, the
+appearance of the white plumes of the knights of the Bath was most
+magnificent. On their entrance to the Hall, the knights took off their
+hats, but the peers continued to wear their coronets. The procession
+then entered in the following order;&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+The King's Herbwoman, with her six Maids.<br />
+<br />
+Messenger of the College of Arms.<br />
+<br />
+High Constable of Westminster.
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="table x">
+<tr>
+<td align="left">Fife and Drums, as before<br />Drum Major<br />Eight Trumpets<br />Kettle Drums<br />Serjeant Trumpeter</td>
+<td rowspan="6"><span class="bracket3">}</span></td>
+<td rowspan="6" align="left">Who, on arrival in the<br />Hall, immediately went<br />
+into the Gallery over the<br />Triumphal Arch.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">
+Serjeant Porter.<br />
+<br />
+Knight Marshal and his Officers.<br />
+<br />
+Six Clerks in Chancery.<br />
+<br />
+King's Chaplains.<br />
+<br />
+Sheriffs of London.<br />
+<br />
+Aldermen and Recorder of London.<br />
+<br />
+Masters in Chancery.<br />
+<br />
+King's Serjeants at Law.<br />
+<br />
+King's Ancient Serjeant.<br />
+<br />
+King's Solicitor-General.&nbsp; &nbsp;  King's Attorney-General.<br />
+<br />
+Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber.<br />
+<br />
+Barons of the Exchequer, and Justices of both Benches.<br />
+<br />
+Lord Chief Baron of the&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  Lord Chief Justice of<br />
+Exchequer.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; the Common Pleas.<br />
+<br />
+Vice-Chancellor.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Master of the Rolls.<br />
+<br />
+Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench.<br />
+<br />
+Pursuivants of Scotland and Ireland.<br />
+<br />
+Officers attendant on the Knights Commanders of the Bath, wearing their Caps.<br />
+<br />
+Knights Commanders of the Bath, wearing their Caps.<br />
+<br />
+Officers of the Order of the Bath, wearing their Caps.<br />
+<br />
+Knights Grand Crosses of the Order of the Bath, wearing their Caps.<br />
+<br />
+A Pursuivant of Arms.<br />
+<br />
+Clerks of the Council in Ordinary.<br />
+<br />
+Privy Counsellors.<br />
+<br />
+Register of the Order of the Garter.<br />
+<br />
+Knight of the Garter, not a Peer, wearing his Cap and Feathers.<br />
+<br />
+His Majesty's Vice-Chamberlain.<br />
+<br />
+Comptroller of the Household.&nbsp; Treasurer of the Household.<br />
+<br />
+A Pursuivant of Arms.<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>
+Heralds or Scotland and Ireland.<br />
+<br />
+The Standard of Hanover, borne by the Earl of Mayo.<br />
+<br />
+Barons, wearing their Coronets.<br />
+<br />
+A Herald.<br />
+<br />
+The Standard of Ireland,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The Standard of Scotland,<br />
+borne by&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; borne by the<br />
+Lord Beresford.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  Earl of Lauderdale.<br />
+<br />
+Bishops, wearing their Caps.<br />
+<br />
+Two Heralds.<br />
+<br />
+Viscounts, wearing their Coronets.<br />
+<br />
+Two Heralds.<br />
+<br />
+The Standard of England, borne by Lord Hill.<br />
+<br />
+Earls, wearing their Coronets.<br />
+<br />
+Two Heralds.<br />
+<br />
+The Union Standard, borne by Earl Harcourt.<br />
+<br />
+Marquesses, wearing their Coronets.<br />
+<br />
+The Lord Chamberlain of the Household, wearing his Coronet.<br />
+<br />
+The Lord Steward of the Household, wearing his Coronet.<br />
+<br />
+The Royal Standard, borne by the Earl of Harrington.<br />
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="table x">
+<tr>
+<td align="center">King of Arms of<br />the Ionian Order<br />of St. Michael &amp;<br />St. George, wearing<br />his Crown.</td>
+<td valign="top" align="center">Gloucester King<br />of Arms, wearing<br />his Crown.</td>
+<td valign="top" align="center">Hanover King<br />of Arms, wearing<br />his Crown.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">Dukes, wearing their Coronets.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="table y">
+<tr>
+<td align="center">Ulster King of<br />Arms, wearing<br />his Crown.</td>
+<td align="center">Clarenceux King<br />of Arms, wearing<br />his Crown.</td>
+<td align="center">Hanover King<br />of Arms, wearing<br />his Crown.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">
+The Lord Privy Seal,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The Lord President of the<br />
+wearing his Coronet.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Council, wearing his Coronet.<br />
+<br />
+Archbishops of Ireland, wearing their Caps.<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span><br />
+Archbishop of York, wearing his Cap.<br />
+<br />
+Lord High Chancellor, wearing his Coronet, and bearing his Purse.<br />
+<br />
+Archbishop of Canterbury, wearing his Cap.<br />
+<br />
+Four Serjeants at Arms.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="table xy">
+<tr>
+<td align="center">The third Sword,<br />borne by the<br />Earl of Galloway,<br />wearing his<br />Coronet.</td>
+<td align="center">Curtana, borne by<br />the Duke of<br />Newcastle,<br />wearing his<br />Coronet.</td>
+<td valign="top" align="center">The Second Sword,<br />borne by the Duke of <br />Northumberland, wearing<br />his Coronet.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">Usher of the Green Rod.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  Usher of the White Rod.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="table z">
+<tr>
+<td valign="top" align="center">The<br />Lord Mayor<br />of London.</td>
+<td align="center">The<br />Lord Lyon of<br />Scotland,<br />wearing his<br />Crown.</td>
+<td valign="top" align="center">Garter Principal<br />King of Arms,<br />wearing his<br />Crown.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">The Deputy Lord Great Chamberlain, wearing his Coronet.<br />
+<br />
+His Royal Highness the Prince Leopold, wearing his Cap and Feathers, and his Train borne as before.<br />
+<br />
+His Royal Highness the Duke of Gloucester, wearing his Coronet, and his Train borne as before.<br />
+<br />
+His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, wearing his Coronet, and his Train borne as before.<br />
+<br />
+His Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex, wearing his Coronet, and his Train borne as before.<br />
+<br />
+His Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence, wearing his Coronet, and his Train borne as before.<br />
+<br />
+His Royal Highness the Duke of York, wearing his Coronet, and his Train borne as before.<br />
+<br />
+The High Constable&nbsp; &nbsp; The High Constable of Scotland,<br />
+of Ireland.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  wearing his Coronet.<br />
+<br />
+Four Serjeants at Arms.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="table vy">
+<tr>
+<td valign="top" align="center">The Deputy Earl<br />Marshal<br />wearing his<br />coronet.</td>
+<td align="center">The sword which<br />had been redeemed,<br />borne naked by<br />the Duke of Dorset,<br />wearing his coronet.<br />The
+Lord High Steward,<br />wearing his coronet.<br />The Sceptre with the Dove,<br />borne by<br />the Duke of Rutland,<br />wearing his coronet.</td>
+<td valign="top" align="center">The Lord High<br />Constable,<br />wearing his<br />coronet.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h3>THE KING,</h3>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="table xyz">
+<tr>
+<td align="center">Twenty Gentlemen Pensioners,<br />with the Standard Bearer.</td>
+<td align="center">The Bishop<br />of Oxford,<br />wearing his<br />cap.</td>
+<td align="center">In his Robes of purple<br />velvet, furred with ermine,<br />and the Crown<br />of state on his head,<br />
+    bearing in his right<br />hand St. Edward's<br />Sceptre, with the Cross,<br />and in his left the Orb<br />
+    with the Cross, under<br />his canopy, supported<br />as before, and his train<br />borne as before.</td>
+<td align="center">The Bishop<br />of Lincoln,<br />wearing his<br />cap.</td>
+<td align="center">Twenty Gentlemen Pensioners,<br />with the Lieutenant.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="table abc">
+<tr>
+<td valign="top" align="center">Captain of the Yeoman<br />of the Guard,<br />wearing his coronet.</td>
+<td align="center">Gold Stick of the<br />Life Guards in<br />waiting, wearing<br />his coronet.</td>
+<td align="center">Captain of the Band<br />of Gentlemen Pensioners,<br />wearing his<br />coronet.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">Lords of the Bedchamber.<br />
+<br />
+The Keeper of his Majesty's Privy Purse.<br />
+<br />
+Grooms of the Bedchamber.<br />
+<br />
+Equerries and Pages of Honour.<br />
+<br />
+Aides-de-Camp.<br />
+<br />
+Gentlemen Ushers.<br />
+<br />
+Physicians.&nbsp; &nbsp;  Surgeons.&nbsp; &nbsp;  Apothecaries.<br />
+<br />
+Ensign of the Yeomen&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Lieutenant of the Yeomen of<br />
+of the Guard.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  the Guard.<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span><br />
+His Majesty's Pages.<br />
+<br />
+His Majesty's Footmen.<br />
+<br />
+Exons of the Yeomen&nbsp;  Yeomen of&nbsp; &nbsp;  Exons of the Yeomen<br />
+of the Guard.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  the Guard.&nbsp; &nbsp; of the Guard.<br />
+<br />
+Gentleman Harbinger of the Band of Gentlemen Pensioners.<br />
+<br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp;Clerk of the Cheque&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  Clerk of the Cheque to<br />
+to the Yeomen of the Guard.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; the Gentlemen Pensioners.<br />
+<br />
+Yeomen of the Guard, to close the Procession.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>As the procession entered the Hall, the fifes, drums, and trumpets went
+to their gallery, and the several other persons composing it were
+directed to their respective places by the officers of arms.</p>
+
+<p>On entering the Hall, the barons of the Cinque Ports, bearing the
+canopy, remained at the bottom of the steps. His Majesty ascended the
+elevated platform, and retired in his chamber near the state.</p>
+
+<p>The company at the table then sat down; and the barons of the Cinque
+Ports carried away the canopy as their fee.</p>
+
+<p>It is mentioned above that the several orders of knighthood returned
+wearing their hats. This was the case until they got to the entrance of
+Westminster Hall. There all the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> knights of the Bath took off their
+hats, as did some of the bishops and several other individuals who took
+part in the procession. There were only two knights of the Garter who
+appeared in the full dress of the order. These were his Royal Highness
+the Prince Leopold and the Marquess of Londonderry. The noble marquess,
+as attired in his robes, added very considerably to the splendour of the
+scene by his graceful and elegant appearance. His lordship's hat was
+encircled with a band of diamonds, which had a most brilliant effect. As
+his Majesty passed up the Hall he was received with loud and continued
+acclamations&mdash;the gentlemen waving their hats, and the ladies their
+handkerchiefs: his Majesty seemed to feel sensibly the enthusiasm with
+which he was greeted, and returned the salutations with repeated bows to
+the assemblage on both sides. The peers took their seats at the table
+appointed for them, and began to partake of the banquet. During the
+interval between this and the return of his Majesty, the greater part of
+the ladies and gentlemen who had previously oc<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span>cupied the galleries
+retired for refreshments, or descended into the Hall, which they
+promenaded for a considerable time. There were also a great number of
+persons admitted into the Hall, who it was evident had not been in
+before. This occasioned some slight inconvenience to those whose duty
+obliged them to be present. We ought here to remark that the procession,
+on its return to the Hall, was not conducted with any thing like the
+same regularity which had distinguished its departure. This was probably
+owing to the great fatigue which all the parties had undergone, and to
+their consequent anxiety to get to their seats. Some slight derangement
+was occasioned by the aldermen, who, either from the cause just
+mentioned, or from a mistake with respect to the regulations of the
+heralds, had no sooner got within the triumphal arch, than they walked
+over to one of the tables, leaving several of those behind who ought to
+have preceded them. This trifling mistake was soon corrected by one of
+the heralds, who brought the worthy magistrates back to their former
+station in the procession.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>THE BANQUET.</h3>
+
+<p>Precisely at twenty minutes past five the lord great chamberlain issued
+his orders that the centre of the Hall should be cleared. This direction
+occasioned much confusion, not only because many strangers had been
+allowed to enter the lower doors for the purpose of surveying the
+general arrangements, but because those who had tickets for the
+galleries had descended in considerable numbers to the floor. Lord
+Gwydyr was under the necessity of personally exerting his authority,
+with considerable vehemence, in order to compel the attendants of the
+earl-marshal to quit situations intended for persons more immediately
+connected with the ceremony. A long interval now occurred, during which
+the various officers, and especially the heralds, made the necessary
+arrangements for the nobility expected to return with his Majesty.
+During this pause silence was generally preserved, in expectation of the
+return of his Majesty from his chamber.</p>
+
+<p>The entrance of the King was announced<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> by one of the principal heralds,
+who was followed into the Hall by the lord great chamberlain and the
+Dukes of York, Clarence, Cambridge, Sussex, and Gloucester. Prince
+Leopold had for some time previously been engaged in conversation with
+some of the foreign ambassadors.</p>
+
+<p>His Majesty returned in the robes with which he had been invested in the
+Abbey, wearing also the same crown. In his right hand he carried the
+sceptre, and in his left the orb, which, on taking his seat on the
+throne, he delivered to two peers stationed at his side for the purpose
+of receiving them.</p>
+
+<p>The first course was then served up. It consisted of 24 gold covers and
+dishes, carried by as many gentlemen pensioners: they were preceded by
+six attendants on the clerk comptroller, by two clerks of the kitchen,
+who received the dishes from the gentlemen pensioners, by the clerk
+comptroller, in a velvet gown trimmed with silver lace, by two clerks
+and the secretary of the Board of Green Cloth, by the comptroller and
+treasurer of the household, and serjeants at arms with their maces.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Before the dishes were placed upon the table by the two clerks of the
+kitchen, the great doors at the bottom of the Hall were thrown open to
+the sound of trumpets and clarionets, and the Duke of Wellington, as
+lord high constable, the Marquis of Anglesey, as lord high steward, and
+Lord Howard of Effingham, as deputy earl marshal, entered upon the floor
+on horseback, remaining for some minutes under the archway. The Duke of
+Wellington was on the left of the King, the earl marshal on the right,
+and the Marquess of Anglesey in the centre. The two former were mounted
+on beautiful white horses gorgeously trapped, and the latter on his
+favourite dun-coloured Arabian.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE CHALLENGE.</h3>
+
+<p>Before the second course, the great gate was thrown open at the sound of
+trumpets without. The deputy appointed to officiate as King's Champion
+for the lord of the manor of Scrivelsby, in Lincolnshire, entered the
+Hall on horseback, in a complete suit of bright armour, between the lord
+high constable and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span> deputy earl marshal, also on horseback, preceded
+by&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center">Two Trumpeters, with the Champion's Arms on their Banners.<br />
+<br />
+The Serjeant Trumpeter, with his Mace on his Shoulder.<br />
+<br />
+Two Serjeants at Arms, with their Maces on their Shoulders.<br />
+<br />
+The Champion's two Esquires, in half Armour, one on the right hand
+bearing the Champion's Lance, the other on the left hand with the
+Champion's Target, and the Arms of Dymoke depicted thereon.<br />
+<br />
+A Herald, With a Paper in his hand containing the Challenge.</p>
+
+<p>Then followed:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="hij">
+<tr>
+<td align="center">The<br />Deputy Earl Marshal,<br />on Horseback, in<br />his Robes and Coronet,<br />
+with the Earl<br />Marshal's Staff in<br />his Hand, attended<br />by a Page.</td>
+<td align="center">The<br />CHAMPION,<br />on Horseback, in a<br />complete suit of<br />bright Armour, with<br />
+a  Gauntlet in his<br />Hand, his Helmet on<br />his Head, adorned<br />with a plume of<br />Feathers.</td>
+<td align="center">The<br />Lord High Constable,<br />in his Robes and<br />Coronet, and Collar<br />of his Order, on<br />
+Horseback, with the<br />Constable's Staff, attended<br />by two Pages.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Four Pages, richly apparelled, attendants on the Champion.</p>
+
+<p>His helmet was of polished steel, surmounted by a full rich bending
+plume of white ostrich feathers, next of light blue, next red, and
+lastly of an erect black feather. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> seemed rather pale in the face,
+which was of a resolute cast, and ornamented with handsome mustachios.
+He sat his horse with ease, and the appearance of great firmness, which
+was no doubt in part attributable to the enormous weight under which the
+noble animal that bore him seemed to bend. His armour was extremely
+massive, and deeply lined and engraven: no part of his body was
+uncovered; and even the broad circular shoulder blades of the armour
+were so folded over the cuirass, that in action the body could not but
+be completely defended at all points. The horse was very richly
+caparisoned, and wore in his headstall a plume of varied feathers.
+Nothing could exceed the impression produced by the approach of the
+champion and his loyal array. Every fair bosom felt an indescribable
+sensation of mingled surprise, pleasure, and apprehension. It seemed as
+if they were impressed with a conviction that the defiance might not
+prove an empty ceremony; that a trial as severe as that of Ivanhoe, in
+the presence of his future sovereign at Ashby, might await the
+challenger; and that the nobly-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span>equipped champion before them might,
+nevertheless, be as little elated by his success, or as faint and feeble
+when he fell at the feet of sympathising beauty to claim the hard-earned
+meed of glory. For a moment the fast fading spirit of chivalry
+re-asserted itself within those walls, over minds which the place and
+occasion had rendered vividly susceptible of impressions connected with
+the records of our earlier history.</p>
+
+<p>At the entrance into the Hall the trumpets sounded thrice, and the
+passage to the king's table being cleared by the knight marshal, the
+herald, with a loud voice, proclaimed the champion's challenge in the
+words following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>If any person, of what degree soever, high or low, shall deny or
+gainsay our Sovereign Lord <span class="smcap">George</span> the Fourth of the United Kingdom
+of Great Britain and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, Son and next
+Heir to our Sovereign Lord King <span class="smcap">George</span> the Third, the last King,
+deceased, to be right Heir to the Imperial Crown of this United
+Kingdom, or that he ought not to enjoy the same, here is his
+Champion, who saith that he lieth, and is a false traitor; being
+ready in person to combat with him, and in this quarrel will
+adventure his life against him on what day soever he shall be
+appointed.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The champion then threw down his iron glove or gauntlet; which, having
+lain for a short time upon the ground, the herald took up, and delivered
+again to the champion.</p>
+
+<p>They then advanced to the middle of the Hall, where the ceremony was
+again performed in the same manner.</p>
+
+<p>Lastly, they advanced to the steps of the throne, where the herald (and
+those who preceded him) ascending to the middle of the steps, proclaimed
+the challenge in the like manner; when the champion, having thrown down
+the gauntlet, and received it again from the herald, made a low
+obeisance to the King, The peers had repeated, as if with one voice,
+"God bless the King! God save the King!" which was accompanied by
+acclamations so loud through all parts of the Hall, that it startled the
+horses of the champion and his noble companions. Then the cupbearer,
+having received from the officer of the Jewel-house a gold cup and cover
+filled with wine, presented the same to the King, and his Majesty drank
+to the champion, and sent to him by the cupbearer the said cup, which
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> champion (having put on his gauntlet) received, and having made a
+low obeisance to the King, drank off the wine; and in a loud articulate
+voice, exclaimed, turning himself round, "Long life to his Majesty King
+<span class="smcap">George</span> the Fourth!" This was followed by a peal of applause resembling
+thunder; after which, making another low obeisance to his Majesty, and
+being accompanied as before, he departed out of the Hall, taking with
+him the said cup and cover as his fee, retiring with his face to his
+Majesty, and backing his horse out of the Hall.</p>
+
+
+<h3>PROCLAMATION OF THE STYLES.</h3>
+
+<p>Immediately afterwards, Garter, attended by Clarenceux, Norroy, Lyon,
+Ulster, and the rest of the kings and officers of arms, proclaimed his
+Majesty's styles in Latin, French, and English, three several times,
+first upon the uppermost step of the elevated platform, next in the
+middle of the Hall; and, lastly, at the bottom of the Hall, the officers
+of arms before each proclamation crying, "Largesse." After each
+proclamation, the company shouted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> "God save the King!" and the ladies
+waved their handkerchiefs and fans.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SECOND COURSE.</h3>
+
+<p>The second course was then served up with the same ceremony as the
+first.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SERVICES IN PURSUANCE OF CLAIMS.</h3>
+
+<p>Then the lord of the manor of Nether Bilsington presented his Majesty
+with three maple cups.</p>
+
+<p>The office of chief butler of England was executed by the Duke of
+Norfolk, as Earl of Arundel and lord of the manor of Keninghall, who
+received a gold basin and ewer as his fee.</p>
+
+<p>Dinner being concluded, the lord mayor and twelve principal citizens of
+London, as assistants to the chief butler of England, accompanied by the
+King's cupbearer and assistant, presented to his Majesty wine in a gold
+cup; and the King having drunk thereof, returned the gold cup to the
+lord mayor as his fee.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The mayor of Oxford, with the eight other burgesses of that city, as
+assistants to the lord mayor and citizens of London, as assistant to the
+chief butler of England in the office of butler, was conducted to his
+Majesty, preceded by the King's cupbearer, and having presented to the
+King a bowl of wine, received the three maple cups for his fee.</p>
+
+<p>The lord of the manor of Lyston, pursuant to his claim, then brought up
+a charger of wafers to his Majesty's table.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of Athol, as lord of the Isle of Man, presented his Majesty
+with two falcons. Considerable curiosity was excited by the presentment
+of these beautiful birds, which sat perfectly tame on the arm of his
+grace, completely hooded, and furnished with bells.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of Montrose, as master of the horse to the King, performed the
+office of serjeant of the silver scullery.</p>
+
+<p>The lord of the barony of Bedford performed the office of almoner; and
+the office of chief larderer was performed by the deputy of the Earl of
+Abergavenny.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>After the dessert was served up, the King's health was announced by the
+peers, and drank by them and the whole of the persons in the Hall
+standing, with three times three. The lord chancellor, overpowered by
+his feelings on this propitious occasion, rose, and said it was usual to
+drink the health of a subject with three times three, and he thought
+that his subjects ought to drink the Sovereign's health with nine times
+nine. The choir and additional singers had now been brought forward in
+front of the knights commanders, and the national anthem of "God save
+the King" was sung with incomparable effect.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of Norfolk then said, "The King thanks his peers for drinking
+his health: he does them the honour to drink their health and that of
+his good people." His Majesty rose, and bowing three times to various
+parts of the immense concourse&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center">&mdash;&mdash;"The abstract of his kingdom,"<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>he drank the health of all present. It was succeeded by long and
+continued shouts from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> all present, during which the King resumed his
+seat on his throne.</p>
+
+<p>The King quitted the Hall at a quarter before eight o'clock; afterwards
+the company was indiscriminately admitted to partake of such
+refreshments as remained on the tables of the peers.</p>
+
+<p>During Tuesday and Wednesday night, in order that no unnecessary
+interruption might be experienced in the public thoroughfares during the
+daytime, the workmen under the direction of the Board of Works were
+busily engaged in raising barriers at different points that commanded
+the streets and passes leading to Westminster Hall and Abbey. From
+Charing Cross, a stout barrier was placed (about fifteen feet from the
+pavement) to Parliament Street, so that the fullest possible room, about
+twenty feet in width, should be secured for persons having tickets of
+admission to the Hall, the Abbey, or the Coronation Galleries. And a
+still stronger barrier was raised along the centre of Parliament Street,
+one side only being appropriated to carriages going towards the scene of
+universal attraction.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> Across Bridge Street, as well as in King Street,
+and the neighbouring thoroughfares, all the carriage entrances were
+wholly blockaded; thus securing the most commodious means to persons
+proceeding on foot to the different places for which they possessed
+admission tickets. At all these points were stationed constables,
+supported by parties of military; and at the several passes were placed
+experienced individuals who had been instructed in their various duties
+during several days by Mr. Jackson and others, in the long chambers of
+the House of Lords, &amp;c. They examined the tickets and the pretensions of
+the several persons applying to pass on to the Abbey, Hall, houses, or
+galleries.&mdash;Still more effectually to qualify them for this duty, they
+were previously made acquainted with the mode in which the various
+tickets of the lord great chamberlain (Lord Gwydyr) for the Hall, and
+the earl marshal of England (Lord Howard, of Effingham, acting deputy),
+were prepared, signed, and superscribed.&mdash;They were also provided with
+good general means of judging of the authenticity of cards for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span>
+different galleries; and even to be guarded against imposture, there was
+further authority to keep all the several parties in motion, till they
+arrived at their respective destinations. Thus, every arrangement was
+made to accomplish the great advantage of clear roads and facilities of
+approach; and the regulations adopted at those points, passes, and
+barriers already noticed, were provided at the other stations.</p>
+
+<p>All the arrangements were finally made on Wednesday night. The high
+bailiff of Westminster (A. Morris, Esq.), the high constable (Mr. Lee),
+and the several magistrates of the different Police Offices, Sir Robert
+Baker, Mr. Birnie, Mr. Mainwaring, Mr. Raynsford, Mr. Markland, &amp;c.
+under the advice, and with the approbation of Lord Sidmouth, agreed upon
+and adopted at the office of the home secretary of state, a plan of
+general and particular operations. Each magistrate had his different
+station allotted to him, with a specified number of the police officers
+to attend his commands, and enforce his instructions.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the precautions taken in the several<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> streets, and at the
+various thoroughfares, as already described, arrangements of a similar
+character were adopted at the several approaches from the river Thames.
+In the course of the night, the stairs, landing-places, roads from
+wharfs, &amp;c., along the Westminster side of the banks of the Thames, were
+closed, with parties to command them, from the Hungerford to the
+Horseferry stairs. Some exceptions were made regarding the stairs at
+Whitehall, by Lord Liverpool's house, and a temporary landing-place
+formed in the course of Wednesday, at the lower end of the speaker's
+garden, for the accommodation of the treasury and ordnance barges,
+conveying certain great officers of state, some parties of peeresses,
+&amp;c., as well as the barges of the lord mayor, aldermen, sheriffs, and
+twelve citizens of London, accompanied as they were (by the special
+favour of the corporation of London) by the mayor of Oxford, its
+recorder, two aldermen, two assistants, &amp;c. And at this entrance proper
+precautions were taken by stationing a civil force in the speaker's
+gardens; while in the river, such regulations were strengthened<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> by the
+parties on board the Thames police-boat, and a gun-brig moored off this
+point in the course of Wednesday.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE PLATFORM.</h3>
+
+<p>The temporary boarding placed up on each side of the platform, some
+weeks ago, to prevent damage, by indiscriminate visitors travelling over
+it day and night, was completely removed in the early part of the
+morning. On the removal of such boarding, the platform presented a
+lively and finished appearance. The railing on each side of it was
+covered with purple cloth, and the flooring covered to the extent of
+sixteen feet, leaving about a yard on each side uncovered, with the same
+sort of blue cloth.</p>
+
+<p>The awnings were drawn, but at short distances red lines were placed, by
+the pulling of which command was had of them, to close or spread them as
+circumstances might require. To each line and pulley was allotted one
+man, with a particular dress, so that the most rapid change of the
+awnings could be effected, should the weather require any change in
+their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> position, while the addition of a staff enabled such man likewise
+to act as a constable. There were also placed, on each side of the
+platform, along the whole range of it, men provided with pincers,
+hammers, &amp;c., to repair any damage that might happen to the platform, or
+whatever was calculated to impede the progress of the procession, and
+its attendant ceremonies. These men were also supplied with a like
+livery, with staves of office; and they were sworn as constables.</p>
+
+<p>The flooring of the platform was raised several feet (in some instances
+as much as four and five feet) from the roads; and the side platform was
+nearly two feet below the surface of the main platform. Thus the view of
+what excited the greatest curiosity, was not intercepted by the means so
+judiciously arranged to preserve that regularity and order which so
+essentially contribute to the effect of all ceremonies.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CORONATION GALLERIES.</h3>
+
+<p>The immense range of galleries in the fronts of houses in New Palace
+Yard, along the Ex<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span>chequer Offices and Chambers, over the champion's
+stables, in Parliament Street and Square, in George Street, in St.
+Margaret's Churchyard, in the large spaces, on gardens and squares,
+between the Parliament House and Sessions House, it would be impossible
+to particularise. The magnitude of these accommodations, their
+uniformity and convenience, excited the wonder of the inhabitants of
+this great metropolis, and of thousands from all parts of the country,
+who repaired to town solely with the view of witnessing the
+preparations. All these galleries underwent the strictest investigation
+by surveyors appointed for the purpose; so that all possible precautions
+to prevent accidents were adopted.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WESTMINSTER HALL.</h3>
+
+<p>The preparations within the Hall have on former occasions been fully
+described, and a tolerably correct notion may be formed by many of the
+main outlines of the arrangements there, to give effect to the
+ceremonies preceding, and the banquet following, his Majesty's
+coronation. The <i>coup d'&oelig;il</i> was of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> the most pleasing and imposing
+character; the galleries along each side of the Hall, the tower and
+turrets over the grand entrance, and the royal platform and table, were
+finished in the highest order. The new windows in the roof, and the
+recently-completed lantern upwards of forty feet high on the centre of
+the ridge of the roof, with glazed windows all round, greatly improved
+the effect.</p>
+
+<p>From each side of the angles formed by the ends of the hammer-beams in
+the roof was suspended by a gilt chain a large splendid cut-glass
+lustre, with broad ornamented gilt irons and frames, containing three
+circles of wax candles, being between forty and fifty in each lustre.</p>
+
+<p>The first and second galleries had the mattings and scarlet coverings
+completed only on Wednesday. The royal box on the right, and the
+foreigners' box on the left side of the royal table were entirely lined
+with scarlet cloth, festooned in front, and ornamented with gold fringe.</p>
+
+<p>The throne, seat, and the royal table, attracted general admiration.
+With the excep<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span>tion of the large fluted columns, the royal seat and
+canopy were in the style of the throne in the House of Lords. The back
+of crimson velvet, with the royal arms embroidered on it, and the limits
+decorated with gold and ornaments. The canopy was square, with a raised
+and variegated gold cornice round. The centre displayed a splendid
+crown, underneath which were G. R. IV. Underneath the cornice was a
+crimson velvet vallance, separated into divisions, the lower portion of
+each division being rounded with gold, while its centre was decorated
+with gold, embroidered, and raised ornaments illustrative of the
+military orders, and of the emblems of the United Kingdom, the Rose, the
+Thistle, the Harp, &amp;c. The chair was equally splendid; the arms and legs
+consisting of rich carved work gilt, with crimson velvet back, also
+ornamented. The only objection in point of taste that can be made to
+this is, that the glitter did not harmonize with the sober grandeur of
+the Hall.</p>
+
+<p>About nine o'clock on Wednesday night the King left Carlton Palace for
+the house of the speaker of the House of Commons in Pa<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span>lace Yard, where
+his Majesty slept on Wednesday night. His Majesty's coach was escorted
+by a strong detachment of the Oxford Blues, accoutred as cuirassiers.
+They made a most beautiful appearance. The carriage drove at a rapid
+rate across the Parade in St. James's Park, through Storey's Gate and
+Great George Street. His Majesty was recognised by the crowd on his
+passage, and saluted with every expression of loyalty and attachment.
+Prior to the departure of his Majesty from Carlton Palace the crowd
+between Storey's Gate and Westminster Hall had been cleared by the Scots
+Greys, so as to make a convenient passage for the carriage, and his
+Majesty did not set out until after an officer had arrived at the Palace
+gate to announce that all was ready. His Majesty was guarded through the
+night by the lord great chamberlain and the usher of the black rod.
+There were no preparations of importance. His Majesty's sofa bed was
+brought from Carlton House. On Thursday morning the lord great
+chamberlain, at seven o'clock, carried to his Majesty his shirt and
+apparel, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> with the lord chamberlain of the household dressed his
+Majesty. His Majesty then breakfasted, and afterwards proceeded to his
+chamber, near the south entrance into Westminster Hall.</p>
+
+<p>We entered the Hall at twenty minutes past five o'clock, and a crowd of
+ladies admitted by peers' orders, and peeresses, were then struggling
+for admittance.</p>
+
+<p>The first thing we observed on having entered the Hall, was the canopy
+which was to be borne over the King by the barons of the Cinque Ports.
+The canopy was yellow;&mdash;of silk and gold embroidery, with short curtains
+of muslin spangled with gold. Eight bearers having fixed the poles by
+which the canopy was supported, which were of steel (apparently), with
+silver knobs, bore it up and down the Hall, to practise the mode of
+carrying it in procession. It was then deposited at the upper end of the
+side table of the Hall, to the left of the throne. The canopy was not
+very elegant in form, and did not seem very well calculated to add to
+the effect of the procession. But even at this early hour<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> the
+appearance of the Hall, studded with groups of gentlemen pensioners, and
+various other attendants, in their fantastic and antique costumes, with
+the officers of the guards, and others, in military uniform, and, above
+all, the elegantly dressed women who began to fill the galleries, was
+altogether superb. At this time there were several hundreds of
+spectators in the Hall.</p>
+
+<p>The sides of the upper end of the Hall, including the boxes for the
+foreign ministers and royal family, were hung with scarlet cloth, edged
+with gold.</p>
+
+<p>The throne was splendid with gold and crimson; the canopy over the
+throne was of crimson and gold, with the royal arms in embroidery. The
+large square table before the throne, intended for the display of the
+regalia, was of purple, having a rim of gold, and an interior square
+moulding of the same description, about two feet from the edge. The
+platform on which the throne was placed, and the three steps immediately
+descending from it, were covered with brown carpeting; the two other
+descending flights of steps, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> the double chairs, placed by the side
+of the tables for the peers (with the names of their future occupiers),
+and the coverings of the railings in front of the seats, were of morone
+cloth. From the bottom of the steps, descending from the throne to the
+north gate, the middle of the floor of the Hall was covered with blue
+cloth, in the same manner as the platform without. The rest of the floor
+and the seats were matted. The side tables were covered with green
+cloth; and as on each side, the galleries reached nearly to the top of
+the windows in the wall, only the upper arches of those windows, and the
+noble roof of the old fabric appeared, except at each end, the upper one
+especially, where the grave visages of the Saxon kings, newly decorated,
+made their appearance. The light, which was only admitted from the roof
+windows, and from those in each end, though sober, was, on the whole,
+good. At the lower end the attendants of the earl marshal attracted some
+notice by their dark dresses, with white sashes, stockings, shoes with
+large rosettes, and Queen Elizabeth ruffs, with gilt staves tipped<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> with
+black. At a quarter after seven o'clock an attendant, habited in the
+dress of <i>Henri Quatre</i> laid on the table, near the canopy, eight maces,
+to be borne in the course of the procession.</p>
+
+<p>Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Gloucester was the first of the royal
+family who arrived in the Hall; taking her seat in the royal box at a
+quarter before six. Her Royal Highness was splendidly attired in a rich
+dress of silver lama over French lilac; head-dress, a white satin hat,
+with an elegant plume of white feathers, turned up with a diamond button
+and loop in front; and appeared to be in excellent health and spirits.</p>
+
+<p>Soon afterwards the Duchess of Clarence entered the Hall, and took her
+seat next to her royal sister-in-law, the Duchess of Gloucester. About
+half past seven their Royal Highnesses the Duchess of Kent, the Princess
+Sophia of Gloucester, and the Princess Feodore (daughter of the Duchess
+of Kent) took their seats in the royal box. Their Royal Highnesses were
+attired in splendid dresses of white satin, richly embroidered in
+silver,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> with rich bandeau head-dresses, and large plumes of white
+feathers.</p>
+
+<p>The herb-women entered the Hall from the south end before eight o'clock.
+Miss Fellowes, the principal herb-woman, was led in by Mr. Fellowes; and
+the six young ladies, her assistants, followed two and two. They were
+afterwards seated at the north entrance of the Hall. They were elegantly
+dressed in white, tastefully decorated with flowers. Miss Fellowes wore,
+in addition to the same dress, a scarlet mantle. At eight o'clock three
+large baskets were brought into the Hall, filled with flowers, for them
+to bear. Of a very different description from these were some persons
+who were observed in various parts of the Hall. These were well-known
+prize-fighters, who were stationed from an idea of the necessity of
+keeping peace among the honourable and noble throng. We observed Cribb,
+Randall, Richmond, and we understood many others were present.</p>
+
+<p>The canopy was removed at eight o'clock from the side table where it had
+been placed, and was brought into the middle of the Hall.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> The barons of
+the Cinque Ports were then marshalled, two to each pole; they then bore
+the canopy down the Hall by way of practice, according to a word of
+command.&mdash;Some laughter was at first excited by the irregular manner in
+which the bearers moved. Their dresses were, however, extremely
+splendid&mdash;large cloaks of garter-blue satin, with slashed arms of
+scarlet, and stockings of dead red.</p>
+
+<p>Many peers had been occasionally in the Hall at a very early hour in the
+morning, and before eight o'clock they had all arrived at the buildings
+near the House of Lords, and took their coronets and robes. The
+archbishops and bishops assembled about the same time, and vested
+themselves in their rochets, in the House of Lords and chambers
+adjacent. The judges, and others of the long robe, together with the
+gentlemen of the privy chamber, esquires of the body, serjeants at law,
+masters in chancery, aldermen of London, chaplains having dignities, and
+six clerks in chancery, being all in their proper habits, assembled at
+the places, of which notice has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span> been given, where the officers of arms
+arranged them according to their respective classes, four in a rank,
+placing the youngest on the left, and then conducted them into the Hall.</p>
+
+<p>The King's serjeants were in red gowns. The masters in chancery (nine of
+whom attended) were in the dress in which they attend the house of
+lords.</p>
+
+<p>The barons of the Cinque Ports took a second turn in the Hall, which, as
+it began with more formality, was attended with more laughter than the
+first. About this time also the four swords were brought in, and
+deposited on the end of the left hand table, with the spurs, and a
+cushion for the crown. The knights of the Bath now began to assemble,
+and with the others who were to take part in the procession, were ranged
+at the end of the Hall. The dresses of the knights of the Bath were
+extremely splendid, but somewhat gaudy. The knights had all close
+dresses of white satin, puckered in a variety of ways. The grand crosses
+wore flowing robes of pinkish red satin, lined with white; the
+commanders<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> small mantles. The judges and privy counsellors, not being
+peers, next entered; the latter in splendid dresses of blue velvet and
+gold.</p>
+
+<p>Among them were the Earl of Yarmouth, Lord Binning, Mr. Canning, Mr.
+Bathurst, Mr. Huskisson, Sir G. Hill, Mr. Robinson, Mr. Beckett, Lord G.
+Beresford, and Mr. Wallace.</p>
+
+<p>The barons then entered, Lords Stowell and Maryborough (late Sir W.
+Scott and W. W. Pole), being among the first. There were but forty-nine
+(if we rightly counted them) present. Next came the bishops&mdash;fifteen
+attended; the viscounts, nineteen in number. The earls were more
+numerous&mdash;we should think seventy or eighty; but the Hall now became so
+crowded that there was a difficulty in counting them accurately. The
+marquesses and dukes, and lastly the great officers of state,
+archbishops, and members of the royal family, entered. Prince Leopold of
+Saxe-Cobourg was in the full robes of the order of the Garter. The
+princes of the blood and some of the dukes placed themselves on the
+right of the platform about the throne. The marquesses and some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span> of the
+earls on the left side, formed a line with those who had descended to
+the floor of the Hall. The show of ermine and velvet on the descent of
+the platform was of the most magnificent description.</p>
+
+<p>A herald then went through the line of peers, marshalling each according
+to the order of their creation&mdash;the junior first. They were a second
+time called over, and ranged in a double file on each side of the middle
+space of the Hall by Mr. Mash.</p>
+
+<p>Before the King entered, the peers were all ranged on each side of the
+Hall, none being left on the platform but the great officers of state
+and the royal family.</p>
+
+<p>Precisely at ten o'clock the King entered the Hall from the door behind
+the throne, habited in robes of enormous size and richness, wearing a
+black hat with a monstrous plume of ostrich feathers, out of the midst
+of which rose a black heron's plume. His Majesty seemed very much
+oppressed with the weight of his robes. The train was of enormous length
+and breadth. It was of crimson velvet adorned with large golden stars,
+and a broad<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> golden border. His Majesty frequently wiped his face while
+he remained seated. He went through the ceremonies, which we have
+described, with much spirit and apparent good humour. In descending the
+steps of the platform his Majesty seemed very feeble, and requested the
+aid and support of an officer who was near him. Instead of standing
+under the canopy, his Majesty, perhaps afraid of the awkwardness of the
+barons, preceded it. The canopy was therefore always borne after him.
+When his Majesty had got a little way down the Hall, he turned to his
+train-bearers, and requested them to bear his train farther from him,
+apparently with a view to relieve himself from the weight. As he went
+down the Hall he conversed with much apparent cheerfulness with the
+bishop of Lincoln, who was on his right hand.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>It will behove the historian to record the unsuccessful attempts of her
+Majesty to obtain the usual honour of Queen-Consort on the preceding
+occasion, <i>i.e.</i> that of a joint corona<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span>tion with her husband; and too
+much public attention was excited to the subject at the period of the
+coronation to render our sketch of that august ceremony complete without
+adverting to it.</p>
+
+<p>Her Majesty first presented a memorial, desiring to know in what way she
+was to attend the coronation; to which it was replied, that it rested
+with the King to nominate who should be present, and his Majesty was
+advised that he could not allow her to be present.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen rejoined, that she should be present if not absolutely
+prohibited; and it was farther replied, that his Majesty's ministers
+advised that she could not be received.</p>
+
+<p>She now prayed the King in council (July 1) to be heard by her legal
+advisers against this decision&mdash;a request which was granted "as matter
+of <i>favour</i>," according to the language of the minister, "but not of
+right;" and, on Thursday, July 5, at ten o'clock in the morning, the
+Privy Council met at Whitehall to hear her Majesty's claim argued. For
+many years so large a Privy Council had not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> met, there being forty-nine
+members present, besides a considerable number of members of parliament
+not of the council.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Brougham</span>, after stating the refusal of the dean and chapter of
+Westminster to grant him the use of the "<i>Liber Regalis</i>" (a formula of
+the coronation ceremony in their custody), and having induced the
+president to send for that volume, commenced by observing:</p>
+
+<p>That "the King had the right of being crowned," was a proposition which
+he thought he should have no difficulty of supporting; and that the
+Queen enjoyed the same right, he thought he could establish upon exactly
+the same legal ground. The ground upon which he mainly relied was a
+uniform, uninterrupted practice, in the sense in which he thought he
+should be permitted to use and avail himself of these terms in a court
+of justice, and in which he should be justified in establishing out of
+them the legal existence of any private right. That some interruptions
+had arisen in this uniform practice he was prepared to admit and
+explain, for they were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span> such as did not affect the uninterrupted right;
+but, in the mode in which he had to account for them, rather sanctioned
+and confirmed it. There would be two propositions which he entreated
+their lordships to bear in mind while he went through his narrative of
+historical facts. The first was the uniform exercise of the right;
+namely, that no king had ever been crowned, being married at the time of
+his coronation, without the queen-consort herself partaking with the
+king in the solemnity of the coronation; and, secondly, that there never
+was a queen-consort in England who had not partaken of the ceremony of
+the coronation: but in making these two propositions, he begged of
+course to be understood, as using them subject to the usual
+qualifications of general propositions; which were&mdash;being bound to show
+that where any interruptions had existed, they did not compromise the
+general right. With interruptions, as to the first proposition, he had
+but one to contend, which was capable of easy solution. As to the
+second, he could easily and satisfactorily explain whatever exceptions
+had arisen, for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span> they were few, and tended to confirm the right of the
+Queen-Consort. The learned gentleman then proceeded to call the
+attention of the lords of the council to various records which he quoted
+from English history, in order to establish his proposition,&mdash;the right
+of British queens to be crowned, from the year 784, through the Saxon
+and Norman lines, down to the house of Tudor. In Henry the Second's
+reign a remarkable circumstance occurred: the solemnity of crowning his
+eldest son took place in his father's life-time; the prince was married
+to a daughter of Louis of France, and she was not crowned although her
+husband was. The novelty of that omission of what was considered a
+uniform ceremony, led to a complaint and remonstrance to the king of
+England, and the result was, that he had recourse for redress to the
+usual process of kings&mdash;to arms, and a declaration of war; and in front
+of his reasons for taking that step, the French king placed the omission
+to crown his daughter with her husband. Henry was at length obliged to
+submit, for he went over to France and entered into some compromise<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span>
+with Louis to avert hostilities, and the daughter of the French king was
+solemnly crowned at Winchester by bishops and other venerable and
+distinguished authorities, who were sent over from France to perform the
+ceremony of her coronation with suitable splendour.</p>
+
+<p>On arriving at the era of Henry the Sixth, the learned counsel said he
+should refer to the law of Scotland about the period of history at which
+he was passing. The Scottish documents contained enough to establish the
+fact, that no king of Scotland who was married at the time of his
+coronation was ever crowned without his consort; nor, where the marriage
+took place afterwards, was there an instance in which a Scottish queen
+was not crowned as soon as possible after she became queen. The learned
+counsel then referred to the act 1428 in the Scottish statutes, cap.
+109, passed in the eighth parliament of James the First, and read the
+"aith to be made to the queen, be the clergie and the baronnes."</p>
+
+<p>The case of Henry the Seventh's queen was next quoted. She had been
+crowned two years after the king's coronation. This coro<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span>nation was
+announced by proclamation similar to that which had announced his own
+two years and a month before; and the order of it, as would be seen in
+the Close Roll, and in Rymer, was similar to that observed at all other
+coronations of queens-consort. The varying conduct of Henry the Eighth
+with regard to his queens was then accounted for. Charles the First was
+crowned without his queen, because of the antipathy of the people
+against the papists, of whom she was one; yet only nine days before he
+was himself crowned, a proclamation was issued for the crowning of his
+queen, but observing the popular feeling to be against such a measure,
+that ceremony was postponed. The queen was said to have objected to take
+any part in the coronation unless she could be assisted in it by a
+popish priest, which the constitution of the country rendered absolutely
+impossible. The same reasons operated against the crowning of Charles
+the Second's queen, who was also a papist. James the Second and his
+queen were crowned together, although they were both Roman Catholics.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span>
+If he and his consort could reconcile it to themselves to go into a
+Protestant cathedral, and to partake in the ceremonies of a Protestant
+ritual, there was an end of the difficulty which he had described as
+originating from the words of one of the oaths having one sense to one
+of the parties who took them, and another to the other. Since the
+revolution every thing regarding this subject was well known, and every
+king and queen had been regularly crowned. With regard to the queen of
+George the First, he must beg leave to observe, that as she had never
+been in this country, he had nothing to do with her. Besides, she was
+said to have been divorced from her husband by the sentence of a foreign
+ecclesiastical court before he ascended the throne of this country; so
+that it was legally impossible that she could be crowned if she had been
+divorced from her husband, and physically impossible if she had never
+set foot in the country. Her case, therefore, formed no exception to her
+present Majesty's right. Whilst he was upon this subject he might be
+permitted to remark, as not extraneous to it,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> that he had not expected
+and did not expect to hear in that court, as a bar to her Majesty's
+claim, that some proceedings had been instituted against her. He made
+that assertion not on his own authority, but on the authority of a noble
+and learned judge, who, in giving sentence on the King and Wolfe, in the
+court of the highest resort in the country, had said, in consequence of
+some observations having been made as to the defendant having been
+guilty of some great offence, "If a man be guilty of ever so great an
+offence, and the proceedings against him fail in substantiating that
+offence, he is to be considered in law as innocent as if no such offence
+had ever been charged against him."</p>
+
+<p>Friday, July 6.&mdash;Mr. <span class="smcap">Brougham</span> rose at a few minutes after ten to resume
+his speech. He had yesterday gone through a long and unbroken series of
+precedents, showing that no king of England had ever been crowned, he
+being married at the time of his coronation, without his consort
+participating in that ceremony. Having gone so far, he contended that he
+had a right to assume his larger pro<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span>position, that queens-consort had,
+at all times throughout the ages of English history, themselves enjoyed
+the ceremony of the coronation. If in one or two instances this was not
+done at the time when the king's own coronation took place, and
+supposing that there was an instance or two where the queen-consort
+became such after the coronation of the king, still he would affirm,
+that according to all the rules of argument, of law, and of common
+sense, those few instances, (admitting there were some, though in point
+of strict fact he believed there were none,) did not in any manner or
+degree affect his general argument, which he held upon the authorities
+he had cited to be altogether incontrovertible. He was not before their
+lordships to show where the right which he asserted in behalf of the
+queen-consort had been claimed and refused. In every instance, in which
+it was actually possible for a coronation of a queen to take place, he
+had shown that it had been solemnized. There was not a single case
+which, <i>quoad</i> that case, cast a doubt upon the uniform force of his
+proposition, except that of Henrietta Maria, wife of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> Charles the First;
+and he reminded their lordships, it was merely a doubt so far as that
+particular case went. He had a right then to assume the larger
+proposition, that all queens-consort of England had, in point of fact,
+been crowned. Nothing was clearer in the rules of equity and law, than
+that non-uses did not forfeit, unless where they clearly, from the
+length of the lapse, involved a waiver of the claim. Where a right had
+been disputed, and the opposition assented to by the party tacitly, or
+confirmed by a competent authority, then, of course, there was an end to
+the legal exercise of such a right. But here the very reverse was the
+fact. Suppose he were called upon to prove a right of way or a right of
+common, (the two instances in which the courts of law were most commonly
+called upon to consider the length of usage,) the principle of law would
+go with the uniformity, and the absence of exercising the right in one
+or two particular instances would prove nothing. There were three modes
+of calling into question the fact of usage; <i>first</i>, as to its uniform
+enjoyment; <i>next</i>, where the right claimed by the party<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> had been
+contested, but nevertheless enjoyed by the person exercising it; and the
+<i>third</i> case was, where the right asserted had been confiscated, and an
+adjudication passed upon it: that was of course held to be conclusive
+against the party, where the right claimed was refused, opposed, and not
+acquiesced in; then he admitted that no long admission of the right
+could be pleaded without the fatal interruption of the bar. He entreated
+their lordships to try the usage of the coronation of the queen-consort
+by these three principles of investigating such rights founded upon
+immemorial custom. Of the first, namely, uniform enjoyment, they had
+abundant proof. As to the second, namely, the occurrence of interruption
+in the exercise of the right, non-acquiescence in that interruption, a
+successful and most complete resistance to the attempt to withhold the
+exercise of the right, they had that, fully sustaining his proposition,
+in the case of the wife of Prince Henry; where Henry thought proper in
+his lifetime to crown his eldest son without also crowning that eldest
+son's consort. He had therefore with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span> him the uniform enjoyment of the
+right her Majesty claimed; then the successful resistance of an attempt,
+as in Henry's case, to delay the exercise of the right; and lastly, the
+total absence of any adjudication or confiscation, or any thing like
+either in any single instance against him. There was, in fact, no other
+possible way of showing the existence of the right, but in the manner in
+which he was assuming, proving, and, as he thought, establishing it. How
+else, before the Court of Claims, were rights of service at the ceremony
+of the coronation established? How else did the barons of the Cinque
+Ports show their right to carry the canopy over the king, and to have a
+part of that canopy for their service? Suppose any instance in which the
+barons should, for want of specific proof, in the lapse of ages, fail to
+show that they had exercised that privilege&mdash;would that countervail the
+validity of their claim, founded on repeated usage? Certainly not. He
+would venture to say that there were at least half a dozen instances in
+which the barons could not show they had exercised their asserted right:
+and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> would any of these instances, where that proof failed, shake the
+firm hold of their long and undeniable usage? Upon a reference to the
+services which were to be performed at the ceremony of the coronation,
+it was clear, from the separate rights held upon the performance of
+particular kinds of attendance upon the queen, that her part of the
+ceremony was substantive, independent, and principal; that her right was
+clearly within herself, and not dependent upon the mere will of the
+King. So essential, indeed, was it that she should be crowned with all
+the forms of pomp which belonged to such a solemnity, that the same
+writs of summons were issued, and nearly the same demands of service
+made upon officers of state as when the king himself was crowned. The
+usage clearly governed the right, and more especially in this solemnity
+of coronation, which was altogether the creature of precedent, and
+existed only by its authority. The queen's coronation was in itself
+manifestly a substantive, important, and independent ceremony,
+illustrative of the right of the one party, and not dependent or
+contingent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span> upon the mere will of the monarch. The origin of the king's
+ceremonial was lost in remote antiquity; but the numerous tenures and
+dependencies determinable by the non-performance of services at the
+solemnity, showed how important it was intended to be in the eyes of the
+people. The only grounds of right for the king's coronation, the queen
+equally had for hers; and there were, as he had already stated, separate
+forms prescribed for those who were officially to attend her ceremony.</p>
+
+<p>The learned counsel then quoted some passages from the <i>Liber Regalis</i>,
+being merely directions for particular parts of the ceremonial to be
+observed on the queen's coronation. Every solemnity of which the origin
+was lost in distant antiquity, which was in itself of a most high and
+public nature, and which occupied a great and important space in the
+history of the country, he would fearlessly assert, must be deemed and
+taken as the right of the realm, and not as a mere appanage of the king.
+He held the coronation of the king himself to be a right of this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span>
+nature; and that, not merely in the present times on account of the
+coronation oath, (which had been devised by the legislature on the
+coronation of William and Mary,) but also in times long before them:
+indeed, it had always been considered as a high and august ceremony with
+which the monarch himself could not dispense; it being the right of the
+sovereign, not in his individual but in his political capacity, for the
+benefit of the whole nation, in which capacity alone the nation knew him
+at his coronation. So much with regard to the coronation of the king.
+The coronation of the queen ought to be considered in a similar light,
+from its having been celebrated almost without interruption with the
+same publicity, and from being in its nature such as he had repeatedly
+described it. The king and the queen being both of them the mere
+creations of the law, the solemnities of their coronations were mere
+creations of the law also, and were known to it in no other light than
+as the rights of the whole realm of England. He, therefore, who was
+ready to take one step, and to get rid of the queen's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span> coronation, as a
+mere optional ceremony, ought to be ready to take also another step, and
+to get rid of the king's coronation, on the ground of its being a vain,
+idle, empty, and expensive pageant. Her claim to a coronation rested
+upon immemorial usage, and the numerous rights of individuals which were
+interwoven and connected with it. Indeed, it rested on the same
+foundation as the king's: it was supported by the same arguments, and
+the interruptions which it had experienced admitted of the same
+explanations that he had given to those which had occurred in the case
+of the king. He had mentioned, in the course of his argument, the rights
+which belonged to other individuals in consequence of the queen's right
+to a coronation. If a coronation was not granted to her Majesty, their
+rights were unavailing to them; and that, in his opinion, formed a very
+sufficient reason why it should be celebrated. That the coronation was
+the acknowledgment of the king by the people, he conceived to be a point
+which it was unnecessary to prove to their lordships: but he might be
+permitted to remark to them,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span> that the coronation of the queen was even
+considered as an acknowledgment of her right to enjoy that dignity in an
+entry in a charter roll of the fifth year of King John, now preserved in
+the Tower. The entry to which he alluded was the grant of certain lands
+in dower to his Queen Isabella, and it referred by way of recital to her
+coronation as queen. This excerpt was of no small importance in the
+consideration of this question; for it proved to their lordships, that
+in times when the coronation of the king was positively either his
+election, or the recognition of his election as monarch, the coronation
+of the queen was conducted, for the very same reasons, with the same
+solemnities. This was evident from the description of what was done, and
+from the manner and the avowed object of doing it. John was crowned to
+show that he was king&mdash;"<i>coronatus in regem</i>." Isabella was crowned to
+show that she was queen&mdash;"<i>in reginam coronata communi consensu
+archiepiscoporum</i>," &amp;c. &amp;c. The very same persons who elected, or
+recognised, or only crowned him as their monarch, are, in this passage,
+recorded to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span> have elected, or recognised, or only crowned her as their
+queen. Was it intended to be maintained that no right existed, whenever
+something moving from the crown was necessary to the exercise of it? He
+would frankly confess that he knew of no right which a subject could
+enjoy without the interposition of the crown in some manner or other.
+All writs issued from the crown, and no right could be maintained
+without them; yet, would any one dispute the right of the subject to
+obtain them? Supposing a peer were to die, and the crown were to refuse
+a writ of summons to his eldest son: it was said to be by petition of
+right alone that he could sue to the crown to be admitted to his
+father's honours; and yet that petition of right would be considered as
+a strict undeniable legal right. He could refer also to cases in which
+the subject could demand, not merely the king's writ, but also the
+king's proclamation, to which he was entitled, not by a common law
+right, but by a right given him by an express statute; for instance, in
+all cases relative to prize-money. Again, supposing that the House of
+Commons<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> were to die a natural death after sitting for seven years, and
+the king were to refuse to issue his proclamation to convoke another
+within three years of that period, as ordered by the first of William
+and Mary, sec. 2, cap. 2, would it be asserted that the subject would
+have no right to call for the proclamation of the king to convoke
+another parliament, because such proclamation could not issue without an
+act of the crown? He thought that none of their lordships would advocate
+such an absurdity. But the subject and the country were in full
+possession of all these rights; and if the Queen's right to a coronation
+were put upon the same footing, it would be equally clear that she
+possessed it, and that the necessity of granting it was as obvious as it
+was imperative. He had heard it said that her Majesty could not claim
+the honours of a coronation by prescription, because she was not a
+corporation. This, however, he denied. Her Majesty certainly could
+prescribe, for what business had they to call her Majesty less a
+corporation than the King? But still, supposing her not to be a
+corporation, she<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span> had a right to prescribe as a functionary, holding a
+high dignity and situation. This was evident from Baron Comyn's Digest,
+who, under the title of <i>Prescription</i>, lays it down that such a
+functionary can claim by prescription. In conclusion, Mr. Brougham said,
+their lordships would sit in dignified judgment on the opinion given by
+the great lawyers of the nineteenth century; and, as he firmly believed,
+finding they had no difficulties to explain, perceiving that they had no
+obscurities to clear up, they would not be under the necessity of
+referring to those remote periods of our history, to which he had been
+obliged to allude, but would look back to the first decision that ever
+had been given on this question, with that decided confidence which the
+names of those privy counsellors before whom the case was argued would
+in after-times command&mdash;a judgment, which he ventured confidently to
+pronounce, would not derogate from the high character they had so long
+maintained.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Denman</span> followed on the same side, and after a long speech, called on
+their lordships, as a court sitting for legal inquiry, to say<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span> whether
+there ever was a case presented to an inquest, which depended on custom
+and usage, where a more complete and perfect body of custom and usage
+had been adduced, than was brought forward on the present occasion? If
+her Majesty's claim were refused, no dignity was safe, no property was
+secure, not a single institution could be said to rest on a firm
+foundation. If the coronation of the Queen could not be supported by
+custom, the rest of that ceremonial could not be supported. Why was this
+country governed by a king? Why did we submit to a kingly government?
+Because the earliest ages, because all times, had recognised that form
+of government, and because we could trace that custom beyond all time of
+memory. Nothing could be more dangerous than to separate royalty from
+the circumstances which belonged to it and added to its dignity. The
+lives and properties of men depended for their security upon the same
+principle. Why was there a house of peers, in which noble lords formed a
+part of the legislature? Why were there commoners, who sat as
+representatives of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> people? Precisely because custom had ordered it
+so. Custom was the author of the law and the law-makers. Custom
+authorized the king, lords, and commons, to enact laws for the
+government of this realm. All property, all dignity, all offices
+existed, because they were sanctioned by prescriptive custom, or because
+custom gave a prescriptive right to create them.</p>
+
+<p>Saturday.&mdash;The Privy Council resumed this morning, soon after ten
+o'clock. Below the bar was again crowded to excess.</p>
+
+<p>Counsel were then called in.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Brougham</span> said, he now held in his hand, and was prepared to lay
+before the council, the documentary evidence to which he and his learned
+friend had adverted in the course of their addresses in support of her
+Majesty's memorial.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lord Harrowby.</span>&mdash;Mr. Attorney-General, have you any observations to offer
+on what counsel have stated to their lordships?</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Attorney-General</span> then rose.&mdash;He said, he perhaps should best
+discharge his duty by stating, at the commencement, that, in his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> own
+opinion, the argument and claim were wholly unfounded. That the claim
+was not founded on any recognised law, appeared from the statements and
+course of proceeding adopted by her Majesty's counsel. He would add,
+that the claim now made, so far from ever being supposed to have any
+foundation, was not even mentioned by any writer on the laws and
+constitution. It had never been agitated or alluded to in any way, not
+even by those writers who had touched on the privileges peculiar to a
+queen-consort. The one single ground urged in support of the claim was
+usage&mdash;that usage was supposed to have prevailed through a long series
+of years at the coronation of kings who were married. It had been stated
+with confidence that such usage was evidence in support of the right;
+but when they were talking of rights founded on usage, it was not
+sufficient to state that particular facts had taken place. In all such
+cases, where the facts were relied on, it was essential to state the
+circumstances that had attended such facts, the peculiarities that had
+accompanied the alleged privilege, whether<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> it was right of way or
+otherwise. As to the right of way, for instance; if permission were
+given to use certain paths or roads, the fact of such permission having
+preceded the use, at once destroyed the claim of right. If the license
+and permission were proved, there was an end of the right. By that
+proof, all the inferences drawn from the use were at an end&mdash;they were
+at once destroyed. The coronation was for the purpose of the monarch's
+recognition by the people, and on the part of the king to enter into the
+solemn compact to preserve the laws. The coronation of a queen was a
+mere ceremony; but that of the king was something more than ceremony.
+His coronation was accompanied by important political acts&mdash;the
+recognition by the people, and, on the other hand, the solemn compact
+entered into by the sovereign to preserve and maintain the laws of the
+realm. Still, however, as far as the king was concerned, it was a
+ceremony; it was not necessary to the sovereign's possession of the
+crown&mdash;it was what proceeded from his will, and might be dispensed with.
+But the queen-consort, who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> filled no political character in the state,
+had only enjoyed the privilege because she was the king's consort. With
+respect to a queen-consort, when she was crowned, there was no
+recognition of her by the people, no compact towards the people. There
+was no engagement between her and the subjects of the realm. This fact
+established that, with respect to a queen-consort, a coronation was an
+honorary ceremony, unaccompanied by any acts. That the coronation
+neither was, nor had been considered to be essential to the possession
+of the crown, was proved by the fact of considerable delays having often
+taken place between the accession of the monarch and his coronation.
+Henry the Sixth, for instance, was not crowned till eight years after
+the crown had descended to him. Again, in the "<i>Pleas of the Crown</i>," it
+was held, that the king was fully invested with the crown the moment it
+descended to him; that he was absolutely king although there should have
+been no coronation. If the coronation of a king, important as he held it
+to be, proceeded from the sovereign will, <i>&agrave; fortiori</i> it must be so
+with that of a queen-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span>consort. The rights of the queen-consort did not
+proceed from any coronation; they flowed from her relationship to the
+sovereign. Her rights were complete and absolute without any coronation.
+Nor was it essential to the people, for the queen-consort occupied no
+political station. This view of the right was strengthened by the
+important preamble of William and Mary, which settled the coronation
+oath. The language of the act applied to queens regnant, not to
+queens-consort, for to the latter no oath was administered. As the oath
+was prescribed, it became necessary that every reigning monarch should
+be crowned, that there might be the oath and recognition; but the law
+made no mention of any thing that rendered such a ceremony requisite in
+the instance of a queen-consort. How then could the crowning of a
+queen-consort be considered a necessary adjunct of the coronation of the
+reigning monarch? No part of the ceremony rendered her presence
+requisite. Selden's work had been quoted in support of the memorial;
+amongst other things, Selden expressly said that the "anoint<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span>ing, &amp;c. of
+the queen-consort, were dignities communicated by the king." Selden
+further stated, that the anointing of the queen, as well as her
+consecration&mdash;it was, in fact, a consecration rather than a
+coronation&mdash;proceeded from the "request" and "demand" of the king, after
+he had been crowned, made to the metropolitan, who had performed such
+ceremony. Bracton had entered largely into the particulars <i>de
+coronatione regis</i>, but not one word of the queen's coronation. There
+was not a single law-writer that had touched upon the existence of such
+a right, as appertaining to a queen. Blackstone had it not, nor Lord
+Coke, nor Selden. He next adverted at some length to the precedents
+quoted by his learned friends opposite, beginning with that of William
+the Conqueror. The very precedents quoted by his learned friends raised
+the inference, if there were no other arguments, that the act, so far as
+related to the queen, was entirely dependent on the will of the king.
+The Attorney-General then referred largely to Reymer, from whose book he
+quoted apposite passages, in support of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span> main argument, that the
+ceremony of a queen's coronation was entirely dependent upon the order
+of the king. In all, from the time of Henry the Seventh, six queens had
+been crowned, and seven had not; so that the majority was against the
+present claim, which it had been attempted to support on the plea of
+ancient, uninterrupted usage.</p>
+
+<p>The Attorney-General concluded at a quarter before one o'clock; and the
+Solicitor-General, after a short pause, rose to follow his learned
+friend, and of course was compelled to go over the same ground,
+strengthening and confirming the preceding statements by such arguments
+as occurred to his observance, and contending that the usage pleaded by
+her Majesty's law-officers arose entirely from the sovereign's will and
+pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>About two o'clock <span class="smcap">Mr. Brougham</span> rose in reply, but we can touch but very
+briefly on his arguments. It had been intimated that the queen's right
+to be crowned rested on the proclamation of the king; but it might as
+well be pleaded that the right of the eldest sons of peers to seats in
+the House of Lords rested on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> the king's writ, because usually preceded
+by it. It had been argued from the word <i>postulamus</i>, that the queen's
+coronation depended on the king's will; but it might as well be argued,
+from another term employed (<i>dignemini</i>), that it was optional in the
+archbishop. If this right was unnecessary for the queen, how was it
+necessary to the king? He contended not for the necessity, but the
+right. The learned gentleman then went over the various cases and
+authorities of the learned counsel for the crown, and concluded by
+stating his opinion, that even if the <i>right</i> were not established, the
+expediency was such, that the council would be all but criminal, in
+advising that her Majesty should be excluded from her part in this
+important ceremony; for it would be setting an example of the most
+injurious nature.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Brougham</span> concluded his reply at half-past three o'clock. Strangers
+were then ordered to withdraw; the counsel and agents on both sides,
+however, remaining. The Tower record-keepers were called in, to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span> verify
+certain documents produced by Mr. Brougham. After which, at a quarter to
+four o'clock, the Privy Council adjourned.</p>
+
+<p>The decision was ultimately <i>against</i> the Queen's claim.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>On the 11th of July, in the House of Commons, <span class="smcap">Mr. Hume</span> made an
+ineffectual attempt to induce the House to address his Majesty on this
+much-agitated subject.</p>
+
+<p>He had just commenced the reading of a resolution "That an humble
+address be presented to his Majesty, praying that he will be graciously
+pleased to issue his royal proclamation for the coronation of her
+Majesty," when the deputy-usher of the black rod was heard knocking at
+the door; and as he was concluding it, he was called to order by the
+Speaker, who reminded him of the presence of that officer; and proceeded
+forthwith to the House of Peers, where parliament was prorogued.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The following spirited protest of her Majesty appeared on the 17th.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><h3>HER MAJESTY'S PROTEST AGAINST THE DECISION OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Caroline R.</span></p>
+
+<p>To the King's Most Excellent Majesty.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>The Protest and Remonstrance of</i> <span class="smcap">Caroline</span>, <i>Queen of Great Britain
+and Ireland.</i></p>
+
+<p>Your Majesty having been pleased to refer to your privy council the
+Queen's memorial, claiming as of right to celebrate the ceremony of
+her coronation on the 19th day of July, being the day appointed for
+the celebration of your Majesty's royal coronation; and Lord
+Viscount Sidmouth, one of your Majesty's principal secretaries of
+state, having communicated to the Queen the judgment pronounced
+against her Majesty's claim; in order to preserve her just rights,
+and those of her successors, and to prevent the said minute being in
+after-times referred to as deriving validity from her Majesty's
+supposed acquiescence in the determination therein expressed, the
+Queen feels it to be her bounden duty to enter her most deliberate
+and solemn protest against the said determination; and to affirm and
+maintain, that by the laws, usages, and customs of this realm, from
+time immemorial, the queen-consort ought of right to be crowned at
+the same time with the king's majesty.</p>
+
+<p>In support of this claim of right, her Majesty's law officers have
+proved before the said council, from the most ancient and authentic
+records, that queens-consort of this realm have, from time
+immemorial, participated in the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span>ceremony of the coronation with
+their royal husbands. The few exceptions that occur demonstrate,
+from the peculiar circumstances in which they originated, that the
+right itself was never questioned, though the exercise of it was
+from necessity suspended, or from motives of policy declined.</p>
+
+<p>Her Majesty has been taught to believe that the most valuable laws
+of this country depend upon, and derive their authority from,
+custom; that your Majesty's royal prerogatives stand upon the same
+basis: the authority of ancient usage cannot therefore be rejected
+without shaking that foundation upon which the most important rights
+and institutions of the country depend. Your Majesty's council,
+however, without controverting any of the facts or reasons upon
+which the claim made on the part of her Majesty has been supported,
+have expressed a judgment in opposition to the existence of such
+right. But the Queen can place no confidence in that judgment, when
+she recollects that the principal individuals by whom it has been
+pronounced were formerly her successful defenders; that their
+opinions have waved with their interest, and that they have since
+become the most active and powerful of her persecutors: still less
+can she confide in it, when her Majesty calls to mind that the
+leading members of that council, when in the service of your
+Majesty's royal father, reported in the most solemn form, that
+documents reflecting upon her Majesty were satisfactorily disproved
+as to the most important parts, and that the remainder was
+undeserving of credit. Under this declared conviction, they strongly
+recommended to your Majesty's royal father to bestow his favour upon
+the Queen, then Princess of Wales, though in opposition to your
+Majesty's declared wishes. But when your Majesty had assumed the
+kingly power, these same advisers, in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span>another minute of council,
+recanted their former judgment, and referred to, and adopted these
+very same documents as a justification of one of your Majesty's
+harshest measures towards the Queen&mdash;the separation of her Majesty
+from her affectionate and only child.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen, like your Majesty, descended from a long race of kings,
+was the daughter of a sovereign house connected by the ties of blood
+with the most illustrious families in Europe; and her not unequal
+alliance with your Majesty was formed in full confidence that the
+faith of the king and the people was equally pledged to secure to
+her all those honours and rights which had been enjoyed by her royal
+predecessors.</p>
+
+<p>In that alliance her Majesty believed that she exchanged the
+protection of her family for that of a royal husband, and that of a
+free and noble-minded nation. From your Majesty, the Queen has
+experienced only the bitter disappointment of every hope she had
+indulged. In the attachment of the people she has found that
+powerful and decided protection which has ever been her steady
+support and her unfailing consolation. Submission, from a subject,
+to injuries of a private nature, may be matter of expedience&mdash;from a
+wife it may be matter of necessity&mdash;but it never can be the duty of
+a queen to acquiesce in the infringement of those rights which
+belong to her constitutional character.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen does therefore repeat her must solemn and deliberate
+protest against the decision of the said council, considering it
+only as the sequel of that course of persecution under which her
+Majesty has so long and so severely suffered; and which decision, if
+it is to furnish a precedent for future times, can have no other
+effect than to fortify oppression with the forms of law, and to give
+to injustice the sanction of authority. The protection of the
+subject <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span>from the highest to the lowest, is not only the true but
+the only legitimate object of all power; and no act of power can be
+legitimate which is not founded on those principles of eternal
+justice, without which law is but the mask of tyranny, and power the
+instrument of despotism.</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Queen's House, July 17.</i><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>On the day of the coronation a considerable crowd assembled about her
+Majesty's house in South Audley Street soon after four o'clock. As soon
+as it was ascertained that her Majesty's coach was making ready in the
+yard, the crowd, both in South Audley Street and in Hill Street, became
+very great. The wall opposite to her Majesty's house in Hill Street was
+soon covered with spectators, who announced to the crowd below each
+successive step of preparation. "The horses are to;" "every thing is
+quite ready;" "the Queen has entered the coach,"&mdash;were the gradual
+communications, and they were received with the loudest cheers. Lady
+Anne Hamilton arrived a few minutes before five, and was most cordially
+and respectfully greeted. Soon after five the gate was thrown<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> open, and
+a shout was raised&mdash;"The Queen! The Queen!" The Queen immediately
+appeared in her coach of state, drawn by six bays. Lady Hood and Lady
+Anne Hamilton sat opposite to her Majesty. Lord Hood followed in his own
+carriage. Her Majesty looked extraordinarily well; and acknowledged,
+with great dignity and composure, the gratulations of the people on each
+side of her coach. The course taken was, through Great Stanhope Street,
+Park Lane, Hyde-Park Corner, the Green Park, St. James's Park, Birdcage
+Walk, and by Storey's Gate, along Prince's Street, to Dean's Yard&mdash;a
+way, it must be observed, the least likely to attract notice or to
+gather crowds. The crowd accumulated immensely along this line; the
+soldiers every where presented arms with the utmost promptitude and
+respect; and a thousand voices kept up a constant cry of "The Queen!"
+"The Queen for ever!" The <i>coup d'&oelig;il</i> from the road along the Green
+Park, was the most striking which can be imagined; the whole space
+presented one mass of well dressed males and females hurry<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span>ing with
+every possible rapidity to accompany the Queen, and shouting their
+attachment and admiration. The two torrents that poured along the south
+side of the park and the eastern end occasioned the greatest conflux at
+Storey's Gate. As soon as the Queen's arrival was known in the scene of
+the King's coronation, shouts of "The Queen!" at once arose from all the
+booths, and hats and handkerchiefs were every where waved in token of
+respect. As soon as her Majesty came in sight of the coronation platform
+and Westminster Abbey, she stopped for a few moments, apparently
+uncertain what course to take, as she had hitherto met with no
+obstruction, and yet had received nothing like an invitation to
+approach. At this moment the feelings of the spectators were wound up to
+a pitch of the most intense curiosity and most painful anxiety. The
+persons who immediately surrounded her carriage knew no bounds in
+expressing their enthusiastic attachment, while many of those in the
+galleries, apprehensive of the consequences of the experiment which she
+was making, could<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span> not restrain their fears and alarms. In the meantime
+great confusion seemed to prevail among the officers and soldiers on and
+near the platform; the former giving orders and retracting them, and the
+latter running to their arms, uncertain whether they should salute her
+by presenting them or not. Astonishment, hurry, and doubt, seemed to
+agitate the whole multitude assembled either to witness or compose the
+ensuing pageant. She alighted from her carriage and proceeded on foot,
+leaning on the arm of Lord Hood, and accompanied by the faithful
+companions of her affliction, Lady Hood and Lady Anne Hamilton, to
+demand admission. The approach of the Queen towards the hall-door
+produced a considerable sensation within: there was an immediate rush to
+the door, which was closed amidst much confusion. The officer on guard
+(we believe Colonel M'Kinnon) was immediately summoned to the spot, and
+asked her Majesty for her ticket. She replied that she had none, and as
+Queen of England needed none. He professed his sorrow, but said he must
+obey orders, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span> that his orders were to see that no person whatever
+should be admitted without a ticket. Her Majesty then retired. The party
+went to the door of the duchy of Lancaster behind the champion's stable,
+and had the door shut in their faces. They then turned round, and
+leaving the royal carriage behind, proceeded to demand admission at
+another entrance. The same intense sensation of interest and the same
+applause, mixed with partial disapprobation, continued to follow her.</p>
+
+<p>When she arrived nearly at the other extremity of the platform&mdash;that
+which was opposite to the central pavilion&mdash;her further progress was
+arrested by a file of about a dozen soldiers, who were suddenly ordered
+to form across the platform. Her Majesty then quitted it, and went
+straight on to the House of Lords on foot, there to repeat the same
+request, and with the same success.</p>
+
+<p>In about twenty minutes she returned, and having ordered the top of her
+carriage to be taken down, rode off, amid the astonishment and
+acclamations of the people.</p>
+
+<p>We subjoin the following account from the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span> <i>Courier</i> of her Majesty's
+reception at the door of Westminster Abbey:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Lord Hood</span> having desired admission for her Majesty, the door-keepers
+drew across the entrance, and requested to see the tickets.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Lord Hood.</span>&mdash;I present you your Queen; surely it is not necessary for
+her to have a ticket.</p>
+
+<p>"Door-keeper.&mdash;Our orders are to admit no person without a peer's
+ticket.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Lord Hood.</span>&mdash;This is your Queen: she is entitled to admission without
+such a form.</p>
+
+<p>"The <span class="smcap">Queen</span>, smiling, but still in some agitation&mdash;Yes, I am your Queen,
+will you admit me?</p>
+
+<p>"Door-keeper.&mdash;My orders are specific, and I feel myself bound to obey
+them.</p>
+
+<p>"The Queen laughed.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Lord Hood.</span>&mdash;I have a ticket.</p>
+
+<p>"Door-keeper.&mdash;Then, my Lord, we will let you pass upon producing it.</p>
+
+<p>"Lord Hood now drew from his pocket a peer's ticket for one person; the
+original<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span> name in whose favour it was drawn was erased, and the name of
+'Wellington' substituted.</p>
+
+<p>"Door-keeper.&mdash;This will let one person pass, but no more.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Lord Hood.</span>&mdash;Will your Majesty go in alone?</p>
+
+<p>"Her Majesty at first assented, but did not persevere,</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Lord Hood.</span>&mdash;Am I to understand that you refuse her Majesty admission?</p>
+
+<p>"Door-keeper.&mdash;We only act in conformity with our orders.</p>
+
+<p>"Her Majesty again laughed.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Lord Hood.</span>&mdash;Then you refuse the Queen admission?</p>
+
+<p>"A door-keeper of a superior order then came forward, and was asked by
+Lord Hood whether any preparations had been made for her Majesty? He was
+answered respectfully in the negative.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Lord Hood.</span>&mdash;Will your Majesty enter the Abbey without your ladies?</p>
+
+<p>"Her Majesty declined.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Lord Hood then said, that her Majesty had better retire to her
+carriage. It was clear no provision had been made for her accommodation.</p>
+
+<p>"Her Majesty assented.</p>
+
+<p>"Some persons within the porch of the Abbey laughed, and uttered some
+expressions of disrespect.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Lord Hood.</span>&mdash;We expected to have met at least with the conduct of
+gentlemen. Such conduct is neither manly nor mannerly.</p>
+
+<p>"Her Majesty then retired, leaning on Lord Hood's arm, and followed by
+Lady Hood and Lady Hamilton.</p>
+
+<p>"She was preceded by constables back to the platform, over which she
+returned, entered her carriage, and was driven off amidst reiterated
+shouts of mingled applause and disapprobation."</p>
+
+<p>Her Majesty returned through Pall Mall, St. James's Street, and
+Piccadilly, followed all along by a great concourse of people. In St.
+James's Street the water had previously created abundance of mud, and
+this material<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span> the crowd bestowed upon some public offices which were
+prepared for an illumination. During the whole course of her Majesty's
+progress no accident occurred.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> See Toland; Sir J. Ware's Antiq. of Ireland, vol. ii. pp.
+10, 124, &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Called also by the Irish Cloch na cinea&#7745;na, or, the Stone
+of Fortune.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> History of the Druids, p. 104.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Chron. of Scotland, lib. i. cap. 2.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> P. 54.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Judges ix. 6.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> 2 Kings, xi. 12, 14.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Taylor's Glory of Regality, p. 31.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Richard III.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> In the Arch&aelig;ologia, vol. xv. art. 24, is "A true and
+perfect Inventory of all the Plate and Jewells now being in the Upper
+Jewell House of the Tower, in the charge of Sir Henry Mildmay, together
+with an appraisement of them, made and taken the 13th, 14th, and 15th
+daies of August, 1649;" containing the following account of "crowns,"
+&amp;c. demolished:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="Inventory of all the Plate">
+<tr><td></td><td align="right">&pound;.</td><td align="right"><i>s.</i></td><td align="right"><i>d.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>"The imperiall crowne of massy gold, weighing 7 lb. 6 oz. valued at</td><td align="right">1110</td><td align="right">0</td><td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>The queene's crowne of massy gold, weighing 3 lb. 10 oz.</td><td align="right">338</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="right">4</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>A small crowne found in an iron chest formerly in the Lord Cottingham's<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;charge, &amp;c.:<br /></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The gold</td><td align="right">73</td><td align="right">16</td><td align="right">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The diamonds, rubies, sapphires, &amp;c.</td><td align="right">   355</td><td align="right">   0</td><td align="right">  0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>The globe, weighing 1 lb. 5&frac14; oz.  </td><td align="right">    57</td><td align="right">  10 </td><td align="right"> 0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Two coronation bracelets, weighing 7 oz. (with three rubies and twelve pearls)</td><td align="right">   36</td><td align="right">   0</td><td align="right">  0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Two sceptres, weighing 11 oz.</td><td align="right">       60</td><td align="right">   0 </td><td align="right"> 0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>A long rod of silver gilt, 1 lb. 5 oz. </td><td align="right">  4</td><td align="right">  10</td><td align="right">  8</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+"The foremencion'd crownes, since the inventorie was taken, are,
+according to ord<sup>r</sup> of Parliam<sup>t</sup>, totallie broken and defaced."
+</p><p>
+A second inventory, containing "that part of the regalia" found at
+Westminster, mentions "King Alfred's crowne of gould wyer worke, sett
+with slight stones, and 2 little bells, p. oz. 79&frac12;, at &pound;3. per oz.,
+&pound;248. 10<i>s.</i> 0<i>d.</i>"</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> See Sir Edward Walker's Account of "The Preparations for
+His Majesty's Coronation," &amp;c. 8vo. Lond. First printed 1820.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Taylor, p, 65. The Saxon Chronicle says of the Conqueror:
+"He was very worshipful. Thrice he bore his <i>king-helmet</i> every year,
+when he was in England: at Easter, he bore it at Winchester; at
+Pentecost, at Westminster; in midwinter, at Gloucester. And there were
+with him all the rich men over all England," &amp;c.&mdash;<i>Sax. Chron.</i> 189,
+&amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> The following is Hume's account of this memorable
+project:&mdash;
+</p><p>
+"A little after [his attempt to carry off the Duke of Ormond], Blood
+formed a design of carrying off the crown and regalia from the Tower; a
+design to which he was prompted, as well by the surprising boldness of
+the enterprise, as by the views of profit. He was near succeeding; he
+had bound and wounded Edwards, the keeper of the Jewel Office, and had
+gotten out of the Tower with his prey; but was overtaken and seized,
+with some of his associates. One of them was known to have been
+concerned in the attempt upon Ormond; and Blood was immediately
+concluded to be the ring-leader. When questioned, he frankly avowed the
+enterprise, but refused to tell his accomplices. 'The fear of death,' he
+said, 'should never engage him either to deny a guilt, or betray a
+friend.' All these extraordinary circumstances made him the general
+subject of conversation; and the king was moved by an idle curiosity to
+see and speak with a person so noted for his courage and his crimes....
+Blood might now esteem himself secure of pardon, and he wanted not
+address to improve the opportunity."&mdash;Charles eventually pardoned him,
+granted him an estate of &pound;500. per annum, and encouraged his attendance
+about his person. "And while old Edwards, who had bravely ventured his
+life, and had been wounded in defending the crown and regalia, was
+forgotten and neglected, this man, who deserved only to be stared at and
+detested as a monster, became a kind of favourite."&mdash;<span class="smcap">Hume's</span> <i>England</i>,
+<span class="smcap">Charles</span> II.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Gen. xlix. 10.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Sandford does not omit to notice, that the dean of
+Westminster, assisted by the prebendaries, duly performed this office
+for the coronation of James II., "early in the morning."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Vide Judges, chap. ix.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Titles of Honour, p. i, chap. 8.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> 1 Sam. x. 10; xvi. 1; 1 Kings, xiv. 15; &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> 1 Sam. xxvi. 9, 10.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Selden's Titles.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Marmion, 8vo. Note, p. 456.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> "Comite Cestri&aelig; gladium S. Edwardi, qui <i>Curtein</i> dicetur,
+ante regem bagulante," &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Glory of Regality, p. 73, 4.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Esther, iii. 10, and viii. 2.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Golden Legende (Julyan Notary, 1503).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Battley's Antiq. St. Edm. Burgi, p. 119.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Memoirs of James II., ed. by Clarke. 2 vols, 4to.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Rot. Parl. iii. 417.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Lingard's Hist. England, iii. p. 51.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Strutt's Horda Angel-c<small>&#7823;</small>nnan, v. ii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Glory of Regality, p. 81.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> These were (prudently enough, after the error hinted at,)
+the whole of the words used at the late ceremonial.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Being first given by Sandford to his description of this
+part of the ceremony of James II.'s coronation.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Doleman's Conferences concerning Succession, &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> MS. Cott. Nero, c. ix. p. 172.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> See his curious Speech in M. Paris, Hist. Major, 1640, p.
+197.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Hoveden, Walsingham, &amp;c. are quoted to this effect by
+Taylor.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> History of the Anglo-Saxons, b. iv. chap. 1.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Titles of Honour, p. ii. c. v. 26.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Wharton's Troubles of Archbishop Laud, p. 324.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Inserted on the union with Scotland, in 1707.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> In the oath recently taken by His Majesty the latter
+members of this clause, read 'within England and Ireland, and the
+territories thereunto belonging.'</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Stow's Annals.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> In France we read of the exaltation of king Pharamond on a
+shield, so early as the year 420; of the chairing of Gunbald, king of
+Burgundy, A.D. 500, in which that prince fell from the supporting arms
+of his subjects, nearly to the ground; and of king Pepin being elevated
+on a target in 751. (Greg. Turon. Hist. lib. vii. cap. 10. Mezeray Hist.
+de Pepin, &amp;c.) In Navarre, the king and queen, after being anointed,
+were thrice elevated before the altar on a shield emblazoned with the
+arms of the kingdom, and upheld by six staves.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Thus in the ordo of Henry VII.'s coronation; "the
+cardinal," it is said, "sitting, shall anoynte the king,
+kneeling."&mdash;<span class="smcap">Ive's</span> <i>Papers</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Vide Taylor's Additional Notes, p. 347, &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> It will complete the sketch of the history of an
+institution closely connected with our subject, to observe, that George
+I. on restoring it in 1725, constituted it a regular military order of
+thirty-six companions and one grand-master, having as officers a dean,
+genealogist, king at arms, register, secretary, usher and messenger; and
+a seal, on one side of which is the figure of the king on horseback in
+complete armour, the shield azure and three imperial crowns with the
+circumscription, <i>Sigillum Honoratissimi Militaris Ordinis De Balneo</i>;
+and on the reverse the same, impaling the royal arms.
+</p><p>
+The badge of the order exhibits a happy specimen of the art of moulding
+old institutions to modern purposes. It consists of a rose, thistle and
+shamrock, issuing from a sceptre surrounded by three imperial crowns,
+enclosed within the ancient motto <i>Tria juncta in uno</i>. Of pure gold
+chased and pierced, it is worn by the knight elect pendant from a red
+riband across the right shoulder. The collar is also of gold, weighing
+thirty ounces troy, and is composed of nine imperial crowns, and eight
+roses, thistles, and shamrocks, issuing from a sceptre, enamelled in
+proper colours, tied or linked together with seventeen gold knots,
+enamelled white, and having the badge of the order pendant from it. The
+star consists of three imperial crowns of gold, surrounded by the motto
+upon a circle of red, with rays issuing from the silver centre forming a
+star, and is embroidered on the left side of the upper garment.
+</p><p>
+The installation dress is a surcoat of white satin, a mantle of crimson
+satin lined with white, tied at the neck with a cordon of crimson silk
+and gold, with gold tassels, and the star of the order embroidered on
+the left shoulder; a white silk hat adorned with a standing plume of
+white ostrich feathers, white leather boots, edged and heeled, spurs of
+crimson and gold, a sword in a white leather scabbard with cross hilts
+of gold. Each knight is allowed three squires, who must be gentlemen of
+blood, bearing coat armour, and who are entitled during life to all the
+privileges and exemptions enjoyed by the esquires of the sovereign's
+body, or the gentlemen of the privy chamber.
+</p><p>
+We need hardly add, that both in the number of knights and the
+brilliancy of its appearance, this order maintained its full splendor at
+the coronation of the fourth sovereign of the House of Brunswick.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Johnes' Froissart, v. 12. p. 160, 1.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> King Richard II.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Rot. Parl, vi. 278.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Lingard's History of England, v. iii. p. 662, 3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Ives' Coronacion of Queene Elizabeth, p. 120.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Ives' Coronacion of Queene Elizabeth, p. 120.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Hall's Chronicle.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Hall's Chronicle, Henry VIII.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> There have been instances in which the see having been
+vacant, and the archbishop suspended or abroad, other prelates have
+officiated: but the right of the metropolitan see seems to have been
+still preserved.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Lingard's History of England, vol. ii. p. 88, 89.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Henry V. p. i.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Johnes' Froissart, v. 12. p. 162.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Chron. Sax. 57, 63; Malmsbury, &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Wilk. Leg. 217, 228.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Ivanhoe, v. iii. p. 328-345.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Gen. xli. 9.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Neh. i. 11.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Clarke's Bible, Part ii. Exod.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Hist. Anglo-Saxons, v. ii, p. 79.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> Malmsb. lib. iii. p. 80.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> The beautiful anecdote which Mr. Lingard furnishes from
+Bede of the debate on the conversion of the Northumbrian king, <i>Edwin</i>,
+we cannot forbear transcribing. The high priest of the heathen rites
+having spoken&mdash;a thane "sought for information respecting the origin and
+destiny of man. 'Often,' said he, 'O king, in the depth of winter, while
+you are feasting with your thanes, and the fire is blazing on the hearth
+in the midst of the hall, you have seen a bird, pelted by the storm,
+enter at one door, and escape at the other. During its passage it was
+visible: but whence it came, or whither it went, you knew not. Such to
+me appears the life of man. He walks the earth for a few years: but what
+precedes his birth, or what is to follow after death, we cannot tell.
+Undoubtedly, if the new religion can unfold these important secrets, it
+must be worthy our attention.'"&mdash;<i>Lingard's History</i>, vol. i. p. 92.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> The see of Canterbury was restored to the primacy again by
+Cenulf, the successor of Egfurth.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Ep. Car. Mag. ap. Bouquet, tom. v. p. 260.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Titles of Honour, p. i. chap. 1.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> See Mr. Turner's Anglo-Saxons, Spelman's Life of Alfred,
+&amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> Taylor's Glory of Regality, Addit. Notes, p. 310.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Lingard's History, vol. i. p. 350.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> See Hume's England, 8vo. vol. i. &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> Turner's Anglo-Saxons, 4to. vol. i. p. 389.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> "Princes beyond the baths of the sea-fowl, worshipped him
+far and wide," says a poem on his death: "they bowed to the king as one
+of their own kin. There was no fleet so proud, there was no host so
+strong, as to seek food in England, while this noble king ruled the
+kingdom. He reared up God's honour, he loved God's law, he preserved the
+people's peace; the best of all the kings that were before in the memory
+of man. And God was his helper: and kings and earls bowed to him: and
+they obeyed his will: and without battle he ended all as he
+willed."&mdash;<i>Chron. Sax.</i> p. 122.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Osbern, 113. Eadmer, 220.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> Mr. Lingard has the following note on the accession of
+Edwy, confirming our previous observations on the meaning of the
+recognition. "It is observable, that the ancient writers almost always
+speak of our kings as <i>elected</i>. Edwy's grandmother in her charter,
+(Lye, App. iv.) says, "He was chosen, <i>gecoren</i>." The contemporary
+biographer of Dunstan, (apud Boll. tom. iv. Maii, 344.) says, "Ab
+universis Anglorum principibus communi electione.""</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Hickes' Inst. Gram. Pr&aelig;f.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> Lingard's Hist. p. 292.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Thus the Saxon Chronicler says of William I. "Thrice he
+bore his <i>king-helmet</i> every year, when he was in England; at Easter he
+bore it at Winchester, at Pentecost at Westminster, and in Mid-winter at
+Gloucester." p. 450.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> We have noticed the present existence of a contemporary
+account of the coronation of Ethelred II. It demonstrates, that some of
+the most eloquent passages of the prayers now used on the occasion, were
+the production of what we often denominate the darker ages of the world,
+and well accords with the preceding sketch of the character and duties
+of the Saxon kings.</p>
+
+<p>"Two bishops, with the witan<a name="FNanchor_A_A" id="FNanchor_A_A"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_A" class="fnanchor">[A]</a>," it is said, "shall lead the king to
+church; and the clergy with the bishops shall sing the anthem, <i>Firmetur
+manus tua</i>, and the <i>Gloria Patri</i>. When the king arrives at the church,
+he shall prostrate himself before the altar, and the <i>Te Deum</i> shall be
+chanted. When this is finished, the king shall be raised from the
+ground, and having been <i>chosen</i> by the bishops and people, shall with a
+clear voice, before God and all the people, promise that he will observe
+these three rules." [Then follows the coronation oath, quoted above.]</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_A_A" id="Footnote_A_A"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_A"><span class="label">[A]</span></a>MS. Claude, A. 3. Cotton Library.</div>
+
+<p>The prayers that follow, the bishops shall separately repeat. "We invoke
+thee, O Lord, Holy Father Almighty and Eternal God, that this thy
+servant, whom by the wisdom of thy divine dispensations from the
+beginning of his existence to this day, thou hast permitted to increase,
+rejoicing in the flower of youth, enriched with the gift of thy piety,
+and full of the grace of thy truth, thou mayest cause to be always
+advancing, day by day, to better things before God and men;&mdash;that
+rejoicing in the bounty of supernal grace, he may receive the throne of
+supreme power; and, defended on all sides from his enemies by the wall
+of thy mercy, he may deserve to govern happily the people committed to
+him, with the peace of propitiation and the strength of victory."</p>
+
+<p>The following combination of admirable Scripture allusions is extracted
+from the third prayer, or that offered by the bishop after the
+consecration, "holding the crown over the king."</p>
+
+<p>"Almighty Creator, everlasting Lord, Governor of heaven and earth, the
+Maker and Disposer of angels and men, King of kings and Lord of lords!
+who made thy faithful servant Abraham to triumph over his enemies, and
+gavest manifold victories to Moses and Joshua, the <i>prelates</i> of thy
+people; and didst raise David, thy lowly child, to the summit of the
+kingdom, and didst free him from the mouth of the lion and the paws of
+the bear, and from Goliath, and from the malignant sword of Saul; who
+didst endow Solomon with the ineffable gift of wisdom and peace;&mdash;look
+down propitiously on our humble prayers, and multiply the gifts of thy
+blessing on this thy servant, whom with humble devotion we have chosen
+to be king of the Angles and Saxons. Surround him everywhere with the
+right hand of thy power, that, strengthened with the faith of Abraham,
+the meekness of Moses, the courage of Joshua, the humility of David, and
+the wisdom of Solomon, he may be well pleasing to thee in all things,
+and may always advance in the way of justice with inoffensive progress."</p>
+
+<p>When crowned, the invocation is, "May God crown thee with the honour of
+justice, and the labour of fortitude; that by the virtue of <i>our</i>
+benediction, and by a right faith, and the various fruit of good works,
+thou mayest attain to the crown of the everlasting kingdom, through his
+bounty whose kingdom endureth for ever!"</p>
+
+<p>We cannot omit the concluding benedictions, rich with Scripture
+phraseology as any church could make them.</p>
+
+<p>"May the Almighty Lord give thee, from the dew of heaven, and the
+fatness of the earth, abundance of corn, wine, and oil! May the people
+serve thee, and the tribes adore thee! Be the lord of thy brothers, and
+let the sons of thy mother bow before thee! He who blesses thee shall be
+filled with blessings; for God will be thy helper. May the Almighty
+bless thee with the blessings of the heaven above, and in the mountains
+and the valleys; with the blessings of the deep below; with the
+blessings of the suckling and the womb; with the blessings of grapes and
+apples; and may the blessing of the ancient fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and
+Jacob, be heaped upon thee!&mdash;May the blessing of Him, who appeared in
+the bush, come upon his head, and may the full blessing of the Lord be
+upon his sons, and may he steep his feet in oil! With his horn, as the
+horn of the rhinoceros, may he push the nations to the extremities of
+the earth; and may He who has ascended the skies be his auxiliary for
+ever!"</p></div>
+
+<div><div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_85" id="Footnote_84_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_85"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Chron. Sax. 257.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_86" id="Footnote_85_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_86"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Lingard, vol. i. 485.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_87" id="Footnote_86_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_87"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> A tax of two shillings per hide on land, gathered
+annually.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_88" id="Footnote_87_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_88"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> History of England, 8vo. edit. vol. i. p. 413.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_89" id="Footnote_88_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_89"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Holinshed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_90" id="Footnote_89_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_90"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> This is the common statement: Mr. Taylor (Glory of
+Regality, p. 249,) objects to this being considered as a second
+coronation, and thinks it only a renewal of the royal festivities at
+Easter, with unusual splendor. But he seems to overlook the formal
+resolve of the council at Nottingham, on the point.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_91" id="Footnote_90_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_91"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> See the whole speech, in Matt. Paris.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_92" id="Footnote_91_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_92"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Leg. Sex. 154.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_93" id="Footnote_92_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_93"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> Brompton, 1283, 4.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_94" id="Footnote_93_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_94"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> See M. Paris, Rymer, &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_95" id="Footnote_94_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_95"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Holinshed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_96" id="Footnote_95_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_96"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> The queen is said to have sucked the poison out of a wound
+which her husband received in the Holy Land, from the poisoned dagger of
+the emir of Jaffa.&mdash;See Lingard, v. ii. p. 369.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_97" id="Footnote_96_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_97"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Johnes' Froissart, i. xxv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_98" id="Footnote_97_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_98"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> Rymer, vii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_99" id="Footnote_98_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_99"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> Rot. Parl. iii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_100" id="Footnote_99_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_100"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> See the curious original document in Hume.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_101" id="Footnote_100_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_101"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> King Henry IV. p. ii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_102" id="Footnote_101_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_102"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> See a curious MS. account of this 'solempnyte' in the
+Cotton Library, as quoted by Mr. Taylor, Glory of Regality, p. 263.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_103" id="Footnote_102_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_103"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> See the preceding Note.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_104" id="Footnote_103_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_104"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> Grafton, vol i. p. 592.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_105" id="Footnote_104_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_105"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> Historic Doubts, Lord Orford's Works, 5 vols. 4to. vol.
+ii. p. 146.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_106" id="Footnote_105_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_106"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> Grafton, vol. ii. p. 156.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_107" id="Footnote_106_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_107"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> Burnet on the Reformation, and Appendix.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_108" id="Footnote_107_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_108"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Walker's Circumstantial Account, 8vo. 1. p. 78.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_109" id="Footnote_108_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_109"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> Taylor's Preface, p. x.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_110" id="Footnote_109_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_110"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> Page 37.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_111" id="Footnote_110_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_111"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> No. 335.&mdash;The Spectator's encomium on Booth is, however,
+sufficiently slight. The good bishop, it is evident, was better
+acquainted with the realities he was here describing than these
+theatrical types.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_112" id="Footnote_111_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_112"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> Here the archbishop took the paten into his hands.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_113" id="Footnote_112_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_113"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> And here broke the bread.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_114" id="Footnote_113_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_114"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> Here the archbishop laid his hand upon all the bread.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_115" id="Footnote_114_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_115"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> Here he took the cup into his hand.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_116" id="Footnote_115_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_116"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> And here laid his hand upon every vessel (be it chalice
+or flagon) in which there was any wine to be consecrated.</p></div></div></div>
+
+<h3>THE END.</h3>
+
+
+<h3>LONDON:<br />PRINTED BY JAMES MOYES, GREVILLE STREET.</h3>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Coronation Anecdotes, by Giles Gossip
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Coronation Anecdotes
+
+Author: Giles Gossip
+
+Release Date: December 22, 2008 [EBook #27589]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CORONATION ANECDOTES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Yingling, Jane Hyland and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CORONATION ANECDOTES,
+
+ETC. ETC. ETC.
+
+
+
+
+LONDON:
+
+PRINTED BY J. MOYES, GREVILLE STREET.
+
+
+
+
+CORONATION ANECDOTES;
+
+OR,
+
+SELECT AND INTERESTING
+
+FRAGMENTS
+
+OF
+
+ENGLISH CORONATION CEREMONIES
+
+       *     *     *     *     *
+
+BY GILES GOSSIP, ESQ.
+
+  "In pensive thought recal the fancied scene,
+  See _Coronations_ rise on every green."--POPE.
+
+       *     *     *     *     *
+
+LONDON:
+
+PRINTED FOR ROBERT JENNINGS,
+
+IN THE POULTRY.
+
+1823.
+
+
+[Transcriber's Notes:
+
+    A letter with a dot over it, is denoted in the following way [.y]
+    Superscripts are denoted by a carat ^ ]
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENT.
+
+
+The coronation of our monarchs presents a wide field of meditation to an
+intelligent eye. It is an epitome of the genius of the monarchy, and a
+miniature exhibition of the leading events of our annals.
+
+Connected, in point of fact, with the first establishment of
+Christianity in this island, it also perpetuates some of the earliest
+British notions of public liberty; and while it confirms the hereditary
+claims of each succeeding prince, it is introduced by a recognition of
+some of the most ancient rights of the people,
+
+  "Mighty states, _characterless_, are grated
+  To dusty nothing,"
+
+says that great dramatist who has so largely alluded to English
+coronations in his historical plays. These ceremonies exhibit the
+character of each constituent portion of the political body from age to
+age; and are chiefly valuable, perhaps, as preserving a chain of
+_national identity_, unbroken by conquest, or by civil war; by changing
+dynasties, or the most important revolutions of the empire: on the other
+hand, they present to us a vast _variety_ of character and events.--They
+are associated with the gloom, "the dim religious light" of Anglo-Saxon
+history, with the stormy character of the Conquest and the Norman
+domination; they bring before us the lofty Plantagenet, the proud Tudor,
+and the tyrannical but unfortunate House of Stuart, in all the pomp, and
+strife, and vanity of their respective pretensions.
+
+But the general reader will require a _clue_ to this symbolical kind of
+instruction: a companion to his recollections of such an exhibition,
+which, without destroying the vividness and pleasure of the pageantry,
+shall connect its objects with the march of history, the advance of
+civilization, and the final settlement of our laws and liberties. "To
+converse with historians," says an accomplished writer, "is always to
+keep good company;" while, "to carry back the mind _in uniting_ and to
+make IT old," is the one great difficulty which Lord Bacon points out in
+the study of history. Every effort, therefore, to smooth this difficult
+path, and to introduce the rising generation to such company, will be
+properly appreciated by the anxious and intelligent parent; and such is
+the design of this little volume. It is the especial business of the
+historian, certainly, to instruct; but the more he can keep alive our
+_interest_ without flattering either our passions or vices, the more
+effectually will he accomplish his great object, and swell the train of
+the votaries of truth.
+
+
+
+
+CORONATION ANECDOTES,
+
+_&c. &c._
+
+
+
+
+Sec. 1. ANECDOTES OF THE REGALIA AND ROYAL VESTMENTS.
+
+    "History--the picture of man--has shared the fate of its original.
+    It has had its infancy of _Fable_; its youth of Poetry; its manhood
+    of Thought, Intelligence, and Reflection."--ANON.
+
+
+No. 1. _The Regal Chair._
+
+The Regalia of England are the symbols of a monarchical authority that
+has been transmitted by coronation ceremonies for upwards of ten
+centuries. But the incorporation of England, Scotland, and Ireland, into
+one united kingdom,--an event peculiar to the coronation of George IV,
+to have recognised,--has connected the history of the Imperial Regalia
+with some tales of legendary lore, the truth of which, if this
+circumstance does not demonstrate, be assured, gentle reader, nothing
+will. Irish records are said to add at least another thousand years of
+substantial history to the honours of that solid regal seat, or
+coronation chair, in which our monarchs are both anointed and
+crowned[1]: while some of our own "honest chroniclers" assign to it a
+still more marvellous antiquity.
+
+Holinshed gives us the history of one Gathelus, a Greek, who brought
+from Egypt into Spain the identical stone on which the patriarch Jacob
+slept and "poured oil" at Luz. He was "the sonne of Cecrops, who builded
+the citie of Athens;" but having married Scota, the daughter of Pharaoh,
+he resided for some time in Egypt, from whence he was induced to remove
+into the West by the judgments pronounced on that country by Moses. In
+Spain, "having peace with his neighbors, he builded a citie called
+Brigantia (Compostella)," where he "sat vpon his marble stone, gave
+lawes, and ministred justice vnto his people, thereby to maintaine them
+in wealth and quietnesse," And "Hereof it came to passe, that first in
+Spaine, after in Ireland, and then in Scotland, the kings which ruled
+over the Scotishmen received the crowne sittinge vpon that stone, vntill
+the time of Robert the First, king of Scotland." In another part of his
+"Historie of Scotland," Holinshed mentions king Simon Brech as having
+transmitted this stone to Ireland, about 700 years before the birth of
+Christ, and that "the first Fergus" brought it "out of Ireland into
+Albion," B.C. 330. One important property of this stone should not be
+unnoticed. It is said, by the writers from whom the foregoing
+particulars are derived, to furnish a test of legitimate royal descent;
+yielding an oracular sound when a prince of the true blood is placed
+upon it, and remaining silent under a mere pretender to the throne. We
+heard various joyful acclamations on the recent "royal day;" but
+(perhaps from that very circumstance) could not distinguish the sound in
+question.
+
+Apart from these legends, the real history of the [Saxon: hag-fail], or
+Fatal Stone[2], is curious; and has induced the learned Toland to call
+it "the antientest respected monument in the world[3]." It is to be
+traced, on the best authorities, into Ireland; whence it had been
+brought into Scotland, and had become of great notoriety in Argyleshire,
+some time before the reign of Kennith, or A.D. 834. This monarch found
+it at Dunstaffnage, a royal castle, enclosed it in a wooden chair, and
+removed it to the abbey of Scone, where for 450 years "all kingis of
+Scotland war crownit" upon it; or "quhil y^e tyme of Robert Bruse. In
+quhais tyme, besyde mony othir crueltis done be kyng EDWARD Lang
+Schankis, the said chiar of merbyll wes taikin be Inglismen, and brocht
+out of Scone to London, and put into Westmonistar, quhaer it remains to
+our dayis[4]."
+
+An ancient Irish prophecy, quoted by Mr. Taylor in his learned "Glory of
+Regality[5]," assures us, that the possession of this stone is essential
+to the preservation of regal power. It runs literally, "The race of
+Scots of the true blood, if this prophecy be not false, unless they
+possess the Stone of Fate, shall fail to obtain regal power." King
+Kennith caused the leonine verses following to be engraved on the
+chair:--
+
+  Ni fallat fatum
+  Scoti quocunque locatum
+  Invenient lapidem
+  Regnare tenentur ibidem.
+
+Thus given by Camden,
+
+  Or Fate is blind,
+  Or Scots shall find,
+  Where'er this stone
+  A royal throne.
+
+A prophecy which is said to have reconciled many a true Scot to the
+Union in Queen Anne's time; and which, since the extinction of the
+Stuart family, is remarkably fulfilled in the claims of the House of
+Brunswick,--George IV. being now the legitimate heir of both lines.
+
+At or near a consecrated stone, it was an ancient Eastern custom to
+appoint kings or chieftains to their office. Thus we read in Scripture
+of Abimelech being "made king by the plain of the pillar that was in
+Shechem[6]," (the earliest royal appointment, perhaps, of which we have
+any traces in history;) and of Joash having the "crown put upon him"
+while he "stood by a pillar, as the manner was[7]." Subsequently, and
+among the northern nations, the practice "was to form a circle of large
+stones, commonly twelve in number, in the middle of which one was set
+up, much larger than the rest: this was the royal seat; and the nobles
+occupied those surrounding it, which served also as a barrier to keep
+off the people who stood without. Here the leading men of the kingdom
+delivered their suffrages, and placed the elected king on his seat of
+dignity[8]." From such places, afterwards, justice was frequently
+dispensed.
+
+  "The old mun early rose, walk'd forth, and sate
+  On polished stone, before his palace gate;
+  With unguent smooth the lucid marble shone,
+  Where ancient Neleus sate, a rustic throne."
+
+  HOMER'S _Odyss._ POPE'S _Tr._ [Greek: G]. 496--10.
+
+Thus arises the name of our Court of King's Bench.
+
+At the coronation of our kings, the royal chair is now disguised in
+cloth of gold; but the wood-work, which forms its principal parts, is
+supposed to be the same in which Edward I. recased it, on bringing it to
+England.
+
+Shakspeare's RICHARD III. inquires--
+
+  "Is the _Chair_ empty? Is the Sword unswayed?
+  Is the King dead? The empire unpossessed?
+  What heir of York is there alive but We?"
+
+And the Earl of Richmond describes him, in admirable allusion to the
+foregoing facts, as
+
+  "A base foul _stone_, made precious by the foil
+  Of England's chair, where he is falsely set[9]."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: See Toland; Sir J. Ware's Antiq. of Ireland, vol. ii. pp.
+10, 124, &c.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Called also by the Irish Cloch na cinea[.m]na, or, the Stone
+of Fortune.]
+
+[Footnote 3: History of the Druids, p. 104.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Chron. of Scotland, lib. i. cap. 2.]
+
+[Footnote 5: P. 54.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Judges ix. 6.]
+
+[Footnote 7: 2 Kings, xi. 12, 14.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Taylor's Glory of Regality, p. 31.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Richard III.]
+
+
+No. 2. _Of the Crowns._
+
+We, can only speak to the growth and antiquity of their present
+"fashion," none of those now used being of older date than the reign of
+Charles II. This monarch issued a commission for the "remakeing such
+royall ornaments and regalia" as the rebellious Parliament of his
+father had destroyed[10], in which "the old names and fashions" were
+directed to be carefully sought after and retained[11]. Upon this
+authority, we still have the national crown with which our monarchs are
+actually invested called St. EDWARD'S, although the Great Seal of the
+Confessor exhibits him wearing a crown of a very different shape.
+
+Whether the parent of our present crowns were the Eastern fillet, in the
+tying on which there was great ceremony, according to Selden,--the Roman
+or Grecian wreath, a "corruptible crown" of laurel, olive, or bay,--or
+the Jewish diadem of gold,--we shall leave to antiquarian research.
+
+    "This high imperial type of [England's] glory"
+
+has slowly advanced, like the monarchy itself, to its present commanding
+size and brilliant appearance. From the coins and seals of the
+respective periods, several of our Anglo-Saxon princes appear to have
+worn only a fillet of pearl, and others a radiated diadem, with a
+crescent in front. AEthelstan's crown was of a more regular shape,
+resembling a modern earl's coronet. On king Alfred's there was the
+singular addition of "two little bells;" and the identical crown worn by
+this prince seems to have been long preserved at Westminster, if it were
+not the same which is described in the Parliamentary Inventory of 1642,
+as "King Alfred's crowne of gould wyer worke, sett with slight stones."
+Sir Henry Spelman thinks, there is some reason to conjecture that "the
+king fell upon the composing of an imperial crown;" but what could he
+mean by this accompaniment?
+
+Gradually the crown grew from ear to ear, and then from the back to the
+forehead; sometimes it is represented as encircling a cap or helm, and
+sometimes without. William the Conqueror and his successor wore it on a
+cap adorned with points, and with "labels hanging at each ear[12];" the
+Plantagenets a diadem ornamented with fleurs de lis or strawberry
+leaves, between which were small globes raised, or points rather lower
+than the leaves; Richard III. or Henry VII. introduced the crosses;
+about the same time (on the coins of Henry VII.) the arches first
+appear; and the subsequent varieties of shape are in the elevation or
+depression of the arches. The maiden queen wore them remarkably high.
+
+Blood's exploit with the new crown of Charles II. is told to all the
+young visitors at the Tower[13]. It is only wonderful that, in that age
+of plots, no political object or accusation was connected with it. The
+beautiful dialogue which our great dramatist puts into the mouth of
+Henry IV. and his son, who had taken the crown from his dying father's
+pillow, we could willingly transcribe entire:--
+
+      "_K. Henry._  O foolish youth!
+      Thou seek'st a greatness that will overwhelm thee.
+      Stay but a little; for my cloud of dignity
+      Is held from falling by so weak a wind,
+      That it will quickly drop; my day is dim.
+      Thou hast stolen THAT, which after some few hours
+      Were thine without offence; and at my death
+      Thou hast sealed up my expectation;
+      Thy life did manifest thou lovedst me not;
+      And thou wilt have me die assured of it.
+
+      "_P. Henry._ O pardon me, my Liege! but for my tears,
+      (The moist impediments unto my speech,)
+      I had forestalled this clear and deep rebuke,
+      Ere you with grief had spoke, and I had heard
+      The course of it so far. There is your CROWN--
+      And He that wears the crown immortally
+      Long guard it yours!----
+      Coming to look on you, thinking you dead,
+      (And dead almost, my Liege, to think you were,)
+      I spake unto the crown, as having sense,
+      And thus upbraided it. 'The care on thee depending
+      Hath fed upon the body of my father;
+      Therefore thou best of gold art worst of gold;
+      Other, less fine in carat, is more precious,
+      Preserving life, in medicine potable:
+      But thou, most fine, most honoured, most renowned,
+      Hast eat thy bearer up!'"
+
+It is the same prince who afterwards so well apostrophizes his own
+greatness:--
+
+          "O, be sick, great Greatness!
+      And bid thy ceremony give thee cure.
+      Think'st thou the fiery fever will go out
+      With titles blown from adulation?
+      Will it give place to flexure and low bending?
+      Canst thou, when thou command'st the beggar's knee,
+      Command the health of it? No, thou proud dream,
+      That play'st so subtly with a king's repose,
+      I am a king that find thee; and I know,
+      'Tis not the balm, the sceptre, and the ball,
+      The sword, the mace, the crown imperial,
+      The intertissued robe of gold and pearl,
+      The farsed title running 'fore the king,
+      The throne he sits on, nor the tide of pomp
+      That beats upon the high shoar of this world;
+      No, not all these thrice gorgeous ceremonies,
+      Not all these, laid in bed majestical,
+      Can sleep so soundly as the wretched slave."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 10: In the Archaeologia, vol. xv. art. 24, is "A true and
+perfect Inventory of all the Plate and Jewells now being in the Upper
+Jewell House of the Tower, in the charge of Sir Henry Mildmay, together
+with an appraisement of them, made and taken the 13th, 14th, and 15th
+daies of August, 1649;" containing the following account of "crowns,"
+&c. demolished:--
+
+                                              L. _s._ _d._
+
+  "The imperiall crowne of massy gold,
+  weighing 7 lb. 6 oz. valued at           1110     0    0
+
+  The queene's crowne of massy gold,
+  weighing 3 lb. 10 oz.                     338     3    4
+
+  A small crowne found in an iron chest
+  formerly in the Lord Cottingham's
+  charge, &c.:
+
+  The gold                                   73    16    8
+  The diamonds, rubies, sapphires, &c.      355     0    0
+  The globe, weighing 1 lb. 5 1/4 oz.        57    10    0
+  Two coronation bracelets, weighing 7 oz.
+   (with three rubies and twelve pearls)     36     0    0
+  Two sceptres, weighing 11 oz.              60     0    0
+  A long rod of silver gilt, 1 lb. 5 oz.      4    10    8
+
+"The foremencion'd crownes, since the inventorie was taken, are,
+according to ord^r of Parliam^t, totallie broken and defaced."
+
+A second inventory, containing "that part of the regalia" found at
+Westminster, mentions "King Alfred's crowne of gould wyer worke, sett
+with slight stones, and 2 little bells, p. oz. 79 1/2, at L3. per oz.,
+L248. 10_s._ 0_d._"]
+
+[Footnote 11: See Sir Edward Walker's Account of "The Preparations for
+His Majesty's Coronation," &c. 8vo. Lond. First printed 1820.]
+
+[Footnote 12: Taylor, p, 65. The Saxon Chronicle says of the Conqueror:
+"He was very worshipful. Thrice he bore his _king-helmet_ every year,
+when he was in England: at Easter, he bore it at Winchester; at
+Pentecost, at Westminster; in midwinter, at Gloucester. And there were
+with him all the rich men over all England," &c.--_Sax. Chron._ 189,
+&c.]
+
+[Footnote 13: The following is Hume's account of this memorable
+project:--
+
+"A little after [his attempt to carry off the Duke of Ormond], Blood
+formed a design of carrying off the crown and regalia from the Tower; a
+design to which he was prompted, as well by the surprising boldness of
+the enterprise, as by the views of profit. He was near succeeding; he
+had bound and wounded Edwards, the keeper of the Jewel Office, and had
+gotten out of the Tower with his prey; but was overtaken and seized,
+with some of his associates. One of them was known to have been
+concerned in the attempt upon Ormond; and Blood was immediately
+concluded to be the ring-leader. When questioned, he frankly avowed the
+enterprise, but refused to tell his accomplices. 'The fear of death,' he
+said, 'should never engage him either to deny a guilt, or betray a
+friend.' All these extraordinary circumstances made him the general
+subject of conversation; and the king was moved by an idle curiosity to
+see and speak with a person so noted for his courage and his crimes....
+Blood might now esteem himself secure of pardon, and he wanted not
+address to improve the opportunity."--Charles eventually pardoned him,
+granted him an estate of L500. per annum, and encouraged his attendance
+about his person. "And while old Edwards, who had bravely ventured his
+life, and had been wounded in defending the crown and regalia, was
+forgotten and neglected, this man, who deserved only to be stared at and
+detested as a monster, became a kind of favourite."--HUME'S _England_,
+CHARLES II.]
+
+
+No. 3. _The Sceptre_
+
+Is a more ancient symbol of royalty than the crown. Homer speaks of
+"sceptred kings"--[Greek: skeptouchoi basilees]; and the book of
+Genesis, "of far elder memory," of a sceptre, as denoting a king or
+supreme governor[14]. There is a very early form of delivering this
+ensign of authority preserved in the Saxon coronation services; and the
+coins and seals of succeeding reigns usually place it in the hand of our
+monarchs. Very anciently, too, our kings received at their coronations a
+sceptre for the right hand, surmounted by a _cross_; and for the left,
+sometimes called the verge, one that terminated in a globe, surmounted
+by a _dove_. The two great symbols of the Christian religion are thus
+professedly embraced; but the monarch never appears with two sceptres
+except on this occasion.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 14: Gen. xlix. 10.]
+
+
+No. 4. _The Ampulla, or Golden Eagle_
+
+And the "holy oil" which is poured from it, are connected, like the
+royal chair, with some of the miracles that no one now believes, and
+with some interesting historical facts.
+
+Amongst the honours bestowed by the Virgin on St. Thomas a Becket,
+(according to a MS. in the Cotton Library,) he received from our Lady's
+own hands, at Sens, in France, a golden eagle, and a small phial of
+stone or glass, containing an unction, on whose virtues she largely
+expatiated. Being then in banishment, he was directed to give them in
+charge to a monk of Poictiers, who hid them in St. Gregory's church at
+that place, where they were discovered in the reign of Edward III., with
+a written account of the vision; and, being delivered to the Black
+Prince, were deposited safely in the Tower. Henry IV. is said to be the
+first prince anointed with these vessels.
+
+"Holy oil" still retains its use, if not its virtue, in our coronations.
+The king was formerly anointed on the head, the bowings of the arms, on
+both shoulders, and between the shoulders, on the breast, and on the
+hands; but the ceremonials of the last two coronations only prescribe
+the anointing of the head, breast, and hands. In these, too, nothing is
+said of the "consecration" of the oil, which seems anciently to have
+been performed on the morning of the coronation[15].
+
+Historically, the custom of anointing kings is to be traced to the times
+of the Jewish judges; the consecration of one of whose descendants,
+Abimelech (before noticed), connects the subject with the earliest and
+one of the most beautiful fables of the East--that of the trees going
+forth to anoint a king[16]. Selden regards this fable as a proof "that
+anointing of kings was of known use in the eldest times," and "that
+solemnly to declare one to be a king, and to anoint a king, in the
+Eastern parts, were but synonymies[17]." The elegant allusion to the
+olive tree, "honouring both God and man" with its "_fatness_" or oil,
+should not escape us, as corroborating this conjecture. This poem is
+dated by the learned antiquary "about 200 years before the beginning of
+the [Jewish] kingdom in Saul."
+
+We have several instances in Scripture of the inauguration of the Jewish
+kings by anointing, and of its being performed at the express command of
+God[18]--a circumstance which was held to communicate an official
+sanctity to their persons, their attire, &c. The noble David twice
+spares the life of his bitterest enemy, Saul, upon this
+ground.--"Jehovah shall smite him," he says; "or his day shall come to
+die; or he shall descend into the battle, and perish"--"Who can stretch
+forth his hand against Jehovah's anointed, and be guiltless[19]?"--and
+he finely alludes to the general reverence of his country for these
+appointments, when he exclaims, in his memorable ode over his fallen
+rival, "The shield of the mighty is vilely cast away, the shield of
+Saul, as though it had not been anointed with oil!"
+
+With the spread of Christianity, or rather of the papal domination, over
+the kingdoms of western Europe, came the adoption of this rite into the
+coronation ceremonies of its princes. It at once increased the influence
+of the church, and surrounded the monarch with a popular veneration. The
+three distinct anointings yet retained (_i.e._ on the head, breast, and
+hands or arms,) were said by Becket to indicate glory, holiness, and
+fortitude: another prelate, one of the greatest scholars of his age,
+assured our Henry III., that as all former sins were washed away in
+baptism, "so also by this unction[20]."
+
+  "Not all the water in the rough rude sea
+  Can wash the balm from an ANOINTED king,"--
+
+Richard II. is made to say, by Shakspeare, on the invasion of
+Bolingbroke. Sir Walter Scott, in his notes to Marmion, speaks of a
+singular ancient consecration of the kings of arms in Scotland, who seem
+to have had a regular coronation down to the middle of the sixteenth
+century,--only that they were anointed with _wine_ instead of oil[21].
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 15: Sandford does not omit to notice, that the dean of
+Westminster, assisted by the prebendaries, duly performed this office
+for the coronation of James II., "early in the morning."]
+
+[Footnote 16: Vide Judges, chap. ix.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Titles of Honour, p. i, chap. 8.]
+
+[Footnote 18: 1 Sam. x. 10; xvi. 1; 1 Kings, xiv. 15; &c.]
+
+[Footnote 19: 1 Sam. xxvi. 9, 10.]
+
+[Footnote 20: Selden's Titles.]
+
+[Footnote 21: Marmion, 8vo. Note, p. 456.]
+
+
+No. 5. _The Royal Swords_
+
+Are named, _Curtana_, or the Sword of Mercy; the Sword of Justice to the
+Spirituality; the Sword of Justice to the Temporality; and the Sword of
+State. Of these the last alone is actually used in the coronation, being
+that with which the king is girded after his anointing; the rest are
+only carried before him by certain great officers. But Curtana has been
+honoured with a proper name since the reign of Henry III., at whose
+coronation it was carried by the Earl of Chester[22]. It is a flat
+sword, without a point; looking to which circumstance, and to its being
+also entitled the Sword of Mercy, some etymologists have traced it to
+the Latin _curto_, to cut short; while other writers, among whom is the
+learned Mr. Taylor, would transfer our researches to the scenes of
+ancient chivalry, and the exploits of Oger the Dane, or Orlando, as
+affording the title to this appendage of the monarchy, "The sword of
+Tristan," says this writer, "is found (ubi lapsus!) among the regalia of
+king John; and that of Charlemagne, _Joyeuse_, was preserved to grace
+the coronations of the kings of France. The adoption of these titles
+was, indeed, perfectly consonant with the taste and feeling of those
+ages, in which the gests of chivalry were the favourite theme of oral
+and historical celebration; and when the names of _Durlindana_, of
+_Curtein_, or _Escalibere_, would nerve the warrior's arm with a new and
+nobler energy[23]."
+
+The Sword of Justice to the Spirituality is _obtuse_, that of Justice to
+the Temporality _sharp_ at the point. "Henry VIII.," says a writer in a
+respectable periodical publication for July, "seems to have exercised
+his taste in endeavouring to abolish this discrepancy."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 22: "Comite Cestriae gladium S. Edwardi, qui _Curtein_ dicetur,
+ante regem bagulante," &c.]
+
+[Footnote 23: Glory of Regality, p. 73, 4.]
+
+
+No. 6. _Of the Ring, Spurs, and Orb; and St. Edward's Staff._
+
+In the book of Genesis we read of Pharaoh's ring being given by him to
+Joseph, as a method of investing him with power: and thus the Persian
+monarch Ahasuerus transferred his authority to Haman and to
+Mordecai[24]. What is added in the Scripture narration of one of these
+latter cases will illustrate the significancy of this mode of
+investiture. "Then were the king's scribes called, on the thirteenth day
+of the first month; and there was written according to all that Haman
+commanded unto the king's lieutenants, and to the governors that were
+over every province--to every people after their language; in the name
+of king Ahasuerus was it written, and _sealed_ with the king's ring."
+
+Of the golden ring with which our kings are invested, as "the ensign of
+royal dignity, and of defence of the catholic faith," there is yet
+another miracle of the coronation to relate. A certain "fayre old man"
+having asked alms of St. Edward the Confessor, he had nothing at hand to
+bestow upon him but his ring. Shortly after, two English pilgrims lost
+their way in the Holy Land, when "there came to them a fayr ancient man,
+wyth whyte heer for age. Thenne the olde man axed theym what they were,
+and of what regyon. And they answerde that they were pylgryms of
+England, and hadde lost theyr fellyshyp and way also. Thenne thys olde
+man comforted theym goodly, and brought theym in to a fayre cytee; and
+whanne they had well refreshed theym, and rested there alle nyhte, on
+the morne, this fayre olde man went with theym, and brought theym in the
+ryght waye agayne. And he was gladde to here theym talke of the welfare
+and holynesse of theyr kynge Saynt Edward. And whan he shold depart fro
+theym, thenne he tolde theym what he was, and sayd, 'I am JOHAN THE
+EVANGELYST; and saye ye vnto Edward your kyng, that I grete him well by
+the token that he gaff to me, thys _rynge_, with hys one handes[25].'"
+
+By the exact mode that we have quoted from Scripture, do we find Offa,
+king of the East Angles, appointing Edmund as his successor; and with
+the ring, it is noticed, with which he had been invested at his own
+promotion to the royal dignity[26].
+
+On the detention of James II. by the fishermen of Sheerness, in his
+first attempt at escape from this country, in 1688, it is particularly
+noticed in his Memoirs, "The king kept the diamond bodkin which he had
+of the queen's, and the _coronation ring_, which for more security he
+put into his drawers." The captain, it appeared, was well acquainted
+with the dispositions of his crew; (one of whom "cried out, 'It is
+father Petre--I know him by his lantern jaws;' a second called him an
+'old hatchet-faced Jesuit;' and a third, 'a cunning old rogue, he would
+warrant him!') for, some time after he was gone, and probably by his
+order, several seamen entered the king's cabin, saying they must search
+him and the gentlemen, believing they had not given up all their money.
+The king and his companions told them that they were at liberty to do
+so, thinking that their readiness would induce them not to persist; but
+they were mistaken; the sailors began their search with a roughness and
+rudeness which proved they were accustomed to the employment: at last,
+one of them, feeling about the king's knee, got hold of the diamond
+bodkin, and cried out, with the usual oath, he had found a prize, but
+the king boldly declared he was mistaken. He had, indeed, scissors, a
+tooth-pick case, and little keys in his pocket, and what he felt was
+undoubtedly one of those articles. The man still seemed incredulous, and
+rudely thrust his hand into the king's pocket; but in his haste he lost
+hold of the diamond bodkin, and finding the things the king mentioned,
+remained satisfied it was so: by this means the bodkin and ring were
+preserved[27]." Whatever may be our opinion of the conduct of the
+monarch, we cannot follow him into these scenes without compassion for
+the _exile_, whose family seems to have been born to demonstrate how
+much of our pity unfortunate princes may claim, apart from their
+personal worth.
+
+This is said to have been originally a favourite ring of the beautiful
+but unfortunate Mary queen of Scots; to have been sent by her, at her
+death, to James I.; through whom it came into the possession of our
+Charles I., and on _his_ execution, was transmitted by bishop Juxon to
+his son. It lately came into the possession of his present Majesty,
+through the channels by which he has obtained all the remaining papers
+of the house of Stuart.
+
+Richard II. resigned the crown to Henry IV. by transferring to him his
+ring. A paper was put into Richard's hands, from which he read an
+acknowledgment of being incapable of the royal office, and worthy, from
+his past conduct, to be deposed; that he freely absolved his subjects
+from their allegiance, and swore by the holy Gospels never to act in
+opposition to this surrender: adding, that if it were left wholly to
+him to name the future monarch, it should be Henry of Lancaster, to whom
+he then gave his ring[28].
+
+The SPURS are a very ancient emblem of knighthood; in later coronations,
+the abundance of ceremonies has only allowed time for the king's heel to
+be touched with them. At the battle of Crecy, when Edward III. was
+requested to send reinforcements to his son, his reply was: "No; tell
+Warwick he shall have no assistance. Let the boy win his spurs[29]."
+
+The ORB, or MOUND (Fr. _monde_), is an emblem of sovereignty, said to be
+derived from imperial Rome; and to have been first adorned with the
+cross by Constantine, on his conversion to Christianity. It first
+appears among the royal insignia of England on the coins of Edward the
+Confessor; but Mr. Strutt authenticates a picture of Edgar, "made in the
+year 996," which represents that prince kneeling between two saints, who
+bear severally his sceptre and a globe surmounted by a cross[30]. This
+part of the regalia being inductive of supreme political power, has
+never been placed in the hands of any but kings or queens _regnant_. In
+the anomalous case of the coronation of William and Mary as joint
+sovereigns--the 'other world,' that Alexander wept for, was created; and
+the spare orb is still to be seen amongst the royal jewels of England!
+
+The only remaining member of the regalia now in use is St. EDWARD'S
+Staff; but whether so called from any of the pilgrimages of the
+Confessor--from its being designed to remind our monarchs of their being
+but pilgrims on earth--or simply from its being offered with the other
+regalia at that monarch's shrine, on the coronation of our kings, we
+have not the means of determining. All the regalia are supposed, indeed,
+to be in the custody of the Dean, as the successor of the Abbot of
+Westminster, at the period of each coronation.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 24: Esther, iii. 10, and viii. 2.]
+
+[Footnote 25: Golden Legende (Julyan Notary, 1503).]
+
+[Footnote 26: Battley's Antiq. St. Edm. Burgi, p. 119.]
+
+[Footnote 27: Memoirs of James II., ed. by Clarke. 2 vols, 4to.]
+
+[Footnote 28: Rot. Parl. iii. 417.]
+
+[Footnote 29: Lingard's Hist. England, iii. p. 51.]
+
+[Footnote 30: Strutt's [Saxon: Horda Angel-c[.y]nnan], v. ii.]
+
+
+No. 7. _The Royal Vestments_
+
+Of England are amongst the most gorgeous "makings of a king" known to
+history. In the robes ordinarily designed to be worn in Parliament; and
+consisting of a surcoat of the richest crimson velvet, and a mantle and
+hood of the same, furred with ermine, and bordered with gold lace, the
+king first makes his appearance on the Coronation day; (on which he
+wears a _cap of state_, of the same materials, and at this time only.)
+These are, therefore, called his Parliament Robes, in distinction from
+the Robes of Estate, for which he exchanges them in the Abbey, at the
+close of the coronation, and which only differ from the former in being
+made of purple velvet.
+
+These sumptuous external robes are of course laid aside during the
+anointing, and other parts of the coronation service.
+
+The ARMIL, or STOLE, is the only ecclesiastic symbol now retained in the
+investiture of our kings. In "MS. W. Y. in the College of Arms," quoted
+by Mr. Taylor, Henry VI. is said to have been "arrayed at the time of
+his coronation as a bishop that should sing mass, with a dalmatic like a
+tunic, and a stole about his neck[31]." This writer insists that the
+conductors of our English coronations since Henry VII.'s time (at the
+least) have very singularly mistaken the Stole for the Armil of more
+ancient times, and transferred to the latter the form of delivery
+originally designed for "a BRACELET or royal ornament of the wrist." It
+is singular that the form in question should appear, as it certainly
+does, to suit either symbol. "Receive this armil as a token of the
+divine mercy embracing thee on every side[32]." The ornament at present
+in use embraces the neck.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 31: Glory of Regality, p. 81.]
+
+[Footnote 32: These were (prudently enough, after the error hinted at,)
+the whole of the words used at the late ceremonial.]
+
+
+
+
+Sec. 2. ANECDOTES OF THE DISUSED CEREMONIES OF THE CORONATION.
+
+We regard the coronation ceremonies of England as presenting a
+bird's-eye view of our history; and particularly of the various claims
+and privileges--and changes--of the monarchical branch of the
+Constitution. Some of these ceremonies, as we have seen, had their
+origin in those remote periods in which every believer in Revelation
+must accord "a divine right" to the kings of Judea; others are connected
+with the ancient hero-worship of our Pagan ancestors; while a third
+class perpetuate certain feudal rights and customs, of which they form
+the only distinct remaining traces. Some, again, are memorials of the
+triumph of our princes over the liberties of the people, while others
+present the plainest proof of the noble and successful struggles of the
+people against the encroachments of the crown.
+
+The RECOGNITION, with which the coronation, strictly so called, begins,
+is an elective rite, in which some of the more direct terms of appeal to
+the people are disused. Its title, "the Recognition," is of modern
+date[33]. After reciting the coronation oath, a respectable writer of
+queen Elizabeth's time thus gives the "sum of the English coronation."
+"Then doth the archbishop, turning about to the people, declare what the
+king _hath promised_ and _sworn_, and by the mouth of an herald at arms
+asketh their _consents_, whether they be content to submit themselves
+unto this man as their king, or no, under the conditions proposed;
+whereunto when they have yielded themselves, then beginneth the
+archbishop to put upon him the regal ornaments[34]." Some of the
+questions anciently asked, accordingly, were, "Will you serve at this
+time, and give your good wills and assent to this same consecration,
+enunction, and coronation?"--To which the people answered, "Yea, yea."
+This was the form observed on the coronations of Edward VI., Henry
+VIII., and Henry VII. That of Henry VI.'s reign is curious. The
+archbishop made the "proclamacion on the iiij quarters of the scaffolde,
+seyend in this wyse: Sirs, heere comyth Henry, kyng Henryes sone the
+Vth, on whose sowle God have mercy, Amen. He humblyth hym to God and to
+holy cherche, askyng the crowne of this reame by right and defence of
+herytage; if ye hold y^e pays with hym say Ya, and hold up handes. And
+then all the people cryed with oon voyce, Ye, ye[35]."
+
+King John claimed the throne by "unanimous consent of the kingdom;" and
+the prelate of the day observed to the people that it was well known to
+them "that no man hath right of succession to this crown," except by
+such consent, and that "with invocation of the Holy Ghost, he be elected
+for his own deserts[36]."
+
+During the Norman reigns it is evident that the coronation oath was
+administered before the recognition, and then the archbishop having
+stated what the king had engaged to do, asked the people if they would
+consent to take him for their king[37]? And of an earlier period, says
+Mr. Turner, "From the comparison of all the passages on this subject,
+the result seems to be that the king was elected at the Witenagemote,
+held on the demise of the preceding sovereign[38]."
+
+On the whole, what is left of this ceremony seems rather unmeaning. The
+people are addressed, "ye that _are come_ this day _to do_ your homage,
+service, and bounden duty, are ye willing to do the same?" A feudal
+"recognition," and feudal "homage," it is not for the people, but the
+prelates and peers to perform; the ceremony, however, establishes what
+our history will corroborate, the undoubted right of the people to
+interfere with, and limit the succession of their princes, on
+extraordinary occasions, while it is the peaceful and sound policy of
+the Constitution to keep as near to the hereditary line as the emergency
+of the times shall allow.
+
+It was at Edward VI.'s coronation that the ancient form of receiving the
+king's oath, prior to the recognition, was first reversed.--See the
+Chronological Anecdotes.
+
+Coronations were anciently regarded as a species of parliamentary
+meeting between the king and his subjects. Writs of summons issued for
+the coronation of Edward II. are preserved in Rymer, which require the
+attendance of the people by their "knights, citizens, and burgesses;"
+and which differ very slightly from the ordinary parliamentary writs.
+Selden observes that at the coronation of Henry I. _clerus Angliae et
+populus universus_ were summoned to Westminster, "when divers lawes were
+both made and declared[39]."
+
+The coronation oath has undergone some remarkable changes. The oath of
+AEthelred II. dated A.D. 978, is extant both in Latin and Anglo-Saxon,
+and agrees exactly with that of Henry I. preserved in the Cotton
+Library--a proof, as Lord Lyttleton observes, that even at the Conquest
+it was thought expedient to respect this fundamental compact between the
+prince and people. In the reign of Edward II. it first assumed the
+interrogatory form in which it is now administered, and remained in
+substance the same until the accession of Charles I. In this reign
+Archbishop Laud was accused of making both a serious interpolation, and
+an important omission in the coronation oath--a circumstance which, on
+his trial, brought its introductory clauses into warm discussion. Our
+forefathers had ever been jealous of all encroachments on what some
+copies of the old oath call "the lawes and customes of the people," by
+"old, rightfull, and devoute kings graunted;" and others "the laws,
+customs, and franchises granted to the clergy, and to the people by the
+glorious king St. Edward, according and conformable to the laws of God,
+the true profession of the Gospel established in this kingdom," &c. They
+had even compelled the Conqueror to engage repeatedly that these
+ancient statutes of the kingdom should not be violated; a stipulation
+renewed expressly in the great charter of his son Henry I. Laud was
+charged with adding, after the clause last quoted, the words "agreeable
+to the king's prerogative;" and of omitting these words, "which the
+people have chosen or shall choose." Of the latter charge he soon
+disposed by proving there were no such words in the oath of James I.;
+and on the former he remarks, "First, I humbly conceive this clause
+takes off none of the people's assurance. Secondly, that alteration,
+whatever it be, was not made by me--'tis not altogether improbable [it]
+was added in Edward VI. or Queen Elizabeth's time; and hath no relation
+at all to the laws of this kingdom _absolutely_ mentioned before in the
+beginning of this oath; but only to the words, 'the profession of the
+Gospel established in this kingdom:' and then immediately follows 'and
+agreeing to the prerogative of the kings thereof,'--If this be the
+meaning, he that made the alteration, whoever it were, for I did it
+not, deserves thanks for it, and not the reward of a traitor[40]."
+
+In James II.'s oath, as preserved by Sandford, and in which the
+precedent of Charles II.'s coronation was followed, we find both these
+alleged alterations!
+
+On the accession of William and Mary it was enacted, that "as the
+[coronation] oath hath hitherto been framed in doubtful words and
+expressions, with relation to ancient laws and constitutions at this
+time unknown, and to the end that one uniform oath may be in all times
+to come taken by the kings and queens of this realm, and to them
+respectively administered at the time of their coronation," the oath, of
+which the following is a copy, should be taken by all succeeding
+sovereigns.
+
+"_Abp._ Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this
+kingdom of England [now, this united kingdom of Great Britain and
+Ireland,] and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the
+statutes in parliament agreed on, and the [respective[41]] laws and
+customs of the same?
+
+_King._ I solemnly promise so to do.
+
+_Abp._ Will you, to your power, cause law and justice, in mercy, to be
+executed in all your judgments?
+
+_King._ I will.
+
+_Abp._ Will you to the utmost of your power maintain the laws of God,
+the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant reformed Religion
+established by law? [Here was inserted, at the Union with Scotland, in
+1707, And will you maintain and preserve inviolably the settlement of
+the Church of England, [now the united church of England and Ireland]
+and the doctrine, worship, discipline and government thereof as by law
+established, within the kingdoms of England and Ireland, the dominion of
+Wales and the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and the territories thereunto
+belonging, before the union of the two kingdoms[42]?] And will you
+preserve unto the bishops and clergy of England, and to the churches
+there committed to their charge, all such rights and privileges as by
+law do or shall appertain unto them or any of them?
+
+_King._ All this I promise to do."
+
+We have some slight traces in the history of our Anglo-Saxon kings of
+the Gothic mode of royal inauguration by the elevation of their princes.
+Eardnoulf, the second of those monarchs whose coronation is mentioned by
+our historians, was Ahoþen, lifted up to his royal seat, we are told by
+the Saxon Chronicle; and Athelstan received the royal unction at
+Kingston on a high scaffolding which exhibited him to the multitude[43].
+This custom is no further worth noticing, than as a pagan rite which was
+soon disused, on the direction of these ceremonies being assumed by the
+church: and as being probably the origin of the existing mode of
+chairing members of parliament[44].
+
+Anciently the king knelt while receiving the sacred unction from the
+prelate of the day, who sat in his chair at the high altar[45]: a
+deference to the priesthood which the kings of France retained to the
+period of the Revolution; and which the Roman Pontifical expressly
+requires. Since the Reformation our monarchs have also dispensed with
+"sprinkling the crown with holy water" and "censing it" before it is
+made use of in these important ceremonies--duties of the archbishop
+which are laid down in the Liber Regalis, of the dean and chapter of
+Westminster.
+
+There seems to have been a double anointing of our kings at their
+respective coronations until the reign of James I. or Charles I.; that
+is, after the present use of the unction on the hands, breast, &c.; the
+_chrism_ of the Catholic church was applied, in forma crucis, on the
+forehead. The distinct signification of this anointing we cannot
+discover, even after a late learned attempt to elucidate it[46]. The
+sign of the cross, a symbolical acknowledgment of the Christian faith
+used in the anointing, we retain: but the _two_ vessels, the eagle and
+vial of the ancient ceremonies (so intelligently provided by the Virgin;
+see our last section) establish the fact of a double anointing having at
+one time obtained.
+
+But the most important ceremonies of the coronation which the superior
+economy, or superior intelligence, of modern times has taught us to
+omit, are the special creation of Knights of the Bath on this occasion,
+and the progress of the court from the Tower, through London.
+
+The ancient and noble order in question was so far very appropriately
+connected with the assumption of a sovereignty partly feudal, as it
+formed one of the most splendid feudal distinctions. It was conferred
+with great solemnity, among the Franks and Saxons, long prior to the
+Conquest; at which period our first William is shown by Mr. Anstey, to
+have been in the habit of bestowing it both in his Norman and English
+dominions. The candidate for that honour was required to keep his vigils
+with great strictness, after a previous ablution from which the name of
+the order is derived, and which were together meant to indicate the
+moral purity required of him; as the motto "_Tria juncta in uno_"
+implied a peculiar devotion to the honour of the Holy Trinity.
+
+The coronation of Henry IV. however, first brings it prominently into
+notice in our history. That prince, having compelled the unfortunate
+Richard II.
+
+  "With his own tears to wash away his balm,
+  With his own hands to give away the crown,
+  With his own tongue deny his sacred state;"
+
+was anxious to give those "sun-shine days" to the people which should
+induce them to forget the stormy commencement of his reign. Froissart
+describes him as proceeding with great pomp from Westminster to the
+Tower, "on the Saturday before his coronation." This was at that time
+"the castle royall and cheefe howse of safetye in this kingdome."
+Hither, therefore, many of our princes repaired for security until "all
+things of royal apparell and pompe necessarye and proper" to the
+coronation could be arranged. "Those squires who were to be knighted
+watched their arms that night: they amounted to forty-six; each squire
+had his chamber and bath, in which he bathed. The ensuing day the duke
+of Lancaster (Henry IV.) after mass, created them knights, and presented
+them with long green coats, with straight sleeves lined with minever,
+after the manner of prelates. These knights had on their left shoulders
+a double cord of white silk, with white tufts hanging down."
+
+Henry VI. created thirty-six knights on his coronation; Edward IV.
+thirty-two; and Charles II. sixty-eight. The marriages of the royal
+family, the birth of heirs to the crown, and the fitting out of military
+expeditions of importance, furnish other accessions to the order during
+this long period. After the reign of Charles II. this part of the
+ceremonial was omitted; and the order, in fact, discontinued until the
+accession of the House of Brunswick[47].
+
+The princes of this august house, however, have not revived the custom
+of an extraordinary creation of knights as a part of the coronation
+ceremonies.
+
+The other ancient and disused custom of a royal progress from the Tower
+to Westminster is a theme of admiration with several of our old
+chroniclers, and must have been a highly interesting and popular
+accompaniment of the royal pageant.
+
+The monarch, ordinarily, dined at the Tower on the day after the
+creation of the Knights of the Bath; and devoted the greater part of the
+day, _after_ dinner, to this prolonged exhibition of himself to the
+people. Charles II. dined at what is called an "early" hour, in the
+"account" of sir Edward Walker, i.e. nine o'clock in the morning, on
+this occasion.
+
+Froissart thus gives us the progress of Henry IV. "The duke of Lancaster
+left the Tower this Sunday after dinner, on his return to Westminster:
+he was bare-headed, and had round his neck the order of the king of
+France. The prince of Wales, six dukes, six earls, eighteen barons,
+accompanied him; and there were, of knights and other nobility, from
+eight to nine hundred horse with the procession. The duke was dressed in
+a jacket of the German fashion, of cloth of gold, mounted on a white
+courser, with a blue garter on his left leg. He passed through the
+streets of London, which were all handsomely decorated with tapestries
+and other rich hangings: there were nine fountains in Cheapside, and
+other streets he passed through, which perpetually ran with white and
+red wines. He was escorted by prodigious numbers of gentlemen, with
+their servants in liveries and badges; and the different companies of
+London were led by their wardens, clothed in their proper livery, and
+with ensigns of their trade. The whole cavalcade amounted to six
+thousand horse, which escorted the duke from the Tower to
+Westminster[48]."
+
+Or, as Shakspeare brings every movement of a similar procession of this
+monarch before us,
+
+  "Mounted upon a hot and fiery steed,
+  Which his aspiring rider seemed to know,
+  With slow but stately pace, kept on his course:
+  While all tongues cried, God save thee, Bolingbroke!
+  You would have thought the very windows spake,
+  So many greedy looks of young and old
+  Through casements darted their desiring eyes
+  Upon his visage; and that all the walls
+  With painted imagery had said at once
+  Jesu preserve thee! welcome Bolingbroke!
+  Whilst he, from one side to the other turning,
+  Bare-headed, lower than his proud steed's neck,
+  Bespoke them thus; I thank you, countrymen;
+  And thus still doing, thus he past along[49]."
+
+The coronation of Elizabeth the queen of Henry VII. includes one of the
+most splendid royal progresses on record. It will be recollected by our
+readers that this prince exhibited a strong personal reluctance to marry
+Elizabeth as well as to her subsequent coronation; although his union
+with her extinguished the bloody feuds of the houses of York and
+Lancaster, and bequeathed to posterity the invaluable boon of an
+undisputed succession to the throne. The Commons, in presenting him on
+his accession with the usual grant of tonnage and poundage, took the
+liberty to add their desire that he would "take to wife and consort the
+Princess Elizabeth, which marriage they hoped God would bless with a
+progeny of the race of kings," (_de stirpe regum_[50], the united race,
+perhaps, is meant). But it was not until a pretender to the throne had
+shaken the regal authority to its base, that, eighteen months after his
+marriage, he prepared for the coronation of his queen. A very superior
+modern historian[51] thus expresses the feelings of the prince and
+people on this occasion:--
+
+"From this insurrection [that which was terminated by the battle of
+Stoke] the king learned an important lesson, that it was not his
+interest to wound the feelings of those whose principles had attached
+them to the house of York. His behaviour to the queen had created great
+discontent. Why, it was asked, was she not crowned? Why was she, the
+rightful heir to the crown, refused the usual honours of royalty? Other
+kings had been eager to crown their consorts: but Elizabeth had now been
+married a year and a half; she had borne the king a son to succeed to
+the throne; and yet she was kept in obscurity, as if she were unworthy
+her station."
+
+The orders which he now gave, therefore, for her public investiture with
+the royal dignity, were calculated fully to conciliate the popular
+feeling. On the Friday preceding her coronation fourteen gentlemen were
+created knights of the Bath, and on the same day "the queene's good
+grace, royally apparelled, and accompanyed with my ladie the king's
+mother, and many other great estates, bothe lordes and ladies, richely
+besene, came forward to the coronacion; and, at their coming furth from
+Grenewich by water, there was attending upon her there, the maior,
+shrifes, and aldermen of the citie, and divers and many worshipfull
+comoners, chosen out of every craft, in their levereyes, in barges
+freshly furnished with banners and stremers of silke, richely beaton
+with the armes and bagges of their craftes; and, in especially, a barge
+called the bachelor's barge, garnished and apparelled passing all other;
+wherein was ordeynid a great redde dragon spowting flames of fyer into
+the Thamess, and many other gentlemanlie pagiaunts, well and curiously
+devised to do her highness sporte and pleasoure with. And her grace,
+thus royally apparelled and accompanied, and also furnished in every
+behalf with trumpettes, claryons, and other mynstrelleys as apperteynid
+and was fitting to her estate roial, came from Grenewich aforesaid, and
+landed at the Toure wharfe, and enterid into the Toure; where the king's
+highnes welcomed her in such maner and fourme as was to all the estates
+and others there being present, a very good sight, and right joyous and
+comfortable to beholde[52]."
+
+Next day she went in procession from the Tower to Westminster, dressed
+in white cloth of gold of damask, with a mantle of the same furred with
+ermine. Reclining on a litter, she wore "Her faire yelow haire hanging
+downe plaine behynd her bak, with a calle of pipes over it;" and
+confined only on the forehead by a circlet of gold, ornamented with
+precious stones. An elegant canopy of cloth of gold was borne over her
+by four knights of the body; and immediately behind her rode four
+baronesses on grey palfreys. The streets on this occasion were "clensed,
+dressed, and beseene with clothes of tapestrie and arras; and some, as
+Cheepe, hanged with rich clothe of golde, velvet, and silke; and along
+the streets, from the Toure to Powles, stode in order all the craftes of
+London in their liveries; and in divers places of the citie were
+ordeynid singing children, some arayed like angelles, and other like
+virgins, to sing swete songes as her grace passed by[53]."
+
+Similar accounts are given by Hall of the progress of Henry VIII. and
+Catherine of Arragon through the city. "The streates were railed and
+barred on the one side; from over ageynst Grace churche unto Bredstreate
+in Chepeside, where every occupacion stode in their liveries in ordre,
+beginnyng with base and meane occupacions, and so ascendyng to the
+worshipfull craftes; highest and lastly stode the maior with the
+aldermen. The goldsmithes stalles, unto the ende of the Olde Chaunge,
+beeing replenished with virgins in white, with braunches of white waxe;
+the priestes and clerkes in rich copes with crosses and censers of
+silver, censying his grace and the quene also as they passed[54]." The
+latter was borne on a litter by two white palfreys, trapped in cloth of
+gold.
+
+Anne Boleyn's progress must not be unnoticed. Like Elizabeth's, it began
+with a voyage from Greenwich, and the creation of a due number of
+knights "bathed and shryven according to the old vsuage of
+England."--"The high stretes where the queene should passe were all
+graveled from the Toure to Temple barre, and railed on the one side;
+within whiche rayle stode the craftes along in their order. And before
+the quene and her traine should come, Cornehill and Gracious Street were
+hanged with fyne scarlet, crimson and other greyned clothes, and in some
+place with rich arras, tapestry, and carpettes, and the moste part of
+the Chepe was hanged with clothe of tyssue, golde, velvet, and many
+riche hangings whyche made a goodlie shewe."
+
+Her connexion with the French court, it is to be supposed, suggested the
+appearance of "xii Frenchmen, whiche were belongyng to the Frenche
+ambassador," coming "fyrst" in her "company--in coats of blewe velvet,
+with sleves of yelowe and blewe velvet, and their horses trapped with
+close trappers of blewe sarcenet, powdered with white crosses." The
+French ambassador also rode before her.
+
+At Gracious Church street was a costly and a marveilous connyng
+pageaunt, made by the merchauntes of the Styllarde, for there was the
+Mount Penasus, with the fountayne of Helycon, which was of white marble,
+and iiii streames, without pype, did rise an elle hye and mette together
+in a litle cuppe above the fountain, which ranne abundantly Racke and
+Rennishe wyne 'til night! On the mountaine satte Apollo, and at his
+feete satte Calliope, and on every side of the mountaine satte iiii
+Muses playing on several swete instrumentes, and at their feete
+Epigrammes and Poyses were written in golden letters, with the which
+every Muse, accordyng to her propertie, praised the Quene.--"At the
+conduite in Cornhill there were thre graces set in a throne; afore whom
+was the _spryng of grace_ continually ronnyng--wine!" At the cross in
+Chepe, "Master Baker, the recorder, with lowe reverence, makyng a proper
+and briefe proposicion--gave to her, in the name of the citie, 1000
+marks of golde in a purse of golde[55]." This was the last time (we mean
+no reflection on its inhabitants,) that the Muses and Graces exhibited
+themselves on such an occasion in the city. Hereafter the zeal of
+contending religious parties in the state taught them to choose other
+emblems of their desires and anticipations.
+
+Edward VI.'s progress exhibited Valentine and Orson, "in Cheap," at due
+distance from whom stood Sapience and the Seven Liberal Sciences, who
+"declared certaine goodly speeches," for the instruction of the young
+king. Various other allegorical personages harangued him by the way; but
+the most singular spectacle was that whereby "Paul's steple laie at
+anchor," as Holinshed expresses it. An Arragosen made fast a rope to the
+battlements of St. Paul's, which was also attached to an anchor at the
+gate of the dean's house; and descended upon it in the sight of the king
+and assembled populace, to the no small gratification of both.
+
+His sister Mary was welcomed into the city by "one Peter, a Dutchman,"
+who placed himself on the weathercock of St. Paul's, holding "a streamer
+in his hand five yards long;" occasionally kneeling down on the said
+weathercock, "to the great marvell of the people," and balancing himself
+sometimes on one foot and sometimes on another.
+
+In her procession appeared "the ladie Elizabeth and the ladie Anne of
+Cleve;" the queen rode in a chariot of cloth of tissue, her sister
+following in "another chariot having a covering of cloth of
+silver."--"She sat in a gowne of purple velvet, furred with powdered
+ermins, having on her head a kall of cloth of tinsell, beeset with
+pearle and stone, and above the same, vppon her head, a round circlet of
+gold, beeset so richlie with pretius stones, that the value thereof was
+inestimable; the same kall and circle being so massie and ponderous,
+that she was faine to beare vp her head with her hand."
+
+Holinshed is very garrulous on the progress of the Virgin Queen,
+although he singularly enough omits all details of the principal parts
+of her coronation.
+
+"On Thursdaie the twelfe of Januari (1559), the queene's maiestie
+remooved from her palace at Westminster, by water, vnto the tower of
+London, the lord mayor and aldermen in their barge, and all the citizens
+with their barges decked and trimmed with targets and banners of their
+mysteries accordinglie, attending on her grace. The bachellers barge of
+the lord maior's companie, to wit, the mercers', had their barge with a
+foist trimmed with three tops, and artillerie aboord, gallantlie
+appointed to wait vpon them, shooting off lustilie as they went, with
+great and pleasant melodie of instruments, which plaied in most swete
+and heavenlie maner. Her grace shut (shot) the bridge about two of the
+clocke in the after noone, at the still of the ebbe, the lord maior and
+the rest following after her barge, attending the same, till her
+maiestie tooke lande at the privie staires at the tower wharfe."
+
+"At her entring the citie" a variety of pageants were prepared to
+express the "praiers, wishes, and welcommings" of her loving people,
+which we cannot attempt to particularize. "If a man should saie well,"
+remarks our chronicler, "he could not better terme the citie of London
+that time than a stage wherein was shewed the woonderfull spectacle of a
+noble hearted princesse toward her most loving people, and the people's
+exceeding comfort in beholding so woorthie a soveraigne, and hearing so
+princelike a voice."
+
+The Muses had, indeed, quitted "the citie"--and miserable enough are the
+ditties which Holinshed gives us from the mouth of the various children
+"who expounded the pageants:" some appropriate devices were, however,
+mixed up with much child's-play. The union of the red and white roses on
+the marriage of Henry VII. (the queen's grandfather) with Elizabeth of
+York, was commemorated by personages representing the king and queen,
+sitting with hands joined together by the ring of matrimony; "and all
+emptie places of this pageant were furnished with sentences concerning
+vnitie."--"This pageant was grounded upon the queen's name," adds our
+historian, "For like as the long warre betweene the two houses of Yorke
+and Lancaster then ended, when Elizabeth, daughter to Edward the Fourth,
+matched in marriage with Henrie the Seventh, heire to the house of
+Lancaster: so--the queene maiestie's name was Elizabeth, and for so much
+as she is the onlie heir of Henrie the Eighth, which came of both
+houses, [she was] the knitting vp of concord." The eight beatitudes
+expressed in the fifth chapter of the gospell of Saint Matthew "applied
+to our soveraigne ladie Elizabeth," were at "Soper Lane end," in Chepe:
+but the pageant presenting an English Bible to the queen was
+particularly well devised. Our readers will take the poetry as by far
+the best specimen of the productions of the day. Between two hills,
+representing a flourishing and a decayed commonwealth, "was made
+artificiallie one hollow place or cave, with doore and locke inclosed,
+out of the which, a little before the queenes' highnesse commyng
+thither, issued one personage, whose name was Time, apparalled as an old
+man, with a sieth in his hand, havinge winges artificiallie made,
+leading a personage of lesser stature than himselfe, which was finelie
+and well apparalled, all clad in white silke, and directly over her head
+was set her name and title in Latin and English, Temporis filia, the
+daughter of Time. Which two, as appointed, went forwards toward the
+south side of the pageants, and on her brest was written her proper
+name, which was Veritas, Truth, who held a book in her hand, upon the
+which was written Verbum Veritas, the Word of Truth. And out of the
+south side of the pageant was cast a standing for a child, which should
+interpret the same pageant. Against whom when the queen's maiestie came,
+he spake vnto her grace these sweet words:--
+
+  "This old man with a sieth
+    Old father Time they call,
+  And her his daughter Truth,
+    Which holdeth yonder booke:
+  Whome he out of his nooke
+    Hath brought foorth to us all,
+  From whence this manie yeares
+    She durst not once out looke.
+
+  "Now sith that Time againe
+    His daughter Truth hath brought,
+  We trust, o worthie queene,
+    Thou wilt this truth embrace,
+  And sith thou vnderstandst
+    The good estate and naught,
+  We trust wealth thou wilt plant,
+    And barrenesse displace.
+
+  "But for to heale the sore
+    And cure that is not seene;
+  Which thing the booke of truth,
+    Dooth teach in writing plaine:
+  Shee doth present to thee
+    The same, o worthie queene,
+  For that, that words doo flie,
+    But written dooth remaine."
+
+"Thus the queene's highnesse passed through the citie, which, without
+anie foreigne person, of itself beautified itselfe, and received her
+grace at all places, as hath been before mentioned, with most tender
+obedience and love, due to so gratious a queene and sovereigne a ladie."
+
+JAMES I. made the most important "progress" for himself and family that
+we have yet recorded; when, as tranquilly as ever the crown of England
+had descended from father to son, the house of Stuart succeeded that of
+Tudor on the throne of Great Britain. Nor was his journey from Edinburgh
+to London unobserved by the people. They are said to have contrasted his
+hauteur and reserve at this period with the well-remembered affability
+and popular manner of Elizabeth on such occasions; but neither does his
+coronation progress, nor that of his immediate successors, Charles I. or
+II. (with whom this usage terminated) present any new features of
+interest. The great object of the conductors of the ceremony was to
+conform to the ancient precedents; while the personal disposition of
+each of the sovereigns of this house was to retain as much of the
+demi-god as possible in these stately movements of the monarch.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 33: Being first given by Sandford to his description of this
+part of the ceremony of James II.'s coronation.]
+
+[Footnote 34: Doleman's Conferences concerning Succession, &c.]
+
+[Footnote 35: MS. Cott. Nero, c. ix. p. 172.]
+
+[Footnote 36: See his curious Speech in M. Paris, Hist. Major, 1640, p.
+197.]
+
+[Footnote 37: Hoveden, Walsingham, &c. are quoted to this effect by
+Taylor.]
+
+[Footnote 38: History of the Anglo-Saxons, b. iv. chap. 1.]
+
+[Footnote 39: Titles of Honour, p. ii. c. v. 26.]
+
+[Footnote 40: Wharton's Troubles of Archbishop Laud, p. 324.]
+
+[Footnote 41: Inserted on the union with Scotland, in 1707.]
+
+[Footnote 42: In the oath recently taken by His Majesty the latter
+members of this clause, read 'within England and Ireland, and the
+territories thereunto belonging.']
+
+[Footnote 43: Stow's Annals.]
+
+[Footnote 44: In France we read of the exaltation of king Pharamond on a
+shield, so early as the year 420; of the chairing of Gunbald, king of
+Burgundy, A.D. 500, in which that prince fell from the supporting arms
+of his subjects, nearly to the ground; and of king Pepin being elevated
+on a target in 751. (Greg. Turon. Hist. lib. vii. cap. 10. Mezeray Hist.
+de Pepin, &c.) In Navarre, the king and queen, after being anointed,
+were thrice elevated before the altar on a shield emblazoned with the
+arms of the kingdom, and upheld by six staves.]
+
+[Footnote 45: Thus in the ordo of Henry VII.'s coronation; "the
+cardinal," it is said, "sitting, shall anoynte the king,
+kneeling."--IVE'S _Papers_.]
+
+[Footnote 46: Vide Taylor's Additional Notes, p. 347, &c.]
+
+[Footnote 47: It will complete the sketch of the history of an
+institution closely connected with our subject, to observe, that George
+I. on restoring it in 1725, constituted it a regular military order of
+thirty-six companions and one grand-master, having as officers a dean,
+genealogist, king at arms, register, secretary, usher and messenger; and
+a seal, on one side of which is the figure of the king on horseback in
+complete armour, the shield azure and three imperial crowns with the
+circumscription, _Sigillum Honoratissimi Militaris Ordinis De Balneo_;
+and on the reverse the same, impaling the royal arms.
+
+The badge of the order exhibits a happy specimen of the art of moulding
+old institutions to modern purposes. It consists of a rose, thistle and
+shamrock, issuing from a sceptre surrounded by three imperial crowns,
+enclosed within the ancient motto _Tria juncta in uno_. Of pure gold
+chased and pierced, it is worn by the knight elect pendant from a red
+riband across the right shoulder. The collar is also of gold, weighing
+thirty ounces troy, and is composed of nine imperial crowns, and eight
+roses, thistles, and shamrocks, issuing from a sceptre, enamelled in
+proper colours, tied or linked together with seventeen gold knots,
+enamelled white, and having the badge of the order pendant from it. The
+star consists of three imperial crowns of gold, surrounded by the motto
+upon a circle of red, with rays issuing from the silver centre forming a
+star, and is embroidered on the left side of the upper garment.
+
+The installation dress is a surcoat of white satin, a mantle of crimson
+satin lined with white, tied at the neck with a cordon of crimson silk
+and gold, with gold tassels, and the star of the order embroidered on
+the left shoulder; a white silk hat adorned with a standing plume of
+white ostrich feathers, white leather boots, edged and heeled, spurs of
+crimson and gold, a sword in a white leather scabbard with cross hilts
+of gold. Each knight is allowed three squires, who must be gentlemen of
+blood, bearing coat armour, and who are entitled during life to all the
+privileges and exemptions enjoyed by the esquires of the sovereign's
+body, or the gentlemen of the privy chamber.
+
+We need hardly add, that both in the number of knights and the
+brilliancy of its appearance, this order maintained its full splendor at
+the coronation of the fourth sovereign of the House of Brunswick.]
+
+[Footnote 48: Johnes' Froissart, v. 12. p. 160, 1.]
+
+[Footnote 49: King Richard II.]
+
+[Footnote 50: Rot. Parl, vi. 278.]
+
+[Footnote 51: Lingard's History of England, v. iii. p. 662, 3.]
+
+[Footnote 52: Ives' Coronacion of Queene Elizabeth, p. 120.]
+
+[Footnote 53: Ives' Coronacion of Queene Elizabeth, p. 120.]
+
+[Footnote 54: Hall's Chronicle.]
+
+[Footnote 55: Hall's Chronicle, Henry VIII.]
+
+
+
+
+Sec.3. ANECDOTES OF THE ASSISTANT OFFICES OF THE CORONATION.
+
+
+The assistant offices of the coronation are, for the far greater part,
+ecclesiastical or hereditary. They are connected therefore with all the
+religious changes, and family honours of the empire. The nobility bear
+in person a part in the royal day, and approach and actually touch that
+crown, from which, as the fountain of honour, they seem to renew, and
+re-invigorate, their most ancient claims to distinction: while the
+metropolitan of the English Church enjoys the exclusive right of
+consecrating and crowning the monarch.
+
+As early as the Norman Conquest, this privilege of the see of Canterbury
+is spoken of as well-established; and but two subsequent instances occur
+of its being overlooked or denied: both remarkably associated with the
+history of the papal power in this country[56]. In the first, that of
+the coronation by the archbishop of York of prince Henry, son of Henry
+II., may be traced the incipient cause of the assassination of
+archbishop Becket, whose martyrdom became conducive to the highest
+triumphs of that power: in the second, queen Elizabeth's coronation by
+Oglethorpe, bishop of Carlisle, and the refusal of all the other
+prelates to assist in the ceremony, we behold its dying struggles for a
+dominion never more to be renewed.
+
+Mr. Lingard, who, as a Catholic, may be supposed to state these
+transactions with a sufficient leaning to his own church, as expressly
+connects the murder of Becket with a jealousy on this subject as any
+other of our historians. Henry II. had employed the known enemy of the
+archbishop, Roger of York, in the consecration of his son above alluded
+to; but the primate and the king met on friendly terms at Rouen, in the
+following month; they compromised their differences; and the former set
+out on his return to his diocese. The Pope, however, "before he heard of
+the reconciliation, had issued letters of suspension or excommunication
+against the bishops who had officiated at the late coronation." The
+archbishop had at one time resolved to suppress these letters, our
+historian admits; and surely it was now an imperative duty so to do. But
+the prelates concerned, it seems, who knew that he carried them about
+him, had assembled at Canterbury, and sent to the coast Ranulf de Broc,
+with a party of soldiers, to search him on his landing, and take them
+from him. Information of the design reached him at Witsand: and "in a
+moment of irritation," says Mr. L., "he despatched them before himself
+by a trusty messenger, by whom, or by whose means, they were publicly
+delivered to the bishops in the presence of their attendants. It was a
+precipitate and unfortunate measure, the occasion, at least, of the
+catastrophe that followed."
+
+The prelates hastened to Normandy to demand redress and protection from
+the king; who, irritated by their representation, exclaimed: "Of the
+cowards who eat my bread, is there not one, who will free me from this
+turbulent priest?" and the blood of Becket flowed a few days after in
+reply. When he asked one of his assassins, "What is thy object?" he was
+told that he must instantly absolve the bishops--"Till they offer
+satisfaction, I will not," said the primate. "Then die," exclaimed his
+murderers, and closed around him[57].
+
+The _Lord Great Chamberlain's_ office commences with carrying the king
+his shirt on the morning of the coronation, and assisting the
+chamberlain of the household to dress his majesty. Queens regnant depute
+this office to some of the ladies of the household: we are told that the
+celebrated duchess of Marlborough last enjoyed it, at the coronation of
+queen Anne.
+
+The office gives a claim to all the furniture of the royal chamber, in
+which its duties begin. The idea of our ancestors was, that the
+coronation, and particularly the consecration of a king, conferred new
+honours and talents of the most sacred and extraordinary description. He
+was now made a new man, and elevated into a new order of beings;
+
+  "Consideration, like an angel, came
+  And whipt the offending Adam out of him;
+  Leaving his body as a paradise,
+  To envelope and contain celestial spirits[58]."
+
+Hence every part of his office was new and kingly. Froissart describes
+the consecration of Henry IV. immediately after the recognition, thus:
+"after this the duke descended from his throne, and advanced to the
+altar to be consecrated. This ceremony was performed by two archbishops
+and ten bishops: he was stripped of all his royal state before the
+altar, naked to his shirt, and was then anointed and consecrated in six
+places; that is to say, on the head, the breast, the shoulders, before
+and behind, on the back and hands: they then placed a bonnet on his
+head; and while this was doing, the clergy chaunted the litany, a
+service that is performed to hallow a font[59]." The lord chamberlain is
+official governor of the palace for the time being, and the principal
+personal attendant of the king.
+
+The _Lord High Constable_ also attends the royal person, assists at the
+reception of the regalia from the dean and chapter of Westminster, and,
+together with the earl Marshal, ushers the champion into the hall.
+
+
+_Of the Royal Championship._
+
+Whether we consider its uninterrupted exercise, and that by one family,
+for so many centuries, its feudal import, or its present splendid and
+imposing effect, the office of champion certainly eclipses all the other
+services of the coronation.
+
+Since the coronation of Richard II. A.D. 1377, (of which there is in
+Walsingham a detailed account) this office has been performed by a
+Dymoke, the head of the family of that name who have held the manor of
+Scrivelsby in Lincolnshire, worth about L1200 per annum, by the tenure
+of this service. During the reigns of Edward II. and III. the right was
+in dispute: prior to that period and from the days of the Conqueror it
+was vested in the far-famed family of MARMION, whose chief, as
+
+  "----Lord of Fontenay,
+  Of Lutterworth and Scrivilbaye,
+  Of Tamworth tower and town,"
+
+came from Normandy with William, and is there supposed to have held the
+first of these possessions, on condition of performing the service of
+champion to the successive dukes.
+
+At the conquest the feudal system was established in England in its
+maturest and strictest forms; and the present office being the most
+perfect relic of that system known to modern times, a slight sketch of
+its peculiarities will not be uninteresting.
+
+The foundation of all the subsequent customs of homage, suit, service,
+purveyance, &c. is to be traced in the original connexion between the
+vassal and his lord, or the chief and his retainers, which Tacitus
+notices as remarkable in ancient Germany. According to this, every
+follower was to be found fighting by the side of his chief in time of
+war, as the very first duty of social life--and in time of peace to look
+up to him as the only legitimate fountain of honour and justice.
+
+Certain it is, that this relation was, in substance, as well known and
+supported by our Anglo-Saxon ancestors, before the accession of William,
+as it was by our Highland neighbours, down to the rebellion in 1745. A
+striking instance of the romantic and desperate courage to which it gave
+rise occurs as early as the reign of Cynewulf, king of Wessex, A.D. 784.
+Sigebircht, the deposed predecessor of this prince, was, in the first
+year of his rival's reign, found murdered in the forest of Andreswald:
+but left a brother, of the name of Cyneheard, who cherished for
+thirty-one years the secret purpose of avenging his death. At last he
+returned, with eighty-four retainers, into the neighbourhood of
+Winchester, the royal residence; and, tracing the king to a country
+seat at Merton, the abode of a favourite lady, surrounded the house at
+midnight. Cynewulf was quickly roused; but his followers were scattered
+throughout the place, and could not be collected until, after a brave
+personal conflict with the enemy, the king's life-blood had satiated his
+vengeance. Cyneheard now offered the royal train their liberty and
+possessions, on condition of their peaceable departure; but they
+rejected his proposals with scorn, and to a man died on the threshold of
+their master. On the intelligence reaching the court, in the morning,
+Osric and Wavirth, two powerful chieftains, surrounded themselves with
+their vassals, and rode to Merton, where they were met by Cyneheard,
+with professions of friendship. He called their attention to the
+injuries of his family, the duty of avenging which had devolved upon
+himself; urged his claim to the vacant throne; made them the most
+liberal offers, in case of their acknowledgment of him; and concluded by
+reminding them, that many of his adherents were their own near kinsmen.
+"Our kinsmen," they indignantly answered, "are not dearer to us than was
+our lord. To his murderer we shall never submit. If those who are
+related to us wish to save their lives, let them depart." "The same
+offer," rejoined the followers of Cyneheard, "was made to the attendants
+of the king, who refused it. We will prove to-day that our attachment is
+equal to theirs:" and Cyneheard, and all his adherents except one, were
+slain[60].
+
+But the Conqueror, owing his crown to the sword, more strictly adapted
+the system which he found in use to his own military notions and future
+safety. Having divided all the principal estates of the country amongst
+his vassals, he converted the English military tenures into a regular
+obligation, called knights' fees, which compelled each tenant in chief
+to have a certain number of knights, or horsemen, always ready to assert
+the rights of the crown, and to fight under its banner, in any cause,
+"We will," says a law on this subject, yet extant, "that _all_ the
+freemen of our kingdom possess their lands in peace, free of all
+tollage and unjust exaction: that nothing be required or taken from them
+but their free service, which they owe to us of right, as has been
+appointed to them, and granted by us with hereditary right for ever, by
+the common council of our whole kingdom." "And we command that all
+earls, barons, knights, serjeants, and freemen, be always provided with
+horses and arms as they ought; and that they be always ready to perform
+to us their whole service, in manner as they owe it to us of right, for
+their fees and tenements, and as we have appointed to them by the common
+council of our whole kingdom, and as we have granted to them in fee a
+right of inheritance[61]." This free service required the due quota of
+horsemen, which each vassal was to furnish, to come, completely armed,
+on his requisition, and to be maintained under the royal command, at the
+charge of the party sending them, for forty days. Even the dignitaries
+of the church, and monastic bodies holding lands, were not exempt from
+this service.
+
+Each tenant in chief subdivided his property into sub-vassalships,
+imposing a similar service, and carrying downwards all the obligations
+of homage, fealty, and personal attendance on all important occasions.
+
+Out of such a system, that a favoured vassal should be selected to
+assert the personal right of the monarch to his throne, will appear very
+natural: it is only surprising that the violence and constant habit of
+appealing to the sword, in which this with the other feudal claims
+originated, should have left it to flow on in such an uninterrupted
+course--a course of succession far more regular than the transmission of
+the crown it is supposed to defend.
+
+The championship is connected also with a remarkable feature of ancient
+jurisprudence, the wager of battle, recently abolished. This was
+regarded as an appeal to the judgment of _God_; and succeeded, at the
+Conquest, the fires and other ordeals of our ancestors, which the
+Normans affected to despise. The reader, however, may be disposed to
+conjecture, that as much of the divine interposition might be expected
+to decide the healing of a burn or scald, as the issue of a battle. The
+older custom was for the accused to plunge his hand into a cauldron of
+boiling water, and take out a stone or piece of iron of a given weight;
+the depth of the vessel being proportionate to the magnitude of the
+crime charged: or for him to seize, at the end of a religious service, a
+bar of iron placed on a fire at the beginning of the service, and run
+over a certain length of ground with it: the method in which the wounds
+healed, in either case, being the criterion of guilt or innocence.
+
+The wager of battle was certainly of more splendid pretensions, and was
+introduced at first with these stipulations. If the opposite parties
+were countrymen, they were to follow their national customs, whatever
+they were; if the appellee were a foreigner, or of foreign descent, he
+might offer wager of battle, and on its being declined, purge himself by
+his own oath and that of his witnesses, according to the Norman law; or
+if a native of the country, he might have his choice of the trial by
+ordeal or by battle.
+
+The solemn feelings and great religious sincerity with which our
+forefathers regarded combats of this description, cannot be more
+powerfully or more accurately depicted, than in the memorable combat
+scene of IVANHOE:--
+
+"The draw-bridge fell, the gates opened, and a knight, bearing the great
+standard of the order, sallied from the castle, preceded by six
+trumpets, and followed by the knights preceptors, two and two, the grand
+master coming last, mounted on a stately horse, whose furniture was of
+the simplest kind. Behind him came Brian de Bois Guilbert, armed
+cap-a-pee in bright armour, but without his lance, shield, or sword,
+which were borne by his two esquires behind him.--He looked ghastly
+pale, as if he had not slept for several nights, yet reined in his
+pawing war-horse with the habitual ease and grace proper to the best
+lance of the Order of the Temple. His general appearance was grand and
+commanding; but looking at him with attention, men read that in his dark
+features from which we willingly withdraw our eyes.
+
+"On either side rode Conrade of Mont Fitchet and Albert de Malvoisin,
+who acted as godfathers to the champion. They were in their robes of
+peace, the white dress of the order. Behind them followed other knights
+companions of the Temple, with a long train of esquires and pages, clad
+in black, aspirants to the honour of being one day knights of the
+order."
+
+After these walked the accused in a coarse white dress, surrounded by
+wardens in sable livery.
+
+"The slow procession moved up the gentle eminence, on the summit of
+which was the tilt-yard, and entering the lists, marched once around
+them from right to left, and when they had completed the circle made a
+halt. There was then a momentary bustle while the grand-master and his
+attendants" took their places: when "a long and loud flourish of
+trumpets announced that the court was seated for judgment. Malvoisin,
+then acting as godfather to the champion, stepped forward and laid the
+glove of the Jewess, which was the pledge of battle, at the feet of the
+grand-master.
+
+"Valourous lord and reverend father," said he, "here standeth the good
+knight Brian de Bois Guilbert, knight preceptor of the Order of the
+Temple, who by accepting the pledge of battle which I now lay at your
+reverence's feet, hath become bound to do his devoir in combat this day,
+to maintain that this Jewish maiden, by name Rebecca, hath justly
+deserved the doom passed upon her--condemning her to die as a sorceress.
+Here, I say, he standeth such battle to do knightly and honourably, if
+such should be your noble and sanctified pleasure."
+
+"Hath he made oath," said the grand-master, "that his quarrel is just
+and honourable? Bring forward the crucifix and the _Te igitur_."
+
+"Sir and most reverend father," answered Malvoisin readily, "our brother
+here present hath already sworn to the truth of his accusation, in the
+hand of the good knight Conrade de Mont Fitchet, and otherwise he ought
+not to be sworn, seeing his adversary is an unbeliever and may take no
+oath."
+
+"The grand-master having allowed the apology, commanded the herald to
+stand forth and do his devoir. The trumpets then flourished, and a
+herald stepping forward, proclaimed aloud, "Oyez, oyez, oyez. Here
+standeth the good knight Sir Brian de Bois Guilbert, ready to do battle
+with any knight of free blood who will sustain the quarrel allowed and
+allotted to the Jewess Rebecca, to try by champion in respect of lawful
+essoigne of her own body; and to such champion the reverend and valorous
+grand-master here present allows a fair field, an equal partition of sun
+and wind, and whatever else appertains to a fair combat." The trumpets
+again sounded, and there was a dead pause of many minutes.--
+
+"The judges had now been two hours in the lists, awaiting in vain the
+appearance of a champion.
+
+"It was the general belief, that no one could or would appear for a
+Jewess accused of sorcery, and the knights, instigated by Malvoisin,
+whispered to each other, that it was time to declare the pledge of
+Rebecca forfeited. At this instant a knight, urging his horse to speed,
+appeared on the plain, advancing towards the lists. An hundred voices
+exclaimed, 'A champion,' 'a champion!' And, despite the prepossession
+and prejudices of the multitude, they shouted unanimously as the knight
+rode into the tilt-yard. The second glance, however, served to destroy
+the hope that his timely arrival had excited. His horse, urged for many
+miles to its utmost speed, appeared to reel from fatigue, and the rider,
+however undauntedly he presented himself to the lists, either from
+weakness, weariness, or both, seemed scarce able to support himself in
+the saddle.
+
+"To the summons of the herald who demanded his rank, his name and
+purpose, the strange knight answered readily and boldly, 'I am a good
+knight and noble, come hither to sustain with lance and sword the just
+and lawful quarrel of this damsel, Rebecca, daughter of Isaac of York;
+to uphold the doom pronounced against her to be false, and truthless,
+and to defy Sir Brian de Bois Guilbert as a traitor, murtherer, and
+liar; as I will prove in this field with my body against his, by the aid
+of God, our Lady, and of Monseigneur Saint George, the good knight.'
+
+"The stranger must first show," said Malvoisin, "that he is a good
+knight, and of honourable lineage. The Temple sendeth not forth her
+champion against nameless men."
+
+"My name," said the knight, raising his helmet, "is better known, my
+lineage more pure, Malvoisin, than thine own. I am Wilfrid of
+Ivanhoe."--"Rebecca", said he, riding up to the fatal chair, "dost thou
+accept of me for thy champion?"
+
+"I do," she said, "I do!" fluttered by an emotion which the fear of
+death was unable to produce.
+
+--"Ivanhoe was already at his post, and had closed his visor, and
+assumed his lance. Bois Guilbert did the same.
+
+--"The herald then, seeing each champion in his place, uplifted his
+voice, repeating thrice, _Faites vos devoirs, preux chevaliers_. After
+the third cry, he withdrew to one side of the lists, and again
+proclaimed, that none on peril of instant death should dare by word,
+cry, or action, to interfere with, or disturb this fair field of combat.
+The grand-master, who held in his hand the gage of battle, Rebecca's
+glove, now threw it into the lists, and pronounced the fatal signal
+words, _Laissez aller_. The trumpets sounded, and the knights charged
+each other in full career."
+
+The result arising out of the peculiar situation of one of the
+combatants toward Rebecca, was his almost immediate death: but, seeing
+him fall, Wilfrid assumed the rights of a victor, and "placing his foot
+on his breast, and the sword point to his throat, commanded him to yield
+or die on the spot. Bois Guilbert returned no answer.
+
+"Slay him not, sir knight," said the grand-master, "unshriven and
+unabsolved--kill not body and soul. We allow him vanquished."--"This is
+indeed the judgment of God," said he, looking upwards--"_Fiat voluntas
+tua_[62]!"
+
+But Froissart records a most curious instance of the motives that were
+sometimes assigned for "a deed of arms" of this description.
+
+Shortly after Henry IV. had ascended the throne of our feeble Richard
+II. Louis duke of Orleans sent him a letter of the following tenor.
+
+"I Louis, by the grace of God, son and brother to the kings of France,
+duke of Orleans, write and make known to you, that with the aid of God
+and the blessed Trinity, in the desire which I have to gain renown, and
+which you in like manner should feel, considering _idleness_ as the bane
+of lords of high birth which do not employ themselves in arms, and
+thinking I can no way better seek renown than by proposing to you to
+meet me at an appointed place, each of us accompanied with one hundred
+knights and esquires, of name and arms without reproach, there to combat
+together until one of the parties shall surrender; and he to whom God
+shall grant the victory, shall do with his prisoners as it may please
+him. We will not employ any incantations that are forbidden by the
+church, but make every use of the bodily strength granted us by God,
+having armour as may be most agreeable to every one for the security of
+his person, and with the usual arms; that is to say, lance, battle-axe,
+sword and dagger, and each to employ them as he shall think most to his
+advantage, without aiding himself by any bodkins, hooks, bearded darts,
+poisoned needles, or razors, as may be done by persons unless they be
+positively ordered to the contrary."
+
+He then states, that "under the good pleasure of our Lady and my lord
+St. Michael" he will wait the answer of the king at Angouleme: and
+concludes,
+
+"Most potent and noble prince, let me know your will in regard to this
+proposal, and have the goodness to send me as speedy an answer as may
+be; for in all affairs of arms, the shortest determination is the best,
+especially for the kings of France, and great lords and princes; and as
+many delays may arise from business of importance, which must be
+attended to, as well as doubts respecting the veracity of our letters,
+that you may know I am resolved, with God's help, on the accomplishment
+of this deed of arms, I have signed this letter with my own hand, and
+sealed it with my seal of arms. Written at my castle of Coucy, the 7th
+of August, 1402."
+
+Henry replied to this curious challenge, by expressing his surprise at
+such an invitation from a sworn friend and ally.--"With regard to what
+you say, that we ought to accept your proposal to avoid idleness," he
+adds, "it is true we are not so much employed in arms and honourable
+exploits as our noble predecessors have been; but the all-powerful God
+may, when he pleases, make us follow their steps, and we through the
+indulgence of his graces have not been so idle, but that we have been
+able to defend our honour." He declines the meeting, at that time,
+principally on account of the inequality of rank between the
+parties,--but intimates that he shall be ready to afford all proper
+satisfaction to his challenger on his next visit to the continent. This
+affair ended in a mere war of words; but the real motive of Louis was
+subsequently avowed by him to be the revenging on Henry what he had
+"done against king Richard," the son-in-law of the king of France. "With
+regard to your high station," he smartly says, "I do not think the
+divine virtues have placed you there. God may have dissembled with you,
+and have set you on a throne, like many other princes, whose reign has
+ended in confusion; but in consideration of my own honour I do not wish
+to be compared with you."
+
+An _Inquisitio post mortem_, dated in the 7th of Edward III., speaks of
+the tenure of the manor appertaining to the royal champion as follows:
+"That the manor of Scrivelsby is holden by grand sergeanty, to wit by
+the service of finding, on the day of coronation, an armed knight, who
+shall prove by his body, _if need be_, that the king is true and
+rightful heir to the kingdom."
+
+It is remarkable that this important document neither prescribes the
+absolute appearance of the lord of the manor as knight, but only that
+he is bound to '_find_ an armed knight' if required; nor does it
+describe the office as hereditary. With regard to the latter point, it
+would seem that possession is the entire law of the case, and we suppose
+the office would pass with the property by sale: with respect to the
+former, the honour seems to have called forth the valour of every
+successive lord, and princes have seldom imagined that their subjects
+can in such a cause overstep their duty.
+
+Anciently, the champion rode with the royal procession from the Hall to
+the Abbey, and proclaimed the challenge on his way, as well as at the
+feast: some instances have occurred of its being repeated also in the
+city, as at the coronation of Henry IV. At his predecessors coronation
+it is remarked by Walsingham, that sir John Dimmock, being armed
+according to custom, came to the door of the Abbey with his attendants
+before the service was concluded: and that the earl marshal of the day
+went out to him and said, he should not have made his appearance so
+soon.
+
+The fate of our recent and future champions has become of late duly
+regarded by law. To challenge all who should dispute the pretensions of
+the king is rightly enough a post of honour; to accept the challenge
+would always, we know, have been still more bold; but an act of
+parliament passed during the regency (59 Geo. III. cap. 46.) abolishes
+altogether the trial and actual battle; so that the champion's lands,
+after being held with manifest peril for centuries, have at last become
+a peaceable possession; and all dispute respecting the crown is of
+course as fully disposed of. It no longer rests on the valour of a
+single arm--not even on that of a Marmion, or a Dymoke.
+
+There was another office, that of the _Lord High Steward_ of England, to
+which in former times much authority was attached. He possessed a kind
+of vice-regal power on the demise of the crown and until the coronation
+of the rightful heir, and was a governor of the kingdom immediately
+under the reigning monarch, so as to be able to control or remove the
+judicial servants of the crown, at any time. What was once the
+importance of this office is still indicated by the temporary
+guardianship of St. Edward's crown being committed to an officer bearing
+this title on the day of the coronation, and his honourable place of
+walking immediately before the king in procession. The Earls of
+Leicester once enjoyed this great dignity hereditarily; through them it
+descended to the De Montford family, until, on the attainder of the last
+Earl, it was granted by Henry III. to his younger son Edmund, by whom it
+became transmitted to John of Gaunt, and eventually to Henry IV. while
+Duke of Lancaster; since which period it has been prudently suffered to
+merge in the crown.
+
+The _Court of Claims_ takes its origin from the ancient prerogatives of
+the Lord High Steward, who sat judicially in the Whitehall of the king's
+palace, at Westminster, to receive the applications and decide upon the
+claims of all those who held lands on the tenure of performing some
+personal service at the coronation. It is a court, in fact, exercising
+this part of his ancient office by commission. These services had the
+name of _magnum servitium_, or grand sergeanty, as being attached to the
+person of the king, and involve the honour of knighthood in all cases;
+no person under the rank of a knight, nor a minor or female tenant,
+being allowed to perform them.
+
+Numerous offices occur in the list of claims, to which our limits will
+not allow us to pay attention. Toward him who is "every inch a king"
+every sort of service is supposed to confer honour; and many
+comparatively trivial duties have been long connected with the more
+substantial rights of property. The preceding offices require no
+recognition of the Court of Claims for their exercise; but those which
+follow are to be substantiated before this tribunal at each successive
+coronation.
+
+The hereditary _Grand Almoner_ of England is an honour attached to the
+barony of Bedford. Its duties are to collect and distribute certain
+monies at the coronation from a silver dish; which the Almoner claims
+for his fee, together with all the cloth on which the king walks in
+procession from the door of the hall at Westminster to the Abbey church.
+
+The _Chief Butlership_ is traced by authentic records into the hands of
+William de Albini, who came to England with William the Conqueror, and
+has been exercised by some of the noblest families in the country since.
+It is now an hereditary right of the Duke of Norfolk as Earl of Arundel,
+and entitles the possessor to the best gold cup and cover, with all the
+vessels and wine remaining under the bar, and all the pots and cups,
+except those of gold and silver, which shall be in the wine cellar after
+dinner.
+
+In the remote periods of our history, when the assassination of princes
+was practised by various arts, a faithful guardian of the royal cup
+might well be esteemed an acquisition to the court. A "chief butler" was
+one of the most ancient attendants on royalty, we know from Scripture
+history, and, according to the same details, was instrumental in
+bringing about that singular revolution in the court of Egypt[63],
+which resulted in planting the Jews there, for the accomplishment of
+some of the most extraordinary purposes of God. The same kind of office
+seems to have been held by the Jewish chieftain Nehemiah in the court of
+Persia, and to have given him considerable influence in accelerating the
+return of his countrymen from their captivity in Babylon[64].
+
+The _Dapifer_ or _Sewer_, who, "in his surcote, with tabard, sleeves,
+and a hoode about his neck, and his towell above all, served the
+messes," or arranged the dishes on the table of the coronation feast of
+Elizabeth, Henry VII.'s queen, is an ancient worthy of the royal day,
+whose office has become extinct. If the dishes are not become more
+tractable, or the royal observation less nice, royal feasting has
+become, perhaps, less rare in modern times, and this kind of skill,
+therefore, more common.
+
+The _Grand Carver--Grand Panniter_, or provider of bread, and the Royal
+_Napier_, are offices that have also become extinct, while good carving
+and good living have been still found at the royal table; and while the
+_Chief Cupbearer_ has retained his office and the possession of the
+manor of Great Wimondley, in Hertfordshire, as his reward.
+
+The _Chief Lardiner_ is also still entitled to notice, as having the
+care and management of the royal larder, and being duly careful of "the
+remainder of beef, mutton, venison, kids, lard, and other flesh; as also
+the fish, salt, &c. remaining in the larder," which fall to his share of
+the feast. This office has been attached to the manor of Scoulton, in
+Norfolk, from the reign of Henry II.
+
+Nor should we omit to notice that the Lord Mayor and Citizens of London
+claim a snug "seat next the cupboard, on the left side of the hall," in
+virtue of their right to assist the Chief Butler in his duties at the
+coronation feast; or that his lordship serves the king after dinner with
+wine in a gold cup, having the cup and its cover for a fee. It is
+remarkable that the city claims a right to perform the same service, and
+to receive a similar fee, at the coronation of our queens: but as this
+escaped Her Majesty's law officers in the late argument for her
+coronation, we will not suppose it had any connexion with the strong
+desire for that event at the Mansion House. The mayor, bailiffs, and
+commonalty of Oxford also claim to assist in the office of butlery, and
+receive the humbler reward of three maple cups.
+
+With other presents--of grout or gruel, maple cups and napkins, _to_ the
+king, gentle reader, we will suppose thou hast of late been sufficiently
+acquainted; but the conspicuous duty of the Barons of the Cinque Ports
+must not pass unnoticed.
+
+These ports claim to furnish sixteen supporters of the royal canopy, in
+the following proportion, _i.e._--Hastings, 3; Dover, 2; Hithe, 2; Rye,
+2; Sandwich, 3; Rumney, 2; Winchelsea, 2. It is called in an account of
+the coronation of Richard I. "a silk _umbraculum_, borne on four
+lances:" but is now generally composed of cloth of gold, having a gilt
+silver bell at each of the four corners, which are supported by four
+staves of silver. The origin of this claim is involved in such remote
+antiquity, that a charter of Charles II. speaks of "the time of the
+contrary being never remembered to have been." We have seen that a
+crown, ascribed to the days of King Alfred, bore a couple of bells on
+its sides. These accompaniments of royal and pontifical dignity, appear
+to be of Eastern origin; but the modern application of them is curiously
+contrasted with the ancient design. At the doors of the tents or houses
+of grandees a bell or sonorous body was generally placed, that
+applicants for admission might announce _their_ desires[65]: thus the
+Jewish High Priest wore bells round the lower border of his sacerdotal
+garments, "that his sound might be heard" on approaching the presence of
+God. It was clearly designed to indicate an application for the audience
+of a superior: but in the roar of cannon, the clatter of church bells,
+and the warm gratulations of such a people as received His Majesty on a
+late occasion, _what_ tidings of any kind could the feeble bells of the
+canopy convey?
+
+We shall notice but one other claim, that of the lord of the Isle of Man
+to present the king with the interesting present of two falcons on the
+day of his coronation. "Hawks and falcons were favourite subjects of
+amusement, and valuable presents in those days," says Mr. Turner[66],
+"when the country being much over-run with wood, all species of the
+feathered race must have abounded. A king of Kent begged of a friend
+abroad two falcons of such skill and courage as to attack cranes
+willingly, and seizing them to throw them on the ground. An Anglo-Saxon,
+by his will, gives two hawks (hafocas), and all his stag-hounds (head or
+hundas) to his natural lord." And similarly to this claim of the king on
+the lord of Man, "Ethelstan," according to this writer, "made North
+Wales furnish him with as many dogs as he chose, whose scent-pursuing
+noses might explore the haunts and coverts of the deer; he also exacted
+_birds_ 'who knew how to hunt others along the atmosphere[67].'"
+
+The Isle of Man was given in the reign of Henry IV. to the
+Northumberland family; on the forfeiture of that earldom Sir John
+Stanley became possessed of it, on the present tenure of presenting the
+kings of England with two falcons on the day of their coronation; and
+although the sovereignty was purchased from the Duke of Athol by the
+crown during the late king's reign, that nobleman still holds his
+manorial rights by the performance of this duty.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 56: There have been instances in which the see having been
+vacant, and the archbishop suspended or abroad, other prelates have
+officiated: but the right of the metropolitan see seems to have been
+still preserved.]
+
+[Footnote 57: Lingard's History of England, vol. ii. p. 88, 89.]
+
+[Footnote 58: Henry V. p. i.]
+
+[Footnote 59: Johnes' Froissart, v. 12. p. 162.]
+
+[Footnote 60: Chron. Sax. 57, 63; Malmsbury, &c.]
+
+[Footnote 61: Wilk. Leg. 217, 228.]
+
+[Footnote 62: Ivanhoe, v. iii. p. 328-345.]
+
+[Footnote 63: Gen. xli. 9.]
+
+[Footnote 64: Neh. i. 11.]
+
+[Footnote 65: Clarke's Bible, Part ii. Exod.]
+
+[Footnote 66: Hist. Anglo-Saxons, v. ii, p. 79.]
+
+[Footnote 67: Malmsb. lib. iii. p. 80.]
+
+
+
+
+Sec. 4. ANECDOTES OF THE ACTUAL CEREMONIES OF THE CORONATION,
+
+CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED.
+
+
+Although the ceremonies of the royal investiture form a _spectacle_ for
+the eye of the passing age, rather than a subject of historical record,
+presenting any thing characteristic of our monarchs, traces of the "form
+and body of the time" have occasionally been left by them on the page of
+history, which it is now our design to present to the reader.
+
+The chief of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of the octarchy at the close of
+the eighth century was Mercia; and hither we find Pope Adrian, the
+friend and favourite of Charlemagne, sending two legates to enforce a
+new code of ecclesiastical laws, as early as A.D. 785. A synod was held
+in Northumbria, and another in Mercia, to receive them; but while the
+former kingdom first embraced Christianity[68], in the latter were
+first exhibited, at this time, the solemn rites of an ecclesiastical
+consecration in the person of EGFURTH, the son of Offa, who was
+"hallowed to king," in the presence of his father, then reigning. This
+phrase of the Saxon Chronicle describes all that is now known of the
+mode of this early coronation; but prince Egfurth seems, in virtue of
+it, to have reigned conjointly with his father afterwards. It is
+remarkable that, although the Archbishop of Canterbury soon obtained the
+entire ecclesiastical precedence in the coronation of our kings[69], at
+this same synod of Calcuith, (Chelsey, Bucks,) it was decided that a
+metropolitan see should be established amongst the Mercians, taking from
+that of Canterbury all the territory between the Thames and the Humber;
+and that Adrian accordingly sent the pallium of archiepiscopal dignity
+to Adulph, Bishop of Lichfield. Charlemagne, who called himself in
+letters produced at this synod, "the most powerful of the kings of the
+east," gives to Offa the sounding title of "the most powerful of the
+kings of the west[70]." Egfurth, it would seem, was not again crowned on
+his accession to the entire regal authority.
+
+There is one instance of a Northumbrian coronation, in the stormy close
+of that dynasty, _i.e._, that of EARDULF, A.D. 795. This prince had a
+singular escape from the hands of Ethelred, his predecessor, by whom he
+was brought to the church door of Rippon, in Yorkshire, and as the
+monarch and the spectators thought, put to death. The body was carried
+into the choir by the monks; who, in chanting the funeral service,
+perceived it to breathe, dressed his wounds, and carefully preserved
+their future sovereign in their monastery. He was consecrated and
+assisted to the throne by AEanbald, Archbishop of York, and two other
+prelates.
+
+A consecration of ALFRED the Great, which is by many writers regarded as
+"regal," took place at Rome, A.D. 754, when that prince was but five
+years of age; and was performed by Pope Leo IV. at the request of his
+father. Mr. Turner supposes that AEthelwulf thus intended to designate
+him for his heir in preference to his elder brothers: and Mr. Lingard,
+that it was to secure his succession to the crown _after_ his brothers,
+to the exclusion of their children; a conjecture that is strongly
+supported by the subsequent arrangements of the will of AEthelwulf, by
+which the minor kingdom of Kent was left to his second son, Ethelbert;
+and the kingdom of Wessex to Ethelbald, Ethelred, and Alfred, in order
+of seniority. "If there be room here for conjecture, I rather think,"
+says Selden, "that as the unction used in the baptism of king Clovis was
+among the French made also by tradition to be an anointing him for king,
+so here the use of chrisme in confirmation (for it appears that at the
+same time Pope Leo confirmed king Alured,) was afterward, by mistaking,
+accounted for the royal unction[71]."
+
+Malmsbury says expressly that the pope gave him "the regal unction _and_
+the crown;" and Robert of Gloucester
+
+  --Pope Leon h[.y]m blessede þe he þuder com,
+  And þe k[.y]nges crowne of þ[.y]s lond.--
+
+It is also to be observed that no one of his brothers, Ethelbert,
+Ethelbald, or Ethelred, seem to have received a regal consecration, and
+that we do not read of a repetition of that ceremony when Alfred himself
+was crowned at Winchester;--and here we leave the solution of the
+meaning of this ceremony to the reader.
+
+Our next is an instance of female coronation. AEthelwulf, devotedly
+attached to the church, and fitted more for the cowl than the crowns she
+was now in the habit of bestowing, espoused, on his return from a
+pilgrimage to Rome, JUDITH, the daughter of Charles the Bold--and at the
+close of the marriage ceremony caused her to be crowned and anointed by
+the archbishop of Rheims. A regal seat was prepared for her by his side,
+and she received the new or disused title of Queen. This was in the year
+856. To his people the marriage seems to have been as distasteful as it
+was in itself unnatural; the lady not having reached her 12th year, and
+the king being advanced in age; but the "royal makings of a queen," with
+which she was honoured, are said to have excited their particular
+displeasure. Whether this arose, as is probable, from the consecration
+of a female to the royal dignity being wholly unprecedented at the court
+of Wessex, from some apprehension on the part of his subjects that the
+king designed to transfer their allegiance to a female at his death, or
+from disgust at the recent conduct of Eadburga, who had poisoned her
+husband king Brichtric, must at this period be matter of pure
+conjecture. Clear, however, it is that some of our most respectable
+historians must be mistaken respecting the crime of Eadburga, causing
+the honour of a coronation to be "_taken from_[72]" the Saxon queens. We
+have no instance of a female coronation in England until so late as the
+year 978, in the reign of Ethelred II.[73]: that of Judith, therefore,
+was no revival of a discontinued custom. But a degradation of the
+consorts of the kings of Wessex in regard to the _title_ of queen, and
+the right to sit in equal dignity with the king upon a throne, in
+consequence of the crime of Eadburga, is, perhaps, sufficiently
+established. Mr. Lingard, whose accuracy as an historian is entitled to
+the highest praise, adverts to this circumstance in the following
+summary of the honours of an Anglo-Saxon queen. "The consort of the
+c[.y]ning was originally known by the appellation of "queen," and shared,
+in common with her husband, the splendour of royalty. But of this
+distinction she was deprived by the crime of Eadburga, the daughter of
+Offa, who had administered poison to her husband Brichtric, the king of
+Wessex. In the paroxysm of their indignation the witan punished the
+unoffending wives of their future monarchs by abolishing, with the title
+of queen, all the appendages of female royalty. AEthelwulf, in his old
+age, ventured to despise the prejudices of his subjects. His young
+consort Judith was crowned in France, and was permitted to seat herself
+by his side on the throne. But during several subsequent reigns no other
+king imitated his example: and the latest of the Anglo-Saxon queens,
+though they had been solemnly crowned, generally contented themselves
+with the modest appellation of "the lady[74].""
+
+After king "Alfride," saith Peter Langtoft--
+
+                    Kam EDWARD the olde,
+  Faire man he was and wis, stalworth and bolde.
+
+He was distinguished for those successful inroads on the Danish
+possessions in Britain which resulted in the entire dominion of England
+being united under the sceptre of his successors.
+
+On the same authority we learn that he "toke the croun at Saynt
+Poule's," London: if by this his coronation is intended, Stow and Speed
+contradict the poet, assigning this honour to the town of
+Kingston-upon-Thames. But the proclamation of the monarch in London may
+be the meaning of the old chronicler.
+
+ETHELSTAN, the first monarch of England, was crowned at Kingston, (id
+est, villa regia, says an early writer), "according to the ancient
+laws," A.D. 924, by Athelm, archbishop of Canterbury. On this occasion,
+as we have before noticed, a high scaffolding was erected in the
+market-place of that borough, for the better exhibition of the prince
+and of the ceremonies to the people.
+
+The coronations of EDMUND I. and EDRED, his brothers, (both of which
+took place at Kingston,) present nothing remarkable to our notice.
+
+But that of EDWY, the eldest son of Edmund, was distinguished for a
+remarkable outrage on the person of the king. The popular account of
+this affair is, that the young prince had espoused a beautiful young
+lady of the royal blood, Elgiva, who was pronounced by the monks to be
+within the canonical degrees of affinity. Before his accession,
+therefore, she had been a source of dispute between the dignified
+ecclesiastics and the king. On the coronation-day he did not obtrude her
+claims upon the people; nor, on the contrary, would he forego his
+private comforts in her society. When the barons were indulging
+themselves in the pleasures of the feast, Edwy retired to his domestic
+apartments, and in the company of Elgiva and her mother, laid aside his
+crown and regal state. Dunstan, the aspiring abbot of Glastonbury,
+surmised the cause of his retreat; and taking with him his creature Odo,
+the nominal primate, penetrated into the interior of the palace,
+upbraided the prince with this untimely indulgence of his passions, and
+after branding his consort with the most opprobrious name of woman,
+brought him back with considerable personal violence into the hall[75].
+Mr. Turner, our able Anglo-Saxon historian, regards the transaction as a
+bold attempt of Dunstan to subdue the regal power to his ambition. He
+represents the nobility as evincing some displeasure at the king's early
+departure, and the anxiety of Odo to communicate the state of their
+minds to Edwy. That the persons he first addressed excused themselves
+from undertaking this errand: and the commission devolved by a sort of
+general wish on Dunstan and Cynesius, a bishop, his relative. "But with
+the delivery of the message," he observes, "his commission must have
+terminated; and on the king's refusal [if he did refuse] it was his duty
+to have retired. As an ecclesiastic, he should not have compelled him to
+a scene of inebriety; as a subject, it was treasonable to offer violence
+to his prince[76]."
+
+The latest, and not least able of our English historians, however, would
+place these events in a different light. He insists, somewhat in the
+spirit of the monkish writers, on this amour being highly disgraceful
+to the king; and while he represents it as "the scandal of the age"
+(whose sources, in the king's disputes with the ecclesiastics, Mr.
+Lingard in any other instance would have readily traced,) he states it
+as not altogether incredible that both Ethelgiva, the mother, and her
+daughter, whom he does not name, had sacrificed their honour to the
+equivocal ambition of _one_ of them becoming queen. The nobles, he adds,
+accompanied their demand for the king's return with an injunction in the
+name of the whole assembly, for Ethelgiva to leave the court. The rest
+of his account does not materially differ from that of former
+historians. But with all the unfeigned respect for his impartiality,
+with which the perusal of this writer's volumes has inspired us, we
+cannot hold him successful in this attempt to disengage the character of
+Dunstan and his associates from the imputation of great indecorum.
+
+Were the lady the king's mistress and not his wife, was a dignified
+ecclesiastic justified in following him into her apartments? and had
+the amour been ever so unbecoming, was this a species of conduct likely
+to detach him from it? But the story of the wife and daughter together
+speculating upon his affections is surely improbable in the highest
+degree: we know that the monkish writers, who furnish the only account
+we have of the transaction, would call a wife espoused in opposition to
+the will of the church, a mistress; and the sufferings of the young
+monarch from this interference with his affections, should teach us to
+exercise the judgment of charity on his memory.
+
+EDGAR, the successor of Edwy, surnamed "the Peaceful," his whole reign
+being exempt from the scourge of war, delayed his coronation for
+thirteen of the sixteen years to which it extended; a circumstance for
+which none of our historians assign a reason. The royal investiture was
+celebrated at last, (A.D. 973,) with great pomp at Bath, Dunstan,
+archbishop of Canterbury, presiding.
+
+  "There was bliss mickle
+  On that happy day
+  Caused to all"--
+
+says a poem in commemoration of the event, preserved in the Saxon
+Chronicle,
+
+  "Of priests a heap,
+  Of monks much crowd,
+  I understand."--
+
+The monarch, indeed, was as celebrated for his magnificence as for the
+talents suited to his station. From Bath he proceeded to Chester, to
+receive the homage of eight tributary princes, _i.e._ Kenneth, king of
+Scotland, Malcolm of Cumberland, M'Orric of Anglesey and the Iles, Jukil
+of Westmoreland, Iago of Galloway, and Howel, Dyfnwel, and Griffith,
+princes of Wales. A splendid procession by water introduced the
+ceremony. Edgar assumed his seat at the stern of the royal barge, and
+his tributaries taking the oars, rowed the monarch to the church of St.
+John; the bishops and noblemen following in their state barges, and
+returning the acclamations of the populace who lined the shores. The
+king is said to have remarked, "When my successors can command the
+service of the like number of princes, let them consider themselves
+kings[77]."
+
+A remarkable objection was made, according to the Saxon Chronicle, to
+the right of EDWARD, the son of Edgar, to the throne, viz. that he was
+born before the coronation either of his father or mother[78], and the
+pretensions of his younger brother, Ethelred, were so successfully urged
+by the Queen dowager, that a convocation of the witan was held to settle
+the dispute[79]. Here the claim of Edward was fully admitted, and he
+was crowned and anointed by Dunstan, at Kingston, accordingly, in the
+year 975--to be sacrificed to the ambition of his cruel stepmother, in
+less than four years afterwards.
+
+Stained with the blood of its former wearer, even the ambitious prelate
+Dunstan "hated much to give the crown" to ETHELRED II., as Robert of
+Gloucester informs us; he assisted, however, at his coronation, and,
+according to the most perfect Anglo-Saxon ritual that has come down to
+us, addressed some admirable counsel to the monarch on the duties of his
+new station. The following is a translation of the coronation oath of
+this period. "In the name of the Most Holy Trinity, I promise; First,
+that the church of God, and all Christian people, shall enjoy true peace
+under my government; secondly, that I will prohibit all manner of rapine
+and injustice to men of every condition; thirdly, that in all
+judgments, I will cause equity to be united with mercy, that the most
+clement God may, through his eternal mercy, forgive us all. Amen[80]."
+The ceremony was performed at Kingston, on the festival of Easter, 978.
+
+EDMUND II., surnamed Ironside, was also crowned at Kingston; he
+struggled nobly for seven months against the overwhelming power of the
+Danes, who, at the moment of his coronation, had an army of 27,000 men
+on board their fleet in the Thames; and who, in the fatal field of
+Ashdown, extirpated almost all the old nobility of the kingdom, ere this
+unfortunate reign closed. This hero led them, during his short reign,
+into five pitched battles against the enemy.
+
+CANUTE is said to have been chosen by the unanimous voice of the nation
+to the vacant throne; and received consecration from Levingius,
+archbishop of Canterbury, at London, A.D. 1016. He first surrounded the
+throne with regular guards, called Thing-men, for whose government he
+compiled a set of rules still extant. The king himself having violated
+one of them in a transport of passion, by slaying a private soldier,
+assembled the whole corps, and having referred to the law prohibiting
+such excesses, acknowledged his crime, descended from the throne, and
+demanded punishment. The Thing-men were silent, and being urged, on a
+promise of perfect impunity, to state their sentiments, they left the
+decision to the king, who adjudged himself to pay 69 talents of gold,
+more than nine times the ordinary pecuniary mulct in such a case.
+
+The Scots refused homage to this prince, because he had not obtained the
+crown of hereditary descent; but on his assembling an army to assert his
+claims, they submitted: shortly after which occurred the memorable
+effort of his courtiers to persuade him, that the monarch of six
+powerful nations--England, Scotland, and Wales, Denmark, Norway, and
+Sweden,--could command the ocean tide to retire from his feet. Having
+convinced them of their folly, by making the experiment, he took the
+crown from his head, it is said, and placed it on the great cross in
+the cathedral of Winchester, refusing ever after to wear it, even on
+occasions of public ceremony.
+
+At the coronation of HAROLD I., who in fact usurped the throne in the
+absence of the legitimate claimant, Hardicanute, Egilnoth, archbishop of
+Canterbury, refused the episcopal benediction. He placed the royal
+insignia on the altar, and addressing the king and his surrounding
+prelates, said, "There are the crown and sceptre which Canute intrusted
+to my charge. To you, I neither give nor refuse them, you may take them
+if you please; but I strictly forbid any of my brother bishops to usurp
+an office, which is the prerogative of my see[81]."
+
+EDWARD THE CONFESSOR'S name is attached to too much of the Regalia, to
+allow us to overlook his accession to the throne. He was crowned at
+Winchester, A.D. 1042, on Easter day; and being a Saxon, was hailed by
+the people as a native prince. The archbishop, Eadsius, read to him a
+long exhortation on the duties of a sovereign, and closed by reminding
+him of the paternal government which England enjoyed under his
+predecessors in the Saxon line. All our early historians dwell with
+great zeal on the manner in which he fulfilled these duties. He was "the
+good king Edward," for whose "laws" the people were always anxious, when
+under the subsequent despotism of the Normans, they found an opportunity
+of expressing their desires; and his reign, forming an interval between
+the Danish and Norman Conquest, was long remembered as an era of
+deliverance from foreign thraldom. It is principally from these
+feelings, that historians account for the crown itself wearing for so
+many ages the name of St. Edward's--St. Edward's staff, as it is called,
+being carried before our monarchs at their coronation, &c. The people
+literally applied to him that celebrated maxim of our constitution, the
+king can do no wrong; for, although his reign was chequered by many
+internal commotions, on his ministers and not on himself, was the blame
+uniformly cast.
+
+This prince, however, seems to have committed a pious fraud on his good
+people. Being importuned by his council to marry, he espoused the
+daughter of the powerful Earl Godwin; to whom he privately disclosed a
+vow of perpetual continence under which he had bound himself: but
+offered to raise her to the regal seat (and she was accordingly publicly
+crowned as queen), on condition that he should be allowed without
+molestation to observe his vow. She is represented by our historians as
+a very learned lady.
+
+The coronation of the unfortunate HAROLD II. took place on the day of
+the funeral of his predecessor--a striking proof of the importance
+attached to this ceremony at that period. But William, Duke of Normandy,
+having previously extorted from him an oath of fealty, protested from
+the first against his consecration, and in the memorable battle of
+Hastings caused him to pay the penalty of his life for the momentary
+honour.
+
+At this point of our progress through the history of these ceremonies,
+it will be interesting to review briefly the political character of the
+Anglo-Saxon _cyning_ or king. The rites in question will always derive
+the greatest illustration from being considered as the reflected light
+of ancient opinions respecting the monarchy.
+
+The eorl and ceorl were the great distinctive appellations of noble and
+ignoble descent: none were or are admitted, it will be seen, to any
+important office in the coronation ceremonies but the former class. They
+were said to be "ethel-born," and every member of the royal family was
+an "etheling," or son of the noble, emphatically. Ere Christianity
+dispelled the fables of divine descent, the pedigree of the monarch was
+always to be traced to Woden, and after the demi-god was no longer
+revered, the first of earthly families and "full-born" blood was seen in
+him.
+
+Yet our Anglo-Saxon ancestors unquestionably _chose_ the identical
+member of the family whom they would acknowledge as king: the witan
+regularly assembled on the death of a monarch, and proceeded to the
+election of his successor.
+
+"The Saxons could not comprehend," says Mr. Lingard, "how a freeman
+could become the dependent of another, except by his own consent: but
+the election rendered the cyning the lord of the principal chieftains,
+and through them of their respective vassals."
+
+His revenue, derived from the fines and amercements known to the
+Anglo-Saxon law for crimes of every description--from territory obtained
+by conquest, or forfeited by treason--and from those gross bargains for
+obtaining the king's peace, which were only exceeded by those which
+purchased at this time, what was called "the peace of God," (both being
+an exemption for certain days, or in certain places, from the pursuit of
+every enemy or claimant), was far larger than that of the most powerful
+of the nobles who were, in fact, _his_ feudal tenants, in whatever
+portion of lands they possessed. Thrice in the year this proud
+muster-roll of noble tenants was examined, _i.e._ at the festivals of
+Christmas, Easter, and Whitsuntide, where they appeared before the
+monarch in all the pomp of state. A sort of coronation scene was at this
+time exhibited. The nobles renewed their homage to the monarch, who
+received them at once as his guests and dependents--seated on his
+throne, with a crown on his head, and a sceptre in each of his hands.
+Public officers were at this time appointed, laws, on some occasions,
+enacted, while for eight days it was forbidden for any man to slay,
+maim, or assault his enemy, or to distrain upon his debtor's lands. The
+return of these festivals has sometimes been mistaken by our historians
+for a repetition of the coronation, strictly so called[82].
+
+The monarch exercised, as at the present time, a supreme command over
+the national forces. He consulted the witan, but he himself determined
+on, and proclaimed war or peace. He was also, as now, the supreme judge,
+and received appeals in person, from all the ordinary courts of
+judicature: the ealdormen, sheriffs, and other officers of those
+courts, holding their appointments at his pleasure. The intelligent
+reader will thus find the substantial duties of the royal office as
+remarkably similar at this distant period with its present functions, as
+the pageant of a coronation can be uniform[83].
+
+WILLIAM I. may be said to have been crowned in character as a conqueror.
+Christmas-day 1066, being appointed for his coronation, at Westminster,
+he was surrounded by his Norman barons, and a full attendance of the
+English nobles and prelates--when Aldred, archbishop of York, put the
+questions of the Recognition to his new subjects; and the bishop of
+Constance, who was in his train, to the Normans, The assent of both
+nations was given with loud acclaim. So boisterous, indeed, was their
+loyalty at this part of the ceremony, that the Norman soldiers of
+William, on the outside of the Abbey church, affected to consider the
+shouts as the signal of insurrection, and immediately set fire to the
+houses of the neighbourhood (a singular remedy for riot), and began the
+congenial work of plunder, to the great mortification of the king. All
+now became confusion in the interior of the Abbey: the Norman barons
+prepared for battle; the native nobles regarded themselves as victims
+selected for slaughter, and the king is said to have been left alone,
+with the ecclesiastics, to conclude the ceremony. That the shouts were
+but the pretext for a preconcerted attack and plunder of the people,
+appears but too clearly from the subsequent remonstrance of the king
+with the barons, whom he warned against the certain result of oppressing
+the English; while he strictly prohibited the soldiers from appearing at
+taverns, or molesting the private abodes of the citizens; and appointed
+a commission to enforce his regulations.
+
+Matilda, duchess of Normandy, was not brought into England until William
+had fully subdued his refractory subjects--when, on Whit Sunday, 1068,
+she was crowned queen at Winchester, by the archbishop of York.
+
+WILLIAM RUFUS, though a second son, was the Conqueror's favorite, and
+duly elected his successor by the prelates and barons of England. His
+coronation, as it was principally procured by the influence of the
+church, was conducted with great splendour by Lanfranc, archbishop of
+Canterbury, at Westminster, 20th Sept, 1087.
+
+Of this prince the Saxon Chronicle furnishes an anecdote, of which the
+naval excursions of his present Majesty are calculated to remind us.
+While hunting in the New Forest he received intelligence of the defeat
+of his Norman forces by Helie de la Fleche--and would hardly suffer the
+messenger to conclude his tale, ere he exclaimed, "Let those that love,
+follow me;" and rode immediately toward the sea shore. He leaped into
+the first vessel that presented itself: the master remonstrating that
+the weather was very stormy, and the passage perilous in such a bark,
+"Hold thy peace," said William, "kings are never drowned[84]."
+
+HENRY I., who was near his brother at the time of his death in the New
+Forest, hastened to Winchester to secure the royal treasures. So
+precipitate was the prince on this occasion, as to neglect all care for
+the decent interment of William, whose body was carried in a cart to the
+royal city, and without any religious rites interred in the
+cathedral[85]. The treasurer of his predecessor seems to have been more
+respectful to his memory. He ventured to tell Henry that he held the
+money for the rightful heir, his brother Robert; and blood would have
+been shed but for the interference of the surrounding nobles, who
+overcame the scruples of the minister. Having obtained possession of the
+royal castle and treasures, Henry proceeded to Westminster, where on the
+third day after his brother's death he was crowned by the bishop of
+London, the see of York being vacant, and Anselm, archbishop of
+Canterbury, abroad.
+
+This was the first of our monarchs who thought it needful to strengthen
+the attachment of his subjects to him by a formal charter; which seems
+in some measure to have been regarded as a condition of his election to
+the crown. It was, at any rate, promulgated on the day of the
+coronation, and is a document of no small historical importance, as
+professing to abolish all the grievances that had been introduced by the
+Norman princes, and to restore the laws of Edward the Confessor. We can
+only notice a few of its items. 1. The people were exempted from all
+taxes which they had not paid under their Saxon rulers; and the venders
+of base or light coin were to be punished with severity. 2. The church
+was reinstated in all her ancient rights, and the king engaged never to
+sell or farm vacant benefices, or to retain their revenues for the use
+of his exchequer. 3. He granted to all the barons and immediate vassals
+of the crown (requiring them to make the same grant to their respective
+tenants) the right of a free disposal of personal property: that for
+breaches of the peace they should not be placed as heretofore at the
+king's mercy, but be adjudged to pay the sums prescribed by the Saxon
+law; that their heirs should pay the customary reliefs for the livery of
+lands, and not the arbitrary compensations which had been exacted by his
+two predecessors; that the wardship of minors, and the custody of their
+lands, should be committed to their nearest relations; that neither
+heiresses nor widows should be compelled by the king to marry, but the
+daughters and female relations of noble families should be given in
+marriage without any impediment being offered by the crown, or any fee
+being required for the exercise of such liberty. He at the same time
+granted a very beneficial charter to the citizens of London. Two queens
+of this prince were successively crowned.
+
+STEPHEN was the fourth monarch in succession from the Conqueror who
+claimed the crown without an hereditary title. Any settlement of the
+government was preferred by well-disposed men to the anarchy that
+usually succeeded the decease of a feudal sovereign: and the promptitude
+of this monarch, and his former popularity in the country, united with
+the antipathy of the people to a female reign, gave him an easy access
+to sovereign power. He was crowned at Winchester, by the archbishop of
+Canterbury, Dec, 22, 1135; stipulating in the coronation oath that he
+would not levy the danegelt[86] which his uncle had so frequently
+extorted, nor retain for his own profit the vacant benefices of the
+church, nor molest clerks or laymen in the possession of their woods or
+forests.
+
+By a compact entered into with Stephen and the assembled barons, in the
+latter days of that prince, HENRY II., grandson of Henry I., succeeded
+to the throne, and was crowned at Westminster, Dec. 19, 1154, attended
+by a great concourse of foreign nobility. His queen received the royal
+unction on Christmas-day, 1158.
+
+During the disputes between this monarch and the celebrated Thomas a
+Becket, we find the king adopting a singular expedient for strengthening
+and perpetuating the authority of his family--the coronation of his son
+Henry. Historians are divided as to his design in this ceremony; but a
+probable opinion is suggested by Mr. Hume, that when the thunders of the
+Vatican were every day expected to dissolve the ties of allegiance
+between Henry's subjects and himself, he was anxious by the new oaths of
+allegiance now taken, to secure their obedience, at least, to his family
+in the person of his son.
+
+But in the manner of conducting this unique coronation he added new
+matter to the existing strife. It had long been esteemed a right of the
+metropolitan to anoint and crown the kings of England; and Becket had
+been diligent enough to procure the pope's letters prohibitory against
+the interference of any other prelate with his privileges on this
+occasion. The coronation however proceeded; the archbishop of York
+feeling no scruple in supplying Becket's place:--all the royal makings
+of a king were bestowed on the young prince, at Westminster, June 15,
+1170, and his father waited upon him during the coronation feast, at
+table. It being remarked to the prince how great was the honour for him
+to be thus attended, he is said to have replied haughtily, "That he
+thought it no such great condescension for the son of an earl to wait on
+the son of a king."
+
+This coronation also involved the father in a rupture with the court of
+France. Prince Henry had married a daughter of that crown, to which the
+omission of her coronation with her husband was in the highest degree
+offensive: the king of France entered the Norman territories of Henry in
+consequence, and it was not until that monarch had promised to supply
+the omission, and that the prince and princess should be together
+crowned by Becket, that either the French king or the primate were
+appeased. The ultimate issue of this circumstance, in the assassination
+of Becket, we have noticed in another part of this work. Hume remarks on
+the whole affair--"There prevailed in that age an opinion which was akin
+to its other superstitions, that the royal unction was essential to the
+exercise of royal power. It was therefore natural both for the king of
+France, careful of his daughter's establishment, and for Becket, jealous
+of his own dignity, to demand in the treaty with Henry some satisfaction
+on this essential point[87]." The second coronation of the prince (in
+which his consort was duly associated) took place Aug. 27th, 1172.
+
+Nor did the calamitous consequences of this event thus terminate. It
+seems to have sown deeply the seeds of ambitious discord in the family
+of Henry. The young prince, after a visit to France with his consort,
+formally demanded of his father some substantial share of the royal
+power with whose insignia he had been invested. The intrigues and civil
+commotions that followed, it is not within our plan to detail; but the
+conduct of his different children, instigated by the example of this
+unworthy first-born, eventually brought the parent to his grave.
+
+The coronation of RICHARD I., is the earliest upon which our historians
+dilate. It took place September 3, 1189, at Westminster; differing in no
+material point from the modern ceremony. The archbishop is said to have
+solemnly adjured the king at the altar, "not to assume the royal dignity
+unless he were resolved to keep the regal oath." An infamous outrage on
+the unoffending and oppressed race of the Jews closed the coronation day
+in London, and was followed by equally cruel treatment of them in
+several large towns. They seem on this occasion to have tempted the
+cupidity, by appealing to the generosity and humanity of the court.
+Numbers of them came to the metropolis with presents for the young king,
+who forbade them, however, to appear at his coronation. In the evening a
+few of the richer Israelites endeavoured to pass into the hall of the
+palace; when they were repulsed, insulted, and pursued into the city. A
+report now spread that the king, regretting the unhallowed forbearance
+of his father toward this apostate race, had given orders for a general
+attack upon them. The populace quickly murdered the first that had
+appeared; they then attacked the houses of all the richer Jews, and
+after stripping them of every thing valuable, left them in flames. At
+York, five hundred of this hapless nation who had retired into the
+castle for protection, and eventually seized it from the governor,
+murdered their own wives and children, to prevent their falling into the
+hands of their enemies, and then despatched each other nearly to a man.
+
+On the return of Richard from his romantic expedition to Jerusalem, in
+1194, he is said to have been crowned a second time; "to put awaie, as
+it were, the reproofe of his captivitie[88]." A solemn council was held
+at Nottingham, to review the affairs of the kingdom, and the conduct of
+his brother John during the king's absence; the last or third day being
+occupied in discussing the question, whether it were necessary that the
+king should be crowned a second time; the king voted in the negative,
+but his peers and prelates were of the contrary opinion, and the
+ceremony was accordingly performed at Winchester, by Hubert, archbishop
+of Canterbury[89].
+
+JOHN was declared by Richard, on his death-bed, to be his legitimate
+successor: but the people being divided between his claims and those of
+Arthur, his nephew, a great council was held at Northampton, in which
+the nobles resolved unanimously on swearing fealty to him; and the
+coronation was ordered to take place at Westminster, 27th of May, 1199.
+The primate introduced the ceremony by a speech intended to maintain
+the claim of John. He observed, that all his auditors well knew the
+crown to be elective, and could only be held by the unanimous agreement
+of the nation with regard to the personal merits of the wearer: that it
+was the gift of the people, who chose generally from the members of the
+reigning family the prince who appeared most deserving of that honour.
+Such was the selection in the scriptural case of David, and others: and
+that having that day met to perform this important duty, they, on these
+principles, brought forward their future sovereign, John, earl of
+Montaigne, brother to the deceased king[90]. John, who was present,
+signified his concurrence with these sentiments; and a few days
+afterwards, (June 7) we find a law published from Northampton in which
+he asserts, that 'God had given him the throne by hereditary right,
+through the unanimous consent and favour of the clergy and people[91].'
+The friends of Arthur made a faint resistance to the claims of John, as
+duke of Normandy, but that unhappy prince, we know, soon met an
+untimely death, by the means, if not by the dagger of his uncle.
+
+This prince, having procured a divorce, on the pretext of consanguinity,
+from a wife to whom he had been married twelve years, negociated a new
+marriage in 1200 with the princess of Portugal. Ere his overtures,
+however, could be answered, he was by accident diverted to another
+choice. Isabella, daughter of the count of Angouleme, was a celebrated
+beauty of the day, who had been publicly promised and privately espoused
+to Hugh, count of La Marche. But John, in one of his visits to Normandy,
+became enamoured of her: and the lady found the crown of her new lover
+an irresistible recommendation. The princess of Portugal was
+disappointed, the count de La Marche enraged, and all Europe surprised
+at the event, when the monarch conducted his bride in triumph to
+Westminster early in the month of October, and assembled his peers for
+her coronation, on the 8th of that month. Hoveden represents king John
+himself to have partaken of the benediction on the occasion: some
+writers state, that he was a second time crowned.
+
+Soon after this event, we have a formal demand of feudal homage made by
+John on William king of Scotland, with which the latter promised
+promptly to comply. The two monarchs met at Lincoln, and, on an eminence
+near that city, in the presence of the assembled nobles of both
+kingdoms, the king of Scotland swore fealty of life and limb to
+John--against all men, saving his own right. He, at the same time, is
+said to have acknowledged by a written document the feudal superiority
+of the English crown, to have engaged to keep the peace with its king
+and kingdom, and to have bound himself not to marry his son without the
+permission of John, as his liege lord[92]. But this is a little
+inconsistent with another recorded fact--rising from his knees, he
+explicitly demanded of John the restoration of the three counties of
+Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmoreland, as the heir of his
+grandfather David, from whom he alleged them to have been unjustly
+wrested in the wars of Matilda and Stephen. The kind of homage rendered
+by the Scottish princes to the English crown, in this and succeeding
+ages, was always proportioned to the strength or weakness of the
+respective governments, and was hardly construed to mean the same thing
+during two successive reigns. On the whole, this singular interview
+seems to have been consented to on the part of the wily Scot,
+principally with a view to sound the dispositions of the new sovereign.
+
+The profligate and pusillanimous John is well known to have exposed his
+own rights, and the liberties of his people, to all the evils of
+protracted civil wars, and foreign invasion. At the period of his
+decease, the capital and the southern counties were in the hands of
+Louis, king of France.
+
+HENRY III., his son, had but just completed his tenth year when the
+title of a king descended to him. But his youth and innocence
+conciliated that regard to his person, which the conduct of John had
+long estranged from himself; the claims of Louis were disowned by the
+holy see; and the more powerful of the barons saw an object worth
+contending for in the direction of the young king's affairs. Ten days
+after the death of his father, (October 28, 1218), he was brought in
+procession to the cathedral of Gloucester, and crowned by the papal
+legate Gualo, assisted by the bishops of Winchester, Exeter, and Bath.
+It is remarked by the contemporary historians[93], that a plain circle
+of gold was used on this occasion in lieu of the crown, which had been
+lost with the other jewels and baggage of John in his passage across the
+wash near Wisbech. A proclamation was next day issued, lamenting the
+dissensions that had existed between the king's father and his barons,
+and promising, on the part of Henry, to bury them in oblivion. By the
+same instrument he commanded the tenants of the crown forthwith to
+appear, and do him homage; and enjoined upon all persons appearing in
+public, to wear a white fillet round their heads during the ensuing
+month, in honour of his coronation.
+
+Henry was crowned a second time, on the final deliverance of his kingdom
+from the French invaders, _i.e._ in May 1220; by Langton, archbishop of
+Canterbury:--"all the estates and subjects of his realme," meeting him
+at Westminster--"to the end; it might be said, that now after the
+extinguishment of all seditious factions, he was crowned by the general
+consent[94]."
+
+At the late age of twenty-nine, a bride was provided for the young
+monarch: her father, who accompanied her to England, was only bishop
+elect of Valence; but the beauty of the queen seems in this case to have
+been the sovereign recommendation; and all the eloquence of the
+historian is exerted by Matthew Paris, in describing the ceremonies of
+her marriage and coronation. The nobility of both sexes, the clergy in
+their various orders, all the vassals of the crown and the citizens are
+assigned their several places and offices, with an amusing precision;
+nor does he forget the trumpet's clang, or the minstrel's pipe: the
+various banners that streamed in the procession; or the viands and wines
+of the banquet. Eleanor, the pride of the day, was a queen amongst
+beauties--the whole world, he says in conclusion, might be challenged to
+produce a spectacle equally glorious and enchanting.
+
+This monarch rebuilt the whole of the abbey church at Westminster from
+its foundations; and was interred in the tomb out of which he had
+removed the bones of Edward the Confessor. At his funeral his successor
+was proclaimed by the earl of Gloucester; who, before the deceased
+king's body was covered, stept forward, and putting his hand upon it,
+swore fealty to the then absent prince.
+
+EDWARD I., at this period returning to Europe from the Holy Land. He is
+said to have received the news of his father's death with those tears of
+sincere grief, which surprised some of his princely companions; and did
+not much appear to quicken his progress toward England. Being challenged
+to a tournament, by the count of Chalons, the exhortations of the
+reigning Pontiff could not induce him to forego the combat; he felt his
+honour, as the champion of the cross, at stake; and appeared in the
+lists at the appointed day, attended by a thousand knights. The trial of
+skill was converted into a deadly battle, in which the count seriously
+attempted the king's life; and out of which, the English only came
+victorious after a sanguinary conflict. Edward succeeded to the throne
+in November 1272; but did not arrive in England, until August 1274, when
+his first object was to receive, with his consort, Eleanor of Castile,
+the regal unction. He was crowned with this affectionate[95] companion
+of his crusade, at Westminster, on the 19th; Alexander, king of
+Scotland, being present, and doing homage as a vassal of the English
+crown. Several of the orders for provisions required for the coronation
+feast, are preserved in Rymer, among which are, 380 head of cattle; 430
+sheep, 450 pigs, 18 wild boars, 278 flitches of bacon; and 19,660 capons
+and fowls. Holinshed informs us, that there were five hundred horses
+"let go at libertie" on this occasion, "catch them that catch might." In
+Rymer we also read of a singular stipulation originally made by Richard
+I., that, whenever a king of Scotland should attend at the summons of
+the English king, to do homage, or service at his court, he should be
+attended, and provided for, by the bishop, sheriffs, and barons of each
+county, through which he came; 5_l._ per day being allowed for his
+expenses on the road, and 30_s._ per day so long as he remained at the
+English court, together with twenty-four loaves, four sexterces of the
+best, and eight of inferior, wine, four wax tapers, forty better, and
+eighty inferior, candles, two pounds of pepper, and four pounds of
+cinnamon. At this time, it appears, the Scottish party received
+regularly the 5_l._ a day, and purchased their own provision:
+Alexander's whole disbursement was 175_l._
+
+Edward, in the first year after his coronation, forbade the Jews to
+erect, or hold any synagogues in his dominions; to hold fiefs, or any
+free tenement; or to demand interest for the loan of money: at seven
+years of age they were to wear two pieces of woollen cloth, sown into
+their outward garment, and at twelve to be subject to a capitation tax
+of three pence, to be paid annually at Easter. Thus cut off from their
+ordinary modes of living, they had recourse to the clipping of money and
+other illegal modes of debasing the coin; and after trials, fines, and
+executions of the most oppressive and unjustifiable description, were
+finally banished the realm, A.D. 1290.
+
+EDWARD II. ascended a throne that, by the energies of his father, had
+extended its sway over almost the whole island of Great Britain. At the
+period of his decease, Edward I. was prosecuting the conquest of
+Scotland, and left, according to Froissart, a solemn charge to his
+successor, "to have his body boiled in a large cauldron, until the flesh
+should be separated from the bones; that he would have the flesh buried
+and the bones preserved; and that every time the Scots should rebel
+against him, he would summon his people, and carry against them the
+bones of his father: for he believed most firmly, that as long as his
+bones should be carried against the Scots, those Scots should never be
+victorious[96]." The young prince first visited the court of France, and
+married Isabella, the French king's daughter; whom he brought to England
+with her two uncles, and a magnificent train of foreign nobility, to
+participate in the splendors of their joint coronation, which was
+celebrated at Westminster, February 25, 1308. It was well attended also
+by the English nobility; but the king's marked preference for a personal
+favourite, (Piers Gaveston) was resented as a general insult. He
+appeared the sole dispenser of all the honours and favours of the day;
+for the promotion of his friends and dependents, the claims of
+inheritance and the precedents of former reigns were alike disregarded.
+Three days afterwards, the barons met in the refectory of the monks, at
+Westminster, to petition for the banishment of Gaveston, and thus began
+the unhappy differences between this monarch and his nobles, which
+resulted in his final deposition.
+
+This involved the singular circumstance of the barons formally
+withdrawing their homage. The favourites of the king, against whom they
+had armed, being slain,--a parliament was called by the queen Isabella,
+and _her_ paramour; which was opened by a long speech from the bishop of
+Hereford. He painted in strong terms the incapacity, and what he called
+the vindictive and treacherous disposition, of the king; and declared,
+that to liberate him from the confinement under which he was now placed,
+would be to expose to certain death, a princess, who, by her wisdom and
+courage, had been the salvation of the state. He, therefore, desired
+them to retire, and to consider, by the next morning, whether it were
+not better to deprive the father of the crown, and elect, forthwith,
+his son. On the following day this motion was carried by acclamation;
+the temporal peers, and many of the prelates, swore fealty at once to
+the young Edward: a bill of impeachment, containing six articles, was
+drawn up against the old king; and the reign of Edward of Carnarvon was
+declared to have terminated, and that of Edward of Windsor to have
+begun.
+
+But the queen now affected great scruples and grief at these
+proceedings; declared her fears, that the parliament had exceeded its
+powers, and exhorted her son, it is said, to refuse the crown. On the
+ground of this delicacy of feeling, a deputation of both lords and
+commons was appointed to wait on the deposed monarch,--to give him
+notice of the election of his son; tender him back their homage, and
+"act as circumstances might suggest." Their measures are variously
+related by the partisans of the new and old king. They flattered and
+they threatened him; they exhorted him to show that greatness of mind,
+which could sacrifice a throne to the good of his people, and promised
+him an ample revenue and the indulgence of all his personal wishes, if
+he should freely resign the crown. At last he was brought, dressed in a
+plain black gown, into a room where the deputation had been arranged to
+receive him; and sir William Trussel, a judge, addressed him in these
+words: "I, William Trussel, procurator of the earls, barons, and others,
+having for this full and sufficient power, do render and give back to
+you Edward, once king of England, the homage and fealty of the persons
+named in my procuracy: and acquit and discharge them thereof, in the
+best manner that law and custom will give. And I now make protestation,
+in their name, that they will no longer be in your fealty, or
+allegiance, nor claim to hold any thing of you as king, but will account
+you, hereafter, as a private person, without any manner of royal
+dignity." Then sir Thomas Blount, the steward of the king's household,
+broke his staff of office, as is usual on the death of a king, and
+declared all persons once in his Majesty's service, to be discharged
+from their former duty.
+
+On the return of the deputation, the new king was proclaimed in the
+metropolis by the heralds, in the following unprecedented form.
+"Whereas, sir Edward, late king of England, of his own good will, and
+with the common advice and assent of the prelates, earls, barons, and
+other nobles, and all the commonalty of the realm, hath put himself out
+of the government of the realm, and has granted and willed that the
+government of the said realm should come to sir Edward, his eldest son
+and heir, and that _he_ should govern the kingdom, and be crowned king,
+on which account all the lords have done him homage; we cry and publish
+the peace of our said lord, sir Edward, the son, and on his part
+strictly command and enjoin under pain and peril of disherison and loss
+of life and member, that no one break the peace of our said lord the
+king. For he is, and will be ready to do justice to all and each of the
+said kingdom, both to the little and the great, in all things and
+against all men. And if any one have a claim against another, let him
+proceed by way of action, and not by violence or force."
+
+At the coronation, February 1st, 1327, a similar assertion of the late
+king having resigned by his free-will, and with the consent of
+parliament, was made. The medal distributed during the ceremony,
+represented the son resting his sceptre on the heart of his people,
+within the motto, "Populo dat jura volenti;" having on the reverse a
+hand receiving a fallen crown, with the inscription, "Non rapit, sed
+recipit." The best comment on the "free-will" of the deposed monarch,
+appeared in his being murdered by the queen's party, in the course of
+the year following.
+
+EDWARD III. married Philippa of Hainault, in 1327, on which occasion she
+was crowned at Westminster. She bore the king a son, the celebrated
+Edward the Black Prince, before he had reached his 19th year.
+
+RICHARD II. succeeded his grandfather in 1377, being then in his
+eleventh year; and no coronation in our annals was more magnificent.
+The Liber Regalis, still preserved at Westminster, contains the ritual
+used on this occasion, and a record of the proceedings of the Court of
+Claims is also extant[97].
+
+On the day after the death of Edward, this prince entered London in
+great state: triumphal arches were erected, conduits ran with wine, and
+the usual pageants of the coronation procession were displayed in the
+streets. Walsingham mentions in particular a turreted building, erected
+in the market of Cheap, out of which ran streams of wine, and at the
+angles of which, on the top, four young maidens of the age of the king
+were placed, dressed in white. On the approach of the sovereign, shreds
+of gold leaf were blown to him, and florins _of paper_ were showered on
+his head!--such was what at this time was regarded as the "superior
+ingenuity of the merchants of Cheapside."
+
+The progress through the city on the day preceding the coronation, (15th
+of July, 1377) was similarly distinguished. The king dined at the
+Tower, from which he came forth dressed in white garments, and placed
+himself under the escort of the mayor and citizens, who conducted him to
+his palace at Westminster. On the following morning he rose early, and,
+having received mass in his private chapel, came down into the great
+hall "arraid in the fairest vestments, and with buskins only upon his
+feet." The procession from Westminster Hall to the Abbey, was now
+marshalled in the usual order. While the litany was chanted the young
+prince lay prostrate before the altar, whence he was conducted to his
+throne on a platform in the centre of the nave. The entire ceremony of
+the coronation so much exhausted him, that he was borne back to the
+palace in a litter carried by knights. He soon, however, appeared at the
+banquet, where he created four earls and nine knights, and partook of a
+splendid though turbulent repast. The next morning a council of regency
+was formed, to exercise the royal authority, during the minority of the
+king. It is remarkable, that in the first parliament of this monarch's
+reign, we find the archbishop of Canterbury recommending the young king
+to the affection of his subjects, because he was not an elected
+sovereign, but the true heir and representative of their former
+kings[98].
+
+On the 22d of January, 1382, this monarch espoused Anne of Bohemia,
+daughter of the late emperor Charles IV., and sister of Winceslaus, king
+of the Romans. As usual, she was crowned at the same period; and is said
+so entirely to have possessed, during the twelve years of her union with
+him, the affections of her husband and his people, as to be long
+remembered among the latter by the title of the good Queen Anne.
+
+The tragic close of this prince's reign will never be forgotten while
+
+  ---- ----"The hallowed crown
+  Shall round the mortal temples of a king,"
+
+or Shakspeare's celebrated "Richard II." be extant. The march of his
+successor, Bolingbroke, from Ravenspur to London, and the rapid
+increase of his followers from twenty men to sixty thousand, his
+peaceful entry into the metropolis, and ultimate possession of the
+kingdom, without striking a blow, have only been exceeded, in modern
+times, by the celebrated march of Napoleon from Cannes to Paris.
+
+HENRY IV. challenged the crown partly by right of conquest[99]. In his
+coronation, which took place on the 13th of Oct. 1399, he caused the
+sword which he wore when he landed at Ravenspur to be carried naked, on
+his left hand, by the earl of Northumberland. Froissart's description of
+"the progress" of this monarch we have before noticed.
+
+Of HENRY V., Holinshed says, "This kyng, this man, was he whiche,
+(accordyng to the old proverbe) declared and shewed that honour ought to
+change maners: for incontinent after that he was stalled in the siege
+royall, and had received the crowne and sceptre of this famous and
+fortunate region, [he] determined with hymself to put on the shape of a
+new man, and to use another sorte of livyng, turning insolence and
+wildnesse into gravitie and sobernes, and wavering vice into constant
+virtue." It was this prince, our readers will recollect, who, while "the
+immediate heir of England," was committed into custody by the Lord Chief
+Justice, for disturbing the court in which he sat as judge, and who
+afterwards, when king, so nobly commended that officer's conduct.
+Shakspeare has a similar train of thought with the old chronicler.
+
+  ----"Princes all, believe me, I beseech you,
+  My father is gone wild into his grave;
+  For in his tomb lie my affections;
+  And with his spirit sadly I survive,
+  To mock the expectations of the world,
+  To frustrate prophecies, and to raze out
+  Rotten opinion, which hath writ me down
+  After my seeming. Though my tide of blood
+  Hath proudly flowed in vanity till now;
+  Now doth it turn and ebb unto the sea,
+  Where it shall mingle with the state of flood,
+  And flow henceforth in formal majesty[100]."
+
+Fabian gives a splendid account of the coronation of Katherine, the
+queen of Henry V. "upon whose ryght hande satte at the ende of the same
+table the archebyshop of Cauntorbury, and Henrye, surnamed the ryche
+cardynall of Wynchester. And vppon the lefte hande of the quene satte
+the Kynge of Scottes in hys estate, the wyche was served wythe covered
+messe, like vnto the forenamed byshoppes, but after them." "And ye shall
+vnderstande, that this feaste was al of _fyshe_." Each course had its
+"sotyltye," however, embodying the wit of other parts of the creation;
+as "a pellycane syttyng on his nest with her byrdes, and an ymage of
+saynte Katheryne holdyng a boke and disputyng with the doctoures,
+holdyng a reason in her ryghte hande, saiynge: 'Madame le roigne' and
+the pellycan as an answere, 'Ce est la signe et du roy, partenir joy, et
+a tout sa gent, elle mete sa entent,'--a sotyltye named a panter with an
+ymage of saynte Katheryne with a whele in her hande, and a rolle wyth a
+reason in that other hande, sayeng: 'La royne ma file, in ceste ile, per
+bon reson, aves renoun.'" &c.
+
+HENRY VI. had the high honour of being solemnly crowned as king, both
+at London and in Paris--"in infant bands." In the ninth year of his age
+"he was leyde upon the high scaffold" in Westminster Abbey, "and that
+was covered all with red soy between the high autere and the quere. And
+he was set in his astate in the middes of the scaffold there, beholdynge
+the people all abowte sadly and wisely." The archbishop "made a
+proclamacion on the iiij quarters of the scaffolde, seyend in this wyse:
+Sirs, heere comyth Henry, kyng Henryes sone the Vth, on whos sowle God
+have mercy, amen. He homblyth hym to God and to holy cherche, askynge
+the crowne of this reame by right and defence of herytage; if ye hold ye
+pays with hym, say ya, and hold up handes. And than all the people cryed
+with oon voyce, Ye, ye. Having been crowned, he rose vp ayen and wente
+to the shryne; and there was he dyspoyled of all his bysshopp's gere,
+and arayd as a kynge in rich cloth of gold, with a crowne on his hede;
+which crown the kyng dyd doo make for hymself[101]." The following
+account of the appearance of the champion at the coronation feast, will
+show the antiquity of the present observances. "Settynge at the mete the
+kyng kept his astate; and on the right hand sat the cardynall with a
+lower astate, and on the left hande satt the chaunceler and a bysshop of
+Fraunce, and no mob at that table. And on the righth hand of the table
+at that boord sat the barons of the V. portes. And so forth the clerkes
+of the same chauncery. And on the lefte hande of the hall sat the mayre
+of London with the aldyrmen. And so forth worthy cominers: and in the
+myddes of the hall sat the bisshoppes, justices, and worthy knyghts and
+equyers. And so they filled bothe the midde boordes of the hall. And
+upon a scaffold stoode the kynges herawdes of armes all the tyme with
+crownes on thyr hedes; and at the fyrst cours they came down from her
+scaffold, and they wente before the kynges champyon Sir Phelip Dymok
+that rode in the hall bright as saynte George! And he proclaimed in the
+iiij quarters of the hall that the kyng was a rightfull kyng and heyre
+to the crowne of Engelond: and what maner man that wyll say the contrary
+he was redy to defende it as hys knyght and hys chaumpion, for by that
+offyce he holdith his lande[102]."
+
+At Paris, in his eleventh year, this prince was "honourably accompanied
+to the church of our Lady, where he was anointed and crowned by the
+cardinal bishop of Winchester, after which he departed to the palace,
+having one crown on his head, and another borne before him." "But what
+should I speake," continues Grafton, "of the honorable service, the
+dayntie dishes, the pleasant conceytes, the costly wynes, the sweet
+armony, the musicall instruments which were seene and shewed at that
+feast, sithe all men may conjecture, that nothing was omitted that
+might be bought for golde, nor nothing was forgotten, that by man's wyt
+could be invented[103]."
+
+Our fourth EDWARD, like John, affected an elective right to the crown.
+What is now called the Recognition, being at this period what Burnet
+terms, "a rite of an election, rather than a ceremony of investing one,
+who was already king." "A question was asked of the people then
+present," says Fabian, "if they would admitte hym for their kyng and
+soveraigne lorde, the which with one voice cried Yea, yea."
+
+RICHARD III. and his consort Anne, were crowned with great state at
+Westminster, 6th of July, 1483; there being an unusual concourse of
+nobility at this festival, according to Walpole, including three
+duchesses of Norfolk. Some preparations seem also to have been made for
+the appearance of his deposed nephew, Edward V., in the procession, but
+whether he in reality wore his "apparel and array" there, will ever
+remain, among "Historic Doubts." The circumstance of such an
+arrangement being publicly made, however, demonstrates the confidence of
+Richard in his own title. Lord Orford, who first brought forward the
+evidence of this singular arrangement, says, "Though Richard's son did
+not walk at his father's coronation, Edward V. probably did. I conceive
+all the astonishment of my readers at this assertion, and yet it is
+founded on strongly presumptive evidence. In the coronation roll itself,
+is this amazing entry: 'To lord Edward, son of late king Edward IV., for
+his apparel and array, that is to say, a short gowne made of two yards
+and three quarters of crymsyn clothe of gold, lined with two yards and
+three quarters of blac velvet, a long gowne made of six yards of crymsyn
+cloth of gold, lynned with six yards of green damask, a shorte gowne
+made of two yards and three quarters of purpell velvet, &c.' Let nobody
+tell me that these robes, this magnificence, these trappings for a
+cavalcade, were for the use of a prisoner. Marvellous as the fact is,
+there can be no doubt but the deposed young king walked, or it was
+intended should walk, at his uncle's coronation[104]."
+
+HENRY VII. was crowned "both in form and substance" on Bosworth Field.
+Grafton's remark is, "Lord Stanley took the crown of king Richard, which
+was found amongst the spoyle in the field, and set it on the erle's
+head--as though he had been _elected_ king by the voyce of the people,
+as in auncient tymes past in divers realmes it hath been
+accustomed[105]." This monarch, it is well known, endeavoured to
+strengthen the substantial claims of conquest by those of marriage with
+the daughter of Edward IV., and his own hereditary rights. To the
+people, he seems to have promised a joint coronation with "dame
+Elizabeth his wief," according to a "Little Devise" of his coronation at
+Westminster, which has reached the present times. But in point of fact,
+she did not appear there. Unwilling to lose the influence, Henry was
+still more determined not to appear to rely on the importance, of his
+matrimonial title: he did not, therefore, marry the heiress of the house
+of York, until after his coronation, and delayed to invest her with the
+diadem, until the 3d year of his reign. We have a fine description of
+her coronation in Mr. Ives' Select Papers relating to English
+Antiquities, to which we have already adverted.
+
+No English monarch ascended the throne under happier auspices, or with
+more splendour, than HENRY VIII. "The ordre of the services" of this
+"high and honourable coronation" is given at great length by Hall: in
+which the disused custom of a progress through the metropolis
+constitutes no small part of the pageantry.
+
+Katherine of Arragon appeared on this occasion, borne on a litter by two
+white palfreys, "apparelled in white satyn embroudered, her heeire
+hanging doune to her back of a very great length, bewtefull and goodly
+to behold, and on her head a coronate set with many rich orient stones."
+The entrance of the champion, and his challenge, are in the highest
+style of feudal pomp, and in strict accordance with the old mode of
+trial by combat. "The seconde course beyng served, in at the haule doore
+entered a knight, armed at al poyntes, his bases rich tissue
+embroudered, a great plume and a sumpteous of ostriche fethers on his
+helmet, sittyng on a great courser trapped in tissue, and embroudered
+with tharmes of England, and of Fraunce, and an herauld of armes before
+him. And passyng through the halle, presented hymself with humble
+reverence before the kynges majestie, to whom garter kyng of herauldes
+cried and said, with a loude voyce, Sir knight, from whence come you,
+and what is your pretence? This knight's name was Sir Robert Dimmocke,
+champion to the kyng by tenure of his enheritaunce, who answered the
+saied kyng of armes in effecte after this manner:--Sir, the place that I
+come from is not materiall, nor the cause of my repaire hether is not
+concernyng any matter of any place or countrey, but only this; and
+therewithall commanded his heraulde to make an O yes: then saied the
+knyght to the kyng of armes, Now shal ye here the cause of my commyng
+and pretence. Then he commaunded his owne herauld by proclamacion to
+saye: If there be any persone, of what estate or degree soever he be,
+that wil saie or prove that King Henry the Eight is not the rightfull
+enheritor and kyng of this realme, I, Sir Robert Dimmocke, here his
+champion, offre my glove, to fight in his querrell with any persone to
+the utteraunce."
+
+The coronation of Anne Boleyn was distinguished by the appearance of
+"marvailous connyng pageauntes" in the city: all the Graces were seen on
+Cornhill; the Muses hailed her approach "in Cheap;" and the Cardinal
+Virtues (how are times changed!) paraded Fleet Street. At the banquet
+the king took his station, incog. in a little closet made out of the
+cloyster of St. Stephen's, on the right side of the hall.
+
+We are informed by Burnet, that at the coronation of EDWARD VI. the
+office for that ceremony was revised and much shortened; there being
+"some things that did not agree with" the existing "laws of the land,
+as the promise made to the abbotts for maintaining their lands and
+dignities;" and "for the tedious length of the same, which should weary
+and be hurtsome, peradventure, to the king's majesty, being yet of
+tender age, fully to endure and bide out[106]."--"The most material
+thing in it," he adds, "is the first ceremony, whereby the king being
+shewed to the people at the four corners of the stage, the archbishop
+was to demand their consent to it; and yet in such terms as to
+demonstrate he was no elective prince, for he being declared the
+rightful and undoubted heir, both by the laws of God and man, they were
+desired to give their good wills and assent to the same, as by their
+duty and allegiance they were bound to do." Yet 'King Edward's Journal,'
+preserved in the Appendix of this writer, says, "and it was asked of the
+people whether they would have him _to be the king_? Who answered, yea,
+yea." The young monarch did not, of course, understand the doctrine of
+his own "legitimacy" so well as his loyal courtiers.
+
+MARY, our first queen regnant, was crowned at Westminster, Oct. 1, 1553,
+by Gardiner, bishop of Winchester; the archbishops of Canterbury and
+York being both involved in the rigorous persecution of the Protestants
+which had now begun. In Cheapside the chamberlain of the city presented
+her majesty with a purse containing a thousand marks of gold. It is
+somewhat remarkable, that with all the personal fondness of Mary for her
+husband, Philip of Spain, she should never have proposed his coronation,
+in any form: it would have been quite as regular and constitutional, we
+imagine, as that of a queen consort, and much more so than many of her
+fruitless efforts to promote his influence and authority over her
+subjects.
+
+Queen ELIZABETH, according to the usual custom, resorted to the Tower at
+the death of her sister. Every part of her conduct, until finally
+established in the most unbounded sway over the hearts of her people, is
+from this moment interesting. On entering the Tower she is said to have
+been immediately impressed with the important change that had taken
+place in her condition since she was imprisoned in that fortress, and in
+constant danger of her life. She went on her knees in gratitude to
+Heaven, and spoke of her deliverance being as great as that of Daniel
+from the lions' den: an "act of pious gratitude," says Hume, "which
+seems to have been the last circumstance in which she remembered any
+past hardships or injuries." Cautious and temperate as she was in the
+restoration of Protestantism, the prelates almost entirely refused to
+grant her episcopal consecration. At length, Oglethorpe, bishop of
+Carlisle, was prevailed upon to officiate--but he was the only bishop
+present.
+
+Whether the solemn presentation of the Bible to the sovereign, at his
+coronation, was an improvement upon the pageant in which an English
+Bible was presented to this princess during her progress through the
+city (see p. 60), or at which of our Protestant coronations it was
+introduced, we know not. It clearly is a Protestant and most
+appropriate symbol of the royal duty, and of the best means of
+performing it.
+
+In her first communication with her parliament, there is an allusion of
+this princess to one part of the coronation ceremony, which we must not
+omit to notice. The Commons, after granting a liberal subsidy, ventured
+to recommend the queen to marry. In reply she told them, that as the
+application was general, without presuming to direct her choice as to a
+husband, she could not take offence at it; but that any further
+interposition on their parts would have ill become them to make, or her
+to bear: that even while she was a private person, and exposed to much
+danger from the malice of her enemies, she had always declined that
+engagement, as an encumbrance; much more at present must she persevere
+in that sentiment, when the charge of a great kingdom was committed to
+her, and her life ought to be devoted to its interests: that as
+_England_ was her husband, wedded to her by this pledge (and here she
+exhibited her finger with the CORONATION RING upon it), Englishmen were
+her children; and while she was employed in rearing or governing such a
+family, she could not deem herself barren, or her life useless and
+unprofitable: that if she ever entertained thoughts of changing her
+condition, the care of her subjects' welfare would be uppermost in her
+thoughts; but should she live and die a virgin, she doubted not but
+divine Providence, seconding their counsels and her own measures, would
+be able to prevent all dispute with regard to the succession;--and that,
+for her part, she desired no higher character or fairer remembrance of
+her should be transmitted to posterity, than to have this inscription
+engraved on her tombstone, "Here lies Elizabeth, who lived and died a
+maiden queen!"
+
+The accession of JAMES I. to the throne was distinguished by nothing
+remarkable connected with our subject, except the numerous creations of
+peers and other titles. He is said, during the first six weeks after his
+entrance into the kingdom, to have bestowed knighthood on 237 persons.
+It was at this period that an advertisement was affixed to the door of
+St. Paul's cathedral, offering to teach a new art of memory, to enable
+the people to recollect the names of the additions to the nobility.
+
+There has been a recent publication of Sir Edward Walker's "Account of
+the Preparations for the Coronation of King CHARLES II.;" but his
+"minute detail" adds nothing important to the history of that splendid
+ceremony, unless we so account the "double felicitie" of the prince and
+people, "that as hee was the object of innumerable multitudes of his
+subjects, so by no accident from Towre-Hill to his own palace, no one
+suffered the least prejudice; and that the sunne shined gloriously all
+that day and the next until after his coronation, not one drop of raine
+falling in all that time, as very much had done at least ten dayes
+before, and as many after those two great solemnityes[107]."
+
+Sandford, the "most dutiful author and collector" of the details of
+JAMES II.'s coronation, has furnished the only complete text-book of
+our subject. Mr. Taylor, and all subsequent writers, follow him
+throughout the entire ritual of the church service, and in "every thing
+relating to practice[108]." In an address to "the King," he speaks of
+"the pomp, the dignity, and the many glorious circumstances which
+accompany this matter and occasion," "being such as would _endanger the
+tempting_ of another man to swell a dedication to the bulk of a
+History;" and dilates upon "the boundless antiquity of the imperial
+descent," with the splendour, "both in war and peace," of the kingly
+progenitors of His Majesty--not forgetting the "_series of miracles_,"
+which he asserts to have been still following in that descent, and to
+have been specially "wrought in favour of His Majesty's life and
+government." "If I should presume to follow the impulse of my zeal," he
+adds, "I should _enlarge_ myself upon this theme; but being conscious,
+that it is as little my faculty as it is my province, and that long
+importunities from a subject to his sovereign are neither good
+discretion nor good manners; I will take care not to be needlessly
+troublesome, by being over officiously thankful," &c. This is modest
+enough for the introduction of a folio on the royal occupations of one
+day.
+
+The book describes the preparations for the coronation, the
+performances, and the subsequent claims arising out of the performances
+of the day: but it is as stiff and stately throughout as in the
+dedication. Omitting no one Christian name of a dowager peeress, nor of
+any "individual person who went in the grand proceeding," nor even of
+"such who _ought_ to have gone," it furnishes not a single personal
+anecdote of the day, nothing that stirs our sympathies: the king is a
+sort of demi-god, "most high, most mighty, and most excellent," and his
+nobles a number of well ordered automata moving round him. They speak
+all the day "out of a book held before" them. Nothing is heard, even at
+dinner, but grace and defiance from the bishop and champion.
+
+Something human, however, appears in their appetites. In the Journal of
+Preparations, we find His Majesty's pleasure declared in council, that
+"a particular account" should be obtained "of the dinner kept in
+Westminster Hall, at the coronation of His Majesty King Charles II., as
+also that provided at the coronation of his royal father; together,"
+gentle reader, "with the whole _expense_ and charge of the said
+dinners." And we accordingly find the feet and inches of the royal table
+of Charles II. duly given; the courses of meat, hot and cold, and the
+dishes in each course; as likewise the orders of the "_banquet_," served
+in plate, on each of the tables of the Hall: that term (our future
+commentators on Shakspeare must observe) being confined to the
+"confections dried and wet, with fruit of the season." In another minute
+of council is a recommendation that there "be provided a magnificent
+table for their Majesties in the nature of an ambigue; but with two
+courses, in regard to the ceremonies that are to be performed at the
+second course." On turning to our books to understand _this_ method of
+good living, we were somewhat startled to find the following
+contradictory recommendation, quoted by Johnson, from an old Art of
+Cookery:--
+
+  When _straitened_ in your time, and servants _few_,
+  You'd richly then compose an ambigue,
+  Where first and second course, and your desert,
+  All in _one single_ table have their part.
+
+St. George's day, in 1684-5, was happily chosen for the ceremony; and a
+letter of summons, which seems to constitute the actual right of
+appearing at a coronation, was ordered to be drawn up by the Earl of
+Sunderland. This document, the form of which continues to be followed,
+runs thus:--
+
+    "JAMES R.
+
+    "Right trusty and well-beloved cousin, we greet you well. Whereas we
+    have appointed the 23d day of April next for the solemnity of our
+    royal coronation. These are, therefore, to will and command you, all
+    excuses set apart, that you make your personal attendance on us, at
+    the time above mentioned, furnished and appointed, as to your rank
+    and quality appertaineth, there to do and perform such services as
+    shall be required and belonging to you. And whereas we have also
+    resolved, that the coronation of our Royal Consort the Queen shall
+    be solemnized on the same day; we do further require the [Countess]
+    your wife to make her personal attendance on our said Royal Consort,
+    at the time, and in the manner aforesaid: whereof you and she are
+    not to fail. And so we bid you heartily farewell. Given at our Court
+    at Whitehall, the 21st day of March, in the first year of our reign,
+    1684-5."
+
+In the "Explanation of the Sacred and Royal Habits, and other Ornaments,
+wherewith the King was invested," Sandford mentions a tablet which hung
+to the royal chair, and on which were "written, in the Old English
+letter, these verses"--
+
+  Si quid habent veri vel chronica cana fidesve,
+    Clauditur hac cathedra nobilis ecce lapis,
+  Ad caput eximus Jacob quondam patriarcha
+    Quem posuit cernens numina mira poli:
+  Quem tulit ex Scotis spolians quasi victor honoristhan
+    Edwardus Primus, Mars velut armipotens,
+  Scotorum domitor, notis validissimus Hector,
+    Anglorum decus, et gloria militiae.
+
+This must, therefore, have been destroyed since King James's coronation,
+for it is now lost. There is but one objection to ascribing the verses,
+with Mr. Taylor, to Edward the First's reign--would he have written
+"Edwardus _Primus_?"
+
+The queen's crown of state, or that worn on her return from Westminster
+Hall, seems to have been the most valuable part of the regalia of that
+day. It is regularly set forth, in its component pearls and diamonds, as
+of "value 111,900_l._" (an immense sum at that period), and weighing
+only eighteen ounces ten pennyweights.
+
+King James and his Queen slept at St. James's Palace on the vigil of St.
+George, "for the greater convenience of performing their devotions,"
+&c.; and joined the peers and other dignitaries at the Palace of
+Westminster, by "half an hour after ten." Here the latter were
+marshalled according to their respective classes, _four_ in a rank;
+placing the youngest on the left, pursuant to what had been before
+resolved on by his majesty in council, for "the greater glory of the
+solemnity:" and "note," says our accurate chronicler, "that at _all_
+former coronations the classes proceeded only by two abreast." The king
+and queen entered Westminster Hall at half past eleven o'clock
+precisely; when the dean of Westminster "having, early in the morning,
+with the assistance of the prebendaries, consecrated the holy oil for
+their majesties' anointing," (in what manner we are not informed),
+presented the regalia to the king. Then the queen's regalia were placed
+before her; and the several noblemen and gentlemen who were to bear the
+different symbols of royalty to the Abbey were summoned to receive them;
+the whole procession being ready to move forward exactly at _noon_.
+
+Now came the stately pomp of England's royalty and nobility "through the
+New Palace Yard into King Street, and so through the Great Sanctuary
+unto the west door of the collegiate church of St. Peter," as depicted
+by Sandford in "nineteen sculptures following," or, as modern
+book-manufacturers would say, in thirty-eight well-executed folio
+plates, which give the exact appearance of "each degree and order of
+person in the same," and really form an admirable memorial of such a
+procession.
+
+The twelve principal ceremonies assigned by this writer to the Abbey are
+the same in substance with the modern observances. It is noticed by Mr.
+Taylor that Sandford is the author who _first_ terms the presentation of
+the monarch to the people, and their reply, "the recognition."
+
+The king sat down in St. Edward's chair; and the archbishop, assisted by
+the dean of Westminster, "reverently put the crown on the king's head"
+at three of the clock precisely. The queen, having been first anointed
+on her head and breast, was now crowned and enthroned, and the
+procession returned to the Hall at "five of the clock."
+
+The first course of the "ambigue" appears to have consisted of
+"ninety-nine dishes of the most excellent and choicest of all sorts of
+cold meats, both flesh and fish, excellently well dressed, and ordered
+all manner of ways;" and the whole feast of 1445 dishes, of the placing
+of which we have a numbered scheme (a folio plate), and catalogues
+corresponding. Could this _provoking_ volume present its viands to some
+of our other senses in equal perfection with that in which "the first
+course of hot meat served up to their majesties' table" meets the eye,
+it were more reasonable to detain the reader over this part of the work;
+but, at the late hour of the morning at which we write this, it is too
+much to dwell on the "cocks' combs," and "petty-toes" and
+"turkeys-a-la-royale," and "partridges by the dozen," with which it
+abounds.
+
+The appearance of the champion and the challenge were exactly according
+to modern usage.
+
+Sandford concludes with an abstract of the record of the Court of
+Claims, giving both those which were admitted and those which were
+rejected. The following is a form of judgment respecting the office of
+lord great chamberlain:--
+
+    "Quarum quidem petitionum consideratione matura habita, eo quod idem
+    Comes de Lyndsey modo existit in possessione et executione officii
+    praedicti, et quod Robertus non ita pridem Carolum Primum faelicissimae
+    memoriae, tunc Regem Angliae, de advisamento Dominorum in Parliamento;
+    quod quidem officium Montague nuper Comes Lyndsey pater ejus, cujus
+    haeres ipse est executus est in coronatione Caroli Secundi nuper
+    Regis Angliae. Ideo consideratum est per commissionarios praedictos
+    quod clameum praedicti Comitis de Lyndsey ad officium praedictum eidem
+    Comiti de Lyndsey allocetur, exercendum praedicto die Coronationis;
+    et quod clameum praedicti Comitis Derbiae non allocetur; sed quoad
+    feoda et vadia per dictum Comitem de Lyndsey clamata, clameum ejus
+    quoad poculum de Assay non allocatur, eo quod non constabat
+    praedictis commissionariis Magnum Angliae Camerarium dictum poculum
+    aliqua precedenti coronatione habuisse. Sed quod alia clamea
+    praedicta eidem Comiti de Lyndsey allocantur.
+
+    "Et postea et ante coronationem praedietam dicta quadraginta Virgatae
+    Velveti eidem Comiti deliberatae fuere: et pro reliquis feodis
+    praedictis compositio facta est cum praedicto Comiti, pro ducentis
+    libris sterlingorum, et praedictus Comes de Lyndsey officium Magni
+    Camerarii Angliae in die Coronationis adimplevit."
+
+And thus the reader has a summary of the contents of this important
+work.
+
+James II. boasts, in his Memoirs, of having saved the country 60,000_l._
+by the omission (for the first time) of the royal procession through the
+city, at his coronation.
+
+The coronation of WILLIAM and MARY presented the singular feature of a
+joint sovereignty over these realms, conferred by public consent. The
+only alteration this made in the ceremonial was, that another symbol of
+sovereign power, the orb, was required, and presented in due form to
+the queen as well as to the king. The new-modelling of the coronation
+oath, at this period, we have before noticed[109].
+
+It is certainly remarkable that neither of our married queens regnant,
+MARY or ANNE, should have obtained the coronation of their husbands: in
+neither case was conjugal influence wanted; but the superior force of
+the people's jealousy of foreign sway was, perhaps, wisely deferred to:
+in neither reign were other subjects of strife wanted between the crown
+and the people.
+
+The princes of the illustrious House now seated on the throne have
+affected no novelties in their coronation ceremonies--except, perhaps,
+that they have endeavoured to simplify and abridge them. GEORGE I.
+ascended the throne at the age of fifty-five, and was crowned at
+Westminster, on the 20th of October, 1714. His consort, the Princess
+Sophia Dorothy of Zell, having fallen under his displeasure for alleged
+infidelity to her marriage vows, and having been, it is said, divorced
+from him by the Hanoverian law, was never brought into this country; and
+never, therefore, acknowledged Queen of England. GEORGE II. was crowned
+with his consort, at Westminster, on the 11th day of October, 1727.
+
+Our late beloved monarch had the happiness of exhibiting to his people
+the splendid spectacles of his marriage and coronation within the same
+month of September, 1761. On the 8th of July, in that year, the king
+first announced to the privy council his intention of demanding in
+marriage the Princess Charlotte of Mecklenberg, sister of the reigning
+Duke Adolphus IV., and on the same day signed a proclamation for the
+assembling of the Court of Claims, and for his own coronation. The
+queen, being detained by contrary winds, did not arrive in this country
+until the 6th of September; on the 8th the nuptial ceremony was
+performed; on the 11th a second proclamation directed that her majesty
+should be united with her royal consort in the pending coronation
+ceremonies. These so far varied from that august ceremonial which has
+recently occupied the public attention, as the presence of a queen
+consort in the procession to the Abbey, and at the royal feast; her
+personal attendants; and the body of the peeresses, may be thought to
+give additional interest and splendour to the scene. The queen entered
+Westminster Hall the same hour as his majesty, and occupied a chair of
+state at his left hand, while the regalia were presented by the Dean of
+Westminster and his attendants. In the procession to the Abbey her
+majesty's vice-chamberlain took his place immediately following the
+gentlemen who personated the Dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy, and was
+succeeded by the other part of the queen's state in the following
+order:--
+
+The Queen's Vice-Chamberlain, (Lord Viscount Cantalupe,)
+
+Two Gentlemen Ushers.
+
+  The Ivory Rod with      |The Queen's Lord        |The Sceptre with the
+  the Dove, borne by the  |Chamberlain, (Duke      |Cross, borne by the
+  Earl of Northampton,    |of Manchester,)         |Duke of Rutland,
+  in his robes of estate. |in his robes, with his  |in his robes of estate.
+                          |coronet and staff in his|
+                          |hands.                  |
+
+
+  Two Serjeants at        { The Queen's Crown, borne by } Two Serjeants at
+  Arms,                   { the Duke of Bolton,         } Arms,
+  with their gilt collars { in his robes of estate.     } with their gilt collars
+  and maces.              {                             } and maces.
+
+
+  G |                                                                                 | G
+  e |A Baron of       +--------------+---------------+--------------+A Baron of       | e
+  n |the Cinque-Ports,|Dr.           |               |Dr.           |the Cinque-Ports,| n
+  t |supporting the   |Thomas        |     THE       |John          |supporting the   | t
+  l |Canopy.          |Hayter,       |     QUEEN,    |Thomas,       |Canopy.          | l
+  e |                 |Lord          |               |Lord          |                 | e
+  m |                 |Bishop of     |in her Royal   |Bishop of     |                 | m
+  e |                 |Norwich,      |Robes of       |Lincoln,      |                 | e
+  n |                 |in his Rochet,|Crimson Velvet;|in his Rochet,|                 | n
+    |                 |supporter     |on her         |supporter     |                 |
+  P |A Baron, do.     |to the Queen. |head a circlet |to the Queen. |A Baron, do.     | P
+  e |                 +--------------+               +--------------+                 | e
+  n |A Baron, do.     |            of Gold, adorned with            |A Baron, do.     | n
+  s |                 |                                             |                 | s
+  i |                 |            Jewels; going under              |                 | i
+  o |                 |                                             |                 | o
+  n |A Baron, do.     |              a Canopy of                    |A Baron, do.     | n
+  e |                 |                                             |                 | e
+  r |                 |            Cloth of Gold: her Train         |                 | r
+  s |                 |                                             |                 | s
+  , |A Baron, do.     |              borne by Her Royal             |A Baron, do.     | ,
+    |                 |                                             |                 |
+  c |                 |                 Highness the                |                 | c
+  a |                 |                                             |                 | a
+  r |A Baron, do.     |               Princess Augusta,             |A Baron, do.     | r
+  r |                 |                                             |                 | r
+  y |                 |               in her Robes of               |                 | y
+  i |                 |                                             |                 | i
+  n |A Baron, do.     |              Estate, assisted by            |A Baron, do.     | n
+  g |                 |                                             |                 | g
+    |                 |             Six Earls' daughters.           |                 |
+  t |                 |                                             |                 | t
+  h |A Baron of       |Lady Jane Steuart.   |  Ldy. Mary Douglas    |A Baron of       | h
+  e |the Cinque-Ports,|Lady Elizabeth       |  Lady Heneage         |the Cinque-Ports | e
+  i |supporting the   | Montague.           |   Finch.              |supporting the   | i
+  r |Canopy.          |Lady Mary Grey.      |  L. Selina Hastings.  |Canopy.          | r
+    |                 +---------------------+-----------------------+                 |
+  g |                                                                                 | g
+  i |                               THE PRINCESS AUGUSTA,                             | i
+  l |                                                                                 | l
+  t |                  her coronet borne by the Marquess of Carnarvon.                | t
+    |                                                                                 |
+  A |                    Duchess of Ancaster, Mistress of the Robes.                  | A
+  x |                                                                                 | x
+  e |                    Two Women of Her Majesty's Bed-Chamber.                      | e
+  s |                                                                                 | s
+  . |                                                                                 | .
+
+The peeresses preceded their respective lords--each rank of the peerage
+being classed together; that is, the baronesses preceding the barons,
+the viscountesses the viscounts, and so forth. In the Abbey the queen
+first ascended the theatre, and stood opposite her chair until the king
+was seated. His majesty was then anointed and crowned: when the order
+for the queen's coronation prescribed as follows:--
+
+The anthem being ended, the Archbishop of Canterbury goes to the altar;
+and the queen arising from her chair on the south side of the area where
+she sat during the time the king was anointed and crowned, being
+supported by two bishops, goes towards the altar, attended by the ladies
+who bear her train, the ladies of the bedchamber, &c., and kneels before
+it; when the archbishop, being at the north side of the altar, says the
+following prayer:--
+
+    (_Omnipotens sempiterne Deus._)
+
+    Almighty and everlasting God, the fountain of all goodness, give
+    ear, we beseech thee, to our prayers, and multiply thy blessings
+    upon this thy servant, whom in thy name, with all humble devotion,
+    we consecrate our queen. Defend her always with thy mighty hand,
+    protect her on every side, that she may be able to overcome all her
+    enemies; and that with Sarah and Rebecca, Leah and Rachel, and all
+    other blessed and honourable women, she may multiply and rejoice in
+    the fruit of her womb, to the honour of the kingdom and the good
+    government of thy church, through Christ our Lord, who vouchsafed to
+    be born of a virgin that he might redeem the world, who liveth and
+    reigneth with thee, in unity of the Holy Ghost, world without end.
+
+This being done, the queen arises and goes to the faldstool, between
+king Edward's chair and the steps of the altar, where the groom of the
+stole to her majesty, and the ladies of the bedchamber, take off her
+circle or coronet. Then the queen kneels down, and the archbishop pours
+the holy oil on the crown of her head, in form of a cross, saying these
+words:--"In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, let the
+anointing of this oil increase thine honour, and the grace of God's Holy
+Spirit establish thee for ever and ever. Amen."--The ladies then open
+her apparel for the anointing on the breast, which the archbishop also
+performs, using the same words. After which, he says this prayer:
+
+    (_Omnipotens sempiterne Deus._)
+
+    Almighty and everlasting God, we beseech thee of thy abundant
+    goodness poor out the spirit of thy grace and blessing upon this thy
+    servant queen----; that as by the imposition of our hands she is
+    this day crowned queen, so she may, by thy sanctification, continue
+    always thy chosen servant, through Christ our Lord.
+
+One of the ladies in attendance (having first dried the place anointed
+with fine cotton wool) then closes the queen's robes at her breast, and
+after puts a linen coif upon her head; which being done, the archbishop
+puts the ring (which he receives from the master of the jewel-house) on
+the fourth finger of her right hand, saying,
+
+    Receive this ring, the seal of a sincere faith, that you may avoid
+    all infection of heresy, and by the power of God compel barbarous
+    nations, and bring them to the knowledge of the truth.
+
+His grace then takes the crown from off the altar, and reverently sets
+it upon the queen's head, saying,
+
+    Receive the crown of glory, honour, and joy; and God, the crown of
+    the faithful, who by our episcopal hands, though most unworthy, hath
+    this day set a crown of pure gold upon thy head, enrich you with
+    wisdom and virtue, that after this life you may meet the everlasting
+    Bridegroom our Lord Jesus Christ, who, with the Father and the Holy
+    Ghost, liveth and reigneth for ever and ever. Amen.
+
+The queen being crowned, all the peeresses put on their coronets; the
+archbishop then puts the sceptre into her majesty's right hand, and the
+ivory rod into her left, and says the following prayer:
+
+    (_Omnium Domine, fons bonorum._)
+
+    O Lord, the fountain of all good things, and the giver of all
+    perfection, grant unto this thy servant ------ our queen, that she
+    may order aright the high dignity she hath obtained, and with good
+    works establish the glory thou hast given her, through Christ our
+    Lord. Amen.
+
+The queen being thus anointed and crowned, and having received all her
+royal ornaments, the choirs sing an anthem, commonly from Psalm xlv.
+ver. 1, "My heart is inditing of a good matter," &c. As soon as this is
+begun, the queen rises from her faldstool, and, being supported by the
+two bishops, and attended as before, goes up to the theatre: as she
+approaches the king, she bows herself reverently to his majesty sitting
+upon his throne; and so is conducted to her own throne on the left hand
+of the king, where she reposes till the anthem is ended.
+
+The dignity of the monarch, as well as his humility on this august
+occasion, have been celebrated by the late Bishop Newton. "The king's
+whole behaviour at the coronation," he says, "was justly admired and
+commended by every one, and particularly his manner of seating himself
+on the throne after his coronation. No actor in the character of
+Pyrrhus, in the Distressed Mother,--not even Booth himself, who was
+celebrated for it in the Spectator[110],--ever ascended the throne with
+so much grace and dignity. There was another particular which those only
+could observe who sat near the Communion-Table, as did the prebendaries
+of Westminster. When the king approached the communion-table, in order
+to receive the sacrament, he inquired of the archbishop, Whether he
+should not lay aside his crown? The archbishop asked the Bishop of
+Rochester, but neither of them knew, nor could say, what had been the
+usual form. The king determined within himself that humility best became
+such a solemn act of devotion, and took off the crown, and laid it
+aside during the administration."
+
+That one of the last of the unfortunate race of the Stuarts, Prince
+Charles, was in London, if not present at the coronation feast, on this
+occasion, seems to be a fact pretty well established. The Gentleman's
+Magazine, 1764, (p. 28,) speaks of it as "publicly said, That the young
+Pretender himself came from Flanders to see the coronation; that he was
+in Westminster Hall (?) during the ceremony, and in London two or three
+days before and after it, under the name of Mr. Brown." And Mr. Hume
+thus writes to one of his literary friends:--"What will surprise you
+more, Lord Marshal, a few days after the coronation of the present king,
+told me, that he believed the young Pretender was at that time in
+London, or, at least, had been so very lately, and had come over to see
+the show of the coronation, and had actually seen it. I asked my lord
+the reason for this strange fact. 'Why,' says he, 'a gentleman told me
+so who saw him there, and whispered in his ear--'Your royal highness is
+the last of all mortals whom I should expect to see here.'--'It was
+curiosity that led me,' said the other: 'but I assure you,' added he,
+'that the person who is the cause of all this pomp and magnificence, is
+the man I envy the least.'" A report recently found its way to the
+public papers, which we have not been able to trace to any authentic
+source, that a glove was actually thrown from an upper seat in the Hall,
+as a gage to the king's champion, at this period: that the champion
+receiving it from his attendants, asked, 'who was his fair foe?' and
+that the rumour of the day soon connected it with the appearance, and
+attributed it to the romantic dispositions of the young Chevalier.
+
+Of the late coronation we shall at once consult the best feelings of our
+own mind, and of the community, by presenting the most copious account
+we have been able to collect:--
+
+
+      CORONATION
+
+      of
+
+      His Most Excellent Majesty
+
+      KING GEORGE IV.,
+
+      _On Thursday the 19th day of July, 1821._
+
+      ARRANGEMENT FOR THE ASSEMBLING OF THE
+      PEERS AND OFFICERS.
+
+                                        {Their R. H. the Dukes of
+                                        {  the Blood Royal, in their
+                                        {  robes of estate, having
+                                        {  their coronets, and the
+                                        {  Field Marshals their batons,
+                                        {  in their hands.
+                                        {The Peers in their robes of
+                                        {  estate, having their coronets
+                                        {  in their hands.
+      _They were to assemble in         {His R. H. Prince Leopold,
+      the House of Lords_               {  in the full habit of the
+                                        {  Order of the Garter, having
+                                        {  his cap and feathers
+                                        {  in his hand.
+                                        {The Archbishops and Bishops,
+                                        {  vested in their
+                                        {  rochets, having their
+                                        {  square caps in their
+                                        {  hands.
+
+      _In his place near the Bar_       {The Gentleman Usher of
+                                        {  the Black Rod.
+
+      _In the space below the Bar       {The Train-bearers of the
+      of the House of Lords_            {  Princes of the Blood
+                                        {  Royal.
+
+                                        {The Attendants on the Lord
+                                        {  High Steward, on the
+                                        {  Lord Chancellor, the Lord
+      _In the space below the Bar_      {  High Constable, and on
+      _of the House of Lords_           {  the Lord Chamberlain
+                                        {  of the Household.
+                                        {The Gentlemen Ushers of the
+                                        {  White and Green Rods,
+                                        {  all in their proper habits.
+
+                                        {The Lord Chief Justice of
+                                        {  the King's Bench.
+                                        {The Master of the Rolls.
+                                        {The Vice-Chancellor.
+                                        {The Lord Chief Justice of
+                                        {  the Common Pleas.
+                                        {The Lord Chief Baron.
+                                        {The Barons of the Exchequer,
+                                        {  and Justices of both
+      _In the Painted Chamber_          {  Benches.
+      _and adjacent rooms, near_        {The Gentlemen of the Privy
+      _the House of Lords_              {  Chamber.
+                                        {The Attorney and Solicitor
+                                        {  General.
+                                        {Serjeants at Law.
+                                        {Masters in Chancery.
+                                        {The Lord Mayor, Aldermen,
+                                        {  Recorder, & Sheriffs
+                                        {  of London.
+                                        {King's Chaplains, having
+                                        {  dignities.
+                                        {Six Clerks in Chancery.
+
+                                        {The Knights Grand Crosses
+                                        {  of the Order of the Bath,
+      _In the Chamber formerly_         {  in the full habit of the
+      _the House of Lords_              {  Order, wearing their collars;
+                                        {  their caps and feathers
+                                        {  in their hands.
+
+                                        {The Knights Commanders
+                                        {  of the said Order, in
+                                        {  their full habits; their
+                                        {  caps and feathers in their
+      _In the Chamber formerly          {  hands.
+      the House of Lords_               {The Officers of the said
+                                        {  Order, in their mantles,
+                                        {  chains, and badges.
+
+                                        {The Treasurer and Comptroller
+                                        {  of the Household.
+                                        {The Vice-Chamberlain.
+                                        {The Marquis of Londonderry,
+                                        {  in the full habit of
+      _In the Chamber formerly          {  the Garter, having his
+        called the Prince's Chamber     {  cap and feathers in his
+        or Robing Room, near            {  hand.
+        the former House of             {The Register of the said
+        Lords_                          {  Order, in his mantle,
+                                        {  with his book.
+                                        {Privy Councillors, not
+                                        {  being Peers or Knights
+                                        {  Grand Crosses of the
+                                        {  Bath.
+                                        { Clerks of the Council in
+                                        {  Ordinary.
+
+      _In his Majesty's Robing          {The Train-bearers of his
+      Chamber, near the south           {  Majesty.
+      entrance into Westminster         {Master of the Robes.
+      Hall_                             {Groom of the Robes.
+
+                                        {Lords and Grooms of the
+                                        {  Bedchamber.
+      _In the room of Chairman of       {Keeper of the Privy Purse.
+      Committees, adjoining the         {Equerries and Pages of
+      House of Lords_                   {  Honour.
+                                        {Gentlemen Ushers & Aides-de-Camp.
+
+      _In the Witness-room, adjoining   {Physicians, Surgeons, and
+      the House of Lords_               {  Apothecaries.
+
+                                        {Officers of the Band of Gentlemen
+                                        {  Pensioners, with
+                                        {  their Corps, and the Serjeants
+      _In the House of Commons          {  at Arms.
+      and the Lobbies_                  {The Officers of the Yeomen
+                                        {  of the Guard, with their
+                                        {  Corps.
+
+      _In the Lobby between the         {The Kings, Heralds, and
+      House of Lords and the            {  Pursuivants of Arms.
+      Painted Chamber_
+
+      _In Westminster Hall, at the      {Sixteen Barons of the
+      lower end, near the great         {  Cinque Ports.
+      north door_
+
+      _In Westminster Hall, near        {The Knight Marshall and
+      the north door_                   {  his two Officers.
+
+      _In Westminster Hall, at the      {His Majesty's Band.
+      lower end_
+
+      _Without the north door of        {All who are to precede the
+      Westminster Hall_                 {  Knight Marshal in the
+                                        {  procession.
+
+
+       *     *     *     *     *
+
+His Majesty was, during these preliminary arrangements, in his chamber,
+near the south entrance into Westminster Hall.
+
+The peers were then called over in the House of Lords by deputy Garter;
+and proceeded to the Hall, where the other persons appointed to walk in
+the procession had been previously marshalled on the right and left by
+the officers of arms; leaving an open passage in the middle, so that
+the procession with the regalia might pass uninterruptedly up the Hall.
+
+His Majesty, preceded by the great officers of state, entered the Hall a
+few minutes after ten, and took his seat in the chair of state at the
+table, when a gun was fired. The deputy lord great chamberlain, the lord
+high constable, and the deputy earl marshal, ascended the steps, and
+placed themselves at the outer side of the table.
+
+The lord high steward, the great officers, deputy Garter, and black rod,
+arranged themselves near the chair of state; the royal train-bearers on
+each side of the throne.
+
+The lord chamberlain, assisted by officers of the Jewel-office, then
+brought the sword of state to the lord high constable, who delivered it
+to the deputy lord great chamberlain, by whom it was laid upon the
+table; then Curtana, or the sword of mercy, with the two swords of
+justice, being in like manner presented, were drawn from their scabbards
+by the deputy lord great chamberlain, and laid on the table before his
+Majesty; after which the gold spurs were delivered, and also placed on
+the table. Immediately after, a procession, consisting of the dean and
+prebendaries of Westminster, in their surplices and rich copes,
+proceeded up the Hall, from the lower end thereof, in manner
+following:--
+
+  _Procession with, and Delivery of, the Regalia._
+
+  Serjeant of the Vestry, in a scarlet mantle.
+
+  Children of the King's Chapel, in scarlet mantles, four abreast.
+
+  Children of the Choir of Westminster, in surplices, four abreast.
+
+  Gentlemen of the King's Chapel, in scarlet mantles, four abreast.
+
+  Choir of Westminster, in surplices, four abreast.
+
+  Sub-Dean of the Chapel Royal.
+
+  Two Pursuivants of Arms.
+
+  Two Heralds.
+
+  The two provincial Kings of Arms.
+
+  The Dean of Westminster, carrying St. Edward's Crown on a cushion
+    of cloth of gold.
+
+  First Prebendary of Westminster, carrying the Orb.
+
+  Second Prebendary, carrying the Sceptre with the Dove.
+
+  Third Prebendary, carrying the Sceptre with the Cross.
+
+  Fourth Prebendary, carrying St. Edward's Staff.
+
+  Fifth Prebendary, carrying the Chalice and Patina.
+
+  Sixth Prebendary, carrying the Bible.
+
+In this procession they made their reverences, first at the lower end
+of the Hall, secondly about the middle, where both the Choirs opening to
+the right and left a passage, through which the officers of arms passing
+opened likewise on each side, the seniors placing themselves nearest
+towards the steps: then the dean and prebendaries having come to the
+front of the steps, made their third reverence. This being done, the
+dean and prebendaries being come to the foot of the steps, deputy Garter
+preceding them (he having waited their coming there), ascended the
+steps, and approaching near the table before the King, made their last
+reverence. The dean then presented the crown to the lord high constable,
+who delivered it to the deputy lord great chamberlain, and it was by him
+placed on the table before the King. The rest of the regalia was
+severally delivered by each prebendary, on his knee, to the dean, by him
+to the lord high constable, by him to the deputy lord great chamberlain,
+and by him laid on the table. The regalia being thus delivered, the
+prebendaries and dean returned to the middle of the hall. His Majesty
+having commanded deputy Garter to summon the noblemen and bishops who
+were to bear the regalia, the deputy lord great chamberlain, then taking
+up the several swords, sceptres, the orb, and crown, placed them in the
+hands of those by whom they were to be carried.
+
+  I. St. Edward's staff, by the Marquess of Salisbury.
+  II. The spurs, by Lord Calthorpe, as deputy to the Baroness Grey de
+    Ruthyn.
+  III. The sceptre with the cross, by the Marquess Wellesley.
+  IV. The pointed sword of temporal justice, by the Earl of Galloway.
+  V. The pointed sword of spiritual justice, by the Duke of Northumberland.
+  VI. Curtana, or sword of mercy, by the Duke of Newcastle.
+  VII. The sword of state, by the Duke of Dorset.
+  VIII. The sceptre with the dove, by the Duke of Rutland.
+  IX. The orb, by the Duke of Devonshire.
+  X. St. Edward's crown, by the Marquess of Anglesey, as lord high steward.
+  XI. The patina, by the Bishop of Gloucester.
+  XII. The chalice, by the Bishop of Chester.
+  XIII. The Bible, by the Bishop of Ely.
+
+The two bishops who are to support his Majesty were then summoned by
+deputy Garter, and, ascending the steps, placed themselves on each side
+of the king.
+
+
+PROCESSION TO THE ABBEY.
+
+The second gun was then fired, and the procession moved upon the blue
+cloth spread on the platform from the throne in Westminster Hall to the
+great steps in the Abbey church; the following anthem, "O Lord, grant
+the king a long life," &c. being sung in parts, in succession, with his
+Majesty's band playing, the sounding of trumpets, and the beating of
+drums, until the arrival in the Abbey.
+
+
+      Order.
+
+      The King's Herb-woman with her six Maids,
+      strewing the way with herbs.
+
+      Messenger of the College of Arms, in a scarlet cloak,
+      with the arms of the College embroidered
+      on the left shoulder.
+
+      The Dean's Beadle of Westminster, with his staff.
+
+      The High Constable of Westminster, with his staff, in a
+      scarlet cloak.
+
+      Two Household Fifes with banners of velvet fringed with
+      gold, and five Household Drummers in royal
+      livery, drum-covers of crimson velvet,
+      laced and fringed with gold.
+
+      The Drum-Major, in a rich livery, and a crimson scarf
+      fringed with gold.
+
+      Eight Trumpets in rich liveries: banners of crimson
+      damask embroidered and fringed with gold, to
+      the silver trumpets.
+
+      Kettle-Drums, drum-covers of crimson damask, embroidered
+      and fringed with gold.
+
+      Eight Trumpets in liveries, as before.
+
+      Serjeant Trumpeter, with his mace.
+
+      The Knight Marshal, attended by his Officers.
+
+      The Six Clerks in Chancery.
+
+      The King's Chaplains having dignities.
+
+      The Sheriffs of London.
+
+      The Aldermen and Recorder of London.
+
+      Masters in Chancery.
+
+      The King's Serjeants at Law.
+
+      The King's Ancient Serjeant.
+
+      The King's Solicitor Gen. The King's Attorney Gen.
+
+      Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber.
+
+      Serj. of the Vestry of the Chapel Royal. Serj. Porter.
+
+      Children of the Choir of Westminster, in surplices.
+
+      Children of the Chapel Royal, in surplices, with scarlet
+      mantles over them.
+
+      Choir of Westminster, in surplices.
+
+      Gentlemen of the Chapel Royal, in scarlet mantles.
+
+      Sub-Dean of the Chapel Royal, in a scarlet gown.
+
+      Prebendaries of Westminster, in surplices and rich copes.
+
+      The Dean of Westminster, in a surplice and rich cope.
+
+      Pursuivants of Scotland and Ireland, in their tabards.
+
+      His Majesty's Band.
+
+      Officers attendant on the Knights Commanders of the
+      Bath, in their mantles, chains and badges.
+
+      Knights Grand Crosses of the Bath (not Peers), in the
+      full habit of their order, caps in their hands.
+
+      A Pursuivant of Arms, in his tabard.
+
+      Barons of the Exchequer and Justices of both benches.
+
+      The Lord Chief Baron   The Lord Chief Justice
+        of the Exchequer.      of the Common Pleas.
+
+      The Vice Chancellor.   The Master of the Rolls.
+
+      The Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench.
+
+      The Clerks of the Council in Ordinary.
+
+      Privy Counsellors, not Peers.
+
+      Register of the Order of the Garter.
+
+      Knights of the Garter (not Peers), in the full habit and
+      collar of the order, caps in their hands.
+
+      His Majesty's Vice Chamberlain.
+
+      Comptroller of His   Treasurer of His Majesty's
+        Majesty's            Household, bearing the crimson
+        Household.           bag with the medals.
+
+      A Pursuivant of Arms, in his tabard.
+
+      Heralds of Scotland and Ireland, in their tabards and
+      collars of SS.
+
+      The Standard of Hanover, borne by the Earl of Mayo.
+
+      Barons, in their robes of estate, their coronets
+      in their hands.
+
+      A Herald, in his tabard and collar of SS.
+
+      The Standard of Ireland,  The Standard of Scotland,
+      borne by                  borne by the
+      Lord Beresford.           Earl of Lauderdale.
+
+      The Bishops of England and Ireland, in their rochets,
+      with their caps in their hands.
+
+      Two Heralds, in their tabards and collars of SS.
+
+      Viscounts, in their robes of estate, their
+      coronets in their hands.
+
+      Two Heralds, in their tabards and collars of SS.
+
+      The Standard of England, borne by Lord Hill.
+
+      Earls, in their robes of estate, their coronets in their hand.
+
+      Two Heralds, in their tabards and collars of SS.
+
+      The Union Standard, borne by Earl Harcourt.
+
+      Marquesses, in their robes of estate, their
+      coronets in their hands.
+
+      The Lord Chamberlain of His Majesty's Household, in his
+      robes of estate, his coronet in his hand, attended by
+      an officer of the Jewel-Office in a scarlet mantle,
+      with a crown embroidered on his left
+      shoulder, bearing a cushion, on which
+      are placed the ruby ring and the
+      sword to be girt about
+      the King.
+
+      The Lord Steward of His Majesty's Household, in his
+      robes of estate, his coronet in his hand.
+
+      The Royal Standard, borne by the Earl of Harrington.
+
+      King of Arms of     Gloucester King   Hanover King
+      the Order of        of Arms, in his   of Arms in his
+      St. Michael and     tabard, crown     tabard, crown
+      St. George, in his  in his hand.      in his hand.
+      tabard, crown
+      in his hand.
+
+      Dukes, in their robes of estate, their coronets in their
+      hands.
+
+      Ulster King of      Clarenceux King of   Norroy King of
+      Arms, in his        Arms, in his         Arms, in his
+      tabard, crown       tabard, crown        tabard, crown
+      in his hand.        in his hand.         in his hand.
+
+      The Lord Privy Seal, in   The Lord President of the
+      his robes of estate,      Council, in his robes of
+      coronet in his hand.      estate, coronet in his hand.
+
+      Archbishops of Ireland.
+
+      The Archbishop of York, in his rochet,
+      cap in his hand.
+
+      The Lord High Chancellor, in his robes of estate, with his
+      coronet in his hand, bearing his purse, and attended
+      by his Pursebearer.
+
+      The Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, in his rochet,
+      cap in his hand.
+
+      Two Serjeants at Arms.
+
+
+      THE REGALIA.
+
+      St. Edward's Staff,     The Gold Spurs,    The Sceptre with
+        borne by the            borne by the       the Cross,
+      Marquess of Salisbury.  Lord Calthorpe.    borne by the
+                                               Marquess Wellesley.
+
+      The third Sword,        Curtana, borne by  The second Sword,
+        borne by the            the Duke of        borne by the
+      Earl of Galloway.         Newcastle.    Duke of Northumberland.
+
+      Two Serjeants at Arms.
+
+      Usher of the Green Rod.   Usher of the White Rod.
+
+      The             The           Garter Principal  Gentleman
+      Lord Mayor      Lord Lyon of  King              Usher of the
+      of London,      Scotland, in  of Arms, in       Black Rod,
+      in his gown,    his tabard,   his tabard,       bearing his
+      collar, and     carrying his  bearing his       rod.
+      jewel, bearing  crown and     crown and
+      the City        sceptre.      sceptre.
+      mace.
+
+      The Deputy Lord Great Chamberlain of England, in his
+      robes of estate, his coronet and his white staff in his
+      hand.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Prince Leopold, in the full habit
+      of the Order of the Garter, carrying in his right hand
+      his baton as Field Marshal, and, in his left, his cap and
+      feathers; his train borne by a Page.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Duke of Gloucester, in his robes
+      of estate, carrying, in his right hand, his baton as
+      Field Marshal, and in his left his coronet; his train
+      borne by a Page.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, in his robes
+      of estate, carrying, in his right hand, his baton as Field
+      Marshal, and his coronet in his left; and his train
+      borne by a Page.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex, in his robes of
+      estate, with his coronet in his hand, and his train
+      borne by a Page.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence, in his robes
+      of estate, with his coronet in his hand, and his train
+      borne by a Page.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Duke of York, in his robes of
+      estate, carrying, in his right hand, his baton as Field
+      Marshal, and his coronet in his left, and his train
+      borne by a Page.
+
+      The High Constable of Ireland   The High Constable of Scotland,
+      in his robes, coronet           in his robes, coronet
+      in his hand, with his           in his hand, with his staff.
+      staff.
+
+      Two Serjeants at Arms.
+
+      The Deputy Earl     The Sword    The Lord High Constable
+      Marshal             of State,    of England, in his
+      with his staff.     borne by     robes, his coronet in
+                          the Duke of  his hand, with his staff;
+                          Dorset.      attended by a Page
+                                       carrying his baton of
+                                       Field Marshal.
+
+      Two Serjeants at Arms.
+
+                     The Sceptre      St. Edward's   The Orb,
+                     with the         Crown,         carried by
+                     Dove,            carried by     the Duke
+                     carried by       the Lord High  of Devonshire.
+      A Gentleman    the Duke         Steward in                 A Gentleman
+      carrying the   of Rutland.      his robes.                 carrying the
+      Staff of the                                               Coronet of the
+      Lord High      The Patina,      The Bible,     The Chalice,   Lord High
+      Steward.       borne by         borne by       borne by       Steward.
+                     the Bishop       the Bishop     the Bishop
+                     of Gloucester.   of Ely.        of Chester.
+
+
+      THE KING.
+
+                   Supporter:   In the Royal Robes,    Supporter:
+                   Lord         wearing a cap          Lord
+                   Bishop of    of estate, adorned     Bishop of
+                   Oxford,      with jewels,           Lincoln
+                   for the      under a canopy         for the
+                   Lord         of cloth of gold,      Lord
+      Twenty       Bishop of    borne by Sixteen       Bishop of   Twenty
+      Gentlemen    Bath and     Barons of the          Durham.     gentlemen
+      Pensioners,  Wells.       Cinque Ports.                      pensioners,
+      with the                  His Majesty's train                with the
+      Standard                  borne by Eight                     Lieutenant.
+      Bearer.                   Eldest Sons of Peers,
+                                assisted by the
+                                Master of the Robes,
+                                and followed by the
+                                Groom of the Robes.
+
+             Captain of the     Gold Stick of the     Captain of the
+             Yeomen of          Life Guards in        Band of
+             the Guard, in his  Waiting, in his       Gentlemen
+             robes of estate;   robes;                Pensioners, in
+             coronet in his     coronet in his        his robes
+             hand.              hand.                 of estate;
+                                                      coronet in his
+                                                      hand.
+
+      Lords of the Bedchamber.
+
+      The Keeper of His Majesty's Privy Purse.
+
+      Grooms of the King's Bedchamber.
+
+      Equerries and Pages of Honour.
+
+      Aides-de-Camp.
+
+      Gentlemen Ushers.
+
+      Physicians, Surgeons, Apothecaries.
+
+      Ensign of the Yeomen of   Lieutenant of the Yeomen
+        the Guard.                of the Guard.
+
+      His Majesty's Pages in full State Liveries.
+
+      His Majesty's Footmen in full State Liveries.
+
+      Exons of the Yeomen   Yeomen of   Exons of the Yeomen
+        of the Guard.       the Guard.    of the Guard.
+
+      Gentleman Harbinger of the Band of Gentlemen
+      Pensioners.
+
+      Clerk of the Cheque           Clerk of the Cheque to
+      to the Yeomen of the Guard.   the Gentlemen Pensioners.
+
+      Yeomen of the Guard, to close the Procession.
+
+On the arrival of the procession at the Abbey, the Herb-woman and her
+Maids, and the Serjeant-Porter, remained at the entrance within the
+great west door.
+
+
+ENTRANCE INTO WESTMINSTER ABBEY.
+
+The King entered the west door of the Abbey church at eleven o'clock,
+and was received with the undermentioned anthem, which was sung by the
+choir of Westminster, who, with the dean and prebendaries, quitted the
+procession a little before, and went to the left side of the middle
+aisle, and remained there till his Majesty arrived, and then followed in
+the procession next to the regalia.
+
+ANTHEM I.
+
+    Psalm cxxii. verses 1, 5, 6, 7. "I was glad when they said unto me,
+    we will go into the House of the Lord. For there is the seat of
+    judgment, even the seat of the House of David. O pray for the peace
+    of Jerusalem; they shall prosper that love thee. Peace be within
+    thy walls, and plenteousness within thy palaces."
+
+    Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost.
+
+    As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without
+    end. Amen.
+
+During the above his Majesty passed through the body of the church, and
+through the choir up the stairs to the theatre. He then passed his
+throne and made his humble adoration, and afterwards knelt at the
+faldstool set for him before his chair; at the same time his Majesty
+used some short private prayer: he then sat down (not on his throne, but
+in his chair before and below his throne) and reposed himself.
+
+
+THE RECOGNITION.
+
+When the King was thus placed, the archbishop turned to the east part of
+the theatre; then, together with the lord chancellor, lord great
+chamberlain, lord high constable, and earl marshal (Garter king at arms
+preceding them), went to the other three sides of the theatre, in the
+order, south, west, and north, and at each side addressed the people in
+a loud voice; the King at the same time standing up by his chair,
+turned and showed himself to the people at each of the four sides of the
+theatre, while the archbishop spoke as follows:--
+
+    "SIRS,
+
+    "I here present unto you King George the Fourth, the undoubted king
+    of this realm: wherefore all you that come this day to do your
+    homage, are ye willing to do the same?"
+
+This was answered by the loud and repeated acclamations of the persons
+present, expressive of their willingness and joy, at the same time they
+cried out--
+
+"God save King George the Fourth!"
+
+Then the trumpets sounded.
+
+
+THE FIRST OBLATION.
+
+The archbishop in the meantime went to the altar and put on his cope,
+and placed himself at the north side of the altar; as did also the
+bishops who took part in the office.
+
+The officers of the wardrobe, &c. here spread carpets and cushions on
+the floor and steps of the altar.
+
+And here, first the Bible, paten, and cup, were brought and placed upon
+the altar. The King then, supported by the two bishops of Durham and
+Bath, and attended by the dean of Westminster, the lords carrying the
+regalia before him, went down to the altar, and knelt upon the steps of
+it, and made his first oblation, uncovered.
+
+Here the pall, or altar-cloth of gold, was delivered by the master of
+the great wardrobe to the lord great chamberlain, and by him, kneeling,
+it was presented to his Majesty. The treasurer of the household then
+delivered a wedge of gold of a pound weight to the lord great
+chamberlain, which he, kneeling, delivered to his Majesty. The King then
+(uncovered) delivered them to the archbishop.
+
+The archbishop received them one after another (standing) from his
+Majesty, and laid the pall reverently upon the altar. The gold was
+received into the basin; and, with like reverence, was placed upon the
+altar.
+
+Then the archbishop said the following prayer, the King still
+kneeling:--
+
+    O God, who dwellest in the high and holy place, with them also who
+    are of an humble spirit; mercifully look down upon this thy humble
+    servant, GEORGE our King, here humbling himself before thee at thy
+    footstool, and graciously receive these oblations which, in humble
+    acknowledgment of thy sovereignty over all, and of thy great bounty
+    to him in particular, he hath now offered up unto thee, through
+    Jesus Christ, our only Mediator and Advocate. Amen.
+
+When the King had thus offered his oblation, he went to his chair set
+for him on the south side of the altar, and knelt at his faldstool, and
+the Litany commenced, which was read by two bishops, vested in copes,
+and kneeling at a faldstool above the steps of the theatre, on the
+middle of the east side; the choir read the responses.
+
+In the meantime the lords who carried the regalia, except those who bore
+the swords, approached the altar, and each presented what he carried to
+the archbishop, who delivered them to the dean of Westminster, who
+placed them on the altar. They then retired to the places and seats
+appointed for them.
+
+The bishops, and the people with them, then said the Lord's Prayer.
+
+The Communion service was read; the people, kneeling, made the
+responses to the ten commandments, which were delivered by the
+archbishop.
+
+Then the archbishop, standing as before, said the following Collect for
+the King:--
+
+    _Let us pray._
+
+    Almighty God, whose kingdom is everlasting and power infinite: have
+    mercy upon the whole church, and so rule the heart of thy chosen
+    servant George our king and governor, that he (knowing whose
+    minister he is) may above all things seek thy honour and glory; and
+    that we and all his subjects (duly considering whose authority he
+    hath) may faithfully serve, honour, and humbly obey him, in thee and
+    for thee, according to thy blessed word and ordinance, through Jesus
+    Christ our Lord, who with thee and the Holy Ghost, liveth and
+    reigneth ever one God, world without end. Amen.
+
+The following epistle was then read by one of the bishops:--
+
+    1 Pet. ii. 13.
+
+    Submit yourselves to man for the Lord's sake: whether it be to the
+    king as supreme; or unto governors, as unto them that are sent by
+    him for the punishment of evil-doers, and for the praise of them
+    that do well. For so is the will of God, that with well doing, ye
+    may put to silence the ignorance of foolish men: as free, and not
+    using your liberty for a cloke of maliciousness, but as the
+    servants of God. Honour all men. Love the brotherhood. Fear God.
+    Honour the king.
+
+The Gospel was then read by another bishop, the King and the people
+standing.
+
+    St. Matth. xxii. 15.
+
+    Then went the Pharisees, and took counsel how they might entangle
+    him in his talk. And they sent out unto him their disciples, with
+    the Herodians, saying, Master, we know that thou art true, and
+    teachest the way of God in truth, neither carest thou for any man,
+    for thou regardest not the person of men: tell us therefore, What
+    thinkest thou? Is it lawful to give tribute unto Caesar, or not? But
+    Jesus perceived their wickedness, and said, Why tempt ye me, ye
+    hypocrites? Show me the tribute money. And they brought unto him a
+    penny. And he saith unto them, Whose is this image and
+    superscription? They say unto him, Caesar's. Then saith he unto them,
+    Render therefore unto Caesar, the things which are Caesar's: and unto
+    God, the things that are God's. When they had heard these words,
+    they marvelled, and left him, and went their way.
+
+Then the Archbishop read the Nicene Creed; the King and the people
+standing as before.
+
+    I believe in one God the Father, &c. &c.
+
+At the end of the Creed, the archbishop of York preached the sermon in
+the pulpit placed against the pillar at the north-east corner of the
+theatre. The King listened to the same sitting in his chair on the
+south side of the altar, over against the pulpit.
+
+
+The Sermon.
+
+His text was the 23d chapter of the Second Book of Samuel, and the 3d
+and 4th verses.
+
+    "He that ruleth over men must be just, ruling in the fear of God.
+    And he shall be as the light of the morning, when the sun riseth,
+    even a morning without clouds."
+
+    Such, observed his Grace, were the words of a pious Prince, whose
+    opinions had been matured by experience. A steady adherence to the
+    maxims there laid down could scarcely fail to preserve from error,
+    and would at once inspire the subject with a reverence for the
+    sovereign, and impress the sovereign with a sense of those
+    obligations which bound him to render justice to the people. The
+    duties of kings were of a particular nature, and the subject was one
+    of more than common importance upon a day like the present, which
+    was to be marked by the solemnization of that contract by which the
+    king bound himself to rule with justice and equity. The highest
+    station, and the most exalted rank, were not free from the
+    infirmities of nature; and it therefore behoved the sovereign not to
+    forget that he was himself but the minister of a higher authority,
+    and that it was his duty so to exert the power which resided in him,
+    as to secure the love and attachment of his people. The history of
+    all nations would show that the people were not ungrateful under the
+    administration of good kings. It was true, that it was the
+    disposition of human nature to imagine grievances where in reality
+    none existed; but still there were many real grievances which a king
+    had the power and ought to have the disposition to relieve. The
+    text which he had just read naturally led to the consideration of
+    what were the principles which constituted a good government. In a
+    moral point of view, no distinction could be drawn between the
+    duties due from one individual to another, and those due from a
+    monarch to his people. It ought not to be forgotten that natural
+    equity demanded the same degree of observance with regard to the
+    contract entered into with a whole people, as it did to those
+    obligations into which individuals entered with regard to each
+    other. There was no higher duty incumbent upon kings than that of
+    selecting proper persons to represent them in the different
+    departments of state. Upon that step how much of the happiness of
+    the people would depend! It was a proud reflection, that no nation
+    stood more high in the estimation of surrounding nations, or was
+    more admired for its morality, its attention to religious duties,
+    the justice of its measures, or the soundness of its general policy,
+    than our own. He insisted that it was necessary to preserve and to
+    encourage that feeling by a reciprocal attention, on the parts both
+    of the monarch and of the people, to those duties which were due
+    from each. If such an attention was not given, it would be in vain
+    to expect national happiness; and however successful we might be in
+    our dealings with foreign nations, still it ought not to be
+    forgotten that the apparent prosperity of a nation ought not to be
+    regarded as an evidence of the happiness of its people. But, above
+    all, it was necessary that the king should seek to secure respect to
+    himself and obedience to the laws, by displaying in his own person
+    an example of good conduct. It was the province of the monarch to
+    reflect that he was responsible not only for his own actions, but
+    also for that evil which the direct influence of his own example
+    might accomplish. Well, therefore, had it been said in the words of
+    his text, "He that ruleth over men must be just, ruling in the fear
+    of God." A good government would secure to itself a due observance
+    of its own rights, and would also afford to the people the
+    protection of its wisdom and power. His Grace, after some general
+    remarks on the duties of kings, proceeded to observe, that the House
+    of Hanover had always been distinguished by its devotion to the
+    interests of true religion. Our late venerable sovereign had
+    presented a striking example of royal goodness by the attention
+    which had always marked both his public and private conduct; and we
+    were bound to hope (upon looking to the past) that the sovereign who
+    was now about to receive the imperial crown of his ancestors would
+    be equally remarkable for the exemplary discharge of the duties of
+    royalty. Nor ought it to be forgotten that the illustrious
+    individual, to whom he had alluded, had not been unused to the
+    functions of government; and that he had given proofs of such
+    capacity and disposition as enabled us to form good hopes of the
+    future. At the time when he had first been called to the exercise of
+    the supreme power, he had found the country involved in a war which
+    threatened its existence--a war which had not been engaged in on our
+    part for the purposes of aggrandisement, but for the defence and
+    preservation of our rights. Under his superintendence that war had
+    been concluded, and its conclusion had been marked by exertions
+    unparalleled in the history of any nation. Under such auspices,
+    therefore, it was right to anticipate all those blessings which
+    could arise on one hand from the protection of a just and wise
+    monarch, and on the other from the affections of a loyal and happy
+    people. "Let us then adore that Almighty Providence which has
+    conferred upon us such a sovereign; let us implore that blessings
+    may be multiplied on his head, and that his reign may be prosperous
+    and happy."
+
+His Grace commenced the Sermon at a quarter past twelve, and ended it at
+about a quarter to one.
+
+The King was uncovered during the offering and the service that
+followed; when the sermon commenced he put on his cap of crimson velvet
+turned up with ermine, and remained covered to the end of it.
+
+On his Majesty's right hand stood the bishop of Durham, and beyond him,
+on the same side, the lords that carried the swords. On his Majesty's
+left hand stood the bishop of Bath and Wells, and the lord great
+chamberlain.
+
+On the north side of the altar sat the archbishop in a purple velvet
+chair; the bishops were placed on forms along the north side of the
+wall, betwixt the King and the pulpit. Near the archbishop stood garter,
+king at arms. On the south side, east of the King's chair, nearer to the
+altar, stood the dean of Westminster, the rest of the bishops who took
+part in the church service, and the prebendaries of Westminster.
+
+
+THE OATH.
+
+When the Sermon ended, the archbishop went to the King, and standing
+before him, (his Majesty, on Thursday, the 27th of April, 1820, in the
+presence of the two Houses of Parliament, made and signed the
+declaration against popery,) administered the coronation oath, first
+asking the King--
+
+    Sir; is your Majesty willing to take the oath?
+
+    The King answered:--I am willing.
+
+The archbishop then ministered these questions; and the King, having a
+copy of the printed form and order of the coronation service in his
+hands, answered each question severally, as follows:--
+
+    Arch. Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of
+    this United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the dominions
+    thereto belonging, according to the statutes in Parliament agreed
+    on, and the respective laws and customs of the same?
+
+    King. I solemnly promise so to do.
+
+    Arch. Will you to your power cause law and justice, in mercy, to be
+    executed in all your judgments?
+
+    King. I will.
+
+    Arch. Will you to the utmost of your power maintain the laws of God,
+    the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant Reformed
+    Religion established by law? And will you maintain and preserve
+    inviolably the settlement of the United Church of England and
+    Ireland, and the doctrine, worship, discipline, and government
+    thereof, as by law established within England and Ireland, and the
+    territories thereunto belonging? And will you preserve unto the
+    bishops and clergy of England and Ireland, and to the United Church
+    committed to their charge, all such rights and privileges, as by law
+    do, or shall appertain to them, or any of them?
+
+    King. All this I promise to do.
+
+Then the King, arising out of his chair, supported as before, and
+assisted by the lord great chamberlain, the sword of state being carried
+before him, went to the altar, and there being uncovered, made his
+solemn oath in the sight of all the people, to observe the premises;
+laying his right hand upon the Holy Gospel in the great Bible, which was
+before carried in the procession, and was now brought from the altar by
+the archbishop, and tendered to him as he knelt upon the steps, saying
+these words:--
+
+    The things which I have here before promised, I will perform and
+    keep.
+
+                                    So help me God.
+
+Then the King kissed the book, and signed the oath.
+
+
+THE ANOINTING.
+
+(In the morning early, care was taken that the ampula was filled with
+oil, and the spoon laid ready upon the altar of the Abbey church.)
+
+The King having thus taken his oath, returned again at the chair; and
+kneeling at his faldstool, the archbishop begun the hymn Veni, Creator
+Spiritus, and the choir sang it out.
+
+  ANTHEM II.
+
+  Come, Holy Ghost, our souls inspire,
+  And warm them with thy heav'nly fire.
+  Thou who th' anointing Spirit art,
+  To us thy sevenfold gifts impart.
+  Let thy bless'd unction from above
+  Be to us comfort, life, and love.
+  Enable with celestial light
+  The weakness of our mortal sight:
+  Anoint our hearts, and cheer our face,
+  With the abundance of thy grace:
+  Keep far our foes, give peace at home;
+  Where thou dost dwell, no ill can come:
+  Teach us to know the Father, Son,
+  And Spirit of both, to be but one,
+  That so, through ages all along,
+  This may be our triumphant song;
+  In thee, O Lord, we make our boast,
+  Father, Son, and Holy Ghost.
+
+This being ended, the archbishop said this prayer:--
+
+    O Lord, Holy Father, who by anointing with oil didst of old make and
+    consecrate kings, priests, and prophets, to teach and govern thy
+    people Israel: bless and sanctify thy chosen servant George, who by
+    our office and ministry is now to be anointed with this oil, and
+    consecrated King of this realm: strengthen him, O Lord, with the
+    Holy Ghost the Comforter; Confirm and stablish him with thy free and
+    princely spirit, the spirit of wisdom and government, the spirit of
+    counsel and ghostly strength, the spirit of knowledge and true
+    godliness, and fill him, O Lord, with the spirit of thy holy fear,
+    now and for ever. Amen.
+
+This prayer being ended, the choir sang:
+
+    ANTHEM III.
+
+    Zadok the priest, and Nathan the prophet, anointed Solomon King; and
+    all the people rejoiced, and said, God save the King! Long live the
+    King! May the King live for ever! Amen. Hallelujah!
+
+In the meantime the King, rising from his devotions, went before the
+altar, supported and attended as before.
+
+The King sat down in his chair, placed in the midst of the area over
+against the altar, with the faldstool before it, wherein he was
+anointed. Four knights of the garter held over him a rich pall of silk,
+or cloth of gold; the dean of Westminster took the ampula and spoon
+from off the altar, poured some of the holy oil into the spoon, and with
+it the archbishop anointed the King, in the form of a cross:
+
+1. On the crown of the head, saying,
+
+    Be thy head anointed with holy oil, as kings, priests, and prophets
+    were anointed.
+
+2. On the breast, saying,
+
+    Be thy breast anointed with holy oil.
+
+3. On the palms of both the hands, saying,
+
+    Be thy hands anointed with holy oil:
+
+    And as Solomon was anointed king by Zadok the priest, and Nathan the
+    prophet, so be you anointed, blessed, and consecrated King over this
+    people, whom the Lord your God hath given you to rule and govern, in
+    the name of the father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Amen.
+
+Then the dean of Westminster laid the ampula and spoon upon the altar,
+and the King kneeling down at the faldstool, and the archbishop standing
+on the north side of the altar, said this prayer or blessing over him:--
+
+    Our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, who by his Father was
+    anointed with the oil of gladness above his fellows, by his holy
+    anointing pour down upon your head and heart the blessing of the
+    Holy Ghost, and prosper the works of your hands: that by the
+    assistance of his heavenly grace you may preserve the people
+    committed to your charge in wealth, peace, and godliness; and after
+    a long and glorious course of ruling this temporal kingdom wisely,
+    justly, and religiously, you may at last be made partaker of an
+    eternal kingdom, through the merits of Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+This prayer being ended, the King arose, and sat down again in his
+chair, and the dean of Westminster wiped and dried all the places
+anointed, with fine linen, or fine bombast wool, delivered to him by the
+lord great chamberlain.
+
+
+THE PRESENTING OF THE SPURS AND SWORD, AND THE GIRDING AND OBLATION OF
+THE SAID SWORD.
+
+Then the spurs were brought from the altar by the dean of Westminster,
+and delivered to a nobleman thereto appointed by the King, who, kneeling
+down, presents them to His Majesty, who forthwith sent them back to the
+altar.
+
+Then the lord who carried the sword of state, returned the said sword to
+the officers of the Jewel-house, which was thereupon deposited in the
+traverse in King Edward's chapel; he received thence, in lieu thereof,
+another sword, in a scabbard of purple velvet, provided for the King to
+be girt withal, which he delivered to the archbishop; and the
+archbishop, laying it on the altar, said the following prayer:--
+
+    Hear our prayers, O Lord, we beseech thee, and so direct and support
+    thy servant King GEORGE, who is now to be girt with this sword, that
+    he may not bear it in vain; but may use it as the minister of God,
+    for the terror and punishment of evil-doers, and for the protection
+    and encouragement of those that do well, through Jesus Christ our
+    Lord. Amen.
+
+Then the archbishop took the sword from off the altar, and (the bishops
+assisting, and going along with him) delivered it into the King's right
+hand, and he holding it, the archbishop said:--
+
+    Receive this kingly sword, brought now from the altar of God, and
+    delivered to you by the hands of us the bishops and servants of God,
+    though unworthy.
+
+The King stood up, the sword was girt about him by the lord great
+chamberlain, and then, the King sitting down, the archbishop said:--
+
+    Remember him of whom the royal Psalmist did prophesy, saying, "Gird
+    thee with thy sword upon thy thigh, O thou most mighty, good luck
+    have thou with thine honour, ride on prosperously, because of truth,
+    meekness, and righteousness;" and be thou a follower of him. With
+    this sword do justice, stop the growth of iniquity, protect the holy
+    Church of God, help and defend widows and orphans, restore the
+    things that are gone to decay, maintain the things that are
+    restored, punish and reform what is amiss, and confirm what is in
+    good order: that doing these things, you may be glorious in all
+    virtue; and so represent our Lord Jesus Christ in this life, that
+    you may reign for ever with him in the life which is to come. Amen.
+
+Then the King, rising up, ungirded his sword, and, going to the altar,
+offered it there in the scabbard, and then returned and sat down in his
+chair: and the chief peer offered the price of it, namely, a hundred
+shillings, and having thus redeemed it, received it from off the altar
+by the dean of Westminster, and drew it out of the scabbard, and carried
+it naked before his Majesty during the rest of the solemnity.
+
+
+THE INVESTING WITH THE ARMILL & ROYAL ROBE, AND THE DELIVERY OF THE ORB.
+
+Then the King arising, the dean of Westminster took the armill from the
+master of the great wardrobe, and put it about his Majesty's neck, and
+tied it to the bowings of his arms, above and below the elbows, with
+silk strings; the archbishop standing before the King, and saying:--
+
+    Receive this armill as a token of the divine mercy embracing you on
+    every side.
+
+Next the robe royal, or purple robe of state, of cloth of tissue, lined
+or furred with ermines, was by the master of the great wardrobe
+delivered to the dean of Westminster, and by him put upon the King,
+standing; the crimson robe which he wore before being first taken off by
+the lord great chamberlain: the King having received it, sat down, and
+then the orb with the cross was brought from the altar by the dean of
+Westminster, and delivered into the King's hand by the archbishop,
+pronouncing this blessing and exhortation:--
+
+    Receive this imperial robe and orb, and the Lord your God endue you
+    with knowledge and wisdom, with majesty and with power from on high;
+    the Lord clothe you with the robe of righteousness, and with the
+    garments of salvation. And when you see this orb set under the
+    cross, remember that the whole world is subject to the power and
+    empire of Christ our Redeemer. For He is the Prince of the kings of
+    the earth; King of kings, and Lord of lords: so that no man can
+    reign happily, who deriveth not his authority from him, and
+    directeth not all his actions according to his laws.
+
+
+THE INVESTITURE PER ANNULUM ET BACULUM.
+
+Then the master of the Jewel-house delivered the King's ring to the
+archbishop, in which a table jewel was enchased; the archbishop put it
+on the fourth finger of his Majesty's right hand, and said:--
+
+    Receive this ring, the ensign of kingly dignity, and of defence of
+    the Catholic faith; and as you are this day solemnly invested in the
+    government of this earthly kingdom, so may you be sealed with that
+    spirit of promise, which is the earnest of an heavenly inheritance,
+    and reign with Him who is the blessed and only Potentate, to whom be
+    glory for ever and ever. Amen.
+
+The King delivered his orb to the dean of Westminster, to be by him laid
+upon the altar; and then the dean of Westminster brought the sceptre and
+rod to the archbishop; and the lord of the manor of Worksop (who claimed
+to hold an estate by the service of presenting to the King a right hand
+glove on the day of his coronation, and supporting the King's right arm
+whilst he holds the sceptre with the cross) delivered to the King a
+pair of rich gloves, and in any occasion happening afterwards, supported
+his Majesty's right arm, or held his sceptre by him.
+
+The gloves being put on, the archbishop delivered the sceptre, with the
+cross, into the King's right hand, saying,
+
+    Receive the royal sceptre, the ensign of kingly power and justice.
+
+And then he delivered the rod, with the dove, into the King's left hand,
+and said,
+
+    Receive the rod of equity and mercy: and God, from whom all holy
+    desires, all good counsels, and all just works do proceed, direct
+    and assist you in the administration and exercise of all those
+    powers he hath given you. Be so merciful, that you be not too
+    remiss; so execute justice, that you forget not mercy. Punish the
+    wicked, protect the oppressed; and the blessing of him who was ready
+    to perish shall be upon you; thus in all things following His great
+    and holy example, of whom the prophet David said, "Thou lovest
+    righteousness, and hatest iniquity; the sceptre of thy kingdom is a
+    right sceptre;" even Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+
+THE PUTTING ON OF THE CROWN.
+
+The archbishop, standing before the altar, took the crown into his
+hands, and laying it again before him upon the altar, said,
+
+    O God, who crownest thy faithful servants with mercy and
+    loving-kindness; look down upon this thy servant GEORGE our King,
+    who now in lowly devotion boweth his head to thy Divine Majesty; and
+    as thou dost this day set a crown of pure gold upon his head, so
+    enrich his royal heart with thy heavenly grace; and crown him with
+    all princely virtues, which may adorn the high station wherein thou
+    hast placed him, through Jesus Christ our Lord, to whom be honour
+    and glory, for ever and ever. Amen.
+
+Then the King sat down in king Edward's chair; the archbishop, assisted
+with other bishops, came from the altar; the dean of Westminster brought
+the crown, and the archbishop taking it of him, reverently put it upon
+the King's head. At the sight whereof the people, with loud and repeated
+shouts, cried, "God save the King!" and the trumpets sounded, and, by a
+signal given, the great guns at the Tower were shot off.
+
+The noise ceasing, the archbishop rose and said,
+
+    Be strong and of good courage: observe the commandments of God, and
+    walk in his holy ways: fight the good fight of faith, and lay hold
+    on eternal life; that in this world you may be crowned with success
+    and honour, and when you have finished your course, you may receive
+    a crown of righteousness, which God the righteous Judge shall give
+    you in that day. Amen.
+
+Then the choir sung this short anthem.
+
+    ANTHEM IV.
+
+    The King shall rejoice in thy strength, O Lord: exceeding glad shall
+    he be of thy salvation. Thou hast presented him with the blessings
+    of goodness, and hast set a crown of pure gold upon his head.
+    Hallelujah. Amen.
+
+As soon as the King was crowned, the peers, &c. put on their coronets
+and caps.
+
+
+THE PRESENTING OF THE HOLY BIBLE.
+
+The dean of Westminster took the Holy Bible, which was carried in the
+procession, from off the altar, and delivered it to the archbishop, who,
+with the rest of the bishops going along with him, presented it to the
+King, first saying these words to him:--
+
+    Our Gracious King; we present unto your Majesty this book, the most
+    valuable thing that this world affordeth. Here is wisdom; this is
+    the royal law; these are the lively oracles of God. Blessed is he
+    that readeth, and they that hear the words of this book; that keep,
+    and do, the things contained in it. For these are the words of
+    eternal life, able to make you wise and happy in this world, nay
+    wise unto salvation, and so happy for evermore, through faith which
+    is in Christ Jesus; to whom be glory for ever. Amen.
+
+Then the King delivered back the Bible to the archbishop, who gave it to
+the dean of Westminster, to be reverently placed again upon the holy
+altar.
+
+
+THE BENEDICTION, AND TE DEUM.
+
+And now the King having been thus anointed and crowned, and having
+received all the ensigns of royalty, the archbishop solemnly blessed
+him, and all the bishops standing about him, with the rest of the peers,
+with a loud and hearty Amen.
+
+    The Lord bless and keep you: the Lord make the light of his
+    countenance to shine for ever upon you, and be gracious unto you:
+    the Lord protect you in all your ways, preserve you from every evil
+    thing, and prosper you in every thing good. Amen.
+
+    The Lord give you a faithful senate, wise and upright counsellors
+    and magistrates, a loyal nobility, and a dutiful gentry; a pious and
+    learned and useful clergy; an honest, industrious, and obedient
+    commonalty. Amen.
+
+    In your days may mercy and truth meet together, and righteousness
+    and peace kiss each other; may wisdom and knowledge be the
+    stability of your times, and the fear of the Lord your treasure.
+    Amen.
+
+    The Lord make your days many, and your reign prosperous; your fleets
+    and armies victorious: and may you be reverenced and beloved by all
+    your subjects, and ever increase in favour with God and man. Amen.
+
+    The glorious Majesty of the Lord our God be upon you: may he bless
+    you with all temporal and spiritual happiness in this world, and
+    crown you with glory and immortality in the world to come. Amen.
+
+    The Lord give you a religious and victorious posterity to rule these
+    kingdoms in all ages. Amen.
+
+Then the archbishop turned to the people, and said:--
+
+    And the same Lord God Almighty grant, that the clergy and nobles
+    assembled here for this great and solemn service, and together with
+    them all the people of the land, fearing God, and honouring the
+    King, may by the merciful superintendency of the Divine Providence,
+    and the vigilant care of our gracious Sovereign, continually enjoy
+    peace, plenty, and prosperity, through Jesus Christ our Lord; to
+    whom, with the Eternal Father, and God the Holy Ghost, be glory in
+    the church world without end. Amen.
+
+The blessing being thus given, the King sat down in his chair,
+vouchsafed to kiss the archbishop and bishops assisting at his
+coronation, they kneeling before him one after another.
+
+Then the choir began to sing the Te Deum, and the King went up to the
+theatre on which the throne is placed, all the bishops, great officers,
+and other peers, attending him, and then he sat down and reposed himself
+in his chair, below the throne.
+
+
+    ANTHEM V.
+
+    _Te Deum._
+
+    We praise thee, O God; we acknowledge thee to be the Lord.
+
+    All the earth doth worship thee: the Father everlasting.
+
+    To thee all angels cry aloud: the heavens, and all the powers
+    therein.
+
+    To thee Cherubin and Seraphin: continually do cry,
+
+    Holy, holy, holy: Lord God of Sabaoth.
+
+    Heaven and earth are full of the majesty of thy glory.
+
+    The glorious company of the Apostles: praise thee.
+
+    The goodly fellowship of the Prophets: praise thee.
+
+    The noble army of Martyrs: praise thee.
+
+    The holy Church throughout all the world: doth acknowledge thee;
+
+    The Father: of an infinite Majesty;
+
+    Thine honourable, true, and only Son;
+
+    Also the Holy Ghost: the Comforter.
+
+    Thou art the King of glory: O Christ.
+
+    Thou art the everlasting Son: of the Father.
+
+    When thou tookest upon thee to deliver man: thou didst not abhor the
+    virgin's womb.
+
+    When thou hadst overcome the sharpness of death: thou didst open the
+    kingdom of heaven to all believers.
+
+    Thou sittest at the right hand of God: in the glory of the Father.
+
+    We believe that thou shalt come: to be our judge.
+
+    We therefore pray thee, help thy servants: whom thou hast redeemed
+    with thy precious blood.
+
+    Make them to be numbered with thy saints: in glory everlasting.
+
+    O Lord save thy people: and bless thine heritage.
+
+    Govern them: and lift them up for ever.
+
+    Day by day we magnify thee.
+
+    And we worship thy name: ever world without end.
+
+    Vouchsafe, O Lord: to keep us this day without sin.
+
+    O Lord, have mercy upon us: have mercy upon us.
+
+    O Lord, let thy mercy lighten upon us: as our trust is in thee.
+
+    O Lord, in thee have I trusted: let me never be confounded.
+
+
+THE INTHRONIZATION.
+
+The _Te Deum_ being ended, the King was lifted up into his throne by the
+archbishop and bishops, and other peers of the kingdom. And being
+inthronized or placed therein, all the great officers, those that bore
+the swords, and the sceptres, and the rest of the nobles, stood round
+about the steps of the throne, and the archbishop standing before the
+King, said,
+
+    Stand firm, and hold fast, from henceforth, the seat and imperial
+    dignity which is this day delivered unto you in the name, and by the
+    authority of Almighty God, and by the hands of us the bishops and
+    servants of God, though unworthy; and as you see us to approach
+    nearer to God's altar, so vouchsafe the more graciously to continue
+    to us your royal favour and protection. And the Lord God Almighty,
+    whose ministers we are, and the stewards of his mysteries, establish
+    your throne in righteousness, that it may stand fast for evermore,
+    like as the sun before Him, and as the faithful witness in heaven.
+    Amen.
+
+
+THE HOMAGE.
+
+The exhortation being ended, all the peers present did homage publicly
+and solemnly unto the King upon the theatre, and in the meantime the
+treasurer of the household threw among the people medals of gold and
+silver, as the King's princely largess or donative.
+
+The archbishop first knelt down before his Majesty's knees, and the rest
+of the bishops knelt on either hand, and about him; and they did their
+homage together, for the shortening of the ceremony, the archbishop
+saying:
+
+    I Charles archbishop of Canterbury [and so every one of the rest, I
+    N. bishop of N. repeating the rest audibly after the archbishop]
+    will be faithful and true, and faith and truth will bear, unto you
+    our Sovereign Lord, and your heirs, kings of the united kingdom of
+    Great Britain and Ireland. And I will do, and truly acknowledge the
+    service of the lands which I claim to hold of you, as in right of
+    the church.
+
+                                                So help me God.
+
+Then the archbishop kissed the King's left cheek, and so the rest of the
+bishops present after him.
+
+After which the other peers of the realm did their homage in like
+manner, the dukes first by themselves, and so the marquesses, the earls,
+the viscounts, and the barons, severally; the first of each order
+kneeling before his Majesty, and the rest with and about him, all
+putting off their coronets, and the first of each class beginning, and
+the last saying after him:--
+
+    I N. duke, or earl, &c. of N. do become your liege man of life and
+    limb, and of earthly worship, and faith and truth I will bear unto
+    you, to live and die, against all manner of folks.
+
+                                              So help me God.
+
+The peers having done their homage, they stood all together round about
+the King; and each class or degree going by themselves, or (as it was at
+the coronation of King Charles the First and Second) every peer one by
+one, in order, put off their coronets, singly ascended the throne again,
+and stretching forth their hands, touched the crown on his Majesty's
+head, as promising by that ceremony to be ever ready to support it with
+all their power, and then every one of them kissed the King's cheek.
+
+While the peers were thus doing their homage, and the medals thrown
+about, the King delivered his sceptre with the cross to the lord of the
+manor of Worksop, to hold; and the other sceptre, or rod, with the dove,
+to the lord that carried it in the procession.
+
+And the bishops that supported the King in the procession also eased
+him, by supporting the crown, as there was occasion.
+
+
+THE FINAL ANTHEM.
+
+While the medals were scattered, and the homage of the lords performed,
+the choir sung this anthem, with instrumental music of all sorts, as a
+solemn conclusion of the King's coronation.
+
+
+    ANTHEM VI.
+
+    Blessed be thou, Lord God of Israel, our Father, for ever and ever.
+    Thine, O Lord, is the greatness and the power, and the victory, and
+    the majesty; for all that is in the heaven and the earth are thine.
+    Thine is the kingdom, O Lord; and thou art exalted as head over all.
+    Both riches and honour come of thee, and thou reignest over all;
+    and in thine hand is power and might; and in thine hand it is to
+    make great, and to give strength unto all. Now, therefore, our God,
+    we thank thee, and praise thy glorious name.
+
+At the end of this anthem the drums beat, and the trumpets sounded, and
+all the people shouted, crying out,
+
+  God save King George the Fourth!
+
+  Long live King George!
+
+  May the King live for ever!
+
+The solemnity of the King's coronation being thus ended, the archbishop
+left the King in his throne, and went down to the altar.
+
+
+THE COMMUNION.
+
+Then the Offertory began, the archbishop reading these sentences:--
+
+    Let your light so shine before men that they may see your good
+    works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven.
+
+    Charge them who are rich in this world, that they be ready to give,
+    and glad to distribute; laying up in store for themselves a good
+    foundation against the time to come, that they may attain eternal
+    life.
+
+The King descended from his throne, supported and attended as before;
+and went to the steps of the altar, and knelt down there.
+
+And first the King offered bread and wine for the Communion, which were
+brought out of king Edward's chapel, and delivered into his hands, the
+bread upon the paten by the bishop that read the Epistle, and the wine
+in the chalice by the bishop that read the Gospel; these were by the
+archbishop received from the King, and reverently placed upon the altar,
+and decently covered with a fair linen cloth, the archbishop first
+saying this prayer:--
+
+    Bless, O Lord, we beseech thee, these thy gifts, and sanctify them
+    unto this holy use, that by them we may be made partakers of the
+    body and blood of thine only begotten Son Jesus Christ, and fed unto
+    everlasting life of soul and body: and that thy servant King GEORGE
+    may be enabled to the discharge of his weighty office, whereunto of
+    thy great goodness thou hast called and appointed him. Grant this, O
+    Lord, for Jesus Christ's sake, our only Mediator and Advocate. Amen.
+
+Then the King kneeling, as before, made his second Oblation, offering a
+mark weight of gold, which the treasurer of the household delivered to
+the lord great chamberlain, and he to His Majesty. And the archbishop
+came to him, and received it in the basin, and placed it upon the
+altar. After which the bishop said:--
+
+    O God, who dwellest in the high and holy place, with them also who
+    are of an humble spirit; look down mercifully upon this thy servant
+    GEORGE, our King, here humbling himself before thee at thy
+    footstool; and graciously receive these oblations, which in humble
+    acknowledgment of thy sovereignty over all, and of thy great bounty
+    to him in particular, he has now offered up unto thee, through Jesus
+    Christ, our only Mediator and Advocate. Amen.
+
+Then the King returned to his chair, and knelt down at his faldstool;
+the archbishop said:--
+
+    Let us pray for the whole state of Christ's church militant here on
+    earth.
+
+    Almighty and ever-living God, who by thy holy Apostle hast taught us
+    to make prayers and supplications, and to give thanks for all men:
+    we humbly beseech thee most mercifully to receive these our prayers
+    which we offer unto thy Divine Majesty, beseeching thee to inspire
+    continually the universal church with the spirit of truth, unity,
+    and concord: and grant that all they that do confess thy holy name,
+    may agree in the truth of thy holy word, and live in unity and godly
+    love. We beseech thee also to save and defend all Christian kings,
+    princes, and governors; and especially thy servant GEORGE our King,
+    that under him we may be godly and quietly governed: and grant unto
+    his whole council, and to all that are put in authority under him,
+    that they may truly and indifferently minister justice, to the
+    punishment of wickedness and vice, and to the maintenance of thy
+    true religion and virtue. Give grace, O heavenly Father, to all
+    bishops and curates, that they may both by their life and doctrine
+    set forth thy true and lively word, and rightly and duly administer
+    thy holy sacraments: and to all thy people give thy heavenly grace,
+    and especially to this congregation here present, that with meek
+    heart and due reverence they may hear and receive thy holy word,
+    truly serving thee in holiness and righteousness all the days of
+    their life. And we most humbly beseech thee of thy goodness, O Lord,
+    to comfort and succour all them who in this transitory life are in
+    trouble, sorrow, need, sickness, or any other adversity. And we also
+    bless thy holy name, for all thy servants departed this life in thy
+    faith and fear; beseeching thee to give us grace so to follow their
+    good examples, that with them we may be partakers of thy heavenly
+    kingdom. Grant this, O Father, for Jesus Christ's sake, our only
+    Mediator and Advocate. Amen.
+
+
+THE EXHORTATION.
+
+    Ye that do truly and earnestly repent you of your sins, and are in
+    love and charity with your neighbours, and intend to lead a new
+    life, following the commandments of God, and walking from henceforth
+    in his holy ways; draw near with faith, and take this holy Sacrament
+    to your comfort; and make your humble confession to Almighty God,
+    meekly kneeling upon your knees.
+
+
+THE GENERAL CONFESSION.
+
+    Almighty God, Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, Maker of all things,
+    Judge of all men; we acknowledge and bewail our manifold sins and
+    wickedness, which we from time to time most grievously have
+    committed, by thought, word, and deed, against thy divine Majesty,
+    provoking most justly thy wrath and indignation against us. We do
+    earnestly repent, and are heartily sorry for these our misdoings;
+    the remembrance of them is grievous unto us; the burden of them is
+    intolerable. Have mercy upon us, have mercy upon us, most merciful
+    Father; for thy Son our Lord Jesus Christ's sake, forgive us all
+    that is past, and grant that we may ever hereafter serve and please
+    thee, in newness of life, to the honour and glory of thy name,
+    through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+
+THE ABSOLUTION.
+
+    Almighty God our heavenly Father, who of his great mercy hath
+    promised forgiveness of sins to all them that with hearty
+    repentance, and true faith, turn unto him; have mercy upon you,
+    pardon and deliver you from all your sins, confirm and strengthen
+    you in all goodness, and bring you to everlasting life, through
+    Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+After which was said,
+
+Hear what comfortable words our Saviour saith unto all that truly turn
+to him.
+
+    Come unto me, all that travail and are heavy laden, and I will
+    refresh you. St. Matt. xi. 28.
+
+    So God loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son to the
+    world, and that all that believe in him should not perish, but have
+    everlasting life. St. John, iii. 16.
+
+Hear also what St. Paul saith:
+
+    This is a true saying, and worthy of all men to be received, that
+    Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners. 1 Tim. i. 15.
+
+Hear also what St. John saith:
+
+    If any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ
+    the righteous, and he is the propitiation for our sins. 1 John, ii.
+    1.
+
+After which the archbishop proceeded, saying,
+
+    Arch. Lift up your hearts.
+
+    Answ. We lift them unto the Lord.
+
+    Arch. Let us give thanks unto our Lord God.
+
+    Answ. It is meet and right so to do.
+
+Then the archbishop turned to the Lord's table, and said,
+
+    It is very meet, right, and our bounden duty, that we should at all
+    times, and in all places, give thanks unto thee, O Lord, Holy
+    Father, Almighty everlasting God:
+
+    Who hast at this time given us thy servant our sovereign King
+    GEORGE, to be the Defender of the Faith, and the protector of thy
+    people:
+
+    Therefore with angels and archangels, and with all the company of
+    heaven, we laud and magnify thy glorious name, evermore praising
+    thee, and saying, Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of hosts, heaven and
+    earth are full of thy glory. Glory be to thee, O Lord most high.
+    Amen.
+
+
+THE PRAYER OF ADDRESS.
+
+    We do not presume to come to this thy table, O merciful God,
+    trusting in our own righteousness, but thy manifold great mercies.
+    We are not worthy so much as to gather up the crumbs under thy
+    table. But thou art the same God, whose property is always to have
+    mercy; grant us therefore, gracious God, so to eat the flesh of thy
+    dear Son, Jesus Christ, to drink his blood, that our sinful bodies
+    may be made clean by his body, our souls washed through his most
+    precious blood. That we may evermore dwell with him, and he with us.
+    Amen.
+
+
+THE PRAYER OF CONSECRATION.
+
+    Almighty God, our heavenly Father, who of thy tender mercy didst
+    give thine only Son Jesus Christ to suffer death upon the cross for
+    our redemption, who made there (by his one oblation of himself once
+    offered) a full, perfect, and sufficient sacrifice, oblation, and
+    satisfaction for the sins of the whole world, and did institute, and
+    in his holy Gospel command us to continue a perpetual memory of that
+    his precious death to his coming again; hear us, O merciful Father,
+    we most humbly beseech thee; and grant that we, receiving these thy
+    creatures of bread and wine, according to thy Son our Saviour Jesus
+    Christ's holy institution, in remembrance of his death and passion,
+    may be partakers of his most holy body and blood: who in the same
+    night that he was betrayed took bread[111], and when he had given
+    thanks, he brake it[112], and gave it to his disciples, saying,
+    Take, eat[113], this is my body which is given for you, do this in
+    remembrance of me. Likewise, after supper[114] he took the cup, and
+    when he had given thanks, he gave it to them, saying, Drink ye all
+    of this, for this[115] is my blood of the New Testament, which is
+    shed for you and for many for the remission of sins: do this, as oft
+    as ye shall drink it, in remembrance of me. Amen.
+
+When the archbishop, and dean of Westminster, with the bishops'
+assistants, namely, the preacher, and those who read the Litany, and the
+Epistle and Gospel, had communicated in both kinds, the archbishop
+administered the bread, and the dean of Westminster the cup, to the
+King.
+
+At the delivery of the bread, was said,
+
+    The body of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was given for thee,
+    preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life. Take and eat this
+    in remembrance that Christ died for thee, and feed on him in thy
+    heart by faith with thanksgiving.
+
+At the delivery of the cup,
+
+    The blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was shed for thee,
+    preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life. Drink this in
+    remembrance that Christ's blood was shed for thee, and be thankful.
+
+While the King received, the bishop appointed for that service held a
+towel of white silk, or fine linen, before him.
+
+Then the archbishop went on to the Post Communion, saying,--
+
+    Our Father which art in heaven; hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom
+    come. Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven. Give us this
+    day our daily bread; and forgive us our trespasses as we forgive
+    them who trespass against us. Lead us not into temptation, but
+    deliver us from evil; for thine is the kingdom, and the power, and
+    the glory, for ever. Amen.
+
+Then this prayer,
+
+    O Lord and heavenly Father, we, thy humble servants, entirely desire
+    thy fatherly goodness, mercifully to accept this our sacrifice of
+    praise and thanksgiving; most humbly beseeching thee to grant, that
+    by the merits and death of thy Son Jesus Christ, and through faith
+    in his blood, we and all thy whole church may obtain remission of
+    our sins, and all other benefits of his passion. And here we offer,
+    and present unto thee, O Lord, ourselves, our souls and bodies, to
+    be a reasonable, holy, and lively sacrifice unto thee; humbly
+    beseeching thee, that all we, who are partakers of this holy
+    communion, may be filled with thy grace and heavenly benediction.
+
+Then was said,
+
+    Glory be to God on high, and on earth peace; good will towards men.
+    We praise thee; we bless thee; we worship thee; we glorify thee; we
+    give thanks to thee for thy great glory, O Lord God, heavenly King,
+    God the Father Almighty.
+
+    O Lord, the only begotten Son, Jesu Christ.
+
+    O Lord God, Lamb of God, Son of the Father, that takest away the
+    sins of the world, have mercy upon us. Thou that takest away the
+    sins of the world, receive our prayer. Thou that sittest at the
+    right hand of God the Father, have mercy upon us.
+
+    For thou only art holy, thou only art the Lord, thou only, O Christ,
+    with the Holy Ghost, art most high in the glory of God the Father.
+    Amen.
+
+The King returned to his throne upon the theatre, and afterwards the
+archbishop read the final prayers.
+
+
+THE FINAL PRAYERS.
+
+    Assist us mercifully, O Lord, in these our supplications and
+    prayers, and dispose the way of thy servants towards the attainment
+    of everlasting salvation, that, among all the changes and chances of
+    this mortal life, they may ever be defended by thy most gracious and
+    ready help, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+    O Lord our God, who upholdest and governest all things in heaven and
+    earth, receive our humble prayers with our thanksgivings, for our
+    Sovereign Lord GEORGE, set over us by thy good providence to be our
+    King: and so, together with him, bless all the Royal Family, that
+    they, ever trusting in thy goodness, protected by thy power, and
+    crowned with thy favour, may continue before thee in health and
+    peace, in joy and honour, a long and happy life upon earth, and
+    after death may obtain everlasting life and glory in the kingdom of
+    heaven, through the merits and mediation of Jesus Christ our
+    Saviour; who with thee, O Father, and the Holy Spirit, liveth and
+    reigneth, ever one God, world without end. Amen.
+
+    Almighty God, who hast promised to hear the petition of them that
+    ask in thy Son's name; we beseech thee mercifully to incline thine
+    ears to us that have made now our prayers and supplications unto
+    thee, and grant that those things which we have faithfully asked
+    according to thy will, may effectually be obtained to the relief of
+    our necessity, and to the setting forth of thy glory, through Jesus
+    Christ our Lord. Amen.
+
+    The peace of God which passeth all understanding, keep your hearts
+    and minds in the knowledge and love of God, and of his Son Jesus
+    Christ our Lord. And the blessing of God Almighty, the Father, the
+    Son, and the Holy Ghost, be amongst you, and remain with you always.
+    Amen.
+
+
+THE RECESS.
+
+The whole coronation office being thus performed, the King, attended and
+accompanied as before, the four swords being carried before him,
+descended from his throne crowned, and carrying the sceptre and rod in
+his hands, went up the area eastward of the theatre, and passed on
+through the door, on the south side of the altar, into king Edward's
+chapel; and as they passed by the altar, the rest of the regalia, lying
+upon it, were delivered by the dean of Westminster to the lords that
+carried them in the procession, and so they proceeded in state into the
+chapel; the organ all the while playing.
+
+The King then came into the chapel, and standing before the altar, took
+off his crown, and delivered it, together with his sceptre, to the
+archbishop, who laid them upon the altar there; and the rest of the
+regalia were given into the hands of the dean of Westminster, and by him
+laid there also.
+
+Then the King withdrew himself into his traverse prepared for him upon
+the western wall of that chapel.
+
+Within his traverse the King was disrobed by the lord great chamberlain
+of his royal robe of state (which was forthwith delivered to the dean of
+Westminster to be laid also upon the altar) and again arrayed with his
+robe of purple velvet, which was before laid ready in the traverse for
+that purpose.
+
+When the King, thus habited, came forth of his traverse, he stood before
+the altar, and the archbishop being still vested in his cope, set the
+crown of state, provided for the King to wear during the rest of the
+ceremony, upon his head. Then he gave the sceptre with the cross into
+the King's right hand, and the orb with the cross into his left: which
+being done, both the archbishop and dean divested themselves of their
+copes, and left them there, and proceeded in their usual habits.
+
+Then the King carried his sceptre with the cross in his left hand; the
+four swords being borne before the King, and the heralds having again
+put the rest of the procession in order, he went on from king Edward's
+chapel to the theatre, and thence through the midst of the choir and
+body of the church, out at the west door, and so returned to Westminster
+Hall.
+
+
+RETURN OF THE PROCESSION TO THE HALL.
+
+At about twenty minutes to four the gates of the Hall were thrown open
+to admit the procession on its return.
+
+The cheering in the Hall on the King's approach was neither so
+spontaneous nor enthusiastic as it was along the line of march: as far
+as we could see it originated generally with some of the choristers
+employed to sing the various portions of the ceremonial.
+
+Viewed from the upper end of the Hall through the arched way, the
+appearance of the white plumes of the knights of the Bath was most
+magnificent. On their entrance to the Hall, the knights took off their
+hats, but the peers continued to wear their coronets. The procession
+then entered in the following order;--
+
+      The King's Herbwoman, with her six Maids.
+
+      Messenger of the College of Arms.
+
+      High Constable of Westminster.
+
+      Fife and Drums, as before   }
+      Drum Major                  }    Who, on arrival in the
+      Eight Trumpets              }    Hall, immediately went
+      Kettle Drums                }    into the Gallery over the
+      Eight Trumpets              }    Triumphal Arch.
+      Serjeant Trumpeter          }
+
+      Serjeant Porter.
+
+      Knight Marshal and his Officers.
+
+      Six Clerks in Chancery.
+
+      King's Chaplains.
+
+      Sheriffs of London.
+
+      Aldermen and Recorder of London.
+
+      Masters in Chancery.
+
+      King's Serjeants at Law.
+
+      King's Ancient Serjeant.
+
+      King's Solicitor-General.     King's Attorney-General.
+
+      Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber.
+
+      Barons of the Exchequer, and Justices of both Benches.
+
+      Lord Chief Baron of the       Lord Chief Justice of
+      Exchequer.                    the Common Pleas.
+
+      Vice-Chancellor.              Master of the Rolls.
+
+      Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench.
+
+      Pursuivants of Scotland and Ireland.
+
+      Officers attendant on the Knights Commanders of the
+      Bath, wearing their Caps.
+
+      Knights Commanders of the Bath, wearing their Caps.
+
+      Officers of the Order of the Bath, wearing their Caps.
+
+      Knights Grand Crosses of the Order of the Bath,
+      wearing their Caps.
+
+      A Pursuivant of Arms.
+
+      Clerks of the Council in Ordinary.
+
+      Privy Counsellors.
+
+      Register of the Order of the Garter.
+
+      Knight of the Garter, not a Peer, wearing his Cap and
+      Feathers.
+
+      His Majesty's Vice-Chamberlain.
+
+      Comptroller of the Household.  Treasurer of the Household.
+
+      A Pursuivant of Arms.
+
+      Heralds or Scotland and Ireland.
+
+      The Standard of Hanover, borne by the Earl of Mayo.
+
+      Barons, wearing their Coronets.
+
+      A Herald.
+
+      The Standard of Ireland,      The Standard of Scotland,
+        borne by                      borne by the
+      Lord Beresford.               Earl of Lauderdale.
+
+      Bishops, wearing their Caps.
+
+      Two Heralds.
+
+      Viscounts, wearing their Coronets.
+
+      Two Heralds.
+
+      The Standard of England, borne by Lord Hill.
+
+      Earls, wearing their Coronets.
+
+      Two Heralds.
+
+      The Union Standard, borne by Earl Harcourt.
+
+      Marquesses, wearing their Coronets.
+
+      The Lord Chamberlain of the Household, wearing his
+      Coronet.
+
+      The Lord Steward of the Household, wearing his
+      Coronet.
+
+      The Royal Standard, borne by the Earl of Harrington.
+
+      King of Arms of       Gloucester King    Hanover King
+      the Ionian Order      of Arms, wearing   of Arms, wearing
+      of St. Michael &        his Crown.         his Crown.
+      St. George, wearing
+      his Crown.
+
+      Dukes, wearing their Coronets.
+
+      Ulster King of        Clarenceux King     Norroy King
+      Arms, wearing         of Arms, wearing    of Arms, wearing
+      his Crown.              his Crown.          his Crown.
+
+      The Lord Privy Seal,          The Lord President of the
+      wearing his Coronet.          Council, wearing his Coronet.
+
+      Archbishops of Ireland, wearing their Caps.
+
+      Archbishop of York, wearing his Cap.
+
+      Lord High Chancellor, wearing his Coronet, and bearing his Purse.
+
+      Archbishop of Canterbury, wearing his Cap.
+
+      Four Serjeants at Arms.
+
+      The third Sword,      Curtana, borne by   The second Sword,
+      borne by the          the Duke of         borne by the
+      Earl of Galloway,     Newcastle,          Duke of Northumberland,
+      wearing his           wearing his         wearing
+      Coronet.              Coronet.            his Coronet.
+
+      Usher of the Green Rod.       Usher of the White Rod.
+
+      The         The            Garter Principal    Black Rod.
+      Lord Mayor  Lord Lyon of   King
+      of London.  Scotland,      of Arms,
+                  wearing his    wearing his
+                  Crown.         Crown.
+
+      The Deputy Lord Great Chamberlain, wearing his Coronet.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Prince Leopold, wearing his Cap
+      and Feathers, and his Train borne as before.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Duke of Gloucester, wearing his
+      Coronet, and his Train borne as before.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, wearing his
+      Coronet, and his Train borne as before.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex, wearing his
+      Coronet, and his Train borne as before.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence, wearing his
+      Coronet, and his Train borne as before.
+
+      His Royal Highness the Duke of York, wearing his
+      Coronet, and his Train borne as before.
+
+      The High Constable    The High Constable of Scotland,
+      of Ireland.           wearing his Coronet.
+
+      Four Serjeants at Arms.
+
+      The Deputy Earl    The sword which      The Lord High
+      Marshal            had been redeemed,   Constable,
+      wearing his        borne naked by       wearing his
+      coronet.           the Duke of Dorset,  coronet.
+                         wearing his coronet.
+
+                         The Lord High Steward,
+                         wearing his coronet.
+
+                         The Sceptre with the Dove,
+                         borne by
+                         the Duke of Rutland,
+                         wearing his coronet.
+
+                               THE KING,
+
+                        In his Robes of purple
+                        velvet, furred with ermine,
+                        and the Crown
+    Twenty              of state on his head,               Twenty
+    Gentlemen           bearing in his right                Gentlemen
+    Pensioners          hand St. Edward's                   Pensioners with
+    with Bearer.        Sceptre, with the Cross,            the Lieutenant.
+           The Bishop   and in his left the Orb     The Bishop
+           of Oxford,   with the Cross, under       of Lincoln,
+           wearing his  his canopy, supported       wearing his
+           cap.         as before, and his train    cap.
+                        borne as before.
+
+      Captain of the Yeoman   Gold Stick of the   Captain of the Band
+      of the Guard,           Life Guards in      of Gentlemen Pensioners,
+      wearing his coronet.    waiting, wearing    wearing his
+                              his coronet.        coronet.
+
+      Lords of the Bedchamber.
+
+      The Keeper of his Majesty's Privy Purse.
+
+      Grooms of the Bedchamber.
+
+      Equerries and Pages of Honour.
+
+      Aides-de-Camp.
+
+      Gentlemen Ushers.
+
+      Physicians.     Surgeons.     Apothecaries.
+
+      Ensign of the Yeomen          Lieutenant of the Yeomen of
+      of the Guard.                 the Guard.
+
+      His Majesty's Pages.
+
+      His Majesty's Footmen.
+
+      Exons of the Yeomen   Yeomen of     Exons of the Yeomen
+      of the Guard.         the Guard.    of the Guard.
+
+      Gentleman Harbinger of the Band of Gentlemen
+      Pensioners.
+
+      Clerk of the Cheque           Clerk of the Cheque to
+      to the Yeomen of the Guard.   the Gentlemen Pensioners.
+
+      Yeomen of the Guard, to close the Procession.
+
+As the procession entered the Hall, the fifes, drums, and trumpets went
+to their gallery, and the several other persons composing it were
+directed to their respective places by the officers of arms.
+
+On entering the Hall, the barons of the Cinque Ports, bearing the
+canopy, remained at the bottom of the steps. His Majesty ascended the
+elevated platform, and retired in his chamber near the state.
+
+The company at the table then sat down; and the barons of the Cinque
+Ports carried away the canopy as their fee.
+
+It is mentioned above that the several orders of knighthood returned
+wearing their hats. This was the case until they got to the entrance of
+Westminster Hall. There all the knights of the Bath took off their
+hats, as did some of the bishops and several other individuals who took
+part in the procession. There were only two knights of the Garter who
+appeared in the full dress of the order. These were his Royal Highness
+the Prince Leopold and the Marquess of Londonderry. The noble marquess,
+as attired in his robes, added very considerably to the splendour of the
+scene by his graceful and elegant appearance. His lordship's hat was
+encircled with a band of diamonds, which had a most brilliant effect. As
+his Majesty passed up the Hall he was received with loud and continued
+acclamations--the gentlemen waving their hats, and the ladies their
+handkerchiefs: his Majesty seemed to feel sensibly the enthusiasm with
+which he was greeted, and returned the salutations with repeated bows to
+the assemblage on both sides. The peers took their seats at the table
+appointed for them, and began to partake of the banquet. During the
+interval between this and the return of his Majesty, the greater part of
+the ladies and gentlemen who had previously occupied the galleries
+retired for refreshments, or descended into the Hall, which they
+promenaded for a considerable time. There were also a great number of
+persons admitted into the Hall, who it was evident had not been in
+before. This occasioned some slight inconvenience to those whose duty
+obliged them to be present. We ought here to remark that the procession,
+on its return to the Hall, was not conducted with any thing like the
+same regularity which had distinguished its departure. This was probably
+owing to the great fatigue which all the parties had undergone, and to
+their consequent anxiety to get to their seats. Some slight derangement
+was occasioned by the aldermen, who, either from the cause just
+mentioned, or from a mistake with respect to the regulations of the
+heralds, had no sooner got within the triumphal arch, than they walked
+over to one of the tables, leaving several of those behind who ought to
+have preceded them. This trifling mistake was soon corrected by one of
+the heralds, who brought the worthy magistrates back to their former
+station in the procession.
+
+
+THE BANQUET.
+
+Precisely at twenty minutes past five the lord great chamberlain issued
+his orders that the centre of the Hall should be cleared. This direction
+occasioned much confusion, not only because many strangers had been
+allowed to enter the lower doors for the purpose of surveying the
+general arrangements, but because those who had tickets for the
+galleries had descended in considerable numbers to the floor. Lord
+Gwydyr was under the necessity of personally exerting his authority,
+with considerable vehemence, in order to compel the attendants of the
+earl-marshal to quit situations intended for persons more immediately
+connected with the ceremony. A long interval now occurred, during which
+the various officers, and especially the heralds, made the necessary
+arrangements for the nobility expected to return with his Majesty.
+During this pause silence was generally preserved, in expectation of the
+return of his Majesty from his chamber.
+
+The entrance of the King was announced by one of the principal heralds,
+who was followed into the Hall by the lord great chamberlain and the
+Dukes of York, Clarence, Cambridge, Sussex, and Gloucester. Prince
+Leopold had for some time previously been engaged in conversation with
+some of the foreign ambassadors.
+
+His Majesty returned in the robes with which he had been invested in the
+Abbey, wearing also the same crown. In his right hand he carried the
+sceptre, and in his left the orb, which, on taking his seat on the
+throne, he delivered to two peers stationed at his side for the purpose
+of receiving them.
+
+The first course was then served up. It consisted of 24 gold covers and
+dishes, carried by as many gentlemen pensioners: they were preceded by
+six attendants on the clerk comptroller, by two clerks of the kitchen,
+who received the dishes from the gentlemen pensioners, by the clerk
+comptroller, in a velvet gown trimmed with silver lace, by two clerks
+and the secretary of the Board of Green Cloth, by the comptroller and
+treasurer of the household, and serjeants at arms with their maces.
+
+Before the dishes were placed upon the table by the two clerks of the
+kitchen, the great doors at the bottom of the Hall were thrown open to
+the sound of trumpets and clarionets, and the Duke of Wellington, as
+lord high constable, the Marquis of Anglesey, as lord high steward, and
+Lord Howard of Effingham, as deputy earl marshal, entered upon the floor
+on horseback, remaining for some minutes under the archway. The Duke of
+Wellington was on the left of the King, the earl marshal on the right,
+and the Marquess of Anglesey in the centre. The two former were mounted
+on beautiful white horses gorgeously trapped, and the latter on his
+favourite dun-coloured Arabian.
+
+
+THE CHALLENGE.
+
+Before the second course, the great gate was thrown open at the sound of
+trumpets without. The deputy appointed to officiate as King's Champion
+for the lord of the manor of Scrivelsby, in Lincolnshire, entered the
+Hall on horseback, in a complete suit of bright armour, between the lord
+high constable and deputy earl marshal, also on horseback, preceded
+by--
+
+    Two Trumpeters, with the Champion's Arms on their Banners.
+
+    The Serjeant Trumpeter, with his Mace on his Shoulder.
+
+    Two Serjeants at Arms, with their Maces on their Shoulders.
+
+    The Champion's two Esquires, in half Armour, one on the right hand
+    bearing the Champion's Lance, the other on the left hand with the
+    Champion's Target, and the Arms of Dymoke depicted thereon.
+
+    A Herald, With a Paper in his hand containing the Challenge.
+
+Then followed:--
+
+  The                   | The                 | The
+  Deputy Earl Marshal,  | CHAMPION,           | Lord High Constable,
+  on Horseback, in      | on Horseback, in a  | in his Robes and
+  his Robes and Coronet,| complete suit of    | Coronet, and Collar
+  with the Earl         | bright Armour, with | of his Order, on
+  Marshal's Staff in    | a Gauntlet in his   | Horseback, with the
+  his Hand, attended    | Hand, his Helmet on | Constable's Staff, attended
+  by a Page.            | his Head, adorned   | by two Pages.
+                        | with a plume of     |
+                        | Feathers.           |
+
+  Four Pages, richly apparelled, attendants on the
+  Champion.
+
+His helmet was of polished steel, surmounted by a full rich bending
+plume of white ostrich feathers, next of light blue, next red, and
+lastly of an erect black feather. He seemed rather pale in the face,
+which was of a resolute cast, and ornamented with handsome mustachios.
+He sat his horse with ease, and the appearance of great firmness, which
+was no doubt in part attributable to the enormous weight under which the
+noble animal that bore him seemed to bend. His armour was extremely
+massive, and deeply lined and engraven: no part of his body was
+uncovered; and even the broad circular shoulder blades of the armour
+were so folded over the cuirass, that in action the body could not but
+be completely defended at all points. The horse was very richly
+caparisoned, and wore in his headstall a plume of varied feathers.
+Nothing could exceed the impression produced by the approach of the
+champion and his loyal array. Every fair bosom felt an indescribable
+sensation of mingled surprise, pleasure, and apprehension. It seemed as
+if they were impressed with a conviction that the defiance might not
+prove an empty ceremony; that a trial as severe as that of Ivanhoe, in
+the presence of his future sovereign at Ashby, might await the
+challenger; and that the nobly-equipped champion before them might,
+nevertheless, be as little elated by his success, or as faint and feeble
+when he fell at the feet of sympathising beauty to claim the hard-earned
+meed of glory. For a moment the fast fading spirit of chivalry
+re-asserted itself within those walls, over minds which the place and
+occasion had rendered vividly susceptible of impressions connected with
+the records of our earlier history.
+
+At the entrance into the Hall the trumpets sounded thrice, and the
+passage to the king's table being cleared by the knight marshal, the
+herald, with a loud voice, proclaimed the champion's challenge in the
+words following:--
+
+    If any person, of what degree soever, high or low, shall deny or
+    gainsay our Sovereign Lord GEORGE the Fourth of the United Kingdom
+    of Great Britain and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, Son and next
+    Heir to our Sovereign Lord King GEORGE the Third, the last King,
+    deceased, to be right Heir to the Imperial Crown of this United
+    Kingdom, or that he ought not to enjoy the same, here is his
+    Champion, who saith that he lieth, and is a false traitor; being
+    ready in person to combat with him, and in this quarrel will
+    adventure his life against him on what day soever he shall be
+    appointed.
+
+The champion then threw down his iron glove or gauntlet; which, having
+lain for a short time upon the ground, the herald took up, and delivered
+again to the champion.
+
+They then advanced to the middle of the Hall, where the ceremony was
+again performed in the same manner.
+
+Lastly, they advanced to the steps of the throne, where the herald (and
+those who preceded him) ascending to the middle of the steps, proclaimed
+the challenge in the like manner; when the champion, having thrown down
+the gauntlet, and received it again from the herald, made a low
+obeisance to the King, The peers had repeated, as if with one voice,
+"God bless the King! God save the King!" which was accompanied by
+acclamations so loud through all parts of the Hall, that it startled the
+horses of the champion and his noble companions. Then the cupbearer,
+having received from the officer of the Jewel-house a gold cup and cover
+filled with wine, presented the same to the King, and his Majesty drank
+to the champion, and sent to him by the cupbearer the said cup, which
+the champion (having put on his gauntlet) received, and having made a
+low obeisance to the King, drank off the wine; and in a loud articulate
+voice, exclaimed, turning himself round, "Long life to his Majesty King
+GEORGE the Fourth!" This was followed by a peal of applause resembling
+thunder; after which, making another low obeisance to his Majesty, and
+being accompanied as before, he departed out of the Hall, taking with
+him the said cup and cover as his fee, retiring with his face to his
+Majesty, and backing his horse out of the Hall.
+
+
+PROCLAMATION OF THE STYLES.
+
+Immediately afterwards, Garter, attended by Clarenceux, Norroy, Lyon,
+Ulster, and the rest of the kings and officers of arms, proclaimed his
+Majesty's styles in Latin, French, and English, three several times,
+first upon the uppermost step of the elevated platform, next in the
+middle of the Hall; and, lastly, at the bottom of the Hall, the officers
+of arms before each proclamation crying, "Largesse." After each
+proclamation, the company shouted "God save the King!" and the ladies
+waved their handkerchiefs and fans.
+
+
+SECOND COURSE.
+
+The second course was then served up with the same ceremony as the
+first.
+
+
+SERVICES IN PURSUANCE OF CLAIMS.
+
+Then the lord of the manor of Nether Bilsington presented his Majesty
+with three maple cups.
+
+The office of chief butler of England was executed by the Duke of
+Norfolk, as Earl of Arundel and lord of the manor of Keninghall, who
+received a gold basin and ewer as his fee.
+
+Dinner being concluded, the lord mayor and twelve principal citizens of
+London, as assistants to the chief butler of England, accompanied by the
+King's cupbearer and assistant, presented to his Majesty wine in a gold
+cup; and the King having drunk thereof, returned the gold cup to the
+lord mayor as his fee.
+
+The mayor of Oxford, with the eight other burgesses of that city, as
+assistants to the lord mayor and citizens of London, as assistant to the
+chief butler of England in the office of butler, was conducted to his
+Majesty, preceded by the King's cupbearer, and having presented to the
+King a bowl of wine, received the three maple cups for his fee.
+
+The lord of the manor of Lyston, pursuant to his claim, then brought up
+a charger of wafers to his Majesty's table.
+
+The Duke of Athol, as lord of the Isle of Man, presented his Majesty
+with two falcons. Considerable curiosity was excited by the presentment
+of these beautiful birds, which sat perfectly tame on the arm of his
+grace, completely hooded, and furnished with bells.
+
+The Duke of Montrose, as master of the horse to the King, performed the
+office of serjeant of the silver scullery.
+
+The lord of the barony of Bedford performed the office of almoner; and
+the office of chief larderer was performed by the deputy of the Earl of
+Abergavenny.
+
+After the dessert was served up, the King's health was announced by the
+peers, and drank by them and the whole of the persons in the Hall
+standing, with three times three. The lord chancellor, overpowered by
+his feelings on this propitious occasion, rose, and said it was usual to
+drink the health of a subject with three times three, and he thought
+that his subjects ought to drink the Sovereign's health with nine times
+nine. The choir and additional singers had now been brought forward in
+front of the knights commanders, and the national anthem of "God save
+the King" was sung with incomparable effect.
+
+The Duke of Norfolk then said, "The King thanks his peers for drinking
+his health: he does them the honour to drink their health and that of
+his good people." His Majesty rose, and bowing three times to various
+parts of the immense concourse--
+
+  ----"The abstract of his kingdom,"
+
+he drank the health of all present. It was succeeded by long and
+continued shouts from all present, during which the King resumed his
+seat on his throne.
+
+The King quitted the Hall at a quarter before eight o'clock; afterwards
+the company was indiscriminately admitted to partake of such
+refreshments as remained on the tables of the peers.
+
+During Tuesday and Wednesday night, in order that no unnecessary
+interruption might be experienced in the public thoroughfares during the
+daytime, the workmen under the direction of the Board of Works were
+busily engaged in raising barriers at different points that commanded
+the streets and passes leading to Westminster Hall and Abbey. From
+Charing Cross, a stout barrier was placed (about fifteen feet from the
+pavement) to Parliament Street, so that the fullest possible room, about
+twenty feet in width, should be secured for persons having tickets of
+admission to the Hall, the Abbey, or the Coronation Galleries. And a
+still stronger barrier was raised along the centre of Parliament Street,
+one side only being appropriated to carriages going towards the scene of
+universal attraction. Across Bridge Street, as well as in King Street,
+and the neighbouring thoroughfares, all the carriage entrances were
+wholly blockaded; thus securing the most commodious means to persons
+proceeding on foot to the different places for which they possessed
+admission tickets. At all these points were stationed constables,
+supported by parties of military; and at the several passes were placed
+experienced individuals who had been instructed in their various duties
+during several days by Mr. Jackson and others, in the long chambers of
+the House of Lords, &c. They examined the tickets and the pretensions of
+the several persons applying to pass on to the Abbey, Hall, houses, or
+galleries.--Still more effectually to qualify them for this duty, they
+were previously made acquainted with the mode in which the various
+tickets of the lord great chamberlain (Lord Gwydyr) for the Hall, and
+the earl marshal of England (Lord Howard, of Effingham, acting deputy),
+were prepared, signed, and superscribed.--They were also provided with
+good general means of judging of the authenticity of cards for the
+different galleries; and even to be guarded against imposture, there was
+further authority to keep all the several parties in motion, till they
+arrived at their respective destinations. Thus, every arrangement was
+made to accomplish the great advantage of clear roads and facilities of
+approach; and the regulations adopted at those points, passes, and
+barriers already noticed, were provided at the other stations.
+
+All the arrangements were finally made on Wednesday night. The high
+bailiff of Westminster (A. Morris, Esq.), the high constable (Mr. Lee),
+and the several magistrates of the different Police Offices, Sir Robert
+Baker, Mr. Birnie, Mr. Mainwaring, Mr. Raynsford, Mr. Markland, &c.
+under the advice, and with the approbation of Lord Sidmouth, agreed upon
+and adopted at the office of the home secretary of state, a plan of
+general and particular operations. Each magistrate had his different
+station allotted to him, with a specified number of the police officers
+to attend his commands, and enforce his instructions.
+
+Besides the precautions taken in the several streets, and at the
+various thoroughfares, as already described, arrangements of a similar
+character were adopted at the several approaches from the river Thames.
+In the course of the night, the stairs, landing-places, roads from
+wharfs, &c., along the Westminster side of the banks of the Thames, were
+closed, with parties to command them, from the Hungerford to the
+Horseferry stairs. Some exceptions were made regarding the stairs at
+Whitehall, by Lord Liverpool's house, and a temporary landing-place
+formed in the course of Wednesday, at the lower end of the speaker's
+garden, for the accommodation of the treasury and ordnance barges,
+conveying certain great officers of state, some parties of peeresses,
+&c., as well as the barges of the lord mayor, aldermen, sheriffs, and
+twelve citizens of London, accompanied as they were (by the special
+favour of the corporation of London) by the mayor of Oxford, its
+recorder, two aldermen, two assistants, &c. And at this entrance proper
+precautions were taken by stationing a civil force in the speaker's
+gardens; while in the river, such regulations were strengthened by the
+parties on board the Thames police-boat, and a gun-brig moored off this
+point in the course of Wednesday.
+
+
+THE PLATFORM.
+
+The temporary boarding placed up on each side of the platform, some
+weeks ago, to prevent damage, by indiscriminate visitors travelling over
+it day and night, was completely removed in the early part of the
+morning. On the removal of such boarding, the platform presented a
+lively and finished appearance. The railing on each side of it was
+covered with purple cloth, and the flooring covered to the extent of
+sixteen feet, leaving about a yard on each side uncovered, with the same
+sort of blue cloth.
+
+The awnings were drawn, but at short distances red lines were placed, by
+the pulling of which command was had of them, to close or spread them as
+circumstances might require. To each line and pulley was allotted one
+man, with a particular dress, so that the most rapid change of the
+awnings could be effected, should the weather require any change in
+their position, while the addition of a staff enabled such man likewise
+to act as a constable. There were also placed, on each side of the
+platform, along the whole range of it, men provided with pincers,
+hammers, &c., to repair any damage that might happen to the platform, or
+whatever was calculated to impede the progress of the procession, and
+its attendant ceremonies. These men were also supplied with a like
+livery, with staves of office; and they were sworn as constables.
+
+The flooring of the platform was raised several feet (in some instances
+as much as four and five feet) from the roads; and the side platform was
+nearly two feet below the surface of the main platform. Thus the view of
+what excited the greatest curiosity, was not intercepted by the means so
+judiciously arranged to preserve that regularity and order which so
+essentially contribute to the effect of all ceremonies.
+
+
+CORONATION GALLERIES.
+
+The immense range of galleries in the fronts of houses in New Palace
+Yard, along the Exchequer Offices and Chambers, over the champion's
+stables, in Parliament Street and Square, in George Street, in St.
+Margaret's Churchyard, in the large spaces, on gardens and squares,
+between the Parliament House and Sessions House, it would be impossible
+to particularise. The magnitude of these accommodations, their
+uniformity and convenience, excited the wonder of the inhabitants of
+this great metropolis, and of thousands from all parts of the country,
+who repaired to town solely with the view of witnessing the
+preparations. All these galleries underwent the strictest investigation
+by surveyors appointed for the purpose; so that all possible precautions
+to prevent accidents were adopted.
+
+
+WESTMINSTER HALL.
+
+The preparations within the Hall have on former occasions been fully
+described, and a tolerably correct notion may be formed by many of the
+main outlines of the arrangements there, to give effect to the
+ceremonies preceding, and the banquet following, his Majesty's
+coronation. The _coup d'oeil_ was of the most pleasing and imposing
+character; the galleries along each side of the Hall, the tower and
+turrets over the grand entrance, and the royal platform and table, were
+finished in the highest order. The new windows in the roof, and the
+recently-completed lantern upwards of forty feet high on the centre of
+the ridge of the roof, with glazed windows all round, greatly improved
+the effect.
+
+From each side of the angles formed by the ends of the hammer-beams in
+the roof was suspended by a gilt chain a large splendid cut-glass
+lustre, with broad ornamented gilt irons and frames, containing three
+circles of wax candles, being between forty and fifty in each lustre.
+
+The first and second galleries had the mattings and scarlet coverings
+completed only on Wednesday. The royal box on the right, and the
+foreigners' box on the left side of the royal table were entirely lined
+with scarlet cloth, festooned in front, and ornamented with gold fringe.
+
+The throne, seat, and the royal table, attracted general admiration.
+With the exception of the large fluted columns, the royal seat and
+canopy were in the style of the throne in the House of Lords. The back
+of crimson velvet, with the royal arms embroidered on it, and the limits
+decorated with gold and ornaments. The canopy was square, with a raised
+and variegated gold cornice round. The centre displayed a splendid
+crown, underneath which were G. R. IV. Underneath the cornice was a
+crimson velvet vallance, separated into divisions, the lower portion of
+each division being rounded with gold, while its centre was decorated
+with gold, embroidered, and raised ornaments illustrative of the
+military orders, and of the emblems of the United Kingdom, the Rose, the
+Thistle, the Harp, &c. The chair was equally splendid; the arms and legs
+consisting of rich carved work gilt, with crimson velvet back, also
+ornamented. The only objection in point of taste that can be made to
+this is, that the glitter did not harmonize with the sober grandeur of
+the Hall.
+
+About nine o'clock on Wednesday night the King left Carlton Palace for
+the house of the speaker of the House of Commons in Palace Yard, where
+his Majesty slept on Wednesday night. His Majesty's coach was escorted
+by a strong detachment of the Oxford Blues, accoutred as cuirassiers.
+They made a most beautiful appearance. The carriage drove at a rapid
+rate across the Parade in St. James's Park, through Storey's Gate and
+Great George Street. His Majesty was recognised by the crowd on his
+passage, and saluted with every expression of loyalty and attachment.
+Prior to the departure of his Majesty from Carlton Palace the crowd
+between Storey's Gate and Westminster Hall had been cleared by the Scots
+Greys, so as to make a convenient passage for the carriage, and his
+Majesty did not set out until after an officer had arrived at the Palace
+gate to announce that all was ready. His Majesty was guarded through the
+night by the lord great chamberlain and the usher of the black rod.
+There were no preparations of importance. His Majesty's sofa bed was
+brought from Carlton House. On Thursday morning the lord great
+chamberlain, at seven o'clock, carried to his Majesty his shirt and
+apparel, and with the lord chamberlain of the household dressed his
+Majesty. His Majesty then breakfasted, and afterwards proceeded to his
+chamber, near the south entrance into Westminster Hall.
+
+We entered the Hall at twenty minutes past five o'clock, and a crowd of
+ladies admitted by peers' orders, and peeresses, were then struggling
+for admittance.
+
+The first thing we observed on having entered the Hall, was the canopy
+which was to be borne over the King by the barons of the Cinque Ports.
+The canopy was yellow;--of silk and gold embroidery, with short curtains
+of muslin spangled with gold. Eight bearers having fixed the poles by
+which the canopy was supported, which were of steel (apparently), with
+silver knobs, bore it up and down the Hall, to practise the mode of
+carrying it in procession. It was then deposited at the upper end of the
+side table of the Hall, to the left of the throne. The canopy was not
+very elegant in form, and did not seem very well calculated to add to
+the effect of the procession. But even at this early hour the
+appearance of the Hall, studded with groups of gentlemen pensioners, and
+various other attendants, in their fantastic and antique costumes, with
+the officers of the guards, and others, in military uniform, and, above
+all, the elegantly dressed women who began to fill the galleries, was
+altogether superb. At this time there were several hundreds of
+spectators in the Hall.
+
+The sides of the upper end of the Hall, including the boxes for the
+foreign ministers and royal family, were hung with scarlet cloth, edged
+with gold.
+
+The throne was splendid with gold and crimson; the canopy over the
+throne was of crimson and gold, with the royal arms in embroidery. The
+large square table before the throne, intended for the display of the
+regalia, was of purple, having a rim of gold, and an interior square
+moulding of the same description, about two feet from the edge. The
+platform on which the throne was placed, and the three steps immediately
+descending from it, were covered with brown carpeting; the two other
+descending flights of steps, and the double chairs, placed by the side
+of the tables for the peers (with the names of their future occupiers),
+and the coverings of the railings in front of the seats, were of morone
+cloth. From the bottom of the steps, descending from the throne to the
+north gate, the middle of the floor of the Hall was covered with blue
+cloth, in the same manner as the platform without. The rest of the floor
+and the seats were matted. The side tables were covered with green
+cloth; and as on each side, the galleries reached nearly to the top of
+the windows in the wall, only the upper arches of those windows, and the
+noble roof of the old fabric appeared, except at each end, the upper one
+especially, where the grave visages of the Saxon kings, newly decorated,
+made their appearance. The light, which was only admitted from the roof
+windows, and from those in each end, though sober, was, on the whole,
+good. At the lower end the attendants of the earl marshal attracted some
+notice by their dark dresses, with white sashes, stockings, shoes with
+large rosettes, and Queen Elizabeth ruffs, with gilt staves tipped with
+black. At a quarter after seven o'clock an attendant, habited in the
+dress of _Henri Quatre_ laid on the table, near the canopy, eight maces,
+to be borne in the course of the procession.
+
+Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Gloucester was the first of the royal
+family who arrived in the Hall; taking her seat in the royal box at a
+quarter before six. Her Royal Highness was splendidly attired in a rich
+dress of silver lama over French lilac; head-dress, a white satin hat,
+with an elegant plume of white feathers, turned up with a diamond button
+and loop in front; and appeared to be in excellent health and spirits.
+
+Soon afterwards the Duchess of Clarence entered the Hall, and took her
+seat next to her royal sister-in-law, the Duchess of Gloucester. About
+half past seven their Royal Highnesses the Duchess of Kent, the Princess
+Sophia of Gloucester, and the Princess Feodore (daughter of the Duchess
+of Kent) took their seats in the royal box. Their Royal Highnesses were
+attired in splendid dresses of white satin, richly embroidered in
+silver, with rich bandeau head-dresses, and large plumes of white
+feathers.
+
+The herb-women entered the Hall from the south end before eight o'clock.
+Miss Fellowes, the principal herb-woman, was led in by Mr. Fellowes; and
+the six young ladies, her assistants, followed two and two. They were
+afterwards seated at the north entrance of the Hall. They were elegantly
+dressed in white, tastefully decorated with flowers. Miss Fellowes wore,
+in addition to the same dress, a scarlet mantle. At eight o'clock three
+large baskets were brought into the Hall, filled with flowers, for them
+to bear. Of a very different description from these were some persons
+who were observed in various parts of the Hall. These were well-known
+prize-fighters, who were stationed from an idea of the necessity of
+keeping peace among the honourable and noble throng. We observed Cribb,
+Randall, Richmond, and we understood many others were present.
+
+The canopy was removed at eight o'clock from the side table where it had
+been placed, and was brought into the middle of the Hall. The barons of
+the Cinque Ports were then marshalled, two to each pole; they then bore
+the canopy down the Hall by way of practice, according to a word of
+command.--Some laughter was at first excited by the irregular manner in
+which the bearers moved. Their dresses were, however, extremely
+splendid--large cloaks of garter-blue satin, with slashed arms of
+scarlet, and stockings of dead red.
+
+Many peers had been occasionally in the Hall at a very early hour in the
+morning, and before eight o'clock they had all arrived at the buildings
+near the House of Lords, and took their coronets and robes. The
+archbishops and bishops assembled about the same time, and vested
+themselves in their rochets, in the House of Lords and chambers
+adjacent. The judges, and others of the long robe, together with the
+gentlemen of the privy chamber, esquires of the body, serjeants at law,
+masters in chancery, aldermen of London, chaplains having dignities, and
+six clerks in chancery, being all in their proper habits, assembled at
+the places, of which notice has been given, where the officers of arms
+arranged them according to their respective classes, four in a rank,
+placing the youngest on the left, and then conducted them into the Hall.
+
+The King's serjeants were in red gowns. The masters in chancery (nine of
+whom attended) were in the dress in which they attend the house of
+lords.
+
+The barons of the Cinque Ports took a second turn in the Hall, which, as
+it began with more formality, was attended with more laughter than the
+first. About this time also the four swords were brought in, and
+deposited on the end of the left hand table, with the spurs, and a
+cushion for the crown. The knights of the Bath now began to assemble,
+and with the others who were to take part in the procession, were ranged
+at the end of the Hall. The dresses of the knights of the Bath were
+extremely splendid, but somewhat gaudy. The knights had all close
+dresses of white satin, puckered in a variety of ways. The grand crosses
+wore flowing robes of pinkish red satin, lined with white; the
+commanders small mantles. The judges and privy counsellors, not being
+peers, next entered; the latter in splendid dresses of blue velvet and
+gold.
+
+Among them were the Earl of Yarmouth, Lord Binning, Mr. Canning, Mr.
+Bathurst, Mr. Huskisson, Sir G. Hill, Mr. Robinson, Mr. Beckett, Lord G.
+Beresford, and Mr. Wallace.
+
+The barons then entered, Lords Stowell and Maryborough (late Sir W.
+Scott and W. W. Pole), being among the first. There were but forty-nine
+(if we rightly counted them) present. Next came the bishops--fifteen
+attended; the viscounts, nineteen in number. The earls were more
+numerous--we should think seventy or eighty; but the Hall now became so
+crowded that there was a difficulty in counting them accurately. The
+marquesses and dukes, and lastly the great officers of state,
+archbishops, and members of the royal family, entered. Prince Leopold of
+Saxe-Cobourg was in the full robes of the order of the Garter. The
+princes of the blood and some of the dukes placed themselves on the
+right of the platform about the throne. The marquesses and some of the
+earls on the left side, formed a line with those who had descended to
+the floor of the Hall. The show of ermine and velvet on the descent of
+the platform was of the most magnificent description.
+
+A herald then went through the line of peers, marshalling each according
+to the order of their creation--the junior first. They were a second
+time called over, and ranged in a double file on each side of the middle
+space of the Hall by Mr. Mash.
+
+Before the King entered, the peers were all ranged on each side of the
+Hall, none being left on the platform but the great officers of state
+and the royal family.
+
+Precisely at ten o'clock the King entered the Hall from the door behind
+the throne, habited in robes of enormous size and richness, wearing a
+black hat with a monstrous plume of ostrich feathers, out of the midst
+of which rose a black heron's plume. His Majesty seemed very much
+oppressed with the weight of his robes. The train was of enormous length
+and breadth. It was of crimson velvet adorned with large golden stars,
+and a broad golden border. His Majesty frequently wiped his face while
+he remained seated. He went through the ceremonies, which we have
+described, with much spirit and apparent good humour. In descending the
+steps of the platform his Majesty seemed very feeble, and requested the
+aid and support of an officer who was near him. Instead of standing
+under the canopy, his Majesty, perhaps afraid of the awkwardness of the
+barons, preceded it. The canopy was therefore always borne after him.
+When his Majesty had got a little way down the Hall, he turned to his
+train-bearers, and requested them to bear his train farther from him,
+apparently with a view to relieve himself from the weight. As he went
+down the Hall he conversed with much apparent cheerfulness with the
+bishop of Lincoln, who was on his right hand.
+
+       *     *     *     *     *
+
+It will behove the historian to record the unsuccessful attempts of her
+Majesty to obtain the usual honour of Queen-Consort on the preceding
+occasion, _i.e._ that of a joint coronation with her husband; and too
+much public attention was excited to the subject at the period of the
+coronation to render our sketch of that august ceremony complete without
+adverting to it.
+
+Her Majesty first presented a memorial, desiring to know in what way she
+was to attend the coronation; to which it was replied, that it rested
+with the King to nominate who should be present, and his Majesty was
+advised that he could not allow her to be present.
+
+The Queen rejoined, that she should be present if not absolutely
+prohibited; and it was farther replied, that his Majesty's ministers
+advised that she could not be received.
+
+She now prayed the King in council (July 1) to be heard by her legal
+advisers against this decision--a request which was granted "as matter
+of _favour_," according to the language of the minister, "but not of
+right;" and, on Thursday, July 5, at ten o'clock in the morning, the
+Privy Council met at Whitehall to hear her Majesty's claim argued. For
+many years so large a Privy Council had not met, there being forty-nine
+members present, besides a considerable number of members of parliament
+not of the council.
+
+Mr. BROUGHAM, after stating the refusal of the dean and chapter of
+Westminster to grant him the use of the "_Liber Regalis_" (a formula of
+the coronation ceremony in their custody), and having induced the
+president to send for that volume, commenced by observing:
+
+That "the King had the right of being crowned," was a proposition which
+he thought he should have no difficulty of supporting; and that the
+Queen enjoyed the same right, he thought he could establish upon exactly
+the same legal ground. The ground upon which he mainly relied was a
+uniform, uninterrupted practice, in the sense in which he thought he
+should be permitted to use and avail himself of these terms in a court
+of justice, and in which he should be justified in establishing out of
+them the legal existence of any private right. That some interruptions
+had arisen in this uniform practice he was prepared to admit and
+explain, for they were such as did not affect the uninterrupted right;
+but, in the mode in which he had to account for them, rather sanctioned
+and confirmed it. There would be two propositions which he entreated
+their lordships to bear in mind while he went through his narrative of
+historical facts. The first was the uniform exercise of the right;
+namely, that no king had ever been crowned, being married at the time of
+his coronation, without the queen-consort herself partaking with the
+king in the solemnity of the coronation; and, secondly, that there never
+was a queen-consort in England who had not partaken of the ceremony of
+the coronation: but in making these two propositions, he begged of
+course to be understood, as using them subject to the usual
+qualifications of general propositions; which were--being bound to show
+that where any interruptions had existed, they did not compromise the
+general right. With interruptions, as to the first proposition, he had
+but one to contend, which was capable of easy solution. As to the
+second, he could easily and satisfactorily explain whatever exceptions
+had arisen, for they were few, and tended to confirm the right of the
+Queen-Consort. The learned gentleman then proceeded to call the
+attention of the lords of the council to various records which he quoted
+from English history, in order to establish his proposition,--the right
+of British queens to be crowned, from the year 784, through the Saxon
+and Norman lines, down to the house of Tudor. In Henry the Second's
+reign a remarkable circumstance occurred: the solemnity of crowning his
+eldest son took place in his father's life-time; the prince was married
+to a daughter of Louis of France, and she was not crowned although her
+husband was. The novelty of that omission of what was considered a
+uniform ceremony, led to a complaint and remonstrance to the king of
+England, and the result was, that he had recourse for redress to the
+usual process of kings--to arms, and a declaration of war; and in front
+of his reasons for taking that step, the French king placed the omission
+to crown his daughter with her husband. Henry was at length obliged to
+submit, for he went over to France and entered into some compromise
+with Louis to avert hostilities, and the daughter of the French king was
+solemnly crowned at Winchester by bishops and other venerable and
+distinguished authorities, who were sent over from France to perform the
+ceremony of her coronation with suitable splendour.
+
+On arriving at the era of Henry the Sixth, the learned counsel said he
+should refer to the law of Scotland about the period of history at which
+he was passing. The Scottish documents contained enough to establish the
+fact, that no king of Scotland who was married at the time of his
+coronation was ever crowned without his consort; nor, where the marriage
+took place afterwards, was there an instance in which a Scottish queen
+was not crowned as soon as possible after she became queen. The learned
+counsel then referred to the act 1428 in the Scottish statutes, cap.
+109, passed in the eighth parliament of James the First, and read the
+"aith to be made to the queen, be the clergie and the baronnes."
+
+The case of Henry the Seventh's queen was next quoted. She had been
+crowned two years after the king's coronation. This coronation was
+announced by proclamation similar to that which had announced his own
+two years and a month before; and the order of it, as would be seen in
+the Close Roll, and in Rymer, was similar to that observed at all other
+coronations of queens-consort. The varying conduct of Henry the Eighth
+with regard to his queens was then accounted for. Charles the First was
+crowned without his queen, because of the antipathy of the people
+against the papists, of whom she was one; yet only nine days before he
+was himself crowned, a proclamation was issued for the crowning of his
+queen, but observing the popular feeling to be against such a measure,
+that ceremony was postponed. The queen was said to have objected to take
+any part in the coronation unless she could be assisted in it by a
+popish priest, which the constitution of the country rendered absolutely
+impossible. The same reasons operated against the crowning of Charles
+the Second's queen, who was also a papist. James the Second and his
+queen were crowned together, although they were both Roman Catholics.
+If he and his consort could reconcile it to themselves to go into a
+Protestant cathedral, and to partake in the ceremonies of a Protestant
+ritual, there was an end of the difficulty which he had described as
+originating from the words of one of the oaths having one sense to one
+of the parties who took them, and another to the other. Since the
+revolution every thing regarding this subject was well known, and every
+king and queen had been regularly crowned. With regard to the queen of
+George the First, he must beg leave to observe, that as she had never
+been in this country, he had nothing to do with her. Besides, she was
+said to have been divorced from her husband by the sentence of a foreign
+ecclesiastical court before he ascended the throne of this country; so
+that it was legally impossible that she could be crowned if she had been
+divorced from her husband, and physically impossible if she had never
+set foot in the country. Her case, therefore, formed no exception to her
+present Majesty's right. Whilst he was upon this subject he might be
+permitted to remark, as not extraneous to it, that he had not expected
+and did not expect to hear in that court, as a bar to her Majesty's
+claim, that some proceedings had been instituted against her. He made
+that assertion not on his own authority, but on the authority of a noble
+and learned judge, who, in giving sentence on the King and Wolfe, in the
+court of the highest resort in the country, had said, in consequence of
+some observations having been made as to the defendant having been
+guilty of some great offence, "If a man be guilty of ever so great an
+offence, and the proceedings against him fail in substantiating that
+offence, he is to be considered in law as innocent as if no such offence
+had ever been charged against him."
+
+Friday, July 6.--Mr. BROUGHAM rose at a few minutes after ten to resume
+his speech. He had yesterday gone through a long and unbroken series of
+precedents, showing that no king of England had ever been crowned, he
+being married at the time of his coronation, without his consort
+participating in that ceremony. Having gone so far, he contended that he
+had a right to assume his larger proposition, that queens-consort had,
+at all times throughout the ages of English history, themselves enjoyed
+the ceremony of the coronation. If in one or two instances this was not
+done at the time when the king's own coronation took place, and
+supposing that there was an instance or two where the queen-consort
+became such after the coronation of the king, still he would affirm,
+that according to all the rules of argument, of law, and of common
+sense, those few instances, (admitting there were some, though in point
+of strict fact he believed there were none,) did not in any manner or
+degree affect his general argument, which he held upon the authorities
+he had cited to be altogether incontrovertible. He was not before their
+lordships to show where the right which he asserted in behalf of the
+queen-consort had been claimed and refused. In every instance, in which
+it was actually possible for a coronation of a queen to take place, he
+had shown that it had been solemnized. There was not a single case
+which, _quoad_ that case, cast a doubt upon the uniform force of his
+proposition, except that of Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles the First;
+and he reminded their lordships, it was merely a doubt so far as that
+particular case went. He had a right then to assume the larger
+proposition, that all queens-consort of England had, in point of fact,
+been crowned. Nothing was clearer in the rules of equity and law, than
+that non-uses did not forfeit, unless where they clearly, from the
+length of the lapse, involved a waiver of the claim. Where a right had
+been disputed, and the opposition assented to by the party tacitly, or
+confirmed by a competent authority, then, of course, there was an end to
+the legal exercise of such a right. But here the very reverse was the
+fact. Suppose he were called upon to prove a right of way or a right of
+common, (the two instances in which the courts of law were most commonly
+called upon to consider the length of usage,) the principle of law would
+go with the uniformity, and the absence of exercising the right in one
+or two particular instances would prove nothing. There were three modes
+of calling into question the fact of usage; _first_, as to its uniform
+enjoyment; _next_, where the right claimed by the party had been
+contested, but nevertheless enjoyed by the person exercising it; and the
+_third_ case was, where the right asserted had been confiscated, and an
+adjudication passed upon it: that was of course held to be conclusive
+against the party, where the right claimed was refused, opposed, and not
+acquiesced in; then he admitted that no long admission of the right
+could be pleaded without the fatal interruption of the bar. He entreated
+their lordships to try the usage of the coronation of the queen-consort
+by these three principles of investigating such rights founded upon
+immemorial custom. Of the first, namely, uniform enjoyment, they had
+abundant proof. As to the second, namely, the occurrence of interruption
+in the exercise of the right, non-acquiescence in that interruption, a
+successful and most complete resistance to the attempt to withhold the
+exercise of the right, they had that, fully sustaining his proposition,
+in the case of the wife of Prince Henry; where Henry thought proper in
+his lifetime to crown his eldest son without also crowning that eldest
+son's consort. He had therefore with him the uniform enjoyment of the
+right her Majesty claimed; then the successful resistance of an attempt,
+as in Henry's case, to delay the exercise of the right; and lastly, the
+total absence of any adjudication or confiscation, or any thing like
+either in any single instance against him. There was, in fact, no other
+possible way of showing the existence of the right, but in the manner in
+which he was assuming, proving, and, as he thought, establishing it. How
+else, before the Court of Claims, were rights of service at the ceremony
+of the coronation established? How else did the barons of the Cinque
+Ports show their right to carry the canopy over the king, and to have a
+part of that canopy for their service? Suppose any instance in which the
+barons should, for want of specific proof, in the lapse of ages, fail to
+show that they had exercised that privilege--would that countervail the
+validity of their claim, founded on repeated usage? Certainly not. He
+would venture to say that there were at least half a dozen instances in
+which the barons could not show they had exercised their asserted right:
+and would any of these instances, where that proof failed, shake the
+firm hold of their long and undeniable usage? Upon a reference to the
+services which were to be performed at the ceremony of the coronation,
+it was clear, from the separate rights held upon the performance of
+particular kinds of attendance upon the queen, that her part of the
+ceremony was substantive, independent, and principal; that her right was
+clearly within herself, and not dependent upon the mere will of the
+King. So essential, indeed, was it that she should be crowned with all
+the forms of pomp which belonged to such a solemnity, that the same
+writs of summons were issued, and nearly the same demands of service
+made upon officers of state as when the king himself was crowned. The
+usage clearly governed the right, and more especially in this solemnity
+of coronation, which was altogether the creature of precedent, and
+existed only by its authority. The queen's coronation was in itself
+manifestly a substantive, important, and independent ceremony,
+illustrative of the right of the one party, and not dependent or
+contingent upon the mere will of the monarch. The origin of the king's
+ceremonial was lost in remote antiquity; but the numerous tenures and
+dependencies determinable by the non-performance of services at the
+solemnity, showed how important it was intended to be in the eyes of the
+people. The only grounds of right for the king's coronation, the queen
+equally had for hers; and there were, as he had already stated, separate
+forms prescribed for those who were officially to attend her ceremony.
+
+The learned counsel then quoted some passages from the _Liber Regalis_,
+being merely directions for particular parts of the ceremonial to be
+observed on the queen's coronation. Every solemnity of which the origin
+was lost in distant antiquity, which was in itself of a most high and
+public nature, and which occupied a great and important space in the
+history of the country, he would fearlessly assert, must be deemed and
+taken as the right of the realm, and not as a mere appanage of the king.
+He held the coronation of the king himself to be a right of this
+nature; and that, not merely in the present times on account of the
+coronation oath, (which had been devised by the legislature on the
+coronation of William and Mary,) but also in times long before them:
+indeed, it had always been considered as a high and august ceremony with
+which the monarch himself could not dispense; it being the right of the
+sovereign, not in his individual but in his political capacity, for the
+benefit of the whole nation, in which capacity alone the nation knew him
+at his coronation. So much with regard to the coronation of the king.
+The coronation of the queen ought to be considered in a similar light,
+from its having been celebrated almost without interruption with the
+same publicity, and from being in its nature such as he had repeatedly
+described it. The king and the queen being both of them the mere
+creations of the law, the solemnities of their coronations were mere
+creations of the law also, and were known to it in no other light than
+as the rights of the whole realm of England. He, therefore, who was
+ready to take one step, and to get rid of the queen's coronation, as a
+mere optional ceremony, ought to be ready to take also another step, and
+to get rid of the king's coronation, on the ground of its being a vain,
+idle, empty, and expensive pageant. Her claim to a coronation rested
+upon immemorial usage, and the numerous rights of individuals which were
+interwoven and connected with it. Indeed, it rested on the same
+foundation as the king's: it was supported by the same arguments, and
+the interruptions which it had experienced admitted of the same
+explanations that he had given to those which had occurred in the case
+of the king. He had mentioned, in the course of his argument, the rights
+which belonged to other individuals in consequence of the queen's right
+to a coronation. If a coronation was not granted to her Majesty, their
+rights were unavailing to them; and that, in his opinion, formed a very
+sufficient reason why it should be celebrated. That the coronation was
+the acknowledgment of the king by the people, he conceived to be a point
+which it was unnecessary to prove to their lordships: but he might be
+permitted to remark to them, that the coronation of the queen was even
+considered as an acknowledgment of her right to enjoy that dignity in an
+entry in a charter roll of the fifth year of King John, now preserved in
+the Tower. The entry to which he alluded was the grant of certain lands
+in dower to his Queen Isabella, and it referred by way of recital to her
+coronation as queen. This excerpt was of no small importance in the
+consideration of this question; for it proved to their lordships, that
+in times when the coronation of the king was positively either his
+election, or the recognition of his election as monarch, the coronation
+of the queen was conducted, for the very same reasons, with the same
+solemnities. This was evident from the description of what was done, and
+from the manner and the avowed object of doing it. John was crowned to
+show that he was king--"_coronatus in regem_." Isabella was crowned to
+show that she was queen--"_in reginam coronata communi consensu
+archiepiscoporum_," &c. &c. The very same persons who elected, or
+recognised, or only crowned him as their monarch, are, in this passage,
+recorded to have elected, or recognised, or only crowned her as their
+queen. Was it intended to be maintained that no right existed, whenever
+something moving from the crown was necessary to the exercise of it? He
+would frankly confess that he knew of no right which a subject could
+enjoy without the interposition of the crown in some manner or other.
+All writs issued from the crown, and no right could be maintained
+without them; yet, would any one dispute the right of the subject to
+obtain them? Supposing a peer were to die, and the crown were to refuse
+a writ of summons to his eldest son: it was said to be by petition of
+right alone that he could sue to the crown to be admitted to his
+father's honours; and yet that petition of right would be considered as
+a strict undeniable legal right. He could refer also to cases in which
+the subject could demand, not merely the king's writ, but also the
+king's proclamation, to which he was entitled, not by a common law
+right, but by a right given him by an express statute; for instance, in
+all cases relative to prize-money. Again, supposing that the House of
+Commons were to die a natural death after sitting for seven years, and
+the king were to refuse to issue his proclamation to convoke another
+within three years of that period, as ordered by the first of William
+and Mary, sec. 2, cap. 2, would it be asserted that the subject would
+have no right to call for the proclamation of the king to convoke
+another parliament, because such proclamation could not issue without an
+act of the crown? He thought that none of their lordships would advocate
+such an absurdity. But the subject and the country were in full
+possession of all these rights; and if the Queen's right to a coronation
+were put upon the same footing, it would be equally clear that she
+possessed it, and that the necessity of granting it was as obvious as it
+was imperative. He had heard it said that her Majesty could not claim
+the honours of a coronation by prescription, because she was not a
+corporation. This, however, he denied. Her Majesty certainly could
+prescribe, for what business had they to call her Majesty less a
+corporation than the King? But still, supposing her not to be a
+corporation, she had a right to prescribe as a functionary, holding a
+high dignity and situation. This was evident from Baron Comyn's Digest,
+who, under the title of _Prescription_, lays it down that such a
+functionary can claim by prescription. In conclusion, Mr. Brougham said,
+their lordships would sit in dignified judgment on the opinion given by
+the great lawyers of the nineteenth century; and, as he firmly believed,
+finding they had no difficulties to explain, perceiving that they had no
+obscurities to clear up, they would not be under the necessity of
+referring to those remote periods of our history, to which he had been
+obliged to allude, but would look back to the first decision that ever
+had been given on this question, with that decided confidence which the
+names of those privy counsellors before whom the case was argued would
+in after-times command--a judgment, which he ventured confidently to
+pronounce, would not derogate from the high character they had so long
+maintained.
+
+Mr. DENMAN followed on the same side, and after a long speech, called on
+their lordships, as a court sitting for legal inquiry, to say whether
+there ever was a case presented to an inquest, which depended on custom
+and usage, where a more complete and perfect body of custom and usage
+had been adduced, than was brought forward on the present occasion? If
+her Majesty's claim were refused, no dignity was safe, no property was
+secure, not a single institution could be said to rest on a firm
+foundation. If the coronation of the Queen could not be supported by
+custom, the rest of that ceremonial could not be supported. Why was this
+country governed by a king? Why did we submit to a kingly government?
+Because the earliest ages, because all times, had recognised that form
+of government, and because we could trace that custom beyond all time of
+memory. Nothing could be more dangerous than to separate royalty from
+the circumstances which belonged to it and added to its dignity. The
+lives and properties of men depended for their security upon the same
+principle. Why was there a house of peers, in which noble lords formed a
+part of the legislature? Why were there commoners, who sat as
+representatives of the people? Precisely because custom had ordered it
+so. Custom was the author of the law and the law-makers. Custom
+authorized the king, lords, and commons, to enact laws for the
+government of this realm. All property, all dignity, all offices
+existed, because they were sanctioned by prescriptive custom, or because
+custom gave a prescriptive right to create them.
+
+Saturday.--The Privy Council resumed this morning, soon after ten
+o'clock. Below the bar was again crowded to excess.
+
+Counsel were then called in.
+
+MR. BROUGHAM said, he now held in his hand, and was prepared to lay
+before the council, the documentary evidence to which he and his learned
+friend had adverted in the course of their addresses in support of her
+Majesty's memorial.
+
+LORD HARROWBY.--Mr. Attorney-General, have you any observations to offer
+on what counsel have stated to their lordships?
+
+The ATTORNEY-GENERAL then rose.--He said, he perhaps should best
+discharge his duty by stating, at the commencement, that, in his own
+opinion, the argument and claim were wholly unfounded. That the claim
+was not founded on any recognised law, appeared from the statements and
+course of proceeding adopted by her Majesty's counsel. He would add,
+that the claim now made, so far from ever being supposed to have any
+foundation, was not even mentioned by any writer on the laws and
+constitution. It had never been agitated or alluded to in any way, not
+even by those writers who had touched on the privileges peculiar to a
+queen-consort. The one single ground urged in support of the claim was
+usage--that usage was supposed to have prevailed through a long series
+of years at the coronation of kings who were married. It had been stated
+with confidence that such usage was evidence in support of the right;
+but when they were talking of rights founded on usage, it was not
+sufficient to state that particular facts had taken place. In all such
+cases, where the facts were relied on, it was essential to state the
+circumstances that had attended such facts, the peculiarities that had
+accompanied the alleged privilege, whether it was right of way or
+otherwise. As to the right of way, for instance; if permission were
+given to use certain paths or roads, the fact of such permission having
+preceded the use, at once destroyed the claim of right. If the license
+and permission were proved, there was an end of the right. By that
+proof, all the inferences drawn from the use were at an end--they were
+at once destroyed. The coronation was for the purpose of the monarch's
+recognition by the people, and on the part of the king to enter into the
+solemn compact to preserve the laws. The coronation of a queen was a
+mere ceremony; but that of the king was something more than ceremony.
+His coronation was accompanied by important political acts--the
+recognition by the people, and, on the other hand, the solemn compact
+entered into by the sovereign to preserve and maintain the laws of the
+realm. Still, however, as far as the king was concerned, it was a
+ceremony; it was not necessary to the sovereign's possession of the
+crown--it was what proceeded from his will, and might be dispensed with.
+But the queen-consort, who filled no political character in the state,
+had only enjoyed the privilege because she was the king's consort. With
+respect to a queen-consort, when she was crowned, there was no
+recognition of her by the people, no compact towards the people. There
+was no engagement between her and the subjects of the realm. This fact
+established that, with respect to a queen-consort, a coronation was an
+honorary ceremony, unaccompanied by any acts. That the coronation
+neither was, nor had been considered to be essential to the possession
+of the crown, was proved by the fact of considerable delays having often
+taken place between the accession of the monarch and his coronation.
+Henry the Sixth, for instance, was not crowned till eight years after
+the crown had descended to him. Again, in the "_Pleas of the Crown_," it
+was held, that the king was fully invested with the crown the moment it
+descended to him; that he was absolutely king although there should have
+been no coronation. If the coronation of a king, important as he held it
+to be, proceeded from the sovereign will, _a fortiori_ it must be so
+with that of a queen-consort. The rights of the queen-consort did not
+proceed from any coronation; they flowed from her relationship to the
+sovereign. Her rights were complete and absolute without any coronation.
+Nor was it essential to the people, for the queen-consort occupied no
+political station. This view of the right was strengthened by the
+important preamble of William and Mary, which settled the coronation
+oath. The language of the act applied to queens regnant, not to
+queens-consort, for to the latter no oath was administered. As the oath
+was prescribed, it became necessary that every reigning monarch should
+be crowned, that there might be the oath and recognition; but the law
+made no mention of any thing that rendered such a ceremony requisite in
+the instance of a queen-consort. How then could the crowning of a
+queen-consort be considered a necessary adjunct of the coronation of the
+reigning monarch? No part of the ceremony rendered her presence
+requisite. Selden's work had been quoted in support of the memorial;
+amongst other things, Selden expressly said that the "anointing, &c. of
+the queen-consort, were dignities communicated by the king." Selden
+further stated, that the anointing of the queen, as well as her
+consecration--it was, in fact, a consecration rather than a
+coronation--proceeded from the "request" and "demand" of the king, after
+he had been crowned, made to the metropolitan, who had performed such
+ceremony. Bracton had entered largely into the particulars _de
+coronatione regis_, but not one word of the queen's coronation. There
+was not a single law-writer that had touched upon the existence of such
+a right, as appertaining to a queen. Blackstone had it not, nor Lord
+Coke, nor Selden. He next adverted at some length to the precedents
+quoted by his learned friends opposite, beginning with that of William
+the Conqueror. The very precedents quoted by his learned friends raised
+the inference, if there were no other arguments, that the act, so far as
+related to the queen, was entirely dependent on the will of the king.
+The Attorney-General then referred largely to Reymer, from whose book he
+quoted apposite passages, in support of his main argument, that the
+ceremony of a queen's coronation was entirely dependent upon the order
+of the king. In all, from the time of Henry the Seventh, six queens had
+been crowned, and seven had not; so that the majority was against the
+present claim, which it had been attempted to support on the plea of
+ancient, uninterrupted usage.
+
+The Attorney-General concluded at a quarter before one o'clock; and the
+Solicitor-General, after a short pause, rose to follow his learned
+friend, and of course was compelled to go over the same ground,
+strengthening and confirming the preceding statements by such arguments
+as occurred to his observance, and contending that the usage pleaded by
+her Majesty's law-officers arose entirely from the sovereign's will and
+pleasure.
+
+About two o'clock MR. BROUGHAM rose in reply, but we can touch but very
+briefly on his arguments. It had been intimated that the queen's right
+to be crowned rested on the proclamation of the king; but it might as
+well be pleaded that the right of the eldest sons of peers to seats in
+the House of Lords rested on the king's writ, because usually preceded
+by it. It had been argued from the word _postulamus_, that the queen's
+coronation depended on the king's will; but it might as well be argued,
+from another term employed (_dignemini_), that it was optional in the
+archbishop. If this right was unnecessary for the queen, how was it
+necessary to the king? He contended not for the necessity, but the
+right. The learned gentleman then went over the various cases and
+authorities of the learned counsel for the crown, and concluded by
+stating his opinion, that even if the _right_ were not established, the
+expediency was such, that the council would be all but criminal, in
+advising that her Majesty should be excluded from her part in this
+important ceremony; for it would be setting an example of the most
+injurious nature.
+
+MR. BROUGHAM concluded his reply at half-past three o'clock. Strangers
+were then ordered to withdraw; the counsel and agents on both sides,
+however, remaining. The Tower record-keepers were called in, to verify
+certain documents produced by Mr. Brougham. After which, at a quarter to
+four o'clock, the Privy Council adjourned.
+
+The decision was ultimately _against_ the Queen's claim.
+
+       *     *     *     *     *
+
+On the 11th of July, in the House of Commons, MR. HUME made an
+ineffectual attempt to induce the House to address his Majesty on this
+much-agitated subject.
+
+He had just commenced the reading of a resolution "That an humble
+address be presented to his Majesty, praying that he will be graciously
+pleased to issue his royal proclamation for the coronation of her
+Majesty," when the deputy-usher of the black rod was heard knocking at
+the door; and as he was concluding it, he was called to order by the
+Speaker, who reminded him of the presence of that officer; and proceeded
+forthwith to the House of Peers, where parliament was prorogued.
+
+The following spirited protest of her Majesty appeared on the 17th.
+
+    HER MAJESTY'S PROTEST AGAINST THE DECISION OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL.
+
+    CAROLINE R.
+
+    To the King's Most Excellent Majesty.
+
+    _The Protest and Remonstrance of_ CAROLINE, _Queen of Great Britain
+    and Ireland._
+
+    Your Majesty having been pleased to refer to your privy council the
+    Queen's memorial, claiming as of right to celebrate the ceremony of
+    her coronation on the 19th day of July, being the day appointed for
+    the celebration of your Majesty's royal coronation; and Lord
+    Viscount Sidmouth, one of your Majesty's principal secretaries of
+    state, having communicated to the Queen the judgment pronounced
+    against her Majesty's claim; in order to preserve her just rights,
+    and those of her successors, and to prevent the said minute being in
+    after-times referred to as deriving validity from her Majesty's
+    supposed acquiescence in the determination therein expressed, the
+    Queen feels it to be her bounden duty to enter her most deliberate
+    and solemn protest against the said determination; and to affirm and
+    maintain, that by the laws, usages, and customs of this realm, from
+    time immemorial, the queen-consort ought of right to be crowned at
+    the same time with the king's majesty.
+
+    In support of this claim of right, her Majesty's law officers have
+    proved before the said council, from the most ancient and authentic
+    records, that queens-consort of this realm have, from time
+    immemorial, participated in the ceremony of the coronation with
+    their royal husbands. The few exceptions that occur demonstrate,
+    from the peculiar circumstances in which they originated, that the
+    right itself was never questioned, though the exercise of it was
+    from necessity suspended, or from motives of policy declined.
+
+    Her Majesty has been taught to believe that the most valuable laws
+    of this country depend upon, and derive their authority from,
+    custom; that your Majesty's royal prerogatives stand upon the same
+    basis: the authority of ancient usage cannot therefore be rejected
+    without shaking that foundation upon which the most important rights
+    and institutions of the country depend. Your Majesty's council,
+    however, without controverting any of the facts or reasons upon
+    which the claim made on the part of her Majesty has been supported,
+    have expressed a judgment in opposition to the existence of such
+    right. But the Queen can place no confidence in that judgment, when
+    she recollects that the principal individuals by whom it has been
+    pronounced were formerly her successful defenders; that their
+    opinions have waved with their interest, and that they have since
+    become the most active and powerful of her persecutors: still less
+    can she confide in it, when her Majesty calls to mind that the
+    leading members of that council, when in the service of your
+    Majesty's royal father, reported in the most solemn form, that
+    documents reflecting upon her Majesty were satisfactorily disproved
+    as to the most important parts, and that the remainder was
+    undeserving of credit. Under this declared conviction, they strongly
+    recommended to your Majesty's royal father to bestow his favour upon
+    the Queen, then Princess of Wales, though in opposition to your
+    Majesty's declared wishes. But when your Majesty had assumed the
+    kingly power, these same advisers, in another minute of council,
+    recanted their former judgment, and referred to, and adopted these
+    very same documents as a justification of one of your Majesty's
+    harshest measures towards the Queen--the separation of her Majesty
+    from her affectionate and only child.
+
+    The Queen, like your Majesty, descended from a long race of kings,
+    was the daughter of a sovereign house connected by the ties of blood
+    with the most illustrious families in Europe; and her not unequal
+    alliance with your Majesty was formed in full confidence that the
+    faith of the king and the people was equally pledged to secure to
+    her all those honours and rights which had been enjoyed by her royal
+    predecessors.
+
+    In that alliance her Majesty believed that she exchanged the
+    protection of her family for that of a royal husband, and that of a
+    free and noble-minded nation. From your Majesty, the Queen has
+    experienced only the bitter disappointment of every hope she had
+    indulged. In the attachment of the people she has found that
+    powerful and decided protection which has ever been her steady
+    support and her unfailing consolation. Submission, from a subject,
+    to injuries of a private nature, may be matter of expedience--from a
+    wife it may be matter of necessity--but it never can be the duty of
+    a queen to acquiesce in the infringement of those rights which
+    belong to her constitutional character.
+
+    The Queen does therefore repeat her must solemn and deliberate
+    protest against the decision of the said council, considering it
+    only as the sequel of that course of persecution under which her
+    Majesty has so long and so severely suffered; and which decision, if
+    it is to furnish a precedent for future times, can have no other
+    effect than to fortify oppression with the forms of law, and to give
+    to injustice the sanction of authority. The protection of the
+    subject from the highest to the lowest, is not only the true but
+    the only legitimate object of all power; and no act of power can be
+    legitimate which is not founded on those principles of eternal
+    justice, without which law is but the mask of tyranny, and power the
+    instrument of despotism.
+
+  _Queen's House, July 17._
+
+       *     *     *     *     *
+
+On the day of the coronation a considerable crowd assembled about her
+Majesty's house in South Audley Street soon after four o'clock. As soon
+as it was ascertained that her Majesty's coach was making ready in the
+yard, the crowd, both in South Audley Street and in Hill Street, became
+very great. The wall opposite to her Majesty's house in Hill Street was
+soon covered with spectators, who announced to the crowd below each
+successive step of preparation. "The horses are to;" "every thing is
+quite ready;" "the Queen has entered the coach,"--were the gradual
+communications, and they were received with the loudest cheers. Lady
+Anne Hamilton arrived a few minutes before five, and was most cordially
+and respectfully greeted. Soon after five the gate was thrown open, and
+a shout was raised--"The Queen! The Queen!" The Queen immediately
+appeared in her coach of state, drawn by six bays. Lady Hood and Lady
+Anne Hamilton sat opposite to her Majesty. Lord Hood followed in his own
+carriage. Her Majesty looked extraordinarily well; and acknowledged,
+with great dignity and composure, the gratulations of the people on each
+side of her coach. The course taken was, through Great Stanhope Street,
+Park Lane, Hyde-Park Corner, the Green Park, St. James's Park, Birdcage
+Walk, and by Storey's Gate, along Prince's Street, to Dean's Yard--a
+way, it must be observed, the least likely to attract notice or to
+gather crowds. The crowd accumulated immensely along this line; the
+soldiers every where presented arms with the utmost promptitude and
+respect; and a thousand voices kept up a constant cry of "The Queen!"
+"The Queen for ever!" The _coup d'oeil_ from the road along the Green
+Park, was the most striking which can be imagined; the whole space
+presented one mass of well dressed males and females hurrying with
+every possible rapidity to accompany the Queen, and shouting their
+attachment and admiration. The two torrents that poured along the south
+side of the park and the eastern end occasioned the greatest conflux at
+Storey's Gate. As soon as the Queen's arrival was known in the scene of
+the King's coronation, shouts of "The Queen!" at once arose from all the
+booths, and hats and handkerchiefs were every where waved in token of
+respect. As soon as her Majesty came in sight of the coronation platform
+and Westminster Abbey, she stopped for a few moments, apparently
+uncertain what course to take, as she had hitherto met with no
+obstruction, and yet had received nothing like an invitation to
+approach. At this moment the feelings of the spectators were wound up to
+a pitch of the most intense curiosity and most painful anxiety. The
+persons who immediately surrounded her carriage knew no bounds in
+expressing their enthusiastic attachment, while many of those in the
+galleries, apprehensive of the consequences of the experiment which she
+was making, could not restrain their fears and alarms. In the meantime
+great confusion seemed to prevail among the officers and soldiers on and
+near the platform; the former giving orders and retracting them, and the
+latter running to their arms, uncertain whether they should salute her
+by presenting them or not. Astonishment, hurry, and doubt, seemed to
+agitate the whole multitude assembled either to witness or compose the
+ensuing pageant. She alighted from her carriage and proceeded on foot,
+leaning on the arm of Lord Hood, and accompanied by the faithful
+companions of her affliction, Lady Hood and Lady Anne Hamilton, to
+demand admission. The approach of the Queen towards the hall-door
+produced a considerable sensation within: there was an immediate rush to
+the door, which was closed amidst much confusion. The officer on guard
+(we believe Colonel M'Kinnon) was immediately summoned to the spot, and
+asked her Majesty for her ticket. She replied that she had none, and as
+Queen of England needed none. He professed his sorrow, but said he must
+obey orders, and that his orders were to see that no person whatever
+should be admitted without a ticket. Her Majesty then retired. The party
+went to the door of the duchy of Lancaster behind the champion's stable,
+and had the door shut in their faces. They then turned round, and
+leaving the royal carriage behind, proceeded to demand admission at
+another entrance. The same intense sensation of interest and the same
+applause, mixed with partial disapprobation, continued to follow her.
+
+When she arrived nearly at the other extremity of the platform--that
+which was opposite to the central pavilion--her further progress was
+arrested by a file of about a dozen soldiers, who were suddenly ordered
+to form across the platform. Her Majesty then quitted it, and went
+straight on to the House of Lords on foot, there to repeat the same
+request, and with the same success.
+
+In about twenty minutes she returned, and having ordered the top of her
+carriage to be taken down, rode off, amid the astonishment and
+acclamations of the people.
+
+We subjoin the following account from the _Courier_ of her Majesty's
+reception at the door of Westminster Abbey:--
+
+"LORD HOOD having desired admission for her Majesty, the door-keepers
+drew across the entrance, and requested to see the tickets.
+
+"LORD HOOD.--I present you your Queen; surely it is not necessary for
+her to have a ticket.
+
+"Door-keeper.--Our orders are to admit no person without a peer's
+ticket.
+
+"LORD HOOD.--This is your Queen: she is entitled to admission without
+such a form.
+
+"The QUEEN, smiling, but still in some agitation--Yes, I am your Queen,
+will you admit me?
+
+"Door-keeper.--My orders are specific, and I feel myself bound to obey
+them.
+
+"The Queen laughed.
+
+"LORD HOOD.--I have a ticket.
+
+"Door-keeper.--Then, my Lord, we will let you pass upon producing it.
+
+"Lord Hood now drew from his pocket a peer's ticket for one person; the
+original name in whose favour it was drawn was erased, and the name of
+'Wellington' substituted.
+
+"Door-keeper.--This will let one person pass, but no more.
+
+"LORD HOOD.--Will your Majesty go in alone?
+
+"Her Majesty at first assented, but did not persevere,
+
+"LORD HOOD.--Am I to understand that you refuse her Majesty admission?
+
+"Door-keeper.--We only act in conformity with our orders.
+
+"Her Majesty again laughed.
+
+"LORD HOOD.--Then you refuse the Queen admission?
+
+"A door-keeper of a superior order then came forward, and was asked by
+Lord Hood whether any preparations had been made for her Majesty? He was
+answered respectfully in the negative.
+
+"LORD HOOD.--Will your Majesty enter the Abbey without your ladies?
+
+"Her Majesty declined.
+
+"Lord Hood then said, that her Majesty had better retire to her
+carriage. It was clear no provision had been made for her accommodation.
+
+"Her Majesty assented.
+
+"Some persons within the porch of the Abbey laughed, and uttered some
+expressions of disrespect.
+
+"LORD HOOD.--We expected to have met at least with the conduct of
+gentlemen. Such conduct is neither manly nor mannerly.
+
+"Her Majesty then retired, leaning on Lord Hood's arm, and followed by
+Lady Hood and Lady Hamilton.
+
+"She was preceded by constables back to the platform, over which she
+returned, entered her carriage, and was driven off amidst reiterated
+shouts of mingled applause and disapprobation."
+
+Her Majesty returned through Pall Mall, St. James's Street, and
+Piccadilly, followed all along by a great concourse of people. In St.
+James's Street the water had previously created abundance of mud, and
+this material the crowd bestowed upon some public offices which were
+prepared for an illumination. During the whole course of her Majesty's
+progress no accident occurred.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 68: The beautiful anecdote which Mr. Lingard furnishes from
+Bede of the debate on the conversion of the Northumbrian king, _Edwin_,
+we cannot forbear transcribing. The high priest of the heathen rites
+having spoken--a thane "sought for information respecting the origin and
+destiny of man. 'Often,' said he, 'O king, in the depth of winter, while
+you are feasting with your thanes, and the fire is blazing on the hearth
+in the midst of the hall, you have seen a bird, pelted by the storm,
+enter at one door, and escape at the other. During its passage it was
+visible: but whence it came, or whither it went, you knew not. Such to
+me appears the life of man. He walks the earth for a few years: but what
+precedes his birth, or what is to follow after death, we cannot tell.
+Undoubtedly, if the new religion can unfold these important secrets, it
+must be worthy our attention.'"--_Lingard's History_, vol. i. p. 92.]
+
+[Footnote 69: The see of Canterbury was restored to the primacy again by
+Cenulf, the successor of Egfurth.]
+
+[Footnote 70: Ep. Car. Mag. ap. Bouquet, tom. v. p. 260.]
+
+[Footnote 71: Titles of Honour, p. i. chap. 1.]
+
+[Footnote 72: See Mr. Turner's Anglo-Saxons, Spelman's Life of Alfred,
+&c.]
+
+[Footnote 73: Taylor's Glory of Regality, Addit. Notes, p. 310.]
+
+[Footnote 74: Lingard's History, vol. i. p. 350.]
+
+[Footnote 75: See Hume's England, 8vo. vol. i. &c.]
+
+[Footnote 76: Turner's Anglo-Saxons, 4to. vol. i. p. 389.]
+
+[Footnote 77: "Princes beyond the baths of the sea-fowl, worshipped him
+far and wide," says a poem on his death: "they bowed to the king as one
+of their own kin. There was no fleet so proud, there was no host so
+strong, as to seek food in England, while this noble king ruled the
+kingdom. He reared up God's honour, he loved God's law, he preserved the
+people's peace; the best of all the kings that were before in the memory
+of man. And God was his helper: and kings and earls bowed to him: and
+they obeyed his will: and without battle he ended all as he
+willed."--_Chron. Sax._ p. 122.]
+
+[Footnote 78: Osbern, 113. Eadmer, 220.]
+
+[Footnote 79: Mr. Lingard has the following note on the accession of
+Edwy, confirming our previous observations on the meaning of the
+recognition. "It is observable, that the ancient writers almost always
+speak of our kings as _elected_. Edwy's grandmother in her charter,
+(Lye, App. iv.) says, "He was chosen, _gecoren_." The contemporary
+biographer of Dunstan, (apud Boll. tom. iv. Maii, 344.) says, "Ab
+universis Anglorum principibus communi electione.""]
+
+[Footnote 80: Hickes' Inst. Gram. Praef.]
+
+[Footnote 81: Lingard's Hist. p. 292.]
+
+[Footnote 82: Thus the Saxon Chronicler says of William I. "Thrice he
+bore his _king-helmet_ every year, when he was in England; at Easter he
+bore it at Winchester, at Pentecost at Westminster, and in Mid-winter at
+Gloucester." p. 450.]
+
+[Footnote 83: We have noticed the present existence of a contemporary
+account of the coronation of Ethelred II. It demonstrates, that some of
+the most eloquent passages of the prayers now used on the occasion, were
+the production of what we often denominate the darker ages of the world,
+and well accords with the preceding sketch of the character and duties
+of the Saxon kings.
+
+"Two bishops, with the witan[*]," it is said, "shall lead the king to
+church; and the clergy with the bishops shall sing the anthem, _Firmetur
+manus tua_, and the _Gloria Patri_. When the king arrives at the church,
+he shall prostrate himself before the altar, and the _Te Deum_ shall be
+chanted. When this is finished, the king shall be raised from the
+ground, and having been _chosen_ by the bishops and people, shall with a
+clear voice, before God and all the people, promise that he will observe
+these three rules." [Then follows the coronation oath, quoted above.]
+
+[Footnote *: MS. Claude, A. 3. Cotton Library.]
+
+The prayers that follow, the bishops shall separately repeat. "We invoke
+thee, O Lord, Holy Father Almighty and Eternal God, that this thy
+servant, whom by the wisdom of thy divine dispensations from the
+beginning of his existence to this day, thou hast permitted to increase,
+rejoicing in the flower of youth, enriched with the gift of thy piety,
+and full of the grace of thy truth, thou mayest cause to be always
+advancing, day by day, to better things before God and men;--that
+rejoicing in the bounty of supernal grace, he may receive the throne of
+supreme power; and, defended on all sides from his enemies by the wall
+of thy mercy, he may deserve to govern happily the people committed to
+him, with the peace of propitiation and the strength of victory."
+
+The following combination of admirable Scripture allusions is extracted
+from the third prayer, or that offered by the bishop after the
+consecration, "holding the crown over the king."
+
+"Almighty Creator, everlasting Lord, Governor of heaven and earth, the
+Maker and Disposer of angels and men, King of kings and Lord of lords!
+who made thy faithful servant Abraham to triumph over his enemies, and
+gavest manifold victories to Moses and Joshua, the _prelates_ of thy
+people; and didst raise David, thy lowly child, to the summit of the
+kingdom, and didst free him from the mouth of the lion and the paws of
+the bear, and from Goliath, and from the malignant sword of Saul; who
+didst endow Solomon with the ineffable gift of wisdom and peace;--look
+down propitiously on our humble prayers, and multiply the gifts of thy
+blessing on this thy servant, whom with humble devotion we have chosen
+to be king of the Angles and Saxons. Surround him everywhere with the
+right hand of thy power, that, strengthened with the faith of Abraham,
+the meekness of Moses, the courage of Joshua, the humility of David, and
+the wisdom of Solomon, he may be well pleasing to thee in all things,
+and may always advance in the way of justice with inoffensive progress."
+
+When crowned, the invocation is, "May God crown thee with the honour of
+justice, and the labour of fortitude; that by the virtue of _our_
+benediction, and by a right faith, and the various fruit of good works,
+thou mayest attain to the crown of the everlasting kingdom, through his
+bounty whose kingdom endureth for ever!"
+
+We cannot omit the concluding benedictions, rich with Scripture
+phraseology as any church could make them.
+
+"May the Almighty Lord give thee, from the dew of heaven, and the
+fatness of the earth, abundance of corn, wine, and oil! May the people
+serve thee, and the tribes adore thee! Be the lord of thy brothers, and
+let the sons of thy mother bow before thee! He who blesses thee shall be
+filled with blessings; for God will be thy helper. May the Almighty
+bless thee with the blessings of the heaven above, and in the mountains
+and the valleys; with the blessings of the deep below; with the
+blessings of the suckling and the womb; with the blessings of grapes and
+apples; and may the blessing of the ancient fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and
+Jacob, be heaped upon thee!--May the blessing of Him, who appeared in
+the bush, come upon his head, and may the full blessing of the Lord be
+upon his sons, and may he steep his feet in oil! With his horn, as the
+horn of the rhinoceros, may he push the nations to the extremities of
+the earth; and may He who has ascended the skies be his auxiliary for
+ever!"]
+
+[Footnote 84: Chron. Sax. 257.]
+
+[Footnote 85: Lingard, vol. i. 485.]
+
+[Footnote 86: A tax of two shillings per hide on land, gathered
+annually.]
+
+[Footnote 87: History of England, 8vo. edit. vol. i. p. 413.]
+
+[Footnote 88: Holinshed.]
+
+[Footnote 89: This is the common statement: Mr. Taylor (Glory of
+Regality, p. 249,) objects to this being considered as a second
+coronation, and thinks it only a renewal of the royal festivities at
+Easter, with unusual splendor. But he seems to overlook the formal
+resolve of the council at Nottingham, on the point.]
+
+[Footnote 90: See the whole speech, in Matt. Paris.]
+
+[Footnote 91: Leg. Sex. 154.]
+
+[Footnote 92: Brompton, 1283, 4.]
+
+[Footnote 93: See M. Paris, Rymer, &c.]
+
+[Footnote 94: Holinshed.]
+
+[Footnote 95: The queen is said to have sucked the poison out of a wound
+which her husband received in the Holy Land, from the poisoned dagger of
+the emir of Jaffa.--See Lingard, v. ii. p. 369.]
+
+[Footnote 96: Johnes' Froissart, i. xxv.]
+
+[Footnote 97: Rymer, vii.]
+
+[Footnote 98: Rot. Parl. iii.]
+
+[Footnote 99: See the curious original document in Hume.]
+
+[Footnote 100: King Henry IV. p. ii.]
+
+[Footnote 101: See a curious MS. account of this 'solempnyte' in the
+Cotton Library, as quoted by Mr. Taylor, Glory of Regality, p. 263.]
+
+[Footnote 102: See the preceding Note.]
+
+[Footnote 103: Grafton, vol i. p. 592.]
+
+[Footnote 104: Historic Doubts, Lord Orford's Works, 5 vols. 4to. vol.
+ii. p. 146.]
+
+[Footnote 105: Grafton, vol. ii. p. 156.]
+
+[Footnote 106: Burnet on the Reformation, and Appendix.]
+
+[Footnote 107: Walker's Circumstantial Account, 8vo. 1. p. 78.]
+
+[Footnote 108: Taylor's Preface, p. x.]
+
+[Footnote 109: Page 37.]
+
+[Footnote 110: No. 335.--The Spectator's encomium on Booth is, however,
+sufficiently slight. The good bishop, it is evident, was better
+acquainted with the realities he was here describing than these
+theatrical types.]
+
+[Footnote 111: Here the archbishop took the paten into his hands.]
+
+[Footnote 112: And here broke the bread.]
+
+[Footnote 113: Here the archbishop laid his hand upon all the bread.]
+
+[Footnote 114: Here he took the cup into his hand.]
+
+[Footnote 115: And here laid his hand upon every vessel (be it chalice
+or flagon) in which there was any wine to be consecrated.]
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
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