diff options
Diffstat (limited to '27586.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 27586.txt | 1518 |
1 files changed, 1518 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/27586.txt b/27586.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1aea271 --- /dev/null +++ b/27586.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1518 @@ +Project Gutenberg's The Mentor: The War of 1812, by Albert Bushnell Hart + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mentor: The War of 1812 + Volume 4, Number 3, Serial Number 103; 15 March, 1916. + +Author: Albert Bushnell Hart + +Release Date: December 22, 2008 [EBook #27586] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MENTOR: THE WAR OF 1812 *** + + + + +Produced by Gerard Arthus, Greg Bergquist and The Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +Transcriber's Note + +The punctuation and spelling from the original text have been faithfully +preserved. Only obvious typographical errors have been corrected. + + + + +LEARN ONE THING EVERY DAY + + MARCH 15 1916 + + SERIAL NO. 103 + +THE MENTOR + +[Illustration: Perry's Pennant on the "Lawrence"] + +THE WAR OF 1812 + +By Professor ALBERT BUSHNELL HART + + DEPARTMENT OF + HISTORY + + VOLUME 4 + NUMBER 3 + +FIFTEEN CENTS A COPY + + + + +Heroes of the Fleet + + +PERRY + + "September the tenth, full well I ween + In eighteen hundred and thirteen, + The weather mild, the sky serene, + Commanded by bold Perry, + Our saucy fleet at anchor lay + In safety, moor'd at Put-in Bay; + 'Twixt sunrise and the break of day, + The British fleet + We chanced to meet; + Our admiral thought he would them greet + With a welcome on Lake Erie." + + --_Old Song_ + + +LAWRENCE + + "Let shouts of victory for laurels won + Give place to grief for Lawrence, Valor's son. + The warrior who was e'er his country's pride + Has for that country bravely, nobly died." + + --_Lines published in June, 1813._ + + + + +THE WAR OF 1812 + +By ALBERT BUSHNELL HART + +_Professor of Government, Harvard University_ + + _MENTOR GRAVURES_ + + CAPTAIN JAMES + LAWRENCE + + COMMODORE + STEPHEN DECATUR + + COMMODORE + WILLIAM + BAINBRIDGE + + _MENTOR GRAVURES_ + + COMMODORE + OLIVER HAZARD + PERRY + + THE BATTLE OF + LAKE ERIE + + GENERAL ANDREW + JACKSON + +[Illustration: Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry] + + + + +THE MENTOR . DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY MARCH 15, 1916 + + +Our defeat of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War was conclusive; +though "we" in that case included France, without whose aid the patriots +must have been defeated. It is not so easy to discover a fund of +military glory in the War of 1812. + +That was a great war year. Within a few days of the declaration of war +by the United States against Great Britain, Napoleon's Grand Army of +over 400,000 men crossed the Niemen into Russia. Six months later 4,000 +of that host recrossed, pursued by the Russians; and probably not more +than 100,000 of the whole number ever saw their homes again. In 1813, +while the Americans were fighting on the ocean and on Lake Erie, +Napoleon was driven out of Germany. A few weeks before the Battle of +Lundy's Lane, Napoleon was compelled to abdicate. Soon after the news of +the Peace of Ghent with Great Britain was received in the United States, +in 1815, Napoleon broke loose from Elba; and a few months later he was +again a prisoner and sent to St. Helena. + +[Entered at the Postoffice at New York, N.Y., as second-class matter. +Copyright, 1916, by The Mentor Association, Inc.] + +To most of Europe the American War of 1812 seemed an unwarrantable flank +attack in the great running fight of the nations. Russia and +Prussia resented it that American statesmen should throw the weight of +their country on the side of the great military despot of his time. They +wanted none of the military and naval strength of Great Britain to be +diverted across the ocean. The suggestion was even made in Congress that +the United States ought to declare war at the same moment on both France +and England. That idea has been carried out by Captain Marryat in his +once popular novel "Midshipman Easy," where he describes a triangular +duel between three sailors; but nations could hardly engage in such a +game. + +[Illustration: ANDREW JACKSON + +From the painting by John Vanderlyn] + + +THE ELEPHANT AND THE WHALE + +Nevertheless Congress found some difficulty in selecting the enemy to +fight; for the conditions were remarkably like those of the year 1915. +People used to talk then about the "war between the elephant and the +whale": the elephant being the land army of Napoleon, which apparently +nothing could withstand, and the whale being the navy of Great Britain, +which had command of the sea. That struggle reached a crisis in 1806, +when the two belligerents, not being able to reach and hammer each +other, did their best to hammer the neutral carrying trade, which was +carried on largely in American ships. + +[Illustration: THE SURRENDER OF GENERAL HULL + +General Hull surrendered to General Brock, Governor of Upper Canada, at +Detroit on August 16, 1812] + + +BY ORDERS IN COUNCIL + +Great Britain declared the whole French coast blockaded from Brest to +the Elbe, just as in 1915 the same power declared the whole North Sea +coast to be blockaded. By Decrees France declared the whole British +Islands to be in a state of blockade, exactly as Germany recently +declared those coasts to be a "naval zone." The consequence was that the +French captured 600 American merchantmen in the next nine years, and the +British took 900. + +In this long controversy the French were the wiliest, the British were +the most arrogant. The United States would have been justified in war +against either of these powers, on the basis of their disregard of our +right to keep up neutral trade with both belligerents. + +[Illustration: THE BATTLE OF LUNDY'S LANE + +In this battle, which took place on July 25, 1814, and lasted from +sunset to midnight, the Americans under General Jacob Brown were left in +possession of the field, but were unable to carry away the heavy +artillery which they had captured] + +At that time the United States found it hard to provide a remedy. The +most obvious method was to refuse to trade with either of the nations. +Accordingly an Embargo was laid by Congress in 1807, by which no cargoes +of any kind were allowed to leave American ports, bound to a foreign +destination. The embargo very nearly brought England to terms; but the +United States had not patience to wait for its results. The shipping +trade was paralyzed, and the farmers and planters could not export their +surplus. In view of these losses, Congress after fourteen months' +experience repealed the embargo. + + +CAUSES OF THE WAR + +Since neither France nor Great Britain would accept the opportunity to +make a friend of the United States, the captures went on; and England +added the impressment of American seamen from American merchant vessels. +The idea that a subject of the British Empire could change his +allegiance and become the citizen of another nation seemed to England a +dangerous novelty. Still, if the great sea-power had been willing to pay +a little more wages to her men-of-warsmen, she could have filled her +ships by enlistment. If she had been content to "press" men from her own +merchant ships, she would not have aroused the antipathy of the +Americans. To save a few hundred thousand pounds and to assert a right +to claim Englishmen who had become American citizens, Great Britain +gave unpardonable offense to the little United States. + +When the war broke out, more than 5,000 Americans had been at one time +or another impressed; and 2,000 or 3,000 were actually serving on board +British men-of-war till the hostilities began. Then, having been +originally seized without reason, they were made prisoners of war. + +[Illustration: COLONEL MILLER AT THE BATTLE OF CHIPPEWA + +At the Battle of Chippewa on July 5, 1814. Colonel Miller with three +hundred men captured a height, the key to the British position. It was a +desperate and courageous exploit] + +Considering the eventual result of the war, it is striking that the +United States government placed little dependence on its navy, but +expected to carry on a brilliant land campaign. Canada was to be +conquered, and then, as Henry Clay put it, they could "negotiate a peace +at Quebec or Halifax." + +This was not a new thought. In the Revolutionary War Canada was invaded +by Montgomery and Arnold and all but annexed to the new United States. +How could Canada resist? Its population in 1812 was about 50,000; that +of the United States was nearly 8,000,000. During the nine years from +1803 to 1812 the United States had tried every means short of war; and +the vigorous young "war hawks," headed by Henry Clay of Kentucky and +John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, were tired of accepting what they +felt to be a standing offence to their nation. + +[Illustration: JAMES MADISON + +President of the United States, 1809-1817 + +From the portrait by Gilbert Stuart] + + +THE LAND WAR + +In accordance with the plan of invasion, several "armies" of 2,000 or +3,000 men were pushed to the Canadian frontier; but in the very first +fight the tables were turned, and Detroit was captured by the British. +It took more than a year and 20,000 men to push back the British into +Canada. Five different American commanders were ignominiously headed or +defeated in attempting to invade Canada across the Niagara River or the +St. Lawrence River. Except for Harrison's little victory at the Battle +of the Thames, and for the drawn Battle of Lundy's Lane, the Canadian +campaigns were all humiliating defeats. + +[Illustration: THE DEATH OF GENERAL ROSS AT BALTIMORE + +On September 12, 1814, General Ross in command of the British force +advancing on Baltimore, was shot as he rode at the head of his troops by +two American troopers concealed in a hollow. Baltimore was defended +bravely, and the British were repulsed] + +This disagreeable chapter in our military history was due to the fact +that the government had made no sufficient preparation of men or +materials, and was obliged to rely upon untrained volunteer militia. +These were men of personal courage and intelligence; and under such +commanders as Jacob Brown and Andrew Jackson they showed that they had +the instincts of soldiers. Nevertheless they were poorly drilled and +equipped. In one campaign they stopped short when they reached the +Canadian line, because they said they were not constitutionally bound to +fight, except for the defense of their own country. + +[Illustration: JAMES MONROE + +Secretary of State, 1811-1817. He also acted as Secretary of War in +1814-1815. President, 1817-1825. From the portrait by John Vanderlyn] + +The result was that, starting with a regular army of only 7,000, which +finally included about 50,000 men, 400,000 additional recruits were +raised during the war. The total number of Canadians and British troops +engaged in the war was not over 20,000. The Americans lost 30,000 men; +and when the war was over the United States was not in possession of one +foot of Canadian territory, while the British were occupying about half +of the present state of Maine. + +This heartbreaking result ought not to be charged to the soldiers so +much as to the administration. John Armstrong, Secretary of War, allowed +the British to land 5,000 men on the Chesapeake and to march fifty miles +overland to Washington. Within a distance of two days' land travel from +that city lived nearly 100,000 able-bodied men, most of them accustomed +to handle a gun. Yet the British force was allowed to capture +Washington, to burn the public buildings, and to retire to its fleet +almost without losing a man. Till James Monroe became Secretary of War +the whole administration was slack and incompetent. + +[Illustration: ANDREW JACKSON + +Victorious leader at the Battle of New Orleans. President, 1829-1837. +From a drawing from life by J.B. Longacre] + + +WAR AT SEA + +A proof that the defeats of the War of 1812 were not due to lack of +fiber among the American people as a whole, was the brilliant success of +the operations on the high seas. Jefferson and Madison both thought the +navy would do more harm than good. The British had twice seized the +little navy of the Danes, and it seemed as though our ships would only +be a whet to the appetite of the British naval giant. Against our 18 +ships of war, of which only six were sizable frigates, the British could +oppose 170 large ships and 700 others. They had the prestige of a +hundred years of naval supremacy; they had driven the French and Spanish +ships of war from the sea. + +Therefore it was a joy to the nation when, seven weeks after the +outbreak of the war, the frigate _Constitution_ captured the _Guerriere_ +and later the _Java_; then the _United States_ captured the +_Macedonian_; the _Frolic_ took the _Wasp_; the _Essex_, the first +American ship of war to appear in the Pacific, captured numbers of +British whalers there. In thirteen duels, one ship on each side, the +Americans won eleven victories. + +Gradually the fleet was worn down; the _Chesapeake_ was taken by the +_Shannon_; the _President_ and the _Adams_ were captured; and at the end +of the war there was not a public ship on the ocean flying the flag of +the United States. However the navy in two unexpected directions won new +laurels. On Lake Erie Oliver Hazard Perry defeated the British fleet at +the battle of Put-in Bay, and sent his ever memorable despatch, "We have +met the enemy and they are ours: two ships, two brigs, one schooner and +one sloop." On Lake Champlain, Commodore Macdonough beat the British; +while McComb with his militia withstood and repelled the British attack +at Plattsburg. + +[Illustration: WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON + +Harrison was one of the few able leaders that the United States had +during the War of 1812. He was President for only one month in 1841. He +died in office. + +From the portrait of by J.B. Lambdin] + +When the cruisers were driven off the sea, the privateers continued the +naval war. At that time a merchantman could be turned into a capable +fighting ship by adding strengthening timbers and providing the +necessary guns. Such a ship, when commissioned as a privateer by the +United States government, could capture the enemy's merchantmen and on +occasion fight small cruisers. For instance, the brig _Yankee_, 160 tons +burden, eighteen guns, 120 men, captured twenty-nine prizes, one of +which sold for more than $500,000. The money was divided equally between +the owners and the men on board. The privateers together captured about +2,000 British vessels; though over 1,500 American vessels were captured +by the English. The whole British nation felt the shock of this +unexpected naval resistance; and it was the pressure of the shippers and +shipowners of England which caused that power to make favorable terms of +peace. + +[Illustration: Courtesy, Harper's Magazine Copyright, Harper & Brothers + +PERRY RECEIVING THE SURRENDER OF THE BRITISH COMMANDERS ABOARD THE +"LAWRENCE" + +From the painting by W.J. Aylward] + +For a hundred years experts have been trying to find out just why the +United States was so successful in the naval war. The British newspapers +of the day tried to prove that it was because they called a vessel a +frigate when it was really bigger and stronger than the British frigate. +That did not affect the captain of the _Guerriere_ when he accepted +battle with the _Constitution_: he evidently thought that he had size +and power enough to capture his adversary. The Americans appear to have +had heavier guns, better training in handling the guns, better +marksmanship, to have been quicker and smarter. + +It was the privateers that were in the long run most effective. The +London Times complained toward the end of 1814 that "there are +privateers off this harbor which plunder every vessel coming in or going +out, notwithstanding we have three line of battle, six frigates, and +four sloops here." The Morning Chronicle complained that a great part of +the coast of Ireland had "been for above a month under the unresisted +dominion of a few petty 'fly-by-nights' from the blockaded ports of the +United States--a grievance equally intolerable and disgraceful." The +Annual Register thought it a mortifying reflection that, notwithstanding +a navy of a thousand ships, "it was not safe for a vessel to sail +without convoy from one part of the English or Irish Channel to +another." + +[Illustration: From "Naval Actions of The War of 1812," by James Barnes. + +Copyright 1896, by Harper & Brothers + +THE NIAGARA BREAKS THE ENGLISH LINE + +When Perry's flagship, the "Lawrence," was riddled by the enemy, he +transferred himself in a small boat to the "Niagara." This ship broke +the British line, and then the battle was won. From a painting by +Carlton T. Chapman] + +In March, 1915, a British squadron captured the German frigate _Dresden_ +in the neutral Chilean waters of the Island of Juan Fernandez. A similar +episode occurred in 1814, when the United States ship _Essex_ was +cornered and destroyed by two British vessels in the harbor of +Valparaiso. The American privateer _General Armstrong_ was also cut out +and destroyed by the British under the guns of the Portuguese fort at +Fayal in the Azores. + + +EFFECT ON THE AMERICANS + +On the face of it there was not much cause for congratulation in a war +in which the United States trebled its national debt and lost 30,000 men +and 1,500 merchant ships, without gaining any territory and without +securing any promise at the end of the war that the disturbance of +neutral trade and the impressment of American seamen would not begin +again. + +[Illustration: COMMODORE DAVID PORTER + +The Commander of the "Essex" + +From the painting by Chappel] + +Another group of troubles arose from the fact that the New England +States were against the war from the beginning, refused to allow their +militia to join in the forces intended to invade Canada, and in 1814 +sent delegates to a convention at Hartford. That convention sat in +secret, and nobody knows exactly what was said; but the resolutions +passed by it and sent out to the country demanded changes in the +Constitution which would have made it hard to carry on a federal +government. Fortunately before they could be presented to Congress the +news of peace was received. + +[Illustration: From "Naval Actions of the War of 1812," by James Barnes. + +Copyright, 1886, by Harper & Brothers + +THE "ESSEX" BEING CUT TO PIECES + +The "Essex" was under the command of David Porter, and drove British +shipping from the Pacific Ocean. The vessel was finally destroyed by the +"Phoebe" and the "Cherub." From a painting by Carlton T. Chapman] + +These uncomfortable facts may be cheerfully admitted in view of a strong +list of reasons for national congratulation. One was the notable victory +of Andrew Jackson at New Orleans, January 8, 1815, after peace had been +made, though neither of the armies knew it. Critics have pointed out +that Jackson was slow in divining where the British would strike; that +he threw up no sufficient intrenchments; that if the British had placed +cannon on the west side of the river, they could have fired into his +rear and compelled him to retreat. All that does not diminish the glory +of Jackson's victory. He showed the energy and determination which +brought together a force of 3,500 men, mostly raw militia. This little +command lying behind the lines at Chalmette received the attack of 6,000 +men. Over 2,000 of the British attacking column were sacrificed, and +Jackson remained master of the field, with a loss of seventy-one. + +This brilliant success proved that Jackson was a good soldier, which in +due time helped to make him President of the United States. It proved +also that American militia behind breastworks could repel the attacks of +twice their number of experienced soldiers who had recently helped to +overthrow Napoleon. + +[Illustration: CAPTAIN JAMES LAWRENCE + +From the painting by Gilbert Stuart] + +The greatest result of the War of 1812 was to make the Americans realize +at once their weakness and their strength. Just at the end of the war +Robert Fulton put on the waters of the Hudson a steamship of war, +forerunner of the majestic steam fleets of today. Our forefathers +suffered for want of roads by which they could convey their armies and +their supplies to the frontiers. Therefore they set out to remedy that +condition, and four years after the peace they had the Cumberland Road +completed from the upper Potomac to the Ohio River. Six years later the +Erie Canal was opened to Lake Erie. The people had suffered for want of +a national bank during the war: in 1816 Congress created one. Their +trade had been disturbed for over twenty years: in 1816 they passed a +tariff, designed to establish American manufactures. War, and especially +such a disappointing war as that of 1812, has many bad effects upon a +nation; but it does strengthen the feeling of a common danger and a +common duty. + +[Illustration: WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE + +Commodore in the United States Navy. + +From the portrait by J.W. Jarvis] + +The War of 1812 also for the first time gave the United States an +unquestioned place in the sisterhood of modern nations. Though the +population in 1815 was only about eight and a half millions, the success +of the navy inspired a wholesome respect for Yankee ships and Yankee +sailors. In place of the captured ships a new merchant marine was +quickly provided, which developed into the famous clipper ships, the +triumph of American skill and the glory of the seas. From this time +dates the friendship of several European nations, particularly of +Russia, whose Czar Alexander was a friend and correspondent of Thomas +Jefferson. + +[Illustration: From "Naval Actions of the War of 1812," by James Barnes. + +Copyright, 1896, by Harper & Brothers + +THE "CHESAPEAKE" LEAVING THE HARBOR + +Captain Lawrence, commanding the "Chesapeake," was mortally wounded, and +his vessel was captured by the "Shannon" off Boston Roads. It was in +this engagement that he uttered his famous words, "Don't give up the +ship." From a painting by Carlton T. Chapman] + +Our former enemy, Great Britain, was converted into a respectful friend +who saw the advantages of friendship. The proof is that eight years +later George Canning asked the United States to join in a declaration +with Great Britain in favor of the Latin-American States; and the idea +developed into our independent Monroe Doctrine. The American people were +entitled to forget their weakness and defeats; for the net result of the +War of 1812 was to inspire the greatest naval and colonial power in the +world with a respect for American character and an acceptance of the +United States as a great National power. + +[Illustration: From "Naval Actions of the War of 1812," by James Barnes. +Copyright, 1896, by Harper & Brothers + +THE "CONSTITUTION" TAKING THE "CYANE" + +The "Cyane" was one of the crack sloops of war in the English service. +The "Constitution" after a running fight captured both this ship and the +"Levant." From a painting by Carlton T. Chapman] + + * * * * * + +SUPPLEMENTARY READING + + +HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA + +_By Henry Adams_ + + Vols. VI-IX contain the best account of the War of 1812. + +THE LIFE OF ANDREW JACKSON + +_By John Spencer Bassett_ + + Vol. 1, chapters vi-xiii, treat of Jackson's part in the war. + +THE NAVAL WAR OF 1812 + +_By Theodore Roosevelt_ + + Best account of the naval strategy of the war. + +A FULL AND CORRECT ACCOUNT OF THE MILITARY OCCURRENCES OF THE LATE WAR +BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA + +_By William James_ + + (2 vols.) The standard English account. + +THE CANADIAN WAR OF 1812 + +_By Charles Prestwood Lucas_ + + Recent English point of view. + +SEA POWER IN ITS RELATIONS TO THE WAR OF 1812 + +_By Alfred Thayer Mahan_ + + (2 vols.) A study of the whole struggle for neutral rights, and the + war. + +RISE OF AMERICAN NATIONALITY, 1811-1819 + +_By Kendric Charles Babcock_ + + (American Nation, Vol. XIII.) + + Most convenient brief account of the war. Recent and impartial. + +NAVAL ACTIONS OF THE WAR OF 1812 + +_By James Barnes_ + + Popular and well illustrated. + +Information concerning the above books and articles may +be had on application to the Editor of The Mentor. + + + + +THE OPEN LETTER + +[Illustration: THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS] + + +If the telegraph had been in existence a century ago, the battle of New +Orleans would not have taken place. It was unique in history as a battle +fought after a war was over. And it was the only real victory won by the +land forces of America in the War of 1812. It was one of the most +conclusive battles in history, and a brilliant demonstration of the +military ability of Andrew Jackson. General Jackson believed in +preparedness. During the second year of the War of 1812 he learned that +the British planned to invade Louisiana, so he concentrated troops four +miles below New Orleans in a line of entrenchments a mile in length, +extending from the Mississippi River far into the swamp, making both +ends impassable. Jackson had 3,500 expert marksmen at his command. They +were a strange mixture of men, including long-limbed, hard-faced +backwoodsmen, Portuguese and Norwegian seamen, dark-skinned Spaniards +and swarthy Frenchmen, besides about 1,000 militiamen selected from the +Creoles of Louisiana. They were a rough and violent lot. Theodore +Roosevelt characterizes them as: "Soldiers who, under an ordinary +commander, would have been fully as dangerous to themselves and their +leaders as to their foes. But," he adds, "Andrew Jackson was of all men +the one best fitted to manage such troops. Even their fierce natures +quailed before the ungovernable fury of a spirit greater than their own; +and their sullen, stubborn wills were bent before his unyielding temper +and iron hand." + + * * * * * + +On the morning of the 8th of January, 1815, General Pakenham advanced +upon New Orleans with a force of about 6,000 trained and experienced +fighting men. Jackson knew that the British would have to cross his +entrenchments before entering the city. So he placed his force of fierce +and deadly fighters within the trenches and opened upon the enemy with +volley after volley. The mortality on the British side was frightful. +The lines wavered and General Pakenham fell in front of his troops. +Utterly demoralized by the withering blast of the American muskets, +these hardy British veterans hurried to their camp and escaped to ships. +The British lost about 2,000 men killed, wounded and prisoners, while in +the American lines there were only about seventy casualties. + +So weak and ineffective had been the showing of the American forces in +several of the battles of this war that they had incurred the contempt +of the enemy. In one final, brilliant blow General Jackson restored the +prestige of American arms. + +[Illustration: [Signature of] W.D. Moffat] + + EDITOR + + + + +THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION + +ESTABLISHED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A POPULAR INTEREST IN ART, +LITERATURE, SCIENCE, HISTORY, NATURE, AND TRAVEL + + + THE ADVISORY BOARD + + JOHN G. HIBBEN, _President of Princeton University_ + + HAMILTON W. MABIE, _Author and Editor_ + + JOHN C. VAN DYKE, _Professor of the History of Art, Rutgers College_ + + ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, _Professor of Government, Harvard University_ + + WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, _Director New York Zoological Park_ + + DWIGHT L. ELMENDORF, _Lecturer and Traveler_ + +The purpose of The Mentor Association is to give its members, in an +interesting and attractive way, the information in various fields of +knowledge which everybody wants to have. The information is imparted by +interesting reading matter, prepared under the direction of leading +authorities, and by beautiful pictures, produced by the most highly +perfected modern processes. + + THE MENTOR IS PUBLISHED TWICE A MONTH + + SUBSCRIPTION, THREE DOLLARS A YEAR. FOREIGN POSTAGE 75 CENTS EXTRA. + CANADIAN POSTAGE 50 CENTS EXTRA. SINGLE COPIES FIFTEEN CENTS. + PRESIDENT, THOMAS H. BECK; VICE-PRESIDENT, WALTER P. TEN EYCK; + SECRETARY, W.D. MOFFAT; TREASURER, ROBERT M. DONALDSON; ASST. + TREASURER AND ASST. SECRETARY, J.S. CAMPBELL + + + + +COMPLETE YOUR MENTOR LIBRARY + +Subscriptions always begin with the current issue. The following numbers +of The Mentor Course, already issued, will be sent postpaid at the rate +of fifteen cents each. + + + Serial + No. + + 1. Beautiful Children in Art + 2. Makers of American Poetry + 3. Washington, the Capital + 4. Beautiful Women in Art + 5. Romantic Ireland + 6. Masters of Music + 7. Natural Wonders of America + 8. Pictures We Love to Live With + 9. The Conquest of the Peaks + 10. Scotland, the Land of Song and Scenery + 11. Cherubs in Art + 12. Statues With a Story + 13. Story of America in Pictures: The Discoverers + 14. London + 15. The Story of Panama + 16. American Birds of Beauty + 17. Dutch Masterpieces + 18. Paris, the Incomparable + 19. Flowers of Decoration + 20. Makers of American Humor + 21. American Sea Painters + 22. Story of America in Pictures: The Explorers + 23. Sporting Vacations + 24. Switzerland: The Land of Scenic Splendors + 25. American Novelists + 26. American Landscape Painters + 27. Venice, the Island City + 28. The Wife in Art + 29. Great American Inventors + 30. Furniture and Its Makers + 31. Spain and Gibraltar + 32. Historic Spots of America + 33. Beautiful Buildings of the World + 34. Game Birds of America + 35. Story of America in Pictures: The Contest for North America + 36. Famous American Sculptors + 37. The Conquest of the Poles + 38. Napoleon + 39. The Mediterranean + 40. Angels in Art + 41. Famous Composers + 42. Egypt, the Land of Mystery + 43. Story of America in Pictures: The Revolution + 44. Famous English Poets + 45. Makers of American Art + 46. The Ruins of Rome + 47. Makers of Modern Opera + 48. Duerer and Holbein + 49. Vienna, the Queen City + 50. Ancient Athens + 51. The Barbizon Painters + 52. Abraham Lincoln + + +Volume 2 + + 53. George Washington + 54. Mexico + 55. Famous American Women Painters + 56. The Conquest of the Air + 57. Court Painters of France + 58. Holland + 59. Our Feathered Friends + 60. Glacier National Park + 61. Michelangelo + 62. American Colonial Furniture + 63. American Wild Flowers + 64. Gothic Architecture + 65. The Story of the Rhine + 66. Shakespeare + 67. American Mural Painters + 68. Celebrated Animal Characters + 69. Japan + 70. The Story of the French Revolution + 71. Rugs and Rug Making + 72. Alaska + 73. Charles Dickens + 74. Grecian Masterpieces + 75. Fathers of the Constitution + 76. Masters of the Piano + + +Volume 3 + + 77. American Historic Homes + 78. Beauty Spots of India + 79. Etchers and Etching + 80. Oliver Cromwell + 81. China + 82. Favorite Trees + 83. Yellowstone National Park + 84. Famous Women Writers of England + 85. Painters of Western Life + 86. China and Pottery of Our Forefathers + 87. The Story of The American Railroad + 88. Butterflies + 89. The Philippines + 90. Great Galleries of The World: The Louvre + 91. William M. Thackeray + 92. Grand Canyon of Arizona + 93. Architecture in American Country Homes + 94. The Story of The Danube + 95. Animals in Art + 96. The Holy Land + 97. John Milton + 98. Joan Of Arc + 99. Furniture of the Revolutionary Period + 100. The Ring of the Nibelung + + +Volume 4 + + 101. The Golden Age of Greece + 102. Chinese Rugs + + +NUMBERS TO FOLLOW + +April 1. GREAT ART GALLERIES OF THE WORLD--THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON. +_By Professor John C. Van Dyke._ + +April 15. MASTERS OF THE VIOLIN--Joachim, Paganini, Ole Bull, Maud +Powell, Ysaye, Kreisler, and others. _By Henry T. Finck, Author and +Music Critic._ + + + THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. + + 52 EAST 19th STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. + + + + +THE MENTOR + +AS A REFERENCE LIBRARY + + +Every Number of The Mentor is valuable. The back numbers are as useful +and entertaining at any time as on the date of publication. Therefore, +many members wish to own a complete file of back numbers. + +For those who own a complete set and desire to use The Mentor as a +reference library, we have provided a simple and convenient method of +filing and cataloguing The Mentor. In a booklet which we have especially +provided for our members, the various Mentors are grouped under headings +which link similar numbers together in sets. Attached to the name of +each Mentor is a list of the gravure pictures accompanying it, together +with a short synopsis of the contents. This gives immediate information +as to what each Mentor contains. We will be glad to send this booklet +free of charge. + +We also provide for our members file boxes the size of The Mentor. These +are furnished stamped in gold lettering for forty cents apiece. In these +The Mentors may be grouped according to sets. + +We also supply a binder which holds twelve or thirteen Mentors and has +proved satisfactory in every way. This binder has been arranged so as to +hold The Mentor complete, and it has tie-pins to which the pictures are +attached, so that they swing freely in their place and the pictures can +be enjoyed as well as the text on the back. The price of these binders +is one dollar each. + +When our members desire to refer to a picture or look up a fact, it is +only necessary for them to consult the booklet, finding there in which +Mentor the information may be sought. + +The price of all back numbers of The Mentor is fifteen cents each. + +Write and let us explain the plan more fully. + + +THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, Inc. + +52 East Nineteenth Street-New York City, N.Y. + +[Illustration: IN THE POSSESSION OF THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY + +COMMODORE STEPHEN DECATUR + +FROM THE PAINTING BY REMBRANDT PEALE] + + + + +The War of 1812 + +STEPHEN DECATUR + +Monograph Number Three in The Mentor Reading Course + + +The father of Stephen Decatur, also named Stephen, was a native of +Newport, Rhode Island, and a captain in the United States navy. Stephen +Decatur, Jr., was born at Sinnepuxent, Maryland, on January 5, 1779. He +entered the American navy as a midshipman in 1798 on board the frigate +_United States_. A year later he was promoted to lieutenant and in that +rank saw a little service in the short war with France. + +In 1801 Decatur sailed as first lieutenant of the _Essex_, one of +Commodore Dale's squadron, to the Mediterranean. As a result of a duel +with a British Officer--which resulted fatally for the +Englishman--Decatur was sent home for a time. In 1803 he was back in the +Mediterranean in command of the _Enterprise_. He distinguished himself +almost immediately. + +Conceiving the daring idea of recapturing or destroying the frigate +_Philadelphia_, which had been captured by the pirates and lay in the +harbor of Tripoli, on February 31, 1804, he manned a little boat called +the _Intrepid_, with seventy volunteers, and, braving the enemy, he +reached the _Philadelphia_, set it afire and got away, with the loss of +only one man. + +For this gallant achievement Congress voted Decatur thanks and a sword. +He was also promoted to captain. + +Following this, Decatur was engaged in all the attacks on Tripoli from +1804 to 1805. In the War of 1812 the ship which he commanded, the +_United States_, captured the British vessel, the _Macedonian_, after a +desperate struggle. In 1813 he was appointed commodore to command a +squadron in New York Harbor, which was blockaded by the British. In 1813 +he attempted to get to sea to break the blockade with the _United +States_, the _Hornet_, and the _Macedonian_, which had been by this time +converted into an American ship. A superior British squadron forced +Decatur to run into the Thames, and he lay off New London for several +months. He sent a challenge to the commander of the blockading squadron +to come on and fight, but the challenge was not accepted. + +At length, unable to get to sea, two of the ships were dismantled, and +Decatur returned to New York, where he took command of a squadron +destined for the East Indies. In the frigate _President_ he put to sea +on the 14th of January, 1815. The blockading British squadron pursued +the ship, and after a desperate running fight forced Decatur to +surrender. + +Soon afterward Decatur returned to the United States, peace between +England and America was declared. But the Barbary pirates were once more +giving trouble. Decatur took a command in the Mediterranean. + +He arrived before Algiers on June 22, 1815, and immediately demanded a +treaty from the Dey. His terms were very brief: no more annual tribute +or ransom for prisoners; all enslaved Americans to be released; and no +American ever again to be held as a slave. The question of tribute was +the most difficult to settle. The Dey feared that other European powers +would demand the same terms. + +"Even a little powder," said the Dey, "might prove satisfactory." + +"If," replied Decatur, "you insist upon receiving powder as tribute, you +must expect to receive the balls with it." + +In forty-eight hours the treaty was negotiated, giving to the United +States privileges and immunities never before granted by a Barbary state +to a Christian power. + +In 1819 a quarrel arose between Commodore James Barron and Decatur. They +met at Bladensburg, Maryland, on March 22, 1820. At the first shots +Barron was dangerously wounded. Decatur was also hit, and he died the +same evening. + + PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION + + ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 4. No. 3, SERIAL No. 103 + + COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. + +[Illustration: IN THE POSSESSION OF THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY + +COMMODORE WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE + +FROM THE PAINTING BY REMBRANDT PEALE] + + + + +The War of 1812 + +WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE + +Monograph Number Two in The Mentor Reading Course + + +William Bainbridge was born at Princeton, New Jersey, on May 7, 1774. He +was a son of Dr. Absalom Bainbridge, a Physician of the town. He +received comparatively little education; for he went to sea in a +merchant vessel at the age of fourteen. A few years after this, while he +was the mate of the ship _Hope_, on a voyage to Holland he saved the +life of his captain, who had been seized by a mutinous crew with the +intention of throwing him overboard. On his return home, because of his +good conduct and abilities, he was promoted to the command of a ship in +the Dutch trade. He continued in command of various ships until 1798. + +During this time the war between France and Great Britain made it +difficult for neutrals to carry on trade. Therefore as master of a ship +Bainbridge had to elude, or beat off a great deal of interference on the +part of French and British ships alike. + +In 1798, when war was about to break out between France and the United +States and the American navy was organized, Bainbridge was appointed +commander of the United States Schooner _Retaliation_, of fourteen guns, +with the rank of lieutenant. In November his ship was captured by two +French frigates--but it was released shortly afterward. + +Bainbridge sailed for the West Indies as master commandant of the brig +_Norfolk_. During this cruise he gave protection to the merchant trade +of the United States and captured several of the enemy's merchantmen. + +In 1800 Bainbridge was promoted to the rink of captain. On the frigate +_George Washington_ he sailed to the Dey of Algiers with presents. These +"presents" were bribes which the United States paid to the Algerian +pirates to secure exemption from capture for its merchant ships in the +Mediterranean. Bainbridge was disgusted at having to pay the tributes. +While his ship was at Algiers war was declared by the pirates against +France, and the French consul and citizens were ordered to leave the +country in forty-eight hours. Captain Bainbridge received them all on +his ship and landed them safely. + +When the United States found that bribes to the pirates did not protect +their commerce, they decided to use force. Captain Bainbridge was given +command of the frigate _Philadelphia_, and sailing to Algiers, blockaded +Tripoli. Being driven from his cruising grounds, Bainbridge pursued a +strange ship that was trying to break the blockade. He gave chase, but +ran upon a reef on the morning of October 31, 1803. The pirates +immediately attacked, and when the ship could no longer be defended they +captured and scuttled her, imprisoning the officers and crew. After a +treaty of peace between the Dey and the United States had been +concluded, the Americans were released on February 3, 1805. + +Captain Bainbridge returned for a time to the merchant service, but when +the War of 1812 broke out, he was appointed to command the United States +frigate _Constitution_. In this ship he captured two British frigates +and many merchantmen. On his return he was received with an enthusiastic +welcome by his countrymen. The _Constitution_ became an object of +national pride, and because of the little damage it sustained in the +numerous encounters in which it engaged, received the popular name of +"Old Ironsides." + +After the conclusion of the War of 1812, Bainbridge once more served +against the Barbary pirates. Later he served on the board of navy +commissioners. Commodore Bainbridge died in Philadelphia on July 28, +1833. + + PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION + + ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 4, No. 3, SERIAL No. 103 + + COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. + +[Illustration: IN THE POSSESSION Of THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY + +COMMODORE OLIVER HAZARD PERRY + +FROM THE PAINTING BY REMBRANDT PEALE] + + + + +The War of 1812 + +OLIVER HAZARD PERRY + +Monograph Number Five in The Mentor Reading Course + + +Oliver Hazard Perry was born at South Kensington, Rhode Island, on +August 23, 1785. His father was Christopher Raymond Perry, captain in +the navy. His first position was that of a midshipman on the sloop of +war _General Greene_, in 1798. The first action that he saw was against +the Barbary pirates. In this war he secured the affection and respect of +the officers and men in the squadron. + +In 1810 he was a lieutenant-commandant in the schooner _Revenge_. This +vessel was attached to the squadron under Commodore Rodgers, and was +employed in Long Island Sound to uphold the embargo which the United +States had at that time put upon trade with England and France. + +Shortly after, the war with England began. Perry was placed in command +of a flotilla at Newport, but was not pleased with this commission, and +begged to be ordered to Lake Ontario. His wish was granted, and he and +his men--who eagerly volunteered to go with him--re-inforced Commodore +Chauncey on the Great Lakes. + +When he arrived at Lake Ontario, however, Chauncey ordered Perry to Lake +Erie to superintend the building of vessels. The English had a powerful +force on the Great Lakes and the United States wanted to build +sufficient ships to meet them. Perry worked hard, and on August 4, 1813, +he got his squadron into the deep waters of Lake Erie. This squadron +consisted of three brigs, five schooners, and one sloop. On the 10th of +September Perry met the British fleet with Captain Robert H. Barclay in +command in the Battle of Put-in Bay. This was the great fight of Perry's +life, and he fought it with skill, bravery and perseverance. + +The effects of this victory were felt all over the United States. +National pride was kindled and the people celebrated the victory with +enthusiasm. In reward Perry was made a captain in the navy and received +the thanks of Congress. + +However, the gallant officer did not rest upon his laurels, and, seeing +no more hostile fleets to conquer, offered himself as aid to General +Harrison, who was then pursuing the British, and took part in the Battle +of Moravian Town on October 5th. When Virginia and Maryland were invaded +by the English, under General Ross and Admiral Cockburn, Perry had a +command on the Potomac. + +At the end of the War of 1812 Captain Perry took command of the _Java_, +a frigate of the first class, and sailed with Commodore Stephen Decatur +to punish the Dey of Algiers, who had plundered the commerce of the +United States when this country was busy during the war of 1812. This +expedition, which reached the Mediterranean in June, 1815, was +successful, and Perry returned to the United States. While the _Java_ +was lying at Newport in mid-winter, he received information that a +merchant vessel was on a reef about five or six miles from that place, +and that the crew were in danger. Leaping into his barge he turned to +his oarsmen and said, "Come, my boys, we are going to the relief of +shipwrecked seamen; pull away!" The eleven men of the crew were rescued. + +In 1819 Perry was sent in the _John Adams_ to the West Indies with +sealed orders. Pirates had swarmed in that vicinity, and his commission +was to drive them from the sea. He executed his orders with diligence, +but unfortunately caught yellow fever and died on August 23, 1819, at +Port of Spain, in Trinidad. Every tribute of national grief was paid to +his memory, and he was buried with military honors. + + PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION + + ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 4, No. 3, SERIAL No. 103 + + COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mentor: The War of 1812, by +Albert Bushnell Hart + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MENTOR: THE WAR OF 1812 *** + +***** This file should be named 27586.txt or 27586.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/7/5/8/27586/ + +Produced by Gerard Arthus, Greg Bergquist and The Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |