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+Project Gutenberg's The Mentor: The War of 1812, by Albert Bushnell Hart
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mentor: The War of 1812
+       Volume 4, Number 3, Serial Number 103; 15 March, 1916.
+
+Author: Albert Bushnell Hart
+
+Release Date: December 22, 2008 [EBook #27586]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MENTOR: THE WAR OF 1812 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Gerard Arthus, Greg Bergquist and The Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+The punctuation and spelling from the original text have been faithfully
+preserved. Only obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
+
+
+
+
+LEARN ONE THING EVERY DAY
+
+  MARCH 15 1916
+
+  SERIAL NO. 103
+
+THE MENTOR
+
+[Illustration: Perry's Pennant on the "Lawrence"]
+
+THE WAR OF 1812
+
+By Professor ALBERT BUSHNELL HART
+
+  DEPARTMENT OF
+  HISTORY
+
+  VOLUME 4
+  NUMBER 3
+
+FIFTEEN CENTS A COPY
+
+
+
+
+Heroes of the Fleet
+
+
+PERRY
+
+  "September the tenth, full well I ween
+  In eighteen hundred and thirteen,
+  The weather mild, the sky serene,
+    Commanded by bold Perry,
+  Our saucy fleet at anchor lay
+  In safety, moor'd at Put-in Bay;
+  'Twixt sunrise and the break of day,
+    The British fleet
+    We chanced to meet;
+  Our admiral thought he would them greet
+    With a welcome on Lake Erie."
+
+  --_Old Song_
+
+
+LAWRENCE
+
+  "Let shouts of victory for laurels won
+  Give place to grief for Lawrence, Valor's son.
+  The warrior who was e'er his country's pride
+  Has for that country bravely, nobly died."
+
+  --_Lines published in June, 1813._
+
+
+
+
+THE WAR OF 1812
+
+By ALBERT BUSHNELL HART
+
+_Professor of Government, Harvard University_
+
+  _MENTOR GRAVURES_
+
+  CAPTAIN JAMES
+  LAWRENCE
+
+  COMMODORE
+  STEPHEN DECATUR
+
+  COMMODORE
+  WILLIAM
+  BAINBRIDGE
+
+  _MENTOR GRAVURES_
+
+  COMMODORE
+  OLIVER HAZARD
+  PERRY
+
+  THE BATTLE OF
+  LAKE ERIE
+
+  GENERAL ANDREW
+  JACKSON
+
+[Illustration: Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry]
+
+
+
+
+THE MENTOR · DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY MARCH 15, 1916
+
+
+Our defeat of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War was conclusive;
+though "we" in that case included France, without whose aid the patriots
+must have been defeated. It is not so easy to discover a fund of
+military glory in the War of 1812.
+
+That was a great war year. Within a few days of the declaration of war
+by the United States against Great Britain, Napoleon's Grand Army of
+over 400,000 men crossed the Niemen into Russia. Six months later 4,000
+of that host recrossed, pursued by the Russians; and probably not more
+than 100,000 of the whole number ever saw their homes again. In 1813,
+while the Americans were fighting on the ocean and on Lake Erie,
+Napoleon was driven out of Germany. A few weeks before the Battle of
+Lundy's Lane, Napoleon was compelled to abdicate. Soon after the news of
+the Peace of Ghent with Great Britain was received in the United States,
+in 1815, Napoleon broke loose from Elba; and a few months later he was
+again a prisoner and sent to St. Helena.
+
+[Entered at the Postoffice at New York, N.Y., as second-class matter.
+Copyright, 1916, by The Mentor Association, Inc.]
+
+To most of Europe the American War of 1812 seemed an unwarrantable flank
+attack in the great running fight of the nations. Russia and
+Prussia resented it that American statesmen should throw the weight of
+their country on the side of the great military despot of his time. They
+wanted none of the military and naval strength of Great Britain to be
+diverted across the ocean. The suggestion was even made in Congress that
+the United States ought to declare war at the same moment on both France
+and England. That idea has been carried out by Captain Marryat in his
+once popular novel "Midshipman Easy," where he describes a triangular
+duel between three sailors; but nations could hardly engage in such a
+game.
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW JACKSON
+
+From the painting by John Vanderlyn]
+
+
+THE ELEPHANT AND THE WHALE
+
+Nevertheless Congress found some difficulty in selecting the enemy to
+fight; for the conditions were remarkably like those of the year 1915.
+People used to talk then about the "war between the elephant and the
+whale": the elephant being the land army of Napoleon, which apparently
+nothing could withstand, and the whale being the navy of Great Britain,
+which had command of the sea. That struggle reached a crisis in 1806,
+when the two belligerents, not being able to reach and hammer each
+other, did their best to hammer the neutral carrying trade, which was
+carried on largely in American ships.
+
+[Illustration: THE SURRENDER OF GENERAL HULL
+
+General Hull surrendered to General Brock, Governor of Upper Canada, at
+Detroit on August 16, 1812]
+
+
+BY ORDERS IN COUNCIL
+
+Great Britain declared the whole French coast blockaded from Brest to
+the Elbe, just as in 1915 the same power declared the whole North Sea
+coast to be blockaded. By Decrees France declared the whole British
+Islands to be in a state of blockade, exactly as Germany recently
+declared those coasts to be a "naval zone." The consequence was that the
+French captured 600 American merchantmen in the next nine years, and the
+British took 900.
+
+In this long controversy the French were the wiliest, the British were
+the most arrogant. The United States would have been justified in war
+against either of these powers, on the basis of their disregard of our
+right to keep up neutral trade with both belligerents.
+
+[Illustration: THE BATTLE OF LUNDY'S LANE
+
+In this battle, which took place on July 25, 1814, and lasted from
+sunset to midnight, the Americans under General Jacob Brown were left in
+possession of the field, but were unable to carry away the heavy
+artillery which they had captured]
+
+At that time the United States found it hard to provide a remedy. The
+most obvious method was to refuse to trade with either of the nations.
+Accordingly an Embargo was laid by Congress in 1807, by which no cargoes
+of any kind were allowed to leave American ports, bound to a foreign
+destination. The embargo very nearly brought England to terms; but the
+United States had not patience to wait for its results. The shipping
+trade was paralyzed, and the farmers and planters could not export their
+surplus. In view of these losses, Congress after fourteen months'
+experience repealed the embargo.
+
+
+CAUSES OF THE WAR
+
+Since neither France nor Great Britain would accept the opportunity to
+make a friend of the United States, the captures went on; and England
+added the impressment of American seamen from American merchant vessels.
+The idea that a subject of the British Empire could change his
+allegiance and become the citizen of another nation seemed to England a
+dangerous novelty. Still, if the great sea-power had been willing to pay
+a little more wages to her men-of-warsmen, she could have filled her
+ships by enlistment. If she had been content to "press" men from her own
+merchant ships, she would not have aroused the antipathy of the
+Americans. To save a few hundred thousand pounds and to assert a right
+to claim Englishmen who had become American citizens, Great Britain
+gave unpardonable offense to the little United States.
+
+When the war broke out, more than 5,000 Americans had been at one time
+or another impressed; and 2,000 or 3,000 were actually serving on board
+British men-of-war till the hostilities began. Then, having been
+originally seized without reason, they were made prisoners of war.
+
+[Illustration: COLONEL MILLER AT THE BATTLE OF CHIPPEWA
+
+At the Battle of Chippewa on July 5, 1814. Colonel Miller with three
+hundred men captured a height, the key to the British position. It was a
+desperate and courageous exploit]
+
+Considering the eventual result of the war, it is striking that the
+United States government placed little dependence on its navy, but
+expected to carry on a brilliant land campaign. Canada was to be
+conquered, and then, as Henry Clay put it, they could "negotiate a peace
+at Quebec or Halifax."
+
+This was not a new thought. In the Revolutionary War Canada was invaded
+by Montgomery and Arnold and all but annexed to the new United States.
+How could Canada resist? Its population in 1812 was about 50,000; that
+of the United States was nearly 8,000,000. During the nine years from
+1803 to 1812 the United States had tried every means short of war; and
+the vigorous young "war hawks," headed by Henry Clay of Kentucky and
+John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, were tired of accepting what they
+felt to be a standing offence to their nation.
+
+[Illustration: JAMES MADISON
+
+President of the United States, 1809-1817
+
+From the portrait by Gilbert Stuart]
+
+
+THE LAND WAR
+
+In accordance with the plan of invasion, several "armies" of 2,000 or
+3,000 men were pushed to the Canadian frontier; but in the very first
+fight the tables were turned, and Detroit was captured by the British.
+It took more than a year and 20,000 men to push back the British into
+Canada. Five different American commanders were ignominiously headed or
+defeated in attempting to invade Canada across the Niagara River or the
+St. Lawrence River. Except for Harrison's little victory at the Battle
+of the Thames, and for the drawn Battle of Lundy's Lane, the Canadian
+campaigns were all humiliating defeats.
+
+[Illustration: THE DEATH OF GENERAL ROSS AT BALTIMORE
+
+On September 12, 1814, General Ross in command of the British force
+advancing on Baltimore, was shot as he rode at the head of his troops by
+two American troopers concealed in a hollow. Baltimore was defended
+bravely, and the British were repulsed]
+
+This disagreeable chapter in our military history was due to the fact
+that the government had made no sufficient preparation of men or
+materials, and was obliged to rely upon untrained volunteer militia.
+These were men of personal courage and intelligence; and under such
+commanders as Jacob Brown and Andrew Jackson they showed that they had
+the instincts of soldiers. Nevertheless they were poorly drilled and
+equipped. In one campaign they stopped short when they reached the
+Canadian line, because they said they were not constitutionally bound to
+fight, except for the defense of their own country.
+
+[Illustration: JAMES MONROE
+
+Secretary of State, 1811-1817. He also acted as Secretary of War in
+1814-1815. President, 1817-1825. From the portrait by John Vanderlyn]
+
+The result was that, starting with a regular army of only 7,000, which
+finally included about 50,000 men, 400,000 additional recruits were
+raised during the war. The total number of Canadians and British troops
+engaged in the war was not over 20,000. The Americans lost 30,000 men;
+and when the war was over the United States was not in possession of one
+foot of Canadian territory, while the British were occupying about half
+of the present state of Maine.
+
+This heartbreaking result ought not to be charged to the soldiers so
+much as to the administration. John Armstrong, Secretary of War, allowed
+the British to land 5,000 men on the Chesapeake and to march fifty miles
+overland to Washington. Within a distance of two days' land travel from
+that city lived nearly 100,000 able-bodied men, most of them accustomed
+to handle a gun. Yet the British force was allowed to capture
+Washington, to burn the public buildings, and to retire to its fleet
+almost without losing a man. Till James Monroe became Secretary of War
+the whole administration was slack and incompetent.
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW JACKSON
+
+Victorious leader at the Battle of New Orleans. President, 1829-1837.
+From a drawing from life by J.B. Longacre]
+
+
+WAR AT SEA
+
+A proof that the defeats of the War of 1812 were not due to lack of
+fiber among the American people as a whole, was the brilliant success of
+the operations on the high seas. Jefferson and Madison both thought the
+navy would do more harm than good. The British had twice seized the
+little navy of the Danes, and it seemed as though our ships would only
+be a whet to the appetite of the British naval giant. Against our 18
+ships of war, of which only six were sizable frigates, the British could
+oppose 170 large ships and 700 others. They had the prestige of a
+hundred years of naval supremacy; they had driven the French and Spanish
+ships of war from the sea.
+
+Therefore it was a joy to the nation when, seven weeks after the
+outbreak of the war, the frigate _Constitution_ captured the _Guerriere_
+and later the _Java_; then the _United States_ captured the
+_Macedonian_; the _Frolic_ took the _Wasp_; the _Essex_, the first
+American ship of war to appear in the Pacific, captured numbers of
+British whalers there. In thirteen duels, one ship on each side, the
+Americans won eleven victories.
+
+Gradually the fleet was worn down; the _Chesapeake_ was taken by the
+_Shannon_; the _President_ and the _Adams_ were captured; and at the end
+of the war there was not a public ship on the ocean flying the flag of
+the United States. However the navy in two unexpected directions won new
+laurels. On Lake Erie Oliver Hazard Perry defeated the British fleet at
+the battle of Put-in Bay, and sent his ever memorable despatch, "We have
+met the enemy and they are ours: two ships, two brigs, one schooner and
+one sloop." On Lake Champlain, Commodore Macdonough beat the British;
+while McComb with his militia withstood and repelled the British attack
+at Plattsburg.
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON
+
+Harrison was one of the few able leaders that the United States had
+during the War of 1812. He was President for only one month in 1841. He
+died in office.
+
+From the portrait of by J.B. Lambdin]
+
+When the cruisers were driven off the sea, the privateers continued the
+naval war. At that time a merchantman could be turned into a capable
+fighting ship by adding strengthening timbers and providing the
+necessary guns. Such a ship, when commissioned as a privateer by the
+United States government, could capture the enemy's merchantmen and on
+occasion fight small cruisers. For instance, the brig _Yankee_, 160 tons
+burden, eighteen guns, 120 men, captured twenty-nine prizes, one of
+which sold for more than $500,000. The money was divided equally between
+the owners and the men on board. The privateers together captured about
+2,000 British vessels; though over 1,500 American vessels were captured
+by the English. The whole British nation felt the shock of this
+unexpected naval resistance; and it was the pressure of the shippers and
+shipowners of England which caused that power to make favorable terms of
+peace.
+
+[Illustration: Courtesy, Harper's Magazine Copyright, Harper & Brothers
+
+PERRY RECEIVING THE SURRENDER OF THE BRITISH COMMANDERS ABOARD THE
+"LAWRENCE"
+
+From the painting by W.J. Aylward]
+
+For a hundred years experts have been trying to find out just why the
+United States was so successful in the naval war. The British newspapers
+of the day tried to prove that it was because they called a vessel a
+frigate when it was really bigger and stronger than the British frigate.
+That did not affect the captain of the _Guerriere_ when he accepted
+battle with the _Constitution_: he evidently thought that he had size
+and power enough to capture his adversary. The Americans appear to have
+had heavier guns, better training in handling the guns, better
+marksmanship, to have been quicker and smarter.
+
+It was the privateers that were in the long run most effective. The
+London Times complained toward the end of 1814 that "there are
+privateers off this harbor which plunder every vessel coming in or going
+out, notwithstanding we have three line of battle, six frigates, and
+four sloops here." The Morning Chronicle complained that a great part of
+the coast of Ireland had "been for above a month under the unresisted
+dominion of a few petty 'fly-by-nights' from the blockaded ports of the
+United States--a grievance equally intolerable and disgraceful." The
+Annual Register thought it a mortifying reflection that, notwithstanding
+a navy of a thousand ships, "it was not safe for a vessel to sail
+without convoy from one part of the English or Irish Channel to
+another."
+
+[Illustration: From "Naval Actions of The War of 1812," by James Barnes.
+
+Copyright 1896, by Harper & Brothers
+
+THE NIAGARA BREAKS THE ENGLISH LINE
+
+When Perry's flagship, the "Lawrence," was riddled by the enemy, he
+transferred himself in a small boat to the "Niagara." This ship broke
+the British line, and then the battle was won. From a painting by
+Carlton T. Chapman]
+
+In March, 1915, a British squadron captured the German frigate _Dresden_
+in the neutral Chilean waters of the Island of Juan Fernandez. A similar
+episode occurred in 1814, when the United States ship _Essex_ was
+cornered and destroyed by two British vessels in the harbor of
+Valparaiso. The American privateer _General Armstrong_ was also cut out
+and destroyed by the British under the guns of the Portuguese fort at
+Fayal in the Azores.
+
+
+EFFECT ON THE AMERICANS
+
+On the face of it there was not much cause for congratulation in a war
+in which the United States trebled its national debt and lost 30,000 men
+and 1,500 merchant ships, without gaining any territory and without
+securing any promise at the end of the war that the disturbance of
+neutral trade and the impressment of American seamen would not begin
+again.
+
+[Illustration: COMMODORE DAVID PORTER
+
+The Commander of the "Essex"
+
+From the painting by Chappel]
+
+Another group of troubles arose from the fact that the New England
+States were against the war from the beginning, refused to allow their
+militia to join in the forces intended to invade Canada, and in 1814
+sent delegates to a convention at Hartford. That convention sat in
+secret, and nobody knows exactly what was said; but the resolutions
+passed by it and sent out to the country demanded changes in the
+Constitution which would have made it hard to carry on a federal
+government. Fortunately before they could be presented to Congress the
+news of peace was received.
+
+[Illustration: From "Naval Actions of the War of 1812," by James Barnes.
+
+Copyright, 1886, by Harper & Brothers
+
+THE "ESSEX" BEING CUT TO PIECES
+
+The "Essex" was under the command of David Porter, and drove British
+shipping from the Pacific Ocean. The vessel was finally destroyed by the
+"Phoebe" and the "Cherub." From a painting by Carlton T. Chapman]
+
+These uncomfortable facts may be cheerfully admitted in view of a strong
+list of reasons for national congratulation. One was the notable victory
+of Andrew Jackson at New Orleans, January 8, 1815, after peace had been
+made, though neither of the armies knew it. Critics have pointed out
+that Jackson was slow in divining where the British would strike; that
+he threw up no sufficient intrenchments; that if the British had placed
+cannon on the west side of the river, they could have fired into his
+rear and compelled him to retreat. All that does not diminish the glory
+of Jackson's victory. He showed the energy and determination which
+brought together a force of 3,500 men, mostly raw militia. This little
+command lying behind the lines at Chalmette received the attack of 6,000
+men. Over 2,000 of the British attacking column were sacrificed, and
+Jackson remained master of the field, with a loss of seventy-one.
+
+This brilliant success proved that Jackson was a good soldier, which in
+due time helped to make him President of the United States. It proved
+also that American militia behind breastworks could repel the attacks of
+twice their number of experienced soldiers who had recently helped to
+overthrow Napoleon.
+
+[Illustration: CAPTAIN JAMES LAWRENCE
+
+From the painting by Gilbert Stuart]
+
+The greatest result of the War of 1812 was to make the Americans realize
+at once their weakness and their strength. Just at the end of the war
+Robert Fulton put on the waters of the Hudson a steamship of war,
+forerunner of the majestic steam fleets of today. Our forefathers
+suffered for want of roads by which they could convey their armies and
+their supplies to the frontiers. Therefore they set out to remedy that
+condition, and four years after the peace they had the Cumberland Road
+completed from the upper Potomac to the Ohio River. Six years later the
+Erie Canal was opened to Lake Erie. The people had suffered for want of
+a national bank during the war: in 1816 Congress created one. Their
+trade had been disturbed for over twenty years: in 1816 they passed a
+tariff, designed to establish American manufactures. War, and especially
+such a disappointing war as that of 1812, has many bad effects upon a
+nation; but it does strengthen the feeling of a common danger and a
+common duty.
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE
+
+Commodore in the United States Navy.
+
+From the portrait by J.W. Jarvis]
+
+The War of 1812 also for the first time gave the United States an
+unquestioned place in the sisterhood of modern nations. Though the
+population in 1815 was only about eight and a half millions, the success
+of the navy inspired a wholesome respect for Yankee ships and Yankee
+sailors. In place of the captured ships a new merchant marine was
+quickly provided, which developed into the famous clipper ships, the
+triumph of American skill and the glory of the seas. From this time
+dates the friendship of several European nations, particularly of
+Russia, whose Czar Alexander was a friend and correspondent of Thomas
+Jefferson.
+
+[Illustration: From "Naval Actions of the War of 1812," by James Barnes.
+
+Copyright, 1896, by Harper & Brothers
+
+THE "CHESAPEAKE" LEAVING THE HARBOR
+
+Captain Lawrence, commanding the "Chesapeake," was mortally wounded, and
+his vessel was captured by the "Shannon" off Boston Roads. It was in
+this engagement that he uttered his famous words, "Don't give up the
+ship." From a painting by Carlton T. Chapman]
+
+Our former enemy, Great Britain, was converted into a respectful friend
+who saw the advantages of friendship. The proof is that eight years
+later George Canning asked the United States to join in a declaration
+with Great Britain in favor of the Latin-American States; and the idea
+developed into our independent Monroe Doctrine. The American people were
+entitled to forget their weakness and defeats; for the net result of the
+War of 1812 was to inspire the greatest naval and colonial power in the
+world with a respect for American character and an acceptance of the
+United States as a great National power.
+
+[Illustration: From "Naval Actions of the War of 1812," by James Barnes.
+Copyright, 1896, by Harper & Brothers
+
+THE "CONSTITUTION" TAKING THE "CYANE"
+
+The "Cyane" was one of the crack sloops of war in the English service.
+The "Constitution" after a running fight captured both this ship and the
+"Levant." From a painting by Carlton T. Chapman]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SUPPLEMENTARY READING
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
+
+_By Henry Adams_
+
+     Vols. VI-IX contain the best account of the War of 1812.
+
+THE LIFE OF ANDREW JACKSON
+
+_By John Spencer Bassett_
+
+     Vol. 1, chapters vi-xiii, treat of Jackson's part in the war.
+
+THE NAVAL WAR OF 1812
+
+_By Theodore Roosevelt_
+
+     Best account of the naval strategy of the war.
+
+A FULL AND CORRECT ACCOUNT OF THE MILITARY OCCURRENCES OF THE LATE WAR
+BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
+
+_By William James_
+
+     (2 vols.) The standard English account.
+
+THE CANADIAN WAR OF 1812
+
+_By Charles Prestwood Lucas_
+
+     Recent English point of view.
+
+SEA POWER IN ITS RELATIONS TO THE WAR OF 1812
+
+_By Alfred Thayer Mahan_
+
+     (2 vols.) A study of the whole struggle for neutral rights, and the
+     war.
+
+RISE OF AMERICAN NATIONALITY, 1811-1819
+
+_By Kendric Charles Babcock_
+
+     (American Nation, Vol. XIII.)
+
+     Most convenient brief account of the war. Recent and impartial.
+
+NAVAL ACTIONS OF THE WAR OF 1812
+
+_By James Barnes_
+
+     Popular and well illustrated.
+
+Information concerning the above books and articles may
+be had on application to the Editor of The Mentor.
+
+
+
+
+THE OPEN LETTER
+
+[Illustration: THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS]
+
+
+If the telegraph had been in existence a century ago, the battle of New
+Orleans would not have taken place. It was unique in history as a battle
+fought after a war was over. And it was the only real victory won by the
+land forces of America in the War of 1812. It was one of the most
+conclusive battles in history, and a brilliant demonstration of the
+military ability of Andrew Jackson. General Jackson believed in
+preparedness. During the second year of the War of 1812 he learned that
+the British planned to invade Louisiana, so he concentrated troops four
+miles below New Orleans in a line of entrenchments a mile in length,
+extending from the Mississippi River far into the swamp, making both
+ends impassable. Jackson had 3,500 expert marksmen at his command. They
+were a strange mixture of men, including long-limbed, hard-faced
+backwoodsmen, Portuguese and Norwegian seamen, dark-skinned Spaniards
+and swarthy Frenchmen, besides about 1,000 militiamen selected from the
+Creoles of Louisiana. They were a rough and violent lot. Theodore
+Roosevelt characterizes them as: "Soldiers who, under an ordinary
+commander, would have been fully as dangerous to themselves and their
+leaders as to their foes. But," he adds, "Andrew Jackson was of all men
+the one best fitted to manage such troops. Even their fierce natures
+quailed before the ungovernable fury of a spirit greater than their own;
+and their sullen, stubborn wills were bent before his unyielding temper
+and iron hand."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On the morning of the 8th of January, 1815, General Pakenham advanced
+upon New Orleans with a force of about 6,000 trained and experienced
+fighting men. Jackson knew that the British would have to cross his
+entrenchments before entering the city. So he placed his force of fierce
+and deadly fighters within the trenches and opened upon the enemy with
+volley after volley. The mortality on the British side was frightful.
+The lines wavered and General Pakenham fell in front of his troops.
+Utterly demoralized by the withering blast of the American muskets,
+these hardy British veterans hurried to their camp and escaped to ships.
+The British lost about 2,000 men killed, wounded and prisoners, while in
+the American lines there were only about seventy casualties.
+
+So weak and ineffective had been the showing of the American forces in
+several of the battles of this war that they had incurred the contempt
+of the enemy. In one final, brilliant blow General Jackson restored the
+prestige of American arms.
+
+[Illustration: [Signature of] W.D. Moffat]
+
+  EDITOR
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+
+  HAMILTON W. MABIE, _Author and Editor_
+
+  JOHN C. VAN DYKE, _Professor of the History of Art, Rutgers College_
+
+  ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, _Professor of Government, Harvard University_
+
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+
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+
+The purpose of The Mentor Association is to give its members, in an
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+of The Mentor Course, already issued, will be sent postpaid at the rate
+of fifteen cents each.
+
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+  Serial
+  No.
+
+  1. Beautiful Children in Art
+  2. Makers of American Poetry
+  3. Washington, the Capital
+  4. Beautiful Women in Art
+  5. Romantic Ireland
+  6. Masters of Music
+  7. Natural Wonders of America
+  8. Pictures We Love to Live With
+  9. The Conquest of the Peaks
+  10. Scotland, the Land of Song and Scenery
+  11. Cherubs in Art
+  12. Statues With a Story
+  13. Story of America in Pictures: The Discoverers
+  14. London
+  15. The Story of Panama
+  16. American Birds of Beauty
+  17. Dutch Masterpieces
+  18. Paris, the Incomparable
+  19. Flowers of Decoration
+  20. Makers of American Humor
+  21. American Sea Painters
+  22. Story of America in Pictures: The Explorers
+  23. Sporting Vacations
+  24. Switzerland: The Land of Scenic Splendors
+  25. American Novelists
+  26. American Landscape Painters
+  27. Venice, the Island City
+  28. The Wife in Art
+  29. Great American Inventors
+  30. Furniture and Its Makers
+  31. Spain and Gibraltar
+  32. Historic Spots of America
+  33. Beautiful Buildings of the World
+  34. Game Birds of America
+  35. Story of America in Pictures: The Contest for North America
+  36. Famous American Sculptors
+  37. The Conquest of the Poles
+  38. Napoleon
+  39. The Mediterranean
+  40. Angels in Art
+  41. Famous Composers
+  42. Egypt, the Land of Mystery
+  43. Story of America in Pictures: The Revolution
+  44. Famous English Poets
+  45. Makers of American Art
+  46. The Ruins of Rome
+  47. Makers of Modern Opera
+  48. Dürer and Holbein
+  49. Vienna, the Queen City
+  50. Ancient Athens
+  51. The Barbizon Painters
+  52. Abraham Lincoln
+
+
+Volume 2
+
+  53. George Washington
+  54. Mexico
+  55. Famous American Women Painters
+  56. The Conquest of the Air
+  57. Court Painters of France
+  58. Holland
+  59. Our Feathered Friends
+  60. Glacier National Park
+  61. Michelangelo
+  62. American Colonial Furniture
+  63. American Wild Flowers
+  64. Gothic Architecture
+  65. The Story of the Rhine
+  66. Shakespeare
+  67. American Mural Painters
+  68. Celebrated Animal Characters
+  69. Japan
+  70. The Story of the French Revolution
+  71. Rugs and Rug Making
+  72. Alaska
+  73. Charles Dickens
+  74. Grecian Masterpieces
+  75. Fathers of the Constitution
+  76. Masters of the Piano
+
+
+Volume 3
+
+  77. American Historic Homes
+  78. Beauty Spots of India
+  79. Etchers and Etching
+  80. Oliver Cromwell
+  81. China
+  82. Favorite Trees
+  83. Yellowstone National Park
+  84. Famous Women Writers of England
+  85. Painters of Western Life
+  86. China and Pottery of Our Forefathers
+  87. The Story of The American Railroad
+  88. Butterflies
+  89. The Philippines
+  90. Great Galleries of The World: The Louvre
+  91. William M. Thackeray
+  92. Grand Canyon of Arizona
+  93. Architecture in American Country Homes
+  94. The Story of The Danube
+  95. Animals in Art
+  96. The Holy Land
+  97. John Milton
+  98. Joan Of Arc
+  99. Furniture of the Revolutionary Period
+  100. The Ring of the Nibelung
+
+
+Volume 4
+
+  101. The Golden Age of Greece
+  102. Chinese Rugs
+
+
+NUMBERS TO FOLLOW
+
+April 1. GREAT ART GALLERIES OF THE WORLD--THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.
+_By Professor John C. Van Dyke._
+
+April 15. MASTERS OF THE VIOLIN--Joachim, Paganini, Ole Bull, Maud
+Powell, Ysaye, Kreisler, and others. _By Henry T. Finck, Author and
+Music Critic._
+
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+52 East Nineteenth Street-New York City, N.Y.
+
+[Illustration: IN THE POSSESSION OF THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY
+
+COMMODORE STEPHEN DECATUR
+
+FROM THE PAINTING BY REMBRANDT PEALE]
+
+
+
+
+The War of 1812
+
+STEPHEN DECATUR
+
+Monograph Number Three in The Mentor Reading Course
+
+
+The father of Stephen Decatur, also named Stephen, was a native of
+Newport, Rhode Island, and a captain in the United States navy. Stephen
+Decatur, Jr., was born at Sinnepuxent, Maryland, on January 5, 1779. He
+entered the American navy as a midshipman in 1798 on board the frigate
+_United States_. A year later he was promoted to lieutenant and in that
+rank saw a little service in the short war with France.
+
+In 1801 Decatur sailed as first lieutenant of the _Essex_, one of
+Commodore Dale's squadron, to the Mediterranean. As a result of a duel
+with a British Officer--which resulted fatally for the
+Englishman--Decatur was sent home for a time. In 1803 he was back in the
+Mediterranean in command of the _Enterprise_. He distinguished himself
+almost immediately.
+
+Conceiving the daring idea of recapturing or destroying the frigate
+_Philadelphia_, which had been captured by the pirates and lay in the
+harbor of Tripoli, on February 31, 1804, he manned a little boat called
+the _Intrepid_, with seventy volunteers, and, braving the enemy, he
+reached the _Philadelphia_, set it afire and got away, with the loss of
+only one man.
+
+For this gallant achievement Congress voted Decatur thanks and a sword.
+He was also promoted to captain.
+
+Following this, Decatur was engaged in all the attacks on Tripoli from
+1804 to 1805. In the War of 1812 the ship which he commanded, the
+_United States_, captured the British vessel, the _Macedonian_, after a
+desperate struggle. In 1813 he was appointed commodore to command a
+squadron in New York Harbor, which was blockaded by the British. In 1813
+he attempted to get to sea to break the blockade with the _United
+States_, the _Hornet_, and the _Macedonian_, which had been by this time
+converted into an American ship. A superior British squadron forced
+Decatur to run into the Thames, and he lay off New London for several
+months. He sent a challenge to the commander of the blockading squadron
+to come on and fight, but the challenge was not accepted.
+
+At length, unable to get to sea, two of the ships were dismantled, and
+Decatur returned to New York, where he took command of a squadron
+destined for the East Indies. In the frigate _President_ he put to sea
+on the 14th of January, 1815. The blockading British squadron pursued
+the ship, and after a desperate running fight forced Decatur to
+surrender.
+
+Soon afterward Decatur returned to the United States, peace between
+England and America was declared. But the Barbary pirates were once more
+giving trouble. Decatur took a command in the Mediterranean.
+
+He arrived before Algiers on June 22, 1815, and immediately demanded a
+treaty from the Dey. His terms were very brief: no more annual tribute
+or ransom for prisoners; all enslaved Americans to be released; and no
+American ever again to be held as a slave. The question of tribute was
+the most difficult to settle. The Dey feared that other European powers
+would demand the same terms.
+
+"Even a little powder," said the Dey, "might prove satisfactory."
+
+"If," replied Decatur, "you insist upon receiving powder as tribute, you
+must expect to receive the balls with it."
+
+In forty-eight hours the treaty was negotiated, giving to the United
+States privileges and immunities never before granted by a Barbary state
+to a Christian power.
+
+In 1819 a quarrel arose between Commodore James Barron and Decatur. They
+met at Bladensburg, Maryland, on March 22, 1820. At the first shots
+Barron was dangerously wounded. Decatur was also hit, and he died the
+same evening.
+
+  PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION
+
+  ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 4. No. 3, SERIAL No. 103
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+
+[Illustration: IN THE POSSESSION OF THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY
+
+COMMODORE WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE
+
+FROM THE PAINTING BY REMBRANDT PEALE]
+
+
+
+
+The War of 1812
+
+WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE
+
+Monograph Number Two in The Mentor Reading Course
+
+
+William Bainbridge was born at Princeton, New Jersey, on May 7, 1774. He
+was a son of Dr. Absalom Bainbridge, a Physician of the town. He
+received comparatively little education; for he went to sea in a
+merchant vessel at the age of fourteen. A few years after this, while he
+was the mate of the ship _Hope_, on a voyage to Holland he saved the
+life of his captain, who had been seized by a mutinous crew with the
+intention of throwing him overboard. On his return home, because of his
+good conduct and abilities, he was promoted to the command of a ship in
+the Dutch trade. He continued in command of various ships until 1798.
+
+During this time the war between France and Great Britain made it
+difficult for neutrals to carry on trade. Therefore as master of a ship
+Bainbridge had to elude, or beat off a great deal of interference on the
+part of French and British ships alike.
+
+In 1798, when war was about to break out between France and the United
+States and the American navy was organized, Bainbridge was appointed
+commander of the United States Schooner _Retaliation_, of fourteen guns,
+with the rank of lieutenant. In November his ship was captured by two
+French frigates--but it was released shortly afterward.
+
+Bainbridge sailed for the West Indies as master commandant of the brig
+_Norfolk_. During this cruise he gave protection to the merchant trade
+of the United States and captured several of the enemy's merchantmen.
+
+In 1800 Bainbridge was promoted to the rink of captain. On the frigate
+_George Washington_ he sailed to the Dey of Algiers with presents. These
+"presents" were bribes which the United States paid to the Algerian
+pirates to secure exemption from capture for its merchant ships in the
+Mediterranean. Bainbridge was disgusted at having to pay the tributes.
+While his ship was at Algiers war was declared by the pirates against
+France, and the French consul and citizens were ordered to leave the
+country in forty-eight hours. Captain Bainbridge received them all on
+his ship and landed them safely.
+
+When the United States found that bribes to the pirates did not protect
+their commerce, they decided to use force. Captain Bainbridge was given
+command of the frigate _Philadelphia_, and sailing to Algiers, blockaded
+Tripoli. Being driven from his cruising grounds, Bainbridge pursued a
+strange ship that was trying to break the blockade. He gave chase, but
+ran upon a reef on the morning of October 31, 1803. The pirates
+immediately attacked, and when the ship could no longer be defended they
+captured and scuttled her, imprisoning the officers and crew. After a
+treaty of peace between the Dey and the United States had been
+concluded, the Americans were released on February 3, 1805.
+
+Captain Bainbridge returned for a time to the merchant service, but when
+the War of 1812 broke out, he was appointed to command the United States
+frigate _Constitution_. In this ship he captured two British frigates
+and many merchantmen. On his return he was received with an enthusiastic
+welcome by his countrymen. The _Constitution_ became an object of
+national pride, and because of the little damage it sustained in the
+numerous encounters in which it engaged, received the popular name of
+"Old Ironsides."
+
+After the conclusion of the War of 1812, Bainbridge once more served
+against the Barbary pirates. Later he served on the board of navy
+commissioners. Commodore Bainbridge died in Philadelphia on July 28,
+1833.
+
+  PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION
+
+  ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 4, No. 3, SERIAL No. 103
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+
+[Illustration: IN THE POSSESSION Of THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY
+
+COMMODORE OLIVER HAZARD PERRY
+
+FROM THE PAINTING BY REMBRANDT PEALE]
+
+
+
+
+The War of 1812
+
+OLIVER HAZARD PERRY
+
+Monograph Number Five in The Mentor Reading Course
+
+
+Oliver Hazard Perry was born at South Kensington, Rhode Island, on
+August 23, 1785. His father was Christopher Raymond Perry, captain in
+the navy. His first position was that of a midshipman on the sloop of
+war _General Greene_, in 1798. The first action that he saw was against
+the Barbary pirates. In this war he secured the affection and respect of
+the officers and men in the squadron.
+
+In 1810 he was a lieutenant-commandant in the schooner _Revenge_. This
+vessel was attached to the squadron under Commodore Rodgers, and was
+employed in Long Island Sound to uphold the embargo which the United
+States had at that time put upon trade with England and France.
+
+Shortly after, the war with England began. Perry was placed in command
+of a flotilla at Newport, but was not pleased with this commission, and
+begged to be ordered to Lake Ontario. His wish was granted, and he and
+his men--who eagerly volunteered to go with him--re-inforced Commodore
+Chauncey on the Great Lakes.
+
+When he arrived at Lake Ontario, however, Chauncey ordered Perry to Lake
+Erie to superintend the building of vessels. The English had a powerful
+force on the Great Lakes and the United States wanted to build
+sufficient ships to meet them. Perry worked hard, and on August 4, 1813,
+he got his squadron into the deep waters of Lake Erie. This squadron
+consisted of three brigs, five schooners, and one sloop. On the 10th of
+September Perry met the British fleet with Captain Robert H. Barclay in
+command in the Battle of Put-in Bay. This was the great fight of Perry's
+life, and he fought it with skill, bravery and perseverance.
+
+The effects of this victory were felt all over the United States.
+National pride was kindled and the people celebrated the victory with
+enthusiasm. In reward Perry was made a captain in the navy and received
+the thanks of Congress.
+
+However, the gallant officer did not rest upon his laurels, and, seeing
+no more hostile fleets to conquer, offered himself as aid to General
+Harrison, who was then pursuing the British, and took part in the Battle
+of Moravian Town on October 5th. When Virginia and Maryland were invaded
+by the English, under General Ross and Admiral Cockburn, Perry had a
+command on the Potomac.
+
+At the end of the War of 1812 Captain Perry took command of the _Java_,
+a frigate of the first class, and sailed with Commodore Stephen Decatur
+to punish the Dey of Algiers, who had plundered the commerce of the
+United States when this country was busy during the war of 1812. This
+expedition, which reached the Mediterranean in June, 1815, was
+successful, and Perry returned to the United States. While the _Java_
+was lying at Newport in mid-winter, he received information that a
+merchant vessel was on a reef about five or six miles from that place,
+and that the crew were in danger. Leaping into his barge he turned to
+his oarsmen and said, "Come, my boys, we are going to the relief of
+shipwrecked seamen; pull away!" The eleven men of the crew were rescued.
+
+In 1819 Perry was sent in the _John Adams_ to the West Indies with
+sealed orders. Pirates had swarmed in that vicinity, and his commission
+was to drive them from the sea. He executed his orders with diligence,
+but unfortunately caught yellow fever and died on August 23, 1819, at
+Port of Spain, in Trinidad. Every tribute of national grief was paid to
+his memory, and he was buried with military honors.
+
+  PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION
+
+  ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 4, No. 3, SERIAL No. 103
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mentor: The War of 1812, by 
+Albert Bushnell Hart
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mentor, The War of 1812,
+      by Albert Bushnell Hart.
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+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's The Mentor: The War of 1812, by Albert Bushnell Hart
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mentor: The War of 1812
+       Volume 4, Number 3, Serial Number 103; 15 March, 1916.
+
+Author: Albert Bushnell Hart
+
+Release Date: December 22, 2008 [EBook #27586]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MENTOR: THE WAR OF 1812 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Gerard Arthus, Greg Bergquist and The Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="tn">
+
+<p class="center"><big><b>Transcriber&#8217;s Note</b></big></p>
+
+<p class="noin">The punctuation and spelling from the original text have been faithfully preserved. Only obvious
+typographical errors have been corrected.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/frontcover.jpg" width="500" height="711" alt="Front Page" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="Heroes_of_the_Fleet" id="Heroes_of_the_Fleet"></a>Heroes of the Fleet</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">PERRY</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+"September the tenth, full well I ween<br />
+In eighteen hundred and thirteen,<br />
+The weather mild, the sky serene,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Commanded by bold Perry,</span><br />
+Our saucy fleet at anchor lay<br />
+In safety, moor'd at Put-in Bay;<br />
+'Twixt sunrise and the break of day,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The British fleet</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">We chanced to meet;</span><br />
+Our admiral thought he would them greet<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With a welcome on Lake Erie."</span><br />
+<span class="sigright"><small>&mdash;<i>Old Song</i></small></span><br />
+</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 75px;">
+<img src="images/twobook.jpg" width="75" height="45" alt="Two-Book" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">LAWRENCE</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+"Let shouts of victory for laurels won<br />
+Give place to grief for Lawrence, Valor's son.<br />
+The warrior who was e'er his country's pride<br />
+Has for that country bravely, nobly died."<br />
+<span class="sigright"><small>&mdash;<i>Lines published in June, 1813.</i></small></span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<h1><a name="THE_WAR_OF_1812" id="THE_WAR_OF_1812"></a>THE WAR OF 1812</h1>
+
+<p class="center"><b>By ALBERT BUSHNELL HART</b></p>
+
+<p class="center"><small><i>Professor of Government, Harvard University</i></small></p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" width="65%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Main Topics">
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'><img src="images/onebook.jpg" alt="book" /></td>
+ <td align='center' rowspan='6'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 262px;">
+  <img src="images/image1.jpg" width="262" height="390" alt="Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry" title="" />
+  <span class="caption"><small>Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry</small></span></div></td>
+ <td align='center'><img src="images/onebook.jpg" alt="book" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'><small><i>MENTOR GRAVURES</i></small></td>
+ <td align='center'><small><i>MENTOR GRAVURES</i></small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'><small>CAPTAIN JAMES<br />LAWRENCE</small></td>
+ <td align='center'><small>COMMODORE<br />OLIVER HAZARD<br />PERRY</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'><small>COMMODORE<br />STEPHEN DECATUR</small></td>
+ <td align='center'><small>THE BATTLE OF<br />LAKE ERIE</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td align='center'><small>COMMODORE<br />WILLIAM<br />BAINBRIDGE</small></td>
+ <td align='center'><small>GENERAL ANDREW<br />JACKSON</small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='center'><img src="images/onebook.jpg" alt="book" /></td>
+<td align='center'><img src="images/onebook.jpg" alt="book" /></td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h3><a name="THE_MENTOR_DEPARTMENT_OF_HISTORY_MARCH_15_1916" id="THE_MENTOR_DEPARTMENT_OF_HISTORY_MARCH_15_1916"></a>THE MENTOR &middot; DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY<br /> MARCH 15, 1916</h3>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><span class="dcap">O</span><span class="smcap">ur</span> defeat of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War was conclusive;
+though "we" in that case included France, without whose aid the patriots
+must have been defeated. It is not so easy to discover a fund of
+military glory in the War of 1812.</p>
+
+<p>That was a great war year. Within a few days of the declaration of war
+by the United States against Great Britain, Napoleon's Grand Army of
+over 400,000 men crossed the Niemen into Russia. Six months later 4,000
+of that host recrossed, pursued by the Russians; and probably not more
+than 100,000 of the whole number ever saw their homes again. In 1813,
+while the Americans were fighting on the ocean and on Lake Erie,
+Napoleon was driven out of Germany. A few weeks before the Battle of
+Lundy's Lane, Napoleon was compelled to abdicate. Soon after the news of
+the Peace of Ghent with Great Britain was received in the United States,
+in 1815, Napoleon broke loose from Elba; and a few months later he was
+again a prisoner and sent to St. Helena.<br />
+<span class="under">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</span><br />
+<small>Entered at the Postoffice at New York, N.Y., as second-class
+matter. Copyright, 1916, by The Mentor Association, Inc.</small></p>
+
+<p>To most of Europe the American War of 1812 seemed an unwarrantable flank
+attack in the great running fight of the nations. Russia and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>Prussia resented it that American statesmen should throw the weight of
+their country on the side of the great military despot of his time. They
+wanted none of the military and naval strength of Great Britain to be
+diverted across the ocean. The suggestion was even made in Congress that
+the United States ought to declare war at the same moment on both France
+and England. That idea has been carried out by Captain Marryat in his
+once popular novel "Midshipman Easy," where he describes a triangular
+duel between three sailors; but nations could hardly engage in such a
+game.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 216px;">
+<img src="images/image2.jpg" width="216" height="327" alt="ANDREW JACKSON" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ANDREW JACKSON<br />
+
+<small>From the painting by John Vanderlyn</small></span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>THE ELEPHANT AND THE WHALE</h4>
+
+<p>Nevertheless Congress found some difficulty in selecting the enemy to
+fight; for the conditions were remarkably like those of the year 1915.
+People used to talk then about the "war between the elephant and the
+whale": the elephant being the land army of Napoleon, which apparently
+nothing could withstand, and the whale being the navy of Great Britain,
+which had command of the sea. That struggle reached a crisis in 1806,
+when the two belligerents, not being able to reach and hammer each
+other, did their best to hammer the neutral carrying trade, which was
+carried on largely in American ships.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 215px;">
+<img src="images/image3.jpg" width="215" height="329" alt="THE SURRENDER OF GENERAL HULL" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE SURRENDER OF GENERAL HULL<br />
+
+<small>General Hull surrendered to General Brock, Governor of Upper Canada, at
+Detroit on August 16, 1812</small></span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>BY ORDERS IN COUNCIL</h4>
+
+<p>Great Britain declared the whole French coast blockaded from Brest to
+the Elbe, just as in 1915 the same power declared the whole North Sea
+coast to be blockaded. By Decrees France declared the whole British
+Islands to be in a state of blockade, exactly as Germany recently
+declared those coasts to be a "naval zone." The consequence was that the
+French captured 600 American merchantmen in the next nine years, and the
+British took 900.</p>
+
+<p>In this long controversy the French were the wiliest, the British were
+the most arrogant. The United States would have been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> justified in war
+against either of these powers, on the basis of their disregard of our
+right to keep up neutral trade with both belligerents.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 561px;">
+<img src="images/image4.jpg" width="561" height="329" alt="THE BATTLE OF LUNDY&#39;S LANE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE BATTLE OF LUNDY&#39;S LANE<br />
+
+<small>In this battle, which took place on July 25, 1814, and lasted from
+sunset to midnight, the Americans under General Jacob Brown were left in
+possession of the field, but were unable to carry away the heavy
+artillery which they had captured</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>At that time the United States found it hard to provide a remedy. The
+most obvious method was to refuse to trade with either of the nations.
+Accordingly an Embargo was laid by Congress in 1807, by which no cargoes
+of any kind were allowed to leave American ports, bound to a foreign
+destination. The embargo very nearly brought England to terms; but the
+United States had not patience to wait for its results. The shipping
+trade was paralyzed, and the farmers and planters could not export their
+surplus. In view of these losses, Congress after fourteen months'
+experience repealed the embargo.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAUSES OF THE WAR</h4>
+
+<p>Since neither France nor Great Britain would accept the opportunity to
+make a friend of the United States, the captures went on; and England
+added the impressment of American seamen from American merchant vessels.
+The idea that a subject of the British Empire could change his
+allegiance and become the citizen of another nation seemed to England a
+dangerous novelty. Still, if the great sea-power had been willing to pay
+a little more wages to her men-of-warsmen, she could have filled her
+ships by enlistment. If she had been content to "press" men from her own
+merchant ships, she would not have aroused the antipathy of the
+Americans. To save a few hundred thousand pounds and to assert a right
+to claim Englishmen who had become American citizens,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> Great Britain
+gave unpardonable offense to the little United States.</p>
+
+<p>When the war broke out, more than 5,000 Americans had been at one time
+or another impressed; and 2,000 or 3,000 were actually serving on board
+British men-of-war till the hostilities began. Then, having been
+originally seized without reason, they were made prisoners of war.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 376px;">
+<img src="images/image5.jpg" width="376" height="252" alt="COLONEL MILLER AT THE BATTLE OF CHIPPEWA" title="" />
+<span class="caption">COLONEL MILLER AT THE BATTLE OF CHIPPEWA<br />
+
+<small>At the Battle of Chippewa on July 5, 1814. Colonel Miller with three
+hundred men captured a height, the key to the British position. It was a
+desperate and courageous exploit</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Considering the eventual result of the war, it is striking that the
+United States government placed little dependence on its navy, but
+expected to carry on a brilliant land campaign. Canada was to be
+conquered, and then, as Henry Clay put it, they could "negotiate a peace
+at Quebec or Halifax."</p>
+
+<p>This was not a new thought. In the Revolutionary War Canada was invaded
+by Montgomery and Arnold and all but annexed to the new United States.
+How could Canada resist? Its population in 1812 was about 50,000; that
+of the United States was nearly 8,000,000. During the nine years from
+1803 to 1812 the United States had tried every means short of war; and
+the vigorous young "war hawks," headed by Henry Clay of Kentucky and
+John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, were tired of accepting what they
+felt to be a standing offence to their nation.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 217px;">
+<img src="images/image6.jpg" width="217" height="257" alt="JAMES MADISON" title="" />
+<span class="caption">JAMES MADISON<br />
+
+<small>President of the United States, 1809&ndash;1817<br />
+
+From the portrait by Gilbert Stuart</small></span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>THE LAND WAR</h4>
+
+<p>In accordance with the plan of invasion, several "armies" of 2,000 or
+3,000 men were pushed to the Canadian frontier; but in the very first
+fight the tables were turned, and Detroit was captured by the British.
+It took more than a year and 20,000 men to push back the British into
+Canada. Five different American commanders were ignominiously headed or
+defeated in attempting to invade Canada across the Niagara River or the
+St. Lawrence River. Except for Harrison's little victory at the Battle<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>
+of the Thames, and for the drawn Battle of Lundy's Lane, the Canadian
+campaigns were all humiliating defeats.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 365px;">
+<img src="images/image7.jpg" width="365" height="266" alt="THE DEATH OF GENERAL ROSS AT BALTIMORE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE DEATH OF GENERAL ROSS AT BALTIMORE<br />
+
+<small>On September 12, 1814, General Ross in command of the British force
+advancing on Baltimore, was shot as he rode at the head of his troops by
+two American troopers concealed in a hollow. Baltimore was defended
+bravely, and the British were repulsed</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This disagreeable chapter in our military history was due to the fact
+that the government had made no sufficient preparation of men or
+materials, and was obliged to rely upon untrained volunteer militia.
+These were men of personal courage and intelligence; and under such
+commanders as Jacob Brown and Andrew Jackson they showed that they had
+the instincts of soldiers. Nevertheless they were poorly drilled and
+equipped. In one campaign they stopped short when they reached the
+Canadian line, because they said they were not constitutionally bound to
+fight, except for the defense of their own country.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 209px;">
+<img src="images/image8.jpg" width="209" height="259" alt="JAMES MONROE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">JAMES MONROE<br />
+
+Secretary of State, 1811&ndash;1817. He also acted as Secretary of War in
+1814&ndash;1815. President, 1817&ndash;1825. From the portrait by John Vanderlyn</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The result was that, starting with a regular army of only 7,000, which
+finally included about 50,000 men, 400,000 additional recruits were
+raised during the war. The total number of Canadians and British troops
+engaged in the war was not over 20,000. The Americans lost 30,000 men;
+and when the war was over the United States was not in possession of one
+foot of Canadian territory, while the British were occupying about half
+of the present state of Maine.</p>
+
+<p>This heartbreaking result ought not to be charged to the soldiers so
+much as to the administration. John Armstrong, Secretary of War, allowed
+the British to land 5,000 men on the Chesapeake and to march fifty miles
+overland to Washington. Within a distance of two days' land travel from
+that city lived nearly 100,000 able-bodied men, most of them accustomed
+to handle a gun. Yet the British force was allowed to capture
+Washington, to burn the public buildings, and to retire to its fleet
+almost without losing a man. Till<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> James Monroe became Secretary of War
+the whole administration was slack and incompetent.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 207px;">
+<img src="images/image9.jpg" width="207" height="271" alt="ANDREW JACKSON" title="" />
+<span class="caption">ANDREW JACKSON<br />
+
+<small>Victorious leader at the Battle of New Orleans. President, 1829&ndash;1837.
+From a drawing from life by J.B. Longacre</small></span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>WAR AT SEA</h4>
+
+<p>A proof that the defeats of the War of 1812 were not due to lack of
+fiber among the American people as a whole, was the brilliant success of
+the operations on the high seas. Jefferson and Madison both thought the
+navy would do more harm than good. The British had twice seized the
+little navy of the Danes, and it seemed as though our ships would only
+be a whet to the appetite of the British naval giant. Against our 18
+ships of war, of which only six were sizable frigates, the British could
+oppose 170 large ships and 700 others. They had the prestige of a
+hundred years of naval supremacy; they had driven the French and Spanish
+ships of war from the sea.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore it was a joy to the nation when, seven weeks after the
+outbreak of the war, the frigate <i>Constitution</i> captured the <i>Guerriere</i>
+and later the <i>Java</i>; then the <i>United States</i> captured the
+<i>Macedonian</i>; the <i>Frolic</i> took the <i>Wasp</i>; the <i>Essex</i>, the first
+American ship of war to appear in the Pacific, captured numbers of
+British whalers there. In thirteen duels, one ship on each side, the
+Americans won eleven victories.</p>
+
+<p>Gradually the fleet was worn down; the <i>Chesapeake</i> was taken by the
+<i>Shannon</i>; the <i>President</i> and the <i>Adams</i> were captured; and at the end
+of the war there was not a public ship on the ocean flying the flag of
+the United States. However the navy in two unexpected directions won new
+laurels. On Lake Erie Oliver Hazard Perry defeated the British fleet at
+the battle of Put-in Bay, and sent his ever memorable despatch, "We have
+met the enemy and they are ours: two ships, two brigs, one schooner and
+one sloop." On Lake Champlain, Commodore Macdonough beat the British;
+while McComb with his militia withstood and repelled the British attack
+at Plattsburg.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 207px;">
+<img src="images/image10.jpg" width="207" height="250" alt="WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON" title="" />
+<span class="caption">WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON<br />
+
+<small>Harrison was one of the few able leaders that the United States had
+during the War of 1812. He was President for only one month in 1841. He
+died in office.</small><br />
+
+From the portrait of by J.B. Lambdin</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>When the cruisers were driven off the sea, the privateers continued the
+naval war. At that time a merchantman could be turned into a capable
+fighting ship by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> adding strengthening timbers and providing the
+necessary guns. Such a ship, when commissioned as a privateer by the
+United States government, could capture the enemy's merchantmen and on
+occasion fight small cruisers. For instance, the brig <i>Yankee</i>, 160 tons
+burden, eighteen guns, 120 men, captured twenty-nine prizes, one of
+which sold for more than $500,000. The money was divided equally between
+the owners and the men on board. The privateers together captured about
+2,000 British vessels; though over 1,500 American vessels were captured
+by the English. The whole British nation felt the shock of this
+unexpected naval resistance; and it was the pressure of the shippers and
+shipowners of England which caused that power to make favorable terms of
+peace.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 528px;">
+<img src="images/image11.jpg" width="528" height="371" alt="PERRY RECEIVING THE SURRENDER OF THE BRITISH COMMANDERS ABOARD THE
+&quot;LAWRENCE&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">PERRY RECEIVING THE SURRENDER OF THE BRITISH COMMANDERS ABOARD THE
+&quot;LAWRENCE&quot;<br />
+
+<small>From the painting by W.J. Aylward<br />
+
+Courtesy, Harper&#39;s Magazine<br /> Copyright, Harper &amp; Brothers</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>For a hundred years experts have been trying to find out just why the
+United States was so successful in the naval war. The British newspapers
+of the day tried to prove that it was because they called a vessel a
+frigate when it was really bigger and stronger than the British frigate.
+That did not affect the captain of the <i>Guerriere</i> when he accepted
+battle with the <i>Constitution</i>: he evidently thought that he had size
+and power enough to capture his adversary. The Americans appear to have
+had heavier guns, better training in handling the guns, better
+marksmanship, to have been quicker and smarter.</p>
+
+<p>It was the privateers that were in the long run most effective. The
+London Times complained toward the end of 1814 that "there are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
+privateers off this harbor which plunder every vessel coming in or going
+out, notwithstanding we have three line of battle, six frigates, and
+four sloops here." The Morning Chronicle complained that a great part of
+the coast of Ireland had "been for above a month under the unresisted
+dominion of a few petty 'fly-by-nights' from the blockaded ports of the
+United States&mdash;a grievance equally intolerable and disgraceful." The
+Annual Register thought it a mortifying reflection that, notwithstanding
+a navy of a thousand ships, "it was not safe for a vessel to sail
+without convoy from one part of the English or Irish Channel to
+another."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 381px;">
+<img src="images/image12.jpg" width="381" height="256" alt="THE NIAGARA BREAKS THE ENGLISH LINE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE NIAGARA BREAKS THE ENGLISH LINE<br />
+
+<small>When Perry&#39;s flagship, the &quot;Lawrence,&quot; was riddled by the enemy, he
+transferred himself in a small boat to the &quot;Niagara.&quot; This ship broke
+the British line, and then the battle was won. From a painting by
+Carlton T. Chapman<br />
+
+From &quot;Naval Actions of The War of 1812,&quot; by James Barnes.<br />
+
+Copyright 1896, by Harper &amp; Brothers</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In March, 1915, a British squadron captured the German frigate <i>Dresden</i>
+in the neutral Chilean waters of the Island of Juan Fernandez. A similar
+episode occurred in 1814, when the United States ship <i>Essex</i> was
+cornered and destroyed by two British vessels in the harbor of
+Valparaiso. The American privateer <i>General Armstrong</i> was also cut out
+and destroyed by the British under the guns of the Portuguese fort at
+Fayal in the Azores.</p>
+
+
+<h4>EFFECT ON THE AMERICANS</h4>
+
+<p>On the face of it there was not much cause for congratulation in a war
+in which the United States trebled its national debt and lost 30,000 men
+and 1,500 merchant ships, without gaining any territory and without
+securing any promise at the end of the war that the disturbance of
+neutral trade and the impressment of American seamen would not begin
+again.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 207px;">
+<img src="images/image13.jpg" width="207" height="278" alt="COMMODORE DAVID PORTER" title="" />
+<span class="caption">COMMODORE DAVID PORTER<br />
+
+<small>The Commander of the &quot;Essex&quot;<br />
+
+From the painting by Chappe</small>l</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another group of troubles arose from the fact that the New England
+States were against the war from the beginning, refused to allow their
+militia to join in the forces<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> intended to invade Canada, and in 1814
+sent delegates to a convention at Hartford. That convention sat in
+secret, and nobody knows exactly what was said; but the resolutions
+passed by it and sent out to the country demanded changes in the
+Constitution which would have made it hard to carry on a federal
+government. Fortunately before they could be presented to Congress the
+news of peace was received.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 378px;">
+<img src="images/image14.jpg" width="378" height="258" alt="THE &quot;ESSEX&quot; BEING CUT TO PIECES" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE &quot;ESSEX&quot; BEING CUT TO PIECES<br />
+
+<small>The &quot;Essex&quot; was under the command of David Porter, and drove British
+shipping from the Pacific Ocean. The vessel was finally destroyed by the
+&quot;Phoebe&quot; and the &quot;Cherub.&quot; From a painting by Carlton T. Chapman<br />
+
+From &quot;Naval Actions of the War of 1812,&quot; by James Barnes.<br />
+
+Copyright, 1886, by Harper &amp; Brothers</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>These uncomfortable facts may be cheerfully admitted in view of a strong
+list of reasons for national congratulation. One was the notable victory
+of Andrew Jackson at New Orleans, January 8, 1815, after peace had been
+made, though neither of the armies knew it. Critics have pointed out
+that Jackson was slow in divining where the British would strike; that
+he threw up no sufficient intrenchments; that if the British had placed
+cannon on the west side of the river, they could have fired into his
+rear and compelled him to retreat. All that does not diminish the glory
+of Jackson's victory. He showed the energy and determination which
+brought together a force of 3,500 men, mostly raw militia. This little
+command lying behind the lines at Chalmette received the attack of 6,000
+men. Over 2,000 of the British attacking column were sacrificed, and
+Jackson remained master of the field, with a loss of seventy-one.</p>
+
+<p>This brilliant success proved that Jackson was a good soldier, which in
+due time helped to make him President of the United States. It proved
+also that American militia behind breastworks could repel the attacks of
+twice their number of experienced soldiers who had recently helped to
+overthrow Napoleon.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 182px;">
+<img src="images/image15.jpg" width="182" height="224" alt="CAPTAIN JAMES LAWRENCE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">CAPTAIN JAMES LAWRENCE<br />
+
+<small>From the painting by Gilbert Stuart</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The greatest result of the War of 1812 was to make the Americans realize
+at once their weakness and their strength. Just at the end of the war
+Robert Fulton put on the waters of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> the Hudson a steamship of war,
+forerunner of the majestic steam fleets of today. Our forefathers
+suffered for want of roads by which they could convey their armies and
+their supplies to the frontiers. Therefore they set out to remedy that
+condition, and four years after the peace they had the Cumberland Road
+completed from the upper Potomac to the Ohio River. Six years later the
+Erie Canal was opened to Lake Erie. The people had suffered for want of
+a national bank during the war: in 1816 Congress created one. Their
+trade had been disturbed for over twenty years: in 1816 they passed a
+tariff, designed to establish American manufactures. War, and especially
+such a disappointing war as that of 1812, has many bad effects upon a
+nation; but it does strengthen the feeling of a common danger and a
+common duty.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 210px;">
+<img src="images/image16.jpg" width="210" height="261" alt="WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE<br />
+
+<small>Commodore in the United States Navy.<br />
+
+From the portrait by J.W. Jarvis</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The War of 1812 also for the first time gave the United States an
+unquestioned place in the sisterhood of modern nations. Though the
+population in 1815 was only about eight and a half millions, the success
+of the navy inspired a wholesome respect for Yankee ships and Yankee
+sailors. In place of the captured ships a new merchant marine was
+quickly provided, which developed into the famous clipper ships, the
+triumph of American skill and the glory of the seas. From this time
+dates the friendship of several European nations, particularly of
+Russia, whose Czar Alexander was a friend and correspondent of Thomas
+Jefferson.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 531px;">
+<img src="images/image17.jpg" width="531" height="342" alt="THE &quot;CHESAPEAKE&quot; LEAVING THE HARBOR" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE &quot;CHESAPEAKE&quot; LEAVING THE HARBOR<br />
+
+<small>Captain Lawrence, commanding the &quot;Chesapeake,&quot; was mortally wounded, and
+his vessel was captured by the &quot;Shannon&quot; off Boston Roads. It was in
+this engagement that he uttered his famous words, &quot;Don&#39;t give up the
+ship.&quot; From a painting by Carlton T. Chapman<br />
+
+From &quot;Naval Actions of the War of 1812,&quot; by James Barnes.<br />
+
+Copyright, 1896, by Harper &amp; Brothers</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Our former enemy, Great Britain, was converted into a respectful friend
+who saw the advantages of friendship. The proof is that eight years
+later George Canning asked the United States to join in a declaration
+with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> Great Britain in favor of the Latin-American States; and the idea
+developed into our independent Monroe Doctrine. The American people were
+entitled to forget their weakness and defeats; for the net result of the
+War of 1812 was to inspire the greatest naval and colonial power in the
+world with a respect for American character and an acceptance of the
+United States as a great National power.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 532px;">
+<img src="images/image19.jpg" width="532" height="338" alt="THE &quot;CONSTITUTION&quot; TAKING THE &quot;CYANE&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE &quot;CONSTITUTION&quot; TAKING THE &quot;CYANE&quot;<br />
+
+<small>The &quot;Cyane&quot; was one of the crack sloops of war in the English service.
+The &quot;Constitution&quot; after a running fight captured both this ship and the
+&quot;Levant.&quot; From a painting by Carlton T. Chapman<br />
+
+From &quot;Naval Actions of the War of 1812,&quot; by James Barnes.<br />
+
+Copyright, 1896, by Harper &amp; Brothers</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h4>SUPPLEMENTARY READING</h4>
+
+
+<p class="hang">HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</p>
+
+<p class="supright"><i>By Henry Adams</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Vols. VI-IX contain the best account of the War of 1812. </p></div>
+
+<p class="hang">THE LIFE OF ANDREW JACKSON</p>
+
+<p class="supright"><i>By John Spencer Bassett</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Vol. 1, chapters vi-xiii, treat of Jackson's part in the war. </p></div>
+
+<p class="hang">THE NAVAL WAR OF 1812</p>
+
+<p class="supright"><i>By Theodore Roosevelt</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Best account of the naval strategy of the war. </p></div>
+
+<p class="hang">A FULL AND CORRECT ACCOUNT OF THE MILITARY OCCURRENCES OF THE LATE WAR
+BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</p>
+
+<p class="supright"><i>By William James</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>(2 vols.) The standard English account. </p></div>
+
+<p class="hang">THE CANADIAN WAR OF 1812</p>
+
+<p class="supright"><i>By Charles Prestwood Lucas</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Recent English point of view. </p></div>
+
+<p class="hang">SEA POWER IN ITS RELATIONS TO THE WAR OF 1812</p>
+
+<p class="supright"><i>By Alfred Thayer Mahan</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>(2 vols.) A study of the whole struggle for neutral rights, and the
+war. </p></div>
+
+<p class="hang">RISE OF AMERICAN NATIONALITY, 1811&ndash;1819</p>
+
+<p class="supright"><i>By Kendric Charles Babcock</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>(American Nation, Vol. XIII.)</p>
+
+<p class="supright">Most convenient brief account of the war. Recent and impartial. </p></div>
+
+<p class="hang">NAVAL ACTIONS OF THE WAR OF 1812</p>
+
+<p class="supright"><i>By James Barnes</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Popular and well illustrated. </p></div>
+
+<p><big>&#8258;</big> <small>Information concerning the above books and articles may
+be had on application to the Editor of The Mentor.</small></p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="THE_OPEN_LETTER" id="THE_OPEN_LETTER"></a>THE OPEN LETTER</h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 536px;">
+<img src="images/image18.jpg" width="536" height="320" alt="THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>If the telegraph had been in existence a century ago, the battle of New
+Orleans would not have taken place. It was unique in history as a battle
+fought after a war was over. And it was the only real victory won by the
+land forces of America in the War of 1812. It was one of the most
+conclusive battles in history, and a brilliant demonstration of the
+military ability of Andrew Jackson. General Jackson believed in
+preparedness. During the second year of the War of 1812 he learned that
+the British planned to invade Louisiana, so he concentrated troops four
+miles below New Orleans in a line of entrenchments a mile in length,
+extending from the Mississippi River far into the swamp, making both
+ends impassable. Jackson had 3,500 expert marksmen at his command. They
+were a strange mixture of men, including long-limbed, hard-faced
+backwoodsmen, Portuguese and Norwegian seamen, dark-skinned Spaniards
+and swarthy Frenchmen, besides about 1,000 militiamen selected from the
+Creoles of Louisiana. They were a rough and violent lot. Theodore
+Roosevelt characterizes them as: "Soldiers who, under an ordinary
+commander, would have been fully as dangerous to themselves and their
+leaders as to their foes. But," he adds, "Andrew Jackson was of all men
+the one best fitted to manage such troops. Even their fierce natures
+quailed before the ungovernable fury of a spirit greater than their own;
+and their sullen, stubborn wills were bent before his unyielding temper
+and iron hand."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 15%;' />
+
+<p>On the morning of the 8th of January, 1815, General Pakenham advanced
+upon New Orleans with a force of about 6,000 trained and experienced
+fighting men. Jackson knew that the British would have to cross his
+entrenchments before entering the city. So he placed his force of fierce
+and deadly fighters within the trenches and opened upon the enemy with
+volley after volley. The mortality on the British side was frightful.
+The lines wavered and General Pakenham fell in front of his troops.
+Utterly demoralized by the withering blast of the American muskets,
+these hardy British veterans hurried to their camp and escaped to ships.
+The British lost about 2,000 men killed, wounded and prisoners, while in
+the American lines there were only about seventy casualties.</p>
+
+<p>So weak and ineffective had been the showing of the American forces in
+several of the battles of this war that they had incurred the contempt
+of the enemy. In one final, brilliant blow General Jackson restored the
+prestige of American arms.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 132px;">
+<img src="images/signature.jpg" width="132" height="74" alt="Signature" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="faright">
+<span class="smcap">Editor</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p class="t1"><span class="smcap">The Mentor Association</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="noin"><small>ESTABLISHED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A POPULAR INTEREST IN ART,
+LITERATURE, SCIENCE, HISTORY, NATURE, AND TRAVEL</small></p></div>
+
+
+<p class="center">
+<small>THE ADVISORY BOARD<br />
+<br />
+JOHN G. HIBBEN, <i>President of Princeton University</i><br />
+<br />
+HAMILTON W. MABIE, <i>Author and Editor</i><br />
+<br />
+JOHN C. VAN DYKE, <i>Professor of the History of Art, Rutgers College</i><br />
+<br />
+ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, <i>Professor of Government, Harvard University</i><br />
+<br />
+WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, <i>Director New York Zoological Park</i><br />
+<br />
+DWIGHT L. ELMENDORF, <i>Lecturer and Traveler</i></small><br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><span class="dcap">T</span><span class="smcap">he</span> purpose of The Mentor Association is to give its members, in an
+interesting and attractive way, the information in various fields of
+knowledge which everybody wants to have. The information is imparted by
+interesting reading matter, prepared under the direction of leading
+authorities, and by beautiful pictures, produced by the most highly
+perfected modern processes.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">THE MENTOR IS PUBLISHED TWICE A MONTH</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><small>SUBSCRIPTION, THREE DOLLARS A YEAR. FOREIGN POSTAGE 75 CENTS EXTRA.
+CANADIAN POSTAGE 50 CENTS EXTRA. SINGLE COPIES FIFTEEN CENTS.
+PRESIDENT, THOMAS H. BECK; VICE-PRESIDENT, WALTER P. TEN EYCK;
+SECRETARY, W.D. MOFFAT; TREASURER, ROBERT M. DONALDSON; ASST.
+TREASURER AND ASST. SECRETARY, J.S. CAMPBELL</small></p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p class="t1">COMPLETE YOUR MENTOR LIBRARY</p>
+
+<p class="center">Subscriptions always begin with the current issue. The following numbers
+of The Mentor Course, already issued, will be sent postpaid at the rate
+of fifteen cents each.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" width="60%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Mentor Library">
+<tr>
+<td align='left' colspan='2'>Serial<br />No.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>1.</td><td align='left'>Beautiful Children in Art</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>2.</td><td align='left'>Makers of American Poetry</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>3.</td><td align='left'>Washington, the Capital</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>4.</td><td align='left'>Beautiful Women in Art</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>5.</td><td align='left'>Romantic Ireland</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>6.</td><td align='left'>Masters of Music</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>7.</td><td align='left'>Natural Wonders of America</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>8.</td><td align='left'>Pictures We Love to Live With</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>9.</td><td align='left'>The Conquest of the Peaks</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>10.</td><td align='left'>Scotland, the Land of Song and Scenery</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>11.</td><td align='left'>Cherubs in Art</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>12.</td><td align='left'>Statues With a Story</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>13.</td><td align='left'>Story of America in Pictures: The Discoverers</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>14.</td><td align='left'>London</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>15.</td><td align='left'>The Story of Panama</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>16.</td><td align='left'>American Birds of Beauty</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>17.</td><td align='left'>Dutch Masterpieces</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>18.</td><td align='left'>Paris, the Incomparable</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>19.</td><td align='left'>Flowers of Decoration</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>20.</td><td align='left'>Makers of American Humor</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>21.</td><td align='left'>American Sea Painters</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>22.</td><td align='left'>Story of America in Pictures: The Explorers</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>23.</td><td align='left'>Sporting Vacations</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>24.</td><td align='left'>Switzerland: The Land of Scenic Splendors</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>25.</td><td align='left'>American Novelists</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>26.</td><td align='left'>American Landscape Painters</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>27.</td><td align='left'>Venice, the Island City</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>28.</td><td align='left'>The Wife in Art</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>29.</td><td align='left'>Great American Inventors</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>30.</td><td align='left'>Furniture and Its Makers</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>31.</td><td align='left'>Spain and Gibraltar</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>32.</td><td align='left'>Historic Spots of America</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>33.</td><td align='left'>Beautiful Buildings of the World</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>34.</td><td align='left'>Game Birds of America</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>35.</td><td align='left'>Story of America in Pictures: The Contest for North America</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>36.</td><td align='left'>Famous American Sculptors</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>37.</td><td align='left'>The Conquest of the Poles</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>38.</td><td align='left'>Napoleon</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>39.</td><td align='left'>The Mediterranean</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>40.</td><td align='left'>Angels in Art</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>41.</td><td align='left'>Famous Composers</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>42.</td><td align='left'>Egypt, the Land of Mystery</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>43.</td><td align='left'>Story of America in Pictures: The Revolution</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>44.</td><td align='left'>Famous English Poets</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>45.</td><td align='left'>Makers of American Art</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>46.</td><td align='left'>The Ruins of Rome</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>47.</td><td align='left'>Makers of Modern Opera</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>48.</td><td align='left'>D&uuml;rer and Holbein</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>49.</td><td align='left'>Vienna, the Queen City</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>50.</td><td align='left'>Ancient Athens</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>51.</td><td align='left'>The Barbizon Painters</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>52.</td><td align='left'>Abraham Lincoln</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'>Volume 2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>53.</td><td align='left'>George Washington</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>54.</td><td align='left'>Mexico</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>55.</td><td align='left'>Famous American Women Painters</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>56.</td><td align='left'>The Conquest of the Air</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>57.</td><td align='left'>Court Painters of France</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>58.</td><td align='left'>Holland</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>59.</td><td align='left'>Our Feathered Friends</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>60.</td><td align='left'>Glacier National Park</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>61.</td><td align='left'>Michelangelo</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>62.</td><td align='left'>American Colonial Furniture</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>63.</td><td align='left'>American Wild Flowers</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>64.</td><td align='left'>Gothic Architecture</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>65.</td><td align='left'>The Story of the Rhine</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>66.</td><td align='left'>Shakespeare</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>67.</td><td align='left'>American Mural Painters</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>68.</td><td align='left'>Celebrated Animal Characters</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>69.</td><td align='left'>Japan</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>70.</td><td align='left'>The Story of the French Revolution</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>71.</td><td align='left'>Rugs and Rug Making</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>72.</td><td align='left'>Alaska</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>73.</td><td align='left'>Charles Dickens</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>74.</td><td align='left'>Grecian Masterpieces</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>75.</td><td align='left'>Fathers of the Constitution</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>76.</td><td align='left'>Masters of the Piano</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'>Volume 3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>77.</td><td align='left'>American Historic Homes</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>78.</td><td align='left'>Beauty Spots of India</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>79.</td><td align='left'>Etchers and Etching</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>80.</td><td align='left'>Oliver Cromwell</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>81.</td><td align='left'>China</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>82.</td><td align='left'>Favorite Trees</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>83.</td><td align='left'>Yellowstone National Park</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>84.</td><td align='left'>Famous Women Writers of England</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>85.</td><td align='left'>Painters of Western Life</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>86.</td><td align='left'>China and Pottery of Our Forefathers</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>87.</td><td align='left'>The Story of The American Railroad</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>88.</td><td align='left'>Butterflies</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>89.</td><td align='left'>The Philippines</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>90.</td><td align='left'>Great Galleries of The World: The Louvre</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>91.</td><td align='left'>William M. Thackeray</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>92.</td><td align='left'>Grand Canyon of Arizona</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>93.</td><td align='left'>Architecture in American Country Homes</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>94.</td><td align='left'>The Story of The Danube</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>95.</td><td align='left'>Animals in Art</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>96.</td><td align='left'>The Holy Land</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>97.</td><td align='left'>John Milton</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>98.</td><td align='left'>Joan Of Arc</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>99.</td><td align='left'>Furniture of the Revolutionary Period</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>100.</td><td align='left'>The Ring of the Nibelung</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'>Volume 4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>101.</td><td align='left'>The Golden Age of Greece</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>102.</td><td align='left'>Chinese Rugs</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><big>NUMBERS TO FOLLOW</big></p>
+
+<p class="hang">April 1. GREAT ART GALLERIES OF THE WORLD&mdash;THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.
+<i>By Professor John C. Van Dyke.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang">April 15. MASTERS OF THE VIOLIN&mdash;Joachim, Paganini, Ole Bull, Maud
+Powell, Ysaye, Kreisler, and others. <i>By Henry T. Finck, Author and
+Music Critic.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="t1">
+THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, <span class="smcap">Inc.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">52 EAST 19th STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p class="t1">THE MENTOR</p>
+
+<p class="center"><big>AS A REFERENCE LIBRARY</big></p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><span class="dcap">E</span><span class="smcap">very</span> Number of The Mentor is valuable. The back numbers are as useful
+and entertaining at any time as on the date of publication. Therefore,
+many members wish to own a complete file of back numbers.</p>
+
+<p>For those who own a complete set and desire to use The Mentor as a
+reference library, we have provided a simple and convenient method of
+filing and cataloguing The Mentor. In a booklet which we have especially
+provided for our members, the various Mentors are grouped under headings
+which link similar numbers together in sets. Attached to the name of
+each Mentor is a list of the gravure pictures accompanying it, together
+with a short synopsis of the contents. This gives immediate information
+as to what each Mentor contains. We will be glad to send this booklet
+free of charge.</p>
+
+<p>We also provide for our members file boxes the size of The Mentor. These
+are furnished stamped in gold lettering for forty cents apiece. In these
+The Mentors may be grouped according to sets.</p>
+
+<p>We also supply a binder which holds twelve or thirteen Mentors and has
+proved satisfactory in every way. This binder has been arranged so as to
+hold The Mentor complete, and it has tie-pins to which the pictures are
+attached, so that they swing freely in their place and the pictures can
+be enjoyed as well as the text on the back. The price of these binders
+is one dollar each.</p>
+
+<p>When our members desire to refer to a picture or look up a fact, it is
+only necessary for them to consult the booklet, finding there in which
+Mentor the information may be sought.</p>
+
+<p>The price of all back numbers of The Mentor is fifteen cents each.</p>
+
+<p>Write and let us explain the plan more fully.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><big><b>THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, I<sup><small>NC.</small></sup></b></big></p>
+
+<p class="center">52 East Nineteenth Street-New York City, N.Y.</p>
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/image20.jpg" width="600" height="833" alt="COMMODORE STEPHEN DECATUR" title="" />
+<span class="caption">COMMODORE STEPHEN DECATUR<br />
+
+<small>FROM THE PAINTING BY REMBRANDT PEALE<br />
+
+IN THE POSSESSION OF THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY</small></span>
+<br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 491px;">
+<img src="images/1812header.jpg" width="491" height="69" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">STEPHEN DECATUR</p>
+
+<p class="center"><small>Monograph Number Three in The Mentor Reading Course</small></p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><span class="dropcapt"><span class="dropcap">T</span></span><span class="smcap">he</span> father of Stephen Decatur, also named Stephen, was a native of
+Newport, Rhode Island, and a captain in the United States navy. Stephen
+Decatur, Jr., was born at Sinnepuxent, Maryland, on January 5, 1779. He
+entered the American navy as a midshipman in 1798 on board the frigate
+<i>United States</i>. A year later he was promoted to lieutenant and in that
+rank saw a little service in the short war with France.</p>
+
+<p>In 1801 Decatur sailed as first lieutenant of the <i>Essex</i>, one of
+Commodore Dale's squadron, to the Mediterranean. As a result of a duel
+with a British Officer&mdash;which resulted fatally for the
+Englishman&mdash;Decatur was sent home for a time. In 1803 he was back in the
+Mediterranean in command of the <i>Enterprise</i>. He distinguished himself
+almost immediately.</p>
+
+<p>Conceiving the daring idea of recapturing or destroying the frigate
+<i>Philadelphia</i>, which had been captured by the pirates and lay in the
+harbor of Tripoli, on February 31, 1804, he manned a little boat called
+the <i>Intrepid</i>, with seventy volunteers, and, braving the enemy, he
+reached the <i>Philadelphia</i>, set it afire and got away, with the loss of
+only one man.</p>
+
+<p>For this gallant achievement Congress voted Decatur thanks and a sword.
+He was also promoted to captain.</p>
+
+<p>Following this, Decatur was engaged in all the attacks on Tripoli from
+1804 to 1805. In the War of 1812 the ship which he commanded, the
+<i>United States</i>, captured the British vessel, the <i>Macedonian</i>, after a
+desperate struggle. In 1813 he was appointed commodore to command a
+squadron in New York Harbor, which was blockaded by the British. In 1813
+he attempted to get to sea to break the blockade with the <i>United
+States</i>, the <i>Hornet</i>, and the <i>Macedonian</i>, which had been by this time
+converted into an American ship. A superior British squadron forced
+Decatur to run into the Thames, and he lay off New London for several
+months. He sent a challenge to the commander of the blockading squadron
+to come on and fight, but the challenge was not accepted.</p>
+
+<p>At length, unable to get to sea, two of the ships were dismantled, and
+Decatur returned to New York, where he took command of a squadron
+destined for the East Indies. In the frigate <i>President</i> he put to sea
+on the 14th of January, 1815. The blockading British squadron pursued
+the ship, and after a desperate running fight forced Decatur to
+surrender.</p>
+
+<p>Soon afterward Decatur returned to the United States, peace between
+England and America was declared. But the Barbary pirates were once more
+giving trouble. Decatur took a command in the Mediterranean.</p>
+
+<p>He arrived before Algiers on June 22, 1815, and immediately demanded a
+treaty from the Dey. His terms were very brief: no more annual tribute
+or ransom for prisoners; all enslaved Americans to be released; and no
+American ever again to be held as a slave. The question of tribute was
+the most difficult to settle. The Dey feared that other European powers
+would demand the same terms.</p>
+
+<p>"Even a little powder," said the Dey, "might prove satisfactory."</p>
+
+<p>"If," replied Decatur, "you insist upon receiving powder as tribute, you
+must expect to receive the balls with it."</p>
+
+<p>In forty-eight hours the treaty was negotiated, giving to the United
+States privileges and immunities never before granted by a Barbary state
+to a Christian power.</p>
+
+<p>In 1819 a quarrel arose between Commodore James Barron and Decatur. They
+met at Bladensburg, Maryland, on March 22, 1820. At the first shots
+Barron was dangerously wounded. Decatur was also hit, and he died the
+same evening.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<small>PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION<br />
+ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 4. No. 3, SERIAL No. 103<br />
+COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.<br /></small>
+</p>
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/image21.jpg" width="600" height="828" alt="COMMODORE WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE" title="" />
+<span class="caption">COMMODORE WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE<br />
+
+<small>FROM THE PAINTING BY REMBRANDT PEALE<br />
+
+IN THE POSSESSION OF THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY</small></span>
+<br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 491px;">
+<img src="images/1812header.jpg" width="491" height="69" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE</p>
+
+<p class="center"><small>Monograph Number Two in The Mentor Reading Course</small></p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><span class="dropcapw"><span class="dropcap">W</span></span><span class="smcap">illiam</span> Bainbridge was born at Princeton, New Jersey, on May 7, 1774. He
+was a son of Dr. Absalom Bainbridge, a Physician of the town. He
+received comparatively little education; for he went to sea in a
+merchant vessel at the age of fourteen. A few years after this, while he
+was the mate of the ship <i>Hope</i>, on a voyage to Holland he saved the
+life of his captain, who had been seized by a mutinous crew with the
+intention of throwing him overboard. On his return home, because of his
+good conduct and abilities, he was promoted to the command of a ship in
+the Dutch trade. He continued in command of various ships until 1798.</p>
+
+<p>During this time the war between France and Great Britain made it
+difficult for neutrals to carry on trade. Therefore as master of a ship
+Bainbridge had to elude, or beat off a great deal of interference on the
+part of French and British ships alike.</p>
+
+<p>In 1798, when war was about to break out between France and the United
+States and the American navy was organized, Bainbridge was appointed
+commander of the United States Schooner <i>Retaliation</i>, of fourteen guns,
+with the rank of lieutenant. In November his ship was captured by two
+French frigates&mdash;but it was released shortly afterward.</p>
+
+<p>Bainbridge sailed for the West Indies as master commandant of the brig
+<i>Norfolk</i>. During this cruise he gave protection to the merchant trade
+of the United States and captured several of the enemy's merchantmen.</p>
+
+<p>In 1800 Bainbridge was promoted to the rink of captain. On the frigate
+<i>George Washington</i> he sailed to the Dey of Algiers with presents. These
+"presents" were bribes which the United States paid to the Algerian
+pirates to secure exemption from capture for its merchant ships in the
+Mediterranean. Bainbridge was disgusted at having to pay the tributes.
+While his ship was at Algiers war was declared by the pirates against
+France, and the French consul and citizens were ordered to leave the
+country in forty-eight hours. Captain Bainbridge received them all on
+his ship and landed them safely.</p>
+
+<p>When the United States found that bribes to the pirates did not protect
+their commerce, they decided to use force. Captain Bainbridge was given
+command of the frigate <i>Philadelphia</i>, and sailing to Algiers, blockaded
+Tripoli. Being driven from his cruising grounds, Bainbridge pursued a
+strange ship that was trying to break the blockade. He gave chase, but
+ran upon a reef on the morning of October 31, 1803. The pirates
+immediately attacked, and when the ship could no longer be defended they
+captured and scuttled her, imprisoning the officers and crew. After a
+treaty of peace between the Dey and the United States had been
+concluded, the Americans were released on February 3, 1805.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Bainbridge returned for a time to the merchant service, but when
+the War of 1812 broke out, he was appointed to command the United States
+frigate <i>Constitution</i>. In this ship he captured two British frigates
+and many merchantmen. On his return he was received with an enthusiastic
+welcome by his countrymen. The <i>Constitution</i> became an object of
+national pride, and because of the little damage it sustained in the
+numerous encounters in which it engaged, received the popular name of
+"Old Ironsides."</p>
+
+<p>After the conclusion of the War of 1812, Bainbridge once more served
+against the Barbary pirates. Later he served on the board of navy
+commissioners. Commodore Bainbridge died in Philadelphia on July 28,
+1833.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<small>PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION<br />
+ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 4, No. 3, SERIAL No. 103<br />
+COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.</small><br />
+</p>
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/image22.jpg" width="600" height="827" alt="COMMODORE OLIVER HAZARD PERRY" title="" />
+<span class="caption">COMMODORE OLIVER HAZARD PERRY<br />
+
+<small>FROM THE PAINTING BY REMBRANDT PEALE<br />
+
+IN THE POSSESSION Of THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY</small></span>
+<br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 491px;">
+<img src="images/1812header.jpg" width="491" height="69" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">OLIVER HAZARD PERRY</p>
+
+<p class="center"><small>Monograph Number Five in The Mentor Reading Course</small></p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><span class="dropcapo"><span class="dropcap">O</span></span><span class="smcap">liver</span> Hazard Perry was born at South Kensington, Rhode Island, on
+August 23, 1785. His father was Christopher Raymond Perry, captain in
+the navy. His first position was that of a midshipman on the sloop of
+war <i>General Greene</i>, in 1798. The first action that he saw was against
+the Barbary pirates. In this war he secured the affection and respect of
+the officers and men in the squadron.</p>
+
+<p>In 1810 he was a lieutenant-commandant in the schooner <i>Revenge</i>. This
+vessel was attached to the squadron under Commodore Rodgers, and was
+employed in Long Island Sound to uphold the embargo which the United
+States had at that time put upon trade with England and France.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after, the war with England began. Perry was placed in command
+of a flotilla at Newport, but was not pleased with this commission, and
+begged to be ordered to Lake Ontario. His wish was granted, and he and
+his men&mdash;who eagerly volunteered to go with him&mdash;re-inforced Commodore
+Chauncey on the Great Lakes.</p>
+
+<p>When he arrived at Lake Ontario, however, Chauncey ordered Perry to Lake
+Erie to superintend the building of vessels. The English had a powerful
+force on the Great Lakes and the United States wanted to build
+sufficient ships to meet them. Perry worked hard, and on August 4, 1813,
+he got his squadron into the deep waters of Lake Erie. This squadron
+consisted of three brigs, five schooners, and one sloop. On the 10th of
+September Perry met the British fleet with Captain Robert H. Barclay in
+command in the Battle of Put-in Bay. This was the great fight of Perry's
+life, and he fought it with skill, bravery and perseverance.</p>
+
+<p>The effects of this victory were felt all over the United States.
+National pride was kindled and the people celebrated the victory with
+enthusiasm. In reward Perry was made a captain in the navy and received
+the thanks of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>However, the gallant officer did not rest upon his laurels, and, seeing
+no more hostile fleets to conquer, offered himself as aid to General
+Harrison, who was then pursuing the British, and took part in the Battle
+of Moravian Town on October 5th. When Virginia and Maryland were invaded
+by the English, under General Ross and Admiral Cockburn, Perry had a
+command on the Potomac.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the War of 1812 Captain Perry took command of the <i>Java</i>,
+a frigate of the first class, and sailed with Commodore Stephen Decatur
+to punish the Dey of Algiers, who had plundered the commerce of the
+United States when this country was busy during the war of 1812. This
+expedition, which reached the Mediterranean in June, 1815, was
+successful, and Perry returned to the United States. While the <i>Java</i>
+was lying at Newport in mid-winter, he received information that a
+merchant vessel was on a reef about five or six miles from that place,
+and that the crew were in danger. Leaping into his barge he turned to
+his oarsmen and said, "Come, my boys, we are going to the relief of
+shipwrecked seamen; pull away!" The eleven men of the crew were rescued.</p>
+
+<p>In 1819 Perry was sent in the <i>John Adams</i> to the West Indies with
+sealed orders. Pirates had swarmed in that vicinity, and his commission
+was to drive them from the sea. He executed his orders with diligence,
+but unfortunately caught yellow fever and died on August 23, 1819, at
+Port of Spain, in Trinidad. Every tribute of national grief was paid to
+his memory, and he was buried with military honors.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<small>PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION<br />
+ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 4, No. 3, SERIAL No. 103<br />
+COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC</small>.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mentor: The War of 1812, by 
+Albert Bushnell Hart
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+</body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg's The Mentor: The War of 1812, by Albert Bushnell Hart
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mentor: The War of 1812
+       Volume 4, Number 3, Serial Number 103; 15 March, 1916.
+
+Author: Albert Bushnell Hart
+
+Release Date: December 22, 2008 [EBook #27586]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MENTOR: THE WAR OF 1812 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Gerard Arthus, Greg Bergquist and The Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+The punctuation and spelling from the original text have been faithfully
+preserved. Only obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
+
+
+
+
+LEARN ONE THING EVERY DAY
+
+  MARCH 15 1916
+
+  SERIAL NO. 103
+
+THE MENTOR
+
+[Illustration: Perry's Pennant on the "Lawrence"]
+
+THE WAR OF 1812
+
+By Professor ALBERT BUSHNELL HART
+
+  DEPARTMENT OF
+  HISTORY
+
+  VOLUME 4
+  NUMBER 3
+
+FIFTEEN CENTS A COPY
+
+
+
+
+Heroes of the Fleet
+
+
+PERRY
+
+  "September the tenth, full well I ween
+  In eighteen hundred and thirteen,
+  The weather mild, the sky serene,
+    Commanded by bold Perry,
+  Our saucy fleet at anchor lay
+  In safety, moor'd at Put-in Bay;
+  'Twixt sunrise and the break of day,
+    The British fleet
+    We chanced to meet;
+  Our admiral thought he would them greet
+    With a welcome on Lake Erie."
+
+  --_Old Song_
+
+
+LAWRENCE
+
+  "Let shouts of victory for laurels won
+  Give place to grief for Lawrence, Valor's son.
+  The warrior who was e'er his country's pride
+  Has for that country bravely, nobly died."
+
+  --_Lines published in June, 1813._
+
+
+
+
+THE WAR OF 1812
+
+By ALBERT BUSHNELL HART
+
+_Professor of Government, Harvard University_
+
+  _MENTOR GRAVURES_
+
+  CAPTAIN JAMES
+  LAWRENCE
+
+  COMMODORE
+  STEPHEN DECATUR
+
+  COMMODORE
+  WILLIAM
+  BAINBRIDGE
+
+  _MENTOR GRAVURES_
+
+  COMMODORE
+  OLIVER HAZARD
+  PERRY
+
+  THE BATTLE OF
+  LAKE ERIE
+
+  GENERAL ANDREW
+  JACKSON
+
+[Illustration: Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry]
+
+
+
+
+THE MENTOR . DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY MARCH 15, 1916
+
+
+Our defeat of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War was conclusive;
+though "we" in that case included France, without whose aid the patriots
+must have been defeated. It is not so easy to discover a fund of
+military glory in the War of 1812.
+
+That was a great war year. Within a few days of the declaration of war
+by the United States against Great Britain, Napoleon's Grand Army of
+over 400,000 men crossed the Niemen into Russia. Six months later 4,000
+of that host recrossed, pursued by the Russians; and probably not more
+than 100,000 of the whole number ever saw their homes again. In 1813,
+while the Americans were fighting on the ocean and on Lake Erie,
+Napoleon was driven out of Germany. A few weeks before the Battle of
+Lundy's Lane, Napoleon was compelled to abdicate. Soon after the news of
+the Peace of Ghent with Great Britain was received in the United States,
+in 1815, Napoleon broke loose from Elba; and a few months later he was
+again a prisoner and sent to St. Helena.
+
+[Entered at the Postoffice at New York, N.Y., as second-class matter.
+Copyright, 1916, by The Mentor Association, Inc.]
+
+To most of Europe the American War of 1812 seemed an unwarrantable flank
+attack in the great running fight of the nations. Russia and
+Prussia resented it that American statesmen should throw the weight of
+their country on the side of the great military despot of his time. They
+wanted none of the military and naval strength of Great Britain to be
+diverted across the ocean. The suggestion was even made in Congress that
+the United States ought to declare war at the same moment on both France
+and England. That idea has been carried out by Captain Marryat in his
+once popular novel "Midshipman Easy," where he describes a triangular
+duel between three sailors; but nations could hardly engage in such a
+game.
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW JACKSON
+
+From the painting by John Vanderlyn]
+
+
+THE ELEPHANT AND THE WHALE
+
+Nevertheless Congress found some difficulty in selecting the enemy to
+fight; for the conditions were remarkably like those of the year 1915.
+People used to talk then about the "war between the elephant and the
+whale": the elephant being the land army of Napoleon, which apparently
+nothing could withstand, and the whale being the navy of Great Britain,
+which had command of the sea. That struggle reached a crisis in 1806,
+when the two belligerents, not being able to reach and hammer each
+other, did their best to hammer the neutral carrying trade, which was
+carried on largely in American ships.
+
+[Illustration: THE SURRENDER OF GENERAL HULL
+
+General Hull surrendered to General Brock, Governor of Upper Canada, at
+Detroit on August 16, 1812]
+
+
+BY ORDERS IN COUNCIL
+
+Great Britain declared the whole French coast blockaded from Brest to
+the Elbe, just as in 1915 the same power declared the whole North Sea
+coast to be blockaded. By Decrees France declared the whole British
+Islands to be in a state of blockade, exactly as Germany recently
+declared those coasts to be a "naval zone." The consequence was that the
+French captured 600 American merchantmen in the next nine years, and the
+British took 900.
+
+In this long controversy the French were the wiliest, the British were
+the most arrogant. The United States would have been justified in war
+against either of these powers, on the basis of their disregard of our
+right to keep up neutral trade with both belligerents.
+
+[Illustration: THE BATTLE OF LUNDY'S LANE
+
+In this battle, which took place on July 25, 1814, and lasted from
+sunset to midnight, the Americans under General Jacob Brown were left in
+possession of the field, but were unable to carry away the heavy
+artillery which they had captured]
+
+At that time the United States found it hard to provide a remedy. The
+most obvious method was to refuse to trade with either of the nations.
+Accordingly an Embargo was laid by Congress in 1807, by which no cargoes
+of any kind were allowed to leave American ports, bound to a foreign
+destination. The embargo very nearly brought England to terms; but the
+United States had not patience to wait for its results. The shipping
+trade was paralyzed, and the farmers and planters could not export their
+surplus. In view of these losses, Congress after fourteen months'
+experience repealed the embargo.
+
+
+CAUSES OF THE WAR
+
+Since neither France nor Great Britain would accept the opportunity to
+make a friend of the United States, the captures went on; and England
+added the impressment of American seamen from American merchant vessels.
+The idea that a subject of the British Empire could change his
+allegiance and become the citizen of another nation seemed to England a
+dangerous novelty. Still, if the great sea-power had been willing to pay
+a little more wages to her men-of-warsmen, she could have filled her
+ships by enlistment. If she had been content to "press" men from her own
+merchant ships, she would not have aroused the antipathy of the
+Americans. To save a few hundred thousand pounds and to assert a right
+to claim Englishmen who had become American citizens, Great Britain
+gave unpardonable offense to the little United States.
+
+When the war broke out, more than 5,000 Americans had been at one time
+or another impressed; and 2,000 or 3,000 were actually serving on board
+British men-of-war till the hostilities began. Then, having been
+originally seized without reason, they were made prisoners of war.
+
+[Illustration: COLONEL MILLER AT THE BATTLE OF CHIPPEWA
+
+At the Battle of Chippewa on July 5, 1814. Colonel Miller with three
+hundred men captured a height, the key to the British position. It was a
+desperate and courageous exploit]
+
+Considering the eventual result of the war, it is striking that the
+United States government placed little dependence on its navy, but
+expected to carry on a brilliant land campaign. Canada was to be
+conquered, and then, as Henry Clay put it, they could "negotiate a peace
+at Quebec or Halifax."
+
+This was not a new thought. In the Revolutionary War Canada was invaded
+by Montgomery and Arnold and all but annexed to the new United States.
+How could Canada resist? Its population in 1812 was about 50,000; that
+of the United States was nearly 8,000,000. During the nine years from
+1803 to 1812 the United States had tried every means short of war; and
+the vigorous young "war hawks," headed by Henry Clay of Kentucky and
+John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, were tired of accepting what they
+felt to be a standing offence to their nation.
+
+[Illustration: JAMES MADISON
+
+President of the United States, 1809-1817
+
+From the portrait by Gilbert Stuart]
+
+
+THE LAND WAR
+
+In accordance with the plan of invasion, several "armies" of 2,000 or
+3,000 men were pushed to the Canadian frontier; but in the very first
+fight the tables were turned, and Detroit was captured by the British.
+It took more than a year and 20,000 men to push back the British into
+Canada. Five different American commanders were ignominiously headed or
+defeated in attempting to invade Canada across the Niagara River or the
+St. Lawrence River. Except for Harrison's little victory at the Battle
+of the Thames, and for the drawn Battle of Lundy's Lane, the Canadian
+campaigns were all humiliating defeats.
+
+[Illustration: THE DEATH OF GENERAL ROSS AT BALTIMORE
+
+On September 12, 1814, General Ross in command of the British force
+advancing on Baltimore, was shot as he rode at the head of his troops by
+two American troopers concealed in a hollow. Baltimore was defended
+bravely, and the British were repulsed]
+
+This disagreeable chapter in our military history was due to the fact
+that the government had made no sufficient preparation of men or
+materials, and was obliged to rely upon untrained volunteer militia.
+These were men of personal courage and intelligence; and under such
+commanders as Jacob Brown and Andrew Jackson they showed that they had
+the instincts of soldiers. Nevertheless they were poorly drilled and
+equipped. In one campaign they stopped short when they reached the
+Canadian line, because they said they were not constitutionally bound to
+fight, except for the defense of their own country.
+
+[Illustration: JAMES MONROE
+
+Secretary of State, 1811-1817. He also acted as Secretary of War in
+1814-1815. President, 1817-1825. From the portrait by John Vanderlyn]
+
+The result was that, starting with a regular army of only 7,000, which
+finally included about 50,000 men, 400,000 additional recruits were
+raised during the war. The total number of Canadians and British troops
+engaged in the war was not over 20,000. The Americans lost 30,000 men;
+and when the war was over the United States was not in possession of one
+foot of Canadian territory, while the British were occupying about half
+of the present state of Maine.
+
+This heartbreaking result ought not to be charged to the soldiers so
+much as to the administration. John Armstrong, Secretary of War, allowed
+the British to land 5,000 men on the Chesapeake and to march fifty miles
+overland to Washington. Within a distance of two days' land travel from
+that city lived nearly 100,000 able-bodied men, most of them accustomed
+to handle a gun. Yet the British force was allowed to capture
+Washington, to burn the public buildings, and to retire to its fleet
+almost without losing a man. Till James Monroe became Secretary of War
+the whole administration was slack and incompetent.
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW JACKSON
+
+Victorious leader at the Battle of New Orleans. President, 1829-1837.
+From a drawing from life by J.B. Longacre]
+
+
+WAR AT SEA
+
+A proof that the defeats of the War of 1812 were not due to lack of
+fiber among the American people as a whole, was the brilliant success of
+the operations on the high seas. Jefferson and Madison both thought the
+navy would do more harm than good. The British had twice seized the
+little navy of the Danes, and it seemed as though our ships would only
+be a whet to the appetite of the British naval giant. Against our 18
+ships of war, of which only six were sizable frigates, the British could
+oppose 170 large ships and 700 others. They had the prestige of a
+hundred years of naval supremacy; they had driven the French and Spanish
+ships of war from the sea.
+
+Therefore it was a joy to the nation when, seven weeks after the
+outbreak of the war, the frigate _Constitution_ captured the _Guerriere_
+and later the _Java_; then the _United States_ captured the
+_Macedonian_; the _Frolic_ took the _Wasp_; the _Essex_, the first
+American ship of war to appear in the Pacific, captured numbers of
+British whalers there. In thirteen duels, one ship on each side, the
+Americans won eleven victories.
+
+Gradually the fleet was worn down; the _Chesapeake_ was taken by the
+_Shannon_; the _President_ and the _Adams_ were captured; and at the end
+of the war there was not a public ship on the ocean flying the flag of
+the United States. However the navy in two unexpected directions won new
+laurels. On Lake Erie Oliver Hazard Perry defeated the British fleet at
+the battle of Put-in Bay, and sent his ever memorable despatch, "We have
+met the enemy and they are ours: two ships, two brigs, one schooner and
+one sloop." On Lake Champlain, Commodore Macdonough beat the British;
+while McComb with his militia withstood and repelled the British attack
+at Plattsburg.
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON
+
+Harrison was one of the few able leaders that the United States had
+during the War of 1812. He was President for only one month in 1841. He
+died in office.
+
+From the portrait of by J.B. Lambdin]
+
+When the cruisers were driven off the sea, the privateers continued the
+naval war. At that time a merchantman could be turned into a capable
+fighting ship by adding strengthening timbers and providing the
+necessary guns. Such a ship, when commissioned as a privateer by the
+United States government, could capture the enemy's merchantmen and on
+occasion fight small cruisers. For instance, the brig _Yankee_, 160 tons
+burden, eighteen guns, 120 men, captured twenty-nine prizes, one of
+which sold for more than $500,000. The money was divided equally between
+the owners and the men on board. The privateers together captured about
+2,000 British vessels; though over 1,500 American vessels were captured
+by the English. The whole British nation felt the shock of this
+unexpected naval resistance; and it was the pressure of the shippers and
+shipowners of England which caused that power to make favorable terms of
+peace.
+
+[Illustration: Courtesy, Harper's Magazine Copyright, Harper & Brothers
+
+PERRY RECEIVING THE SURRENDER OF THE BRITISH COMMANDERS ABOARD THE
+"LAWRENCE"
+
+From the painting by W.J. Aylward]
+
+For a hundred years experts have been trying to find out just why the
+United States was so successful in the naval war. The British newspapers
+of the day tried to prove that it was because they called a vessel a
+frigate when it was really bigger and stronger than the British frigate.
+That did not affect the captain of the _Guerriere_ when he accepted
+battle with the _Constitution_: he evidently thought that he had size
+and power enough to capture his adversary. The Americans appear to have
+had heavier guns, better training in handling the guns, better
+marksmanship, to have been quicker and smarter.
+
+It was the privateers that were in the long run most effective. The
+London Times complained toward the end of 1814 that "there are
+privateers off this harbor which plunder every vessel coming in or going
+out, notwithstanding we have three line of battle, six frigates, and
+four sloops here." The Morning Chronicle complained that a great part of
+the coast of Ireland had "been for above a month under the unresisted
+dominion of a few petty 'fly-by-nights' from the blockaded ports of the
+United States--a grievance equally intolerable and disgraceful." The
+Annual Register thought it a mortifying reflection that, notwithstanding
+a navy of a thousand ships, "it was not safe for a vessel to sail
+without convoy from one part of the English or Irish Channel to
+another."
+
+[Illustration: From "Naval Actions of The War of 1812," by James Barnes.
+
+Copyright 1896, by Harper & Brothers
+
+THE NIAGARA BREAKS THE ENGLISH LINE
+
+When Perry's flagship, the "Lawrence," was riddled by the enemy, he
+transferred himself in a small boat to the "Niagara." This ship broke
+the British line, and then the battle was won. From a painting by
+Carlton T. Chapman]
+
+In March, 1915, a British squadron captured the German frigate _Dresden_
+in the neutral Chilean waters of the Island of Juan Fernandez. A similar
+episode occurred in 1814, when the United States ship _Essex_ was
+cornered and destroyed by two British vessels in the harbor of
+Valparaiso. The American privateer _General Armstrong_ was also cut out
+and destroyed by the British under the guns of the Portuguese fort at
+Fayal in the Azores.
+
+
+EFFECT ON THE AMERICANS
+
+On the face of it there was not much cause for congratulation in a war
+in which the United States trebled its national debt and lost 30,000 men
+and 1,500 merchant ships, without gaining any territory and without
+securing any promise at the end of the war that the disturbance of
+neutral trade and the impressment of American seamen would not begin
+again.
+
+[Illustration: COMMODORE DAVID PORTER
+
+The Commander of the "Essex"
+
+From the painting by Chappel]
+
+Another group of troubles arose from the fact that the New England
+States were against the war from the beginning, refused to allow their
+militia to join in the forces intended to invade Canada, and in 1814
+sent delegates to a convention at Hartford. That convention sat in
+secret, and nobody knows exactly what was said; but the resolutions
+passed by it and sent out to the country demanded changes in the
+Constitution which would have made it hard to carry on a federal
+government. Fortunately before they could be presented to Congress the
+news of peace was received.
+
+[Illustration: From "Naval Actions of the War of 1812," by James Barnes.
+
+Copyright, 1886, by Harper & Brothers
+
+THE "ESSEX" BEING CUT TO PIECES
+
+The "Essex" was under the command of David Porter, and drove British
+shipping from the Pacific Ocean. The vessel was finally destroyed by the
+"Phoebe" and the "Cherub." From a painting by Carlton T. Chapman]
+
+These uncomfortable facts may be cheerfully admitted in view of a strong
+list of reasons for national congratulation. One was the notable victory
+of Andrew Jackson at New Orleans, January 8, 1815, after peace had been
+made, though neither of the armies knew it. Critics have pointed out
+that Jackson was slow in divining where the British would strike; that
+he threw up no sufficient intrenchments; that if the British had placed
+cannon on the west side of the river, they could have fired into his
+rear and compelled him to retreat. All that does not diminish the glory
+of Jackson's victory. He showed the energy and determination which
+brought together a force of 3,500 men, mostly raw militia. This little
+command lying behind the lines at Chalmette received the attack of 6,000
+men. Over 2,000 of the British attacking column were sacrificed, and
+Jackson remained master of the field, with a loss of seventy-one.
+
+This brilliant success proved that Jackson was a good soldier, which in
+due time helped to make him President of the United States. It proved
+also that American militia behind breastworks could repel the attacks of
+twice their number of experienced soldiers who had recently helped to
+overthrow Napoleon.
+
+[Illustration: CAPTAIN JAMES LAWRENCE
+
+From the painting by Gilbert Stuart]
+
+The greatest result of the War of 1812 was to make the Americans realize
+at once their weakness and their strength. Just at the end of the war
+Robert Fulton put on the waters of the Hudson a steamship of war,
+forerunner of the majestic steam fleets of today. Our forefathers
+suffered for want of roads by which they could convey their armies and
+their supplies to the frontiers. Therefore they set out to remedy that
+condition, and four years after the peace they had the Cumberland Road
+completed from the upper Potomac to the Ohio River. Six years later the
+Erie Canal was opened to Lake Erie. The people had suffered for want of
+a national bank during the war: in 1816 Congress created one. Their
+trade had been disturbed for over twenty years: in 1816 they passed a
+tariff, designed to establish American manufactures. War, and especially
+such a disappointing war as that of 1812, has many bad effects upon a
+nation; but it does strengthen the feeling of a common danger and a
+common duty.
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE
+
+Commodore in the United States Navy.
+
+From the portrait by J.W. Jarvis]
+
+The War of 1812 also for the first time gave the United States an
+unquestioned place in the sisterhood of modern nations. Though the
+population in 1815 was only about eight and a half millions, the success
+of the navy inspired a wholesome respect for Yankee ships and Yankee
+sailors. In place of the captured ships a new merchant marine was
+quickly provided, which developed into the famous clipper ships, the
+triumph of American skill and the glory of the seas. From this time
+dates the friendship of several European nations, particularly of
+Russia, whose Czar Alexander was a friend and correspondent of Thomas
+Jefferson.
+
+[Illustration: From "Naval Actions of the War of 1812," by James Barnes.
+
+Copyright, 1896, by Harper & Brothers
+
+THE "CHESAPEAKE" LEAVING THE HARBOR
+
+Captain Lawrence, commanding the "Chesapeake," was mortally wounded, and
+his vessel was captured by the "Shannon" off Boston Roads. It was in
+this engagement that he uttered his famous words, "Don't give up the
+ship." From a painting by Carlton T. Chapman]
+
+Our former enemy, Great Britain, was converted into a respectful friend
+who saw the advantages of friendship. The proof is that eight years
+later George Canning asked the United States to join in a declaration
+with Great Britain in favor of the Latin-American States; and the idea
+developed into our independent Monroe Doctrine. The American people were
+entitled to forget their weakness and defeats; for the net result of the
+War of 1812 was to inspire the greatest naval and colonial power in the
+world with a respect for American character and an acceptance of the
+United States as a great National power.
+
+[Illustration: From "Naval Actions of the War of 1812," by James Barnes.
+Copyright, 1896, by Harper & Brothers
+
+THE "CONSTITUTION" TAKING THE "CYANE"
+
+The "Cyane" was one of the crack sloops of war in the English service.
+The "Constitution" after a running fight captured both this ship and the
+"Levant." From a painting by Carlton T. Chapman]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SUPPLEMENTARY READING
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
+
+_By Henry Adams_
+
+     Vols. VI-IX contain the best account of the War of 1812.
+
+THE LIFE OF ANDREW JACKSON
+
+_By John Spencer Bassett_
+
+     Vol. 1, chapters vi-xiii, treat of Jackson's part in the war.
+
+THE NAVAL WAR OF 1812
+
+_By Theodore Roosevelt_
+
+     Best account of the naval strategy of the war.
+
+A FULL AND CORRECT ACCOUNT OF THE MILITARY OCCURRENCES OF THE LATE WAR
+BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
+
+_By William James_
+
+     (2 vols.) The standard English account.
+
+THE CANADIAN WAR OF 1812
+
+_By Charles Prestwood Lucas_
+
+     Recent English point of view.
+
+SEA POWER IN ITS RELATIONS TO THE WAR OF 1812
+
+_By Alfred Thayer Mahan_
+
+     (2 vols.) A study of the whole struggle for neutral rights, and the
+     war.
+
+RISE OF AMERICAN NATIONALITY, 1811-1819
+
+_By Kendric Charles Babcock_
+
+     (American Nation, Vol. XIII.)
+
+     Most convenient brief account of the war. Recent and impartial.
+
+NAVAL ACTIONS OF THE WAR OF 1812
+
+_By James Barnes_
+
+     Popular and well illustrated.
+
+Information concerning the above books and articles may
+be had on application to the Editor of The Mentor.
+
+
+
+
+THE OPEN LETTER
+
+[Illustration: THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS]
+
+
+If the telegraph had been in existence a century ago, the battle of New
+Orleans would not have taken place. It was unique in history as a battle
+fought after a war was over. And it was the only real victory won by the
+land forces of America in the War of 1812. It was one of the most
+conclusive battles in history, and a brilliant demonstration of the
+military ability of Andrew Jackson. General Jackson believed in
+preparedness. During the second year of the War of 1812 he learned that
+the British planned to invade Louisiana, so he concentrated troops four
+miles below New Orleans in a line of entrenchments a mile in length,
+extending from the Mississippi River far into the swamp, making both
+ends impassable. Jackson had 3,500 expert marksmen at his command. They
+were a strange mixture of men, including long-limbed, hard-faced
+backwoodsmen, Portuguese and Norwegian seamen, dark-skinned Spaniards
+and swarthy Frenchmen, besides about 1,000 militiamen selected from the
+Creoles of Louisiana. They were a rough and violent lot. Theodore
+Roosevelt characterizes them as: "Soldiers who, under an ordinary
+commander, would have been fully as dangerous to themselves and their
+leaders as to their foes. But," he adds, "Andrew Jackson was of all men
+the one best fitted to manage such troops. Even their fierce natures
+quailed before the ungovernable fury of a spirit greater than their own;
+and their sullen, stubborn wills were bent before his unyielding temper
+and iron hand."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On the morning of the 8th of January, 1815, General Pakenham advanced
+upon New Orleans with a force of about 6,000 trained and experienced
+fighting men. Jackson knew that the British would have to cross his
+entrenchments before entering the city. So he placed his force of fierce
+and deadly fighters within the trenches and opened upon the enemy with
+volley after volley. The mortality on the British side was frightful.
+The lines wavered and General Pakenham fell in front of his troops.
+Utterly demoralized by the withering blast of the American muskets,
+these hardy British veterans hurried to their camp and escaped to ships.
+The British lost about 2,000 men killed, wounded and prisoners, while in
+the American lines there were only about seventy casualties.
+
+So weak and ineffective had been the showing of the American forces in
+several of the battles of this war that they had incurred the contempt
+of the enemy. In one final, brilliant blow General Jackson restored the
+prestige of American arms.
+
+[Illustration: [Signature of] W.D. Moffat]
+
+  EDITOR
+
+
+
+
+THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION
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+
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+
+  JOHN C. VAN DYKE, _Professor of the History of Art, Rutgers College_
+
+  ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, _Professor of Government, Harvard University_
+
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+
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+
+The purpose of The Mentor Association is to give its members, in an
+interesting and attractive way, the information in various fields of
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+Subscriptions always begin with the current issue. The following numbers
+of The Mentor Course, already issued, will be sent postpaid at the rate
+of fifteen cents each.
+
+
+  Serial
+  No.
+
+  1. Beautiful Children in Art
+  2. Makers of American Poetry
+  3. Washington, the Capital
+  4. Beautiful Women in Art
+  5. Romantic Ireland
+  6. Masters of Music
+  7. Natural Wonders of America
+  8. Pictures We Love to Live With
+  9. The Conquest of the Peaks
+  10. Scotland, the Land of Song and Scenery
+  11. Cherubs in Art
+  12. Statues With a Story
+  13. Story of America in Pictures: The Discoverers
+  14. London
+  15. The Story of Panama
+  16. American Birds of Beauty
+  17. Dutch Masterpieces
+  18. Paris, the Incomparable
+  19. Flowers of Decoration
+  20. Makers of American Humor
+  21. American Sea Painters
+  22. Story of America in Pictures: The Explorers
+  23. Sporting Vacations
+  24. Switzerland: The Land of Scenic Splendors
+  25. American Novelists
+  26. American Landscape Painters
+  27. Venice, the Island City
+  28. The Wife in Art
+  29. Great American Inventors
+  30. Furniture and Its Makers
+  31. Spain and Gibraltar
+  32. Historic Spots of America
+  33. Beautiful Buildings of the World
+  34. Game Birds of America
+  35. Story of America in Pictures: The Contest for North America
+  36. Famous American Sculptors
+  37. The Conquest of the Poles
+  38. Napoleon
+  39. The Mediterranean
+  40. Angels in Art
+  41. Famous Composers
+  42. Egypt, the Land of Mystery
+  43. Story of America in Pictures: The Revolution
+  44. Famous English Poets
+  45. Makers of American Art
+  46. The Ruins of Rome
+  47. Makers of Modern Opera
+  48. Duerer and Holbein
+  49. Vienna, the Queen City
+  50. Ancient Athens
+  51. The Barbizon Painters
+  52. Abraham Lincoln
+
+
+Volume 2
+
+  53. George Washington
+  54. Mexico
+  55. Famous American Women Painters
+  56. The Conquest of the Air
+  57. Court Painters of France
+  58. Holland
+  59. Our Feathered Friends
+  60. Glacier National Park
+  61. Michelangelo
+  62. American Colonial Furniture
+  63. American Wild Flowers
+  64. Gothic Architecture
+  65. The Story of the Rhine
+  66. Shakespeare
+  67. American Mural Painters
+  68. Celebrated Animal Characters
+  69. Japan
+  70. The Story of the French Revolution
+  71. Rugs and Rug Making
+  72. Alaska
+  73. Charles Dickens
+  74. Grecian Masterpieces
+  75. Fathers of the Constitution
+  76. Masters of the Piano
+
+
+Volume 3
+
+  77. American Historic Homes
+  78. Beauty Spots of India
+  79. Etchers and Etching
+  80. Oliver Cromwell
+  81. China
+  82. Favorite Trees
+  83. Yellowstone National Park
+  84. Famous Women Writers of England
+  85. Painters of Western Life
+  86. China and Pottery of Our Forefathers
+  87. The Story of The American Railroad
+  88. Butterflies
+  89. The Philippines
+  90. Great Galleries of The World: The Louvre
+  91. William M. Thackeray
+  92. Grand Canyon of Arizona
+  93. Architecture in American Country Homes
+  94. The Story of The Danube
+  95. Animals in Art
+  96. The Holy Land
+  97. John Milton
+  98. Joan Of Arc
+  99. Furniture of the Revolutionary Period
+  100. The Ring of the Nibelung
+
+
+Volume 4
+
+  101. The Golden Age of Greece
+  102. Chinese Rugs
+
+
+NUMBERS TO FOLLOW
+
+April 1. GREAT ART GALLERIES OF THE WORLD--THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON.
+_By Professor John C. Van Dyke._
+
+April 15. MASTERS OF THE VIOLIN--Joachim, Paganini, Ole Bull, Maud
+Powell, Ysaye, Kreisler, and others. _By Henry T. Finck, Author and
+Music Critic._
+
+
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+52 East Nineteenth Street-New York City, N.Y.
+
+[Illustration: IN THE POSSESSION OF THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY
+
+COMMODORE STEPHEN DECATUR
+
+FROM THE PAINTING BY REMBRANDT PEALE]
+
+
+
+
+The War of 1812
+
+STEPHEN DECATUR
+
+Monograph Number Three in The Mentor Reading Course
+
+
+The father of Stephen Decatur, also named Stephen, was a native of
+Newport, Rhode Island, and a captain in the United States navy. Stephen
+Decatur, Jr., was born at Sinnepuxent, Maryland, on January 5, 1779. He
+entered the American navy as a midshipman in 1798 on board the frigate
+_United States_. A year later he was promoted to lieutenant and in that
+rank saw a little service in the short war with France.
+
+In 1801 Decatur sailed as first lieutenant of the _Essex_, one of
+Commodore Dale's squadron, to the Mediterranean. As a result of a duel
+with a British Officer--which resulted fatally for the
+Englishman--Decatur was sent home for a time. In 1803 he was back in the
+Mediterranean in command of the _Enterprise_. He distinguished himself
+almost immediately.
+
+Conceiving the daring idea of recapturing or destroying the frigate
+_Philadelphia_, which had been captured by the pirates and lay in the
+harbor of Tripoli, on February 31, 1804, he manned a little boat called
+the _Intrepid_, with seventy volunteers, and, braving the enemy, he
+reached the _Philadelphia_, set it afire and got away, with the loss of
+only one man.
+
+For this gallant achievement Congress voted Decatur thanks and a sword.
+He was also promoted to captain.
+
+Following this, Decatur was engaged in all the attacks on Tripoli from
+1804 to 1805. In the War of 1812 the ship which he commanded, the
+_United States_, captured the British vessel, the _Macedonian_, after a
+desperate struggle. In 1813 he was appointed commodore to command a
+squadron in New York Harbor, which was blockaded by the British. In 1813
+he attempted to get to sea to break the blockade with the _United
+States_, the _Hornet_, and the _Macedonian_, which had been by this time
+converted into an American ship. A superior British squadron forced
+Decatur to run into the Thames, and he lay off New London for several
+months. He sent a challenge to the commander of the blockading squadron
+to come on and fight, but the challenge was not accepted.
+
+At length, unable to get to sea, two of the ships were dismantled, and
+Decatur returned to New York, where he took command of a squadron
+destined for the East Indies. In the frigate _President_ he put to sea
+on the 14th of January, 1815. The blockading British squadron pursued
+the ship, and after a desperate running fight forced Decatur to
+surrender.
+
+Soon afterward Decatur returned to the United States, peace between
+England and America was declared. But the Barbary pirates were once more
+giving trouble. Decatur took a command in the Mediterranean.
+
+He arrived before Algiers on June 22, 1815, and immediately demanded a
+treaty from the Dey. His terms were very brief: no more annual tribute
+or ransom for prisoners; all enslaved Americans to be released; and no
+American ever again to be held as a slave. The question of tribute was
+the most difficult to settle. The Dey feared that other European powers
+would demand the same terms.
+
+"Even a little powder," said the Dey, "might prove satisfactory."
+
+"If," replied Decatur, "you insist upon receiving powder as tribute, you
+must expect to receive the balls with it."
+
+In forty-eight hours the treaty was negotiated, giving to the United
+States privileges and immunities never before granted by a Barbary state
+to a Christian power.
+
+In 1819 a quarrel arose between Commodore James Barron and Decatur. They
+met at Bladensburg, Maryland, on March 22, 1820. At the first shots
+Barron was dangerously wounded. Decatur was also hit, and he died the
+same evening.
+
+  PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION
+
+  ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 4. No. 3, SERIAL No. 103
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+
+[Illustration: IN THE POSSESSION OF THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY
+
+COMMODORE WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE
+
+FROM THE PAINTING BY REMBRANDT PEALE]
+
+
+
+
+The War of 1812
+
+WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE
+
+Monograph Number Two in The Mentor Reading Course
+
+
+William Bainbridge was born at Princeton, New Jersey, on May 7, 1774. He
+was a son of Dr. Absalom Bainbridge, a Physician of the town. He
+received comparatively little education; for he went to sea in a
+merchant vessel at the age of fourteen. A few years after this, while he
+was the mate of the ship _Hope_, on a voyage to Holland he saved the
+life of his captain, who had been seized by a mutinous crew with the
+intention of throwing him overboard. On his return home, because of his
+good conduct and abilities, he was promoted to the command of a ship in
+the Dutch trade. He continued in command of various ships until 1798.
+
+During this time the war between France and Great Britain made it
+difficult for neutrals to carry on trade. Therefore as master of a ship
+Bainbridge had to elude, or beat off a great deal of interference on the
+part of French and British ships alike.
+
+In 1798, when war was about to break out between France and the United
+States and the American navy was organized, Bainbridge was appointed
+commander of the United States Schooner _Retaliation_, of fourteen guns,
+with the rank of lieutenant. In November his ship was captured by two
+French frigates--but it was released shortly afterward.
+
+Bainbridge sailed for the West Indies as master commandant of the brig
+_Norfolk_. During this cruise he gave protection to the merchant trade
+of the United States and captured several of the enemy's merchantmen.
+
+In 1800 Bainbridge was promoted to the rink of captain. On the frigate
+_George Washington_ he sailed to the Dey of Algiers with presents. These
+"presents" were bribes which the United States paid to the Algerian
+pirates to secure exemption from capture for its merchant ships in the
+Mediterranean. Bainbridge was disgusted at having to pay the tributes.
+While his ship was at Algiers war was declared by the pirates against
+France, and the French consul and citizens were ordered to leave the
+country in forty-eight hours. Captain Bainbridge received them all on
+his ship and landed them safely.
+
+When the United States found that bribes to the pirates did not protect
+their commerce, they decided to use force. Captain Bainbridge was given
+command of the frigate _Philadelphia_, and sailing to Algiers, blockaded
+Tripoli. Being driven from his cruising grounds, Bainbridge pursued a
+strange ship that was trying to break the blockade. He gave chase, but
+ran upon a reef on the morning of October 31, 1803. The pirates
+immediately attacked, and when the ship could no longer be defended they
+captured and scuttled her, imprisoning the officers and crew. After a
+treaty of peace between the Dey and the United States had been
+concluded, the Americans were released on February 3, 1805.
+
+Captain Bainbridge returned for a time to the merchant service, but when
+the War of 1812 broke out, he was appointed to command the United States
+frigate _Constitution_. In this ship he captured two British frigates
+and many merchantmen. On his return he was received with an enthusiastic
+welcome by his countrymen. The _Constitution_ became an object of
+national pride, and because of the little damage it sustained in the
+numerous encounters in which it engaged, received the popular name of
+"Old Ironsides."
+
+After the conclusion of the War of 1812, Bainbridge once more served
+against the Barbary pirates. Later he served on the board of navy
+commissioners. Commodore Bainbridge died in Philadelphia on July 28,
+1833.
+
+  PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION
+
+  ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 4, No. 3, SERIAL No. 103
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+
+[Illustration: IN THE POSSESSION Of THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY
+
+COMMODORE OLIVER HAZARD PERRY
+
+FROM THE PAINTING BY REMBRANDT PEALE]
+
+
+
+
+The War of 1812
+
+OLIVER HAZARD PERRY
+
+Monograph Number Five in The Mentor Reading Course
+
+
+Oliver Hazard Perry was born at South Kensington, Rhode Island, on
+August 23, 1785. His father was Christopher Raymond Perry, captain in
+the navy. His first position was that of a midshipman on the sloop of
+war _General Greene_, in 1798. The first action that he saw was against
+the Barbary pirates. In this war he secured the affection and respect of
+the officers and men in the squadron.
+
+In 1810 he was a lieutenant-commandant in the schooner _Revenge_. This
+vessel was attached to the squadron under Commodore Rodgers, and was
+employed in Long Island Sound to uphold the embargo which the United
+States had at that time put upon trade with England and France.
+
+Shortly after, the war with England began. Perry was placed in command
+of a flotilla at Newport, but was not pleased with this commission, and
+begged to be ordered to Lake Ontario. His wish was granted, and he and
+his men--who eagerly volunteered to go with him--re-inforced Commodore
+Chauncey on the Great Lakes.
+
+When he arrived at Lake Ontario, however, Chauncey ordered Perry to Lake
+Erie to superintend the building of vessels. The English had a powerful
+force on the Great Lakes and the United States wanted to build
+sufficient ships to meet them. Perry worked hard, and on August 4, 1813,
+he got his squadron into the deep waters of Lake Erie. This squadron
+consisted of three brigs, five schooners, and one sloop. On the 10th of
+September Perry met the British fleet with Captain Robert H. Barclay in
+command in the Battle of Put-in Bay. This was the great fight of Perry's
+life, and he fought it with skill, bravery and perseverance.
+
+The effects of this victory were felt all over the United States.
+National pride was kindled and the people celebrated the victory with
+enthusiasm. In reward Perry was made a captain in the navy and received
+the thanks of Congress.
+
+However, the gallant officer did not rest upon his laurels, and, seeing
+no more hostile fleets to conquer, offered himself as aid to General
+Harrison, who was then pursuing the British, and took part in the Battle
+of Moravian Town on October 5th. When Virginia and Maryland were invaded
+by the English, under General Ross and Admiral Cockburn, Perry had a
+command on the Potomac.
+
+At the end of the War of 1812 Captain Perry took command of the _Java_,
+a frigate of the first class, and sailed with Commodore Stephen Decatur
+to punish the Dey of Algiers, who had plundered the commerce of the
+United States when this country was busy during the war of 1812. This
+expedition, which reached the Mediterranean in June, 1815, was
+successful, and Perry returned to the United States. While the _Java_
+was lying at Newport in mid-winter, he received information that a
+merchant vessel was on a reef about five or six miles from that place,
+and that the crew were in danger. Leaping into his barge he turned to
+his oarsmen and said, "Come, my boys, we are going to the relief of
+shipwrecked seamen; pull away!" The eleven men of the crew were rescued.
+
+In 1819 Perry was sent in the _John Adams_ to the West Indies with
+sealed orders. Pirates had swarmed in that vicinity, and his commission
+was to drive them from the sea. He executed his orders with diligence,
+but unfortunately caught yellow fever and died on August 23, 1819, at
+Port of Spain, in Trinidad. Every tribute of national grief was paid to
+his memory, and he was buried with military honors.
+
+  PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION
+
+  ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 4, No. 3, SERIAL No. 103
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mentor: The War of 1812, by
+Albert Bushnell Hart
+
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