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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Agricultural Implements and Machines in the
+Collection of the National Museum of History and Technology, by John T.
+Schlebecker</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: Agricultural Implements and Machines in the Collection of the National Museum of History and Technology</p>
+<p>       Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology, No. 17</p>
+<p>Author: John T. Schlebecker</p>
+<p>Release Date: November 25, 2008  [eBook #27327]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINES IN THE COLLECTION OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>E-text prepared by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper,<br />
+    and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/icover.jpg" width="600" height="499" alt="Cover"  />
+</div>
+
+<h5>SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY � NUMBER 17</h5>
+
+<h2>Agricultural Implements and Machines</h2>
+<h2>in the Collection of the</h2>
+<h2>National Museum of History and Technology</h2>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>by</h3>
+<h3>JOHN T. SCHLEBECKER</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px;">
+<img src="images/i001.jpg" width="150" height="139" alt="Seal"  />
+</div>
+<h5>SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS<br />
+City of Washington<br />
+1972</h5>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>SERIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION</h4>
+
+
+<p>The emphasis upon publications as a means of diffusing knowledge was expressed
+by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In his formal plan for the Institution,
+Joseph Henry articulated a program that included the following statement:
+"It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries
+in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge."
+This keynote of basic research has been adhered to over the years in the issuance
+of thousands of titles in serial publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing
+with <i>Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge</i> in 1848 and continuing with
+the following active series:</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<i>Smithsonian Annals of Flight</i><br />
+<i>Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology</i><br />
+<i>Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics</i><br />
+<i>Smithsonian Contributions to Botany</i><br />
+<i>Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences</i><br />
+<i>Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology</i><br />
+<i>Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology</i><br />
+<i>Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology</i><br /></p>
+
+<p>In these series, the Institution publishes original articles and monographs dealing
+with the research and collections of its several museums and offices and of professional
+colleagues at other institutions of learning. These papers report newly acquired facts,
+synoptic interpretations of data, or original theory in specialized fields. These publications
+are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, laboratories, and other interested
+institutions and specialists throughout the world. Individual copies may be obtained
+from the Smithsonian Institution Press as long as stocks are available.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">S. Dillon Ripley</span><br />
+<i>Secretary</i><br />
+Smithsonian Institution</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h6>For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office<br />
+Washington, D.C. 20402&mdash;Price 70 cents<br />
+Stock Number 4700-0209</h6>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h3>Contents</h3>
+
+<table summary="Contents">
+<tr><td></td><td class="tocpg">Page</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#The_Use_of_Farm_Machinery_in_America">The Use of Farm Machinery in America</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Catalog_of_Agricultural_Implements">Catalog of Agricultural Implements and Machines in the Collection</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Index_to_the_Catalog">Index to the Catalog</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Publications_on_Farming_by_the_Staff">Publications on Farming by the Staff of the Division of Agriculture and Mining</a></td>
+<td class="tocpg"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><i>Agricultural Implements and Machines</i></h2>
+<h2><i>in the Collection of the</i></h2>
+<h2><i>National Museum of History and Technology</i></h2>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Author</span>: <i>John T. Schlebecker is curator in charge, Division of
+Agriculture and Mining, Museum of History and Technology, Smithsonian
+Institution</i>.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3><a name="Introduction" id="Introduction"></a>Introduction</h3>
+
+<p>The art and science of agriculture embrace most
+intentional human efforts to control biological
+activity so as to produce plants and animals of the
+sort wanted, when wanted. Rubber plantations,
+cattle ranches, vegetable gardens, dairy farms, tree
+farms, and a host of similar enterprises all represent
+human efforts to compel nature to serve man.
+Those who undertake agriculture have had, from
+time immemorial, a variety of names, not all of
+them complimentary. The people involved in attempted
+biological control have been called farmers,
+planters, ranchers, and peasants. Farmers carry
+on a complicated business in which they use a
+variety of tools, implements, and machines. They
+also employ land, chemicals, water, plants, and
+animals. Their business, however, focuses on living
+things. No matter how crude their attempts, or how
+uncertain their successes, those who try to grow
+living things rank as agriculturalists.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>Of course, the definition excludes brewers, distillers, biological
+supply houses, and others, such as zoo curators, who
+manage living things. Agriculture takes place on a piece of
+land widely and commonly known as a farm.</p></div>
+
+<p>For the most part, a museum cannot show the
+essential biological aspects of agriculture. Agricultural
+production involves the farmer in the course
+of nature in its seasons, and in the peculiar laws of
+living things. In these respects, agriculture stands
+rather apart from transportation, manufacturing,
+and artistic industries where the tools, machines,
+and raw materials remain fairly inert as men work
+on them. Machines move but do not live, and
+therein lies the major difference between agriculture
+and the other arts. Farmers deal with plants
+and animals but the museum can show only the
+things a farmer uses as he accommodates to and
+regulates nature. Some of the objects, in themselves,
+give a fair idea of how the farmer used them. Most
+people, after all, know about edged blades and
+digging tools. Nearly anyone can grasp what a man
+might do with a scythe or a plow. Even the working
+of a modern reaper needs only a little explanation.
+But museums cannot well show cross-breeding
+of plants and animals. Museums seldom can show
+the results of that cross-breeding. Bags of fertilizer
+can be put on display, as can vials of penicillin, and
+jars of herbicide. Although some may find these
+interesting, such items show little in and of themselves.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, the things that cannot be shown
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span>
+in any easily intelligible way surpass in importance
+the items that can be shown. The sheep shears,
+which anyone can understand, represent less to the
+farmer than do the sheep. Sheep shears, no matter
+how sophisticated and no matter how necessary, do
+not explain sheep husbandry. The shears tell little
+about the wool industry, and nothing much about
+sheep breeds. And so on through the list of agricultural
+enterprises.</p>
+
+<p>Museums must collect and exhibit the tools,
+implements, and machines which farmers use in
+their business. These items, however, seldom make
+up the core of real agricultural activity. The catalog
+here presented shows something of the range of
+items that farmers use and that can be preserved
+and shown. The variety nearly equals the volume.
+Most museums try to avoid duplication. Even so,
+few museums manage to collect a continuous series
+of things showing any one line of development.
+The discontinuity of farm objects on hand virtually
+rules out the telling of a coherent and complete
+history of agriculture. Nevertheless, the museum
+can show something about the major technological
+developments in agriculture. The evolution of the
+plow, the reaper, or the tractor can be suggested
+even if not fully illustrated. Hitting the highlights
+has to suffice.</p>
+
+<p>The full history of technological change also
+involves several social and economic conditions.</p>
+
+<p>First, changes in implements, tools, and methods
+result from the accumulation of knowledge. Device
+builds upon device: first came the wheel, and then,
+much later, the tractor.</p>
+
+<p>Secondly, the potential user of the device must
+feel a need for it. The new method or device not
+only must save him work but must clearly increase
+his well-being. If any device or change merely increases
+the wealth of someone else (a tax collector
+or a landlord for example), the farmer seldom will
+adopt the new technology.</p>
+
+<p>Thirdly, since, at first, the new technology almost
+invariably costs more than the old, the user must
+have or be able to get the capital to buy and use
+the newer devices and methods.</p>
+
+<p>Of these conditions for technological change,
+only the cumulative nature of the knowledge can
+be shown by the objects. Even here, however, missing
+objects make it possible to present only the
+most obvious changes, and then not all of them.
+Still, seeing the things once used&mdash;no matter how
+crude or how few&mdash;can sometimes help us understand
+the way changes took place. Also, this knowledge
+sometimes can help us guess how other changes
+will take place:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+The sequence of inventions also depends upon the
+changing needs of a society. Needs and circumstances vary
+more than do degrees of talent. Thus when need and
+knowledge merge, inventors quickly appear. Indeed,
+several men in several places are likely to work on the
+same problems at the same time, and they often solve
+it in almost identical fashion. Nearly simultaneous inventions
+or discoveries occur with astonishing frequency
+in the history of technology.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>"The Combine Made in Stockton," <i>Pacific Historian</i>, no.
+10 (Autumn, 1966), p. 14.</p></div>
+<hr />
+<h3><a name="The_Use_of_Farm_Machinery_in_America" id="The_Use_of_Farm_Machinery_in_America"></a>The Use of Farm Machinery in America</h3>
+
+<p>The part of America that was destined to become
+the United States started its history at the very time
+when the parent European civilization began to
+make major breakthroughs in science and technology.
+Thus, Americans became the automatic
+beneficiaries of the achievements of others. Because
+of peculiar opportunities and needs, Americans
+could and did push on to unique achievements.
+Nowhere, however, did this building on the past
+appear as early, or as impressively, as in the agricultural
+sector of the economy. American inventors
+of farm implements made important strides earlier
+than those in any other field. In turn, American
+farmers made more and better use of discoveries
+and inventions.</p>
+
+<p>From the 1650s onward Europeans expanded
+their activities in all fields and in all directions. By
+that time Europeans had already discovered the
+New World, and had seized or bullied most of the
+Old. European trade and industry increased, and as
+these grew so also did population and urbanization.
+People multiplied, and an increasingly greater proportion
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span>
+
+of them began to live in towns and cities.
+Simultaneously, the Europeans increased in wealth;
+indeed, most of their activities created more wealth.
+The ever-increasing number of people called for
+more food, and for changes in European farming.
+The Europeans' growing wealth also allowed them
+to buy luxury items from around the world: silk
+and spice and everything nice. The goods came not
+only from the Far East and Africa but also from the
+New World. When Europeans began to settle
+America, they almost at once had the advantages
+of a large and growing metropolitan market in
+western Europe. This market provided opportunities
+for wealth, but only if the American farmers
+developed appropriate commodities and produced
+them at reasonable prices.</p>
+
+<p>The English, Dutch, Swedes, French, and Spanish
+settled in North America at trading and exploring
+stations. So located, they could direct the flow of
+products to Europe. The English chiefly sought
+rare products such as gold and spices, and they sent
+back furs. The Dutch concentrated on furs. All
+European pioneers, however, had to feed themselves.
+This took a bit of doing, which at first involved
+a merging of European technology with
+Indian crops and methods. Later, the settlers
+adapted European crops and animals. In spite of
+starving times in almost every colony from Virginia
+to New England, the new Americans at least mastered
+the art of feeding themselves.</p>
+
+<p>European technology used animals for draft and
+employed plows, harrows, and similar implements.
+This technology fit European crops better than it
+fit American crops. Thus, European implements
+and draft animals did not appear until comparatively
+late. As long as they depended chiefly on
+Indian crops, Europeans simply substituted iron
+hoes for stone hoes, and iron axes for stone axes.
+But methods such as girdling, slash and burn, and
+the rest, came almost directly from Indian technology.
+The Pilgrims of Plymouth Plantation went
+12 years without a plow; Virginians went almost
+as long. The hoe of corn culture served well enough
+to keep men alive. Hunting and fishing, of course,
+supplemented the food supply, as it did for the
+Indians.</p>
+
+<p>From north to south the story was largely the
+same in the 17th century. Everywhere the new
+Americans pursued a subsistence agriculture which
+supported some other major economic activity.
+Pennsylvania developed possibly the most flourishing
+subsistence farming. The commercial production
+of tobacco, an American crop with American
+methods and uses, began early in Virginia and
+Maryland. This specialty developed commercially
+almost exclusively in the upper South. Farmers and
+planters of the lower South had hesitantly begun
+rice culture, but as the 17th century ended men
+in the Carolinas still found hides and furs the most
+rewarding commodities. Meanwhile, rapid changes
+took place in the European metropolitan centers,
+and in the West Indian islands. The growth of
+population in both places created consumers for
+more and cheaper food. Markets for American foods
+definitely began to increase as the 18th century
+got under way.</p>
+
+<p>Europeans, of course, primarily wanted European
+foods rather than exotic Indian crops. The foods
+also had to be comparatively nonperishable and
+easily transported. Grains, particularly wheat, and
+processed meat (hams, salt pork, and such) especially
+met European preferences. Commercial production
+of these commodities compelled American
+farmers to embrace the best European technology
+insofar as that technology fit the American scene.
+The plants, animals, methods, and tools all derived
+from Europe. Contrary to a common European
+view at the time, the immigrants did not bring
+the worst available methods to the New World.
+Nor did the Americans allow any deterioration of
+stock or plants without good economic reasons.</p>
+
+<p>Most European criticism about American farming
+centered on things of no consequence to American
+farmers, who were selling in a world market. True,
+Americans tended toward slovenly cultivation, but
+niceness of method mattered little if the land
+yielded an abundant exportable surplus. Americans
+paid less attention than Europeans to fertilizer, but
+Americans at first had less need for it. Livestock,
+in spite of nearly continual importations from
+Europe, tended to decline from a European standpoint.
+Still, the animals yielded meat of a quality
+suitable for export. The hardy American animals
+could survive in spite of casual care. Americans
+had few barns and sheds, but the world market for
+meat did not demand barns, stalls, and fancy feeding.
+American dairy cows yielded ridiculously low
+volumes of milk, butter, and cheese, but dairy
+products, after all, served only the resident Americans.
+The corn- and mast-fed hogs of America provided
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>
+ham that was equal to any in Europe. If the
+European consumer bought American food, the
+American farmer thought it pointless to consider
+the comfort and emotional well-being of his
+animals.</p>
+
+<p>New Englanders tended to concentrate on animals,
+the middle Atlantic on grains, the upper
+South on tobacco, and the lower South on rice and
+indigo. The Revolutionary War disrupted the marketing
+from the farmer's view, but the major commercial
+commodities remained largely unchanged
+in the years immediately after the war. Indigo declined
+and then disappeared as a major export
+commodity, but cotton almost at once replaced it.</p>
+
+<p>In the 19th century men everywhere made great
+technological advances. In America, the advances
+took place in a sort of reciprocal action with three
+major historical series and events dominating the
+story: the westward movement, urbanization, and
+industrialization.</p>
+
+<p>The greatest westward expansion in American
+history took place during the 19th century. American
+farmers and stockmen conquered, and almost
+entirely settled, a continent. They did this in a
+single century, 1801-1900. Nothing quite like it had
+ever happened before. Starting from a thin line of
+people on the eastern seaboard (with a few incursions
+across the mountains as of 1800), farmers and
+herders pushed into a nearly empty land, dispossessed
+the Indians, and exploited the country.
+And in course of time the American pioneers
+wanted and received political organization. California
+entered the Union in 1850, the Plains states
+mostly in the 1880s, and more states, such as Arizona,
+New Mexico, and Oklahoma, came into the
+Union in the 20th century.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time, a nation that was weak and
+underdeveloped in 1801, had, by 1900, become the
+world's leading industrial nation. From virtually no
+industry in 1801, America rose to leading industrial
+power in 1900, with more railroads and more manufactured
+goods per capita than any other nation.
+Involved in the industrialization, and importantly
+so, was the farm implement and machinery industry.
+Factories everywhere supplied farmers with the
+sophisticated tools and machines of the new agriculture.</p>
+
+<p>In these years urbanization also went forward
+rapidly. Cities of the east grew fantastically, and
+even in the interior cities rose from wilderness outposts
+to gigantic metropolises. Within one man's
+lifetime Chicago increased from 350 people in 1830
+to 1,099,000 in 1890. Simultaneously, tremendous
+developments in transportation kept the nation
+and its economy tied together. All of these developments
+had a profound influence on farming and
+farmers. The rich cities provided ever greater markets
+for the farmers' produce. The transportation
+system, rapidly moving farm commodities, made
+farming profitable in remote regions far distant
+from the coast. Farmers also felt the advantages of
+the return flow of goods and services: the mail
+order catalog, the industrially made reapers and
+threshers, and countless other items. City people
+made a countless range of devices for farmers&mdash;from
+steel plows to steam engines.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, as these events altered the life of the
+farmer, a burst of activity took place in invention
+and discovery. These activities had a delayed but
+considerable impact on farm methods and technology.
+The list of inventions and discoveries
+could hardly fit in this narrative, but this catalog
+of items reflects fairly well what men accomplished
+in the 19th century. The changes included such
+diverse elements as the invention of the cotton gin
+by Eli Whitney in 1793, the introduction of Mexican
+Upland cotton in 1805, the discovery of the
+cause of Texas fever in cattle in 1889, and the invention
+of the internal combustion tractor in 1892.
+These and many other achievements substantially
+changed the farm enterprise in two major directions:
+first, advances in technology allowed farmers
+to do more in less time; second, discoveries in
+science allowed farmers to increase the yield from
+the land. Farmers got more from each acre, plant,
+and animal.</p>
+
+<p>Farmers could use the savings in time brought
+by better implements and new machines to increase
+the amount of land farmed and the number of animals
+cared for. Presumably, the farmer could also
+use the saved time for greater leisure. In fact, however,
+they usually used the extra time for more
+work. In the 20th century they often used the saved
+time for outside employment. Farmers did this in
+the 19th century, but not so commonly as later.
+Greater man-hour efficiency gave the farmer more
+time to devote to managing his enterprise, to keeping
+records, and to studying his business.</p>
+
+<p>Technological efficiency also allowed farmers to
+use more land and more animals. The average size
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>
+of farms steadily increased across the century. Furthermore,
+the new machines and the pure-bred
+livestock cost money which could be most profitable
+only if the farmer specialized in one, or at most two,
+types of enterprise. So the greater efficiency created
+by technology impelled farmers to greater specialization,
+and with specialization came even greater
+efficiency. Anyone who specializes will likely be
+more efficient because of the mastering of skills. He
+will also have a minimum of other cares to distract
+him. Of course, for the consumers, foreign or domestic,
+greater farming efficiencies resulted in
+abundant food at comparatively low cost.</p>
+
+<p>Plant and animal importation, improvement of
+breeds, and discoveries in genetics, soil chemistry,
+the use of fertilizers, and in controlling plant and
+animal diseases all helped the living things which
+form the basis of farming yield. Grain farmers not
+only had to have a wheat which yielded well but a
+wheat which resisted the attacks of nature. For
+example, Turkey Red wheat, introduced in 1873
+by Mennonites from Russia, not only survived
+drought and yielded well but provided the genetic
+elements for newer breeds of wheat. The farmer not
+only wanted good-producing meat cattle, such as
+the Herefords, but had to control diseases and
+predators which killed the animals. Sick animals
+do not grow properly or, in the case of dairy animals,
+give much milk. Steady advances in disease
+control for both plants and animals brought fewer
+losses and greater productivity to farmers.</p>
+
+<p>The 19th century also brought scientific discoveries
+in both plant and animal nutrition. Fertilizer
+and soil chemistry made great advances through
+scientific experiments, at first by farmers and later
+by government servants. The first experiment station
+in the modern era began in Connecticut in
+1875, and in 1887 the Congress established such
+stations in every state in conjunction with the agricultural
+Land Grant colleges. Scientists at many
+of the stations also made discoveries in animal
+nutrition. For example, as a result of animal feeding
+experiments E. V. McCollum discovered vitamins
+A and B at the experiment station in Wisconsin
+in 1915.</p>
+
+<p>None of these scientific advances left much residue
+in the form of artifacts for museums, but the
+reality of the changes should not be obscured by
+the lack of objects on exhibit. Even so, some of the
+related equipment survived. For example, the
+centrifuge used in the butterfat test, discovered in
+1890 by Stephen M. Babcock, survived in several
+forms. Manure spreaders and tree sprayers, reflective
+of advances in biochemistry, also survived. But
+these only suggest the more important biological
+control activities for which these machines and
+tools served merely as agents in some way.</p>
+
+<p>The 20th century introduced Americans to total
+war. World Wars I and II demanded the total
+mobilization of all resources by all contenders. In
+both conflicts America became the food reservoir of
+the Allies. From a technological view, the wars
+engendered a level of prosperity which both allowed
+and encouraged farmers to adopt new methods and
+devices. The principal technological change in
+farms was the widespread adoption of the internal
+combustion tractor, first used in 1892. Inventors
+and manufacturers gradually but constantly improved
+tractors along with the various devices attached
+to them. Most notable were the corn picker,
+in 1909, and the cotton picker, in 1942. (Dates are
+for commercial production in each instance.) Farmers
+found both machines impracticable until a power
+source independent of the ground wheel had been
+developed. More than anything else the tractor and
+its related equipment finally set men free from the
+worst drudgery of farming. It also set many farmers
+free from the need to farm at all.</p>
+
+<p>The tractor and its equipment accomplished
+several other remarkable things, some obvious and
+some not so obvious. First, it allowed the farmer to
+get rid of horses and mules, and these animals
+steadily declined&mdash;to such an extent that in the
+1960s the census did not even bother to count them.
+As a result of this decline, land that farmers had
+used to raise feed for animals could grow food for
+people or fodder for dairy animals. The amount of
+land thus released for other needs finally amounted
+to perhaps 60 million acres, and maybe even more.
+The change took place with increasing rapidity
+into the 20th century.</p>
+
+<p>Also, the tractor sharply reduced labor needs for
+the major crops of the United States. Even dairying,
+least susceptible to this sort of improvement,
+felt the impact of the tractor in such things as harvesting
+fodder and storing silage by running loaders
+off the tractor power-take-off. Since the very founding
+of agriculture men had discovered only one way
+to prosper in farming. The farmer had to exploit
+somebody or something. Animals, serfs, slaves, tenants,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>
+sharecroppers, or whatever, including the
+farmer's family and farm, had at various times been
+exploited on the farmer's way to success. After the
+age of machinery, however, the farmer tended to
+exploit the machine instead of other people or
+things. People had to leave farming, but in the
+long run they benefited from their removal. The
+machine had set them free. Chief of the machines
+was the gasoline tractor.</p>
+
+<p>The influence of science and technology inside a
+free society may have been even more profound
+than seems at first glance. The farming of the 20th
+century, with its chemicals, genetics, machines, and
+all, required not only vast infusions of capital but
+brains and a considerable knowledge. Farmers had
+to be literate at the very least. Elitist systems, where
+one group of people get educated and the others
+get worked, could not accomplish much in the
+modern agricultural world. Furthermore, notions
+of two kinds of education&mdash;one for the better sort
+who think, and another for the inferiors who do the
+work&mdash;could and did seriously impede the development
+of a modern agriculture. The backwardness
+of most of the world, the poverty of the underdeveloped
+countries, stemmed in large part from
+the impediments created by an ignorant population.</p>
+
+<p>A country like the United States with its highly
+technical and scientific farming could not afford,
+simply could not endure, limited educational opportunities
+for its people. Neither could it long
+endure any class structure which placed farmers in
+an inferior position; for when men feel inferior
+because of their work they tend to shift to some
+other task, leaving the despised work to those
+who cannot avoid it. A highly developed agriculture
+in the hands of the truly inferior, the stupid
+and uneducated, would simply collapse. America,
+the land of plenty, had to maintain a high level
+of education open to all and a society where men
+reached status, at least partly, by effort and talent.
+In 20th century America the comparative social
+and economic equality continued, in large part,
+because the level of technology and science used in
+America demanded it. This equality may be one of
+the most important consequences of the technological
+and scientific advances in agriculture during
+the years 1607-1972.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3><a name="Catalog_of_Agricultural_Implements" id="Catalog_of_Agricultural_Implements"></a>Catalog of Agricultural Implements and</h3>
+<h3>Machines in the Collection</h3>
+
+<p>In the following catalog the items are listed
+numerically in the order in which the museum
+received them, with the earliest first and the latest
+last. This arrangement permits expansion and reissue
+of the catalog simply by adding new entries;
+and the user of the catalog can easily find everything
+acquired in any given year. In effect, the
+catalog thus presents an historical account of the
+development of the museum collection. Following
+the item's title appears the National Museum accession
+number (USNM number); year of accession,
+if known; description; and donor.</p>
+
+<p>The index to the catalog has several major categories
+of cross-referenced entries. In addition to
+the general object class, such as "Tractor," it includes
+use-entries, such as "Plant husbandry," the
+names of donors, vendors, and those who arranged
+for the gifts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_1" id="Cat_1">1.</a> <span class="smcap">Korean Sketch of Farming in the Late 18th
+Century</span>. USNM 19048; 1887. Korean
+farmers plowing and breaking clods of
+earth. Painted by Han Chin U. Gift of
+G. Goward, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_2" id="Cat_2">2.</a> <span class="smcap">Korean Sketch of Threshing in the Late
+18th Century</span>. USNM 19048; 1887. Korean
+farmers threshing rice. By Han Chin
+U. Gift of G. Goward, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_3" id="Cat_3">3.</a> <span class="smcap">Korean Fishing Scene of the Late 18th
+Century</span>. USNM 19048; 1887. Koreans
+using a fish trap. By Han Chin U. Gift
+of G. Goward, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_4" id="Cat_4">4.</a> <span class="smcap">Scene of Korean Farmers Chopping Tobacco
+in 18th Century</span>. USNM 19048;
+1887. Korean farmers chopping tobacco
+after it has been cured. By Han Chin U.
+Gift of G. Goward, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
+<a name="Cat_5" id="Cat_5">5.</a> <span class="smcap">Scene of Korean Farmers Working on Farm
+Buildings in Late 18th Century</span>. USNM
+19048; 1887. Korean farmers doing carpentry
+work, including roof repair. By Han
+Chin U. Gift of G. Goward, Washington,
+D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_6" id="Cat_6">6.</a> <span class="smcap">Scene of a Korean Blacksmith at Work in
+Late 18th Century</span>. USNM 19048; 1887.
+A Korean blacksmith working at his forge
+and anvil. By Han Chin U. Gift of G.
+Goward, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_7" id="Cat_7">7.</a> <span class="smcap">A Korean Farrier Shoeing a Horse in the
+Late 18th Century</span>. USNM 19048; 1887.
+By Han Chin U. Gift of G. Goward,
+Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_8" id="Cat_8">8.</a> <span class="smcap">Centrifugal Cream Separator</span>, 1868. USNM
+23744; 1890. The first centrifugal cream
+separator used commercially in the United
+States. The Deerfoot Farm at Southborough,
+Massachusetts, used this machine,
+patented by D. M. Weston of Boston. Gift
+of Deerfoot Farm Company, Southborough,
+Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_9" id="Cat_9">9.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Blount's Daisy Plow</span>, 1890. USNM
+23873; 1891. This model of a one-horse
+plow shows Blount's Daisy steel plow as
+pictured in the catalog of Henry F. Blount.
+Gift of Henry F. Blount, Evansville, Indiana.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_10" id="Cat_10">10.</a> <span class="smcap">Old Colony Strong Plow</span>, 1732. USNM
+34769; 1899. In 1732 Peter Hardy of Raymond,
+New Hampshire, made this plow for
+Henry Lamprey of Kensington, New Hampshire.
+Gift of J. P. Lamprey, Kensington,
+New Hampshire.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i021.jpg" width="600" height="482" alt="Figure 1.--Views of Old Colony Strong Plow, about 1732." />
+</div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure 1.</span>&mdash;Views of Old Colony Strong Plow, about 1732. (Catalog No. 10.)</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_11" id="Cat_11">11.</a> <span class="smcap">Winnowing Basket</span>, 1799. USNM 37441;
+1901. A winnowing basket, or pan, made
+of willow woven over wide sprints; elliptical
+in shape, with a frame of thick rods. Noah
+Rogers bought this pan in New York in
+1799 or 1800. Gift of Frank A. Brown,
+Savage, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_12" id="Cat_12">12.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Flail Threshing Machine, 19th
+Century</span>. USNM 46812; 1906. The
+frame of this wooden model is 7&frac12; inches
+high and 5 by 6 inches, rectangular. The
+levers, 14 inches long, project from the
+frame and strike the floor much as a flail
+would. Pins set in the shaft of a hand
+crank act as cams, raising the flails which
+then fall to the ground by gravity. Gift of
+United States Department of the Interior.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_13" id="Cat_13">13.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Gallic Grain Header</span>, about <span class="smcap">a.d.</span>
+70. USNM 46812; 1906. A wooden box
+on wheels, 12 by 5 inches, has metal teeth
+set at the front end. Shafts extend to the
+rear, where an ox is yoked. The forward
+movement of the cart causes the grain to
+lodge against the teeth, which pulled the
+heads off. The grain then fell back into
+the box. Gift of United States Department
+of the Interior.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_14" id="Cat_14">14.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Ten Eyck Grain Harvester</span>, 1825.
+USNM 46812; 1906. Model is made of
+wood and iron, 15 inches by 8 inches. Long
+knives on a drum were rotated by belt shaft
+on traveling wheels. Long projecting
+points gathered the straw. Iron shafts at
+the rear allowed animals to be harnessed to
+push the machine. James Ten Eyck patented
+the harvester on November 2, 1825.
+Gift of United States Department of the
+Interior.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_15" id="Cat_15">15.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Manning Grain Harvester</span>, 1831.
+USNM 46812; 1906. Model of horse-drawn
+reaper measures 16 inches by 8 inches, with a
+wheel diameter of 6 inches. Projecting iron
+points at the front end gather the grain,
+and vibrating knives, powered from the hob
+of the wheel, cut the grain. Patented by
+William Manning on May 3, 1831. Gift of
+United States Department of the Interior.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_16" id="Cat_16">16.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Boyce Grain Harvester</span>, 1799.
+USNM 46812; 1906. This model, made of
+wood and iron, is 15 inches long, 6 inches
+wide, and 5&frac12; inches high. Six rotating
+knives radically positioned on a vertical
+shaft rotate by level gearing on the wheel
+axle. The whole is mounted on a two-wheeled
+cart with shafts for draft animals.
+English patent number 2324 granted to
+James Boyce in 1799. Gift of United
+States Department of the Interior.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_17" id="Cat_17">17.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Newbold Plow</span>, 1797. USNM
+46812; 1906. This model of a metal plow,
+with wooden beam and handles 14 inches
+long, represents the plow patented by
+Charles Newbold on June 26, 1797, the
+first American patent for a cast-iron plow.
+Moldboard, share, and landside were cast
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
+in one piece. If the plow broke, it became
+totally useless. Not until the parts were
+made in separate pieces did the iron plow
+come into wide use. The cast iron broke
+more readily than did the later wrought-iron
+plows. Gift of United States Department
+of the Interior.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_18" id="Cat_18">18.</a> <span class="smcap">Winnowing Basket</span>, about 1750. USNM
+54513; 1912. Used by the three Richardson
+brothers, the first settlers of Woburn, Massachusetts.
+The threshed grain could be winnowed
+in two ways. It could be poured
+slowly from the edge of the basket in a
+breeze, where the heavier grain fell to the
+ground while the chaff blew away. More
+commonly, the farmer tossed the grain into
+the air and caught it in the basket, while
+the chaff blew away. This rectangular
+basket measures 50 inches by 30 inches.
+Gift of Mrs. Clarissa W. Samson, West Medford,
+Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/i023.jpg" width="350" height="358" alt="Figure 2.--De Laval centrifugal cream separator of 1879. (An
+earlier version of Catalog No. 19." />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure 2.</span>&mdash;De Laval centrifugal cream separator of 1879. (An
+earlier version of Catalog No. 19.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_19" id="Cat_19">19.</a> <span class="smcap">Centrifugal Cream Separator</span>, 1914. USNM
+56432; 1914. Carl Gustav De Laval of
+Sweden invented this successful continuous-flow
+cream separator in 1879. Loaned by
+De Laval Separator Company, New York,
+New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_20" id="Cat_20">20.</a> <span class="smcap">Model Tractor</span>, 1919. USNM 64098; 1919.
+No particular manufacturer seems represented
+by this spring-driven toy, which
+merely represents tractors of around 1919.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>
+The heavy-duty field tractor has four widely
+spaced iron wheels. Gift of Toy Manufacturers
+of the United States, New York,
+New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_21" id="Cat_21">21.</a> <span class="smcap">Model Tractor with Plow, Harrow, and
+Roller</span>, 1919. USNM 64098; 1919.
+Spring-driven, toy tractor. The plow, harrow,
+and roller, as well as the tractor itself,
+represent a typical machine of the period.
+The product of no particular firm seems to
+have been copied. Gift of Toy Manufacturers
+of the United States, New York,
+New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_22" id="Cat_22">22.</a> <span class="smcap">Meat Grinding Machine</span>, about 1810.
+USNM 110326; 1930. Hand made of wood
+and iron, with six parts held together by
+two iron bolts. The cutting edges are set
+in the sides of a box parallel to each other
+and about one-quarter inch apart. A shaft,
+set in the center of the box, is turned by a
+crank. The horizontal shaft has iron slugs,
+graduated from coarse to fine, set into the
+shaft in a helical pattern. The meat enters
+through the square hole at the top and the
+iron teeth press it against the knife edges;
+thus, the meat is cut smaller and smaller
+until it comes out a small hole in the bottom
+of the machine. The device is very
+ancient in design and could still be found
+in common use in the United States as late
+as 1860. Gift of R. C. Fairhead, Rushville,
+Nebraska.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_23" id="Cat_23">23.</a> <span class="smcap">Carey Plow</span>, about 1815. Received from
+Division of Ethnology in 1931. A Carey
+plow with a slot in the beam for a colter.
+The landside handle passes through the
+beam. Usually, the beam tenon passes
+through a mortise in the handle. Possibly
+made by the farmer. Replication of a common
+and popular American plow of the
+18th century. Donor not known.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_24" id="Cat_24">24.</a> <span class="smcap">Hoe</span>, about 1830. USNM 115122; 1931.
+Wrought-iron, handmade hoe made in
+Ohio and attributed to very early 19th
+century. The hoe's blade is 5 inches wide
+and its handle is 6 feet long. Gift of Mrs.
+Grace M. Swiggett, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_25" id="Cat_25">25.</a> <span class="smcap">Reaper Sickle Bar</span>, about 1847. USNM
+115878; 1931. Sickle bar from a McCormick
+reaper. The blade style suggests a
+comparatively sophisticated stage of development,
+most surely after 1833. David
+Cromer of Seneca County, Ohio, used this
+sickle bar on a McCormick reaper. The
+blade is 5 feet long and 5 inches deep.
+Gift of Frank Hepp, Berwick, Ohio.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/i025.jpg" width="300" height="373" alt="Figure 3.--Gail Borden's vacuum pan of 1853, used to make
+condensed milk. (Catalog No. 26.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure 3.</span>&mdash;Gail Borden's vacuum pan of 1853, used to make
+condensed milk. (Catalog No. 26.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_26" id="Cat_26">26.</a> <span class="smcap">Borden Vacuum Pan</span>, 1853. USNM 119188;
+1932. The original vacuum pan used by
+Gail Borden in 1853 for condensing milk
+by concentrating it in a vacuum. He patented
+the process on August 19, 1856.
+Borden borrowed this pan from nearby
+Shaker farmers who had used it for canning.
+Borden did his early work at New Lebanon,
+New York. Borden at first failed to get
+a patent because the process was not deemed
+useful. There is nothing exceptional about
+this pan except that Borden used it. Gift
+of Borden Milk Company, New York, New
+York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_27" id="Cat_27">27.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of McCormick Reaper</span>, 1834. USNM
+121105; 1932. Scale model of the grain
+reaper patented by Cyrus McCormick on
+June 21, 1834. Roderick Davis constructed
+the model from the specifications of the
+patent. Gift of Charles G. Abbot, Washington,
+D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_28" id="Cat_28">28.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of McCormick Reaper</span>, 1845. USNM
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>
+124615; 1933. Scale model of the reaper
+patented by Cyrus H. McCormick on January
+31, 1845. Roderick Davis constructed
+the model from the specifications of United
+States patent 3895. Gift of McCormick
+Historical Association, Chicago, Illinois.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_29" id="Cat_29">29.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of McCormick Reaper</span>, 1847. USNM
+124615; 1933. Cyrus McCormick patented
+this reaper on October 23, 1847. Roderick
+Davis built the model from specifications of
+United States patent 5335. Gift of McCormick
+Historical Association, Chicago,
+Illinois.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_30" id="Cat_30">30.</a> <span class="smcap">Wheeled Plow</span>, 1769. USNM 127755; 1934.
+Wheeled plow made by Matthew Thumb in
+1769 at Palatine, New York, for Henry
+Kloch. It has an almost flat, wooden moldboard;
+wrought-iron share and colter; a two-wheel
+truck in front for the beam; and one
+handle. The large wheel ran in the furrow
+and the small wheel on the land. The
+wooden parts of the hitch and the draft
+chain have been restored. The plow is
+probably a copy of a German one. Gift of
+Sir Henry Solomon Wellcome, London,
+England.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_31" id="Cat_31">31.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Grain Separator</span>, 1875. USNM
+129836; 1934. Working model of a grain
+separator for a threshing machine made by
+Daniel Garver. The model represents inventions
+covered by three patents issued to
+Daniel and Cyrus Garver: the grain separator,
+patent 114546, issued May 9, 1871;
+the fan blast regulator, patent 114547,
+issued May 9, 1871; and the bag holding
+device, patent 161501, issued March 30,
+1875. Loaned by Miss Melchora Garver,
+Hagerstown, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_32" id="Cat_32">32.</a> <span class="smcap">Waldron Cradle Blade and Snead</span>, about
+1840. USNM 129789; 1934. The blade
+has holes for attaching the cradle. The
+wooden frame, or snead, supports the
+cradle fingers, now missing. Gift of Sydney
+S. Stabler, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_33" id="Cat_33">33.</a> <span class="smcap">Settling Can Cream Separator</span>, about 1890.
+USNM 129789; 1934. Cooley brand
+creamer, used for separating milk from
+cream prior to churning. The milk and
+cream were set in a cool place for several
+hours while the cream rose to the top. The
+farmer drew skim milk off through a spigot
+at the bottom, after which the cream could
+be drawn off. Used on farms before the
+hand centrifugal separator came into wide
+use. By 1890, in butter-producing areas,
+the centrifugal separator had already caused
+the disuse of the Cooley and similar separators.
+Gift of Sidney S. Stabler, Washington,
+D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_34" id="Cat_34">34.</a> <span class="smcap">Wooden Hayfork</span>, about 1879. USNM
+137459; 1936. Hayfork of second-growth
+white oak, made by John Heiss, Lima Township,
+Lagrange County, Indiana. It was
+used for feeding stock and for handling
+clover and short straw of all kinds. Gift
+of E. W. Heiss, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_35" id="Cat_35">35.</a> <span class="smcap">Wooden Measure</span>, 1845 or earlier. USNM
+137960; 1936. Small, round wooden measure
+used in 1845 by William Heiss, Lagrange
+County, Indiana, to feed small grain
+or mill feed to livestock. William Heiss
+was a grandfather of the donor, E. W. Heiss
+of Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
+<a name="Cat_36" id="Cat_36">36.</a> <span class="smcap">Half-Bushel Measure</span>, about 1829. USNM
+137960; 1936. Made and used by William
+Heiss on his farm in Lagrange County,
+Indiana, about 1829. Probably used in
+local barter and trade in such items as
+beans, corn, and seeds for various crops.
+Loaned by E. W. Heiss, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_37" id="Cat_37">37.</a> <span class="smcap">Wooden Drum Cotton Planter</span>, about 1895.
+USNM 14557; 1937. All wood except for
+a duckbill furrow opener in front and two
+duckbill row coverers in the rear, both
+made of metal. The drum of soft wood
+measures 20 inches in diameter and 13
+inches wide. About the center of the drum
+is a wooden, metal-rimmed wheel which
+ran down the furrow, keeping the seeder
+on course. Near the wheel, and all around
+the drum, are 13 evenly spaced holes
+through which the cotton seeds fell into
+the furrow as the drum revolved. No
+counting or tripping mechanism was involved,
+so the device undoubtedly wasted
+seed. A mule or a horse pulled the planter
+and the farmer walked behind it. James
+Nelson of Greenwood, South Carolina, made
+this planter about 1895. Gift of Ruben
+F. Vaughn, Honea Path, South Carolina.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i029.jpg" width="600" height="423" alt="Figure 4.--Cotton planter, about 1895. (Catalog No. 37.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure 4.</span>&mdash;Cotton planter, about 1895. (Catalog No. 37.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_38" id="Cat_38">38.</a> <span class="smcap">Cast-Iron Plow</span>, 1854. USNM 150396; 1938.
+A cast-iron plow made by Stephen McCormick
+of Fauquier County, Virginia, in
+1854. The plow embodies features covered
+by patents issued to Stephen McCormick on
+February 3, 1819, January 28, 1826, and
+December 1, 1837. Plows of this type,
+made chiefly between 1826 and 1850, involved
+interchangeable parts. The first
+patent precedes that of Jethro Wood by
+seven months, but the principle of interchangeable
+parts had been worked out and
+patented as early as 1813. Gift of Leander
+McCormick-Goodhart, Silver Spring, Md.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_39" id="Cat_39">39.</a> <span class="smcap">Mehring's Milking Machine</span>, 1884. USNM
+148530; 1938. Original working model of
+a hand-powered milking machine built by
+William M. Mehring in 1884. Mehring
+subsequently improved and patented the
+machine in 1892. The improved machine
+did not work well because it created continuous
+suction for the length of the stroke.
+The successful application of intermittent
+suction, necessary so as not to injure the
+cow, was worked out in Scotland in 1902.
+Gift of Mrs. Bessie D. Mehring, Keymar,
+Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>
+<a name="Cat_40" id="Cat_40">40.</a> <span class="smcap">Hand-Powered Milking Machine</span>, 1892.
+USNM 148530; 1938. Practical hand-pump
+milking machine designed and built in
+1892 by William M. Mehring, who was
+granted patent 488282 on December 28,
+1892. This milker, which injured cows
+when used rapidly, represents an effort to
+solve the problem of machine milking, although
+the use of human power also limited
+its usefulness. Gift of Mrs. Bessie D.
+Mehring, Keymar, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_41" id="Cat_41">41.</a> <span class="smcap">Ox Yoke</span>, 1838. USNM 148675; 1938. Edward
+Scoville (1813-1887) used this ox yoke
+when driving an ox cart from Trumbull
+County, Ohio, to De Kalb County, Indiana,
+in 1838. Until well after the Civil War,
+oxen pulled most of the wagons going west,
+and this yoke is typical of all used in the
+westward migration, in the North as well
+as in the South. Gift of Reign Scoville,
+Poplar Bluff, Missouri.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_42" id="Cat_42">42.</a> <span class="smcap">Deere Plow</span>, 1838. USNM 148904; 1938.
+John Deere made this plow, with steel share
+and polished wrought-iron moldboard, at
+Grand Detour, Illinois, in 1838. Joseph
+Brierton bought it and used it on his farm,
+and the Deere Company obtained it in 1901.
+It is one of three plows made by John Deere
+in 1838, and presumably it is identical to
+his first steel share plow, made in 1837 at
+Grand Detour. Called the singing plow, it
+proved especially effective in prairie country
+after the sod had been broken because
+the earth did not adhere to the share and
+moldboard. The implement could also be
+used as a breaking plow. Gift of Deere
+and Company, Moline, Illinois.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i032.jpg" width="600" height="274" alt="Figure 5.--John Deere plow, one of the three plows made by Deere in 1838. (Catalog No. 42.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 5.&mdash;John Deere plow, one of the three plows made by Deere in 1838. (Catalog No. 42.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_43" id="Cat_43">43.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Sulky Plow</span>, 1899. USNM 156653;
+1940. Working model of the Hy-Lift sulky
+plow invented by Niels O. Starks of Madison,
+Wisconsin, and made by the Fuller and
+Johnson Company around 1900. Starks
+received patent 616984 on January 3, 1899.
+The land wheel on this plow automatically
+raises and lowers the plow at the end of a
+furrow. Gift of S. O. Strucksberg, St.
+Joseph, Missouri.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_44" id="Cat_44">44.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Ribbon Wire</span>, 1879. USNM 159858;
+1941. Specimen of barbed wire made with
+saw teeth cut out of twisted ribbon wire.
+Gift of B. F. Arthur, Winchester, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_45" id="Cat_45">45.</a> <span class="smcap">Chinese Plow</span>, date unknown. USNM
+161555; 1941. This primitive, one-handled
+plow has an iron hook on the end of the
+beam. Apparently it had an iron shoe for
+a share, which is now missing. This style
+of plow is typical of the kind used in rice-growing
+sections of China. Gift of United
+States Department of Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_46" id="Cat_46">46.</a> <span class="smcap">Carey Plow</span>, about 1820. USNM 161555;
+1941. The share and landside of this small
+cultivating plow are in one piece of wrought
+iron with sockets for the left handle and
+the standard bar share. It has a flat wooden
+moldboard. Used in Northumberland
+County, Virginia, until 1855 or 1860, for
+cultivating corn and other row crops. Gift
+of United States Department of Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>
+<a name="Cat_47" id="Cat_47">47.</a> <span class="smcap">Plow</span>, about 1790. USNM 161555; 1941.
+Only the share, colter, and beam of this
+plow are original, the rest having been
+reconstructed. The original parts came
+from Northumberland County, Virginia.
+Gift of Edwin Brown, Brown's Store, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_48" id="Cat_48">48.</a> <span class="smcap">Old Colony Strong Plow</span>, 1740. USNM
+161555; 1941. The moldboard of this plow
+is made of wood and covered with thick
+pieces of iron. The plow has a lock colter
+and wrought-iron share fitted on the end of
+a wooden beam. Pelatiah Kinsman of Ipswich,
+Massachusetts, had the plow made in
+1740. It represents the New England open-drawn
+plows of that time. Gift of United
+States Department of Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_49" id="Cat_49">49.</a> <span class="smcap">Old Colony Plow</span>, 1783. USNM 161555;
+1941. This plow resembles the Old Colony
+Strong Plow (No. 48) but it is not as large
+and the moldboard is covered with uniform,
+narrow iron straps. Farmers used this
+plow for cross-plowing after initial breaking
+by the Strong Plow and for cultivating. It
+probably was drawn by oxen. John Foster,
+a corporal in the Revolutionary Army, had
+this implement made at Ipswich, Massachusetts,
+in 1783. Gift of United States
+Department of Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_50" id="Cat_50">50.</a> <span class="smcap">Tavenner Plow</span>, between 1810 and 1860.
+USNM 161555; 1941. The Tavenner plow
+has a cast-iron moldboard and a wrought-iron
+share and colter. Plows of this type
+were made and used widely in Loudon
+County, Virginia. Gift of United States
+Department of Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_51" id="Cat_51">51.</a> <span class="smcap">Smith Plow</span>, about 1800. USNM 161555;
+1941. This sod-turning plow has its landside,
+moldboard, and colter in separate
+pieces. It was built on the lines of a plow
+patented by Robert Smith in 1800. Gift of
+United States Department of Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_52" id="Cat_52">52.</a> <span class="smcap">Gideon Davis Plow</span>, about 1825. USNM
+161555; 1941. Gideon Davis received a
+patent in 1825 for his improvements of the
+Newbold plow patented in 1797. In tests
+in 1825 to determine the efficiency of different
+plows, the Davis plow took first place
+in a competition with five others. Gift of
+United States Department of Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_53" id="Cat_53">53.</a> <span class="smcap">Woodcock Plow</span>, about 1848. USNM 161555;
+1941. The Woodcock plow has separate
+landside, moldboard, share, cutter, and
+point. This plow has the first reversible
+point. Woodcock plows were first used in
+1847, in Maryland. Gift of United States
+Department of Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_54" id="Cat_54">54.</a> <span class="smcap">Eagle Plow</span>, 1849. USNM 161555; 1941.
+The Number 25 Eagle Plow, which first
+appeared in the catalog of the J. Nourse
+Company in 1849, became the standard
+plow of New England after the middle of
+the 19th century. Its moldboard was based
+on a design worked out by Thomas Jefferson.
+Gift of United States Department of
+Agriculture.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i035.jpg" width="600" height="231" alt="Figure 6.--Eagle plow, about 1849. (Catalog No. 54.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 6.&mdash;Eagle plow, about 1849. (Catalog No. 54.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_55" id="Cat_55">55.</a> <span class="smcap">Mexican Plow</span>, about 1890. USNM 161555;
+1941. This Mexican bull tongue plow has
+an iron shoe on the point and it closely resembles
+Spanish plows of the 16th century.
+It was intended to be pulled by an ox and
+to break the soil for only three or four
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>
+inches at the most. Gift of United States
+Department of Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_56" id="Cat_56">56.</a> <span class="smcap">Butcher's Saw</span>, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942.
+This saw is part of a set of butcher's tools
+(Nos. 56-67) presented to William H.
+Hoover by the Washington Light Infantry
+Corps in 1879. All the tools have a silver
+presentation plate on the handle and have
+nickel plating. A. Nittinger, Jr., of Philadelphia,
+made the set. Gift of N. Auth
+Provision Company, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_57" id="Cat_57">57.</a> <span class="smcap">Splitting Cleaver</span>, 1879. USNM 130572;
+1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth
+Provision Company, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_58" id="Cat_58">58.</a> <span class="smcap">Cleaver</span>, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942.
+Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth Provision
+Company, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_59" id="Cat_59">59.</a> <span class="smcap">Meat Axe</span>, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942.
+Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth Provision
+Company, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_60" id="Cat_60">60.</a> <span class="smcap">Knife</span>, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's
+knife. Gift of N. Auth Provision Company,
+Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_61" id="Cat_61">61.</a> <span class="smcap">Knife</span>, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's
+tool. Gift of N. Auth Provision Company,
+Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_62" id="Cat_62">62.</a> <span class="smcap">Triangular Scraper</span>, 1879. USNM 130572;
+1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth
+Provision Company, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_63" id="Cat_63">63.</a> <span class="smcap">Hand Meat Hook</span>, 1879. USNM 130572;
+1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth
+Provision Company, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_64" id="Cat_64">64.</a> <span class="smcap">Meat Hooks</span>, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942.
+Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth Provision
+Company, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_65" id="Cat_65">65.</a> <span class="smcap">Carcass Spreader</span>, 1879. USNM 130572;
+1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth
+Provision Company, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_66" id="Cat_66">66.</a> <span class="smcap">Carcass Spreader</span>, 1879. USNM 130572;
+1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth
+Provision Company, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_67" id="Cat_67">67.</a> <span class="smcap">Meat Pins</span>, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942.
+Butcher's tools. Gift of N. Auth Provision
+Company, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/i037.jpg" width="350" height="334" alt="Figure 7.--Babcock butterfat tester, about 1895.
+(Catalog No. 68.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 7.&mdash;Babcock butterfat tester, about 1895.
+(Catalog No. 68.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_68" id="Cat_68">68.</a> <span class="smcap">Babcock Butterfat Tester</span>, about 1895.
+USNM 173353; 1946. A machine used in
+determining the amount of butterfat in milk
+or cream. The Vermont Farm Machine
+Company of Bellows Falls, Vermont, made
+the centrifuge, which mixed sulphuric acid
+with the milk in order to produce a reading
+of the amount of butterfat tested. The
+Brighton Farm at Patuxent River, Montgomery
+County, Maryland, used this machine
+around 1895. Stephen M. Babcock
+developed this tester in 1890 and released
+it to the public, without patent, in 1891.
+The device had far-reaching effects in the
+dairy industry, because for the first time it
+allowed accurate payment to farmers for
+the actual amount of butterfat in their
+milk; also, it allowed farmers to test their
+cows to discover which ones produced the
+most butterfat. Gift of Sidney S. Stabler,
+Hyattsville, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_69" id="Cat_69">69.</a> <span class="smcap">Buggy Rake</span>, 1840. USNM 175393; 1947.
+The buggy rake harvested grain after it had
+been cut with a cradle. The rake has handles
+and a wheel, like a wheelbarrow, with
+long wooden tines in front to scoop up the
+grain. When the binder stepped on a bar
+at the back of the buggy the tines would
+move up and allow the grain to slide back
+against the uprights in a convenient position
+for binding. Although it undoubtedly
+reduced the physical labor of binding, this
+rake would not have been very efficient and
+would have allowed the reaper to get far
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
+ahead of the binder. Gift of F. B. Day,
+Owosso, Michigan.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_70" id="Cat_70">70.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Plow</span>, about 1885. USNM 179841;
+1949. The model has a share, standard,
+and moldboard of metal with a gauge wheel
+on the beam. The beam pivots on the
+standard, allowing adjustments of the angle
+of draft. The end of the beam is fastened
+to a brace which extends to the back of the
+moldboard. The share and point are in
+one piece; and the moldboard is one piece.
+The model resembles the plows of James
+Oliver, which by 1885 had been widely
+known and were quite possibly copied.
+Donor unknown.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_71" id="Cat_71">71.</a> <span class="smcap">Diorama of Tropical Banana Plantation</span>,
+late 19th century. USNM 186623; 1950.
+The diorama shows bananas being harvested
+and trees being cut. The banana bunches
+get to the railroad cars on burros. At the
+bottom, bananas are shown in various
+stages of growth and ripening. Gift of
+United Fruit Company, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_72" id="Cat_72">72.</a> <span class="smcap">Diorama of Tropical Coffee Plantation</span>,
+late 19th century. USNM 186553; 1950.
+The diorama shows coffee berries being
+dried in the sun and in the shade in preparation
+for marketing the coffee. At the
+bottom, various stages of growth and ripening
+of the coffee berries are depicted. Gift
+of The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company
+(A &amp; P), New York, New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_73" id="Cat_73">73.</a> <span class="smcap">Food-Slicing Machine</span>, mid 19th century.
+USNM 188878; 1950. Cutting knives, set
+in helix in a wooden axle, move the meat
+through the box, cutting it finer and finer.
+Gift of George Murphy, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_74" id="Cat_74">74.</a> <span class="smcap">Fanning Mill</span>, about 1860. USNM 192872;
+1951. A hand-crank operated the winnowing
+mill for separating grain from chaff and
+beans from hulls. A four-blade, wooden
+fan, shaped like a paddle wheel, blows a
+draft below oscillating screens. The chaff
+is blown off from the threshed grain, and
+the grain or beans fall from the screens into
+the path of the draft. The screens catch any
+straw left after threshing. Gift of Arden
+Wilson, Harrisville, West Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_75" id="Cat_75">75.</a> <span class="smcap">Two-Row Corn Planter</span>, about 1854.
+USNM 193259; 1952. This hand-operated
+planter, of a type patented by S. Malone
+on January 3, 1854, was sold by William
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>
+M. Plant, a dealer in seeds, tools, and
+machines at St. Louis, Missouri. When the
+planter was dropped to the ground, the
+two handles moved about 8 inches in a slot
+toward the outside. This movement opened
+a space for the corn to drop into the shoe,
+where a small piece of wood opened and
+the corn fell to the ground. Gift of
+Warren Hammond, Fayette, Missouri.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i039.jpg" width="600" height="438" alt="Figure 8.--Two-row corn planter, about 1854. (Catalog No. 75.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 8.&mdash;Two-row corn planter, about 1854. (Catalog No. 75.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_76" id="Cat_76">76.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Ferguson Tractor</span>, 1952. USNM
+193939; 1952. This plastic and metal
+model of a Ferguson tractor operates a
+Ferguson hitch. Gift of Topping Models,
+Inc., Akron, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_77" id="Cat_77">77.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Two-Disk Plow</span>, 1952. USNM
+193939; 1952. A plastic and metal model
+of a two-disk plow for a Ferguson tractor.
+Gift of Topping Models, Inc., Akron, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_78" id="Cat_78">78.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of New Idea Mower</span>, 1952. USNM
+193939; 1952. A cast-iron model of a New
+Idea mower with an operating pitman for
+use behind a tractor. Gift of Topping
+Models, Inc., Akron, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_79" id="Cat_79">79.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of New Idea Manure Spreader</span>, 1952.
+USNM 193939; 1952. A plastic and metal
+model of a New Idea, tractor-drawn manure
+spreader. Gift of Topping Models, Inc.,
+Akron, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_80" id="Cat_80">80.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of New Idea Corn Picker</span>, 1952.
+USNM 193939; 1952. A plastic and metal
+model of a one-row, tractor-drawn corn
+picker. Gift of Topping Models, Inc.,
+Akron, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_81" id="Cat_81">81.</a> <span class="smcap">Tiling Spade</span>, 1952. USNM 193940; 1952.
+This hand-forged steel spade has a bit with
+three tines. This style spade was invented
+around 1895 and was widely used for digging
+trenches for drain tiles on sticky or
+mucky soil. The Osmundson Forge Company
+of Webster City, Iowa, made these
+spades as late as 1952. Gift of A. G. Osmundson,
+Webster City, Iowa.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_82" id="Cat_82">82.</a> <span class="smcap">Glass Churn</span>, about 1900. USNM 193941;
+1952. This German-made churn, of 4-liter
+capacity, has a hand crank which drives a
+metal propeller at the bottom in one direction
+while paddles on the shaft turn in the
+other direction. Gift of A. G. Osmundson,
+Webster City, Iowa.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_83" id="Cat_83">83.</a> <span class="smcap">Cedar Sap Spouts</span>, about 1800. USNM
+194893; 1952. Sap spouts, made of cedar,
+about 15 inches long. Spouts like these
+were made and used by settlers of upper
+New York about 1800 to gather the maple
+sap after the trees had been tapped. Gift
+of Frank E. Olmstead, Potsdam, New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_84" id="Cat_84">84.</a> <span class="smcap">Cedar Sap Spouts</span>, about 1800. USNM
+194893; 1952. Sap spouts for maple tree
+tapping, about 15 inches long and made of
+cedar. The maple syrup and sugar industry
+provided some income for frontier
+farms, as well as providing sugar for domestic
+use. Although maple syrup often
+sold at high prices, the industry never
+achieved major importance even in the
+localities where it flourished. These spouts
+are of the sort used in the pioneer period in
+New York. (See also Nos. 83, 85-87.)
+Gift of Frank E. Olmstead, Potsdam, New
+York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_85" id="Cat_85">85.</a> <span class="smcap">Iron Sap Spout</span>, possibly late 19th century.
+USNM 194893; 1952. A cast-iron maple
+sap spout, about 3 inches long, used for
+gathering the sap into buckets. Possibly
+factory-made and used later than the frontier
+period, after maple syrup manufacture
+had become a commercial enterprise.
+The leading areas for maple syrup have
+long been Ohio, New York, Vermont, and
+New Hampshire. Gift of Frank E. Olmstead,
+Potsdam, New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_86" id="Cat_86">86.</a> <span class="smcap">Iron Sap Spout</span>, possibly late 19th century.
+USNM 194893; 1952. A thin, metal
+trough, plated, and about 3 inches long,
+used to convey maple sap from the tap in
+the tree to the sap bucket. This is the
+type spout most commonly used today in
+those areas where farmers supplement their
+income with maple syrup production. Gift
+of Frank E. Olmstead, Potsdam, New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_87" id="Cat_87">87.</a> <span class="smcap">Sap Bucket Spikes</span>, possibly late 19th century.
+USNM 194893; 1952. Hand-made iron
+spikes used to hold buckets for maple tree
+sap. They had to be hooked somewhat so
+the bucket could hang on them well. Gift
+of Frank E. Olmstead, Potsdam, New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_88" id="Cat_88">88.</a> <span class="smcap">Diagram of Jefferson Moldboard</span>, 1798.
+USNM 198605; 1953. A three-dimensional
+wire diagram, at half scale, illustrating
+Thomas Jefferson's design of a plow mold-board
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17, 18]</a></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a></span>
+as he described it in a letter to Sir
+John Sinclair in 1798. In the same year
+Jefferson read a paper to the American
+Philosophical Society that was titled "Description
+of a Mold-Board of the Least
+Resistance and of the Easiest and Most Certain
+Design." The wire diagram was constructed
+by the Division of Crafts and Industries,
+Smithsonian Institution.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_89" id="Cat_89">89.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Jefferson Moldboard</span>, 1798.
+USNM 198605; 1953. The model consists
+of four separate blocks of wood cut to show
+the progressive steps in the construction of
+the Jefferson moldboard: (1) the block of
+wood marked for sawing with the rear section
+cut out, and in two parts; (2) the
+block of wood sawed on two diagonals, with
+the rear section cut out, and in three parts;
+(3) the block of wood sawed transversely on
+guide lines down to the diagonals, with the
+wood between the transverse cuts removed
+and leaving the face of the moldboard
+roughly shaped; (4) the rear surface of
+the board produced in the same manner as
+the front, resulting in a completed moldboard.
+The models were constructed by
+the Division of Crafts and Industries,
+Smithsonian Institution, after Jefferson's
+original moldboard, located at the Natural
+History Museum, Paris, France.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_90" id="Cat_90">90.</a> <span class="smcap">Wooden Curd Breaker</span>, about 1860. USNM
+198617; 1953. This curd breaker is made
+of wood with iron pegs in the cylinder and
+hopper. Gift of Laurence Hathaway, Easton,
+Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_91" id="Cat_91">91.</a> <span class="smcap">Grain Cradle</span>, about 1844. USNM 198620;
+1953. Caleb Paul Duval used this cradle
+on his Glen Echo farm near Baltimore,
+Maryland. Gift of Virginia Duval, College
+Park, Maryland.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 418px;">
+<img src="images/i042.jpg" width="418" height="500" alt="Figure 9.--Grain cradle in use in the field. International Harvester Corporation photo.
+(Catalog No. 91.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 9.&mdash;Grain cradle in use in the field. International Harvester Corporation photo.
+(Catalog No. 91.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_92" id="Cat_92">92.</a> <span class="smcap">Barrel Churn</span>, about 1860. USNM 198620;
+1953. A wooden barrel churn with iron
+crank and paddles. Such churns were of
+too small volume to be used on commercial
+dairy farms, and they were not at all useful
+in creameries, which first appeared in 1861.
+Gift of Virginia Duval, College Park, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_93" id="Cat_93">93.</a> <span class="smcap">Cookie Roller</span>, about 1860. USNM 198620;
+1953. A wooden, grooved, one-handled
+cookie roller, about 14&frac12; inches long and
+about 3&frac14; inches in diameter. The roller
+added an esthetic touch to home-made
+cookies but was of little importance in the
+history of commercial food processing.
+Gift of Virginia Duval, College Park, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_94" id="Cat_94">94.</a> <span class="smcap">Meat Grinder</span>, 1859. USNM 198620; 1953.
+This iron, hand-cranked meat grinder was
+patented August 2, 1859. Gift of Virginia
+Duval, College Park, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_95" id="Cat_95">95.</a> <span class="smcap">Butter Prints</span>, about 1860. USNM 198620;
+1953. Two butter prints. One is circular,
+with a tri-lobed leaf design and about 3
+inches in diameter; the other is a box mold
+with two five-point star designs and about
+5 inches long, 2&frac12; inches wide, and 4 inches
+high. The butter was pressed into these
+molds before being served, or, sometimes,
+before being rolled in paper and sold in
+towns. This aspect of farm dairying
+quickly disappeared after the creamery
+dominated the industry. Gift of Virginia
+Duval, College Park, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_96" id="Cat_96">96.</a> <span class="smcap">Shoe Last</span>, possibly mid 19th century.
+USNM 196820; 1953. A small last, to fit
+either foot, for a shoe about 8� inches
+long and 2&frac14; inches wide. Such implements
+were useful in frontier communities
+and generally were owned by itinerant cobblers
+who went from house to house. Gift
+of Virginia Duval, College Park, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_97" id="Cat_97">97.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Fanning Mill</span>, 1857. USNM
+198620; 1953. This is a working model of
+a fanning mill invented by Joseph and
+James Montgomery and covered by patents
+10324, issued in 1853; 13062, issued in 1855;
+and 16447, issued in 1857. The crank
+handle and the slide, which governed the
+flow into the hopper, are missing. James
+Montgomery took the model on sales trips
+as a demonstrator. Gift of Ruth Montgomery,
+Peoria, Illinois.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_98" id="Cat_98">98.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of McCormick Reaper</span>, 1831. USNM
+121526; 1953. A scale model of the 1831
+reaper of Cyrus McCormick, built long
+afterwards from descriptions by the inventor.
+Gift of McCormick Historical Association,
+Chicago, Illinois.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i045.jpg" width="600" height="410" alt="Figure 10.--McCormick reaper (1831) in use in the field. Photo courtesy of International Harvester Corporation.
+(Catalog No. 98.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 10.&mdash;McCormick reaper (1831) in use in the field. Photo courtesy of International Harvester Corporation.
+(Catalog No. 98.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_99" id="Cat_99">99.</a> <span class="smcap">Bee Colony</span>, 1953 (renewed yearly). A 3-story
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>
+bee hive with about 60,000 bees. The
+hive was designed by experts at the Department
+of Agriculture Research Station, Beltsville,
+Maryland. The United States Department
+of Agriculture donated the hive and
+the Italian bees.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_100" id="Cat_100">100.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Ox-Powered Sugar Cane Mill</span>,
+1925. USNM 200380; 1954. Model of a
+mill of a type used in Puerto Rico as early
+as 1523. It took ten men and four yoke of
+oxen to operate the mill, which could crush
+about four tons of cane in a 12-hour day.
+This type of mill extracted about 40 to 45
+percent syrup based on the weight of the
+cane, compared to 80 to 85 percent extracted
+by modern mills. Gift of Daniel
+Thompson, Petersburg, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_101" id="Cat_101">101.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Water-Lifting Wheel</span>, 1884.
+USNM 200380; 1954. A model of a wind-driven
+waterwheel used for raising water
+into the evaporating beds in salt works.
+This type of device lifted water from the
+ocean in Puerto Rico. Gift of Daniel
+Thompson, Petersburg, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_102" id="Cat_102">102.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Grist Mill</span>, 1883. USNM 200380;
+1954. This model of a water-powered grist
+mill resembles those used throughout America
+in the 19th century before the discovery
+of the gradual reduction process and the
+consequent centralization of the milling industry.
+This particular mill, known to
+have operated from 1883 to 1940, ground
+corn in Puerto Rico. Gift of Daniel
+Thompson, Petersburg, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_103" id="Cat_103">103.</a> <span class="smcap">Farm Copybook</span>, about 1840. USNM
+209042; 1955. Wells Forbes, who had a
+farm near Alexandria, Virginia, kept this
+book for about a year in the 1840s. Gift
+of Bessie W. Palm, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_104" id="Cat_104">104.</a> <span class="smcap">Grain Cradle</span>, about 1900. USNM 210597,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>
+1956. Grain cradle used before 1900. Gift
+of Jennie Sabrosky, Sturgis, Michigan.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_105" id="Cat_105">105.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Hussey Reaper</span>, 1833. USNM
+212910; 1956. A model of the 1833 reaper
+patented by Obed Hussey and based on the
+specifications of the patent. Constructed
+by the Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_106" id="Cat_106">106.</a> <span class="smcap">Horse Spurs</span>, possibly late 19th century.
+USNM 211312; 1956. Gift of Catholic
+University of America, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_107" id="Cat_107">107.</a> <span class="smcap">Bridle Bits</span>, possibly late 19th century.
+USNM 211312; 1956. A rugged type of
+bridle bit with steel rings used to control
+horses. This particular bridle bit may
+have been used in Texas and Mexico in the
+cattle industry. Gift of Catholic University
+of America, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_108" id="Cat_108">108.</a> <span class="smcap">Cow Bell</span>, possibly late 19th century. USNM
+211312; 1956. Gift of Catholic University
+of America, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_109" id="Cat_109">109.</a> <span class="smcap">Braided Whip</span>, possibly late 19th century.
+USNM 211312; 1956. A home-made horsewhip.
+Gift of Catholic University of
+America, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_110" id="Cat_110">110.</a> <span class="smcap">Tobacco Clips</span>, possibly late 19th century.
+USNM 211312; 1956. Seven clips, each
+different, denoting a brand for labeling
+tobacco. Gift of Catholic University of
+America, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_111" id="Cat_111">111.</a> <span class="smcap">Bar Share Plow</span>, 1807. USNM 214608;
+1957. A left-handed wooden moldboard
+plow. Most American plows cast the furrow
+to the right. The Reverend Christian
+Lesher brought this rare sort of plow from
+Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, to Washington
+Township, Pennsylvania, in 1807.
+Gift of Daniel Lesher, Waynesboro, Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_112" id="Cat_112">112.</a> <span class="smcap">Sausage Stuffer</span>, about 1820. USNM 213816;
+1957. This hand-lever sausage stuffer,
+mounted on a bench, may have been made
+in England in the early 19th century and
+later brought to Brampton, Ontario. Not
+all parts are of the same age. The replaced
+parts seem to be those most subject to wear
+and tear. This style sausage stuffer was quite
+common in the 18th and 19th centuries.
+Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago, Illinois.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i049.jpg" width="600" height="475" alt="Figure 11.--Sausage stuffer, early 19th century. (Catalog No. 112.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 11.&mdash;Sausage stuffer, early 19th century. (Catalog No. 112.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_113" id="Cat_113">113.</a> <span class="smcap">Meat Grinder</span>, about 1830. USNM 312816;
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>
+1957. A hand-cranked meat grinder made
+of wood with iron slugs to push the meat
+against stationary knives. Overall, 14
+inches long, 10 inches wide, and 10 inches
+high. Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago,
+Illinois.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_114" id="Cat_114">114.</a> <span class="smcap">Sausage Stuffer</span>, early 19th century. USNM
+213816; 1957. This hand-cranked sausage
+stuffer, made of wood and with an iron
+screw, fits on a small bench with lard press.
+It is 20 inches long, 8&frac12; inches wide, and
+11 inches high. Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc.,
+Chicago, Illinois.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_115" id="Cat_115">115.</a> <span class="smcap">Lard Press</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+213816; 1957. A lard press made of cylindrical
+perforated metal, with a screw press
+to be mounted on a small bench. The
+press is 11 inches in diameter and 10 inches
+high. The bench is about a yard long,
+8 inches wide, and 18 inches high. Gift of
+Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago, Illinois.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_116" id="Cat_116">116.</a> <span class="smcap">Butcher's Table</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+213816; 1957. A heavy, low table made of
+two thick slabs of wood with a gutter cut
+along the edges of the table. Used in cutting
+up animal carcasses. Some 6 feet long,
+34 inches wide, and 24&frac12; inches high. Gift
+of Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago, Illinois.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_117" id="Cat_117">117.</a> <span class="smcap">Chopping Bowl</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+213816; 1957. Elliptical wooden chopping
+bowl, some 30 inches long, 17&frac12; inches wide,
+and 7 inches high. Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc.,
+Chicago, Illinois.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_118" id="Cat_118">118.</a> <span class="smcap">Thresher</span>, about 1855. USNM 214890; 1957.
+A threshing machine marked "J. and P.
+Flickinger, Hanover, Pa., No. 41." It once
+had a drive for a vibrating straw separator.
+Gift of James W. Brown, Brookeville, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_119" id="Cat_119">119.</a> <span class="smcap">Grain Cradle</span>, about 1870. USNM 214890;
+1957. A grain cradle made at Brighton,
+Maryland, by William Nickerson, Jr. The
+cradle fingers are of ash, and the braces
+of hickory. This type of cradle continued
+in use in many places even after the advent
+of harvesting machinery. Farmers with
+only small acreages in bread grains or who
+farmed rough or hilly soil could not effectively
+use the reapers and harvester of the
+middle 19th century. Gift of James W.
+Brown, Brookeville, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_120" id="Cat_120">120.</a> <span class="smcap">Binder's Rake</span>, about 1870. USNM 214890;
+1957. The binder followed the cradler.
+This hand rake, used by the binder for
+gathering the grain before binding and
+later shocking, had teeth rived out of
+hickory. Such a rake could also be used
+by a binder who followed those the early
+reapers used before the invention of the
+twine binder. Gift of James W. Brown,
+Brookeville, Maryland.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/i051.jpg" width="350" height="473" alt="Figure 12.--Harpoon hayforks.
+(Catalog Nos. 121, 123.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure 12.</span>&mdash;Harpoon hayforks.
+(Catalog Nos. 121, 123.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_121" id="Cat_121">121.</a> <span class="smcap">Harpoon Hayfork</span>, late 19th century.
+USNM 214890; 1957. A double-harpoon
+hayfork and pulley for lifting hay from
+a wagon to a barn hayloft. Power was supplied
+by horse or mule. The small barbs
+on the harpoon could catch and hold a surprising
+amount of hay. Gift of James W.
+Brown, Brookeville, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>
+<a name="Cat_122" id="Cat_122">122.</a> <span class="smcap">Grain Sack</span>, 1842. USNM 214608; 1957.
+A grain sack of homespun linen made from
+flax grown on the John Lesher farm near
+Waynesboro, Pennsylvania. Woven at a
+roadside mill, the sack has a capacity of
+three bushels and is marked "John Lesher,
+No. 26, 1842." Prior to the advent of and
+widespread use of the elevator system of
+grain handling, nearly all grain was moved
+in sacks that had to be shifted about by
+hand and stored in warehouses. The elevator
+system began in Buffalo, New York,
+in 1842, but reached a position of prominence
+only in the 1870s when it began
+flourishing in Chicago and Milwaukee.
+Thereafter the grain sack became virtually
+a curiosity. Gift of James W. Brown,
+Brookeville, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_123" id="Cat_123">123.</a> <span class="smcap">Single-Harpoon Hayfork</span>, about 1895.
+USNM 216224; 1957. A hay harpoon,
+commonly called a hay needle, about 35&frac12;
+inches long. Gift of Cora E. Robinson,
+Schenectady, New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_124" id="Cat_124">124.</a> <span class="smcap">Tractor Engine Starter</span>, 1930. USNM
+218874; 1958. The starting device could
+be bolted to the rear wheel hub of an automobile.
+An extendible shaft went from
+the wheel-fitting to the crank on the tractor.
+The car engine then could turn over the
+tractor engine. The starter was made by
+C. O. Goodrich, who marketed it for about
+eight years in five midwestern states. Self
+starters on tractors eventually ended the
+need for the device. Gift of C. O. Goodrich,
+Plymouth, Indiana.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_125" id="Cat_125">125.</a> <span class="smcap">Fordson Crank</span>, about 1925. USNM 218874;
+1958. This device was used to crank the
+engine on Fordson tractors. Gift of C. O.
+Goodrich, Plymouth, Indiana.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_126" id="Cat_126">126.</a> <span class="smcap">Milking Machine</span>, 1896. USNM 220004;
+1958. A Mehring foot-powered milking
+machine. Gift of Earl J. Waybright,
+Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_127" id="Cat_127">127.</a> <span class="smcap">Carey Plow</span>, about 1800. USNM 220005;
+1958. A type of plow widely used in the
+late 18th and early 19th centuries in the
+United States. This particular plow was
+a one-horse, single-bottom, walking type,
+with wooden handles, beam, stock, and
+moldboard. The share point is of iron.
+All wooden joints are joined with wooden
+pegs. There is a bolt-type brace from
+beam to stock and a small iron brace with a
+larger wooden brace between the handles.
+Gift of International Harvester Co., Albany,
+New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_128" id="Cat_128">128.</a> <span class="smcap">Hoe</span>, possibly mid 19th century. USNM
+213356; 1958. Only the blade remains of
+this socket-type hoe. Gift of New York
+Historical Association, Cooperstown, New
+York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_129" id="Cat_129">129.</a> <span class="smcap">Log Roller</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+213356; 1958. Oxen drew this roller in
+preparing seed beds. The roller crushed
+clods and compressed the soil, leaving a
+firm, compact seed bed. It was useful, obviously,
+only on certain types of soil in
+fairly humid areas. The roller is made of
+four log sections, each 23 inches long and
+14 inches in diameter. The logs are set
+in a weighted frame measuring 35 inches
+by 9 feet, with a tongue about 13 feet long.
+Gift of New York Historical Association,
+Cooperstown, New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_130" id="Cat_130">130.</a> <span class="smcap">Grain Cradle</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+213356; 1958. A form of scythe used for
+harvesting grain before the reaper came
+into use, or used in places where the reaper
+proved uneconomical or technologically inappropriate,
+as rough or hilly land. This
+specimen has four wooden fingers, or tines,
+that are 45 inches long and spaced 7 inches
+apart. The blade is 2 inches wide and as
+long as the fingers. Gift of New York Historical
+Association, Cooperstown, New
+York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_131" id="Cat_131">131.</a> <span class="smcap">Self-Rake Reaper</span>, 1895. USNM 213356;
+1958. A McCormick Daisy Reaper of 1895
+in which the operator sat on a seat mounted
+on the axle of the left wheel. Two horses
+drew the reaper. Three rotating arms with
+3-inch projections raked, bound and
+shocked the grain. The cutter bar, over
+5 feet long, has three triangular sickle
+blades which oscillate through the guard
+teeth, as in Hussey or modern cutter bars.
+Gift of New York Historical Association,
+Cooperstown, New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_132" id="Cat_132">132.</a> <span class="smcap">Barley Fork</span>, possibly late 19th century.
+USNM 213356; 1958. A rectangular
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>
+wooden barley fork with a one-eighth-inch-gauge
+wire guard for holding the barley on
+the four tines. The guard was needed because
+of the nasty stings that the beard
+could give the worker. Gift of New York
+Historical Association, Cooperstown, New
+York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_133" id="Cat_133">133.</a> <span class="smcap">Brush Hook</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+213356; 1958. A typical iron sickle, called
+a hook because of its general shape. It has
+a circular tip on the end of the blade so
+that it could be used for cutting brush.
+Gift of New York Historical Association,
+Cooperstown, New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_134" id="Cat_134">134.</a> <span class="smcap">Fanning Mill</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+213356; 1958. An early fanning mill with
+pulley and leather belt. Gift of New York
+Historical Association, Cooperstown, New
+York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_135" id="Cat_135">135.</a> <span class="smcap">Scythe</span>, late 19th century. USNM 213356;
+1958. A crooked-handled scythe used for
+cutting grain before the cradle, and thereafter
+for cutting hay. Gift of New York
+Historical Association, Cooperstown, New
+York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_136" id="Cat_136">136.</a> <span class="smcap">Flop-Over Hay Rake</span>, about 1895. USNM
+213356; 1958. A rake for piling hay that
+would be carried from the field or put into
+a mow. This sort of implement was used
+as early as 1820. The farmer walked behind
+the horse-drawn rake and raised the
+handle when the rake was full; this caused
+the double set of teeth to revolve, releasing
+the hay in a pile and putting the second set
+of teeth into position to rake more hay.
+The older method involved using small
+hand rakes and required considerable time
+and effort in a very disagreeable task. Gift
+of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown,
+New York.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i056.jpg" width="600" height="356" alt="Figure 13.--Flop-over hay rake. (Catalog No. 136.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 13.&mdash;Flop-over hay rake. (Catalog No. 136.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_137" id="Cat_137">137.</a> <span class="smcap">Victor Mowing Machine</span>, 1880. USNM
+213356; 1958. A one-horse, front-cut mowing
+machine similar to the Buckeye mower.
+The cutter bar can be raised and lowered
+parallel to the ground for desired cutting
+heights, and it can be lifted and fastened
+in an upright position for transport to and
+from the field. Mowers cut more rapidly
+and lower than did reapers, and thus they
+used a different gear ratio; however, farmers
+sometimes used reapers for mowing.
+Gift of New York Historical Association,
+Cooperstown, New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_138" id="Cat_138">138.</a> <span class="smcap">Spring-Tooth Hay Rake</span>, late 19th century.
+USNM 213356; 1958. A sulky rake with
+spring teeth designed to jump over obstructions
+in the field. Gift of New York Historical
+Association, Cooperstown, New
+York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_139" id="Cat_139">139.</a> <span class="smcap">"Railway Horse Power</span>," about 1885.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>
+USNM 213356; 1958. A horse-powered
+treadmill made chiefly of wood, with metal
+parts where the wear would be greatest. It
+was used to produce power for belt-driven
+equipment such as threshers or fanning
+mills. The machine is set in motion by
+putting a horse in the pen and releasing the
+brake. The weight of the horse causes the
+slats to move endlessly, which in turn rotates
+the belting wheel. Two-horse treadmills
+also were used, but such machines,
+although portable, worked less efficiently
+than the sweep-power machines. This
+treadmill was made in Vermont. Gift of
+New York Historical Association, Cooperstown,
+New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_140" id="Cat_140">140.</a> <span class="smcap">Dog-Powered Churn</span>, 1881. USNM 213356;
+1958. H. M. Childs of Utica, New York,
+patented this dog-powered churn in 1871,
+with improvements patented in 1881. A
+dog, tied or strapped into the pen, ran
+forward and so moved the slats of the
+treadmill which in turn rotated a flywheel.
+Attached to the flywheel is a pitman rod
+which raises and lowers a churn dasher.
+Devices of this sort had appeared earlier for
+use in the farm-dairy industry. The change
+of direction effected by the pitman rod
+caused some loss of energy; in any case, a
+revolving barrel-churn proved more efficient
+in the long run. Gift of New York
+Historical Association, Cooperstown, New
+York.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i058.jpg" width="600" height="428" alt="Figure 14.--Dog-powered churn, 1881. (Catalog No. 140.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 14.&mdash;Dog-powered churn, 1881. (Catalog No. 140.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_141" id="Cat_141">141.</a> <span class="smcap">Winnowing Basket</span>, about 1800. USNM
+213356; 1958. The winnowing basket was
+used to work off the chaff from the threshed
+grain. When the grain was tossed into the
+air, the wind would blow away the chaff
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>
+and the grain would fall back into the
+basket. Sometimes the grain would be
+poured from another basket into a winnowing
+basket, with the wind doing the winnowing.
+Gift of New York Historical
+Association, Cooperstown, New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_142" id="Cat_142">142.</a> <span class="smcap">Avery Bulldog Tractor</span>, 1919. USNM
+222860; 1958. This is one of the several
+makes of tractors which set a trend toward
+lighter tractors about the time of World
+War I. It was designed for light field work
+such as cultivating but could also be used
+for belt drive. It developed 5 to 10 horsepower.
+Sold by Everett Noirot, Freehold,
+New York.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i059.jpg" width="600" height="378" alt="Figure 15.--Avery Bulldog tractor, about 1919. (Catalog No. 142.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 15.&mdash;Avery Bulldog tractor, about 1919. (Catalog No. 142.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_143" id="Cat_143">143.</a> <span class="smcap">Grain Cradle</span>, about 1870. USNM 230323;
+1958. This grain cradle resembles a scythe,
+with modification by the addition of a light
+wooden frame of four fingers with braces.
+Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting
+Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_144" id="Cat_144">144.</a> <span class="smcap">Scythe</span>, about 1840. USNM 230323; 1958.
+A straight-handled scythe, probably handmade,
+that largely was used for mowing,
+although it could be used for reaping grain.
+Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting
+Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_145" id="Cat_145">145.</a> <span class="smcap">Harness Vise</span>, probably mid 19th century.
+USNM 230323; 1958. This wooden device
+could be used to pry open the jaws of a
+recalcitrant horse. More often, it held
+parts of the harness as the saddler worked.
+Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting
+Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_146" id="Cat_146">146.</a> <span class="smcap">Wooden Hand Fork</span>, late 19th century.
+USNM 230323; 1958. A wooden pitchfork
+for handling hay, straw, and the like. The
+metal pitchfork gradually replaced these
+wooden forks between the middle and end
+of the 19th century. Gift of Massachusetts
+Society for Promoting Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_147" id="Cat_147">147.</a> <span class="smcap">Horse-Drawn Hayfork</span>, late 19th century.
+USNM 230323; 1959. The fork was driven
+into the hay and the handle compressed
+until it latched. A rope was attached to
+the fork, run up over a pully in the barn,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>
+and then down to a horse. In this way the
+hay could be lifted into the barn. Gift
+of Massachusetts Society for Promoting
+Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_148" id="Cat_148">148.</a> <span class="smcap">Horse-Drawn Planter</span>, 1856. USNM
+230323; 1958. E. C. Fairchild of Deerfield,
+Massachusetts, made this planter, which has
+compartments for seeds and fertilizer. As
+the drive-wheel pulled a sliding bar back
+and forth, seeds and fertilizer alternately
+dropped into the ground. The spacing of
+seeds and fertilizer could be set by adjusting
+the metal bar. Gift of Massachusetts
+Society for Promoting Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_149" id="Cat_149">149.</a> <span class="smcap">Fanning Mill</span>, mid 19th century. USNM
+230323; 1958. A machine for winnowing
+grain after it had been threshed. Grain fed
+into the machine landed on vibrating
+screens which permitted the kernels to fall
+into the path of a draft of air which blew
+off the chaff and debris. The clean grain
+fell into a container beneath the mill. The
+operator turned a crank which operated
+both the screens and the fan. Gift of
+Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_150" id="Cat_150">150.</a> <span class="smcap">Hoe</span>, mid 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958.
+A small hand hoe used for cultivating.
+Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_151" id="Cat_151">151.</a> <span class="smcap">Tile Knife</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+230322; 1958. This knife, resembling a
+small spade, was used to cut the trench in
+which tile was laid. It has a triangular
+metal cutter at right angles on the right side,
+and this gave the trench a straight edge on
+one side and perhaps helped keep the trench
+straight. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley,
+Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_152" id="Cat_152">152.</a> <span class="smcap">Hand Hayfork</span>, about 1895. USNM 230322;
+1958. Farmers used this metal fork for
+pitching hay, straw, and possibly manure.
+Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_153" id="Cat_153">153.</a> <span class="smcap">Grain Sickle</span>, 19th century. USNM 230322;
+1958. This hand tool for harvesting grain
+has not changed in design for the last
+thousand years. The sickle has a curved
+blade some 22 inches long. The reaper
+would grab a handful of stalks and cut
+them with the blade. One man could cut
+up to an acre of grain by this method. Gift
+of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_154" id="Cat_154">154.</a> <span class="smcap">Grafting Knife</span>, possibly 20th century.
+USNM 230322; 1958. A knife especially
+designed to make the cuts necessary for
+grafting branches onto fruit trees. Gift of
+Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_155" id="Cat_155">155.</a> <span class="smcap">Manure Fork</span>, possibly 20th century. USNM
+230322; 1958. A typical manure fork.
+Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_156" id="Cat_156">156.</a> <span class="smcap">Ox Muzzle</span>, about 1830. USNM 230322;
+1958. Threshers used the muzzle to prevent
+the ox from stopping to graze while
+pulling equipment or from eating the grain
+while treading on it in a threshing operation.
+This muzzle is made of thin strips
+of wood. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley,
+Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_157" id="Cat_157">157.</a> <span class="smcap">Hay Cutter</span>, 20th century. USNM 230322;
+1958. A knife made with the handle and
+serrated blade as one piece, all of metal.
+A wooden stock with a handgrip is fastened
+to the metal handle. This tool obviously
+was intended for cutting very small amounts
+of hay. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley,
+Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_158" id="Cat_158">158.</a> <span class="smcap">Narrow Hoe</span>, probably mid 19th century.
+USNM 230322; 1958. This is a typical
+cultivating hoe. Farmers used hoes of this
+type for cultivating crops until the innovation
+of plows and harrows. Gift of Farmer's
+Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_159" id="Cat_159">159.</a> <span class="smcap">Ox Yoke</span>, about 1830. USNM 230322; 1958.
+This yoke, for a single ox, probably was
+used in pulling small agricultural implements
+such as cultivating plows. Gift of
+Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_160" id="Cat_160">160.</a> <span class="smcap">Grain Flail</span>, about 1840. USNM 230322;
+1958. This type flail was used to beat grain
+free from unbound bundles of grain scattered
+about on the barn floor. The harvesters
+then threw the straw to one side and
+swept up the grain and chaff. The grain
+then had to be winnowed. Gift of Farmer's
+Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_161" id="Cat_161">161.</a> <span class="smcap">Curd Breaker</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+230322; 1958. This machine has a wooden
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>
+roller with projecting wooden pegs which,
+when rotated, broke up cheese curds. Gift
+of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_162" id="Cat_162">162.</a> <span class="smcap">Horse-Drawn Cultivator</span>, late 19th century.
+USNM 230322; 1958. This triangular cultivator
+was used for stirring the soil and
+removing foreign vegetable matter. It is
+adjustable and has five teeth spaced from
+12 to 14 inches apart. Gift of Farmer's
+Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_163" id="Cat_163">163.</a> <span class="smcap">Ice Saw</span>, late 19th century. USNM 230322;
+1958. This steel-bladed saw cut ice in lakes,
+ponds, and streams. Gift of Farmer's Museum,
+Hadley, Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_164" id="Cat_164">164.</a> <span class="smcap">Portable Steam Engine</span>, 1877. USNM
+211811; 1958. Portable steam engines provided
+belting power on farms to run threshing
+machines, circular saws, etc. This Frick
+model steam engine operated regularly
+from 1877 to 1949. Gift of Frick Company,
+Waynesboro, Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i064.jpg" width="600" height="463" alt="Figure 16.--Frick portable steam engine of 1877. (Catalog No. 164.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 16.&mdash;Frick portable steam engine of 1877. (Catalog No. 164.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_165" id="Cat_165">165.</a> <span class="smcap">Broadcast Seeder</span>, 1930. USNM 230573;
+1958. The operator saddles this implement
+from his shoulder by means of a strap fastened
+to the seed pack. By turning the
+crank at a normal pace, seeds are scattered
+from a spinning disk. The seeder is
+equipped with a gauge which can be set to
+sow prescribed amounts of seed per acre.
+Gift of Mrs. Arnold Miles, Washington,
+D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_166" id="Cat_166">166.</a> <span class="smcap">Cigar Formers</span>, about 1885. USNM 230573;
+1958. These instruments consist of two
+pieces of wood dowelled together with
+twenty holes that taper from 7/16 inch to
+3/16 inch. The name "Miller Burial and
+Pliers Co." is stamped in the wood. Gift
+of Mrs. Arnold Miles, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_167" id="Cat_167">167.</a> <span class="smcap">Manure Forks</span>, about 1895. USNM 230573;
+1958. Two steel manure forks. Gift of
+Mrs. Arnold Miles, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_168" id="Cat_168">168.</a> <span class="smcap">Wooden Hayfork</span>, 19th century. USNM
+230573; 1958. A typical wooden hayfork
+of the 19th century. Gift of Mrs. Arnold
+Miles, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_169" id="Cat_169">169.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Manning Mower</span>, 1831. USNM
+230438; 1959. William Manning of Plainfield,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>
+New Jersey, invented this mower in
+1831. The cutter bar, suggestive of Hussey's,
+has triangular knives which vibrate
+over long fingers. Constructed by Office
+of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_170" id="Cat_170">170.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Bailey Mower</span>, 1822. USNM
+230438; 1959. This mower, invented in
+1822 by Jeremiah Bailey of Pennsylvania,
+has a rotating disk that serves as the cutter.
+The cutting disk, which can be raised to
+avoid obstacles, is geared from the axle.
+Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian
+Institution.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_171" id="Cat_171">171.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Gallic Reaper</span>, first century <span class="smcap">a.d</span>.
+USNM 230438; 1959. This is a model of a
+reaper as described in use in Gaul in the
+first and second centuries <span class="smcap">a.d</span>. A donkey or
+an ox pushed the reaper through the grain;
+the heads of the grain were ripped off by
+the blade and fell into the box. Constructed
+by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian
+Institution.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_172" id="Cat_172">172.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Hussey Reaper</span>, 1833. USNM
+230438; 1959. The first Hussey reapers
+were crude two-wheel mowers with a platform
+attached to the rear right side of the
+machine. The sickle or cutter bar was
+made of a series of triangular knives riveted
+to a flat bar that oscillated back and forth
+between guard teeth. The action was initiated
+by means of a gear mounted on the
+main axle. The raker stands on the platform
+to remove the cut grain. Constructed
+by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_173" id="Cat_173">173.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Hussey Reaper</span>, 1850. USNM
+230438; 1959. This is a one-eighth scale
+model of the Hussey reapers built between
+1845 and 1850. Constructed by Office of
+Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_174" id="Cat_174">174.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Bell Reaper</span>, 1828. USNM
+230438; 1959. On this machine a reel
+pressed the grain against the cutters and
+made it fall back on an apron. The apron
+could be set to run in either direction to
+deposit the cut grain at the side, out of the
+way of the machine on the next trip around.
+The reaper was invented by the Reverend
+Patrick Bell, Carmyllie, Scotland. The
+model was constructed by Office of Exhibits,
+Smithsonian Institution.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_175" id="Cat_175">175.</a> <span class="smcap">Models of Landis Eclipse Thresher</span>, 1907.
+USNM 230438; 1957. Constructed by Office
+of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_176" id="Cat_176">176.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of New England Strong Plow</span>, about
+1780. USNM 230438; 1959. Constructed
+by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_177" id="Cat_177">177.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Mahlon Smith Plow</span>, about 1825-1840.
+USNM 230438; 1959. Constructed
+by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_178" id="Cat_178">178.</a> <span class="smcap">Check Row Corn Planter</span>, about 1870.
+USNM 230441; 1959. This machine
+planted two rows at a time and required
+two men to operate. One man drove the
+horses and the other operated a lever for
+dropping the corn at the point desired.
+Patents for "check" row planters were issued
+in 1853, 1855, and 1857. Gift of Clayton
+Kanter, New Knoxville, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_179" id="Cat_179">179.</a> <span class="smcap">One-Row Hand "Corn Jobber</span>," mid 19th
+century. USNM 230441; 1959. Seed corn
+is released by means of a lever. Gift of
+Clayton Kanter, New Knoxville, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_180" id="Cat_180">180.</a> <span class="smcap">Wide Single-Shovel Plow</span>, about 1840.
+USNM 230574; 1959. Farmers in the western
+part of the United States in the 1840s
+used this type of plow to cultivate corn.
+Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/i066.jpg" width="350" height="296" alt="Figure 17.--Double-shovel plow. (Catalog No. 181.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 17.&mdash;Double-shovel plow. (Catalog No. 181.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_181" id="Cat_181">181.</a> <span class="smcap">Double-Shovel Plow</span>, about 1850. USNM
+230574; 1959. This plow, with shovels
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>
+placed in a staggered position, was commonly
+used for cross-plowing or cultivating.
+Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_182" id="Cat_182">182.</a> <span class="smcap">Double-Shovel Plow</span>, about 1850. USNM
+230574; 1959. This double-shovel plow
+has the shovels placed opposite one another.
+Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_183" id="Cat_183">183.</a> <span class="smcap">A-Frame Harrow</span>, mid 19th century. USNM
+230574; 1959. This triangular harrow has
+wooden beams with 22 ten-inch iron spikes
+driven through them. This type of harrow
+pulverized and leveled plowed land, covered
+the seed, and cultivated between rows
+of corn. Triangular harrows worked better
+than square types because the triangles had
+greater strength on newly cleared land.
+Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_184" id="Cat_184">184.</a> <span class="smcap">Trolley Carrier for Hayfork</span>, about 1875.
+USNM 230574; 1959. This steel trolley
+carrier supported a one-horse hayfork. A
+pulley attached to the trolley carrier lifted
+and lowered the hayfork. The first trolley
+carriers for hayforks were invented by J. E.
+Porter of Ottawa, Illinois, in 1869 and 1872.
+They were made of wood and iron. The
+first steel carriers were patented by Jacob
+Ney, Canton, Ohio, and (in 1886) by
+P. A. Myer, Ashland, Ohio. Gift of John
+Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_185" id="Cat_185">185.</a> <span class="smcap">Riding Disk Cultivator</span>, late 19th century.
+USNM 230574; 1959. This cultivator has
+two sections, each with three 15-inch disk
+wheels spaced 5� inches apart. It has
+handgrip levers for making cutting adjustments.
+This machine worked best on
+ground between row crops. Gift of John
+Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_186" id="Cat_186">186.</a> <span class="smcap">Singletree</span>, late 19th and early 20th centuries.
+USNM 230574; 1959. This singletree is
+made of wood. The trace chains of the
+team of horses could be attached to the
+hooks on the singletree. Gift of John
+Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_187" id="Cat_187">187.</a> <span class="smcap">Doubletree</span>, late 19th century to early 20th
+century. USNM 230574; 1959. A doubletree
+made of wood. The doubletree served
+as a lever on which to mount two singletrees.
+This arrangement distributed
+equally the pull of a load between two
+horses. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney,
+Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_188" id="Cat_188">188.</a> <span class="smcap">Singletree</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+230574; 1959. The trace chains of two
+horses are attached to this home-made,
+wooden singletree. The tongue of a machine
+would be hooked to the center of the
+tree. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney,
+Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_189" id="Cat_189">189.</a> <span class="smcap">Grain Fork</span>, about 1870. USNM 230574;
+1959. This three-tine iron fork was used
+to move bundled grain. Gift of John
+Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_190" id="Cat_190">190.</a> <span class="smcap">One-Row, Hand "Corn Jobber</span>," late 19th
+century. USNM 230574; 1959. Gift of
+John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_191" id="Cat_191">191.</a> <span class="smcap">Double-Harpoon Hay Fork</span>, about 1870.
+USNM 230574; 1959. S. E. Harris patented
+this double-harpoon, iron hayfork in
+1867. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney,
+Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_192" id="Cat_192">192.</a> <span class="smcap">Ground Hog Thresher</span>, about 1830. USNM
+230579; 1959. This early thresher did not
+separate the grain from the chaff. Grain
+fed into the trough passed into a compartment
+with a rotating iron cylinder filled
+with finger-like projections which broke the
+grain into its component parts. A fanning
+basket then separated the grain from
+the chaff. Purchased from George
+Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_193" id="Cat_193">193.</a> <span class="smcap">Sweep Horse Power</span>, late 19th century.
+USNM 230579; 1959. This type of horse
+power operated by the horse pulling a shaft
+in a circular motion that set iron gears into
+motion. The gears connected to a pulley
+for operating grain threshers, flour mills,
+saws, and the like. Purchased from George
+Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_194" id="Cat_194">194.</a> <span class="smcap">Marker Sled</span>, possibly late 19th century.
+USNM 230579; 1959. This wooden sled
+marked rows for future planting. The
+sled could mark three rows approximately
+34 inches apart. Purchased from George
+Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_195" id="Cat_195">195.</a> <span class="smcap">Large Hand Rake</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+230579; 1959. Made entirely of wood.
+Purchased from George Rhoades, Greenville,
+Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_196" id="Cat_196">196.</a> <span class="smcap">Jointed, Wooden Harrow</span>, mid 19th century.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
+USNM 230579; 1959. This two-sectioned,
+rectangular wooden harrow has five wooden
+beams per section, each section having 18
+rounded teeth. Very primitive. Purchased
+from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_197" id="Cat_197">197.</a> <span class="smcap">Wheeled Cultivator</span>, early 20th century.
+USNM 230579; 1959. This cultivator has
+individual levers for setting each set of teeth
+and contains a neck yoke, singletree, and
+guard shields. This type of cultivator improved
+on the one-horse type, which required
+harrowing one side of a row at a
+time. A variety of teeth could be used on
+this machine. Purchased from George
+Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_198" id="Cat_198">198.</a> <span class="smcap">Double A-Frame Harrow</span>, 19th century.
+USNM 230580; 1959. This wooden, triangular
+harrow has iron teeth driven
+through the beams. Purchased from Ruth
+Brown, Sardinia, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_199" id="Cat_199">199.</a> <span class="smcap">Wheeled Cultivator</span>, early 20th century.
+USNM 230580; 1959. This riding-type
+cultivator has two sections with three teeth
+each. It differs from most wheeled cultivators
+by having iron bars for setting teeth
+depth, with one lever to elevate and lower
+the teeth. It has a neck yoke and a singletree.
+Purchased from Ruth Brown, Sardinia,
+Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_200" id="Cat_200">200.</a> <span class="smcap">Flop-Over Hayrake</span>, about 1895. USNM
+230580; 1959. A flop-over rake used as
+early as 1820. Purchased from Ruth
+Brown, Sardinia, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_201" id="Cat_201">201.</a> <span class="smcap">Side Hill Plow</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+230581; 1959. One of several types of
+plows used for plowing along hillsides.
+The moldboard and share could rotate on
+a horizontal axis. At the end of each furrow
+the farmer could reverse it and hook
+in position so that the plow cast each furrow
+in the same direction. Purchased from
+Albert Knecht, Lancaster, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_202" id="Cat_202">202.</a> <span class="smcap">Grain Drill</span>, about 1850. USNM 230581;
+1959. This drill was made by the Eagle
+Machine Company of Lancaster, Ohio. It
+has a double bar, singletree, neck yoke, one
+grain compartment with eight grain boots,
+and a packing wheel for each boot. It
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>
+sowed eight rows at a time, 6 inches apart.
+Drills of this type became popular in the
+1850s. Purchased from Albert Knecht,
+Lancaster, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_203" id="Cat_203">203.</a> <span class="smcap">Wheeled Cultivator</span>, about 1860. USNM
+230581; 1959. This walking-type cultivator,
+divided into two sections, has three
+plow teeth per section with guard shields
+attached. The name J. Deere is printed on
+the toolbox. Purchased from Albert
+Knecht, Lancaster, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_204" id="Cat_204">204.</a> <span class="smcap">Flop-Over Hayrake</span>, mid 19th century.
+USNM 230581; 1959. Wooden, horse-drawn
+rake which the farmer could flop
+over to empty as he walked behind it.
+Purchased from Albert Knecht, Lancaster,
+Ohio.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i070.jpg" width="600" height="359" alt="Figure 18.--Flop-over hayrake, mid 19th century. (Catalog No. 204.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 18.&mdash;Flop-over hayrake, mid 19th century. (Catalog No. 204.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_205" id="Cat_205">205.</a> <span class="smcap">Wheeled Cultivator</span>, early 20th century.
+USNM 230575; 1959. This McCormick
+Deering, wheeled cultivator has one lever
+for lowering and elevating the plow teeth
+and two levers for setting the depth of the
+plow teeth. Gift of Mrs. Lucy F. Robinson,
+Chandlersville, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_206" id="Cat_206">206.</a> <span class="smcap">Grubbing Hoe</span>, about 1920. USNM 230576;
+1959. This narrow grubbing hoe resembles
+a pick. It broke up soil and removed
+obstructions such as roots and shrubs. Gift
+of Mrs. Harley Climpson, Bethesda, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_207" id="Cat_207">207.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of 18th-Century American Mower</span>.
+USNM 230437; 1959. A copy of a model
+reaper on display at the American Philosophical
+Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
+Purchased from Mrs. L. C. Eichner,
+Clifton, New Jersey.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_208" id="Cat_208">208.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1890. USNM 230572;
+1959. A stamped zigzag ribbon between
+two twisted wires. Gift of Don Holst,
+Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_209" id="Cat_209">209.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1890. USNM 230577;
+1959. A stamped, ribbon-type wire with
+barbs on one edge and with the ribbon
+twisted. Gift of John Blake, Washington,
+D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_210" id="Cat_210">210.</a> <span class="smcap">Narrow Hoe</span>, date unknown. USNM
+230578; 1959. Blade from a socket-type
+hoe. The words "Bedsteel Oil Tempered"
+are stamped on the blade. Gift of James
+W. Rutherford, Springfield, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_211" id="Cat_211">211.</a> <span class="smcap">Wallis Tractor</span>, 1919. USNM 230439; 1959.
+A Model K Wallis tractor of a series made
+from 1919 to 1924. It succeeded the 1913
+Wallis Cub and the 1916 Wallis Cub, Jr.
+Gift of Massey-Ferguson, Inc., Racine, Wisconsin.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_212" id="Cat_212">212.</a> <span class="smcap">Single-Shovel Plow</span>, about 1840. USNM
+240816; 1959. This type of shovel plow
+cultivated corn in the western part of the
+country in the 1840s. This specimen resembles
+a row-buster for opening rows to
+plant seed, etc. Gift of Andrew W. Frye,
+Woodstock, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_213" id="Cat_213">213.</a> <span class="smcap">Fiddle-Bow Broadcast Seeder</span>, late 19th century.
+USNM 240745; 1959. The operator
+saddled the seeder on his shoulder by means
+of a strap fastened to the seed sack. Sliding
+the bow back and forth caused the seeds
+to be broadcast from a spinning disk. A
+gauge on the seeder could be set to sow a
+prescribed amount of seeds per acre. Gift
+of Benjamin Lambert, Woodstock, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_214" id="Cat_214">214.</a> <span class="smcap">Grain Riddle</span>, mid 19th century. 1959.
+Sieve for sifting grain. Constructed by
+Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_215" id="Cat_215">215.</a> <span class="smcap">Broad Hoe</span>, mid 19th century. 1959. Constructed
+by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian
+Institution.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_216" id="Cat_216">216.</a> <span class="smcap">Miniature Plow</span>, late 19th century to early
+20th century. 1959. This plow, made
+entirely of steel, was found in Alexandria,
+Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_217" id="Cat_217">217.</a> <span class="smcap">Mattock</span>, 19th century. USNM 230440;
+1960. This is an implement for grubbing
+and digging. Gift of Veikko Jarvis, Negaune,
+Michigan.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_218" id="Cat_218">218.</a> <span class="smcap">Fodder Cutter</span>, 1872. 1960. This hand-cranked
+machine could cut all kinds of fodder&mdash;hay,
+straw, and corn stalks&mdash;with ease
+and rapidity. Called the "Improved Baldwins
+American," it was patented in 1867
+and 1872. Gift of Thomas W. Bein,
+Bethesda, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_219" id="Cat_219">219.</a> <span class="smcap">Oliver Chilled Plow</span>, 20th century. 1960.
+Steel share, moldboard, and coulter, with
+wooden beam, frame, and handles. Gift of
+Oliver Corporation, South Bend, Indiana.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_220" id="Cat_220">220.</a> <span class="smcap">Hart-Parr Tractor</span>, 1903. USNM 230442;
+1960. The third internal combustion tractor
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>
+built by the company founded earlier
+by Charles Hart and Charles Parr. The
+Hart-Parr tractor could pull gangs of plows
+or drive large threshers. Oil circulating
+through the pipes in the square stack cooled
+the engine. Gift of Oliver Corporation,
+South Bend, Indiana.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 401px;">
+<img src="images/i073.jpg" width="401" height="500" alt="Figure 19.--Hart-Parr tractor of 1903, the third in line of the first commercial tractors.
+(Catalog No. 220.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 19.&mdash;Hart-Parr tractor of 1903, the third in line of the first commercial tractors.
+(Catalog No. 220.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_221" id="Cat_221">221.</a> <span class="smcap">Corn Grinder</span>, about 1890. USNM 233465;
+1960. This iron corn grinder has "#17"
+printed on the grease caps of the axle.
+Gift of Walter A. Hitchcock, Warrenton,
+Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_222" id="Cat_222">222.</a> <span class="smcap">Cider Mill and Press</span>, late 19th or early 20th
+century. USNM 234465; 1960. This
+wooden-frame mill has iron parts, with a
+feeder-trough and two tubes for draining
+the apple cider. It was operated by means
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>
+of a hand crank. Gift of Walter A. Hitchcock,
+Warrenton, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_223" id="Cat_223">223.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of John Deere Plow</span>, 1960. Received
+in 1961. An example of a typical
+plow of the 1960s. Gift of John Deere
+Company, Moline, Illinois.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_224" id="Cat_224">224.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of John Deere Tractor</span>, 1960. Received
+in 1961. An example of a typical
+tractor of the period. Gift of John Deere
+Company, Moline, Illinois.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_225" id="Cat_225">225.</a> <span class="smcap">Sample Fertilizers</span>, 1960. USNM 238503;
+1961. Samples of 22 types of fertilizers in
+common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John
+B. Blake, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_226" id="Cat_226">226.</a> <span class="smcap">Sample Fertilizers</span>, 1960. USNM 238503;
+1961. Samples of six types of fertilizer in
+common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John
+B. Blake, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_227" id="Cat_227">227.</a> <span class="smcap">Sample Fertilizers</span>, 1960. USNM 238503;
+1961. Samples of eight types of fertilizer
+in common use at the time. Gift of Dr.
+John B. Blake, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_228" id="Cat_228">228.</a> <span class="smcap">Sample Fertilizers</span>, 1960. USNM 238503;
+1961. Samples of six types of fertilizer in
+common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John
+B. Blake, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_229" id="Cat_229">229.</a> <span class="smcap">Sample Fertilizers</span>, 1960. USNM 238503;
+1961. Samples of thirteen types of fertilizers
+in common use at the time. Gift of
+Dr. John B. Blake, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_230" id="Cat_230">230.</a> <span class="smcap">Cast-Iron Centrifuge</span>, 1960. USNM 238503;
+1961. A centrifuge used for running the
+Babcock milk test, which determined the
+percentage of butterfat. Gift of Dr. John
+B. Blake, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_231" id="Cat_231">231.</a> <span class="smcap">Insecticide</span>, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. A
+sample of a Pyrox insecticide in common
+use in 1960. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake,
+Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_232" id="Cat_232">232.</a> <span class="smcap">Hoe</span>, 20th century. USNM 239136; 1961.
+A socket-type, three-tine hoe used to weed
+vegetable gardens, tobacco, and similar row
+crops. Gift of Mrs. Henry H. Byrne, Washington,
+D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_233" id="Cat_233">233.</a> <span class="smcap">One-Row Planter</span>, about 1870. USNM
+237951; 1961. The gears from the drive-wheel
+mesh with a set of gears that turn the
+seed plate. The distance for dropping the
+seed could be determined by the size of the
+gear used on the drive-wheel. Gift of H. C.
+Cole, Crestline, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_234" id="Cat_234">234.</a> <span class="smcap">Portable Gasoline Engine</span>, 1903. USNM
+240546; 1961. This machine provided belting
+power for operating feed mills, cream
+separators, wood saws, etc. It generated
+2 hp at 300-600 rpm. It was covered by
+two patents dated April 7, 1903. Gift of
+New Holland Machine Co., New Holland,
+Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_235" id="Cat_235">235.</a> <span class="smcap">Cotton Planter</span>, 20th century. USNM
+240545; 1961. This one-row, horse-drawn
+cotton planter drilled cottonseed in rows by
+means of a revolving wooden drum with
+one-inch holes spaced around the center of
+the drum. Gift of Lester Souter, Boerne,
+Texas.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_236" id="Cat_236">236.</a> <span class="smcap">Wooden Spade</span>, about 1840. USNM 240543;
+1961. This wooden spade has a metal cutting
+edge. Purchased from Mrs. H. J.
+Cummings, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_237" id="Cat_237">237.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of McCormick Reaper</span>, 1831. USNM
+236710; 1961. A full-scale model of the
+1831 McCormick reaper. Gift of Franklin
+Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_238" id="Cat_238">238.</a> <span class="smcap">Hoe</span>, date unknown. USNM 239502; 1961.
+This is a socket-type hoe with a half-moon
+cutting blade. Gift of Dr. Ivor Cornman,
+Miami, Florida.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_239" id="Cat_239">239.</a> <span class="smcap">Curd Breaker</span>, mid 19th century. USNM
+239502; 1961. This tool for cutting cheese
+curds has four 15-inch parallel blades. Gift
+of Dr. Ivor Cornman, Miami, Florida.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_240" id="Cat_240">240.</a> <span class="smcap">Wooden Brace</span>, possibly mid 19th century.
+USNM 239502; 1961. This implement was
+used to hold open the split carcasses of
+hogs. Gift of Dr. Ivor Cornman, Miami,
+Florida.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_241" id="Cat_241">241.</a> <span class="smcap">Holt Combine</span>, 1887. USNM 236419, 1961.
+Benjamin Holt made this combine around
+1887. Its main feature is the use of linked,
+wrought-iron chain belts for the drive rather
+than a system of gears as commonly found
+on combines of that day. Gift of Mrs. C.
+Parker Holt, Stockton, California.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i077.jpg" width="600" height="409" alt="Figure 20.--A view in the Hall of Farm Machinery, National Museum of History and Technology.
+The Holt combine in 1887 (Catalog No. 241) is at left. The Victor mowing machine of 1880
+(Catalog No. 137) is in right foreground." />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 20.&mdash;A view in the Hall of Farm Machinery, National Museum of History and Technology.
+The Holt combine in 1887 (Catalog No. 241) is at left. The Victor mowing machine of 1880
+(Catalog No. 137) is in right foreground.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_242" id="Cat_242">242.</a> <span class="smcap">Waterwheel and Shafting</span>, mid 19th century.
+USNM 238174; 1961. Components
+of a one-blade, sash sawmill. Purchased
+from Robert E. Clement, Chester Springs,
+Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>
+<a name="Cat_243" id="Cat_243">243.</a> <span class="smcap">Apple Parer</span>, about 1760. USNM 240544;
+1962. The operator sat on the wooden
+seat and turned a crank which rotated the
+apple fastened to a spindle. When held at
+the proper contact, the knife peeled the
+rotating apple. Purchased from Mrs.
+Gladys Harbst, Butler, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_244" id="Cat_244">244.</a> <span class="smcap">Miniature Plow</span>, mid 19th century. USNM
+239068; 1962. This plow was caught in a
+fisherman's net in the Susquehanna River
+near Havre-de-Grace, Maryland, in 1924.
+It probably was a display piece for the
+manufacturer. Purchased from F. P. Leithiser,
+Milford, Delaware.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_245" id="Cat_245">245.</a> <span class="smcap">Sulky Plow</span>, about 1920. USNM 239073;
+1962. An all-steel John Deere sulky plow.
+Purchased from Irwin Vette, Westboro,
+Missouri.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i079a.jpg" width="600" height="439" alt="Figure 21.--John Deere sulky plow, about 1920. (Catalog No. 245.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 21.&mdash;John Deere sulky plow, about 1920. (Catalog No. 245.)
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_246" id="Cat_246">246.</a> <span class="smcap">Tobacco Transplanter</span>, late 19th or early
+20th century. USNM 239063; 1962. The
+driver sat on a wooden water barrel on this
+horse-drawn tobacco transplanter. The
+men who set the plants in the furrow used
+the two seats in the rear. Gift of Pollitt
+Graybill, Diver, Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_247" id="Cat_247">247.</a> <span class="smcap">Ice Cream Freezer</span>, 1870. USNM 241690;
+1962. Thomas Mills and Brothers of Philadelphia
+made this 40-quart commercial ice
+cream freezer which was patented on March
+15, 1870. Gift of John G. Mills, Philadelphia,
+Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_248" id="Cat_248">248.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1890-1900. USNM
+230572; 1962. A sample of ribbon barbed
+wire. Gift of Don Holst, Washington,
+D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_249" id="Cat_249">249.</a> <span class="smcap">Moline Universal Tractor</span>, 1918. USNM
+242414; 1962. This Model D is particularly
+unique in that it could be adapted as
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35"></a></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[35, 36]</a></span>
+horse-drawn equipment and could be operated
+from its seat. It is light and versatile
+and equipped with front pulley drive and
+head lights. Gift of Minneapolis-Moline,
+Inc., Hopkins, Minnesota.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i079b.jpg" width="600" height="477" alt="Figure 22.--Moline Universal Tractor, Model D, of 198, in the Hall of Farm Machinery, National Museum of History and Technology. (Catalog No. 249.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 22.&mdash;Moline Universal Tractor, Model D, of 198, in the Hall of Farm Machinery, National Museum of History and Technology. (Catalog No. 249.)
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_250" id="Cat_250">250.</a> <span class="smcap">Two-Bottom Plow</span>, 1918. USNM 242414;
+1962. This plow is attached to the Moline
+Universal Model D tractor of 1918. Gift of
+Minneapolis-Moline, Inc., Hopkins, Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_251" id="Cat_251">251.</a> <span class="smcap">Sulky Plow</span>, 1880. USNM 242414; 1962.
+A Moline two-wheeled sulky plow. Three
+horses drew the plow, which has three singletrees
+and one doubletree. Gift of
+Minneapolis-Moline, Inc., Hopkins, Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_252" id="Cat_252">252.</a> <span class="smcap">Grain Binder</span>, 1935. USNM 422427; 1962.
+This McCormick-Deering grain binder cut
+the grain and, by means of an apron,
+carried it through a bundling and tying
+mechanism. The bundles of grain fell into
+a set of forks which the operator released.
+The machine is covered by Patents 1,328,781
+and 1,464,736. It is similar to binders
+used in the 1880s. Gift of J. D. Major,
+Belton, South Carolina.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/i080.jpg" width="350" height="188" alt="Figure 23.--Cattle dehorner. (Catalog No. 253.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 23.&mdash;Cattle dehorner. (Catalog No. 253.)
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_253" id="Cat_253">253.</a> <span class="smcap">Dehorner</span>, about 1920. USNM 242977, 1962.
+This implement, used to trim cattle horns,
+works like a gigantic clipper. Gift of Newton
+E. Wiat, Arlington, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_254" id="Cat_254">254.</a> <span class="smcap">Portable Steam Engine</span>, 1869. USNM
+246139; 1962. The first portable steam
+engine built by the J. I. Case Company in
+1869. It burned wood and developed 8
+hp. Gift of J. I. Case Company, Racine,
+Wisconsin.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_255" id="Cat_255">255.</a> <span class="smcap">Japanese Cultivating Machine</span>, 1960.
+USNM 242908; 1962. This Japanese
+Model KF850 power cultivator has a detachable
+rotary hoe and a diesel engine
+with direct drive.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_256" id="Cat_256">256.</a> <span class="smcap">Wooden Grain Fork</span>, about 1870. USNM
+252786; 1963. A four-tined wooden fork
+for handling bundles of grain. It was used
+by the donor's grandfather on his farm in
+Maryland. Gift of C. Gordon Dentry,
+Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_257" id="Cat_257">257.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Lawn Mower</span>, 1962. USNM
+256817; 1963. A model of the Suburbia
+38, a riding mower powered by a 5�-hp
+gasoline engine with three speeds between
+&frac12; mph and 4&frac12; mph. Gift of Herman
+Becker, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_258" id="Cat_258">258.</a> <span class="smcap">Broadcast Seeder</span>, about 1892. USNM
+257164; 1964. A hand-cranked seeder.
+Gift of Milton J. Brandon, Silver Spring,
+Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_259" id="Cat_259">259.</a> <span class="smcap">Tobacco Axe</span>, mid 20th century. USNM
+257163; 1964. A tobacco axe used to
+harvest sun-cured tobacco in the Connecticut
+Valley region. Gift of Minner J. Cooper,
+Windsor, New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_260" id="Cat_260">260.</a> <span class="smcap">Daveat Milk Sterilizer</span>, 1959. USNM
+259871; 1964. An autoclave combined with
+vacuum chambers and other devices that
+sterilized and canned milk or other liquid
+dairy products. The process preserved the
+product with a minimum loss of nutritional
+value and without causing coagulation.
+Patent 2,899,320 granted to Elmer S. Davis,
+August 11, 1959.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_261" id="Cat_261">261.</a> <span class="smcap">Hay Bale Hooks</span>, 19th century or later.
+USNM 260120; 1965. Two bale hooks.
+Gift of E. Peterkin, Forest Heights, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_262" id="Cat_262">262.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Huber Steam Tractor</span>, 1901.
+USNM 261334; 1965. An operable scale
+model of a 1901 Huber steam tractor. Gift
+of Raymond Stout, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_263" id="Cat_263">263.</a> <span class="smcap">Hand Cultivating Hoe</span>, 20th century.
+USNM 262244; 1965. A three-tine, curved
+cultivating hoe probably used in vegetable
+gardening. Gift of Arnold Miles, Bethesda,
+Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_264" id="Cat_264">264.</a> <span class="smcap">Cast-Iron Implement Seat</span>, about 1890.
+USNM 262243; 1965. A cast-iron seat
+typical of those found on late-19th and
+early-20th-century farm implements. Gift
+of K. E. Clark, Los Angeles, California.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>
+<a name="Cat_265" id="Cat_265">265.</a> <span class="smcap">Grain Flail</span>, 1840. USNM 262250; 1965.
+A typical flail used in Wisconsin in 1840 for
+threshing grain. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall,
+Blacksburg, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_266" id="Cat_266">266.</a> <span class="smcap">Turkey Collars</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+262250; 1965. Small leather collars, with
+bells attached, placed on turkeys at a time
+when farmers typically let their poultry
+run loose. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall,
+Blacksburg, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_267" id="Cat_267">267.</a> <span class="smcap">Branding Iron</span>, 20th century. USNM 262250;
+1965. A #30 branding iron, circle W, used
+to mark cattle. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall,
+Blacksburg, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_268" id="Cat_268">268.</a> <span class="smcap">Riding Spurs</span>, 1890 or later. USNM 262250;
+1965. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg,
+Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_269" id="Cat_269">269.</a> <span class="smcap">Harness Hames</span>, early 20th century. USNM
+262250; 1965. Brass knobs from the collar
+of a horse's harness. Gift of Dr. Frank
+Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_270" id="Cat_270">270.</a> <span class="smcap">Reaper Hook</span>, about 1860. USNM 262250;
+1965. A hand sickle used for harvesting
+grain. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg,
+Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_271" id="Cat_271">271.</a> <span class="smcap">Iron Pot Hooks</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+262250; 1965. Pot hooks made of two
+pieces of heavy wire hinged on the ends.
+The hook fastened onto pots to remove
+them from open fires. Gift of Dr. Frank
+Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_272" id="Cat_272">272.</a> <span class="smcap">Iron Spike</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+262250; 1965. An iron spike, probably
+from a harrowing device such as a triangular
+beam harrow. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall,
+Blacksburg, Virginia.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/i082.jpg" width="350" height="133" alt="Figure 24.--Flax hackle. (Catalog No. 273.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 24.&mdash;Flax hackle. (Catalog No. 273.)
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_273" id="Cat_273">273.</a> <span class="smcap">Flax Hackle</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+263350; 1965. This hackle consists of a
+piece of wood, 6 by 12 inches, with square
+iron nails protruding from one side. The
+homemade hackle shredded flax in preparation
+for making linen cloth. Gift of Dr.
+Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_274" id="Cat_274">274.</a> <span class="smcap">Barley Fork</span>, late 19th or early 20th century.
+USNM 262250; 1965. A wooden, four-tined
+fork used for handling barley. Gift
+of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_275" id="Cat_275">275.</a> <span class="smcap">Wooden Wheelbarrow</span>, 20th century.
+USNM 262250; 1965. All parts of this
+wheelbarrow are homemade. Gift of Dr.
+Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_276" id="Cat_276">276.</a> <span class="smcap">Wooden Wheel</span>, 19th century. USNM
+262250; 1965. A wooden wheel used on a
+wheelbarrow. Seven separate parts to the
+wheel illustrate the general construction of
+wooden wheels. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall,
+Blacksburg, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_277" id="Cat_277">277.</a> <span class="smcap">Grain Sack</span>, about 1865. USNM 263077;
+1965. Peter Brugler Snyder used this grain
+sack about 100 years ago on his farm near
+Montour Falls, New York. The initials
+P. B. S. appear on the sack. Gift of Howard
+S. Rappleye, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/i083.jpg" width="350" height="328" alt="Figure 25.--Corn sheller. (Catalog No. 278.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 25.&mdash;Corn sheller. (Catalog No. 278.)
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_278" id="Cat_278">278.</a> <span class="smcap">Corn Sheller</span>, about 1898. USNM 264779;
+1965. A corn sheller that was operated by
+means of a hand crank. Gift of Dr.
+Stephen Lang, San Fernando, California.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_279" id="Cat_279">279.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed-Wire Display Panel</span>, about 1940.
+USNM 264475; 1966. Display panel of 78
+different types of barbed wire. Gift of Dr.
+Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_280" id="Cat_280">280.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1878. Eight pieces of
+"Brotherton Barb," a wire patented by J.
+Brotherton of Ames, Iowa, in 1878; Patent
+207,710. It became very popular, and was
+second only to Glidden's "The Winner" in
+sales. It had nonslipping barbs and was
+easy to make.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_281" id="Cat_281">281.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1882. "Baker Perfect,"
+a barbed wire invented by George Baker
+of Des Moines, Iowa. It was popular and
+widely used but never patented.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_282" id="Cat_282">282.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1881. From Jefferson
+County, Iowa. Patented by Edward M.
+Crandall of Chicago, Illinois, in 1881; Patent
+247,540.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_283" id="Cat_283">283.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1876. Two pieces of
+"Twist Oval," a wire patented by Josiah
+F. Glidden of De Kalb, Illinois, in 1876;
+Patent 181,433. The use of oval wire shows
+an effort to prevent slipping of the barb.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_284" id="Cat_284">284.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1877. From Nodaway
+County, Missouri. Patented by Henry M.
+Rose of Waterman, Illinois, in 1877; Patent
+198,688.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_285" id="Cat_285">285.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1878. From Jefferson
+County, Iowa. Patented by Michael Daley
+of Waterman, Illinois, in 1878; Patent
+209,467.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_286" id="Cat_286">286.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, date unknown. From Jefferson
+County, Iowa. A handmade specimen
+made with a tool in this collection.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_287" id="Cat_287">287.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1875. "Dobbs and
+Booth," patented by John Dobbs and Benjamin
+Booth of Victor, Iowa, in 1875; Patent
+171,105.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_288" id="Cat_288">288.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1877. From south-western
+Arkansas. Patented by J. F. Glidden.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_289" id="Cat_289">289.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, date unknown. From Nodaway,
+County, Missouri. A claim that this
+wire was patented by J. F. Glidden has not
+been verified.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_290" id="Cat_290">290.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1878. From Jefferson
+County, Iowa. Patented by Spencer St.
+John of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, in 1878; Patent
+205,697.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_291" id="Cat_291">291.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, date unknown. Standard cattle
+barbed wire patented by J. F. Glidden
+and made by Republic Steel Wire Company.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
+<a name="Cat_292" id="Cat_292">292.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, date unknown. Standard hog
+barbed wire patented by J. F. Glidden and
+made by Republic Steel Wire Company.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_293" id="Cat_293">293.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1878. From Atchison
+County, Missouri. Patented by William
+H. Frye of Marshalltown, Iowa, in 1878;
+Patent 204,312.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_294" id="Cat_294">294.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1883. From Nodaway
+County, Missouri. Patented by Joseph
+Goss of Beloit, Wisconsin, in 1883; Patent
+282,453.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_295" id="Cat_295">295.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1885. Two pieces of
+"Brink-Martelle," a wire patented by John
+J. Brinkerhoff of Auburn, New York, in
+1885; Patent 324,211. The round wire
+lacks its barbs.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_296" id="Cat_296">296.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1883. From Nodaway
+County, Missouri. Patented by William S.
+Bate of Boston, Massachusetts, in 1883; Patent
+273,245.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_297" id="Cat_297">297.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1879. "Champion," or
+"Zig-Zag," patented by Edward M. Crandall
+of Chicago, Illinois, in 1879; Patent 221,158.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_298" id="Cat_298">298.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1881. Two pieces of
+"Buckthorn" (modified), patented by T. V.
+Allis of New York, New York, in 1881; Patent
+244,726.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_299" id="Cat_299">299.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1878. From Nodaway
+County, Missouri. Patented by Ole O.
+Kittleson of Milan, Illinois, in 1878; Patent
+203,349.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_300" id="Cat_300">300.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1881. Two pieces of
+"Brink Flat," patented by Jacob and Warren
+M. Brinkerhoff of Auburn, New York,
+in 1881; Patent 241,601.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_301" id="Cat_301">301.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1884. Four pieces of
+"Decker Spread," patented by Alexander
+C. Decker of Bushnell, Illinois, in 1884;
+Patent 299,916.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_302" id="Cat_302">302.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1879. "Brink Twist,"
+patented by Jacob and Warren M. Brinkerhoff
+of Auburn, New York, in 1879; Patent
+214,095.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_303" id="Cat_303">303.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1877. "Ladder Barbed
+Wire," patented by Alexander Decker of
+Bushnell, Illinois, in 1877; Patent 186,716.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_304" id="Cat_304">304.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1876. From Nodaway
+County, Missouri. Patented by Elijah
+Sims of Aurora, Illinois, in 1876; Patent
+178,195.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>
+<a name="Cat_305" id="Cat_305">305.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1884. "Sunderland
+Kink," patented by L. E. Sunderland of
+Joliet, Illinois, in 1884; Patent 303,406.
+This wire has nonslipping barbs.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_306" id="Cat_306">306.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1892. From Caldwell
+County, Missouri. Patented by J. W. Griswold
+of Troy, New York, in 1892; Patent
+486,179.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_307" id="Cat_307">307.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1883. "Stubbe Plate,"
+patented by John Stubbe of Pittsburgh,
+Pennsylvania, in 1883; Patent 287,337.
+This wire carried a patch so animals could
+see it easily.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_308" id="Cat_308">308.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1875. "Haish 'S'," patented
+by Jacob Haish of De Kalb, Illinois,
+in 1875; Patent 167,240.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_309" id="Cat_309">309.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1874. "Kennedy Barbs,"
+patented by Charles Kennedy of Aurora,
+Illinois, in 1874; Patent 153,965.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_310" id="Cat_310">310.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1868. "Thorny Fence,"
+patented by Michael Kelly of New York,
+New York, in 1868; Patent 74,379.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_311" id="Cat_311">311.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1874. "The Winner,"
+patented by Josiah F. Glidden of De Kalb,
+Illinois, in 1874; Patent 157,124. This was
+the most successful and most popular
+barbed wire. It neither slipped nor
+twisted.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_312" id="Cat_312">312.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1939. War wire (World
+War II) from the Australian shoreline.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_313" id="Cat_313">313.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1880. "Haish 'S'"
+(modified).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_314" id="Cat_314">314.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1939. War wire (World
+War II) from Bizerta, Tunis, North Africa.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_315" id="Cat_315">315.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1939. War wire (German
+or Italian, World War II) from
+Naples, Italy.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 311px;">
+<img src="images/i087.jpg" width="311" height="500" alt="Figure 26.--Haish barbed wire and advertisement.
+(Catalog No. 316.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 26.&mdash;Haish barbed wire and advertisement.
+(Catalog No. 316.)
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_316" id="Cat_316">316.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1881. "Brink Flat,"
+patented by Jacob and Warren M. Brinkerhoff
+of Auburn, New York, in 1881; Patent
+241,601. This piece has a factory splice.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_317" id="Cat_317">317.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1875. "Corsicana Clip,"
+patented by Daniel C. Stover of Freeport,
+Illinois, in 1875; Patent 164,947.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_318" id="Cat_318">318.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1883. From Nodaway
+County, Missouri. Patented by Andrew J.
+Upham of Syracuse, Illinois, in 1883; Patent
+284,261.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_319" id="Cat_319">319.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1883. From Nodaway
+County, Missouri. Patented by William
+M. Clow of Wheatland, Illinois, in 1883;
+Patent 285,014.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_320" id="Cat_320">320.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1882. From Galloway
+County, Missouri. Patented by Joseph H.
+Connelly of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in
+1882; Patent 254,278.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_321" id="Cat_321">321.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1882. "Dodge and
+Washburn," patented by Thomas H. Dodge
+and Charles G. Washburn of Worcester,
+Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_322" id="Cat_322">322.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1879. "Ross's Four
+Point," patented by Noble S. Ross of Chicago,
+Illinois, in 1879; Patent 216,294.
+This wire was very common in the prairie
+states.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>
+<a name="Cat_323" id="Cat_323">323.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1878. Two pieces of
+"Billings' Simple," patented by Frank Billings
+of Cleveland, Ohio, in 1878; Patent
+205,234. This wire hurt the animals but
+it was cheap and easy to make.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_324" id="Cat_324">324.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1881. "Shinn's Four
+Point," patented by Milton Shinn of Burlington,
+Iowa, in 1881; Patent 238,447.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_325" id="Cat_325">325.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1879. Two pieces of
+"Four Point Wager" from Andrew County,
+Missouri. Patented by J. F. Glidden of De
+Kalb, Illinois, in 1879; Patent 214,211.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_326" id="Cat_326">326.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1877. "Burnell's Four
+Point," patented by Arthur Burnell of
+Marshalltown, Iowa, in 1877; Patent
+192,225.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_327" id="Cat_327">327.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1876. Two pieces of
+"Hold Fast," or "Merrill Twirl," patented
+by John C. Merrill of Turkey River, Iowa,
+in 1876; Patent 185,688.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_328" id="Cat_328">328.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1876. "Lazy Plate,"
+patented by W. Watkins of Joliet, Illinois,
+in 1876; Patent 184,486.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_329" id="Cat_329">329.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1879. From Nodaway
+County, Missouri. Patented by John S.
+Crowell of Springfield, Ohio, in 1879; Patent
+215,888.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_330" id="Cat_330">330.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1883. From Nodaway
+County, Missouri. Patented by James B.
+Oliver of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1883;
+Patent 286,147.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_331" id="Cat_331">331.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1875. "Split Diamond,"
+patented by Henry Frentress of Dunleith,
+Illinois, in 1875; Patent 171,008.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_332" id="Cat_332">332.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1876. "Jayne-Hill," patented
+by William Jayne and James Hill of
+Boone, Iowa, in 1876; Patent 176,120. The
+barbs clamp very firmly in this wire.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_333" id="Cat_333">333.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1874. From Andrew
+County, Missouri. Patented by Josiah F.
+Glidden of De Kalb, Illinois, in 1874; Patent
+150,683.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_334" id="Cat_334">334.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1939. War wire used
+by the British army in World War II.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_335" id="Cat_335">335.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, about 1914. War wire used by
+the U. S. Army in World War I.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_336" id="Cat_336">336.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, date unknown. "Glidden No.
+51," a wide-faced cattle wire made by Republic
+Steel Wire Company.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_337" id="Cat_337">337.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, date unknown. "Glidden No.
+50," a closed-face hog wire made by Republic
+Steel Wire Company.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_338" id="Cat_338">338.</a> <span class="smcap">Tool for Barbed Wire</span>, about 1875. Device
+for making barbed wire on the farm. Patented
+by John Dobbs and Benjamin Booth
+in 1875; Patent 166,511.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_339" id="Cat_339">339.</a> <span class="smcap">Barbed Wire</span>, 1881. USNM 265912; 1966.
+"Brink Flat," patented in 1881. Gift of
+Mrs. Miles McPeek, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_340" id="Cat_340">340.</a> <span class="smcap">Stump Puller</span>, 20th century. USNM 266811;
+1966. A one-man, hand-operated stump
+puller. The machine consists of several
+pulleys, a length of wire cable, and a rachet
+mechanism to give leverage. Gift of A. E.
+McMechan, Joplin, Missouri.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_341" id="Cat_341">341.</a> <span class="smcap">Plowshare</span>, about 1840. USNM 268949; 1966.
+A wrought-iron fragment from a plowshare
+said to have been used for cultivating cotton
+in South Carolina. It appears to be
+from a "duck foot" type plow. Gift of
+Great Plains Museum, Lawton, Oklahoma.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_342" id="Cat_342">342.</a> <span class="smcap">Saddler's Buck</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+268199; 1966. A small bench with a wooden
+vise to hold leather and parts of saddles.
+Gift of Museum of Science and Industry,
+Chicago, Illinois.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_343" id="Cat_343">343.</a> <span class="smcap">Flax Breaker</span>, mid or late 19th century.
+USNM 268199; 1966. A rectangular bench
+measuring about 3 feet long, 3 feet high,
+and 3 feet wide. The operator pulled a
+hinged arm of slats down on the bench,
+which also has slats. The flax stems broke
+between the slats. Gift of Museum of
+Science and Industry, Chicago, Illinois.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>
+<a name="Cat_344" id="Cat_344">344.</a> <span class="smcap">Prairie Sod Plow</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+268199; 1966. This heavy plow with an
+8-foot beam broke virgin prairie soil. The
+long fingers of the moldboard helped break
+the sod further. Gift of Museum of Science
+and Industry, Chicago, Illinois.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/i089.jpg" width="350" height="248" alt="Figure 27.--Butter worker, 19th century. (Catalog No. 345.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 27.&mdash;Butter worker, 19th century. (Catalog No. 345.)
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_345" id="Cat_345">345.</a> <span class="smcap">Butter Worker</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+268199; 1966. This butter worker consists
+of a wooden tray (3 feet by 2 feet) and a
+grooved wooden roller. The roller is
+passed over the butter in the tray by means
+of a hand crank, thus working the excess
+water to the top of the butter where it
+could be poured off. Gift of Museum of
+Science and Industry, Chicago, Illinois.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_346" id="Cat_346">346.</a> <span class="smcap">Grain Scoop</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+268199; 1966. This wooden grain scoop, or
+possibly flour scoop, measures 12 inches by
+18 inches and has a 4-foot handle. Gift of
+Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago,
+Illinois.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_347" id="Cat_347">347.</a> <span class="smcap">Barrel Churn</span>, 1876. USNM 268199, 1966.
+This rocking churn consists of a wooden
+barrel of 5-gallon capacity and a wooden
+"X" type stand. It was in use in 1876.
+Gift of Museum of Science and Industry,
+Chicago, Illinois.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_348" id="Cat_348">348.</a> <span class="smcap">Plunger Churn</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+268199; 1966. A small (1 gallon) plunger-type
+butter churn which consists of a
+wooden barrel and a wooden paddle attached
+to a 3-foot handle. Gift of Museum
+of Science and Industry, Chicago, Illinois.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_349" id="Cat_349">349.</a> <span class="smcap">Tobacco Hogshead</span>, 1869. USNM 249254;
+1966. A tobacco hogshead reconstructed
+from a picture appearing in <i>Harper's
+Weekly</i> of December 11, 1869. The hogshead,
+constructed of rough lumber, is 6
+feet long and 4 feet in diameter. A horse
+or mule was hitched to the hogshead. Gift
+of Laross &amp; Bros. Co., Richmond, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_350" id="Cat_350">350.</a> <span class="smcap">Fordson Tractor</span>, 1918. USNM 268896;
+1966. The 1918 Fordson was the first tractor
+marketed by the Ford Motor Co. for
+domestic use. Its four-cylinder gas engine
+developed 20 hp. The tractor measures 42
+inches across the rear wheels and 28 inches
+across the front. The rear wheels, of steel,
+have riveted lugs. A winch has been added
+in the front. Gift of Thomas A. DeLong,
+New York, New York.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i091.jpg" width="600" height="416" alt="Figure 28.--Fordson tractor (1918) before restoration work. The winch and wheel fenders were
+added by the tractor's owners. (Catalog No. 350.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure 28.</span>&mdash;Fordson tractor (1918) before restoration work. The winch and wheel fenders were
+added by the tractor's owners. (Catalog No. 350.)
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p>
+<p><a name="Cat_351" id="Cat_351">351.</a> <span class="smcap">Steel Bear Trap</span>, 1876. USNM 4882; 1966.
+This is a typical bear trap of the late 19th
+century. It has steel jaws with a spread of
+11� inches and a wrought-iron pan. It
+weighs 17 pounds. Gift of Oneida Community,
+New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_352" id="Cat_352">352.</a> <span class="smcap">Steel Deer Trap</span>, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966.
+This is a No. 4 steel deer trap manufactured
+by the Oneida Community in the late 19th
+century. It has steel jaws with a spread of
+6&frac12; inches, a wrought-iron pan, and a
+double spring. Gift of Oneida Community,
+New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_353" id="Cat_353">353.</a> <span class="smcap">Steel Beaver Trap</span>, 1876. USNM 4772;
+1966. A double-springed, steel beaver trap.
+Gift of Oneida Community, New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_354" id="Cat_354">354.</a> <span class="smcap">Steel Otter Trap</span>, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966.
+This trap has a double spring and a jaw
+spread of 5&frac12; inches. Gift of Oneida Community,
+New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_355" id="Cat_355">355.</a> <span class="smcap">Steel Fox Trap</span>, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966.
+This steel, No. 2 fox trap has a double
+spring and a jaw spread of 4-7/8 inches.
+Gift of Oneida Community, New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_356" id="Cat_356">356.</a> <span class="smcap">Steel Mink Trap</span>, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966.
+This trap has a single spring and a jaw
+spread of 4-7/8 inches. Gift of Oneida Community,
+New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_357" id="Cat_357">357.</a> <span class="smcap">Steel Muskrat Trap</span>, 1876. USNM 4772;
+1966. This muskrat trap has a single
+spring and a jaw spread of 4 inches. Gift
+of Oneida Community, New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_358" id="Cat_358">358.</a> <span class="smcap">Steel Rat Trap</span>, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966.
+This trap has a single spring and a jaw
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>
+spread of 3&frac12; inches. Gift of Oneida Community,
+New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_359" id="Cat_359">359.</a> <span class="smcap">Bottle of 2,4-D Herbicide, 1944.</span> USNM
+268668; 1966. This bottle contains a small
+amount of the original purchase of 2,4-D
+by the U. S. Department of Agriculture
+from the American Chemical and Paint
+Company of Ambler, Pennsylvania, in 1944.
+It cost $12.50 a pound at the time. Scientists
+at the Department of Agriculture used the
+material in extensive experiments on plant
+growth inhibitors. Subsequently, 2,4-D
+became the most common chemical used for
+weed killing. Gift of Dr. J. W. Mitchell,
+University of Maryland, through Gale
+Peterson, University of Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_360" id="Cat_360">360.</a> <span class="smcap">Winnowing Machine</span>, mid 19th century.
+USNM 270009; 1966. Typical mid-19th-century
+fanning mill with vibrator cleaner.
+Gift of Mrs. Henry C. Slunt, Hyattsville,
+Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_361" id="Cat_361">361.</a> <span class="smcap">Winnowing Machine</span>, mid 19th century.
+USNM 270009; 1966. Typical mid-19th-century
+fanning mill with screen vibrator
+cleaner. Gift of Mrs. Henry C. Slunt,
+Hyattsville, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_362" id="Cat_362">362.</a> <span class="smcap">John Deere Model D Tractor</span>, 1923.
+USNM 270865; 1967. The John Deere
+Model D was the first tractor of the line
+bearing that name. The Waterloo Tractor
+Works, Waterloo, Iowa, made the tractor in
+1923. Gift of Deere &amp; Company, Moline,
+Illinois, through George F. Neiley.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 598px;">
+<img src="images/i092a.jpg" width="598" height="500" alt="Figure 29.--John Deere Model D tractor, 1923. (Catalog No. 362.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure 29.</span>&mdash;John Deere Model D tractor, 1923. (Catalog No. 362.)
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_363" id="Cat_363">363.</a> <span class="smcap">Waterloo Boy Model N Tractor</span>, 1918.
+USNM 270864; 1967. The Waterloo Boy
+tractor was manufactured first as Model R,
+in 1914, and then as Model N, beginning
+in 1918. The Waterloo Gasoline Engine
+Company of Waterloo, Iowa, made the
+Waterloo Boy. It was the first tractor marketed
+by the John Deer Company, which
+acquired the Waterloo Gasoline Engine
+Company in 1918. The Waterloo Boy continued
+to be produced by John Deere Company
+until 1923, when that company
+brought out its own Model D. Gift of
+Deere &amp; Company, Moline, Illinois, through
+George F. Neiley.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_364" id="Cat_364">364.</a> <span class="smcap">Cheese Press</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+170886; 1967. Small, wooden, hand-operated
+cheese press, dating from the late 19th
+century but not unlike those in use a century
+before. Gift of Carlton M. Gunn,
+Sunderland, Massachusetts, through Allister
+F. MacDougall.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i092b.jpg" width="600" height="440" alt="Figure 30.--Cheese press. (Catalog No. 364.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure 30.</span>&mdash;Cheese press. (Catalog No. 364.)
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_365" id="Cat_365">365.</a> <span class="smcap">Gas-Turbine Tractor</span>, 1965. USNM 274549;
+1967. This HT-340 experimental gasoline
+turbine tractor operates with a hydrostatic
+transmission. It is air-cooled and has no
+brakes, gears, or clutch. The 90-pound
+motor produces 85 hp. It tended to rear
+back because of its excessive power and so
+could not be put into commercial production
+until a less-powerful engine had been
+developed. Gift of International Harvester
+Company, through John J. Dierbeck.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_366" id="Cat_366">366.</a> <span class="smcap">Fitzhenry-Guptill Power Sprayer</span>, 1908.
+USNM 275103; 1967. This is the first
+power sprayer used by the U. S. Department
+of Agriculture. It was built in 1908
+and used to spray for gypsy moths in New
+England. It was horse-drawn and had a
+2-cylinder mounted engine to furnish power
+for the sprayer. Gift of U. S. Department
+of Agriculture, through E. D. Burgess.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i094.jpg" width="600" height="458" alt="Figure 31.--Fitzhenry-Guptill power sprayer (1908), seen here spraying for elm leaf beetles on the grounds of the U.S. Capitol,
+May 1911. (Catalog No. 366.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure 31.</span>&mdash;Fitzhenry-Guptill power sprayer (1908), seen here spraying for elm leaf beetles on the grounds of the U.S. Capitol,
+May 1911. (Catalog No. 366.)
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_367" id="Cat_367">367.</a> <span class="smcap">Truck Seat</span>, about 1921. USNM 276080;
+1967. This truck seat, invented and manufactured
+by the Bostrom Corporation, is
+significant because of its suspension system,
+which gave greater comfort and convenience
+to the driver and came to be used in
+many truck and tractor lines of several
+manufacturers. Gift of Bostrom Corporation,
+Milwaukee, Wisconsin, through Karl
+Bostrom.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_368" id="Cat_368">368.</a> <span class="smcap">Tractor Seat</span>, about 1921. USNM 276080;
+1967. A suspension seat for tractors produced
+by the Bostrom Corporation in 1921.
+It was used first on the Oliver tractor. All
+seats now used on tractors derived from this
+basic design. Gift of Bostrom Corporation,
+Milwaukee, Wisconsin, through Karl Bostrom.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_369" id="Cat_369">369.</a> <span class="smcap">Hog Snouter</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+275604; 1968. The snouter is a scissors-like
+device for clamping a ring in the pig's
+nose. The ring prevents the animal from
+rooting under or against fences. Gift of
+Mr. and Mrs. George E. Morgenstern of
+Lake Forest, Illinois.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>
+<a name="Cat_370" id="Cat_370">370.</a> <span class="smcap">One-Way Disk Plow</span>, about 1924. USNM
+277629; 1968. Invented in the 1920s but
+declared unpatentable by the Patent Office,
+the one-way disk plow became commonplace
+in the dry farming areas of the Great
+Plains. The disks, set at an angle, cast
+less furrow than a moldboard plow. This
+specimen is a reconstruction of the original.
+Gift of Francis Angell, Plains, Kansas.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_371" id="Cat_371">371.</a> <span class="smcap">Wine Press</span>, about 1884. USNM 279451;
+1968. The donor's father brought this
+wine press to the United States from Rheinfeldon,
+Switzerland, in 1884. Gift of Mrs.
+Clara Bieber, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_372" id="Cat_372">372.</a> <span class="smcap">Mill Picks</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+279452; 1968. Steel picks used to repair
+and sharpen grooves in millstones. Gift of
+C. W. Wimberly, San Marcos, Texas.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_373" id="Cat_373">373.</a> <span class="smcap">Seamless Flour Sack</span>, late 19th century.
+USNM 279452; 1968. A fairly typical flour
+sack of the time, although sacks with seams
+were more common. Gift of C. W. Wimberly,
+San Marcos, Texas.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_374" id="Cat_374">374.</a> <span class="smcap">Sorghum Cane Mill</span>, late 19th century.
+USNM 280276; 1968. A steel, horse-powered
+mill, about 4 feet high and 3 feet
+in circumference, for crushing sorghum
+stalks to produce syrup; factory made. Gift
+of Mrs. Emery L. Stout, Lost Creek, West
+Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_375" id="Cat_375">375.</a> <span class="smcap">Midget Incubator</span>, about 1945. USNM
+280277; 1968. Midget incubator and literature
+pertaining to it. This incubator was
+patented by E. A. Braun in 1945 (Patent
+2,583,993). It was made for educational
+purposes for schools and laboratories and
+for use in private homes to germinate seeds,
+microscopic organisms, etc. Gift of E. A.
+Braun, Chatham, New Jersey.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_376" id="Cat_376">376.</a> <span class="smcap">Ten-Gallon Milk Can</span>, 1920s or later.
+USNM 282324; 1968. An unexceptional
+milk can of about 1920, with the more common
+type of lid. It was found at the farm
+of Malcolm Brumback, near Belle Grove
+Plantation, Middleton, Virginia. Purchased.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_377" id="Cat_377">377.</a> <span class="smcap">Hand Corn Shuckers</span>, late 19th century.
+USNM 282324; 1969. Seven hand corn
+shuckers, each consisting of a spike attached
+to a handle which fits over the hand. These
+are quite typical and of a type used for over
+a century. Gift of John N. Hoffman,
+Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_378" id="Cat_378">378.</a> <span class="smcap">Model Toy Tractors</span>, 1968. USNM 282697;
+1969. Ten model toy tractors, authentic as
+to outward details: (1) Caterpillar D6, (2)
+A. C. Crawler, (3) Minneapolis-Moline,
+(4) Oliver, (5) Case, (6) Allis-Chalmers,
+(7) G-1000 Vista, (8) Ford, (9) I. H. Hay
+Baler, (10) Ford set. Gift of Ertl Company,
+Dyersville, Iowa, through Fred Ertl,
+Jr.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_379" id="Cat_379">379.</a> <span class="smcap">Sidehill Plow (Knapp)</span>, late 19th century.
+USNM 282926; 1969. Sidehill plow patented
+and manufactured by the Knapps.
+The plow can be flipped over at the end of
+the row to cast all the furrows in one direction
+when plowing on hills. One of several
+variations on the idea. This is a copy of a
+19th-century plow. Gift of N. E. Knapp,
+through Leslie O. Merrill of San Mateo
+Historical Association, San Mateo, California.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_380" id="Cat_380">380.</a> <span class="smcap">Crop Meter</span>, about 1925. USNM 283306;
+1969. This crop meter was developed in
+1925 by the Department of Agriculture as
+an aid in estimating the acreage of cotton
+in Mississippi. The crop meter was attached
+to the dashboard of an automobile
+and connected by cable to the odometer. A
+circuitous route was followed through the
+cotton area, and when the driver came to
+the edge of a cotton field he pushed a button
+which started the meter measuring the
+frontage of the field. The total mileage
+registered could be interpreted in terms of
+the acreage. The meter method was later
+replaced by aerial observation. Gift of
+Statistical Reporting Service, U. S. Department
+of Agriculture, through Harry C.
+Trelogan.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_381" id="Cat_381">381.</a> <span class="smcap">Cotton Boll Weigher</span>, about 1930. USNM
+283306; 1969. A cylinder, 2&frac12; feet high,
+for measuring the size of a cotton boll by
+water displacement. When this device was
+used in conjunction with the crop meter,
+the actual fiber yield of a year's crop could
+be estimated. Gift of Statistical Reporting
+Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_382" id="Cat_382">382.</a> <span class="smcap">Viking Garden Tractor</span>, about 1916. USNM
+287592; 1969. A garden tractor with a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>
+gasoline engine and equipped with cultivator
+prongs. The operator walked behind
+the tractor and guided it down the
+rows. Gift of Woodson High School, Fairfax,
+Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_383" id="Cat_383">383.</a> <span class="smcap">Clam Rake</span>, mid 20th century. USNM
+284898; 1969. A small rake, with tines
+about 10 inches long and a handle of about
+2 feet, used by a clam digger on Cape Cod.
+Gift of Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., West Barnstable,
+Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_384" id="Cat_384">384.</a> <span class="smcap">Model of Aultman-Taylor Steam Tractor</span>,
+1892. USNM 285053; 1969. This scale
+model is fully operative and correct in
+every detail. It is about 3 feet long, 1 foot
+high, and 6 inches wide. Gift of Mrs.
+Raymond Stout, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i100.jpg" width="600" height="441" alt="Figure 32.--Scale model of Aultman-Taylor steam tractor of 1892. (Catalog No. 384.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure 32.</span>&mdash;Scale model of Aultman-Taylor steam tractor of 1892. (Catalog No. 384.)
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_385" id="Cat_385">385.</a> <span class="smcap">Maps of U. S. National Forests</span>, 1908.
+USNM 284897; 1969. Eight maps. Regional
+maps of forest reserves in the U. S.
+and territories as of 1908. Transferred
+from Division of Mechanical and Civil Engineering,
+National Museum of History
+and Technology.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_386" id="Cat_386">386.</a> <span class="smcap">Corn Sheller</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+285052; 1969. This factory-made implement
+is all wood except for the teeth and
+gears. It could handle only one ear of
+corn at a time and it was neither shaped
+properly nor adjustable enough to get the
+nubbins. Gift of Daniel Gartling, Cockeysville,
+Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_387" id="Cat_387">387.</a> <span class="smcap">Grass Mower</span>, about 1930. USNM 285052;
+1969. This mower, manufactured by International
+Harvester, has a gasoline engine.
+The cutters are similar to mower and
+reaper cutter-bars, but there is no protective
+cover on the cutting mechanism. Gift
+of Daniel Gartling, Cockeysville, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_388" id="Cat_388">388.</a> <span class="smcap">Spring-Toothed Harrow</span>, early 20th century.
+USNM 285052; 1969. This was a commonplace
+implement of its type and period.
+The steel frame, measuring about 4 feet by
+4 feet, was designed to be linked into gangs
+of harrows, of whatever size desired, and to
+be pulled by horses or tractors. Made by
+J. I. Case Company. Gift of Daniel Gartling,
+Cockeysville, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_389" id="Cat_389">389.</a> <span class="smcap">McCormick-Deering Cream Separator</span>,
+1920s. USNM 285052; 1969. A hand-powered,
+centrifugal cream separator commonly
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>
+found on dairy and other farms all
+over the country in the late 19th century
+and early 20th century. The original
+owner kept this specimen for replacement
+parts but he never needed it for that purpose.
+It is complete and fully operational.
+Gift of Daniel Gartling, Cockeysville, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_390" id="Cat_390">390.</a> <span class="smcap">Hay Baler</span>, mid 19th century. USNM
+286522; 1969. A horse-drawn screw-press
+that packed the hay, which was then tied
+by hand. This baler, 7 feet square and
+15 feet high, is similar to machines advertised
+in the 1850s that were largely superseded
+in the 1870s. Gift of John Hosford,
+Stone Ridge, New York.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_391" id="Cat_391">391.</a> <span class="smcap">Grass Sickles</span>, about 1884. Received in
+1969. Two ordinary grass sickles. Gift of
+T. H. Bean, Barnridge, Pennsylvania, in
+1884. Transferred from Department of
+Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_392" id="Cat_392">392.</a> <span class="smcap">Grain Clips</span>, about 1894. Received in 1969.
+Gift of "D.E.T." in 1894. Transferred
+from Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian
+Institution.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_393" id="Cat_393">393.</a> <span class="smcap">Wright's Patented Expansion Bit</span>, 19th century.
+Received in 1969. Woodworking
+tool, a drill. Gift of N. Materville of
+Connecticut Valley in 1917. Transferred
+from Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian
+Institution.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_394" id="Cat_394">394.</a> <span class="smcap">Heavy Knife</span>, late 19th century. Received
+in 1969. A knife for cutting hay and straw.
+From Beardsly Scythe Company. Transferred
+from Department of Anthropology,
+Smithsonian Institution.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_395" id="Cat_395">395.</a> <span class="smcap">Grain Drill</span>, 1900-1910. USNM 287135;
+1969. This wheeled, wooden seed box,
+with metal disks to open the soil, drilled
+about seven rows at a time. The drill was
+designed to be horse-drawn, but this specimen
+has been modified to be pulled by a
+tractor. The brand name "Hoosier" appears
+on the box. Gift of Innes Saunders,
+Leesburg, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_396" id="Cat_396">396.</a> <span class="smcap">Mowing Machine</span>, 1900-1910. USNM
+287135; 1969. A horse-drawn, McCormick-Deering
+sulky mower that later was modified
+to be pulled by a tractor. This mower
+is representative of machines in the last
+years of the horse era in American farming.
+Gift of Innes Saunders, Leesburg, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_397" id="Cat_397">397.</a> <span class="smcap">Corn Cultivator</span>, 1900-1910. USNM
+287135; 1969. A McCormick-Deering four-shovel
+corn cultivator with two arms for
+working two rows at once. Gift of Innes
+Saunders, Leesburg, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_398" id="Cat_398">398.</a> <span class="smcap">Corn Cutter</span>, 1900-1919. USNM 287135;
+1969. A McCormick-Deering, horse-drawn
+corn cutter. The rider grabbed the corn
+stalks in his arms while a blade cut the
+stalks on the ground. This implement was
+used chiefly to cut fodder for livestock.
+Gift of Innes Saunders, Leesburg, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_399" id="Cat_399">399.</a> <span class="smcap">Fanning Mill</span>, 1900-1910. USNM 287135;
+1969. A hand-operated, wooden fanning
+mill with hurdle, screen, grader, and side
+spout. The separator and winnower are
+combined. Gift of Innes Saunders, Leesburg,
+Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_400" id="Cat_400">400.</a> <span class="smcap">Hay Rake</span>, 1900-1910. USNM 287135; 1969.
+A McCormick-Deering sulky rake with
+spring steel teeth and a hand-operated
+dumping mechanism. Gift of Innes Saunders,
+Leesburg, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_401" id="Cat_401">401.</a> <span class="smcap">Book</span>: <i>The Growth of Industrial Art</i>, 1892.
+USNM 287863; 1969. This 200-page book
+by Benjamin Butterworth was printed at
+the Government Printing Office, Washington,
+D. C., in 1892. It contains line drawings
+of many agricultural tools and implements,
+some of them ancient. Gift of
+William Perkins, Hyattsville, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_402" id="Cat_402">402.</a> <span class="smcap">Corn Huskers</span>, early 20th century. USNM
+287593; 1969. These huskers fit over the
+hand like a glove without fingers. A steel
+hook in the palm removed the corn husks.
+Similar devices date back to at least the
+early 19th century. Gift of Melvin Deschner,
+Halstend, Kansas.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_403" id="Cat_403">403.</a> <span class="smcap">Corn Huskers</span>, late 19th century. USNM
+287591; 1969. Similar to the huskers in
+Number 402. Gift of Cecil Eberle, Newton,
+Kansas.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_404" id="Cat_404">404.</a> <span class="smcap">Milking Machine</span>, about 1950. USNM
+287862; 1969. A McCormick-Deering milking
+machine with four suction cups that
+worked from a gasoline-powered vacuum
+pump. It is a machine typical of its time
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>
+and place. Gift of Conrad Lawlor, Madrid,
+Iowa.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_405" id="Cat_405">405.</a> <span class="smcap">Mechanical Cotton Picker</span>, 1942. USNM
+288163; 1970. International Harvester
+Model H-10-H, single-row, spindle cotton
+picker of 1942. The Model H-10-H, developed
+in 1941, was the first commercially
+successful spindle picker. It is about 13
+feet high and weighs about 4 tons. This
+machine and its successors completely
+transformed the cotton farming industry
+and led to the destruction of the share-cropping
+system. Gift of Producers Cotton
+Oil Co., Fresno, California, through
+International Harvester Corporation.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 536px;">
+<img src="images/i103.jpg" width="536" height="500" alt="Figure 33.--International Harvester spindle cotton picker, 1942. (Catalog No. 405.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure 33.</span>&mdash;International Harvester spindle cotton picker, 1942. (Catalog No. 405.)
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_406" id="Cat_406">406.</a> <span class="smcap">Duplicator</span>, late 19th century and early 20th
+century. USNM 290936; 1970. This duplicator,
+a tube about 2&frac12; inches in diameter
+and about 12 inches long, was used to copy
+farm records. The user wrote on paper
+with an indelible pencil. The original
+paper and copy papers were placed between
+two water-soaked linen leaves and all was
+rolled up on a wooden spool. Then the
+spool was inserted in the tube and left for
+a few minutes until the penciled ink stained
+through the wet papers and thus made
+copies. This specimen was used on a farm
+in Virginia. Gift of Mrs. Arthur Z. Gardiner,
+McLean, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_407" id="Cat_407">407.</a> <span class="smcap">Orchard Ladder</span>, 20th century. USNM
+290936; 1970. This ladder, about 9 feet
+high and with 10 steps, narrows toward the
+top. Adjustable legs allowed it to be
+moved forward or backward for the desired
+positions in fruit picking. Gift of Mrs.
+Arthur Z. Gardiner, McLean, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_408" id="Cat_408">408.</a> <span class="smcap">Tobacco</span>, 1969. USNM 291350; 1970.
+Leaves of tobacco, a plug of tobacco for
+chewing, and a leaf roll of tobacco. Gift
+of Mrs. Wanda White, Thurmond, North
+Carolina.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_409" id="Cat_409">409.</a> <span class="smcap">John Deere Garden Tractor</span>, 1963. USNM
+275276; 1970. The first garden tractor-riding
+lawn mower made by John Deere
+Company in 1963. Called the 110, it is a
+typical suburban tractor with a 7-horsepower
+engine and forward and reverse
+gears. Gift of John Deere Company, Moline,
+Illinois, through George Neiley.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_410" id="Cat_410">410.</a> <span class="smcap">Montamower Lawn Mower</span>, 1923. USNM
+293356; 1970. This lawn mower, made by
+Montamower Co., Traverse City, Michigan,
+has 16 rotary blades that are about 2 inches
+in diameter. The blades are set in a frame
+and are geared to the same number of
+wheels on the ground. The machine was
+patented on August 21, 1923. Gift of
+Andrew Corle, Chevy Chase, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_411" id="Cat_411">411.</a> <span class="smcap">"Cyclone" Seeder</span>, early 20th century.
+USNM 292872; 1971. A crank-operated
+broadcast seeder that the farmer carried as
+he walked across the field. Gift of Mrs.
+Alice Wiser, College Park, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_412" id="Cat_412">412.</a> <span class="smcap">Straw Beehive</span>, 20th century. USNM
+296260; 1971. This skep (a beehive made
+of woven straw) was made in the 1950s but
+is of a sort that has been used since ancient
+times. Gift of A. G. Woodson Company,
+Grand Rapids, Michigan.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_413" id="Cat_413">413.</a> <span class="smcap">Apple Cider Press</span>, about 1875. Received in
+1971. This "Buckeye" press, made mostly
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>
+of wood, was manufactured by the P. P.
+Mast Company of Springfield, Ohio.
+Many presses of this design were used
+throughout the country. Gift of Mrs. S. D.
+Mottley, Marshall, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Cat_414" id="Cat_414">414.</a> <span class="smcap">Roberts-Mackensen Bee Insemination Instrument</span>,
+1944. USNM 295414; 1971.
+This stainless steel device holds the queen
+bee while the technician performs the operation.
+Controlled breeding of bees has resulted
+in hardy and gentle breeds and
+greater production of honey. Gift of
+Dadant &amp; Sons, Hamilton, Illinois, through
+Charles Dadant.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i106.jpg" width="600" height="482" alt="Figure 34.--Roberts-Mackensen bee insemination instrument, 1944. (Catalog No. 414.)" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Figure 34.</span>&mdash;Roberts-Mackensen bee insemination instrument, 1944. (Catalog No. 414.)
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="Index_to_the_Catalog" id="Index_to_the_Catalog"></a>Index to the Catalog</h3>
+
+<h5>(All numbers refer to catalog entries, not to pages)</h5>
+
+<p>A. G. Woodson Co., <a href="#Cat_412">412</a>,</p>
+
+<p>A &amp; P Co., donor, <a href="#Cat_72">72</a></p>
+
+<p>Abbot, Charles G., donor, <a href="#Cat_27">27</a></p>
+
+<p>Agriculture, Department of, donor, <a href="#Cat_45">45</a>, <a href="#Cat_46">46</a>, <a href="#Cat_48">48</a>-<a href="#Cat_53">53</a>, <a href="#Cat_55">55</a>, <a href="#Cat_99">99</a>, <a href="#Cat_366">366</a>, <a href="#Cat_380">380</a>, <a href="#Cat_381">381</a>, <a href="#Cat_385">385</a></p>
+
+<p>Allis, T. W., <a href="#Cat_298">298</a></p>
+
+<p>Allis-Chalmers crawler tractor, <a href="#Cat_378">378</a></p>
+
+<p>American Chemical and Paint Co., <a href="#Cat_359">359</a></p>
+
+<p>American Philosophical Society, <a href="#Cat_88">88</a>, <a href="#Cat_207">207</a></p>
+
+<p>Angell, Francis, donor, <a href="#Cat_370">370</a></p>
+
+<p>Animals, <i>see</i> Livestock</p>
+
+<p>Animal husbandry, <a href="#Cat_253">253</a>, <a href="#Cat_369">369</a>, <a href="#Cat_390">390</a></p>
+
+<p>Anthropology, Department of Smithsonian Institution, donor, <a href="#Cat_391">391</a>, <a href="#Cat_392">392</a>, <a href="#Cat_394">394</a></p>
+
+<p>Anvil, Korean, <a href="#Cat_6">6</a></p>
+
+<p>Apples, implements used in connection with, <a href="#Cat_222">222</a>, <a href="#Cat_243">243</a>, <a href="#Cat_413">413</a></p>
+
+<p>Apiary, <a href="#Cat_99">99</a>, <a href="#Cat_412">412</a></p>
+
+<p>Artificial insemination of bees, <a href="#Cat_414">414</a></p>
+
+<p>Arthur, B. F., donor, <a href="#Cat_44">44</a></p>
+
+<p>Aultman-Taylor steam tractor, <a href="#Cat_406">406</a></p>
+
+<p>Auth Provision Co., donor, <a href="#Cat_56">56</a>, <a href="#Cat_57">57</a></p>
+
+<p>Avery Bulldog tractor, <a href="#Cat_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p>Axe, meat, <a href="#Cat_59">59</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tobacco, <a href="#Cat_259">259</a></p>
+
+<p>
+Babcock butterfat tester, <a href="#Cat_68">68</a>, <a href="#Cat_230">230</a></p>
+
+<p>Bailey, Jeremiah, <a href="#Cat_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Bailey mower, <a href="#Cat_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Baker, George, <a href="#Cat_281">281</a></p>
+
+<p>Baker Perfect barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_281">281</a></p>
+
+<p>Baking, <a href="#Cat_93">93</a></p>
+
+<p>Baldwin's Improved American Fodder Cutter, <a href="#Cat_218">218</a></p>
+
+<p>Baler, <a href="#Cat_261">261</a>, <a href="#Cat_390">390</a></p>
+
+<p>Bananas, <a href="#Cat_71">71</a></p>
+
+<p>Barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_44">44</a>, <a href="#Cat_208">208</a>, <a href="#Cat_209">209</a>, <a href="#Cat_248">248</a>, <a href="#Cat_279">279</a>-<a href="#Cat_339">339</a></p>
+
+<p>Barley, forks for, <a href="#Cat_132">132</a>, <a href="#Cat_274">274</a></p>
+
+<p>Barrel, churn, <a href="#Cat_92">92</a>, <a href="#Cat_347">347</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tobacco, <a href="#Cat_349">349</a></p>
+
+<p>Bar share, <a href="#Cat_111">111</a></p>
+
+<p>Basket, winnowing, <a href="#Cat_18">18</a>, <a href="#Cat_141">141</a></p>
+
+<p>Bate, William S., <a href="#Cat_296">296</a></p>
+
+<p>Bean, T. H., donor, <a href="#Cat_391">391</a></p>
+
+<p>Beans, equipment for, <a href="#Cat_74">74</a></p>
+
+<p>Bear, trap for, <a href="#Cat_351">351</a></p>
+
+<p>Beardsly Scythe Co., donor, <a href="#Cat_394">394</a></p>
+
+<p>Beaver, trap for, <a href="#Cat_353">353</a></p>
+
+<p>Becker, Herman, donor, <a href="#Cat_257">257</a></p>
+
+<p>Bees, <a href="#Cat_99">99</a>, <a href="#Cat_412">412</a>, <a href="#Cat_414">414</a></p>
+
+<p>Bein, Thomas W., donor, <a href="#Cat_218">218</a></p>
+
+<p>Bell, Patrick, <a href="#Cat_174">174</a></p>
+
+<p>Bell reaper, <a href="#Cat_174">174</a></p>
+
+<p>Bell(s), cow, <a href="#Cat_108">108</a>; turkey, <a href="#Cat_266">266</a></p>
+
+<p>Bench, for lard press, <a href="#Cat_115">115</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;saddler's, <a href="#Cat_342">342</a></p>
+
+<p>Bieber, Mrs. Clara, donor, <a href="#Cat_371">371</a></p>
+
+<p>Billings, Frank, <a href="#Cat_323">323</a></p>
+
+<p>Billings' Simple barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_323">323</a></p>
+
+<p>Binder, grain, <a href="#Cat_252">252</a></p>
+
+<p>Binder's rake, <a href="#Cat_120">120</a></p>
+
+<p>Bit, expansion, <a href="#Cat_393">393</a></p>
+
+<p>Blacksmith, Korean, <a href="#Cat_6">6</a>, <a href="#Cat_7">7</a></p>
+
+<p>Blake, John B., donor, <a href="#Cat_209">209</a>, <a href="#Cat_225">225</a>-<a href="#Cat_231">231</a></p>
+
+<p>Blount, Henry F., donor, <a href="#Cat_9">9</a></p>
+
+<p>Blount's plow, <a href="#Cat_9">9</a></p>
+
+<p>Boll, cotton, <a href="#Cat_381">381</a></p>
+
+<p>Book, farm copy, <a href="#Cat_103">103</a></p>
+
+<p>Booth, Benjamin, <a href="#Cat_287">287</a>, <a href="#Cat_338">338</a></p>
+
+<p>Borden, Gail, <a href="#Cat_26">26</a></p>
+
+<p>Borden Company, donor, <a href="#Cat_26">26</a></p>
+
+<p>Bostrom, Karl, <a href="#Cat_367">367</a>, <a href="#Cat_368">368</a></p>
+
+<p>Bostrom Corporation, donor, <a href="#Cat_367">367</a>, <a href="#Cat_368">368</a></p>
+
+<p>Bowl, <a href="#Cat_117">117</a></p>
+
+<p>Boyce, James, <a href="#Cat_16">16</a></p>
+
+<p>Brace, butcher's, <a href="#Cat_240">240</a></p>
+
+<p>Braid, horsewhip, <a href="#Cat_109">109</a></p>
+
+<p>Branding iron, <a href="#Cat_267">267</a></p>
+
+<p>Brandon, Milton J., donor, <a href="#Cat_258">258</a></p>
+
+<p>Braun, E. A., donor, <a href="#Cat_375">375</a></p>
+
+<p>Breaker, cheese curd, <a href="#Cat_90">90</a>, <a href="#Cat_161">161</a>, <a href="#Cat_239">239</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;flax, <a href="#Cat_343">343</a></p>
+
+<p>Bridle bits, <a href="#Cat_107">107</a></p>
+
+<p>Brierton, Joseph, <a href="#Cat_42">42</a></p>
+
+<p>Brink-Martelle barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_295">295</a></p>
+
+<p>Brinkerhoff, Jacob, <a href="#Cat_300">300</a>, <a href="#Cat_302">302</a>, <a href="#Cat_316">316</a></p>
+
+<p>Brinkerhoff, John J., <a href="#Cat_295">295</a></p>
+
+<p>Brinkerhoff, Warren M., <a href="#Cat_300">300</a>, <a href="#Cat_302">302</a>, <a href="#Cat_316">316</a></p>
+
+<p>Brink Flat barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_300">300</a>, <a href="#Cat_316">316</a>, <a href="#Cat_339">339</a></p>
+
+<p>Brink Twist barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_302">302</a></p>
+
+<p>British barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_334">334</a></p>
+
+<p>Broadcast seeder, <a href="#Cat_165">165</a>, <a href="#Cat_213">213</a>, <a href="#Cat_258">258</a>, <a href="#Cat_411">411</a></p>
+
+<p>Brotherton, J., <a href="#Cat_280">280</a>-<a href="#Cat_287">287</a></p>
+
+<p>Brown, Edwin, donor, <a href="#Cat_47">47</a></p>
+
+<p>Brown, Frank A., donor, <a href="#Cat_11">11</a></p>
+
+<p>Brown, James W., donor, <a href="#Cat_118">118</a>-<a href="#Cat_121">121</a></p>
+
+<p>Brown, Ruth, <a href="#Cat_198">198</a>-<a href="#Cat_200">200</a></p>
+
+<p>Brumback, Malcolm, <a href="#Cat_377">377</a></p>
+
+<p>Brush cutter, <a href="#Cat_298">298</a></p>
+
+<p>Buckeye cider press, <a href="#Cat_413">413</a></p>
+
+<p>Buckthorn barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_298">298</a></p>
+
+<p>Buggy rake, <a href="#Cat_69">69</a></p>
+
+<p>Bulldog tractor, Avery, <a href="#Cat_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p>Burgess, E. D., <a href="#Cat_366">366</a></p>
+
+<p>Burnell, Arthur, <a href="#Cat_326">326</a></p>
+
+<p>Burnell's Four Point barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_326">326</a></p>
+
+<p>Butcher, table for, <a href="#Cat_116">116</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tools of, <a href="#Cat_56">56</a>-<a href="#Cat_67">67</a>, <a href="#Cat_240">240</a></p>
+
+<p>Butter, implements used in preparing, <a href="#Cat_68">68</a>, <a href="#Cat_82">82</a>, <a href="#Cat_92">92</a>, <a href="#Cat_95">95</a>, <a href="#Cat_140">140</a>, <a href="#Cat_230">230</a>, <a href="#Cat_345">345</a>, <a href="#Cat_347">347</a>, <a href="#Cat_348">348</a></p>
+
+<p>Butterfat tester, <a href="#Cat_68">68</a>, <a href="#Cat_230">230</a></p>
+
+<p>Butterworth, Benjamin, <a href="#Cat_401">401</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>
+Cane mill, sugar, <a href="#Cat_100">100</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sorghum syrup, <a href="#Cat_374">374</a></p>
+
+<p>Canning, pan for, <a href="#Cat_26">26</a></p>
+
+<p>Cape Cod clam rake, <a href="#Cat_383">383</a></p>
+
+<p>Carey plow, <a href="#Cat_23">23</a>, <a href="#Cat_46">46</a>, <a href="#Cat_127">127</a></p>
+
+<p>Carrier for hayfork, <a href="#Cat_184">184</a></p>
+
+<p>Caterpillar tractor, <a href="#Cat_378">378</a></p>
+
+<p>Catholic University of America, donor, <a href="#Cat_106">106</a>-<a href="#Cat_110">110</a></p>
+
+<p>Cattle, dehorner for, <a href="#Cat_253">253</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;branding iron for, <a href="#Cat_267">267</a></p>
+
+<p>Centrifugal cream separator, <a href="#Cat_8">8</a>, <a href="#Cat_19">19</a>, <a href="#Cat_411">411</a></p>
+
+<p>Champion barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_297">297</a></p>
+
+<p>Cheese making, implements for, <a href="#Cat_90">90</a>, <a href="#Cat_161">161</a>, <a href="#Cat_239">239</a>, <a href="#Cat_364">364</a></p>
+
+<p>Childs, H. M., <a href="#Cat_140">140</a></p>
+
+<p>China, plow from, <a href="#Cat_45">45</a></p>
+
+<p>Churns, <a href="#Cat_82">82</a>, <a href="#Cat_92">92</a>, <a href="#Cat_140">140</a>, <a href="#Cat_347">347</a>, <a href="#Cat_348">348</a></p>
+
+<p>Cider mill and press, <a href="#Cat_222">222</a>, <a href="#Cat_413">413</a></p>
+
+<p>Cigars, <a href="#Cat_166">166</a></p>
+
+<p>Clam rake, <a href="#Cat_383">383</a></p>
+
+<p>Clark, K. E., donor, <a href="#Cat_264">264</a></p>
+
+<p>Cleavers, <a href="#Cat_57">57</a>, <a href="#Cat_58">58</a></p>
+
+<p>Clement, Robert E., <a href="#Cat_242">242</a></p>
+
+<p>Climpson, Mrs. Harley, donor, <a href="#Cat_206">206</a></p>
+
+<p>Clow, William M., <a href="#Cat_319">319</a></p>
+
+<p>Coffee, <a href="#Cat_72">72</a></p>
+
+<p>Cole, H. C, donor, <a href="#Cat_233">233</a></p>
+
+<p>Collars for turkeys, <a href="#Cat_266">266</a></p>
+
+<p>Colter plow, <a href="#Cat_47">47</a></p>
+
+<p>Combine, horse-drawn, <a href="#Cat_241">241</a></p>
+
+<p>Condensed milk, <a href="#Cat_26">26</a></p>
+
+<p>Connelly, Joseph H., <a href="#Cat_320">320</a></p>
+
+<p>Cookie roller, <a href="#Cat_93">93</a></p>
+
+<p>Cooley creamer, <a href="#Cat_33">33</a></p>
+
+<p>Cooper, Minner J., donor, <a href="#Cat_259">259</a></p>
+
+<p>Corle, Andrew, donor, <a href="#Cat_410">410</a></p>
+
+<p>Corn, tools and machines for, <a href="#Cat_75">75</a>, <a href="#Cat_80">80</a>, <a href="#Cat_178">178</a>-<a href="#Cat_182">182</a>, <a href="#Cat_190">190</a>, <a href="#Cat_194">194</a>, <a href="#Cat_212">212</a>, <a href="#Cat_218">218</a>, <a href="#Cat_221">221</a>, <a href="#Cat_278">278</a>, <a href="#Cat_377">377</a>, <a href="#Cat_386">386</a>, <a href="#Cat_397">397</a>, <a href="#Cat_398">398</a>, <a href="#Cat_402">402</a>, <a href="#Cat_403">403</a></p>
+
+<p>Corman, Ivor, donor, <a href="#Cat_238">238</a>-<a href="#Cat_240">240</a></p>
+
+<p>Corsicana Clip barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_317">317</a></p>
+
+<p>Cotton, implements used in connection with, <a href="#Cat_37">37</a>, <a href="#Cat_235">235</a>, <a href="#Cat_341">341</a>, <a href="#Cat_380">380</a>, <a href="#Cat_381">381</a>, <a href="#Cat_405">405</a></p>
+
+<p>Cow, bell for, <a href="#Cat_108">108</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;milker for, <a href="#Cat_39">39</a>, <a href="#Cat_40">40</a></p>
+
+<p>Cradle, grain harvesting, <a href="#Cat_32">32</a>, <a href="#Cat_69">69</a>, <a href="#Cat_91">91</a>, <a href="#Cat_104">104</a>, <a href="#Cat_119">119</a>, <a href="#Cat_130">130</a>, <a href="#Cat_143">143</a></p>
+
+<p>Crandall, Edward M., <a href="#Cat_282">282</a>, <a href="#Cat_297">297</a></p>
+
+<p>Crank, tractor, <a href="#Cat_125">125</a></p>
+
+<p>Cream, implements used for, <a href="#Cat_8">8</a>, <a href="#Cat_19">19</a>, <a href="#Cat_33">33</a>, <a href="#Cat_68">68</a>, <a href="#Cat_230">230</a>, <a href="#Cat_391">391</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>see also</i> Butter</p>
+
+<p>Crop meter, <a href="#Cat_380">380</a></p>
+
+<p>Crowell, John S., <a href="#Cat_329">329</a></p>
+
+<p>Cultivator(s), <a href="#Cat_46">46</a>, <a href="#Cat_49">49</a>, <a href="#Cat_150">150</a>, <a href="#Cat_158">158</a>, <a href="#Cat_162">162</a>, <a href="#Cat_180">180</a>-<a href="#Cat_183">183</a>, <a href="#Cat_185">185</a>, <a href="#Cat_195">195</a>-<a href="#Cat_199">199</a>, <a href="#Cat_203">203</a>, <a href="#Cat_205">205</a>, <a href="#Cat_212">212</a>, <a href="#Cat_255">255</a>, <a href="#Cat_341">341</a>, <a href="#Cat_342">342</a>, <a href="#Cat_382">382</a>, <a href="#Cat_388">388</a>, <a href="#Cat_397">397</a></p>
+
+<p>Cummings, Mrs. H. G., <a href="#Cat_236">236</a></p>
+
+<p>Curd breaker, <a href="#Cat_90">90</a>, <a href="#Cat_161">161</a>, <a href="#Cat_239">239</a></p>
+
+<p>Cutter(s), <a href="#Cat_218">218</a>, <a href="#Cat_387">387</a>, <a href="#Cat_398">398</a></p>
+
+<p>Cyclone seeder, <a href="#Cat_411">411</a></p>
+
+<p>
+Dadant, Charles, <a href="#Cat_414">414</a></p>
+
+<p>Dadant &amp; Sons, donor, <a href="#Cat_414">414</a></p>
+
+<p>Daley, Michael, <a href="#Cat_284">284</a></p>
+
+<p>Daveat Milk Processes Co., donor, <a href="#Cat_260">260</a></p>
+
+<p>Davies, Elmer S., <a href="#Cat_260">260</a></p>
+
+<p>Davis, Gideon, <a href="#Cat_52">52</a></p>
+
+<p>Davis, Roderick, <a href="#Cat_27">27</a>-<a href="#Cat_29">29</a></p>
+
+<p>Day, F. B., donor, <a href="#Cat_69">69</a></p>
+
+<p>Decker, Alexander C., <a href="#Cat_301">301</a>, <a href="#Cat_303">303</a></p>
+
+<p>Decker Spread barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_301">301</a></p>
+
+<p>Deer, traps for, <a href="#Cat_352">352</a></p>
+
+<p>Deere, John, <a href="#Cat_42">42</a></p>
+
+<p>Deere plows and tractors, <a href="#Cat_42">42</a>, <a href="#Cat_223">223</a>, <a href="#Cat_224">224</a>, <a href="#Cat_362">362</a></p>
+
+<p>Deere and Company, donor, <a href="#Cat_42">42</a>, <a href="#Cat_362">362</a>, <a href="#Cat_363">363</a>, <a href="#Cat_409">409</a></p>
+
+<p>Deerfoot Farm Co., donor, <a href="#Cat_8">8</a></p>
+
+<p>Deering, <i>see</i> McCormick-Deering</p>
+
+<p>Dehorner, <a href="#Cat_253">253</a></p>
+
+<p>De Laval cream separator, <a href="#Cat_19">19</a></p>
+
+<p>De Laval Separator Co., donor, <a href="#Cat_19">19</a></p>
+
+<p>De Long, Thomas A., donor, <a href="#Cat_350">350</a></p>
+
+<p>Dentry, Gordon, donor, <a href="#Cat_256">256</a></p>
+
+<p>Department of Agriculture, <i>see</i> Agriculture, Department of</p>
+
+<p>Deschner, Melvin, donor, <a href="#Cat_402">402</a></p>
+
+<p>Dierbeck, John J., Jr., <a href="#Cat_365">365</a></p>
+
+<p>Diesel cultivator, <a href="#Cat_255">255</a></p>
+
+<p>Disk(s), for plows and cultivators, <a href="#Cat_77">77</a>, <a href="#Cat_185">185</a>, <a href="#Cat_370">370</a></p>
+
+<p>Dobbs, John, <a href="#Cat_287">287</a>, <a href="#Cat_338">338</a></p>
+
+<p>Dodge, Thomas H., <a href="#Cat_321">321</a></p>
+
+<p>Dodge and Washburn barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_321">321</a></p>
+
+<p>Dry farming, plow for, <a href="#Cat_370">370</a></p>
+
+<p>Drill, grain, <a href="#Cat_202">202</a></p>
+
+<p>Duplicator for farm records, <a href="#Cat_406">406</a></p>
+
+<p>Duval, Caleb Paul, <a href="#Cat_91">91</a></p>
+
+<p>Duval, Virginia, donor, <a href="#Cat_91">91</a>-<a href="#Cat_96">96</a></p>
+
+<p>Eagle plow, <a href="#Cat_54">54</a></p>
+
+<p>Eagle Machine Co., <a href="#Cat_202">202</a></p>
+
+<p>Eberle, Cecil, donor, <a href="#Cat_403">403</a></p>
+
+<p>Eichner, L. C., <a href="#Cat_207">207</a></p>
+
+<p>Engines, gasoline portable, <a href="#Cat_234">234</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;starter, <a href="#Cat_124">124</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;steam portable, <a href="#Cat_164">164</a>, <a href="#Cat_254">254</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tractor, <a href="#Cat_262">262</a></p>
+
+<p>Ertl Company, donor, <a href="#Cat_378">378</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Fairchild, E. C., <a href="#Cat_148">148</a></p>
+
+<p>Fairhead, R. C., donor, <a href="#Cat_22">22</a></p>
+
+<p>Fanning mill, winnowing, <a href="#Cat_74">74</a>, <a href="#Cat_97">97</a>, <a href="#Cat_134">134</a>, <a href="#Cat_149">149</a>, <a href="#Cat_360">360</a>, <a href="#Cat_361">361</a>, <a href="#Cat_399">399</a></p>
+
+<p>Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts, donor, <a href="#Cat_150">150</a>-<a href="#Cat_163">163</a></p>
+
+<p>Fencing, barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_44">44</a>, <a href="#Cat_208">208</a>, <a href="#Cat_209">209</a>, <a href="#Cat_248">248</a>, <a href="#Cat_279">279</a>-<a href="#Cat_339">339</a></p>
+
+<p>Ferguson, Harry, <a href="#Cat_76">76</a></p>
+
+<p>Ferguson tractor, <a href="#Cat_76">76</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;disk plow, <a href="#Cat_77">77</a></p>
+
+<p>Fertilizer, <a href="#Cat_148">148</a>, <a href="#Cat_225">225</a>-<a href="#Cat_229">229</a></p>
+
+<p>Fiber, <a href="#Cat_273">273</a>, <a href="#Cat_343">343</a></p>
+
+<p>Fitzhenry-Guptill power sprayer, <a href="#Cat_366">366</a></p>
+
+<p>Flails, <a href="#Cat_12">12</a>, <a href="#Cat_160">160</a>, <a href="#Cat_265">265</a></p>
+
+<p>Flax, <a href="#Cat_273">273</a>, <a href="#Cat_343">343</a></p>
+
+<p>Flickinger, J. and P., <a href="#Cat_118">118</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>
+Flop-over hay rakes, <a href="#Cat_136">136</a>, <a href="#Cat_200">200</a>, <a href="#Cat_204">204</a></p>
+
+<p>Flour mill, <a href="#Cat_102">102</a></p>
+
+<p>Flour sacks, <a href="#Cat_378">378</a></p>
+
+<p>Food processing, implements used in, <a href="#Cat_22">22</a>, <a href="#Cat_26">26</a>, <a href="#Cat_56">56</a>, <a href="#Cat_73">73</a>, <a href="#Cat_90">90</a>, <a href="#Cat_92">92</a>-<a href="#Cat_94">94</a>, <a href="#Cat_100">100</a>, <a href="#Cat_102">102</a>, <a href="#Cat_112">112</a>-<a href="#Cat_117">117</a>, <a href="#Cat_163">163</a>, <a href="#Cat_221">221</a>, <a href="#Cat_222">222</a>, <a href="#Cat_230">230</a>, <a href="#Cat_239">239</a>, <a href="#Cat_242">242</a>, <a href="#Cat_243">243</a>, <a href="#Cat_247">247</a>, <a href="#Cat_260">260</a>, <a href="#Cat_271">271</a>, <a href="#Cat_278">278</a>, <a href="#Cat_345">345</a>, <a href="#Cat_347">347</a>, <a href="#Cat_348">348</a>, <a href="#Cat_364">364</a>, <a href="#Cat_371">371</a>-<a href="#Cat_374">374</a>, <a href="#Cat_376">376</a>, <a href="#Cat_389">389</a></p>
+
+<p>Fodder, implements used in connection with, <a href="#Cat_34">34</a>, <a href="#Cat_121">121</a>, <a href="#Cat_123">123</a>, <a href="#Cat_136">136</a>-<a href="#Cat_138">138</a>, <a href="#Cat_146">146</a>, <a href="#Cat_147">147</a>, <a href="#Cat_152">152</a>, <a href="#Cat_157">157</a>, <a href="#Cat_168">168</a>, <a href="#Cat_184">184</a>, <a href="#Cat_191">191</a>, <a href="#Cat_200">200</a>, <a href="#Cat_204">204</a>, <a href="#Cat_218">218</a>, <a href="#Cat_261">261</a>, <a href="#Cat_398">398</a></p>
+
+<p>Forbes, Wells, <a href="#Cat_103">103</a></p>
+
+<p>Ford tractor, <a href="#Cat_378">378</a></p>
+
+<p>Fordson tractor, <a href="#Cat_350">350</a>; crank for, <a href="#Cat_125">125</a></p>
+
+<p>Forestry, <a href="#Cat_366">366</a>, <a href="#Cat_385">385</a></p>
+
+<p>Forge, Korean, <a href="#Cat_6">6</a></p>
+
+<p>Fork(s), <a href="#Cat_34">34</a>, <a href="#Cat_121">121</a>, <a href="#Cat_123">123</a>, <a href="#Cat_132">132</a>, <a href="#Cat_146">146</a>, <a href="#Cat_147">147</a>, <a href="#Cat_152">152</a>, <a href="#Cat_155">155</a>, <a href="#Cat_167">167</a>, <a href="#Cat_168">168</a>, <a href="#Cat_184">184</a>, <a href="#Cat_189">189</a>, <a href="#Cat_191">191</a>, <a href="#Cat_256">256</a>, <a href="#Cat_274">274</a></p>
+
+<p>Foster, John, <a href="#Cat_49">49</a></p>
+
+<p>Four Point barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_322">322</a>, <a href="#Cat_324">324</a>-<a href="#Cat_326">326</a></p>
+
+<p>Fox trap, <a href="#Cat_355">355</a></p>
+
+<p>Franklin Institute, donor, <a href="#Cat_237">237</a></p>
+
+<p>Frentress, Henry, <a href="#Cat_331">331</a></p>
+
+<p>Freezer, ice cream, <a href="#Cat_247">247</a></p>
+
+<p>Frick Co., donor, <a href="#Cat_164">164</a></p>
+
+<p>Frick steam engine, <a href="#Cat_164">164</a></p>
+
+<p>Frye, Andrew W., donor, <a href="#Cat_212">212</a></p>
+
+<p>Frye, William, <a href="#Cat_293">293</a></p>
+
+<p>
+Gallic grain header, <a href="#Cat_13">13</a>, <a href="#Cat_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Garden tractor(s), <a href="#Cat_382">382</a>, <a href="#Cat_409">409</a></p>
+
+<p>Gardiner, Mrs. Arthur Z., donor, <a href="#Cat_406">406</a>, <a href="#Cat_407">407</a></p>
+
+<p>Gartling, Daniel, donor, <a href="#Cat_386">386</a>-<a href="#Cat_389">389</a></p>
+
+<p>Garver, Cyrus, <a href="#Cat_31">31</a></p>
+
+<p>Garver, Daniel, <a href="#Cat_31">31</a></p>
+
+<p>Garver, Melchora, donor, <a href="#Cat_31">31</a></p>
+
+<p>Gasoline engines, <a href="#Cat_234">234</a>, <a href="#Cat_366">366</a>, <a href="#Cat_387">387</a>, <a href="#Cat_404">404</a></p>
+
+<p>Gas-turbine tractor, <a href="#Cat_365">365</a></p>
+
+<p>Gideon Davis plow, <a href="#Cat_52">52</a></p>
+
+<p>Glass butter churn, <a href="#Cat_82">82</a></p>
+
+<p>Glidden, Josiah F., <a href="#Cat_283">283</a>, <a href="#Cat_288">288</a>, <a href="#Cat_289">289</a>, <a href="#Cat_291">291</a>, <a href="#Cat_292">292</a>, <a href="#Cat_311">311</a>, <a href="#Cat_325">325</a>, <a href="#Cat_333">333</a>, <a href="#Cat_336">336</a>, <a href="#Cat_337">337</a></p>
+
+<p>Glidden barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_336">336</a>, <a href="#Cat_337">337</a></p>
+
+<p>Goss, Joseph, <a href="#Cat_294">294</a></p>
+
+<p>Goodrich, C. O., donor, <a href="#Cat_124">124</a>, <a href="#Cat_125">125</a></p>
+
+<p>Gould, Mary E., <a href="#Cat_90">90</a></p>
+
+<p>Goward, G., donor, <a href="#Cat_1">1</a>-<a href="#Cat_7">7</a></p>
+
+<p>Grafting knife, <a href="#Cat_154">154</a></p>
+
+<p>Grain, implements used in connection with, <a href="#Cat_12">12</a>, <a href="#Cat_14">14</a>-<a href="#Cat_16">16</a>, <a href="#Cat_31">31</a>, <a href="#Cat_32">32</a>, <a href="#Cat_36">36</a>, <a href="#Cat_69">69</a>, <a href="#Cat_74">74</a>, <a href="#Cat_91">91</a>, <a href="#Cat_98">98</a>, <a href="#Cat_102">102</a>, <a href="#Cat_104">104</a>, <a href="#Cat_105">105</a>, <a href="#Cat_118">118</a>-<a href="#Cat_120">120</a>, <a href="#Cat_122">122</a>, <a href="#Cat_130">130</a>-<a href="#Cat_132">132</a>, <a href="#Cat_135">135</a>, <a href="#Cat_141">141</a>, <a href="#Cat_143">143</a>, <a href="#Cat_144">144</a>, <a href="#Cat_148">148</a>, <a href="#Cat_149">149</a>, <a href="#Cat_153">153</a>, <a href="#Cat_160">160</a>, <a href="#Cat_165">165</a>, <a href="#Cat_171">171</a>-<a href="#Cat_174">174</a>, <a href="#Cat_189">189</a>, <a href="#Cat_192">192</a>, <a href="#Cat_193">193</a>, <a href="#Cat_202">202</a>, <a href="#Cat_213">213</a>, <a href="#Cat_214">214</a>, <a href="#Cat_221">221</a>, <a href="#Cat_233">233</a>, <a href="#Cat_237">237</a>, <a href="#Cat_241">241</a>, <a href="#Cat_252">252</a>, <a href="#Cat_256">256</a>, <a href="#Cat_265">265</a>, <a href="#Cat_270">270</a>, <a href="#Cat_274">274</a>, <a href="#Cat_277">277</a>, <a href="#Cat_278">278</a>, <a href="#Cat_346">346</a>, <a href="#Cat_392">392</a>, <a href="#Cat_395">395</a>, <a href="#Cat_401">401</a>-<a href="#Cat_403">403</a>, <a href="#Cat_411">411</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>see also</i>, Combines; Harvesting; Reapers, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Grass mowers, <a href="#Cat_387">387</a>, <a href="#Cat_409">409</a>, <a href="#Cat_410">410</a></p>
+
+<p>Grass sickles, <a href="#Cat_391">391</a></p>
+
+<p>Graybill, Pollitt, donor, <a href="#Cat_246">246</a></p>
+
+<p>Great Atlantic &amp; Pacific Co., <i>see</i> A &amp; P Co.</p>
+
+<p>Grinder(s), for corn, <a href="#Cat_221">221</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for meat, <a href="#Cat_22">22</a>, <a href="#Cat_94">94</a>, <a href="#Cat_113">113</a></p>
+
+<p>Grist mill, <a href="#Cat_102">102</a></p>
+
+<p>Griswold, J. W., <a href="#Cat_306">306</a></p>
+
+<p>Ground Hog thresher, <a href="#Cat_192">192</a></p>
+
+<p>Grubbing, hoe for, <a href="#Cat_206">206</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mattock for, <a href="#Cat_217">217</a></p>
+
+<p>Gunn, Carlton M., donor, <a href="#Cat_364">364</a></p>
+
+<p>Guptill, <i>see</i> Fitzhenry-Guptill</p>
+
+<p>Gypsy moths, sprayer for, <a href="#Cat_366">366</a></p>
+
+<p>
+Hackle, flax, <a href="#Cat_273">273</a></p>
+
+<p>Haish, Jacob, <a href="#Cat_308">308</a>, <a href="#Cat_313">313</a></p>
+
+<p>Haish "S" barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_308">308</a>, <a href="#Cat_313">313</a></p>
+
+<p>Hames, horse, <a href="#Cat_269">269</a></p>
+
+<p>Hammond, Warren, donor, <a href="#Cat_75">75</a></p>
+
+<p>Han Chin U, <a href="#Cat_1">1</a>-<a href="#Cat_7">7</a></p>
+
+<p>Hand tools, <i>see</i> Tools, hand</p>
+
+<p>Harbst, Gladys, <a href="#Cat_243">243</a></p>
+
+<p>Hardy, Peter, <a href="#Cat_10">10</a></p>
+
+<p>Harness, <a href="#Cat_145">145</a>, <a href="#Cat_209">209</a></p>
+
+<p>Harpoon hayfork, <a href="#Cat_121">121</a>, <a href="#Cat_123">123</a>, <a href="#Cat_191">191</a></p>
+
+<p>Harris, E., <a href="#Cat_191">191</a></p>
+
+<p>Harris, S., <a href="#Cat_191">191</a></p>
+
+<p>Harrows, <a href="#Cat_21">21</a>, <a href="#Cat_162">162</a>, <a href="#Cat_183">183</a>, <a href="#Cat_196">196</a>, <a href="#Cat_272">272</a>, <a href="#Cat_388">388</a></p>
+
+<p>Hart, Charles, <a href="#Cat_220">220</a></p>
+
+<p>Hart-Parr tractor, <a href="#Cat_220">220</a></p>
+
+<p>Harvester, <i>see</i> Combines; Harvesting; Reapers</p>
+
+<p>Harvesting, implements used in, <a href="#Cat_11">11</a>-<a href="#Cat_16">16</a>, <a href="#Cat_18">18</a>, <a href="#Cat_25">25</a>, <a href="#Cat_27">27</a>-<a href="#Cat_29">29</a>, <a href="#Cat_31">31</a>, <a href="#Cat_32">32</a>, <a href="#Cat_69">69</a>, <a href="#Cat_71">71</a>, <a href="#Cat_74">74</a>, <a href="#Cat_80">80</a>, <a href="#Cat_91">91</a>, <a href="#Cat_97">97</a>, <a href="#Cat_98">98</a>, <a href="#Cat_104">104</a>, <a href="#Cat_105">105</a>, <a href="#Cat_118">118</a>, <a href="#Cat_120">120</a>, <a href="#Cat_122">122</a>, <a href="#Cat_130">130</a>-<a href="#Cat_132">132</a>, <a href="#Cat_134">134</a>, <a href="#Cat_135">135</a>, <a href="#Cat_141">141</a>, <a href="#Cat_143">143</a>, <a href="#Cat_144">144</a>, <a href="#Cat_149">149</a>, <a href="#Cat_153">153</a>, <a href="#Cat_160">160</a>, <a href="#Cat_164">164</a>, <a href="#Cat_171">171</a>-<a href="#Cat_175">175</a>, <a href="#Cat_189">189</a>, <a href="#Cat_192">192</a>, <a href="#Cat_214">214</a>, <a href="#Cat_237">237</a>, <a href="#Cat_241">241</a>, <a href="#Cat_252">252</a>, <a href="#Cat_254">254</a>, <a href="#Cat_256">256</a>, <a href="#Cat_259">259</a>, <a href="#Cat_265">265</a>, <a href="#Cat_270">270</a>, <a href="#Cat_274">274</a>, <a href="#Cat_277">277</a>, <a href="#Cat_377">377</a>, <a href="#Cat_386">386</a></p>
+
+<p>Hathaway, Laurence, donor, <a href="#Cat_90">90</a></p>
+
+<p>Hay, implements used in connection with, <a href="#Cat_34">34</a>, <a href="#Cat_78">78</a>, <a href="#Cat_121">121</a>, <a href="#Cat_123">123</a>, <a href="#Cat_136">136</a>-<a href="#Cat_138">138</a>, <a href="#Cat_146">146</a>, <a href="#Cat_147">147</a>, <a href="#Cat_152">152</a>, <a href="#Cat_157">157</a>, <a href="#Cat_168">168</a>-<a href="#Cat_170">170</a>, <a href="#Cat_184">184</a>, <a href="#Cat_191">191</a>, <a href="#Cat_200">200</a>, <a href="#Cat_204">204</a>, <a href="#Cat_218">218</a>, <a href="#Cat_261">261</a>, <a href="#Cat_390">390</a>, <a href="#Cat_394">394</a>, <a href="#Cat_396">396</a>, <a href="#Cat_400">400</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>see also</i>, Fodder</p>
+
+<p>Hayfork, <a href="#Cat_34">34</a>, <a href="#Cat_146">146</a>, <a href="#Cat_147">147</a>, <a href="#Cat_152">152</a>, <a href="#Cat_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Headers, Gallic, <a href="#Cat_13">13</a>, <a href="#Cat_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Hepp, Frank, donor, <a href="#Cat_25">25</a></p>
+
+<p>Herbicide, <a href="#Cat_359">359</a></p>
+
+<p>Heiss, E. W., donor, <a href="#Cat_34">34</a>-<a href="#Cat_36">36</a></p>
+
+<p>Heiss, John, <a href="#Cat_34">34</a></p>
+
+<p>Heiss, William, <a href="#Cat_35">35</a>, <a href="#Cat_36">36</a></p>
+
+<p>Hill, James, <a href="#Cat_332">332</a></p>
+
+<p>Hitchcock, Walter A., donor, <a href="#Cat_221">221</a>, <a href="#Cat_222">222</a></p>
+
+<p>Hoe(s), <a href="#Cat_24">24</a>, <a href="#Cat_128">128</a>, <a href="#Cat_150">150</a>, <a href="#Cat_158">158</a>, <a href="#Cat_206">206</a>, <a href="#Cat_210">210</a>, <a href="#Cat_215">215</a>, <a href="#Cat_232">232</a>, <a href="#Cat_238">238</a>, <a href="#Cat_263">263</a></p>
+
+<p>Hoffman, John N., donor, <a href="#Cat_377">377</a></p>
+
+<p>Hogs, <a href="#Cat_240">240</a>, <a href="#Cat_361">361</a></p>
+
+<p>Hogshead, tobacco, <a href="#Cat_349">349</a></p>
+
+<p>Hold Fast barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_327">327</a></p>
+
+<p>Holst, Don, donor, <a href="#Cat_208">208</a>, <a href="#Cat_248">248</a></p>
+
+<p>Holt, Benjamin, <a href="#Cat_241">241</a></p>
+
+<p>Holt, Mrs. C. Parker, donor, <a href="#Cat_241">241</a></p>
+
+<p>Holt combine, <a href="#Cat_241">241</a></p>
+
+<p>Honey; <i>see</i> Bees</p>
+
+<p>Hook(s), for cutting, <a href="#Cat_133">133</a>, <a href="#Cat_270">270</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for pots, <a href="#Cat_271">271</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hay bale, <a href="#Cat_261">261</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;meat, <a href="#Cat_63">63</a>, <a href="#Cat_64">64</a></p>
+
+<p>Hoover, William H., <a href="#Cat_56">56</a>-<a href="#Cat_67">67</a></p>
+
+<p>Hoosier brand of grain drill, <a href="#Cat_395">395</a></p>
+
+<p>Horses, implements used in connection with, <a href="#Cat_106">106</a>, <a href="#Cat_107">107</a>, <a href="#Cat_109">109</a>, <a href="#Cat_139">139</a>, <a href="#Cat_145">145</a>, <a href="#Cat_147">147</a>, <a href="#Cat_186">186</a>-<a href="#Cat_188">188</a>, <a href="#Cat_193">193</a>, <a href="#Cat_269">269</a>, <a href="#Cat_366">366</a>, <a href="#Cat_374">374</a>, <a href="#Cat_390">390</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shoeing of, <a href="#Cat_7">7</a></p>
+
+<p>Horsfall, Frank, donor, <a href="#Cat_265">265</a>-<a href="#Cat_276">276</a>, <a href="#Cat_279">279</a>-<a href="#Cat_339">339</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>
+Hosford, John, donor, <a href="#Cat_390">390</a></p>
+
+<p>HT-340 tractor, <a href="#Cat_365">365</a></p>
+
+<p>Huber steam tractor, <a href="#Cat_262">262</a></p>
+
+<p>Huskers, corn, <a href="#Cat_402">402</a>, <a href="#Cat_403">403</a></p>
+
+<p>Hussey, Obed, <a href="#Cat_105">105</a>, <a href="#Cat_172">172</a>, <a href="#Cat_173">173</a></p>
+
+<p>Hussey reaper, <a href="#Cat_172">172</a>, <a href="#Cat_173">173</a></p>
+
+<p>
+Ice saw, <a href="#Cat_163">163</a></p>
+
+<p>Ice cream freezer, <a href="#Cat_247">247</a></p>
+
+<p>Incubator, midget, <a href="#Cat_375">375</a></p>
+
+<p>Insecticide, <a href="#Cat_231">231</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sprayer for, <a href="#Cat_366">366</a></p>
+
+<p>Insemination, bee, <a href="#Cat_414">414</a></p>
+
+<p>Interior, Department of the, donor, <a href="#Cat_12">12</a>-<a href="#Cat_17">17</a></p>
+
+<p>International Harvester Co., <a href="#Cat_127">127</a> (donor), <a href="#Cat_365">365</a>, <a href="#Cat_378">378</a>, <a href="#Cat_387">387</a>, <a href="#Cat_405">405</a></p>
+
+<p>
+J. I. Case, Co., <a href="#Cat_335">335</a>, <a href="#Cat_378">378</a>, <a href="#Cat_388">388</a></p>
+
+<p>Jayne, William, <a href="#Cat_332">332</a></p>
+
+<p>Jayne-Hill barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_332">332</a></p>
+
+<p>Jefferson, Thomas, <a href="#Cat_54">54</a>, <a href="#Cat_88">88</a>, <a href="#Cat_89">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Jobber, corn, <a href="#Cat_190">190</a></p>
+
+<p>John Deere Co., <a href="#Cat_203">203</a>, donor, <a href="#Cat_223">223</a>, <a href="#Cat_224">224</a>, <a href="#Cat_245">245</a></p>
+
+<p>
+Kanter, Clayton, donor, <a href="#Cat_178">178</a>, <a href="#Cat_179">179</a></p>
+
+<p>Kelly, Michael, <a href="#Cat_310">310</a></p>
+
+<p>Kennedy, Charles, <a href="#Cat_309">309</a></p>
+
+<p>Kennedy Barbs barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_308">308</a></p>
+
+<p>Kinsman, Pelatiah, <a href="#Cat_48">48</a></p>
+
+<p>Kittleson, Ole O., <a href="#Cat_299">299</a></p>
+
+<p>Kloch, Henry, <a href="#Cat_30">30</a></p>
+
+<p>Knapp, N. E., donor, <a href="#Cat_379">379</a></p>
+
+<p>Knapp sidehill plow, <a href="#Cat_379">379</a></p>
+
+<p>Knecht, Albert, <a href="#Cat_201">201</a>-<a href="#Cat_204">204</a></p>
+
+<p>Knives, <a href="#Cat_60">60</a>, <a href="#Cat_61">61</a>, <a href="#Cat_133">133</a>, <a href="#Cat_151">151</a>, <a href="#Cat_154">154</a>, <a href="#Cat_157">157</a>, <a href="#Cat_394">394</a></p>
+
+<p>
+Ladder, orchard, <a href="#Cat_407">407</a></p>
+
+<p>Ladder Wire barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_303">303</a></p>
+
+<p>Lambert, Benjamin, donor, <a href="#Cat_213">213</a></p>
+
+<p>Lamprey, J. P., donor, <a href="#Cat_10">10</a></p>
+
+<p>Landis Eclipse thresher, <a href="#Cat_175">175</a></p>
+
+<p>Lard press, <a href="#Cat_115">115</a></p>
+
+<p>Laross and Brothers Co., donor, <a href="#Cat_349">349</a></p>
+
+<p>Lawlor, Conrad, donor, <a href="#Cat_404">404</a></p>
+
+<p>Lawn mower, <a href="#Cat_257">257</a>, <a href="#Cat_409">409</a>, <a href="#Cat_410">410</a></p>
+
+<p>Lazy Plate barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_328">328</a></p>
+
+<p>Leather, implements used in connection with, <a href="#Cat_96">96</a>, <a href="#Cat_342">342</a></p>
+
+<p>Leithiser, F. P., <a href="#Cat_244">244</a></p>
+
+<p>Lesher, Christian, <a href="#Cat_111">111</a></p>
+
+<p>Lesher, Daniel, donor, <a href="#Cat_111">111</a>, <a href="#Cat_122">122</a></p>
+
+<p>Livestock, implements and materials used in connection with, <a href="#Cat_35">35</a>-<a href="#Cat_41">41</a>, <a href="#Cat_106">106</a>-<a href="#Cat_109">109</a>, <a href="#Cat_145">145</a>, <a href="#Cat_156">156</a>, <a href="#Cat_159">159</a>, <a href="#Cat_208">208</a>, <a href="#Cat_209">209</a>, <a href="#Cat_248">248</a>, <a href="#Cat_253">253</a>, <a href="#Cat_267">267</a>, <a href="#Cat_268">268</a>, <a href="#Cat_280">280</a>-<a href="#Cat_337">337</a>, <a href="#Cat_369">369</a>, <a href="#Cat_390">390</a></p>
+
+<p>Log roller, <a href="#Cat_129">129</a></p>
+
+<p>
+MacDougall, Allister F., <a href="#Cat_364">364</a></p>
+
+<p>McCormick, Cyrus H., <a href="#Cat_98">98</a>, <a href="#Cat_237">237</a></p>
+
+<p>McCormick, Stephen, <a href="#Cat_38">38</a></p>
+
+<p>McCormick-Deering, <a href="#Cat_205">205</a>, <a href="#Cat_252">252</a>, <a href="#Cat_289">289</a>, <a href="#Cat_396">396</a>-<a href="#Cat_398">398</a>, <a href="#Cat_400">400</a>, <a href="#Cat_404">404</a></p>
+
+<p>McCormick-Goodhart, Leander, donor, <a href="#Cat_38">38</a></p>
+
+<p>McCormick Historical Association, donor, <a href="#Cat_28">28</a>, <a href="#Cat_29">29</a>, <a href="#Cat_98">98</a></p>
+
+<p>McCormick reapers, <a href="#Cat_25">25</a>, <a href="#Cat_27">27</a>-<a href="#Cat_29">29</a>, <a href="#Cat_98">98</a>, <a href="#Cat_131">131</a>, <a href="#Cat_237">237</a></p>
+
+<p>McMechan, A. E., donor, <a href="#Cat_340">340</a></p>
+
+<p>McPeek, Mrs. Miles, donor, <a href="#Cat_339">339</a></p>
+
+<p>Machinery, for corn picking, <a href="#Cat_80">80</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for corn shelling, <a href="#Cat_278">278</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for curd breaking, <a href="#Cat_161">161</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for fanning mills, <a href="#Cat_74">74</a>, <a href="#Cat_134">134</a>, <a href="#Cat_149">149</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for food slicing, <a href="#Cat_73">73</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for milking, <a href="#Cat_39">39</a>, <a href="#Cat_40">40</a>, <a href="#Cat_126">126</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for power sources, <a href="#Cat_164">164</a>, <a href="#Cat_193">193</a>, <a href="#Cat_234">234</a>, <a href="#Cat_254">254</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for reaping and mowing, <a href="#Cat_78">78</a>, <a href="#Cat_131">131</a>, <a href="#Cat_137">137</a>, <a href="#Cat_169">169</a>, <a href="#Cat_172">172</a>-<a href="#Cat_174">174</a>, <a href="#Cat_237">237</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for threshing, <a href="#Cat_12">12</a>, <a href="#Cat_118">118</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tractor, <a href="#Cat_124">124</a>, <a href="#Cat_142">142</a>, <a href="#Cat_220">220</a>, <a href="#Cat_249">249</a>, <a href="#Cat_262">262</a></p>
+
+<p>Mahlon Smith plow, <a href="#Cat_177">177</a></p>
+
+<p>Major, J. D., donor, <a href="#Cat_252">252</a></p>
+
+<p>Malone, S., <a href="#Cat_75">75</a></p>
+
+<p>Manning, William, <a href="#Cat_15">15</a>, <a href="#Cat_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Manning mower, <a href="#Cat_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Manure, implements used in connection with, <a href="#Cat_79">79</a>, <a href="#Cat_152">152</a>, <a href="#Cat_155">155</a>, <a href="#Cat_167">167</a></p>
+
+<p>Maple sugar, implements used in connection with, <a href="#Cat_83">83</a>-<a href="#Cat_87">87</a></p>
+
+<p>Marker sled, <a href="#Cat_194">194</a></p>
+
+<p>Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, donor, <a href="#Cat_143">143</a>-<a href="#Cat_149">149</a></p>
+
+<p>Massey-Ferguson, Inc., donor, <a href="#Cat_211">211</a></p>
+
+<p>Matterville, N., donor, <a href="#Cat_393">393</a></p>
+
+<p>Mattock, grubbing, <a href="#Cat_217">217</a></p>
+
+<p>Meal, grist mill for, <a href="#Cat_102">102</a></p>
+
+<p>Measures, feed, <a href="#Cat_35">35</a>, <a href="#Cat_36">36</a></p>
+
+<p>Meat, implements used in connection with, <a href="#Cat_22">22</a>, <a href="#Cat_56">56</a>-<a href="#Cat_67">67</a>, <a href="#Cat_94">94</a>, <a href="#Cat_112">112</a>-<a href="#Cat_116">116</a>, <a href="#Cat_240">240</a></p>
+
+<p>Mechanical and Civil Engineering Division, Smithsonian Institution, donor, <a href="#Cat_385">385</a></p>
+
+<p>Mehring, Bessie D., donor, <a href="#Cat_39">39</a>, <a href="#Cat_40">40</a></p>
+
+<p>Mehring, William M., <a href="#Cat_39">39</a>, <a href="#Cat_40">40</a>, <a href="#Cat_126">126</a></p>
+
+<p>Mehring cow milker, <a href="#Cat_39">39</a>, <a href="#Cat_40">40</a>, <a href="#Cat_126">126</a></p>
+
+<p>Merrill, John C, <a href="#Cat_327">327</a></p>
+
+<p>Merrill, Leslie O., <a href="#Cat_379">379</a></p>
+
+<p>Merrill Twirl barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_327">327</a></p>
+
+<p>Meter, for crop estimating, <a href="#Cat_380">380</a></p>
+
+<p>Miles, Mrs. Arnold, donor, <a href="#Cat_165">165</a>-<a href="#Cat_168">168</a>, <a href="#Cat_263">263</a></p>
+
+<p>Milk, implements used in connection with, <a href="#Cat_26">26</a>, <a href="#Cat_260">260</a>, <a href="#Cat_376">376</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>see also</i> Dairying; Milking machine</p>
+
+<p>Milking machine, <a href="#Cat_39">39</a>, <a href="#Cat_40">40</a>, <a href="#Cat_126">126</a>, <a href="#Cat_404">404</a></p>
+
+<p>Miller Burial and Pliers Co., <a href="#Cat_166">166</a></p>
+
+<p>Mills, John G., donor, <a href="#Cat_247">247</a></p>
+
+<p>Mill(s), cider, <a href="#Cat_222">222</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grist, <a href="#Cat_102">102</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;picks for, <a href="#Cat_372">372</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sorghum, <a href="#Cat_374">374</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sugar, <a href="#Cat_100">100</a></p>
+
+<p>Mink, trap for, <a href="#Cat_356">356</a></p>
+
+<p>Minneapolis-Moline, Inc., <a href="#Cat_249">249</a>-<a href="#Cat_251">251</a>, <a href="#Cat_378">378</a></p>
+
+<p>Mitchell, John W., donor, <a href="#Cat_259">259</a></p>
+
+<p>Mittinger, A., Jr., <a href="#Cat_56">56</a>-<a href="#Cat_67">67</a></p>
+
+<p>Moldboard, <a href="#Cat_51">51</a>, <a href="#Cat_88">88</a>, <a href="#Cat_89">89</a>, <a href="#Cat_201">201</a></p>
+
+<p>Moline Co., donor, <a href="#Cat_249">249</a>-<a href="#Cat_251">251</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>see also</i> Minneapolis-Moline, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Montgomery, James, <a href="#Cat_97">97</a></p>
+
+<p>Montgomery, Joseph, <a href="#Cat_97">97</a></p>
+
+<p>Montgomery, Ruth, donor, <a href="#Cat_97">97</a></p>
+
+<p>Motley, Mrs. S. D., donor, <a href="#Cat_413">413</a></p>
+
+<p>Mower(s), grass, <a href="#Cat_387">387</a>, <a href="#Cat_396">396</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;machine, <a href="#Cat_137">137</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;models of, <a href="#Cat_78">78</a>, <a href="#Cat_169">169</a>, <a href="#Cat_170">170</a>, <a href="#Cat_257">257</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;seat for, <a href="#Cat_264">264</a></p>
+
+<p>Murphy, George, donor, <a href="#Cat_73">73</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>
+Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, donor, <a href="#Cat_342">342</a>-<a href="#Cat_348">348</a></p>
+
+<p>Muskrat trap, <a href="#Cat_357">357</a></p>
+
+<p>Muzzle, ox, <a href="#Cat_156">156</a></p>
+
+<p>Neck yoke, <a href="#Cat_188">188</a></p>
+
+<p>Needle; <i>see</i> harpoon fork</p>
+
+<p>Neiley, George F., <a href="#Cat_362">362</a>, <a href="#Cat_363">363</a>, <a href="#Cat_409">409</a></p>
+
+<p>Nelson, James, <a href="#Cat_37">37</a></p>
+
+<p>Newbold, Charles, <a href="#Cat_17">17</a>, <a href="#Cat_52">52</a></p>
+
+<p>Newbold plow, <a href="#Cat_52">52</a></p>
+
+<p>New Holland Machine Co., donor, <a href="#Cat_234">234</a></p>
+
+<p>New Idea brand of implements, <a href="#Cat_78">78</a>-<a href="#Cat_80">80</a></p>
+
+<p>New York Historical Association, donor, <a href="#Cat_128">128</a>-<a href="#Cat_141">141</a></p>
+
+<p>Nickerson, William, <a href="#Cat_119">119</a></p>
+
+<p>Noirot, Everett, <a href="#Cat_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p>Nourse, J., <a href="#Cat_54">54</a></p>
+
+<p>
+Offenbacker, John, donor, <a href="#Cat_180">180</a>-<a href="#Cat_191">191</a></p>
+
+<p>Old Colony strong plow, <a href="#Cat_10">10</a>, <a href="#Cat_48">48</a>, <a href="#Cat_49">49</a></p>
+
+<p>Oliver, James, <a href="#Cat_70">70</a>, <a href="#Cat_219">219</a></p>
+
+<p>Oliver, James B., <a href="#Cat_330">330</a></p>
+
+<p>Oliver, S. H., donor, <a href="#Cat_82">82</a></p>
+
+<p>Oliver chilled plow, <a href="#Cat_219">219</a></p>
+
+<p>Oliver Corporation <a href="#Cat_219">219</a> (donor), <a href="#Cat_220">220</a>, <a href="#Cat_378">378</a></p>
+
+<p>Olmstead, Frank E., donor, <a href="#Cat_83">83</a>-<a href="#Cat_87">87</a></p>
+
+<p>Oneida Community, donor, <a href="#Cat_351">351</a>-<a href="#Cat_358">358</a></p>
+
+<p>Orchard ladder, <a href="#Cat_407">407</a></p>
+
+<p>Osmundson, A. G., donor, <a href="#Cat_81">81</a></p>
+
+<p>Osmundson Forge Co., <a href="#Cat_81">81</a></p>
+
+<p>Otter trap, <a href="#Cat_354">354</a></p>
+
+<p>Oxen, implements used in connection with, <a href="#Cat_41">41</a>, <a href="#Cat_100">100</a>, <a href="#Cat_156">156</a>, <a href="#Cat_159">159</a></p>
+
+<p>
+P. P. Mast Co., <a href="#Cat_413">413</a></p>
+
+<p>Palm, Bessie W., donor, <a href="#Cat_103">103</a></p>
+
+<p>Parr, Charles, <a href="#Cat_220">220</a></p>
+
+<p>Peeler, apple, <a href="#Cat_243">243</a></p>
+
+<p>Perkins, William, donor, <a href="#Cat_401">401</a></p>
+
+<p>Peterkin, E. W., donor, <a href="#Cat_261">261</a></p>
+
+<p>Peterson, Frank D., <a href="#Cat_260">260</a></p>
+
+<p>Peterson, Gale E., <a href="#Cat_359">359</a></p>
+
+<p>Picker, corn, <a href="#Cat_80">80</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cotton, <a href="#Cat_405">405</a></p>
+
+<p>Pigs, <i>see</i> Hogs, Livestock</p>
+
+<p>Pins, meat, <a href="#Cat_67">67</a></p>
+
+<p>Pitchfork, <a href="#Cat_146">146</a>, <a href="#Cat_152">152</a>, <a href="#Cat_155">155</a>, <a href="#Cat_167">167</a>, <a href="#Cat_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Plantation, banana, <a href="#Cat_71">71</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;coffee, <a href="#Cat_72">72</a></p>
+
+<p>Planters, <a href="#Cat_75">75</a>, <a href="#Cat_148">148</a>, <a href="#Cat_178">178</a>, <a href="#Cat_179">179</a>, <a href="#Cat_190">190</a>, <a href="#Cat_194">194</a>, <a href="#Cat_233">233</a>, <a href="#Cat_235">235</a>, <a href="#Cat_246">246</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>see also</i> Seeders</p>
+
+<p>Plow(s), <a href="#Cat_1">1</a>, <a href="#Cat_9">9</a>, <a href="#Cat_10">10</a>, <a href="#Cat_17">17</a>, <a href="#Cat_21">21</a>, <a href="#Cat_23">23</a>, <a href="#Cat_30">30</a>, <a href="#Cat_38">38</a>, <a href="#Cat_42">42</a>, <a href="#Cat_43">43</a>, <a href="#Cat_45">45</a>-<a href="#Cat_55">55</a>, <a href="#Cat_70">70</a>, <a href="#Cat_77">77</a>, <a href="#Cat_88">88</a>, <a href="#Cat_89">89</a>, <a href="#Cat_111">111</a>, <a href="#Cat_127">127</a>, <a href="#Cat_176">176</a>, <a href="#Cat_177">177</a>, <a href="#Cat_180">180</a>-<a href="#Cat_182">182</a>, <a href="#Cat_201">201</a>, <a href="#Cat_212">212</a>, <a href="#Cat_216">216</a>, <a href="#Cat_219">219</a>, <a href="#Cat_223">223</a>, <a href="#Cat_244">244</a>-<a href="#Cat_246">246</a>, <a href="#Cat_250">250</a>, <a href="#Cat_251">251</a>, <a href="#Cat_341">341</a>, <a href="#Cat_344">344</a>, <a href="#Cat_370">370</a>, <a href="#Cat_379">379</a></p>
+
+<p>Plowshare, <a href="#Cat_47">47</a>, <a href="#Cat_341">341</a></p>
+
+<p>Plunger churn, <a href="#Cat_348">348</a></p>
+
+<p>Pork, <i>see</i> Hogs; Meat</p>
+
+<p>Porter, J. E., <a href="#Cat_184">184</a></p>
+
+<p>Pot hooks, <a href="#Cat_271">271</a></p>
+
+<p>Poultry, implements used in connection with, <a href="#Cat_266">266</a>, <a href="#Cat_375">375</a></p>
+
+<p>Power, sources of, <a href="#Cat_139">139</a>-<a href="#Cat_142">142</a>, <a href="#Cat_186">186</a>-<a href="#Cat_188">188</a>, <a href="#Cat_193">193</a>, <a href="#Cat_211">211</a>, <a href="#Cat_220">220</a>, <a href="#Cat_224">224</a>, <a href="#Cat_234">234</a>, <a href="#Cat_242">242</a>, <a href="#Cat_249">249</a>, <a href="#Cat_262">262</a>, <a href="#Cat_350">350</a>, <a href="#Cat_362">362</a>, <a href="#Cat_363">363</a>, <a href="#Cat_365">365</a>, <a href="#Cat_366">366</a>, <a href="#Cat_384">384</a></p>
+
+<p>Press, cheese, <a href="#Cat_364">364</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cider, <a href="#Cat_222">222</a>, <a href="#Cat_413">413</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lard <a href="#Cat_115">115</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wine, <a href="#Cat_371">371</a></p>
+
+<p>Processing, fiber, <a href="#Cat_273">273</a>, <a href="#Cat_343">343</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;food, <a href="#Cat_22">22</a>, <a href="#Cat_26">26</a>, <a href="#Cat_72">72</a>, <a href="#Cat_73">73</a>, <a href="#Cat_82">82</a>, <a href="#Cat_90">90</a>, <a href="#Cat_92">92</a>, <a href="#Cat_94">94</a>, <a href="#Cat_102">102</a>, <a href="#Cat_112">112</a>-<a href="#Cat_117">117</a>, <a href="#Cat_221">221</a>, <a href="#Cat_222">222</a>, <a href="#Cat_242">242</a>, <a href="#Cat_243">243</a>, <a href="#Cat_247">247</a>, <a href="#Cat_271">271</a>, <a href="#Cat_278">278</a>, <a href="#Cat_345">345</a>, <a href="#Cat_347">347</a>, <a href="#Cat_348">348</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tobacco <a href="#Cat_166">166</a></p>
+
+<p>Producers Cotton Oil Co., donor, <a href="#Cat_405">405</a></p>
+
+<p>Pulley, <a href="#Cat_121">121</a>, <a href="#Cat_340">340</a></p>
+
+<p>Pyrox (insecticide), <a href="#Cat_231">231</a></p>
+
+<p>
+Rakes, clam, <a href="#Cat_405">405</a>;
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hand, <a href="#Cat_120">120</a>, <a href="#Cat_195">195</a>;
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;horse-drawn, <a href="#Cat_69">69</a>, <a href="#Cat_136">136</a>, <a href="#Cat_138">138</a>, <a href="#Cat_200">200</a>, <a href="#Cat_204">204</a></p>
+
+<p>Rappleye, Howard S., donor, <a href="#Cat_277">277</a></p>
+
+<p>Rat trap, <a href="#Cat_358">358</a></p>
+
+<p>Reapers, <a href="#Cat_13">13</a>-<a href="#Cat_16">16</a>, <a href="#Cat_25">25</a>, <a href="#Cat_27">27</a>-<a href="#Cat_29">29</a>, <a href="#Cat_32">32</a>, <a href="#Cat_91">91</a>, <a href="#Cat_98">98</a>, <a href="#Cat_104">104</a>, <a href="#Cat_105">105</a>, <a href="#Cat_119">119</a>, <a href="#Cat_130">130</a>, <a href="#Cat_131">131</a>, <a href="#Cat_135">135</a>, <a href="#Cat_143">143</a>, <a href="#Cat_144">144</a>, <a href="#Cat_153">153</a>, <a href="#Cat_171">171</a>-<a href="#Cat_174">174</a>, <a href="#Cat_207">207</a>, <a href="#Cat_237">237</a>, <a href="#Cat_241">241</a>, <a href="#Cat_252">252</a></p>
+
+<p>Republic Steel Wire Co., <a href="#Cat_336">336</a>, <a href="#Cat_337">337</a></p>
+
+<p>Rhoades, George, <a href="#Cat_192">192</a>-<a href="#Cat_197">197</a></p>
+
+<p>Rice threshing, <a href="#Cat_2">2</a></p>
+
+<p>Riddle, grain separator, <a href="#Cat_214">214</a></p>
+
+<p>Roberts-Mackensen bee inseminator, <a href="#Cat_414">414</a></p>
+
+<p>Robinson, Cora E., donor, <a href="#Cat_123">123</a></p>
+
+<p>Robinson, Lucy, donor, <a href="#Cat_205">205</a></p>
+
+<p>Rogers, Noah, <a href="#Cat_11">11</a></p>
+
+<p>Roller(s), for butter worker, <a href="#Cat_345">345</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for cookies, <a href="#Cat_93">93</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for soil, <a href="#Cat_21">21</a>, <a href="#Cat_129">129</a></p>
+
+<p>Rose, Henry M., <a href="#Cat_284">284</a></p>
+
+<p>Ross, Noble S., <a href="#Cat_322">322</a></p>
+
+<p>Ross's Four Point barbed wire <a href="#Cat_322">322</a></p>
+
+<p>Rutherford, James W., donor, <a href="#Cat_210">210</a></p>
+
+<p>
+Sabrosky, Jennie, donor, <a href="#Cat_104">104</a></p>
+
+<p>Sacks, flour, <a href="#Cat_373">373</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grain, <a href="#Cat_122">122</a>, <a href="#Cat_277">277</a></p>
+
+<p>Saddler's buck, <a href="#Cat_342">342</a></p>
+
+<p>St. John, Spencer, <a href="#Cat_290">290</a></p>
+
+<p>Salt processing, <a href="#Cat_101">101</a></p>
+
+<p>Samson, Clarissa W., donor, <a href="#Cat_18">18</a></p>
+
+<p>Sap spouts, <a href="#Cat_83">83</a>-<a href="#Cat_87">87</a></p>
+
+<p>Saunders, Innes, donor, <a href="#Cat_395">395</a>-<a href="#Cat_400">400</a></p>
+
+<p>Sausage stuffer, <a href="#Cat_112">112</a>, <a href="#Cat_114">114</a></p>
+
+<p>Saw, butcher's, <a href="#Cat_56">56</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ice, <a href="#Cat_163">163</a></p>
+
+<p>Scoop, grain, <a href="#Cat_346">346</a></p>
+
+<p>Scoville, Edward, <a href="#Cat_41">41</a></p>
+
+<p>Scoville, Reign, donor, <a href="#Cat_41">41</a></p>
+
+<p>Scraper, butcher's, <a href="#Cat_62">62</a></p>
+
+<p>Scythe, <a href="#Cat_135">135</a>, <a href="#Cat_144">144</a></p>
+
+<p>Seat(s), sulky, <a href="#Cat_264">264</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tractor, <a href="#Cat_368">368</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;truck, <a href="#Cat_367">367</a></p>
+
+<p>Seeders, <a href="#Cat_37">37</a>, <a href="#Cat_75">75</a>, <a href="#Cat_148">148</a>, <a href="#Cat_165">165</a>, <a href="#Cat_178">178</a>, <a href="#Cat_179">179</a>, <a href="#Cat_190">190</a>, <a href="#Cat_202">202</a>, <a href="#Cat_213">213</a>, <a href="#Cat_233">233</a>, <a href="#Cat_235">235</a>, <a href="#Cat_258">258</a>, <a href="#Cat_395">395</a></p>
+
+<p>Seeds, germinating incubator for, <a href="#Cat_397">397</a></p>
+
+<p>Self-rake reaper, <a href="#Cat_131">131</a></p>
+
+<p>Separators, cream, <a href="#Cat_8">8</a>, <a href="#Cat_19">19</a>, <a href="#Cat_33">33</a>, <a href="#Cat_389">389</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grain, <a href="#Cat_31">31</a>, <a href="#Cat_74">74</a>, <a href="#Cat_97">97</a>, <a href="#Cat_175">175</a>, <a href="#Cat_214">214</a>, <a href="#Cat_360">360</a>, <a href="#Cat_361">361</a>, <a href="#Cat_399">399</a></p>
+
+<p>Shakers (religious community), <a href="#Cat_26">26</a></p>
+
+<p>Share for plow, <a href="#Cat_47">47</a>, <a href="#Cat_341">341</a></p>
+
+<p>Sheller, <a href="#Cat_278">278</a>, <a href="#Cat_386">386</a></p>
+
+<p>Shinn, Milton, <a href="#Cat_324">324</a></p>
+
+<p>Shinn's Four Point barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_324">324</a></p>
+
+<p>Shoe last, <a href="#Cat_96">96</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>
+Shovel(s), grain, <a href="#Cat_346">346</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;plow, <a href="#Cat_180">180</a>-<a href="#Cat_182">182</a>, <a href="#Cat_212">212</a></p>
+
+<p>Shredder, flax, <a href="#Cat_273">273</a></p>
+
+<p>Shuckers, <a href="#Cat_377">377</a></p>
+
+<p>Sickle, <a href="#Cat_153">153</a>, <a href="#Cat_270">270</a>, <a href="#Cat_391">391</a></p>
+
+<p>Sickle bar, <a href="#Cat_25">25</a></p>
+
+<p>Sidehill plow, <a href="#Cat_379">379</a></p>
+
+<p>Singletree, <a href="#Cat_185">185</a></p>
+
+<p>Sims, Elijah, <a href="#Cat_304">304</a></p>
+
+<p>Sinclair, Sir John, <a href="#Cat_88">88</a></p>
+
+<p>Skep, <a href="#Cat_412">412</a></p>
+
+<p>Sketches, Korean, <a href="#Cat_1">1</a>-<a href="#Cat_7">7</a></p>
+
+<p>Sled marker, <a href="#Cat_194">194</a></p>
+
+<p>Slicer, food, <a href="#Cat_73">73</a></p>
+
+<p>Slunt, Mrs. Henry C., donor, <a href="#Cat_360">360</a>, <a href="#Cat_361">361</a></p>
+
+<p>Smith, Mahlon, <a href="#Cat_177">177</a></p>
+
+<p>Smith, Robert, <a href="#Cat_51">51</a></p>
+
+<p>Smith plow, <a href="#Cat_51">51</a></p>
+
+<p>Snouter, hog, <a href="#Cat_369">369</a></p>
+
+<p>Snyder, Peter Brugler, <a href="#Cat_277">277</a></p>
+
+<p>Sod plows, <a href="#Cat_51">51</a>, <a href="#Cat_344">344</a></p>
+
+<p>Sorghum cane mill, <a href="#Cat_374">374</a></p>
+
+<p>Souter, Lester, donor, <a href="#Cat_235">235</a></p>
+
+<p>Spade(s), <a href="#Cat_81">81</a>, <a href="#Cat_151">151</a>, <a href="#Cat_236">236</a></p>
+
+<p>Spike(s), <a href="#Cat_87">87</a>, <a href="#Cat_272">272</a></p>
+
+<p>Spindle cotton picker, <a href="#Cat_405">405</a></p>
+
+<p>Split Diamond barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_331">331</a></p>
+
+<p>Spouts, maple sap, <a href="#Cat_83">83</a>-<a href="#Cat_86">86</a></p>
+
+<p>Sprayer, power, <a href="#Cat_366">366</a></p>
+
+<p>Spreader, butcher's, <a href="#Cat_65">65</a>, <a href="#Cat_66">66</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;manure, <a href="#Cat_79">79</a></p>
+
+<p>Spring-tooth harrow, <a href="#Cat_388">388</a></p>
+
+<p>Spring-tooth rake, <a href="#Cat_138">138</a>, <a href="#Cat_400">400</a></p>
+
+<p>Spurs, <a href="#Cat_106">106</a>, <a href="#Cat_268">268</a></p>
+
+<p>Stabler, Sydney S., donor, <a href="#Cat_32">32</a>, <a href="#Cat_33">33</a>, <a href="#Cat_68">68</a></p>
+
+<p>Starks, Niels O., <a href="#Cat_43">43</a></p>
+
+<p>Starter, tractor, <a href="#Cat_124">124</a></p>
+
+<p>Statistical Reporting Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, donor, <a href="#Cat_380">380</a>, <a href="#Cat_381">381</a></p>
+
+<p>Steam engines, <a href="#Cat_164">164</a>, <a href="#Cat_254">254</a>, <a href="#Cat_341">341</a>, <a href="#Cat_384">384</a></p>
+
+<p>Sterilizer, milk, <a href="#Cat_260">260</a></p>
+
+<p>Stout, Mrs. Emery L., donor, <a href="#Cat_374">374</a></p>
+
+<p>Stover, Daniel C., <a href="#Cat_317">317</a></p>
+
+<p>Strucksberg, S. O., donor, <a href="#Cat_43">43</a></p>
+
+<p>Stubbe, John, <a href="#Cat_307">307</a></p>
+
+<p>Stubbe Plate barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_307">307</a></p>
+
+<p>Stump puller, <a href="#Cat_340">340</a></p>
+
+<p>Sugar, cane, <a href="#Cat_100">100</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;maple, <a href="#Cat_83">83</a>-<a href="#Cat_87">87</a></p>
+
+<p>Sulky, implements for, <a href="#Cat_43">43</a>, <a href="#Cat_199">199</a>, <a href="#Cat_245">245</a>, <a href="#Cat_251">251</a>, <a href="#Cat_264">264</a>, <a href="#Cat_396">396</a>, <a href="#Cat_400">400</a></p>
+
+<p>Sunderland, L. E., <a href="#Cat_305">305</a></p>
+
+<p>Sunderland Kink barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_305">305</a></p>
+
+<p>Swiggett, Grace M., donor, <a href="#Cat_24">24</a></p>
+
+<p>Swine, <i>see</i> Hogs; Meat</p>
+
+<p>Swingplow, <a href="#Cat_30">30</a></p>
+
+<p>
+Tavenner plow, <a href="#Cat_50">50</a></p>
+
+<p>Table, butcher's, <a href="#Cat_116">116</a></p>
+
+<p>Taylor, <i>see</i> Aultman-Taylor</p>
+
+<p>Tee-Pak, Inc., donor, <a href="#Cat_112">112</a>-<a href="#Cat_117">117</a></p>
+
+<p>Ten Eyck, James, <a href="#Cat_14">14</a></p>
+
+<p>Thomas Mills and Brothers, <a href="#Cat_247">247</a></p>
+
+<p>Thompson, Daniel, donor, <a href="#Cat_100">100</a>-<a href="#Cat_102">102</a></p>
+
+<p>Thorny Fence barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_310">310</a></p>
+
+<p>Threshers, <i>see</i> Threshing</p>
+
+<p>Threshing, implements used in connection with, <a href="#Cat_2">2</a>, <a href="#Cat_12">12</a>, <a href="#Cat_31">31</a>, <a href="#Cat_118">118</a>, <a href="#Cat_139">139</a>, <a href="#Cat_160">160</a>, <a href="#Cat_175">175</a>, <a href="#Cat_192">192</a>, <a href="#Cat_241">241</a>, <a href="#Cat_265">265</a></p>
+
+<p>Thumb, Mathew, <a href="#Cat_30">30</a></p>
+
+<p>Thurmond, Wanda W., donor, <a href="#Cat_408">408</a></p>
+
+<p>Tile knife, <a href="#Cat_151">151</a></p>
+
+<p>Tile spade, <a href="#Cat_81">81</a></p>
+
+<p>Tobacco, <a href="#Cat_4">4</a>, <a href="#Cat_110">110</a>, <a href="#Cat_166">166</a>, <a href="#Cat_246">246</a>, <a href="#Cat_259">259</a>, <a href="#Cat_349">349</a>, <a href="#Cat_408">408</a></p>
+
+<p>Tools, hand, <a href="#Cat_24">24</a>, <a href="#Cat_56">56</a>-<a href="#Cat_67">67</a>, <a href="#Cat_81">81</a>, <a href="#Cat_128">128</a>, <a href="#Cat_132">132</a>, <a href="#Cat_150">150</a>, <a href="#Cat_151">151</a>, <a href="#Cat_154">154</a>, <a href="#Cat_155">155</a>, <a href="#Cat_158">158</a>, <a href="#Cat_189">189</a>, <a href="#Cat_195">195</a>, <a href="#Cat_206">206</a>, <a href="#Cat_210">210</a>, <a href="#Cat_217">217</a>, <a href="#Cat_236">236</a>, <a href="#Cat_238">238</a>, <a href="#Cat_263">263</a>, <a href="#Cat_270">270</a>, <a href="#Cat_274">274</a>, <a href="#Cat_338">338</a>, <a href="#Cat_346">346</a>, <a href="#Cat_377">377</a>, <a href="#Cat_391">391</a>, <a href="#Cat_394">394</a>, <a href="#Cat_402">402</a>, <a href="#Cat_403">403</a></p>
+
+<p>Topping Models, Inc., donor, <a href="#Cat_76">76</a>-<a href="#Cat_80">80</a></p>
+
+<p>Toy Manufacturers Association, donor, <a href="#Cat_20">20</a>, <a href="#Cat_21">21</a></p>
+
+<p>Toy tractors, <a href="#Cat_20">20</a>, <a href="#Cat_21">21</a>, <a href="#Cat_223">223</a>, <a href="#Cat_224">224</a>, <a href="#Cat_378">378</a></p>
+
+<p>Tractor(s), <a href="#Cat_20">20</a>, <a href="#Cat_21">21</a>, <a href="#Cat_76">76</a>-<a href="#Cat_79">79</a>, <a href="#Cat_124">124</a>, <a href="#Cat_125">125</a>, <a href="#Cat_142">142</a>, <a href="#Cat_211">211</a>, <a href="#Cat_220">220</a>, <a href="#Cat_223">223</a>, <a href="#Cat_224">224</a>, <a href="#Cat_249">249</a>, <a href="#Cat_250">250</a>, <a href="#Cat_262">262</a>, <a href="#Cat_350">350</a>, <a href="#Cat_362">362</a>, <a href="#Cat_363">363</a>, <a href="#Cat_365">365</a>, <a href="#Cat_378">378</a>, <a href="#Cat_382">382</a>, <a href="#Cat_384">384</a>, <a href="#Cat_409">409</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;seats for, <a href="#Cat_368">368</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with cotton picker, <a href="#Cat_405">405</a></p>
+
+<p>Transplanter, tobacco, <a href="#Cat_246">246</a></p>
+
+<p>Trap(s), animal, <a href="#Cat_351">351</a>-<a href="#Cat_358">358</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fish, <a href="#Cat_3">3</a></p>
+
+<p>Treadmill, <a href="#Cat_139">139</a>, <a href="#Cat_140">140</a></p>
+
+<p>Trelogan, Harry C., <a href="#Cat_380">380</a></p>
+
+<p>Trolley carrier, hay, <a href="#Cat_184">184</a></p>
+
+<p>Trucks, seat for, <a href="#Cat_367">367</a></p>
+
+<p>Turbine tractor, <a href="#Cat_365">365</a></p>
+
+<p>Turkey, collars for, <a href="#Cat_266">266</a></p>
+
+<p>Twist barbed wire, <i>see</i> Brink Twist</p>
+
+<p>Twist Oval barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_283">283</a></p>
+
+<p>2,4-D, sample of, <a href="#Cat_359">359</a></p>
+
+<p>
+United Fruit Company, donor, <a href="#Cat_71">71</a></p>
+
+<p>Upham, Andrew J., <a href="#Cat_318">318</a></p>
+
+<p>
+Vacuum pan, <a href="#Cat_26">26</a></p>
+
+<p>Vaughn, Ruben F., donor, <a href="#Cat_37">37</a></p>
+
+<p>Veikko, Jarvis, donor, <a href="#Cat_217">217</a></p>
+
+<p>Vermont Farm Machine Co., <a href="#Cat_68">68</a></p>
+
+<p>Vette, Irwin, <a href="#Cat_245">245</a></p>
+
+<p>Victor mower, <a href="#Cat_137">137</a></p>
+
+<p>Viking garden tractor, <a href="#Cat_382">382</a></p>
+
+<p>Vise, bench, <a href="#Cat_342">342</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;harness, <a href="#Cat_145">145</a></p>
+
+<p>Vista tractor, <a href="#Cat_378">378</a></p>
+
+<p>Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr., donor, <a href="#Cat_383">383</a></p>
+
+<p>
+Waldron cradle, <a href="#Cat_32">32</a></p>
+
+<p>Wallis tractor, <a href="#Cat_211">211</a></p>
+
+<p>War wire, barbed, <a href="#Cat_312">312</a>, <a href="#Cat_314">314</a>, <a href="#Cat_315">315</a>, <a href="#Cat_334">334</a>, <a href="#Cat_335">335</a></p>
+
+<p>Washburn, Charles G., <a href="#Cat_321">321</a></p>
+
+<p>Water lift, wheel for, <a href="#Cat_101">101</a>, <a href="#Cat_242">242</a></p>
+
+<p>Waterloo Boy tractor, <a href="#Cat_363">363</a></p>
+
+<p>Waterwheel, <a href="#Cat_101">101</a>, <a href="#Cat_242">242</a></p>
+
+<p>Watkins, W., <a href="#Cat_328">328</a></p>
+
+<p>Waybright, Earl J., donor, <a href="#Cat_126">126</a></p>
+
+<p>Welcome, Sir Henry S., donor, <a href="#Cat_30">30</a></p>
+
+<p>Weston, D. M., <a href="#Cat_8">8</a></p>
+
+<p>Wheat, implements used in connection with, <a href="#Cat_69">69</a>, <a href="#Cat_91">91</a>, <a href="#Cat_118">118</a>, <a href="#Cat_131">131</a>, <a href="#Cat_135">135</a>, <a href="#Cat_141">141</a>, <a href="#Cat_143">143</a>, <a href="#Cat_144">144</a>, <a href="#Cat_153">153</a>, <a href="#Cat_160">160</a>, <a href="#Cat_202">202</a>, <a href="#Cat_213">213</a>, <a href="#Cat_241">241</a>, <a href="#Cat_252">252</a>, <a href="#Cat_265">265</a>, <a href="#Cat_360">360</a>, <a href="#Cat_361">361</a>, <a href="#Cat_395">395</a></p>
+
+<p>Wheelbarrow, <a href="#Cat_275">275</a>, <a href="#Cat_276">276</a></p>
+
+<p>Whip, <a href="#Cat_109">109</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>
+Wiat, Newton E., donor, <a href="#Cat_253">253</a></p>
+
+<p>Wilson, Arden, donor, <a href="#Cat_74">74</a></p>
+
+<p>Wimberly, C. W., donor, <a href="#Cat_372">372</a>, <a href="#Cat_373">373</a></p>
+
+<p>Winch, tractor, <a href="#Cat_350">350</a></p>
+
+<p>Windmill, <a href="#Cat_101">101</a></p>
+
+<p>Wine press, <a href="#Cat_371">371</a></p>
+
+<p>Winner barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_311">311</a></p>
+
+<p>Winnowing, baskets for, <a href="#Cat_11">11</a>, <a href="#Cat_18">18</a>, <a href="#Cat_141">141</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mills for, <a href="#Cat_31">31</a>, <a href="#Cat_74">74</a>, <a href="#Cat_97">97</a>, <a href="#Cat_134">134</a>, <a href="#Cat_149">149</a>, <a href="#Cat_360">360</a>, <a href="#Cat_361">361</a>, <a href="#Cat_399">399</a></p>
+
+<p>Wire, barbed, <i>see</i> Barbed wire</p>
+
+<p>Wiser, Alice, donor, <a href="#Cat_411">411</a></p>
+
+<p>Wood, Jethro, <a href="#Cat_38">38</a></p>
+
+<p>Woodcock plow, <a href="#Cat_53">53</a></p>
+
+<p>Woodson, A. G., <a href="#Cat_412">412</a></p>
+
+<p>Woodson High School, Fairfax, Virginia, donor, <a href="#Cat_382">382</a></p>
+
+<p>Wright expansion bit, <a href="#Cat_393">393</a></p>
+
+<p>
+Yoke, ox, <a href="#Cat_41">41</a>, <a href="#Cat_159">159</a></p>
+
+<p>
+Zig-Zag barbed wire, <a href="#Cat_297">297</a></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58"></a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="Publications_on_Farming_by_the_Staff" id="Publications_on_Farming_by_the_Staff"></a>Publications on Farming by the Staff of the Division<br />
+of Agriculture and Mining, 1965-1971</h3>
+
+<p>Christian, Pauline B.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1968. <i>Annotated List of Photographs in the Division
+of Agriculture and Forest Products.</i>
+Smithsonian Institution, Information Leaflet
+519. 126 pages.
+</p>
+
+<p>Peterson, Gale E.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1967. "The Discovery and Development of
+2,4-." <i>Agricultural History</i>, 41 (July
+1967): 243-253.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1967. "Living Historical Farms: A Feasibility
+Study." <i>Smithsonian Journal of History</i>,
+2 (Summer 1967): 72-76.
+</p>
+
+<p>Schlebecker, John T.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1965. "The Great Holding Action: The NFO in
+September, 1962." <i>Agricultural History</i>,
+39 (October 1965): 204-213. [Reprinted in
+<i>Readings in Collective Behavior</i>, edited
+by Robert B. Evans. Chicago: Rand McNally,
+1969.]</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1966. "Research in Agricultural History at the
+Smithsonian Institution." <i>Agricultural
+History</i>, 40 (July 1966): 207-210.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1966. "The Combine Made in Stockton." <i>The
+Pacific Historian</i>, 10 (Autumn 1966): 14-21.
+Illustrated.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1967. <i>A History of American Dairying.</i> Chicago:
+Rand McNally. 48 pages, illustrated.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1967. <i>A Bibliography of Books and Pamphlets
+on the History of American Agriculture,
+1607-1967.</i> Santa Barbara: Clio Press.
+182 pages.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1967. "Agriculture in Western Nebraska, 1906-1966."
+<i>Nebraska History</i>, 48 (Autumn
+1967): 249-266.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1967. "Henry Ford's Tractor." <i>Smithsonian
+Journal of History</i>, 2 (Summer 1967): 63-64.
+Illustrated.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1967. <i>The Past in Action: Living Historical
+Farms.</i> Washington: Smithsonian Institution
+67 pages.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1968. <i>Living Historical Farms: A Walk into the
+Past.</i> Washington: Smithsonian Institution
+Press. 31 pages, illustrated. [Reprinted
+in <i>Early American Life</i>, 2 (January-February
+1971): 8-13, 54-59.]</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1969. [Editor.] "Colonial American Agriculture,"
+1701-1800. <i>Agricultural History</i>,
+43(1): 1-212.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1970. "Living Historic Farms Tell It Like It
+Was." In <i>Contours of Change, Yearbook
+of Agriculture, 1970</i> (pages 229-236, illustrated).
+Washington: U.S. Department
+of Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1971. "Farmers in the Lower Shenandoah Valley,
+1850." <i>Virginia Magazine of History
+and Biography</i>, 79 (October, 1971): 462-476.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1972. "Curatorial Agriculture." <i>Agricultural
+History</i>, 46 (January, 1972): 95-103.</p>
+
+<p>Schlebecker, John T. and Gale E. Peterson</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1972. "Living Historical Farms Handbook."
+<i>Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology</i>,
+16: 1-91.
+</p>
+
+<p>Sharrer, George Terry</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1970. <i>George Washington Carver.</i> Washington:
+Smithsonian Institution Press. 12 pages,
+illustrated.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1971. "Indigo in Carolina, 1671-1796." <i>The
+South Carolina Historical Magazine</i>,
+72 (April, 1971):94-103.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1971. "The Indigo Bonanza in South Carolina,
+1740-90." <i>Technology and Culture</i>,
+12 (July 1971): 447-455.
+</p>
+
+<p>Summons, Terry G.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1968. "Animal Feed Additives, 1940-1966."
+<i>Agricultural History</i>, 42 (October 1968):
+305-313.
+</p>
+
+<p>Wessel, Thomas R.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1967. "Prologue to the Shelterbelt, 1870-1934."
+<i>Journal of the West</i>, 6 (January 1967): 119-134.
+Illustrated.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1967. <i>The Honey Bee.</i> Smithsonian Institution,
+Information Leaflet 482. 16 pages, illustrated.
+[Revised 1968.]</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1969. "Roosevelt and the Great Plains Shelterbelt."
+<i>Great Plains Journal</i>, 8 (Spring
+1969): 57-74.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+1970. "Agriculture and Iroquois Hegemony in
+New York, 1610-1779." <i>Maryland Historian</i>,
+1 (Fall 1970): 93-104.
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h6>U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1972 O&mdash;455-244</h6>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;">
+<img src="images/iback.jpg" width="250" height="225" alt="back" />
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="notes">
+Transcriber's Note<br /><br />
+Amendments to the text:<br />
+p. 6 - #2. "USNM 10948" has been changed to "USNM 19048"<br />
+p. 7 - #11. "eliptical in shape, with a frame of thick rods" has been changed to "elliptical in shape, with a frame of thick rods"<br />
+p. 7 - #12. "5 by 6 inches, restangular" has been changed to "5 by 6 inches, rectangular"<br />
+p. 8 - #18. "the first settlers of Wobrun, Massachusetts" has been changed to "the first settlers of Woburn, Massachusetts"<br />
+p. 12 - #42. "and the Deer Company" has been changed to "and the Deere Company"<br />
+p. 14 - #68. "the amount of buterfat in milk" has been changed to "the amount of butterfat in milk"<br />
+p. 15 - #71. "diarama" has been changed to "diorama"<br />
+p. 15 - #72. "diarama" has been changed to "diorama"<br />
+p. 16 - #81. "used for digding trenches" has been changed to "used for digging trenches "<br />
+p. 18 - #96. "such an implements" has been changed to "such implements"<br />
+p. 18 - #97. "Model of Fanning Miill" has been changed to "Model of Fanning Mill"<br />
+p. 21 - #117. "Eliptical wooden chopping bowl," has been changed to "Elliptical wooden chopping bowl,"<br />
+p. 22 - #129. "It was useful, obivously" has been changed to "It was useful, obviously"<br />
+p. 23 - #136. Figure 13. "(Catalog No. 136)." has been changed to "(Catalog No. 136.)"<br />
+p. 34 - #246. "Gift of Pollitt Grayhill" has been changed to "Gift of Pollitt Graybill"<br />
+p. 41 - #345. Figure 27. "Catalog No. 345.)" has been changed to "(Catalog No. 345.)"<br />
+p. 43 - #357. "This muckrat trap" has been changed to "This muskrat trap"<br />
+p. 45 - #375. "miscroscopic organisms" has been changed to "microscopic organisms"<br />
+p. 47 - #391. "291. Grass Sickles" has been changed to "391. Grass Sickles"<br />
+p. 47 - #393. No change to "Gift of N. Materville of Connecticut Valley".
+Inconsistent with the spelling "Matterville" listed in the index.<br />
+p. 51 - "Allis, T. W. 298" has been changed to "Allis, T. W., 298"<br />
+p. 52 - "Deer traps for" has been changed to "Deer, traps for"<br />
+p. 54 - "McCormick-Deering, 205 252," has been changed to "McCormick-Deering, 205, 252,"<br />
+p. 55 - "Pyrox (insetcicide)" has been changed to "Pyrox (insecticide)"<br />
+p. 56 - "Sunderland Kink barbed wire 305" has been changed to "Sunderland Kink barbed wire, 305"<br />
+p. 56 - "Swiggett, Grace M., donor 24" has been changed to "Swiggett, Grace M., donor, 24"<br />
+p. 56 - Tractor(s) "262, 450, 362" has been changed to "262, 350, 362"<br />
+p. 57 - "Colonial American Agriculture, has been changed to "Colonial American Agriculture," with closing quotes<br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINES IN THE COLLECTION OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 27327-h.txt or 27327-h.zip *******</p>
+<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br />
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Agricultural Implements and Machines in the
+Collection of the National Museum of History and Technology, by John T.
+Schlebecker
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Agricultural Implements and Machines in the Collection of the National Museum of History and Technology
+       Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology, No. 17
+
+
+Author: John T. Schlebecker
+
+
+
+Release Date: November 25, 2008  [eBook #27327]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS AND
+MACHINES IN THE COLLECTION OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND
+TECHNOLOGY***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, and the Project Gutenberg
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 27327-h.htm or 27327-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/7/3/2/27327/27327-h/27327-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/7/3/2/27327/27327-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology--Number 17
+
+AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINES IN THE COLLECTION OF
+THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY
+
+by
+
+JOHN T. SCHLEBECKER
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS
+City of Washington
+1972
+
+
+SERIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
+
+The emphasis upon publications as a means of diffusing knowledge was
+expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In his
+formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry articulated a program that
+included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of
+reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the
+changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This
+keynote of basic research has been adhered to over the years in the
+issuance of thousands of titles in serial publications under the
+Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to
+Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series:
+
+    Smithsonian Annals of Flight
+    Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology
+    Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics
+    Smithsonian Contributions to Botany
+    Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences
+    Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology
+    Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
+    Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology
+
+In these series, the Institution publishes original articles and
+monographs dealing with the research and collections of its several
+museums and offices and of professional colleagues at other institutions
+of learning. These papers report newly acquired facts, synoptic
+interpretations of data, or original theory in specialized fields. These
+publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries,
+laboratories, and other interested institutions and specialists
+throughout the world. Individual copies may be obtained from the
+Smithsonian Institution Press as long as stocks are available.
+
+S. Dillon Ripley
+
+Secretary
+
+Smithsonian Institution
+
+
+For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
+Office
+
+Washington, D.C. 20402--Price 70 cents
+
+Stock Number 4700-0209
+
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+
+    Introduction                                           1
+
+    The Use of Farm Machinery in America                   2
+
+    Catalog of Agricultural Implements and Machines in
+    the Collection                                         6
+
+    Index to the Catalog                                  51
+
+    Publications on Farming by the Staff of the
+    Division of Agriculture and Mining                    58
+
+
+
+
+Agricultural Implements and Machines
+
+in the Collection of the
+
+National Museum of History and Technology
+
+The Author: John T. Schlebecker is curator in charge, Division of
+Agriculture and Mining, Museum of History and Technology, Smithsonian
+Institution.
+
+
+Introduction
+
+The art and science of agriculture embrace most intentional human
+efforts to control biological activity so as to produce plants and
+animals of the sort wanted, when wanted. Rubber plantations, cattle
+ranches, vegetable gardens, dairy farms, tree farms, and a host of
+similar enterprises all represent human efforts to compel nature to
+serve man. Those who undertake agriculture have had, from time
+immemorial, a variety of names, not all of them complimentary. The
+people involved in attempted biological control have been called
+farmers, planters, ranchers, and peasants. Farmers carry on a
+complicated business in which they use a variety of tools, implements,
+and machines. They also employ land, chemicals, water, plants, and
+animals. Their business, however, focuses on living things. No matter
+how crude their attempts, or how uncertain their successes, those who
+try to grow living things rank as agriculturalists.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: Of course, the definition excludes brewers, distillers,
+biological supply houses, and others, such as zoo curators, who manage
+living things. Agriculture takes place on a piece of land widely and
+commonly known as a farm.]
+
+For the most part, a museum cannot show the essential biological aspects
+of agriculture. Agricultural production involves the farmer in the
+course of nature in its seasons, and in the peculiar laws of living
+things. In these respects, agriculture stands rather apart from
+transportation, manufacturing, and artistic industries where the tools,
+machines, and raw materials remain fairly inert as men work on them.
+Machines move but do not live, and therein lies the major difference
+between agriculture and the other arts. Farmers deal with plants and
+animals but the museum can show only the things a farmer uses as he
+accommodates to and regulates nature. Some of the objects, in
+themselves, give a fair idea of how the farmer used them. Most people,
+after all, know about edged blades and digging tools. Nearly anyone can
+grasp what a man might do with a scythe or a plow. Even the working of a
+modern reaper needs only a little explanation. But museums cannot well
+show cross-breeding of plants and animals. Museums seldom can show the
+results of that cross-breeding. Bags of fertilizer can be put on
+display, as can vials of penicillin, and jars of herbicide. Although
+some may find these interesting, such items show little in and of
+themselves.
+
+Unfortunately, the things that cannot be shown in any easily
+intelligible way surpass in importance the items that can be shown. The
+sheep shears, which anyone can understand, represent less to the farmer
+than do the sheep. Sheep shears, no matter how sophisticated and no
+matter how necessary, do not explain sheep husbandry. The shears tell
+little about the wool industry, and nothing much about sheep breeds. And
+so on through the list of agricultural enterprises.
+
+Museums must collect and exhibit the tools, implements, and machines
+which farmers use in their business. These items, however, seldom make
+up the core of real agricultural activity. The catalog here presented
+shows something of the range of items that farmers use and that can be
+preserved and shown. The variety nearly equals the volume. Most museums
+try to avoid duplication. Even so, few museums manage to collect a
+continuous series of things showing any one line of development. The
+discontinuity of farm objects on hand virtually rules out the telling of
+a coherent and complete history of agriculture. Nevertheless, the museum
+can show something about the major technological developments in
+agriculture. The evolution of the plow, the reaper, or the tractor can
+be suggested even if not fully illustrated. Hitting the highlights has
+to suffice.
+
+The full history of technological change also involves several social
+and economic conditions.
+
+First, changes in implements, tools, and methods result from the
+accumulation of knowledge. Device builds upon device: first came the
+wheel, and then, much later, the tractor.
+
+Secondly, the potential user of the device must feel a need for it. The
+new method or device not only must save him work but must clearly
+increase his well-being. If any device or change merely increases the
+wealth of someone else (a tax collector or a landlord for example), the
+farmer seldom will adopt the new technology.
+
+Thirdly, since, at first, the new technology almost invariably costs
+more than the old, the user must have or be able to get the capital to
+buy and use the newer devices and methods.
+
+Of these conditions for technological change, only the cumulative nature
+of the knowledge can be shown by the objects. Even here, however,
+missing objects make it possible to present only the most obvious
+changes, and then not all of them. Still, seeing the things once
+used--no matter how crude or how few--can sometimes help us understand
+the way changes took place. Also, this knowledge sometimes can help us
+guess how other changes will take place:
+
+     The sequence of inventions also depends upon the changing needs of
+     a society. Needs and circumstances vary more than do degrees of
+     talent. Thus when need and knowledge merge, inventors quickly
+     appear. Indeed, several men in several places are likely to work on
+     the same problems at the same time, and they often solve it in
+     almost identical fashion. Nearly simultaneous inventions or
+     discoveries occur with astonishing frequency in the history of
+     technology.[2]
+
+[Footnote 2: "The Combine Made in Stockton," Pacific Historian, no. 10
+(Autumn, 1966), p. 14.]
+
+
+The Use of Farm Machinery in America
+
+The part of America that was destined to become the United States
+started its history at the very time when the parent European
+civilization began to make major breakthroughs in science and
+technology. Thus, Americans became the automatic beneficiaries of the
+achievements of others. Because of peculiar opportunities and needs,
+Americans could and did push on to unique achievements. Nowhere,
+however, did this building on the past appear as early, or as
+impressively, as in the agricultural sector of the economy. American
+inventors of farm implements made important strides earlier than those
+in any other field. In turn, American farmers made more and better use
+of discoveries and inventions.
+
+From the 1650s onward Europeans expanded their activities in all fields
+and in all directions. By that time Europeans had already discovered the
+New World, and had seized or bullied most of the Old. European trade and
+industry increased, and as these grew so also did population and
+urbanization. People multiplied, and an increasingly greater proportion
+of them began to live in towns and cities. Simultaneously, the Europeans
+increased in wealth; indeed, most of their activities created more
+wealth. The ever-increasing number of people called for more food, and
+for changes in European farming. The Europeans' growing wealth also
+allowed them to buy luxury items from around the world: silk and spice
+and everything nice. The goods came not only from the Far East and
+Africa but also from the New World. When Europeans began to settle
+America, they almost at once had the advantages of a large and growing
+metropolitan market in western Europe. This market provided
+opportunities for wealth, but only if the American farmers developed
+appropriate commodities and produced them at reasonable prices.
+
+The English, Dutch, Swedes, French, and Spanish settled in North America
+at trading and exploring stations. So located, they could direct the
+flow of products to Europe. The English chiefly sought rare products
+such as gold and spices, and they sent back furs. The Dutch concentrated
+on furs. All European pioneers, however, had to feed themselves. This
+took a bit of doing, which at first involved a merging of European
+technology with Indian crops and methods. Later, the settlers adapted
+European crops and animals. In spite of starving times in almost every
+colony from Virginia to New England, the new Americans at least mastered
+the art of feeding themselves.
+
+European technology used animals for draft and employed plows, harrows,
+and similar implements. This technology fit European crops better than
+it fit American crops. Thus, European implements and draft animals did
+not appear until comparatively late. As long as they depended chiefly on
+Indian crops, Europeans simply substituted iron hoes for stone hoes, and
+iron axes for stone axes. But methods such as girdling, slash and burn,
+and the rest, came almost directly from Indian technology. The Pilgrims
+of Plymouth Plantation went 12 years without a plow; Virginians went
+almost as long. The hoe of corn culture served well enough to keep men
+alive. Hunting and fishing, of course, supplemented the food supply, as
+it did for the Indians.
+
+From north to south the story was largely the same in the 17th century.
+Everywhere the new Americans pursued a subsistence agriculture which
+supported some other major economic activity. Pennsylvania developed
+possibly the most flourishing subsistence farming. The commercial
+production of tobacco, an American crop with American methods and uses,
+began early in Virginia and Maryland. This specialty developed
+commercially almost exclusively in the upper South. Farmers and planters
+of the lower South had hesitantly begun rice culture, but as the 17th
+century ended men in the Carolinas still found hides and furs the most
+rewarding commodities. Meanwhile, rapid changes took place in the
+European metropolitan centers, and in the West Indian islands. The
+growth of population in both places created consumers for more and
+cheaper food. Markets for American foods definitely began to increase as
+the 18th century got under way.
+
+Europeans, of course, primarily wanted European foods rather than exotic
+Indian crops. The foods also had to be comparatively nonperishable and
+easily transported. Grains, particularly wheat, and processed meat
+(hams, salt pork, and such) especially met European preferences.
+Commercial production of these commodities compelled American farmers to
+embrace the best European technology insofar as that technology fit the
+American scene. The plants, animals, methods, and tools all derived from
+Europe. Contrary to a common European view at the time, the immigrants
+did not bring the worst available methods to the New World. Nor did the
+Americans allow any deterioration of stock or plants without good
+economic reasons.
+
+Most European criticism about American farming centered on things of no
+consequence to American farmers, who were selling in a world market.
+True, Americans tended toward slovenly cultivation, but niceness of
+method mattered little if the land yielded an abundant exportable
+surplus. Americans paid less attention than Europeans to fertilizer, but
+Americans at first had less need for it. Livestock, in spite of nearly
+continual importations from Europe, tended to decline from a European
+standpoint. Still, the animals yielded meat of a quality suitable for
+export. The hardy American animals could survive in spite of casual
+care. Americans had few barns and sheds, but the world market for meat
+did not demand barns, stalls, and fancy feeding. American dairy cows
+yielded ridiculously low volumes of milk, butter, and cheese, but dairy
+products, after all, served only the resident Americans. The corn- and
+mast-fed hogs of America provided ham that was equal to any in Europe.
+If the European consumer bought American food, the American farmer
+thought it pointless to consider the comfort and emotional well-being of
+his animals.
+
+New Englanders tended to concentrate on animals, the middle Atlantic on
+grains, the upper South on tobacco, and the lower South on rice and
+indigo. The Revolutionary War disrupted the marketing from the farmer's
+view, but the major commercial commodities remained largely unchanged in
+the years immediately after the war. Indigo declined and then
+disappeared as a major export commodity, but cotton almost at once
+replaced it.
+
+In the 19th century men everywhere made great technological advances. In
+America, the advances took place in a sort of reciprocal action with
+three major historical series and events dominating the story: the
+westward movement, urbanization, and industrialization.
+
+The greatest westward expansion in American history took place during
+the 19th century. American farmers and stockmen conquered, and almost
+entirely settled, a continent. They did this in a single century,
+1801-1900. Nothing quite like it had ever happened before. Starting from
+a thin line of people on the eastern seaboard (with a few incursions
+across the mountains as of 1800), farmers and herders pushed into a
+nearly empty land, dispossessed the Indians, and exploited the country.
+And in course of time the American pioneers wanted and received
+political organization. California entered the Union in 1850, the Plains
+states mostly in the 1880s, and more states, such as Arizona, New
+Mexico, and Oklahoma, came into the Union in the 20th century.
+
+At the same time, a nation that was weak and underdeveloped in 1801,
+had, by 1900, become the world's leading industrial nation. From
+virtually no industry in 1801, America rose to leading industrial power
+in 1900, with more railroads and more manufactured goods per capita than
+any other nation. Involved in the industrialization, and importantly so,
+was the farm implement and machinery industry. Factories everywhere
+supplied farmers with the sophisticated tools and machines of the new
+agriculture.
+
+In these years urbanization also went forward rapidly. Cities of the
+east grew fantastically, and even in the interior cities rose from
+wilderness outposts to gigantic metropolises. Within one man's lifetime
+Chicago increased from 350 people in 1830 to 1,099,000 in 1890.
+Simultaneously, tremendous developments in transportation kept the
+nation and its economy tied together. All of these developments had a
+profound influence on farming and farmers. The rich cities provided ever
+greater markets for the farmers' produce. The transportation system,
+rapidly moving farm commodities, made farming profitable in remote
+regions far distant from the coast. Farmers also felt the advantages of
+the return flow of goods and services: the mail order catalog, the
+industrially made reapers and threshers, and countless other items. City
+people made a countless range of devices for farmers--from steel plows
+to steam engines.
+
+Meanwhile, as these events altered the life of the farmer, a burst of
+activity took place in invention and discovery. These activities had a
+delayed but considerable impact on farm methods and technology. The list
+of inventions and discoveries could hardly fit in this narrative, but
+this catalog of items reflects fairly well what men accomplished in the
+19th century. The changes included such diverse elements as the
+invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793, the introduction of
+Mexican Upland cotton in 1805, the discovery of the cause of Texas fever
+in cattle in 1889, and the invention of the internal combustion tractor
+in 1892. These and many other achievements substantially changed the
+farm enterprise in two major directions: first, advances in technology
+allowed farmers to do more in less time; second, discoveries in science
+allowed farmers to increase the yield from the land. Farmers got more
+from each acre, plant, and animal.
+
+Farmers could use the savings in time brought by better implements and
+new machines to increase the amount of land farmed and the number of
+animals cared for. Presumably, the farmer could also use the saved time
+for greater leisure. In fact, however, they usually used the extra time
+for more work. In the 20th century they often used the saved time for
+outside employment. Farmers did this in the 19th century, but not so
+commonly as later. Greater man-hour efficiency gave the farmer more time
+to devote to managing his enterprise, to keeping records, and to
+studying his business.
+
+Technological efficiency also allowed farmers to use more land and more
+animals. The average size of farms steadily increased across the
+century. Furthermore, the new machines and the pure-bred livestock cost
+money which could be most profitable only if the farmer specialized in
+one, or at most two, types of enterprise. So the greater efficiency
+created by technology impelled farmers to greater specialization, and
+with specialization came even greater efficiency. Anyone who specializes
+will likely be more efficient because of the mastering of skills. He
+will also have a minimum of other cares to distract him. Of course, for
+the consumers, foreign or domestic, greater farming efficiencies
+resulted in abundant food at comparatively low cost.
+
+Plant and animal importation, improvement of breeds, and discoveries in
+genetics, soil chemistry, the use of fertilizers, and in controlling
+plant and animal diseases all helped the living things which form the
+basis of farming yield. Grain farmers not only had to have a wheat which
+yielded well but a wheat which resisted the attacks of nature. For
+example, Turkey Red wheat, introduced in 1873 by Mennonites from Russia,
+not only survived drought and yielded well but provided the genetic
+elements for newer breeds of wheat. The farmer not only wanted
+good-producing meat cattle, such as the Herefords, but had to control
+diseases and predators which killed the animals. Sick animals do not
+grow properly or, in the case of dairy animals, give much milk. Steady
+advances in disease control for both plants and animals brought fewer
+losses and greater productivity to farmers.
+
+The 19th century also brought scientific discoveries in both plant and
+animal nutrition. Fertilizer and soil chemistry made great advances
+through scientific experiments, at first by farmers and later by
+government servants. The first experiment station in the modern era
+began in Connecticut in 1875, and in 1887 the Congress established such
+stations in every state in conjunction with the agricultural Land Grant
+colleges. Scientists at many of the stations also made discoveries in
+animal nutrition. For example, as a result of animal feeding experiments
+E. V. McCollum discovered vitamins A and B at the experiment station in
+Wisconsin in 1915.
+
+None of these scientific advances left much residue in the form of
+artifacts for museums, but the reality of the changes should not be
+obscured by the lack of objects on exhibit. Even so, some of the related
+equipment survived. For example, the centrifuge used in the butterfat
+test, discovered in 1890 by Stephen M. Babcock, survived in several
+forms. Manure spreaders and tree sprayers, reflective of advances in
+biochemistry, also survived. But these only suggest the more important
+biological control activities for which these machines and tools served
+merely as agents in some way.
+
+The 20th century introduced Americans to total war. World Wars I and II
+demanded the total mobilization of all resources by all contenders. In
+both conflicts America became the food reservoir of the Allies. From a
+technological view, the wars engendered a level of prosperity which both
+allowed and encouraged farmers to adopt new methods and devices. The
+principal technological change in farms was the widespread adoption of
+the internal combustion tractor, first used in 1892. Inventors and
+manufacturers gradually but constantly improved tractors along with the
+various devices attached to them. Most notable were the corn picker, in
+1909, and the cotton picker, in 1942. (Dates are for commercial
+production in each instance.) Farmers found both machines impracticable
+until a power source independent of the ground wheel had been developed.
+More than anything else the tractor and its related equipment finally
+set men free from the worst drudgery of farming. It also set many
+farmers free from the need to farm at all.
+
+The tractor and its equipment accomplished several other remarkable
+things, some obvious and some not so obvious. First, it allowed the
+farmer to get rid of horses and mules, and these animals steadily
+declined--to such an extent that in the 1960s the census did not even
+bother to count them. As a result of this decline, land that farmers had
+used to raise feed for animals could grow food for people or fodder for
+dairy animals. The amount of land thus released for other needs finally
+amounted to perhaps 60 million acres, and maybe even more. The change
+took place with increasing rapidity into the 20th century.
+
+Also, the tractor sharply reduced labor needs for the major crops of the
+United States. Even dairying, least susceptible to this sort of
+improvement, felt the impact of the tractor in such things as harvesting
+fodder and storing silage by running loaders off the tractor
+power-take-off. Since the very founding of agriculture men had
+discovered only one way to prosper in farming. The farmer had to exploit
+somebody or something. Animals, serfs, slaves, tenants, sharecroppers,
+or whatever, including the farmer's family and farm, had at various
+times been exploited on the farmer's way to success. After the age of
+machinery, however, the farmer tended to exploit the machine instead of
+other people or things. People had to leave farming, but in the long run
+they benefited from their removal. The machine had set them free. Chief
+of the machines was the gasoline tractor.
+
+The influence of science and technology inside a free society may have
+been even more profound than seems at first glance. The farming of the
+20th century, with its chemicals, genetics, machines, and all, required
+not only vast infusions of capital but brains and a considerable
+knowledge. Farmers had to be literate at the very least. Elitist
+systems, where one group of people get educated and the others get
+worked, could not accomplish much in the modern agricultural world.
+Furthermore, notions of two kinds of education--one for the better sort
+who think, and another for the inferiors who do the work--could and did
+seriously impede the development of a modern agriculture. The
+backwardness of most of the world, the poverty of the underdeveloped
+countries, stemmed in large part from the impediments created by an
+ignorant population.
+
+A country like the United States with its highly technical and
+scientific farming could not afford, simply could not endure, limited
+educational opportunities for its people. Neither could it long endure
+any class structure which placed farmers in an inferior position; for
+when men feel inferior because of their work they tend to shift to some
+other task, leaving the despised work to those who cannot avoid it. A
+highly developed agriculture in the hands of the truly inferior, the
+stupid and uneducated, would simply collapse. America, the land of
+plenty, had to maintain a high level of education open to all and a
+society where men reached status, at least partly, by effort and talent.
+In 20th century America the comparative social and economic equality
+continued, in large part, because the level of technology and science
+used in America demanded it. This equality may be one of the most
+important consequences of the technological and scientific advances in
+agriculture during the years 1607-1972.
+
+
+Catalog of Agricultural Implements and Machines in the Collection
+
+In the following catalog the items are listed numerically in the order
+in which the museum received them, with the earliest first and the
+latest last. This arrangement permits expansion and reissue of the
+catalog simply by adding new entries; and the user of the catalog can
+easily find everything acquired in any given year. In effect, the
+catalog thus presents an historical account of the development of the
+museum collection. Following the item's title appears the National
+Museum accession number (USNM number); year of accession, if known;
+description; and donor.
+
+The index to the catalog has several major categories of
+cross-referenced entries. In addition to the general object class, such
+as "Tractor," it includes use-entries, such as "Plant husbandry," the
+names of donors, vendors, and those who arranged for the gifts.
+
+1. Korean Sketch of Farming in the Late 18th Century. USNM 19048; 1887.
+Korean farmers plowing and breaking clods of earth. Painted by Han Chin
+U. Gift of G. Goward, Washington, D. C.
+
+2. Korean Sketch of Threshing in the Late 18th Century. USNM 19048;
+1887. Korean farmers threshing rice. By Han Chin U. Gift of G. Goward,
+Washington, D. C.
+
+3. Korean Fishing Scene of the Late 18th Century. USNM 19048; 1887.
+Koreans using a fish trap. By Han Chin U. Gift of G. Goward, Washington,
+D. C.
+
+4. Scene of Korean Farmers Chopping Tobacco in 18th Century. USNM 19048;
+1887. Korean farmers chopping tobacco after it has been cured. By Han
+Chin U. Gift of G. Goward, Washington, D. C.
+
+5. Scene of Korean Farmers Working on Farm Buildings in Late 18th
+Century. USNM 19048; 1887. Korean farmers doing carpentry work,
+including roof repair. By Han Chin U. Gift of G. Goward, Washington, D.
+C.
+
+6. Scene of a Korean Blacksmith at Work in Late 18th Century. USNM
+19048; 1887. A Korean blacksmith working at his forge and anvil. By Han
+Chin U. Gift of G. Goward, Washington, D. C.
+
+7. A Korean Farrier Shoeing a Horse in the Late 18th Century. USNM
+19048; 1887. By Han Chin U. Gift of G. Goward, Washington, D. C.
+
+8. Centrifugal Cream Separator, 1868. USNM 23744; 1890. The first
+centrifugal cream separator used commercially in the United States. The
+Deerfoot Farm at Southborough, Massachusetts, used this machine,
+patented by D. M. Weston of Boston. Gift of Deerfoot Farm Company,
+Southborough, Massachusetts.
+
+9. Model of Blount's Daisy Plow, 1890. USNM 23873; 1891. This model of a
+one-horse plow shows Blount's Daisy steel plow as pictured in the
+catalog of Henry F. Blount. Gift of Henry F. Blount, Evansville,
+Indiana.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 1.--Views of Old Colony Strong Plow, about 1732.
+(Catalog No. 10.)]
+
+10. Old Colony Strong Plow, 1732. USNM 34769; 1899. In 1732 Peter Hardy
+of Raymond, New Hampshire, made this plow for Henry Lamprey of
+Kensington, New Hampshire. Gift of J. P. Lamprey, Kensington, New
+Hampshire.
+
+11. Winnowing Basket, 1799. USNM 37441; 1901. A winnowing basket, or
+pan, made of willow woven over wide sprints; elliptical in shape, with a
+frame of thick rods. Noah Rogers bought this pan in New York in 1799 or
+1800. Gift of Frank A. Brown, Savage, Maryland.
+
+12. Model of Flail Threshing Machine, 19th Century. USNM 46812; 1906.
+The frame of this wooden model is 7-1/2 inches high and 5 by 6 inches,
+rectangular. The levers, 14 inches long, project from the frame and
+strike the floor much as a flail would. Pins set in the shaft of a hand
+crank act as cams, raising the flails which then fall to the ground by
+gravity. Gift of United States Department of the Interior.
+
+13. Model of Gallic Grain Header, about A.D. 70. USNM 46812; 1906. A
+wooden box on wheels, 12 by 5 inches, has metal teeth set at the front
+end. Shafts extend to the rear, where an ox is yoked. The forward
+movement of the cart causes the grain to lodge against the teeth, which
+pulled the heads off. The grain then fell back into the box. Gift of
+United States Department of the Interior.
+
+14. Model of Ten Eyck Grain Harvester, 1825. USNM 46812; 1906. Model is
+made of wood and iron, 15 inches by 8 inches. Long knives on a drum were
+rotated by belt shaft on traveling wheels. Long projecting points
+gathered the straw. Iron shafts at the rear allowed animals to be
+harnessed to push the machine. James Ten Eyck patented the harvester on
+November 2, 1825. Gift of United States Department of the Interior.
+
+15. Model of Manning Grain Harvester, 1831. USNM 46812; 1906. Model of
+horse-drawn reaper measures 16 inches by 8 inches, with a wheel diameter
+of 6 inches. Projecting iron points at the front end gather the grain,
+and vibrating knives, powered from the hob of the wheel, cut the grain.
+Patented by William Manning on May 3, 1831. Gift of United States
+Department of the Interior.
+
+16. Model of Boyce Grain Harvester, 1799. USNM 46812; 1906. This model,
+made of wood and iron, is 15 inches long, 6 inches wide, and 5-1/2
+inches high. Six rotating knives radically positioned on a vertical
+shaft rotate by level gearing on the wheel axle. The whole is mounted on
+a two-wheeled cart with shafts for draft animals. English patent number
+2324 granted to James Boyce in 1799. Gift of United States Department of
+the Interior.
+
+17. Model of Newbold Plow, 1797. USNM 46812; 1906. This model of a metal
+plow, with wooden beam and handles 14 inches long, represents the plow
+patented by Charles Newbold on June 26, 1797, the first American patent
+for a cast-iron plow. Moldboard, share, and landside were cast in one
+piece. If the plow broke, it became totally useless. Not until the parts
+were made in separate pieces did the iron plow come into wide use. The
+cast iron broke more readily than did the later wrought-iron plows. Gift
+of United States Department of the Interior.
+
+18. Winnowing Basket, about 1750. USNM 54513; 1912. Used by the three
+Richardson brothers, the first settlers of Woburn, Massachusetts. The
+threshed grain could be winnowed in two ways. It could be poured slowly
+from the edge of the basket in a breeze, where the heavier grain fell to
+the ground while the chaff blew away. More commonly, the farmer tossed
+the grain into the air and caught it in the basket, while the chaff blew
+away. This rectangular basket measures 50 inches by 30 inches. Gift of
+Mrs. Clarissa W. Samson, West Medford, Massachusetts.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 2.--De Laval centrifugal cream separator of 1879.
+(An earlier version of Catalog No. 19.)]
+
+19. Centrifugal Cream Separator, 1914. USNM 56432; 1914. Carl Gustav De
+Laval of Sweden invented this successful continuous-flow cream separator
+in 1879. Loaned by De Laval Separator Company, New York, New York.
+
+20. Model Tractor, 1919. USNM 64098; 1919. No particular manufacturer
+seems represented by this spring-driven toy, which merely represents
+tractors of around 1919. The heavy-duty field tractor has four widely
+spaced iron wheels. Gift of Toy Manufacturers of the United States, New
+York, New York.
+
+21. Model Tractor with Plow, Harrow, and Roller, 1919. USNM 64098; 1919.
+Spring-driven, toy tractor. The plow, harrow, and roller, as well as the
+tractor itself, represent a typical machine of the period. The product
+of no particular firm seems to have been copied. Gift of Toy
+Manufacturers of the United States, New York, New York.
+
+22. Meat Grinding Machine, about 1810. USNM 110326; 1930. Hand made of
+wood and iron, with six parts held together by two iron bolts. The
+cutting edges are set in the sides of a box parallel to each other and
+about one-quarter inch apart. A shaft, set in the center of the box, is
+turned by a crank. The horizontal shaft has iron slugs, graduated from
+coarse to fine, set into the shaft in a helical pattern. The meat enters
+through the square hole at the top and the iron teeth press it against
+the knife edges; thus, the meat is cut smaller and smaller until it
+comes out a small hole in the bottom of the machine. The device is very
+ancient in design and could still be found in common use in the United
+States as late as 1860. Gift of R. C. Fairhead, Rushville, Nebraska.
+
+23. Carey Plow, about 1815. Received from Division of Ethnology in 1931.
+A Carey plow with a slot in the beam for a colter. The landside handle
+passes through the beam. Usually, the beam tenon passes through a
+mortise in the handle. Possibly made by the farmer. Replication of a
+common and popular American plow of the 18th century. Donor not known.
+
+24. Hoe, about 1830. USNM 115122; 1931. Wrought-iron, handmade hoe made
+in Ohio and attributed to very early 19th century. The hoe's blade is 5
+inches wide and its handle is 6 feet long. Gift of Mrs. Grace M.
+Swiggett, Washington, D. C.
+
+25. Reaper Sickle Bar, about 1847. USNM 115878; 1931. Sickle bar from a
+McCormick reaper. The blade style suggests a comparatively sophisticated
+stage of development, most surely after 1833. David Cromer of Seneca
+County, Ohio, used this sickle bar on a McCormick reaper. The blade is 5
+feet long and 5 inches deep. Gift of Frank Hepp, Berwick, Ohio.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 3.--Gail Borden's vacuum pan of 1853, used to make
+condensed milk. (Catalog No. 26.)]
+
+26. Borden Vacuum Pan, 1853. USNM 119188; 1932. The original vacuum pan
+used by Gail Borden in 1853 for condensing milk by concentrating it in a
+vacuum. He patented the process on August 19, 1856. Borden borrowed this
+pan from nearby Shaker farmers who had used it for canning. Borden did
+his early work at New Lebanon, New York. Borden at first failed to get a
+patent because the process was not deemed useful. There is nothing
+exceptional about this pan except that Borden used it. Gift of Borden
+Milk Company, New York, New York.
+
+27. Model of McCormick Reaper, 1834. USNM 121105; 1932. Scale model of
+the grain reaper patented by Cyrus McCormick on June 21, 1834. Roderick
+Davis constructed the model from the specifications of the patent. Gift
+of Charles G. Abbot, Washington, D. C.
+
+28. Model of McCormick Reaper, 1845. USNM 124615; 1933. Scale model of
+the reaper patented by Cyrus H. McCormick on January 31, 1845. Roderick
+Davis constructed the model from the specifications of United States
+patent 3895. Gift of McCormick Historical Association, Chicago,
+Illinois.
+
+29. Model of McCormick Reaper, 1847. USNM 124615; 1933. Cyrus McCormick
+patented this reaper on October 23, 1847. Roderick Davis built the model
+from specifications of United States patent 5335. Gift of McCormick
+Historical Association, Chicago, Illinois.
+
+30. Wheeled Plow, 1769. USNM 127755; 1934. Wheeled plow made by Matthew
+Thumb in 1769 at Palatine, New York, for Henry Kloch. It has an almost
+flat, wooden moldboard; wrought-iron share and colter; a two-wheel truck
+in front for the beam; and one handle. The large wheel ran in the furrow
+and the small wheel on the land. The wooden parts of the hitch and the
+draft chain have been restored. The plow is probably a copy of a German
+one. Gift of Sir Henry Solomon Wellcome, London, England.
+
+31. Model of Grain Separator, 1875. USNM 129836; 1934. Working model of
+a grain separator for a threshing machine made by Daniel Garver. The
+model represents inventions covered by three patents issued to Daniel
+and Cyrus Garver: the grain separator, patent 114546, issued May 9,
+1871; the fan blast regulator, patent 114547, issued May 9, 1871; and
+the bag holding device, patent 161501, issued March 30, 1875. Loaned by
+Miss Melchora Garver, Hagerstown, Maryland.
+
+32. Waldron Cradle Blade and Snead, about 1840. USNM 129789; 1934. The
+blade has holes for attaching the cradle. The wooden frame, or snead,
+supports the cradle fingers, now missing. Gift of Sydney S. Stabler,
+Washington, D. C.
+
+33. Settling Can Cream Separator, about 1890. USNM 129789; 1934. Cooley
+brand creamer, used for separating milk from cream prior to churning.
+The milk and cream were set in a cool place for several hours while the
+cream rose to the top. The farmer drew skim milk off through a spigot at
+the bottom, after which the cream could be drawn off. Used on farms
+before the hand centrifugal separator came into wide use. By 1890, in
+butter-producing areas, the centrifugal separator had already caused the
+disuse of the Cooley and similar separators. Gift of Sidney S. Stabler,
+Washington, D. C.
+
+34. Wooden Hayfork, about 1879. USNM 137459; 1936. Hayfork of
+second-growth white oak, made by John Heiss, Lima Township, Lagrange
+County, Indiana. It was used for feeding stock and for handling clover
+and short straw of all kinds. Gift of E. W. Heiss, Washington, D. C.
+
+35. Wooden Measure, 1845 or earlier. USNM 137960; 1936. Small, round
+wooden measure used in 1845 by William Heiss, Lagrange County, Indiana,
+to feed small grain or mill feed to livestock. William Heiss was a
+grandfather of the donor, E. W. Heiss of Washington, D. C.
+
+36. Half-Bushel Measure, about 1829. USNM 137960; 1936. Made and used by
+William Heiss on his farm in Lagrange County, Indiana, about 1829.
+Probably used in local barter and trade in such items as beans, corn,
+and seeds for various crops. Loaned by E. W. Heiss, Washington, D. C.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 4.--Cotton planter, about 1895. (Catalog No. 37.)]
+
+37. Wooden Drum Cotton Planter, about 1895. USNM 14557; 1937. All wood
+except for a duckbill furrow opener in front and two duckbill row
+coverers in the rear, both made of metal. The drum of soft wood measures
+20 inches in diameter and 13 inches wide. About the center of the drum
+is a wooden, metal-rimmed wheel which ran down the furrow, keeping the
+seeder on course. Near the wheel, and all around the drum, are 13 evenly
+spaced holes through which the cotton seeds fell into the furrow as the
+drum revolved. No counting or tripping mechanism was involved, so the
+device undoubtedly wasted seed. A mule or a horse pulled the planter and
+the farmer walked behind it. James Nelson of Greenwood, South Carolina,
+made this planter about 1895. Gift of Ruben F. Vaughn, Honea Path, South
+Carolina.
+
+38. Cast-Iron Plow, 1854. USNM 150396; 1938. A cast-iron plow made by
+Stephen McCormick of Fauquier County, Virginia, in 1854. The plow
+embodies features covered by patents issued to Stephen McCormick on
+February 3, 1819, January 28, 1826, and December 1, 1837. Plows of this
+type, made chiefly between 1826 and 1850, involved interchangeable
+parts. The first patent precedes that of Jethro Wood by seven months,
+but the principle of interchangeable parts had been worked out and
+patented as early as 1813. Gift of Leander McCormick-Goodhart, Silver
+Spring, Md.
+
+39. Mehring's Milking Machine, 1884. USNM 148530; 1938. Original working
+model of a hand-powered milking machine built by William M. Mehring in
+1884. Mehring subsequently improved and patented the machine in 1892.
+The improved machine did not work well because it created continuous
+suction for the length of the stroke. The successful application of
+intermittent suction, necessary so as not to injure the cow, was worked
+out in Scotland in 1902. Gift of Mrs. Bessie D. Mehring, Keymar,
+Maryland.
+
+40. Hand-Powered Milking Machine, 1892. USNM 148530; 1938. Practical
+hand-pump milking machine designed and built in 1892 by William M.
+Mehring, who was granted patent 488282 on December 28, 1892. This
+milker, which injured cows when used rapidly, represents an effort to
+solve the problem of machine milking, although the use of human power
+also limited its usefulness. Gift of Mrs. Bessie D. Mehring, Keymar,
+Maryland.
+
+41. Ox Yoke, 1838. USNM 148675; 1938. Edward Scoville (1813-1887) used
+this ox yoke when driving an ox cart from Trumbull County, Ohio, to De
+Kalb County, Indiana, in 1838. Until well after the Civil War, oxen
+pulled most of the wagons going west, and this yoke is typical of all
+used in the westward migration, in the North as well as in the South.
+Gift of Reign Scoville, Poplar Bluff, Missouri.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 5.--John Deere plow, one of the three plows made
+by Deere in 1838. (Catalog No. 42.)]
+
+42. Deere Plow, 1838. USNM 148904; 1938. John Deere made this plow, with
+steel share and polished wrought-iron moldboard, at Grand Detour,
+Illinois, in 1838. Joseph Brierton bought it and used it on his farm,
+and the Deere Company obtained it in 1901. It is one of three plows made
+by John Deere in 1838, and presumably it is identical to his first steel
+share plow, made in 1837 at Grand Detour. Called the singing plow, it
+proved especially effective in prairie country after the sod had been
+broken because the earth did not adhere to the share and moldboard. The
+implement could also be used as a breaking plow. Gift of Deere and
+Company, Moline, Illinois.
+
+43. Model of Sulky Plow, 1899. USNM 156653; 1940. Working model of the
+Hy-Lift sulky plow invented by Niels O. Starks of Madison, Wisconsin,
+and made by the Fuller and Johnson Company around 1900. Starks received
+patent 616984 on January 3, 1899. The land wheel on this plow
+automatically raises and lowers the plow at the end of a furrow. Gift of
+S. O. Strucksberg, St. Joseph, Missouri.
+
+44. Barbed Ribbon Wire, 1879. USNM 159858; 1941. Specimen of barbed wire
+made with saw teeth cut out of twisted ribbon wire. Gift of B. F.
+Arthur, Winchester, Virginia.
+
+45. Chinese Plow, date unknown. USNM 161555; 1941. This primitive,
+one-handled plow has an iron hook on the end of the beam. Apparently it
+had an iron shoe for a share, which is now missing. This style of plow
+is typical of the kind used in rice-growing sections of China. Gift of
+United States Department of Agriculture.
+
+46. Carey Plow, about 1820. USNM 161555; 1941. The share and landside of
+this small cultivating plow are in one piece of wrought iron with
+sockets for the left handle and the standard bar share. It has a flat
+wooden moldboard. Used in Northumberland County, Virginia, until 1855 or
+1860, for cultivating corn and other row crops. Gift of United States
+Department of Agriculture.
+
+47. Plow, about 1790. USNM 161555; 1941. Only the share, colter, and
+beam of this plow are original, the rest having been reconstructed. The
+original parts came from Northumberland County, Virginia. Gift of Edwin
+Brown, Brown's Store, Virginia.
+
+48. Old Colony Strong Plow, 1740. USNM 161555; 1941. The moldboard of
+this plow is made of wood and covered with thick pieces of iron. The
+plow has a lock colter and wrought-iron share fitted on the end of a
+wooden beam. Pelatiah Kinsman of Ipswich, Massachusetts, had the plow
+made in 1740. It represents the New England open-drawn plows of that
+time. Gift of United States Department of Agriculture.
+
+49. Old Colony Plow, 1783. USNM 161555; 1941. This plow resembles the
+Old Colony Strong Plow (No. 48) but it is not as large and the moldboard
+is covered with uniform, narrow iron straps. Farmers used this plow for
+cross-plowing after initial breaking by the Strong Plow and for
+cultivating. It probably was drawn by oxen. John Foster, a corporal in
+the Revolutionary Army, had this implement made at Ipswich,
+Massachusetts, in 1783. Gift of United States Department of Agriculture.
+
+50. Tavenner Plow, between 1810 and 1860. USNM 161555; 1941. The
+Tavenner plow has a cast-iron moldboard and a wrought-iron share and
+colter. Plows of this type were made and used widely in Loudon County,
+Virginia. Gift of United States Department of Agriculture.
+
+51. Smith Plow, about 1800. USNM 161555; 1941. This sod-turning plow has
+its landside, moldboard, and colter in separate pieces. It was built on
+the lines of a plow patented by Robert Smith in 1800. Gift of United
+States Department of Agriculture.
+
+52. Gideon Davis Plow, about 1825. USNM 161555; 1941. Gideon Davis
+received a patent in 1825 for his improvements of the Newbold plow
+patented in 1797. In tests in 1825 to determine the efficiency of
+different plows, the Davis plow took first place in a competition with
+five others. Gift of United States Department of Agriculture.
+
+53. Woodcock Plow, about 1848. USNM 161555; 1941. The Woodcock plow has
+separate landside, moldboard, share, cutter, and point. This plow has
+the first reversible point. Woodcock plows were first used in 1847, in
+Maryland. Gift of United States Department of Agriculture.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 6.--Eagle plow, about 1849. (Catalog No. 54.)]
+
+54. Eagle Plow, 1849. USNM 161555; 1941. The Number 25 Eagle Plow, which
+first appeared in the catalog of the J. Nourse Company in 1849, became
+the standard plow of New England after the middle of the 19th century.
+Its moldboard was based on a design worked out by Thomas Jefferson. Gift
+of United States Department of Agriculture.
+
+55. Mexican Plow, about 1890. USNM 161555; 1941. This Mexican bull
+tongue plow has an iron shoe on the point and it closely resembles
+Spanish plows of the 16th century. It was intended to be pulled by an ox
+and to break the soil for only three or four inches at the most. Gift
+of United States Department of Agriculture.
+
+56. Butcher's Saw, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. This saw is part of a set of
+butcher's tools (Nos. 56-67) presented to William H. Hoover by the
+Washington Light Infantry Corps in 1879. All the tools have a silver
+presentation plate on the handle and have nickel plating. A. Nittinger,
+Jr., of Philadelphia, made the set. Gift of N. Auth Provision Company,
+Washington, D. C.
+
+57. Splitting Cleaver, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of
+N. Auth Provision Company, Washington, D. C.
+
+58. Cleaver, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth
+Provision Company, Washington, D. C.
+
+59. Meat Axe, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth
+Provision Company, Washington, D. C.
+
+60. Knife, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's knife. Gift of N. Auth
+Provision Company, Washington, D. C.
+
+61. Knife, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth
+Provision Company, Washington, D. C.
+
+62. Triangular Scraper, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of
+N. Auth Provision Company, Washington, D. C.
+
+63. Hand Meat Hook, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of N.
+Auth Provision Company, Washington, D. C.
+
+64. Meat Hooks, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth
+Provision Company, Washington, D. C.
+
+65. Carcass Spreader, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of
+N. Auth Provision Company, Washington, D. C.
+
+66. Carcass Spreader, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of
+N. Auth Provision Company, Washington, D. C.
+
+67. Meat Pins, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's tools. Gift of N. Auth
+Provision Company, Washington, D. C.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 7.--Babcock butterfat tester, about 1895. (Catalog
+No. 68.)]
+
+68. Babcock Butterfat Tester, about 1895. USNM 173353; 1946. A machine
+used in determining the amount of butterfat in milk or cream. The
+Vermont Farm Machine Company of Bellows Falls, Vermont, made the
+centrifuge, which mixed sulphuric acid with the milk in order to
+produce a reading of the amount of butterfat tested. The Brighton Farm
+at Patuxent River, Montgomery County, Maryland, used this machine around
+1895. Stephen M. Babcock developed this tester in 1890 and released it
+to the public, without patent, in 1891. The device had far-reaching
+effects in the dairy industry, because for the first time it allowed
+accurate payment to farmers for the actual amount of butterfat in their
+milk; also, it allowed farmers to test their cows to discover which ones
+produced the most butterfat. Gift of Sidney S. Stabler, Hyattsville,
+Maryland.
+
+69. Buggy Rake, 1840. USNM 175393; 1947. The buggy rake harvested grain
+after it had been cut with a cradle. The rake has handles and a wheel,
+like a wheelbarrow, with long wooden tines in front to scoop up the
+grain. When the binder stepped on a bar at the back of the buggy the
+tines would move up and allow the grain to slide back against the
+uprights in a convenient position for binding. Although it undoubtedly
+reduced the physical labor of binding, this rake would not have been
+very efficient and would have allowed the reaper to get far ahead of
+the binder. Gift of F. B. Day, Owosso, Michigan.
+
+70. Model of Plow, about 1885. USNM 179841; 1949. The model has a share,
+standard, and moldboard of metal with a gauge wheel on the beam. The
+beam pivots on the standard, allowing adjustments of the angle of draft.
+The end of the beam is fastened to a brace which extends to the back of
+the moldboard. The share and point are in one piece; and the moldboard
+is one piece. The model resembles the plows of James Oliver, which by
+1885 had been widely known and were quite possibly copied. Donor
+unknown.
+
+71. Diorama of Tropical Banana Plantation, late 19th century. USNM
+186623; 1950. The diorama shows bananas being harvested and trees being
+cut. The banana bunches get to the railroad cars on burros. At the
+bottom, bananas are shown in various stages of growth and ripening. Gift
+of United Fruit Company, Washington, D. C.
+
+72. Diorama of Tropical Coffee Plantation, late 19th century. USNM
+186553; 1950. The diorama shows coffee berries being dried in the sun
+and in the shade in preparation for marketing the coffee. At the bottom,
+various stages of growth and ripening of the coffee berries are
+depicted. Gift of The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company (A & P),
+New York, New York.
+
+73. Food-Slicing Machine, mid 19th century. USNM 188878; 1950. Cutting
+knives, set in helix in a wooden axle, move the meat through the box,
+cutting it finer and finer. Gift of George Murphy, Washington, D. C.
+
+74. Fanning Mill, about 1860. USNM 192872; 1951. A hand-crank operated
+the winnowing mill for separating grain from chaff and beans from hulls.
+A four-blade, wooden fan, shaped like a paddle wheel, blows a draft
+below oscillating screens. The chaff is blown off from the threshed
+grain, and the grain or beans fall from the screens into the path of the
+draft. The screens catch any straw left after threshing. Gift of Arden
+Wilson, Harrisville, West Virginia.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 8.--Two-row corn planter, about 1854. (Catalog No.
+75.)]
+
+75. Two-Row Corn Planter, about 1854. USNM 193259; 1952. This
+hand-operated planter, of a type patented by S. Malone on January 3,
+1854, was sold by William M. Plant, a dealer in seeds, tools, and
+machines at St. Louis, Missouri. When the planter was dropped to the
+ground, the two handles moved about 8 inches in a slot toward the
+outside. This movement opened a space for the corn to drop into the
+shoe, where a small piece of wood opened and the corn fell to the
+ground. Gift of Warren Hammond, Fayette, Missouri.
+
+76. Model of Ferguson Tractor, 1952. USNM 193939; 1952. This plastic and
+metal model of a Ferguson tractor operates a Ferguson hitch. Gift of
+Topping Models, Inc., Akron, Ohio.
+
+77. Model of Two-Disk Plow, 1952. USNM 193939; 1952. A plastic and metal
+model of a two-disk plow for a Ferguson tractor. Gift of Topping Models,
+Inc., Akron, Ohio.
+
+78. Model of New Idea Mower, 1952. USNM 193939; 1952. A cast-iron model
+of a New Idea mower with an operating pitman for use behind a tractor.
+Gift of Topping Models, Inc., Akron, Ohio.
+
+79. Model of New Idea Manure Spreader, 1952. USNM 193939; 1952. A
+plastic and metal model of a New Idea, tractor-drawn manure spreader.
+Gift of Topping Models, Inc., Akron, Ohio.
+
+80. Model of New Idea Corn Picker, 1952. USNM 193939; 1952. A plastic
+and metal model of a one-row, tractor-drawn corn picker. Gift of Topping
+Models, Inc., Akron, Ohio.
+
+81. Tiling Spade, 1952. USNM 193940; 1952. This hand-forged steel spade
+has a bit with three tines. This style spade was invented around 1895
+and was widely used for digging trenches for drain tiles on sticky or
+mucky soil. The Osmundson Forge Company of Webster City, Iowa, made
+these spades as late as 1952. Gift of A. G. Osmundson, Webster City,
+Iowa.
+
+82. Glass Churn, about 1900. USNM 193941; 1952. This German-made churn,
+of 4-liter capacity, has a hand crank which drives a metal propeller at
+the bottom in one direction while paddles on the shaft turn in the other
+direction. Gift of A. G. Osmundson, Webster City, Iowa.
+
+83. Cedar Sap Spouts, about 1800. USNM 194893; 1952. Sap spouts, made
+of cedar, about 15 inches long. Spouts like these were made and used by
+settlers of upper New York about 1800 to gather the maple sap after the
+trees had been tapped. Gift of Frank E. Olmstead, Potsdam, New York.
+
+84. Cedar Sap Spouts, about 1800. USNM 194893; 1952. Sap spouts for
+maple tree tapping, about 15 inches long and made of cedar. The maple
+syrup and sugar industry provided some income for frontier farms, as
+well as providing sugar for domestic use. Although maple syrup often
+sold at high prices, the industry never achieved major importance even
+in the localities where it flourished. These spouts are of the sort used
+in the pioneer period in New York. (See also Nos. 83, 85-87.) Gift of
+Frank E. Olmstead, Potsdam, New York.
+
+85. Iron Sap Spout, possibly late 19th century. USNM 194893; 1952. A
+cast-iron maple sap spout, about 3 inches long, used for gathering the
+sap into buckets. Possibly factory-made and used later than the frontier
+period, after maple syrup manufacture had become a commercial
+enterprise. The leading areas for maple syrup have long been Ohio, New
+York, Vermont, and New Hampshire. Gift of Frank E. Olmstead, Potsdam,
+New York.
+
+86. Iron Sap Spout, possibly late 19th century. USNM 194893; 1952. A
+thin, metal trough, plated, and about 3 inches long, used to convey
+maple sap from the tap in the tree to the sap bucket. This is the type
+spout most commonly used today in those areas where farmers supplement
+their income with maple syrup production. Gift of Frank E. Olmstead,
+Potsdam, New York.
+
+87. Sap Bucket Spikes, possibly late 19th century. USNM 194893; 1952.
+Hand-made iron spikes used to hold buckets for maple tree sap. They had
+to be hooked somewhat so the bucket could hang on them well. Gift of
+Frank E. Olmstead, Potsdam, New York.
+
+88. Diagram of Jefferson Moldboard, 1798. USNM 198605; 1953. A
+three-dimensional wire diagram, at half scale, illustrating Thomas
+Jefferson's design of a plow mold-board as he described it in a letter
+to Sir John Sinclair in 1798. In the same year Jefferson read a paper to
+the American Philosophical Society that was titled "Description of a
+Mold-Board of the Least Resistance and of the Easiest and Most Certain
+Design." The wire diagram was constructed by the Division of Crafts and
+Industries, Smithsonian Institution.
+
+89. Model of Jefferson Moldboard, 1798. USNM 198605; 1953. The model
+consists of four separate blocks of wood cut to show the progressive
+steps in the construction of the Jefferson moldboard: (1) the block of
+wood marked for sawing with the rear section cut out, and in two parts;
+(2) the block of wood sawed on two diagonals, with the rear section cut
+out, and in three parts; (3) the block of wood sawed transversely on
+guide lines down to the diagonals, with the wood between the transverse
+cuts removed and leaving the face of the moldboard roughly shaped; (4)
+the rear surface of the board produced in the same manner as the front,
+resulting in a completed moldboard. The models were constructed by the
+Division of Crafts and Industries, Smithsonian Institution, after
+Jefferson's original moldboard, located at the Natural History Museum,
+Paris, France.
+
+90. Wooden Curd Breaker, about 1860. USNM 198617; 1953. This curd
+breaker is made of wood with iron pegs in the cylinder and hopper. Gift
+of Laurence Hathaway, Easton, Maryland.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 9.--Grain cradle in use in the field.
+International Harvester Corporation photo. (Catalog No. 91.)]
+
+91. Grain Cradle, about 1844. USNM 198620; 1953. Caleb Paul Duval used
+this cradle on his Glen Echo farm near Baltimore, Maryland. Gift of
+Virginia Duval, College Park, Maryland.
+
+92. Barrel Churn, about 1860. USNM 198620; 1953. A wooden barrel churn
+with iron crank and paddles. Such churns were of too small volume to be
+used on commercial dairy farms, and they were not at all useful in
+creameries, which first appeared in 1861. Gift of Virginia Duval,
+College Park, Maryland.
+
+93. Cookie Roller, about 1860. USNM 198620; 1953. A wooden, grooved,
+one-handled cookie roller, about 14-1/2 inches long and about 3-1/4
+inches in diameter. The roller added an esthetic touch to home-made
+cookies but was of little importance in the history of commercial food
+processing. Gift of Virginia Duval, College Park, Maryland.
+
+94. Meat Grinder, 1859. USNM 198620; 1953. This iron, hand-cranked meat
+grinder was patented August 2, 1859. Gift of Virginia Duval, College
+Park, Maryland.
+
+95. Butter Prints, about 1860. USNM 198620; 1953. Two butter prints. One
+is circular, with a tri-lobed leaf design and about 3 inches in
+diameter; the other is a box mold with two five-point star designs and
+about 5 inches long, 2-1/2 inches wide, and 4 inches high. The butter
+was pressed into these molds before being served, or, sometimes, before
+being rolled in paper and sold in towns. This aspect of farm dairying
+quickly disappeared after the creamery dominated the industry. Gift of
+Virginia Duval, College Park, Maryland.
+
+96. Shoe Last, possibly mid 19th century. USNM 196820; 1953. A small
+last, to fit either foot, for a shoe about 8-3/4 inches long and 2-1/4
+inches wide. Such implements were useful in frontier communities and
+generally were owned by itinerant cobblers who went from house to house.
+Gift of Virginia Duval, College Park, Maryland.
+
+97. Model of Fanning Mill, 1857. USNM 198620; 1953. This is a working
+model of a fanning mill invented by Joseph and James Montgomery and
+covered by patents 10324, issued in 1853; 13062, issued in 1855; and
+16447, issued in 1857. The crank handle and the slide, which governed
+the flow into the hopper, are missing. James Montgomery took the model
+on sales trips as a demonstrator. Gift of Ruth Montgomery, Peoria,
+Illinois.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 10.--McCormick reaper (1831) in use in the field.
+Photo courtesy of International Harvester Corporation. (Catalog No.
+98.)]
+
+98. Model of McCormick Reaper, 1831. USNM 121526; 1953. A scale model of
+the 1831 reaper of Cyrus McCormick, built long afterwards from
+descriptions by the inventor. Gift of McCormick Historical Association,
+Chicago, Illinois.
+
+99. Bee Colony, 1953 (renewed yearly). A 3-story bee hive with about
+60,000 bees. The hive was designed by experts at the Department of
+Agriculture Research Station, Beltsville, Maryland. The United States
+Department of Agriculture donated the hive and the Italian bees.
+
+100. Model of Ox-Powered Sugar Cane Mill, 1925. USNM 200380; 1954. Model
+of a mill of a type used in Puerto Rico as early as 1523. It took ten
+men and four yoke of oxen to operate the mill, which could crush about
+four tons of cane in a 12-hour day. This type of mill extracted about 40
+to 45 percent syrup based on the weight of the cane, compared to 80 to
+85 percent extracted by modern mills. Gift of Daniel Thompson,
+Petersburg, Virginia.
+
+101. Model of Water-Lifting Wheel, 1884. USNM 200380; 1954. A model of a
+wind-driven waterwheel used for raising water into the evaporating beds
+in salt works. This type of device lifted water from the ocean in Puerto
+Rico. Gift of Daniel Thompson, Petersburg, Virginia.
+
+102. Model of Grist Mill, 1883. USNM 200380; 1954. This model of a
+water-powered grist mill resembles those used throughout America in the
+19th century before the discovery of the gradual reduction process and
+the consequent centralization of the milling industry. This particular
+mill, known to have operated from 1883 to 1940, ground corn in Puerto
+Rico. Gift of Daniel Thompson, Petersburg, Virginia.
+
+103. Farm Copybook, about 1840. USNM 209042; 1955. Wells Forbes, who had
+a farm near Alexandria, Virginia, kept this book for about a year in the
+1840s. Gift of Bessie W. Palm, Washington, D. C.
+
+104. Grain Cradle, about 1900. USNM 210597, 1956. Grain cradle used
+before 1900. Gift of Jennie Sabrosky, Sturgis, Michigan.
+
+105. Model of Hussey Reaper, 1833. USNM 212910; 1956. A model of the
+1833 reaper patented by Obed Hussey and based on the specifications of
+the patent. Constructed by the Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian
+Institution.
+
+106. Horse Spurs, possibly late 19th century. USNM 211312; 1956. Gift of
+Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.
+
+107. Bridle Bits, possibly late 19th century. USNM 211312; 1956. A
+rugged type of bridle bit with steel rings used to control horses. This
+particular bridle bit may have been used in Texas and Mexico in the
+cattle industry. Gift of Catholic University of America, Washington, D.
+C.
+
+108. Cow Bell, possibly late 19th century. USNM 211312; 1956. Gift of
+Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.
+
+109. Braided Whip, possibly late 19th century. USNM 211312; 1956. A
+home-made horsewhip. Gift of Catholic University of America,
+Washington, D. C.
+
+110. Tobacco Clips, possibly late 19th century. USNM 211312; 1956. Seven
+clips, each different, denoting a brand for labeling tobacco. Gift of
+Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.
+
+111. Bar Share Plow, 1807. USNM 214608; 1957. A left-handed wooden
+moldboard plow. Most American plows cast the furrow to the right. The
+Reverend Christian Lesher brought this rare sort of plow from Lancaster
+County, Pennsylvania, to Washington Township, Pennsylvania, in 1807.
+Gift of Daniel Lesher, Waynesboro, Pennsylvania.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 11.--Sausage stuffer, early 19th century. (Catalog
+No. 112.)]
+
+112. Sausage Stuffer, about 1820. USNM 213816; 1957. This hand-lever
+sausage stuffer, mounted on a bench, may have been made in England in
+the early 19th century and later brought to Brampton, Ontario. Not all
+parts are of the same age. The replaced parts seem to be those most
+subject to wear and tear. This style sausage stuffer was quite common in
+the 18th and 19th centuries. Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago, Illinois.
+
+113. Meat Grinder, about 1830. USNM 312816; 1957. A hand-cranked meat
+grinder made of wood with iron slugs to push the meat against stationary
+knives. Overall, 14 inches long, 10 inches wide, and 10 inches high.
+Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago, Illinois.
+
+114. Sausage Stuffer, early 19th century. USNM 213816; 1957. This
+hand-cranked sausage stuffer, made of wood and with an iron screw, fits
+on a small bench with lard press. It is 20 inches long, 8-1/2 inches
+wide, and 11 inches high. Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago, Illinois.
+
+115. Lard Press, late 19th century. USNM 213816; 1957. A lard press made
+of cylindrical perforated metal, with a screw press to be mounted on a
+small bench. The press is 11 inches in diameter and 10 inches high. The
+bench is about a yard long, 8 inches wide, and 18 inches high. Gift of
+Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago, Illinois.
+
+116. Butcher's Table, late 19th century. USNM 213816; 1957. A heavy, low
+table made of two thick slabs of wood with a gutter cut along the edges
+of the table. Used in cutting up animal carcasses. Some 6 feet long, 34
+inches wide, and 24-1/2 inches high. Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago,
+Illinois.
+
+117. Chopping Bowl, late 19th century. USNM 213816; 1957. Elliptical
+wooden chopping bowl, some 30 inches long, 17-1/2 inches wide, and 7
+inches high. Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago, Illinois.
+
+118. Thresher, about 1855. USNM 214890; 1957. A threshing machine marked
+"J. and P. Flickinger, Hanover, Pa., No. 41." It once had a drive for a
+vibrating straw separator. Gift of James W. Brown, Brookeville,
+Maryland.
+
+119. Grain Cradle, about 1870. USNM 214890; 1957. A grain cradle made at
+Brighton, Maryland, by William Nickerson, Jr. The cradle fingers are of
+ash, and the braces of hickory. This type of cradle continued in use in
+many places even after the advent of harvesting machinery. Farmers with
+only small acreages in bread grains or who farmed rough or hilly soil
+could not effectively use the reapers and harvester of the middle 19th
+century. Gift of James W. Brown, Brookeville, Maryland.
+
+120. Binder's Rake, about 1870. USNM 214890; 1957. The binder followed
+the cradler. This hand rake, used by the binder for gathering the grain
+before binding and later shocking, had teeth rived out of hickory. Such
+a rake could also be used by a binder who followed those the early
+reapers used before the invention of the twine binder. Gift of James W.
+Brown, Brookeville, Maryland.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 12.--Harpoon hayforks. (Catalog Nos. 121, 123.)]
+
+121. Harpoon Hayfork, late 19th century. USNM 214890; 1957. A
+double-harpoon hayfork and pulley for lifting hay from a wagon to a barn
+hayloft. Power was supplied by horse or mule. The small barbs on the
+harpoon could catch and hold a surprising amount of hay. Gift of James
+W. Brown, Brookeville, Maryland.
+
+122. Grain Sack, 1842. USNM 214608; 1957. A grain sack of homespun linen
+made from flax grown on the John Lesher farm near Waynesboro,
+Pennsylvania. Woven at a roadside mill, the sack has a capacity of three
+bushels and is marked "John Lesher, No. 26, 1842." Prior to the advent
+of and widespread use of the elevator system of grain handling, nearly
+all grain was moved in sacks that had to be shifted about by hand and
+stored in warehouses. The elevator system began in Buffalo, New York, in
+1842, but reached a position of prominence only in the 1870s when it
+began flourishing in Chicago and Milwaukee. Thereafter the grain sack
+became virtually a curiosity. Gift of James W. Brown, Brookeville,
+Maryland.
+
+123. Single-Harpoon Hayfork, about 1895. USNM 216224; 1957. A hay
+harpoon, commonly called a hay needle, about 35-1/2 inches long. Gift of
+Cora E. Robinson, Schenectady, New York.
+
+124. Tractor Engine Starter, 1930. USNM 218874; 1958. The starting
+device could be bolted to the rear wheel hub of an automobile. An
+extendible shaft went from the wheel-fitting to the crank on the
+tractor. The car engine then could turn over the tractor engine. The
+starter was made by C. O. Goodrich, who marketed it for about eight
+years in five midwestern states. Self starters on tractors eventually
+ended the need for the device. Gift of C. O. Goodrich, Plymouth,
+Indiana.
+
+125. Fordson Crank, about 1925. USNM 218874; 1958. This device was used
+to crank the engine on Fordson tractors. Gift of C. O. Goodrich,
+Plymouth, Indiana.
+
+126. Milking Machine, 1896. USNM 220004; 1958. A Mehring foot-powered
+milking machine. Gift of Earl J. Waybright, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
+
+127. Carey Plow, about 1800. USNM 220005; 1958. A type of plow widely
+used in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in the United States.
+This particular plow was a one-horse, single-bottom, walking type, with
+wooden handles, beam, stock, and moldboard. The share point is of iron.
+All wooden joints are joined with wooden pegs. There is a bolt-type
+brace from beam to stock and a small iron brace with a larger wooden
+brace between the handles. Gift of International Harvester Co., Albany,
+New York.
+
+128. Hoe, possibly mid 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. Only the blade
+remains of this socket-type hoe. Gift of New York Historical
+Association, Cooperstown, New York.
+
+129. Log Roller, late 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. Oxen drew this
+roller in preparing seed beds. The roller crushed clods and compressed
+the soil, leaving a firm, compact seed bed. It was useful, obviously,
+only on certain types of soil in fairly humid areas. The roller is made
+of four log sections, each 23 inches long and 14 inches in diameter. The
+logs are set in a weighted frame measuring 35 inches by 9 feet, with a
+tongue about 13 feet long. Gift of New York Historical Association,
+Cooperstown, New York.
+
+130. Grain Cradle, late 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. A form of
+scythe used for harvesting grain before the reaper came into use, or
+used in places where the reaper proved uneconomical or technologically
+inappropriate, as rough or hilly land. This specimen has four wooden
+fingers, or tines, that are 45 inches long and spaced 7 inches apart.
+The blade is 2 inches wide and as long as the fingers. Gift of New York
+Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.
+
+131. Self-Rake Reaper, 1895. USNM 213356; 1958. A McCormick Daisy Reaper
+of 1895 in which the operator sat on a seat mounted on the axle of the
+left wheel. Two horses drew the reaper. Three rotating arms with 3-inch
+projections raked, bound and shocked the grain. The cutter bar, over 5
+feet long, has three triangular sickle blades which oscillate through
+the guard teeth, as in Hussey or modern cutter bars. Gift of New York
+Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.
+
+132. Barley Fork, possibly late 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. A
+rectangular wooden barley fork with a one-eighth-inch-gauge wire guard
+for holding the barley on the four tines. The guard was needed because
+of the nasty stings that the beard could give the worker. Gift of New
+York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.
+
+133. Brush Hook, late 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. A typical iron
+sickle, called a hook because of its general shape. It has a circular
+tip on the end of the blade so that it could be used for cutting brush.
+Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.
+
+134. Fanning Mill, late 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. An early
+fanning mill with pulley and leather belt. Gift of New York Historical
+Association, Cooperstown, New York.
+
+135. Scythe, late 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. A crooked-handled
+scythe used for cutting grain before the cradle, and thereafter for
+cutting hay. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New
+York.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 13.--Flop-over hay rake. (Catalog No. 136.)]
+
+136. Flop-Over Hay Rake, about 1895. USNM 213356; 1958. A rake for
+piling hay that would be carried from the field or put into a mow. This
+sort of implement was used as early as 1820. The farmer walked behind
+the horse-drawn rake and raised the handle when the rake was full; this
+caused the double set of teeth to revolve, releasing the hay in a pile
+and putting the second set of teeth into position to rake more hay. The
+older method involved using small hand rakes and required considerable
+time and effort in a very disagreeable task. Gift of New York Historical
+Association, Cooperstown, New York.
+
+137. Victor Mowing Machine, 1880. USNM 213356; 1958. A one-horse,
+front-cut mowing machine similar to the Buckeye mower. The cutter bar
+can be raised and lowered parallel to the ground for desired cutting
+heights, and it can be lifted and fastened in an upright position for
+transport to and from the field. Mowers cut more rapidly and lower than
+did reapers, and thus they used a different gear ratio; however, farmers
+sometimes used reapers for mowing. Gift of New York Historical
+Association, Cooperstown, New York.
+
+138. Spring-Tooth Hay Rake, late 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. A
+sulky rake with spring teeth designed to jump over obstructions in the
+field. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.
+
+139. "Railway Horse Power," about 1885. USNM 213356; 1958. A
+horse-powered treadmill made chiefly of wood, with metal parts where the
+wear would be greatest. It was used to produce power for belt-driven
+equipment such as threshers or fanning mills. The machine is set in
+motion by putting a horse in the pen and releasing the brake. The weight
+of the horse causes the slats to move endlessly, which in turn rotates
+the belting wheel. Two-horse treadmills also were used, but such
+machines, although portable, worked less efficiently than the
+sweep-power machines. This treadmill was made in Vermont. Gift of New
+York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 14.--Dog-powered churn, 1881. (Catalog No. 140.)]
+
+140. Dog-Powered Churn, 1881. USNM 213356; 1958. H. M. Childs of Utica,
+New York, patented this dog-powered churn in 1871, with improvements
+patented in 1881. A dog, tied or strapped into the pen, ran forward and
+so moved the slats of the treadmill which in turn rotated a flywheel.
+Attached to the flywheel is a pitman rod which raises and lowers a churn
+dasher. Devices of this sort had appeared earlier for use in the
+farm-dairy industry. The change of direction effected by the pitman rod
+caused some loss of energy; in any case, a revolving barrel-churn proved
+more efficient in the long run. Gift of New York Historical Association,
+Cooperstown, New York.
+
+141. Winnowing Basket, about 1800. USNM 213356; 1958. The winnowing
+basket was used to work off the chaff from the threshed grain. When the
+grain was tossed into the air, the wind would blow away the chaff and
+the grain would fall back into the basket. Sometimes the grain would be
+poured from another basket into a winnowing basket, with the wind doing
+the winnowing. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New
+York.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 15.--Avery Bulldog tractor, about 1919. (Catalog
+No. 142.)]
+
+142. Avery Bulldog Tractor, 1919. USNM 222860; 1958. This is one of the
+several makes of tractors which set a trend toward lighter tractors
+about the time of World War I. It was designed for light field work such
+as cultivating but could also be used for belt drive. It developed 5 to
+10 horsepower. Sold by Everett Noirot, Freehold, New York.
+
+143. Grain Cradle, about 1870. USNM 230323; 1958. This grain cradle
+resembles a scythe, with modification by the addition of a light wooden
+frame of four fingers with braces. Gift of Massachusetts Society for
+Promoting Agriculture.
+
+144. Scythe, about 1840. USNM 230323; 1958. A straight-handled scythe,
+probably hand-made, that largely was used for mowing, although it could
+be used for reaping grain. Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting
+Agriculture.
+
+145. Harness Vise, probably mid 19th century. USNM 230323; 1958. This
+wooden device could be used to pry open the jaws of a recalcitrant
+horse. More often, it held parts of the harness as the saddler worked.
+Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.
+
+146. Wooden Hand Fork, late 19th century. USNM 230323; 1958. A wooden
+pitchfork for handling hay, straw, and the like. The metal pitchfork
+gradually replaced these wooden forks between the middle and end of the
+19th century. Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.
+
+147. Horse-Drawn Hayfork, late 19th century. USNM 230323; 1959. The fork
+was driven into the hay and the handle compressed until it latched. A
+rope was attached to the fork, run up over a pully in the barn, and
+then down to a horse. In this way the hay could be lifted into the barn.
+Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.
+
+148. Horse-Drawn Planter, 1856. USNM 230323; 1958. E. C. Fairchild of
+Deerfield, Massachusetts, made this planter, which has compartments for
+seeds and fertilizer. As the drive-wheel pulled a sliding bar back and
+forth, seeds and fertilizer alternately dropped into the ground. The
+spacing of seeds and fertilizer could be set by adjusting the metal bar.
+Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.
+
+149. Fanning Mill, mid 19th century. USNM 230323; 1958. A machine for
+winnowing grain after it had been threshed. Grain fed into the machine
+landed on vibrating screens which permitted the kernels to fall into the
+path of a draft of air which blew off the chaff and debris. The clean
+grain fell into a container beneath the mill. The operator turned a
+crank which operated both the screens and the fan. Gift of Massachusetts
+Society for Promoting Agriculture.
+
+150. Hoe, mid 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. A small hand hoe used for
+cultivating. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
+
+151. Tile Knife, late 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. This knife,
+resembling a small spade, was used to cut the trench in which tile was
+laid. It has a triangular metal cutter at right angles on the right
+side, and this gave the trench a straight edge on one side and perhaps
+helped keep the trench straight. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley,
+Massachusetts.
+
+152. Hand Hayfork, about 1895. USNM 230322; 1958. Farmers used this
+metal fork for pitching hay, straw, and possibly manure. Gift of
+Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
+
+153. Grain Sickle, 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. This hand tool for
+harvesting grain has not changed in design for the last thousand years.
+The sickle has a curved blade some 22 inches long. The reaper would grab
+a handful of stalks and cut them with the blade. One man could cut up
+to an acre of grain by this method. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley,
+Massachusetts.
+
+154. Grafting Knife, possibly 20th century. USNM 230322; 1958. A knife
+especially designed to make the cuts necessary for grafting branches
+onto fruit trees. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
+
+155. Manure Fork, possibly 20th century. USNM 230322; 1958. A typical
+manure fork. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
+
+156. Ox Muzzle, about 1830. USNM 230322; 1958. Threshers used the muzzle
+to prevent the ox from stopping to graze while pulling equipment or from
+eating the grain while treading on it in a threshing operation. This
+muzzle is made of thin strips of wood. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley,
+Massachusetts.
+
+157. Hay Cutter, 20th century. USNM 230322; 1958. A knife made with the
+handle and serrated blade as one piece, all of metal. A wooden stock
+with a handgrip is fastened to the metal handle. This tool obviously was
+intended for cutting very small amounts of hay. Gift of Farmer's Museum,
+Hadley, Massachusetts.
+
+158. Narrow Hoe, probably mid 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. This is a
+typical cultivating hoe. Farmers used hoes of this type for cultivating
+crops until the innovation of plows and harrows. Gift of Farmer's
+Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
+
+159. Ox Yoke, about 1830. USNM 230322; 1958. This yoke, for a single ox,
+probably was used in pulling small agricultural implements such as
+cultivating plows. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
+
+160. Grain Flail, about 1840. USNM 230322; 1958. This type flail was
+used to beat grain free from unbound bundles of grain scattered about on
+the barn floor. The harvesters then threw the straw to one side and
+swept up the grain and chaff. The grain then had to be winnowed. Gift of
+Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
+
+161. Curd Breaker, late 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. This machine
+has a wooden roller with projecting wooden pegs which, when rotated,
+broke up cheese curds. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
+
+162. Horse-Drawn Cultivator, late 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. This
+triangular cultivator was used for stirring the soil and removing
+foreign vegetable matter. It is adjustable and has five teeth spaced
+from 12 to 14 inches apart. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley,
+Massachusetts.
+
+163. Ice Saw, late 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. This steel-bladed
+saw cut ice in lakes, ponds, and streams. Gift of Farmer's Museum,
+Hadley, Massachusetts.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 16.--Frick portable steam engine of 1877. (Catalog
+No. 164.)]
+
+164. Portable Steam Engine, 1877. USNM 211811; 1958. Portable steam
+engines provided belting power on farms to run threshing machines,
+circular saws, etc. This Frick model steam engine operated regularly
+from 1877 to 1949. Gift of Frick Company, Waynesboro, Pennsylvania.
+
+165. Broadcast Seeder, 1930. USNM 230573; 1958. The operator saddles
+this implement from his shoulder by means of a strap fastened to the
+seed pack. By turning the crank at a normal pace, seeds are scattered
+from a spinning disk. The seeder is equipped with a gauge which can be
+set to sow prescribed amounts of seed per acre. Gift of Mrs. Arnold
+Miles, Washington, D. C.
+
+166. Cigar Formers, about 1885. USNM 230573; 1958. These instruments
+consist of two pieces of wood dowelled together with twenty holes that
+taper from 7/16 inch to 3/16 inch. The name "Miller Burial and Pliers
+Co." is stamped in the wood. Gift of Mrs. Arnold Miles, Washington, D.
+C.
+
+167. Manure Forks, about 1895. USNM 230573; 1958. Two steel manure
+forks. Gift of Mrs. Arnold Miles, Washington, D. C.
+
+168. Wooden Hayfork, 19th century. USNM 230573; 1958. A typical wooden
+hayfork of the 19th century. Gift of Mrs. Arnold Miles, Washington, D.
+C.
+
+169. Model of Manning Mower, 1831. USNM 230438; 1959. William Manning of
+Plainfield, New Jersey, invented this mower in 1831. The cutter bar,
+suggestive of Hussey's, has triangular knives which vibrate over long
+fingers. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
+
+170. Model of Bailey Mower, 1822. USNM 230438; 1959. This mower,
+invented in 1822 by Jeremiah Bailey of Pennsylvania, has a rotating disk
+that serves as the cutter. The cutting disk, which can be raised to
+avoid obstacles, is geared from the axle. Constructed by Office of
+Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
+
+171. Model of Gallic Reaper, first century A.D. USNM 230438; 1959. This
+is a model of a reaper as described in use in Gaul in the first and
+second centuries A.D. A donkey or an ox pushed the reaper through the
+grain; the heads of the grain were ripped off by the blade and fell into
+the box. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
+
+172. Model of Hussey Reaper, 1833. USNM 230438; 1959. The first Hussey
+reapers were crude two-wheel mowers with a platform attached to the rear
+right side of the machine. The sickle or cutter bar was made of a series
+of triangular knives riveted to a flat bar that oscillated back and
+forth between guard teeth. The action was initiated by means of a gear
+mounted on the main axle. The raker stands on the platform to remove the
+cut grain. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
+
+173. Model of Hussey Reaper, 1850. USNM 230438; 1959. This is a
+one-eighth scale model of the Hussey reapers built between 1845 and
+1850. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
+
+174. Model of Bell Reaper, 1828. USNM 230438; 1959. On this machine a
+reel pressed the grain against the cutters and made it fall back on an
+apron. The apron could be set to run in either direction to deposit the
+cut grain at the side, out of the way of the machine on the next trip
+around. The reaper was invented by the Reverend Patrick Bell, Carmyllie,
+Scotland. The model was constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian
+Institution.
+
+175. Models of Landis Eclipse Thresher, 1907. USNM 230438; 1957.
+Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
+
+176. Model of New England Strong Plow, about 1780. USNM 230438; 1959.
+Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
+
+177. Model of Mahlon Smith Plow, about 1825-1840. USNM 230438; 1959.
+Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
+
+178. Check Row Corn Planter, about 1870. USNM 230441; 1959. This machine
+planted two rows at a time and required two men to operate. One man
+drove the horses and the other operated a lever for dropping the corn at
+the point desired. Patents for "check" row planters were issued in 1853,
+1855, and 1857. Gift of Clayton Kanter, New Knoxville, Ohio.
+
+179. One-Row Hand "Corn Jobber," mid 19th century. USNM 230441; 1959.
+Seed corn is released by means of a lever. Gift of Clayton Kanter, New
+Knoxville, Ohio.
+
+180. Wide Single-Shovel Plow, about 1840. USNM 230574; 1959. Farmers in
+the western part of the United States in the 1840s used this type of
+plow to cultivate corn. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 17.--Double-shovel plow. (Catalog No. 181.)]
+
+181. Double-Shovel Plow, about 1850. USNM 230574; 1959. This plow, with
+shovels placed in a staggered position, was commonly used for
+cross-plowing or cultivating. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
+
+182. Double-Shovel Plow, about 1850. USNM 230574; 1959. This
+double-shovel plow has the shovels placed opposite one another. Gift of
+John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
+
+183. A-Frame Harrow, mid 19th century. USNM 230574; 1959. This
+triangular harrow has wooden beams with 22 ten-inch iron spikes driven
+through them. This type of harrow pulverized and leveled plowed land,
+covered the seed, and cultivated between rows of corn. Triangular
+harrows worked better than square types because the triangles had
+greater strength on newly cleared land. Gift of John Offenbacker,
+Sidney, Ohio.
+
+184. Trolley Carrier for Hayfork, about 1875. USNM 230574; 1959. This
+steel trolley carrier supported a one-horse hayfork. A pulley attached
+to the trolley carrier lifted and lowered the hayfork. The first trolley
+carriers for hayforks were invented by J. E. Porter of Ottawa, Illinois,
+in 1869 and 1872. They were made of wood and iron. The first steel
+carriers were patented by Jacob Ney, Canton, Ohio, and (in 1886) by P.
+A. Myer, Ashland, Ohio. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
+
+185. Riding Disk Cultivator, late 19th century. USNM 230574; 1959. This
+cultivator has two sections, each with three 15-inch disk wheels spaced
+5-3/4 inches apart. It has handgrip levers for making cutting
+adjustments. This machine worked best on ground between row crops. Gift
+of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
+
+186. Singletree, late 19th and early 20th centuries. USNM 230574; 1959.
+This singletree is made of wood. The trace chains of the team of horses
+could be attached to the hooks on the singletree. Gift of John
+Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
+
+187. Doubletree, late 19th century to early 20th century. USNM 230574;
+1959. A doubletree made of wood. The doubletree served as a lever on
+which to mount two singletrees. This arrangement distributed equally the
+pull of a load between two horses. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney,
+Ohio.
+
+188. Singletree, late 19th century. USNM 230574; 1959. The trace chains
+of two horses are attached to this home-made, wooden singletree. The
+tongue of a machine would be hooked to the center of the tree. Gift of
+John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
+
+189. Grain Fork, about 1870. USNM 230574; 1959. This three-tine iron
+fork was used to move bundled grain. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney,
+Ohio.
+
+190. One-Row, Hand "Corn Jobber," late 19th century. USNM 230574; 1959.
+Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
+
+191. Double-Harpoon Hay Fork, about 1870. USNM 230574; 1959. S. E.
+Harris patented this double-harpoon, iron hayfork in 1867. Gift of John
+Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
+
+192. Ground Hog Thresher, about 1830. USNM 230579; 1959. This early
+thresher did not separate the grain from the chaff. Grain fed into the
+trough passed into a compartment with a rotating iron cylinder filled
+with finger-like projections which broke the grain into its component
+parts. A fanning basket then separated the grain from the chaff.
+Purchased from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.
+
+193. Sweep Horse Power, late 19th century. USNM 230579; 1959. This type
+of horse power operated by the horse pulling a shaft in a circular
+motion that set iron gears into motion. The gears connected to a pulley
+for operating grain threshers, flour mills, saws, and the like.
+Purchased from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.
+
+194. Marker Sled, possibly late 19th century. USNM 230579; 1959. This
+wooden sled marked rows for future planting. The sled could mark three
+rows approximately 34 inches apart. Purchased from George Rhoades,
+Greenville, Ohio.
+
+195. Large Hand Rake, late 19th century. USNM 230579; 1959. Made
+entirely of wood. Purchased from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.
+
+196. Jointed, Wooden Harrow, mid 19th century. USNM 230579; 1959. This
+two-sectioned, rectangular wooden harrow has five wooden beams per
+section, each section having 18 rounded teeth. Very primitive. Purchased
+from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.
+
+197. Wheeled Cultivator, early 20th century. USNM 230579; 1959. This
+cultivator has individual levers for setting each set of teeth and
+contains a neck yoke, singletree, and guard shields. This type of
+cultivator improved on the one-horse type, which required harrowing one
+side of a row at a time. A variety of teeth could be used on this
+machine. Purchased from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.
+
+198. Double A-Frame Harrow, 19th century. USNM 230580; 1959. This
+wooden, triangular harrow has iron teeth driven through the beams.
+Purchased from Ruth Brown, Sardinia, Ohio.
+
+199. Wheeled Cultivator, early 20th century. USNM 230580; 1959. This
+riding-type cultivator has two sections with three teeth each. It
+differs from most wheeled cultivators by having iron bars for setting
+teeth depth, with one lever to elevate and lower the teeth. It has a
+neck yoke and a singletree. Purchased from Ruth Brown, Sardinia, Ohio.
+
+200. Flop-Over Hayrake, about 1895. USNM 230580; 1959. A flop-over rake
+used as early as 1820. Purchased from Ruth Brown, Sardinia, Ohio.
+
+201. Side Hill Plow, late 19th century. USNM 230581; 1959. One of
+several types of plows used for plowing along hillsides. The moldboard
+and share could rotate on a horizontal axis. At the end of each furrow
+the farmer could reverse it and hook in position so that the plow cast
+each furrow in the same direction. Purchased from Albert Knecht,
+Lancaster, Ohio.
+
+202. Grain Drill, about 1850. USNM 230581; 1959. This drill was made by
+the Eagle Machine Company of Lancaster, Ohio. It has a double bar,
+singletree, neck yoke, one grain compartment with eight grain boots, and
+a packing wheel for each boot. It sowed eight rows at a time, 6 inches
+apart. Drills of this type became popular in the 1850s. Purchased from
+Albert Knecht, Lancaster, Ohio.
+
+203. Wheeled Cultivator, about 1860. USNM 230581; 1959. This
+walking-type cultivator, divided into two sections, has three plow teeth
+per section with guard shields attached. The name J. Deere is printed on
+the toolbox. Purchased from Albert Knecht, Lancaster, Ohio.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 18.--Flop-over hayrake, mid 19th century. (Catalog
+No. 204.)]
+
+204. Flop-Over Hayrake, mid 19th century. USNM 230581; 1959. Wooden,
+horse-drawn rake which the farmer could flop over to empty as he walked
+behind it. Purchased from Albert Knecht, Lancaster, Ohio.
+
+205. Wheeled Cultivator, early 20th century. USNM 230575; 1959. This
+McCormick Deering, wheeled cultivator has one lever for lowering and
+elevating the plow teeth and two levers for setting the depth of the
+plow teeth. Gift of Mrs. Lucy F. Robinson, Chandlersville, Ohio.
+
+206. Grubbing Hoe, about 1920. USNM 230576; 1959. This narrow grubbing
+hoe resembles a pick. It broke up soil and removed obstructions such as
+roots and shrubs. Gift of Mrs. Harley Climpson, Bethesda, Maryland.
+
+207. Model of 18th-Century American Mower. USNM 230437; 1959. A copy of
+a model reaper on display at the American Philosophical Society,
+Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Purchased from Mrs. L. C. Eichner, Clifton,
+New Jersey.
+
+208. Barbed Wire, about 1890. USNM 230572; 1959. A stamped zigzag ribbon
+between two twisted wires. Gift of Don Holst, Washington, D. C.
+
+209. Barbed Wire, about 1890. USNM 230577; 1959. A stamped, ribbon-type
+wire with barbs on one edge and with the ribbon twisted. Gift of John
+Blake, Washington, D. C.
+
+210. Narrow Hoe, date unknown. USNM 230578; 1959. Blade from a
+socket-type hoe. The words "Bedsteel Oil Tempered" are stamped on the
+blade. Gift of James W. Rutherford, Springfield, Ohio.
+
+211. Wallis Tractor, 1919. USNM 230439; 1959. A Model K Wallis tractor
+of a series made from 1919 to 1924. It succeeded the 1913 Wallis Cub and
+the 1916 Wallis Cub, Jr. Gift of Massey-Ferguson, Inc., Racine,
+Wisconsin.
+
+212. Single-Shovel Plow, about 1840. USNM 240816; 1959. This type of
+shovel plow cultivated corn in the western part of the country in the
+1840s. This specimen resembles a row-buster for opening rows to plant
+seed, etc. Gift of Andrew W. Frye, Woodstock, Virginia.
+
+213. Fiddle-Bow Broadcast Seeder, late 19th century. USNM 240745; 1959.
+The operator saddled the seeder on his shoulder by means of a strap
+fastened to the seed sack. Sliding the bow back and forth caused the
+seeds to be broadcast from a spinning disk. A gauge on the seeder could
+be set to sow a prescribed amount of seeds per acre. Gift of Benjamin
+Lambert, Woodstock, Virginia.
+
+214. Grain Riddle, mid 19th century. 1959. Sieve for sifting grain.
+Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
+
+215. Broad Hoe, mid 19th century. 1959. Constructed by Office of
+Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
+
+216. Miniature Plow, late 19th century to early 20th century. 1959. This
+plow, made entirely of steel, was found in Alexandria, Virginia.
+
+217. Mattock, 19th century. USNM 230440; 1960. This is an implement for
+grubbing and digging. Gift of Veikko Jarvis, Negaune, Michigan.
+
+218. Fodder Cutter, 1872. 1960. This hand-cranked machine could cut all
+kinds of fodder--hay, straw, and corn stalks--with ease and rapidity.
+Called the "Improved Baldwins American," it was patented in 1867 and
+1872. Gift of Thomas W. Bein, Bethesda, Maryland.
+
+219. Oliver Chilled Plow, 20th century. 1960. Steel share, moldboard,
+and coulter, with wooden beam, frame, and handles. Gift of Oliver
+Corporation, South Bend, Indiana.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 19.--Hart-Parr tractor of 1903, the third in line
+of the first commercial tractors. (Catalog No. 220.)]
+
+220. Hart-Parr Tractor, 1903. USNM 230442; 1960. The third internal
+combustion tractor built by the company founded earlier by Charles
+Hart and Charles Parr. The Hart-Parr tractor could pull gangs of plows
+or drive large threshers. Oil circulating through the pipes in the
+square stack cooled the engine. Gift of Oliver Corporation, South Bend,
+Indiana.
+
+221. Corn Grinder, about 1890. USNM 233465; 1960. This iron corn grinder
+has "#17" printed on the grease caps of the axle. Gift of Walter A.
+Hitchcock, Warrenton, Virginia.
+
+222. Cider Mill and Press, late 19th or early 20th century. USNM 234465;
+1960. This wooden-frame mill has iron parts, with a feeder-trough and
+two tubes for draining the apple cider. It was operated by means of a
+hand crank. Gift of Walter A. Hitchcock, Warrenton, Virginia.
+
+223. Model of John Deere Plow, 1960. Received in 1961. An example of a
+typical plow of the 1960s. Gift of John Deere Company, Moline, Illinois.
+
+224. Model of John Deere Tractor, 1960. Received in 1961. An example of
+a typical tractor of the period. Gift of John Deere Company, Moline,
+Illinois.
+
+225. Sample Fertilizers, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. Samples of 22 types of
+fertilizers in common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake,
+Washington, D. C.
+
+226. Sample Fertilizers, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. Samples of six types
+of fertilizer in common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake,
+Washington, D. C.
+
+227. Sample Fertilizers, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. Samples of eight types
+of fertilizer in common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake,
+Washington, D. C.
+
+228. Sample Fertilizers, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. Samples of six types
+of fertilizer in common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake,
+Washington, D. C.
+
+229. Sample Fertilizers, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. Samples of thirteen
+types of fertilizers in common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John B.
+Blake, Washington, D. C.
+
+230. Cast-Iron Centrifuge, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. A centrifuge used
+for running the Babcock milk test, which determined the percentage of
+butterfat. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake, Washington, D. C.
+
+231. Insecticide, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. A sample of a Pyrox
+insecticide in common use in 1960. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake,
+Washington, D. C.
+
+232. Hoe, 20th century. USNM 239136; 1961. A socket-type, three-tine hoe
+used to weed vegetable gardens, tobacco, and similar row crops. Gift of
+Mrs. Henry H. Byrne, Washington, D. C.
+
+233. One-Row Planter, about 1870. USNM 237951; 1961. The gears from the
+drive-wheel mesh with a set of gears that turn the seed plate. The
+distance for dropping the seed could be determined by the size of the
+gear used on the drive-wheel. Gift of H. C. Cole, Crestline, Ohio.
+
+234. Portable Gasoline Engine, 1903. USNM 240546; 1961. This machine
+provided belting power for operating feed mills, cream separators, wood
+saws, etc. It generated 2 hp at 300-600 rpm. It was covered by two
+patents dated April 7, 1903. Gift of New Holland Machine Co., New
+Holland, Pennsylvania.
+
+235. Cotton Planter, 20th century. USNM 240545; 1961. This one-row,
+horse-drawn cotton planter drilled cottonseed in rows by means of a
+revolving wooden drum with one-inch holes spaced around the center of
+the drum. Gift of Lester Souter, Boerne, Texas.
+
+236. Wooden Spade, about 1840. USNM 240543; 1961. This wooden spade has
+a metal cutting edge. Purchased from Mrs. H. J. Cummings, Washington, D.
+C.
+
+237. Model of McCormick Reaper, 1831. USNM 236710; 1961. A full-scale
+model of the 1831 McCormick reaper. Gift of Franklin Institute,
+Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
+
+238. Hoe, date unknown. USNM 239502; 1961. This is a socket-type hoe
+with a half-moon cutting blade. Gift of Dr. Ivor Cornman, Miami,
+Florida.
+
+239. Curd Breaker, mid 19th century. USNM 239502; 1961. This tool for
+cutting cheese curds has four 15-inch parallel blades. Gift of Dr. Ivor
+Cornman, Miami, Florida.
+
+240. Wooden Brace, possibly mid 19th century. USNM 239502; 1961. This
+implement was used to hold open the split carcasses of hogs. Gift of Dr.
+Ivor Cornman, Miami, Florida.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 20.--A view in the Hall of Farm Machinery,
+National Museum of History and Technology. The Holt combine in 1887
+(Catalog No. 241) is at left. The Victor mowing machine of 1880 (Catalog
+No. 137) is in right foreground.]
+
+241. Holt Combine, 1887. USNM 236419, 1961. Benjamin Holt made this
+combine around 1887. Its main feature is the use of linked, wrought-iron
+chain belts for the drive rather than a system of gears as commonly
+found on combines of that day. Gift of Mrs. C. Parker Holt, Stockton,
+California.
+
+242. Waterwheel and Shafting, mid 19th century. USNM 238174; 1961.
+Components of a one-blade, sash sawmill. Purchased from Robert E.
+Clement, Chester Springs, Pennsylvania.
+
+243. Apple Parer, about 1760. USNM 240544; 1962. The operator sat on the
+wooden seat and turned a crank which rotated the apple fastened to a
+spindle. When held at the proper contact, the knife peeled the rotating
+apple. Purchased from Mrs. Gladys Harbst, Butler, Ohio.
+
+244. Miniature Plow, mid 19th century. USNM 239068; 1962. This plow was
+caught in a fisherman's net in the Susquehanna River near
+Havre-de-Grace, Maryland, in 1924. It probably was a display piece for
+the manufacturer. Purchased from F. P. Leithiser, Milford, Delaware.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 21.--John Deere sulky plow, about 1920. (Catalog
+No. 245.)]
+
+245. Sulky Plow, about 1920. USNM 239073; 1962. An all-steel John Deere
+sulky plow. Purchased from Irwin Vette, Westboro, Missouri.
+
+246. Tobacco Transplanter, late 19th or early 20th century. USNM 239063;
+1962. The driver sat on a wooden water barrel on this horse-drawn
+tobacco transplanter. The men who set the plants in the furrow used the
+two seats in the rear. Gift of Pollitt Graybill, Diver, Kentucky.
+
+247. Ice Cream Freezer, 1870. USNM 241690; 1962. Thomas Mills and
+Brothers of Philadelphia made this 40-quart commercial ice cream freezer
+which was patented on March 15, 1870. Gift of John G. Mills,
+Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
+
+248. Barbed Wire, about 1890-1900. USNM 230572; 1962. A sample of ribbon
+barbed wire. Gift of Don Holst, Washington, D. C.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 22.--Moline Universal Tractor, Model D, of 1918,
+in the Hall of Farm Machinery, National Museum of History and
+Technology. (Catalog No. 249.)]
+
+249. Moline Universal Tractor, 1918. USNM 242414; 1962. This Model D is
+particularly unique in that it could be adapted as horse-drawn
+equipment and could be operated from its seat. It is light and versatile
+and equipped with front pulley drive and head lights. Gift of
+Minneapolis-Moline, Inc., Hopkins, Minnesota.
+
+250. Two-Bottom Plow, 1918. USNM 242414; 1962. This plow is
+attached to the Moline Universal Model D tractor of 1918. Gift of
+Minneapolis-Moline, Inc., Hopkins, Minnesota.
+
+251. Sulky Plow, 1880. USNM 242414; 1962. A Moline two-wheeled sulky
+plow. Three horses drew the plow, which has three singletrees and one
+doubletree. Gift of Minneapolis-Moline, Inc., Hopkins, Minnesota.
+
+252. Grain Binder, 1935. USNM 422427; 1962. This McCormick-Deering grain
+binder cut the grain and, by means of an apron, carried it through a
+bundling and tying mechanism. The bundles of grain fell into a set of
+forks which the operator released. The machine is covered by Patents
+1,328,781 and 1,464,736. It is similar to binders used in the 1880s.
+Gift of J. D. Major, Belton, South Carolina.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 23.--Cattle dehorner. (Catalog No. 253.)]
+
+253. Dehorner, about 1920. USNM 242977, 1962. This implement, used to
+trim cattle horns, works like a gigantic clipper. Gift of Newton E.
+Wiat, Arlington, Virginia.
+
+254. Portable Steam Engine, 1869. USNM 246139; 1962. The first portable
+steam engine built by the J. I. Case Company in 1869. It burned wood and
+developed 8 hp. Gift of J. I. Case Company, Racine, Wisconsin.
+
+255. Japanese Cultivating Machine, 1960. USNM 242908; 1962. This
+Japanese Model KF850 power cultivator has a detachable rotary hoe and a
+diesel engine with direct drive.
+
+256. Wooden Grain Fork, about 1870. USNM 252786; 1963. A four-tined
+wooden fork for handling bundles of grain. It was used by the donor's
+grandfather on his farm in Maryland. Gift of C. Gordon Dentry,
+Washington, D. C.
+
+257. Model of Lawn Mower, 1962. USNM 256817; 1963. A model of the
+Suburbia 38, a riding mower powered by a 5-3/4-hp gasoline engine with
+three speeds between 1/2 mph and 4-1/2 mph. Gift of Herman Becker,
+Washington, D. C.
+
+258. Broadcast Seeder, about 1892. USNM 257164; 1964. A hand-cranked
+seeder. Gift of Milton J. Brandon, Silver Spring, Maryland.
+
+259. Tobacco Axe, mid 20th century. USNM 257163; 1964. A tobacco axe
+used to harvest sun-cured tobacco in the Connecticut Valley region. Gift
+of Minner J. Cooper, Windsor, New York.
+
+260. Daveat Milk Sterilizer, 1959. USNM 259871; 1964. An autoclave
+combined with vacuum chambers and other devices that sterilized and
+canned milk or other liquid dairy products. The process preserved the
+product with a minimum loss of nutritional value and without causing
+coagulation. Patent 2,899,320 granted to Elmer S. Davis, August 11,
+1959.
+
+261. Hay Bale Hooks, 19th century or later. USNM 260120; 1965. Two bale
+hooks. Gift of E. Peterkin, Forest Heights, Maryland.
+
+262. Model of Huber Steam Tractor, 1901. USNM 261334; 1965. An operable
+scale model of a 1901 Huber steam tractor. Gift of Raymond Stout,
+Washington, D. C.
+
+263. Hand Cultivating Hoe, 20th century. USNM 262244; 1965. A
+three-tine, curved cultivating hoe probably used in vegetable gardening.
+Gift of Arnold Miles, Bethesda, Maryland.
+
+264. Cast-Iron Implement Seat, about 1890. USNM 262243; 1965.
+A cast-iron seat typical of those found on late-19th and
+early-20th-century farm implements. Gift of K. E. Clark, Los Angeles,
+California.
+
+265. Grain Flail, 1840. USNM 262250; 1965. A typical flail used in
+Wisconsin in 1840 for threshing grain. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall,
+Blacksburg, Virginia.
+
+266. Turkey Collars, late 19th century. USNM 262250; 1965. Small leather
+collars, with bells attached, placed on turkeys at a time when farmers
+typically let their poultry run loose. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall,
+Blacksburg, Virginia.
+
+267. Branding Iron, 20th century. USNM 262250; 1965. A #30 branding
+iron, circle W, used to mark cattle. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall,
+Blacksburg, Virginia.
+
+268. Riding Spurs, 1890 or later. USNM 262250; 1965. Gift of Dr. Frank
+Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.
+
+269. Harness Hames, early 20th century. USNM 262250; 1965. Brass knobs
+from the collar of a horse's harness. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall,
+Blacksburg, Virginia.
+
+270. Reaper Hook, about 1860. USNM 262250; 1965. A hand sickle used for
+harvesting grain. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.
+
+271. Iron Pot Hooks, late 19th century. USNM 262250; 1965. Pot hooks
+made of two pieces of heavy wire hinged on the ends. The hook fastened
+onto pots to remove them from open fires. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall,
+Blacksburg, Virginia.
+
+272. Iron Spike, late 19th century. USNM 262250; 1965. An iron spike,
+probably from a harrowing device such as a triangular beam harrow. Gift
+of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 24.--Flax hackle. (Catalog No. 273.)]
+
+273. Flax Hackle, late 19th century. USNM 263350; 1965. This hackle
+consists of a piece of wood, 6 by 12 inches, with square iron nails
+protruding from one side. The homemade hackle shredded flax in
+preparation for making linen cloth. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall,
+Blacksburg, Virginia.
+
+274. Barley Fork, late 19th or early 20th century. USNM 262250; 1965. A
+wooden, four-tined fork used for handling barley. Gift of Dr. Frank
+Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.
+
+275. Wooden Wheelbarrow, 20th century. USNM 262250; 1965. All parts of
+this wheelbarrow are homemade. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg,
+Virginia.
+
+276. Wooden Wheel, 19th century. USNM 262250; 1965. A wooden wheel used
+on a wheelbarrow. Seven separate parts to the wheel illustrate the
+general construction of wooden wheels. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall,
+Blacksburg, Virginia.
+
+277. Grain Sack, about 1865. USNM 263077; 1965. Peter Brugler Snyder
+used this grain sack about 100 years ago on his farm near Montour Falls,
+New York. The initials P. B. S. appear on the sack. Gift of Howard S.
+Rappleye, Washington, D. C.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 25.--Corn sheller. (Catalog No. 278.)]
+
+278. Corn Sheller, about 1898. USNM 264779; 1965. A corn sheller that
+was operated by means of a hand crank. Gift of Dr. Stephen Lang, San
+Fernando, California.
+
+279. Barbed-Wire Display Panel, about 1940. USNM 264475; 1966. Display
+panel of 78 different types of barbed wire. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall,
+Blacksburg, Virginia.
+
+280. Barbed Wire, about 1878. Eight pieces of "Brotherton Barb," a wire
+patented by J. Brotherton of Ames, Iowa, in 1878; Patent 207,710. It
+became very popular, and was second only to Glidden's "The Winner" in
+sales. It had nonslipping barbs and was easy to make.
+
+281. Barbed Wire, about 1882. "Baker Perfect," a barbed wire invented by
+George Baker of Des Moines, Iowa. It was popular and widely used but
+never patented.
+
+282. Barbed Wire, about 1881. From Jefferson County, Iowa. Patented by
+Edward M. Crandall of Chicago, Illinois, in 1881; Patent 247,540.
+
+283. Barbed Wire, about 1876. Two pieces of "Twist Oval," a wire
+patented by Josiah F. Glidden of De Kalb, Illinois, in 1876; Patent
+181,433. The use of oval wire shows an effort to prevent slipping of the
+barb.
+
+284. Barbed Wire, about 1877. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented by
+Henry M. Rose of Waterman, Illinois, in 1877; Patent 198,688.
+
+285. Barbed Wire, about 1878. From Jefferson County, Iowa. Patented by
+Michael Daley of Waterman, Illinois, in 1878; Patent 209,467.
+
+286. Barbed Wire, date unknown. From Jefferson County, Iowa. A handmade
+specimen made with a tool in this collection.
+
+287. Barbed Wire, about 1875. "Dobbs and Booth," patented by John Dobbs
+and Benjamin Booth of Victor, Iowa, in 1875; Patent 171,105.
+
+288. Barbed Wire, about 1877. From south-western Arkansas. Patented by
+J. F. Glidden.
+
+289. Barbed Wire, date unknown. From Nodaway, County, Missouri. A claim
+that this wire was patented by J. F. Glidden has not been verified.
+
+290. Barbed Wire, about 1878. From Jefferson County, Iowa. Patented by
+Spencer St. John of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, in 1878; Patent 205,697.
+
+291. Barbed Wire, date unknown. Standard cattle barbed wire patented by
+J. F. Glidden and made by Republic Steel Wire Company.
+
+292. Barbed Wire, date unknown. Standard hog barbed wire patented by J.
+F. Glidden and made by Republic Steel Wire Company.
+
+293. Barbed Wire, about 1878. From Atchison County, Missouri. Patented
+by William H. Frye of Marshalltown, Iowa, in 1878; Patent 204,312.
+
+294. Barbed Wire, about 1883. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented by
+Joseph Goss of Beloit, Wisconsin, in 1883; Patent 282,453.
+
+295. Barbed Wire, about 1885. Two pieces of "Brink-Martelle," a wire
+patented by John J. Brinkerhoff of Auburn, New York, in 1885; Patent
+324,211. The round wire lacks its barbs.
+
+296. Barbed Wire, about 1883. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented by
+William S. Bate of Boston, Massachusetts, in 1883; Patent 273,245.
+
+297. Barbed Wire, about 1879. "Champion," or "Zig-Zag," patented by
+Edward M. Crandall of Chicago, Illinois, in 1879; Patent 221,158.
+
+298. Barbed Wire, about 1881. Two pieces of "Buckthorn" (modified),
+patented by T. V. Allis of New York, New York, in 1881; Patent 244,726.
+
+299. Barbed Wire, about 1878. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented by
+Ole O. Kittleson of Milan, Illinois, in 1878; Patent 203,349.
+
+300. Barbed Wire, about 1881. Two pieces of "Brink Flat," patented by
+Jacob and Warren M. Brinkerhoff of Auburn, New York, in 1881; Patent
+241,601.
+
+301. Barbed Wire, about 1884. Four pieces of "Decker Spread," patented
+by Alexander C. Decker of Bushnell, Illinois, in 1884; Patent 299,916.
+
+302. Barbed Wire, about 1879. "Brink Twist," patented by Jacob and
+Warren M. Brinkerhoff of Auburn, New York, in 1879; Patent 214,095.
+
+303. Barbed Wire, about 1877. "Ladder Barbed Wire," patented by
+Alexander Decker of Bushnell, Illinois, in 1877; Patent 186,716.
+
+304. Barbed Wire, about 1876. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented by
+Elijah Sims of Aurora, Illinois, in 1876; Patent 178,195.
+
+305. Barbed Wire, about 1884. "Sunderland Kink," patented by L. E.
+Sunderland of Joliet, Illinois, in 1884; Patent 303,406. This wire has
+nonslipping barbs.
+
+306. Barbed Wire, about 1892. From Caldwell County, Missouri. Patented
+by J. W. Griswold of Troy, New York, in 1892; Patent 486,179.
+
+307. Barbed Wire, about 1883. "Stubbe Plate," patented by John Stubbe of
+Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1883; Patent 287,337. This wire carried a
+patch so animals could see it easily.
+
+308. Barbed Wire, about 1875. "Haish 'S'," patented by Jacob Haish of De
+Kalb, Illinois, in 1875; Patent 167,240.
+
+309. Barbed Wire, about 1874. "Kennedy Barbs," patented by Charles
+Kennedy of Aurora, Illinois, in 1874; Patent 153,965.
+
+310. Barbed Wire, about 1868. "Thorny Fence," patented by Michael Kelly
+of New York, New York, in 1868; Patent 74,379.
+
+311. Barbed Wire, about 1874. "The Winner," patented by Josiah F.
+Glidden of De Kalb, Illinois, in 1874; Patent 157,124. This was the most
+successful and most popular barbed wire. It neither slipped nor twisted.
+
+312. Barbed Wire, about 1939. War wire (World War II) from the
+Australian shoreline.
+
+313. Barbed Wire, about 1880. "Haish 'S'" (modified).
+
+314. Barbed Wire, about 1939. War wire (World War II) from Bizerta,
+Tunis, North Africa.
+
+315. Barbed Wire, about 1939. War wire (German or Italian, World War II)
+from Naples, Italy.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 26.--Haish barbed wire and advertisement. (Catalog
+No. 316.)]
+
+316. Barbed Wire, about 1881. "Brink Flat," patented by Jacob and Warren
+M. Brinkerhoff of Auburn, New York, in 1881; Patent 241,601. This piece
+has a factory splice.
+
+317. Barbed Wire, about 1875. "Corsicana Clip," patented by Daniel C.
+Stover of Freeport, Illinois, in 1875; Patent 164,947.
+
+318. Barbed Wire, about 1883. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented by
+Andrew J. Upham of Syracuse, Illinois, in 1883; Patent 284,261.
+
+319. Barbed Wire, about 1883. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented by
+William M. Clow of Wheatland, Illinois, in 1883; Patent 285,014.
+
+320. Barbed Wire, about 1882. From Galloway County, Missouri. Patented
+by Joseph H. Connelly of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1882; Patent
+254,278.
+
+321. Barbed Wire, about 1882. "Dodge and Washburn," patented by Thomas
+H. Dodge and Charles G. Washburn of Worcester, Massachusetts.
+
+322. Barbed Wire, about 1879. "Ross's Four Point," patented by Noble S.
+Ross of Chicago, Illinois, in 1879; Patent 216,294. This wire was very
+common in the prairie states.
+
+323. Barbed Wire, about 1878. Two pieces of "Billings' Simple," patented
+by Frank Billings of Cleveland, Ohio, in 1878; Patent 205,234. This wire
+hurt the animals but it was cheap and easy to make.
+
+324. Barbed Wire, about 1881. "Shinn's Four Point," patented by Milton
+Shinn of Burlington, Iowa, in 1881; Patent 238,447.
+
+325. Barbed Wire, about 1879. Two pieces of "Four Point Wager" from
+Andrew County, Missouri. Patented by J. F. Glidden of De Kalb, Illinois,
+in 1879; Patent 214,211.
+
+326. Barbed Wire, about 1877. "Burnell's Four Point," patented by Arthur
+Burnell of Marshalltown, Iowa, in 1877; Patent 192,225.
+
+327. Barbed Wire, about 1876. Two pieces of "Hold Fast," or "Merrill
+Twirl," patented by John C. Merrill of Turkey River, Iowa, in 1876;
+Patent 185,688.
+
+328. Barbed Wire, about 1876. "Lazy Plate," patented by W. Watkins of
+Joliet, Illinois, in 1876; Patent 184,486.
+
+329. Barbed Wire, about 1879. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented by
+John S. Crowell of Springfield, Ohio, in 1879; Patent 215,888.
+
+330. Barbed Wire, about 1883. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented by
+James B. Oliver of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1883; Patent 286,147.
+
+331. Barbed Wire, about 1875. "Split Diamond," patented by Henry
+Frentress of Dunleith, Illinois, in 1875; Patent 171,008.
+
+332. Barbed Wire, about 1876. "Jayne-Hill," patented by William Jayne
+and James Hill of Boone, Iowa, in 1876; Patent 176,120. The barbs clamp
+very firmly in this wire.
+
+333. Barbed Wire, about 1874. From Andrew County, Missouri. Patented by
+Josiah F. Glidden of De Kalb, Illinois, in 1874; Patent 150,683.
+
+334. Barbed Wire, about 1939. War wire used by the British army in World
+War II.
+
+335. Barbed Wire, about 1914. War wire used by the U. S. Army in World
+War I.
+
+336. Barbed Wire, date unknown. "Glidden No. 51," a wide-faced cattle
+wire made by Republic Steel Wire Company.
+
+337. Barbed Wire, date unknown. "Glidden No. 50," a closed-face hog wire
+made by Republic Steel Wire Company.
+
+338. Tool for Barbed Wire, about 1875. Device for making barbed wire on
+the farm. Patented by John Dobbs and Benjamin Booth in 1875; Patent
+166,511.
+
+339. Barbed Wire, 1881. USNM 265912; 1966. "Brink Flat," patented in
+1881. Gift of Mrs. Miles McPeek, Washington, D. C.
+
+340. Stump Puller, 20th century. USNM 266811; 1966. A one-man,
+hand-operated stump puller. The machine consists of several pulleys, a
+length of wire cable, and a rachet mechanism to give leverage. Gift of
+A. E. McMechan, Joplin, Missouri.
+
+341. Plowshare, about 1840. USNM 268949; 1966. A wrought-iron fragment
+from a plowshare said to have been used for cultivating cotton in South
+Carolina. It appears to be from a "duck foot" type plow. Gift of Great
+Plains Museum, Lawton, Oklahoma.
+
+342. Saddler's Buck, late 19th century. USNM 268199; 1966. A small bench
+with a wooden vise to hold leather and parts of saddles. Gift of Museum
+of Science and Industry, Chicago, Illinois.
+
+343. Flax Breaker, mid or late 19th century. USNM 268199; 1966. A
+rectangular bench measuring about 3 feet long, 3 feet high, and 3 feet
+wide. The operator pulled a hinged arm of slats down on the bench, which
+also has slats. The flax stems broke between the slats. Gift of Museum
+of Science and Industry, Chicago, Illinois.
+
+344. Prairie Sod Plow, late 19th century. USNM 268199; 1966. This heavy
+plow with an 8-foot beam broke virgin prairie soil. The long fingers of
+the moldboard helped break the sod further. Gift of Museum of Science
+and Industry, Chicago, Illinois.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 27.--Butter worker, 19th century. (Catalog No.
+345.)]
+
+345. Butter Worker, late 19th century. USNM 268199; 1966. This butter
+worker consists of a wooden tray (3 feet by 2 feet) and a grooved wooden
+roller. The roller is passed over the butter in the tray by means of a
+hand crank, thus working the excess water to the top of the butter where
+it could be poured off. Gift of Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago,
+Illinois.
+
+346. Grain Scoop, late 19th century. USNM 268199; 1966. This wooden
+grain scoop, or possibly flour scoop, measures 12 inches by 18 inches
+and has a 4-foot handle. Gift of Museum of Science and Industry,
+Chicago, Illinois.
+
+347. Barrel Churn, 1876. USNM 268199, 1966. This rocking churn consists
+of a wooden barrel of 5-gallon capacity and a wooden "X" type stand. It
+was in use in 1876. Gift of Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago,
+Illinois.
+
+348. Plunger Churn, late 19th century. USNM 268199; 1966. A small (1
+gallon) plunger-type butter churn which consists of a wooden barrel and
+a wooden paddle attached to a 3-foot handle. Gift of Museum of Science
+and Industry, Chicago, Illinois.
+
+349. Tobacco Hogshead, 1869. USNM 249254; 1966. A tobacco hogshead
+reconstructed from a picture appearing in Harper's Weekly of December
+11, 1869. The hogshead, constructed of rough lumber, is 6 feet long and
+4 feet in diameter. A horse or mule was hitched to the hogshead. Gift of
+Laross & Bros. Co., Richmond, Virginia.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 28.--Fordson tractor (1918) before restoration
+work. The winch and wheel fenders were added by the tractor's owners.
+(Catalog No. 350.)]
+
+350. Fordson Tractor, 1918. USNM 268896; 1966. The 1918 Fordson was the
+first tractor marketed by the Ford Motor Co. for domestic use. Its
+four-cylinder gas engine developed 20 hp. The tractor measures 42 inches
+across the rear wheels and 28 inches across the front. The rear wheels,
+of steel, have riveted lugs. A winch has been added in the front. Gift
+of Thomas A. DeLong, New York, New York.
+
+351. Steel Bear Trap, 1876. USNM 4882; 1966. This is a typical bear trap
+of the late 19th century. It has steel jaws with a spread of 11-3/4
+inches and a wrought-iron pan. It weighs 17 pounds. Gift of Oneida
+Community, New York.
+
+352. Steel Deer Trap, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966. This is a No. 4 steel deer
+trap manufactured by the Oneida Community in the late 19th century. It
+has steel jaws with a spread of 6-1/2 inches, a wrought-iron pan, and a
+double spring. Gift of Oneida Community, New York.
+
+353. Steel Beaver Trap, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966. A double-springed, steel
+beaver trap. Gift of Oneida Community, New York.
+
+354. Steel Otter Trap, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966. This trap has a double
+spring and a jaw spread of 5-1/2 inches. Gift of Oneida Community, New
+York.
+
+355. Steel Fox Trap, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966. This steel, No. 2 fox trap
+has a double spring and a jaw spread of 4-7/8 inches. Gift of Oneida
+Community, New York.
+
+356. Steel Mink Trap, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966. This trap has a single
+spring and a jaw spread of 4-7/8 inches. Gift of Oneida Community, New
+York.
+
+357. Steel Muskrat Trap, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966. This muskrat trap has a
+single spring and a jaw spread of 4 inches. Gift of Oneida Community,
+New York.
+
+358. Steel Rat Trap, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966. This trap has a single
+spring and a jaw spread of 3-1/2 inches. Gift of Oneida Community, New
+York.
+
+359. Bottle of 2,4-D Herbicide, 1944. USNM 268668; 1966. This bottle
+contains a small amount of the original purchase of 2,4-D by the U. S.
+Department of Agriculture from the American Chemical and Paint Company
+of Ambler, Pennsylvania, in 1944. It cost $12.50 a pound at the time.
+Scientists at the Department of Agriculture used the material in
+extensive experiments on plant growth inhibitors. Subsequently, 2,4-D
+became the most common chemical used for weed killing. Gift of Dr. J. W.
+Mitchell, University of Maryland, through Gale Peterson, University of
+Maryland.
+
+360. Winnowing Machine, mid 19th century. USNM 270009; 1966. Typical
+mid-19th-century fanning mill with vibrator cleaner. Gift of Mrs. Henry
+C. Slunt, Hyattsville, Maryland.
+
+361. Winnowing Machine, mid 19th century. USNM 270009; 1966. Typical
+mid-19th-century fanning mill with screen vibrator cleaner. Gift of Mrs.
+Henry C. Slunt, Hyattsville, Maryland.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 29.--John Deere Model D tractor, 1923. (Catalog
+No. 362.)]
+
+362. John Deere Model D Tractor, 1923. USNM 270865; 1967. The John Deere
+Model D was the first tractor of the line bearing that name. The
+Waterloo Tractor Works, Waterloo, Iowa, made the tractor in 1923. Gift
+of Deere & Company, Moline, Illinois, through George F. Neiley.
+
+363. Waterloo Boy Model N Tractor, 1918. USNM 270864; 1967. The Waterloo
+Boy tractor was manufactured first as Model R, in 1914, and then as
+Model N, beginning in 1918. The Waterloo Gasoline Engine Company of
+Waterloo, Iowa, made the Waterloo Boy. It was the first tractor marketed
+by the John Deer Company, which acquired the Waterloo Gasoline Engine
+Company in 1918. The Waterloo Boy continued to be produced by John Deere
+Company until 1923, when that company brought out its own Model D. Gift
+of Deere & Company, Moline, Illinois, through George F. Neiley.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 30.--Cheese press. (Catalog No. 364.)]
+
+364. Cheese Press, late 19th century. USNM 170886; 1967. Small, wooden,
+hand-operated cheese press, dating from the late 19th century but not
+unlike those in use a century before. Gift of Carlton M. Gunn,
+Sunderland, Massachusetts, through Allister F. MacDougall.
+
+365. Gas-Turbine Tractor, 1965. USNM 274549; 1967. This HT-340
+experimental gasoline turbine tractor operates with a hydrostatic
+transmission. It is air-cooled and has no brakes, gears, or clutch. The
+90-pound motor produces 85 hp. It tended to rear back because of its
+excessive power and so could not be put into commercial production until
+a less-powerful engine had been developed. Gift of International
+Harvester Company, through John J. Dierbeck.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 31.--Fitzhenry-Guptill power sprayer (1908), seen
+here spraying for elm leaf beetles on the grounds of the U.S. Capitol,
+May 1911. (Catalog No. 366.)]
+
+366. Fitzhenry-Guptill Power Sprayer, 1908. USNM 275103; 1967. This is
+the first power sprayer used by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. It
+was built in 1908 and used to spray for gypsy moths in New England. It
+was horse-drawn and had a 2-cylinder mounted engine to furnish power for
+the sprayer. Gift of U. S. Department of Agriculture, through E. D.
+Burgess.
+
+367. Truck Seat, about 1921. USNM 276080; 1967. This truck seat,
+invented and manufactured by the Bostrom Corporation, is significant
+because of its suspension system, which gave greater comfort and
+convenience to the driver and came to be used in many truck and tractor
+lines of several manufacturers. Gift of Bostrom Corporation, Milwaukee,
+Wisconsin, through Karl Bostrom.
+
+368. Tractor Seat, about 1921. USNM 276080; 1967. A suspension seat for
+tractors produced by the Bostrom Corporation in 1921. It was used first
+on the Oliver tractor. All seats now used on tractors derived from this
+basic design. Gift of Bostrom Corporation, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, through
+Karl Bostrom.
+
+369. Hog Snouter, late 19th century. USNM 275604; 1968. The snouter is a
+scissors-like device for clamping a ring in the pig's nose. The ring
+prevents the animal from rooting under or against fences. Gift of Mr.
+and Mrs. George E. Morgenstern of Lake Forest, Illinois.
+
+370. One-Way Disk Plow, about 1924. USNM 277629; 1968. Invented in the
+1920s but declared unpatentable by the Patent Office, the one-way disk
+plow became commonplace in the dry farming areas of the Great Plains.
+The disks, set at an angle, cast less furrow than a moldboard plow. This
+specimen is a reconstruction of the original. Gift of Francis Angell,
+Plains, Kansas.
+
+371. Wine Press, about 1884. USNM 279451; 1968. The donor's father
+brought this wine press to the United States from Rheinfeldon,
+Switzerland, in 1884. Gift of Mrs. Clara Bieber, Washington, D. C.
+
+372. Mill Picks, late 19th century. USNM 279452; 1968. Steel picks used
+to repair and sharpen grooves in millstones. Gift of C. W. Wimberly, San
+Marcos, Texas.
+
+373. Seamless Flour Sack, late 19th century. USNM 279452; 1968. A fairly
+typical flour sack of the time, although sacks with seams were more
+common. Gift of C. W. Wimberly, San Marcos, Texas.
+
+374. Sorghum Cane Mill, late 19th century. USNM 280276; 1968. A steel,
+horse-powered mill, about 4 feet high and 3 feet in circumference, for
+crushing sorghum stalks to produce syrup; factory made. Gift of Mrs.
+Emery L. Stout, Lost Creek, West Virginia.
+
+375. Midget Incubator, about 1945. USNM 280277; 1968. Midget incubator
+and literature pertaining to it. This incubator was patented by E. A.
+Braun in 1945 (Patent 2,583,993). It was made for educational purposes
+for schools and laboratories and for use in private homes to germinate
+seeds, microscopic organisms, etc. Gift of E. A. Braun, Chatham, New
+Jersey.
+
+376. Ten-Gallon Milk Can, 1920s or later. USNM 282324; 1968. An
+unexceptional milk can of about 1920, with the more common type of lid.
+It was found at the farm of Malcolm Brumback, near Belle Grove
+Plantation, Middleton, Virginia. Purchased.
+
+377. Hand Corn Shuckers, late 19th century. USNM 282324; 1969. Seven
+hand corn shuckers, each consisting of a spike attached to a handle
+which fits over the hand. These are quite typical and of a type used for
+over a century. Gift of John N. Hoffman, Washington, D. C.
+
+378. Model Toy Tractors, 1968. USNM 282697; 1969. Ten model toy
+tractors, authentic as to outward details: (1) Caterpillar D6, (2) A. C.
+Crawler, (3) Minneapolis-Moline, (4) Oliver, (5) Case, (6)
+Allis-Chalmers, (7) G-1000 Vista, (8) Ford, (9) I. H. Hay Baler, (10)
+Ford set. Gift of Ertl Company, Dyersville, Iowa, through Fred Ertl, Jr.
+
+379. Sidehill Plow (Knapp), late 19th century. USNM 282926; 1969.
+Sidehill plow patented and manufactured by the Knapps. The plow can be
+flipped over at the end of the row to cast all the furrows in one
+direction when plowing on hills. One of several variations on the idea.
+This is a copy of a 19th-century plow. Gift of N. E. Knapp, through
+Leslie O. Merrill of San Mateo Historical Association, San Mateo,
+California.
+
+380. Crop Meter, about 1925. USNM 283306; 1969. This crop meter was
+developed in 1925 by the Department of Agriculture as an aid in
+estimating the acreage of cotton in Mississippi. The crop meter was
+attached to the dashboard of an automobile and connected by cable to the
+odometer. A circuitous route was followed through the cotton area, and
+when the driver came to the edge of a cotton field he pushed a button
+which started the meter measuring the frontage of the field. The total
+mileage registered could be interpreted in terms of the acreage. The
+meter method was later replaced by aerial observation. Gift of
+Statistical Reporting Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, through
+Harry C. Trelogan.
+
+381. Cotton Boll Weigher, about 1930. USNM 283306; 1969. A cylinder,
+2-1/2 feet high, for measuring the size of a cotton boll by water
+displacement. When this device was used in conjunction with the crop
+meter, the actual fiber yield of a year's crop could be estimated. Gift
+of Statistical Reporting Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
+
+382. Viking Garden Tractor, about 1916. USNM 287592; 1969. A garden
+tractor with a gasoline engine and equipped with cultivator prongs. The
+operator walked behind the tractor and guided it down the rows. Gift of
+Woodson High School, Fairfax, Virginia.
+
+383. Clam Rake, mid 20th century. USNM 284898; 1969. A small rake, with
+tines about 10 inches long and a handle of about 2 feet, used by a clam
+digger on Cape Cod. Gift of Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., West Barnstable,
+Massachusetts.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 32.--Scale model of Aultman-Taylor steam tractor
+of 1892. (Catalog No. 384.)]
+
+384. Model of Aultman-Taylor Steam Tractor, 1892. USNM 285053; 1969.
+This scale model is fully operative and correct in every detail. It is
+about 3 feet long, 1 foot high, and 6 inches wide. Gift of Mrs. Raymond
+Stout, Washington, D. C.
+
+385. Maps of U. S. National Forests, 1908. USNM 284897; 1969. Eight
+maps. Regional maps of forest reserves in the U. S. and territories as
+of 1908. Transferred from Division of Mechanical and Civil Engineering,
+National Museum of History and Technology.
+
+386. Corn Sheller, late 19th century. USNM 285052; 1969. This
+factory-made implement is all wood except for the teeth and gears. It
+could handle only one ear of corn at a time and it was neither shaped
+properly nor adjustable enough to get the nubbins. Gift of Daniel
+Gartling, Cockeysville, Maryland.
+
+387. Grass Mower, about 1930. USNM 285052; 1969. This mower,
+manufactured by International Harvester, has a gasoline engine. The
+cutters are similar to mower and reaper cutter-bars, but there is no
+protective cover on the cutting mechanism. Gift of Daniel Gartling,
+Cockeysville, Maryland.
+
+388. Spring-Toothed Harrow, early 20th century. USNM 285052; 1969. This
+was a commonplace implement of its type and period. The steel frame,
+measuring about 4 feet by 4 feet, was designed to be linked into gangs
+of harrows, of whatever size desired, and to be pulled by horses or
+tractors. Made by J. I. Case Company. Gift of Daniel Gartling,
+Cockeysville, Maryland.
+
+389. McCormick-Deering Cream Separator, 1920s. USNM 285052; 1969. A
+hand-powered, centrifugal cream separator commonly found on dairy and
+other farms all over the country in the late 19th century and early 20th
+century. The original owner kept this specimen for replacement parts but
+he never needed it for that purpose. It is complete and fully
+operational. Gift of Daniel Gartling, Cockeysville, Maryland.
+
+390. Hay Baler, mid 19th century. USNM 286522; 1969. A horse-drawn
+screw-press that packed the hay, which was then tied by hand. This
+baler, 7 feet square and 15 feet high, is similar to machines advertised
+in the 1850s that were largely superseded in the 1870s. Gift of John
+Hosford, Stone Ridge, New York.
+
+391. Grass Sickles, about 1884. Received in 1969. Two ordinary grass
+sickles. Gift of T. H. Bean, Barnridge, Pennsylvania, in 1884.
+Transferred from Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution.
+
+392. Grain Clips, about 1894. Received in 1969. Gift of "D.E.T." in
+1894. Transferred from Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian
+Institution.
+
+393. Wright's Patented Expansion Bit, 19th century. Received in 1969.
+Woodworking tool, a drill. Gift of N. Materville of Connecticut Valley
+in 1917. Transferred from Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian
+Institution.
+
+394. Heavy Knife, late 19th century. Received in 1969. A knife for
+cutting hay and straw. From Beardsly Scythe Company. Transferred from
+Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution.
+
+395. Grain Drill, 1900-1910. USNM 287135; 1969. This wheeled, wooden
+seed box, with metal disks to open the soil, drilled about seven rows at
+a time. The drill was designed to be horse-drawn, but this specimen has
+been modified to be pulled by a tractor. The brand name "Hoosier"
+appears on the box. Gift of Innes Saunders, Leesburg, Virginia.
+
+396. Mowing Machine, 1900-1910. USNM 287135; 1969. A horse-drawn,
+McCormick-Deering sulky mower that later was modified to be pulled by a
+tractor. This mower is representative of machines in the last years of
+the horse era in American farming. Gift of Innes Saunders, Leesburg,
+Virginia.
+
+397. Corn Cultivator, 1900-1910. USNM 287135; 1969. A McCormick-Deering
+four-shovel corn cultivator with two arms for working two rows at once.
+Gift of Innes Saunders, Leesburg, Virginia.
+
+398. Corn Cutter, 1900-1919. USNM 287135; 1969. A McCormick-Deering,
+horse-drawn corn cutter. The rider grabbed the corn stalks in his arms
+while a blade cut the stalks on the ground. This implement was used
+chiefly to cut fodder for livestock. Gift of Innes Saunders, Leesburg,
+Virginia.
+
+399. Fanning Mill, 1900-1910. USNM 287135; 1969. A hand-operated, wooden
+fanning mill with hurdle, screen, grader, and side spout. The separator
+and winnower are combined. Gift of Innes Saunders, Leesburg, Virginia.
+
+400. Hay Rake, 1900-1910. USNM 287135; 1969. A McCormick-Deering sulky
+rake with spring steel teeth and a hand-operated dumping mechanism. Gift
+of Innes Saunders, Leesburg, Virginia.
+
+401. Book: The Growth of Industrial Art, 1892. USNM 287863; 1969. This
+200-page book by Benjamin Butterworth was printed at the Government
+Printing Office, Washington, D. C., in 1892. It contains line drawings
+of many agricultural tools and implements, some of them ancient. Gift of
+William Perkins, Hyattsville, Maryland.
+
+402. Corn Huskers, early 20th century. USNM 287593; 1969. These huskers
+fit over the hand like a glove without fingers. A steel hook in the palm
+removed the corn husks. Similar devices date back to at least the early
+19th century. Gift of Melvin Deschner, Halstend, Kansas.
+
+403. Corn Huskers, late 19th century. USNM 287591; 1969. Similar to the
+huskers in Number 402. Gift of Cecil Eberle, Newton, Kansas.
+
+404. Milking Machine, about 1950. USNM 287862; 1969. A McCormick-Deering
+milking machine with four suction cups that worked from a
+gasoline-powered vacuum pump. It is a machine typical of its time and
+place. Gift of Conrad Lawlor, Madrid, Iowa.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 33.--International Harvester spindle cotton
+picker, 1942. (Catalog No. 405.)]
+
+405. Mechanical Cotton Picker, 1942. USNM 288163; 1970. International
+Harvester Model H-10-H, single-row, spindle cotton picker of 1942. The
+Model H-10-H, developed in 1941, was the first commercially successful
+spindle picker. It is about 13 feet high and weighs about 4 tons. This
+machine and its successors completely transformed the cotton farming
+industry and led to the destruction of the share-cropping system. Gift
+of Producers Cotton Oil Co., Fresno, California, through International
+Harvester Corporation.
+
+406. Duplicator, late 19th century and early 20th century. USNM 290936;
+1970. This duplicator, a tube about 2-1/2 inches in diameter and about
+12 inches long, was used to copy farm records. The user wrote on paper
+with an indelible pencil. The original paper and copy papers were placed
+between two water-soaked linen leaves and all was rolled up on a wooden
+spool. Then the spool was inserted in the tube and left for a few
+minutes until the penciled ink stained through the wet papers and thus
+made copies. This specimen was used on a farm in Virginia. Gift of Mrs.
+Arthur Z. Gardiner, McLean, Virginia.
+
+407. Orchard Ladder, 20th century. USNM 290936; 1970. This ladder, about
+9 feet high and with 10 steps, narrows toward the top. Adjustable legs
+allowed it to be moved forward or backward for the desired positions in
+fruit picking. Gift of Mrs. Arthur Z. Gardiner, McLean, Virginia.
+
+408. Tobacco, 1969. USNM 291350; 1970. Leaves of tobacco, a plug of
+tobacco for chewing, and a leaf roll of tobacco. Gift of Mrs. Wanda
+White, Thurmond, North Carolina.
+
+409. John Deere Garden Tractor, 1963. USNM 275276; 1970. The first
+garden tractor-riding lawn mower made by John Deere Company in 1963.
+Called the 110, it is a typical suburban tractor with a 7-horsepower
+engine and forward and reverse gears. Gift of John Deere Company,
+Moline, Illinois, through George Neiley.
+
+410. Montamower Lawn Mower, 1923. USNM 293356; 1970. This lawn mower,
+made by Montamower Co., Traverse City, Michigan, has 16 rotary blades
+that are about 2 inches in diameter. The blades are set in a frame and
+are geared to the same number of wheels on the ground. The machine was
+patented on August 21, 1923. Gift of Andrew Corle, Chevy Chase,
+Maryland.
+
+411. "Cyclone" Seeder, early 20th century. USNM 292872; 1971. A
+crank-operated broadcast seeder that the farmer carried as he walked
+across the field. Gift of Mrs. Alice Wiser, College Park, Maryland.
+
+412. Straw Beehive, 20th century. USNM 296260; 1971. This skep (a
+beehive made of woven straw) was made in the 1950s but is of a sort that
+has been used since ancient times. Gift of A. G. Woodson Company, Grand
+Rapids, Michigan.
+
+413. Apple Cider Press, about 1875. Received in 1971. This "Buckeye"
+press, made mostly of wood, was manufactured by the P. P. Mast Company
+of Springfield, Ohio. Many presses of this design were used throughout
+the country. Gift of Mrs. S. D. Mottley, Marshall, Virginia.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 34.--Roberts-Mackensen bee insemination
+instrument, 1944. (Catalog No. 414.)]
+
+414. Roberts-Mackensen Bee Insemination Instrument, 1944. USNM 295414;
+1971. This stainless steel device holds the queen bee while the
+technician performs the operation. Controlled breeding of bees has
+resulted in hardy and gentle breeds and greater production of honey.
+Gift of Dadant & Sons, Hamilton, Illinois, through Charles Dadant.
+
+
+Index to the Catalog
+
+(All numbers refer to catalog entries, not to pages)
+
+A. G. Woodson Co., 412
+
+A & P Co., donor, 72
+
+Abbot, Charles G., donor, 27
+
+Agriculture, Department of, donor, 45, 46, 48-53, 55, 99, 366, 380,
+381, 385
+
+Allis, T. W., 298
+
+Allis-Chalmers crawler tractor, 378
+
+American Chemical and Paint Co., 359
+
+American Philosophical Society, 88, 207
+
+Angell, Francis, donor, 370
+
+Animals, see Livestock
+
+Animal husbandry, 253, 369, 390
+
+Anthropology, Department of Smithsonian Institution, donor, 391, 392,
+394
+
+Anvil, Korean, 6
+
+Apples, implements used in connection with, 222, 243, 413
+
+Apiary, 99, 412
+
+Artificial insemination of bees, 414
+
+Arthur, B. F., donor, 44
+
+Aultman-Taylor steam tractor, 406
+
+Auth Provision Co., donor, 56, 57
+
+Avery Bulldog tractor, 142
+
+Axe, meat, 59;
+  tobacco, 259
+
+
+Babcock butterfat tester, 68, 230
+
+Bailey, Jeremiah, 170
+
+Bailey mower, 170
+
+Baker, George, 281
+
+Baker Perfect barbed wire, 281
+
+Baking, 93
+
+Baldwin's Improved American Fodder Cutter, 218
+
+Baler, 261, 390
+
+Bananas, 71
+
+Barbed wire, 44, 208, 209, 248, 279-339
+
+Barley, forks for, 132, 274
+
+Barrel, churn, 92, 347;
+  tobacco, 349
+
+Bar share, 111
+
+Basket, winnowing, 18, 141
+
+Bate, William S., 296
+
+Bean, T. H., donor, 391
+
+Beans, equipment for, 74
+
+Bear, trap for, 351
+
+Beardsly Scythe Co., donor, 394
+
+Beaver, trap for, 353
+
+Becker, Herman, donor, 257
+
+Bees, 99, 412, 414
+
+Bein, Thomas W., donor, 218
+
+Bell, Patrick, 174
+
+Bell reaper, 174
+
+Bell(s), cow, 108; turkey, 266
+
+Bench, for lard press, 115;
+  saddler's, 342
+
+Bieber, Mrs. Clara, donor, 371
+
+Billings, Frank, 323
+
+Billings' Simple barbed wire, 323
+
+Binder, grain, 252
+
+Binder's rake, 120
+
+Bit, expansion, 393
+
+Blacksmith, Korean, 6, 7
+
+Blake, John B., donor, 209, 225-231
+
+Blount, Henry F., donor, 9
+
+Blount's plow, 9
+
+Boll, cotton, 381
+
+Book, farm copy, 103
+
+Booth, Benjamin, 287, 338
+
+Borden, Gail, 26
+
+Borden Company, donor, 26
+
+Bostrom, Karl, 367, 368
+
+Bostrom Corporation, donor, 367, 368
+
+Bowl, 117
+
+Boyce, James, 16
+
+Brace, butcher's, 240
+
+Braid, horsewhip, 109
+
+Branding iron, 267
+
+Brandon, Milton J., donor, 258
+
+Braun, E. A., donor, 375
+
+Breaker, cheese curd, 90, 161, 239;
+  flax, 343
+
+Bridle bits, 107
+
+Brierton, Joseph, 42
+
+Brink-Martelle barbed wire, 295
+
+Brinkerhoff, Jacob, 300, 302, 316
+
+Brinkerhoff, John J., 295
+
+Brinkerhoff, Warren M., 300, 302, 316
+
+Brink Flat barbed wire, 300, 316, 339
+
+Brink Twist barbed wire, 302
+
+British barbed wire, 334
+
+Broadcast seeder, 165, 213, 258, 411
+
+Brotherton, J., 280-287
+
+Brown, Edwin, donor, 47
+
+Brown, Frank A., donor, 11
+
+Brown, James W., donor, 118-121
+
+Brown, Ruth, 198-200
+
+Brumback, Malcolm, 377
+
+Brush cutter, 298
+
+Buckeye cider press, 413
+
+Buckthorn barbed wire, 298
+
+Buggy rake, 69
+
+Bulldog tractor, Avery, 142
+
+Burgess, E. D., 366
+
+Burnell, Arthur, 326
+
+Burnell's Four Point barbed wire, 326
+
+Butcher, table for, 116;
+  tools of, 56-67, 240
+
+Butter, implements used in preparing, 68, 82, 92, 95, 140, 230, 345, 347,
+  348
+
+Butterfat tester, 68, 230
+
+Butterworth, Benjamin, 401
+
+Byrne, Mrs. Henry H., donor, 232
+
+
+Cane mill, sugar, 100;
+  sorghum syrup, 374
+
+Canning, pan for, 26
+
+Cape Cod clam rake, 383
+
+Carey plow, 23, 46, 127
+
+Carrier for hayfork, 184
+
+Caterpillar tractor, 378
+
+Catholic University of America, donor, 106-110
+
+Cattle, dehorner for, 253;
+  branding iron for, 267
+
+Centrifugal cream separator, 8, 19, 411
+
+Champion barbed wire, 297
+
+Cheese making, implements for, 90, 161, 239, 364
+
+Childs, H. M., 140
+
+China, plow from, 45
+
+Churns, 82, 92, 140, 347, 348
+
+Cider mill and press, 222, 413
+
+Cigars, 166
+
+Clam rake, 383
+
+Clark, K. E., donor, 264
+
+Cleavers, 57, 58
+
+Clement, Robert E., 242
+
+Climpson, Mrs. Harley, donor, 206
+
+Clow, William M., 319
+
+Coffee, 72
+
+Cole, H. C, donor, 233
+
+Collars for turkeys, 266
+
+Colter plow, 47
+
+Combine, horse-drawn, 241
+
+Condensed milk, 26
+
+Connelly, Joseph H., 320
+
+Cookie roller, 93
+
+Cooley creamer, 33
+
+Cooper, Minner J., donor, 259
+
+Corle, Andrew, donor, 410
+
+Corn, tools and machines for, 75, 80, 178-182, 190, 194, 212, 218, 221,
+  278, 377, 386, 397, 398, 402, 403
+
+Corman, Ivor, donor, 238-240
+
+Corsicana Clip barbed wire, 317
+
+Cotton, implements used in connection with, 37, 235, 341, 380, 381, 405
+
+Cow, bell for, 108;
+  milker for, 39, 40
+
+Cradle, grain harvesting, 32, 69, 91, 104, 119, 130, 143
+
+Crandall, Edward M., 282, 297
+
+Crank, tractor, 125
+
+Cream, implements used for, 8, 19, 33, 68, 230, 391;
+  see also Butter
+
+Crop meter, 380
+
+Crowell, John S., 329
+
+Cultivator(s), 46, 49, 150, 158, 162, 180-183, 185, 195-199, 203, 205, 212,
+  255, 341, 342, 382, 388, 397
+
+Cummings, Mrs. H. G., 236
+
+Curd breaker, 90, 161, 239
+
+Cutter(s), 218, 387, 398
+
+Cyclone seeder, 411
+
+
+Dadant, Charles, 414
+
+Dadant & Sons, donor, 414
+
+Dairying, 8, 19, 26, 33, 39, 40, 68, 82, 90, 92, 95, 108, 126, 140, 161,
+  230, 239, 247, 260, 345, 347, 348, 364, 376, 389, 404
+
+Daley, Michael, 284
+
+Daveat milk sterilizer, 260
+
+Daveat Milk Processes Co., donor, 260
+
+Davies, Elmer S., 260
+
+Davis, Gideon, 52
+
+Davis, Roderick, 27-29
+
+Day, F. B., donor, 69
+
+Decker, Alexander C., 301, 303
+
+Decker Spread barbed wire, 301
+
+Deer, traps for, 352
+
+Deere, John, 42
+
+Deere plows and tractors, 42, 223, 224, 362
+
+Deere and Company, donor, 42, 362, 363, 409
+
+Deerfoot Farm Co., donor, 8
+
+Deering, see McCormick-Deering
+
+Dehorner, 253
+
+De Laval cream separator, 19
+
+De Laval Separator Co., donor, 19
+
+De Long, Thomas A., donor, 350
+
+Dentry, Gordon, donor, 256
+
+Department of Agriculture, see Agriculture, Department of
+
+Deschner, Melvin, donor, 402
+
+Dierbeck, John J., Jr., 365
+
+Diesel cultivator, 255
+
+Disk(s), for plows and cultivators, 77, 185, 370
+
+Dobbs, John, 287, 338
+
+Dodge, Thomas H., 321
+
+Dodge and Washburn barbed wire, 321
+
+Dry farming, plow for, 370
+
+Drill, grain, 202
+
+Duplicator for farm records, 406
+
+Duval, Caleb Paul, 91
+
+Duval, Virginia, donor, 91-96
+
+
+Eagle plow, 54
+
+Eagle Machine Co., 202
+
+Eberle, Cecil, donor, 403
+
+Eichner, L. C., 207
+
+Engines, gasoline portable, 234;
+  starter, 124;
+  steam portable, 164, 254;
+  tractor, 262
+
+Ertl Company, donor, 378
+
+
+Fairchild, E. C., 148
+
+Fairhead, R. C., donor, 22
+
+Fanning mill, winnowing, 74, 97, 134, 149, 360, 361, 399
+
+Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts, donor, 150-163
+
+Fencing, barbed wire, 44, 208, 209, 248, 279-339
+
+Ferguson, Harry, 76
+
+Ferguson tractor, 76;
+  disk plow, 77
+
+Fertilizer, 148, 225-229
+
+Fiber, 273, 343
+
+Fitzhenry-Guptill power sprayer, 366
+
+Flails, 12, 160, 265
+
+Flax, 273, 343
+
+Flickinger, J. and P., 118
+
+Flop-over hay rakes, 136, 200, 204
+
+Flour mill, 102
+
+Flour sacks, 378
+
+Food processing, implements used in, 22, 26, 56, 73, 90, 92-94, 100, 102,
+  112-117, 163, 221, 222, 230, 239, 242, 243, 247, 260, 271, 278, 345,
+  347, 348, 364, 371-374, 376, 389
+
+Fodder, implements used in connection with, 34, 121, 123, 136-138, 146,
+  147, 152, 157, 168, 184, 191, 200, 204, 218, 261, 398
+
+Forbes, Wells, 103
+
+Ford tractor, 378
+
+Fordson tractor, 350; crank for, 125
+
+Forestry, 366, 385
+
+Forge, Korean, 6
+
+Fork(s), 34, 121, 123, 132, 146, 147, 152, 155, 167, 168, 184, 189, 191,
+  256, 274
+
+Foster, John, 49
+
+Four Point barbed wire, 322, 324-326
+
+Fox trap, 355
+
+Franklin Institute, donor, 237
+
+Frentress, Henry, 331
+
+Freezer, ice cream, 247
+
+Frick Co., donor, 164
+
+Frick steam engine, 164
+
+Frye, Andrew W., donor, 212
+
+Frye, William, 293
+
+
+Gallic grain header, 13, 171
+
+Garden tractor(s), 382, 409
+
+Gardiner, Mrs. Arthur Z., donor, 406, 407
+
+Gartling, Daniel, donor, 386-389
+
+Garver, Cyrus, 31
+
+Garver, Daniel, 31
+
+Garver, Melchora, donor, 31
+
+Gasoline engines, 234, 366, 387, 404
+
+Gas-turbine tractor, 365
+
+Gideon Davis plow, 52
+
+Glass butter churn, 82
+
+Glidden, Josiah F., 283, 288, 289, 291, 292, 311, 325, 333, 336, 337
+
+Glidden barbed wire, 336, 337
+
+Goss, Joseph, 294
+
+Goodrich, C. O., donor, 124, 125
+
+Gould, Mary E., 90
+
+Goward, G., donor, 1-7
+
+Grafting knife, 154
+
+Grain, implements used in connection with, 12, 14-16, 31, 32, 36, 69, 74,
+  91, 98, 102, 104, 105, 118-120, 122, 130-132, 135, 141, 143, 144, 148,
+  149, 153, 160, 165, 171-174, 189, 192, 193, 202, 213, 214, 221, 233, 237,
+  241, 252, 256, 265, 270, 274, 277, 278, 346, 392, 395, 401-403, 411;
+  see also, Combines; Harvesting; Reapers, etc.
+
+Grass mowers, 387, 409, 410
+
+Grass sickles, 391
+
+Graybill, Pollitt, donor, 246
+
+Great Atlantic & Pacific Co., see A & P Co.
+
+Grinder(s), for corn, 221;
+  for meat, 22, 94, 113
+
+Grist mill, 102
+
+Griswold, J. W., 306
+
+Ground Hog thresher, 192
+
+Grubbing, hoe for, 206;
+  mattock for, 217
+
+Gunn, Carlton M., donor, 364
+
+Guptill, see Fitzhenry-Guptill
+
+Gypsy moths, sprayer for, 366
+
+
+Hackle, flax, 273
+
+Haish, Jacob, 308, 313
+
+Haish "S" barbed wire, 308, 313
+
+Hames, horse, 269
+
+Hammond, Warren, donor, 75
+
+Han Chin U, 1-7
+
+Hand tools, see Tools, hand
+
+Harbst, Gladys, 243
+
+Hardy, Peter, 10
+
+Harness, 145, 209
+
+Harpoon hayfork, 121, 123, 191
+
+Harris, E., 191
+
+Harris, S., 191
+
+Harrows, 21, 162, 183, 196, 272, 388
+
+Hart, Charles, 220
+
+Hart-Parr tractor, 220
+
+Harvester, see Combines; Harvesting; Reapers
+
+Harvesting, implements used in, 11-16, 18, 25, 27-29, 31, 32, 69, 71, 74,
+  80, 91, 97, 98, 104, 105, 118, 120, 122, 130-132, 134, 135, 141, 143,
+  144, 149, 153, 160, 164, 171-175, 189, 192, 214, 237, 241, 252, 254, 256,
+  259, 265, 270, 274, 277, 377, 386
+
+Hathaway, Laurence, donor, 90
+
+Hay, implements used in connection with, 34, 78, 121, 123, 136-138, 146,
+  147, 152, 157, 168-170, 184, 191, 200, 204, 218, 261, 390, 394, 396,
+  400;
+  see also, Fodder
+
+Hayfork, 34, 146, 147, 152, 168
+
+Headers, Gallic, 13, 171
+
+Hepp, Frank, donor, 25
+
+Herbicide, 359
+
+Heiss, E. W., donor, 34-36
+
+Heiss, John, 34
+
+Heiss, William, 35, 36
+
+Hill, James, 332
+
+Hitchcock, Walter A., donor, 221, 222
+
+Hoe(s), 24, 128, 150, 158, 206, 210, 215, 232, 238, 263
+
+Hoffman, John N., donor, 377
+
+Hogs, 240, 361
+
+Hogshead, tobacco, 349
+
+Hold Fast barbed wire, 327
+
+Holst, Don, donor, 208, 248
+
+Holt, Benjamin, 241
+
+Holt, Mrs. C. Parker, donor, 241
+
+Holt combine, 241
+
+Honey; see Bees
+
+Hook(s), for cutting, 133, 270;
+  for pots, 271;
+  hay bale, 261;
+  meat, 63, 64
+
+Hoover, William H., 56-67
+
+Hoosier brand of grain drill, 395
+
+Horses, implements used in connection with, 106, 107, 109, 139, 145, 147,
+  186-188, 193, 269, 366, 374, 390;
+  shoeing of, 7
+
+Horsfall, Frank, donor, 265-276, 279-339
+
+Hosford, John, donor, 390
+
+HT-340 tractor, 365
+
+Huber steam tractor, 262
+
+Huskers, corn, 402, 403
+
+Hussey, Obed, 105, 172, 173
+
+Hussey reaper, 172, 173
+
+
+Ice saw, 163
+
+Ice cream freezer, 247
+
+Incubator, midget, 375
+
+Insecticide, 231;
+  sprayer for, 366
+
+Insemination, bee, 414
+
+Interior, Department of the, donor, 12-17
+
+International Harvester Co., 127 (donor), 365, 378, 387, 405
+
+
+J. I. Case, Co., 335, 378, 388
+
+Jayne, William, 332
+
+Jayne-Hill barbed wire, 332
+
+Jefferson, Thomas, 54, 88, 89
+
+Jobber, corn, 190
+
+John Deere Co., 203, donor, 223, 224, 245
+
+
+Kanter, Clayton, donor, 178, 179
+
+Kelly, Michael, 310
+
+Kennedy, Charles, 309
+
+Kennedy Barbs barbed wire, 308
+
+Kinsman, Pelatiah, 48
+
+Kittleson, Ole O., 299
+
+Kloch, Henry, 30
+
+Knapp, N. E., donor, 379
+
+Knapp sidehill plow, 379
+
+Knecht, Albert, 201-204
+
+Knives, 60, 61, 133, 151, 154, 157, 394
+
+
+Ladder, orchard, 407
+
+Ladder Wire barbed wire, 303
+
+Lambert, Benjamin, donor, 213
+
+Lamprey, J. P., donor, 10
+
+Landis Eclipse thresher, 175
+
+Lard press, 115
+
+Laross and Brothers Co., donor, 349
+
+Lawlor, Conrad, donor, 404
+
+Lawn mower, 257, 409, 410
+
+Lazy Plate barbed wire, 328
+
+Leather, implements used in connection with, 96, 342
+
+Leithiser, F. P., 244
+
+Lesher, Christian, 111
+
+Lesher, Daniel, donor, 111, 122
+
+Livestock, implements and materials used in connection with, 35-41,
+106-109, 145, 156, 159, 208, 209, 248, 253, 267, 268, 280-337, 369, 390
+
+Log roller, 129
+
+
+MacDougall, Allister F., 364
+
+McCormick, Cyrus H., 98, 237
+
+McCormick, Stephen, 38
+
+McCormick-Deering, 205, 252, 289, 396-398, 400, 404
+
+McCormick-Goodhart, Leander, donor, 38
+
+McCormick Historical Association, donor, 28, 29, 98
+
+McCormick reapers, 25, 27-29, 98, 131, 237
+
+McMechan, A. E., donor, 340
+
+McPeek, Mrs. Miles, donor, 339
+
+Machinery, for corn picking, 80;
+  for corn shelling, 278;
+  for curd breaking, 161;
+  for fanning mills, 74, 134, 149;
+  for food slicing, 73;
+  for milking, 39, 40, 126;
+  for power sources, 164, 193, 234, 254;
+  for reaping and mowing, 78, 131, 137, 169, 172-174, 237;
+  for threshing, 12, 118;
+  tractor, 124, 142, 220, 249, 262
+
+Mahlon Smith plow, 177
+
+Major, J. D., donor, 252
+
+Malone, S., 75
+
+Manning, William, 15, 169
+
+Manning mower, 169
+
+Manure, implements used in connection with, 79, 152, 155, 167
+
+Maple sugar, implements used in connection with, 83-87
+
+Marker sled, 194
+
+Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, donor, 143-149
+
+Massey-Ferguson, Inc., donor, 211
+
+Matterville, N., donor, 393
+
+Mattock, grubbing, 217
+
+Meal, grist mill for, 102
+
+Measures, feed, 35, 36
+
+Meat, implements used in connection with, 22, 56-67, 94, 112-116, 240
+
+Mechanical and Civil Engineering Division, Smithsonian Institution, donor,
+  385
+
+Mehring, Bessie D., donor, 39, 40
+
+Mehring, William M., 39, 40, 126
+
+Mehring cow milker, 39, 40, 126
+
+Merrill, John C, 327
+
+Merrill, Leslie O., 379
+
+Merrill Twirl barbed wire, 327
+
+Meter, for crop estimating, 380
+
+Miles, Mrs. Arnold, donor, 165-168, 263
+
+Milk, implements used in connection with, 26, 260, 376;
+  see also Dairying; Milking machine
+
+Milking machine, 39, 40, 126, 404
+
+Miller Burial and Pliers Co., 166
+
+Mills, John G., donor, 247
+
+Mill(s), cider, 222;
+  grist, 102;
+  picks for, 372;
+  sorghum, 374;
+  sugar, 100
+
+Mink, trap for, 356
+
+Minneapolis-Moline, Inc., 249-251, 378
+
+Mitchell, John W., donor, 259
+
+Mittinger, A., Jr., 56-67
+
+Moldboard, 51, 88, 89, 201
+
+Moline Co., donor, 249-251;
+  see also Minneapolis-Moline, Inc.
+
+Montgomery, James, 97
+
+Montgomery, Joseph, 97
+
+Montgomery, Ruth, donor, 97
+
+Motley, Mrs. S. D., donor, 413
+
+Mower(s), grass, 387, 396;
+  machine, 137;
+  models of, 78, 169, 170, 257;
+  seat for, 264
+
+Murphy, George, donor, 73
+
+Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, donor, 342-348
+
+Muskrat trap, 357
+
+Muzzle, ox, 156
+
+
+Neck yoke, 188
+
+Needle; see harpoon fork
+
+Neiley, George F., 362, 363, 409
+
+Nelson, James, 37
+
+Newbold, Charles, 17, 52
+
+Newbold plow, 52
+
+New Holland Machine Co., donor, 234
+
+New Idea brand of implements, 78-80
+
+New York Historical Association, donor, 128-141
+
+Nickerson, William, 119
+
+Noirot, Everett, 142
+
+Nourse, J., 54
+
+
+Offenbacker, John, donor, 180-191
+
+Old Colony strong plow, 10, 48, 49
+
+Oliver, James, 70, 219
+
+Oliver, James B., 330
+
+Oliver, S. H., donor, 82
+
+Oliver chilled plow, 219
+
+Oliver Corporation 219 (donor), 220, 378
+
+Olmstead, Frank E., donor, 83-87
+
+Oneida Community, donor, 351-358
+
+Orchard ladder, 407
+
+Osmundson, A. G., donor, 81
+
+Osmundson Forge Co., 81
+
+Otter trap, 354
+
+Oxen, implements used in connection with, 41, 100, 156, 159
+
+
+P. P. Mast Co., 413
+
+Palm, Bessie W., donor, 103
+
+Parr, Charles, 220
+
+Peeler, apple, 243
+
+Perkins, William, donor, 401
+
+Peterkin, E. W., donor, 261
+
+Peterson, Frank D., 260
+
+Peterson, Gale E., 359
+
+Picker, corn, 80;
+  cotton, 405
+
+Pigs, see Hogs, Livestock
+
+Pins, meat, 67
+
+Pitchfork, 146, 152, 155, 167, 168
+
+Plantation, banana, 71;
+  coffee, 72
+
+Planters, 75, 148, 178, 179, 190, 194, 233, 235, 246;
+  see also Seeders
+
+Plow(s), 1, 9, 10, 17, 21, 23, 30, 38, 42, 43, 45-55, 70, 77, 88, 89, 111,
+  127, 176, 177, 180-182, 201, 212, 216, 219, 223, 244-246, 250, 251, 341,
+  344, 370, 379
+
+Plowshare, 47, 341
+
+Plunger churn, 348
+
+Pork, see Hogs; Meat
+
+Porter, J. E., 184
+
+Pot hooks, 271
+
+Poultry, implements used in connection with, 266, 375
+
+Power, sources of, 139-142, 186-188, 193, 211, 220, 224, 234, 242, 249,
+  262, 350, 362, 363, 365, 366, 384
+
+Press, cheese, 364;
+  cider, 222, 413;
+  lard 115;
+  wine, 371
+
+Processing, fiber, 273, 343;
+  food, 22, 26, 72, 73, 82, 90, 92, 94, 102, 112-117, 221, 222, 242, 243,
+  247, 271, 278, 345, 347, 348;
+  tobacco 166
+
+Producers Cotton Oil Co., donor, 405
+
+Pulley, 121, 340
+
+Pyrox (insecticide), 231
+
+
+Rakes, clam, 405;
+  hand, 120, 195;
+  horse-drawn, 69, 136, 138, 200, 204
+
+Rappleye, Howard S., donor, 277
+
+Rat trap, 358
+
+Reapers, 13-16, 25, 27-29, 32, 91, 98, 104, 105, 119, 130, 131, 135, 143,
+  144, 153, 171-174, 207, 237, 241, 252
+
+Republic Steel Wire Co., 336, 337
+
+Rhoades, George, 192-197
+
+Rice threshing, 2
+
+Riddle, grain separator, 214
+
+Roberts-Mackensen bee inseminator, 414
+
+Robinson, Cora E., donor, 123
+
+Robinson, Lucy, donor, 205
+
+Rogers, Noah, 11
+
+Roller(s), for butter worker, 345;
+  for cookies, 93;
+  for soil, 21, 129
+
+Rose, Henry M., 284
+
+Ross, Noble S., 322
+
+Ross's Four Point barbed wire 322
+
+Rutherford, James W., donor, 210
+
+
+Sabrosky, Jennie, donor, 104
+
+Sacks, flour, 373;
+  grain, 122, 277
+
+Saddler's buck, 342
+
+St. John, Spencer, 290
+
+Salt processing, 101
+
+Samson, Clarissa W., donor, 18
+
+Sap spouts, 83-87
+
+Saunders, Innes, donor, 395-400
+
+Sausage stuffer, 112, 114
+
+Saw, butcher's, 56;
+  ice, 163
+
+Scoop, grain, 346
+
+Scoville, Edward, 41
+
+Scoville, Reign, donor, 41
+
+Scraper, butcher's, 62
+
+Scythe, 135, 144
+
+Seat(s), sulky, 264;
+  tractor, 368;
+  truck, 367
+
+Seeders, 37, 75, 148, 165, 178, 179, 190, 202, 213, 233, 235, 258, 395
+
+Seeds, germinating incubator for, 397
+
+Self-rake reaper, 131
+
+Separators, cream, 8, 19, 33, 389;
+  grain, 31, 74, 97, 175, 214, 360, 361, 399
+
+Shakers (religious community), 26
+
+Share for plow, 47, 341
+
+Sheller, 278, 386
+
+Shinn, Milton, 324
+
+Shinn's Four Point barbed wire, 324
+
+Shoe last, 96
+
+Shovel(s), grain, 346;
+  plow, 180-182, 212
+
+Shredder, flax, 273
+
+Shuckers, 377
+
+Sickle, 153, 270, 391
+
+Sickle bar, 25
+
+Sidehill plow, 379
+
+Singletree, 185
+
+Sims, Elijah, 304
+
+Sinclair, Sir John, 88
+
+Skep, 412
+
+Sketches, Korean, 1-7
+
+Sled marker, 194
+
+Slicer, food, 73
+
+Slunt, Mrs. Henry C., donor, 360, 361
+
+Smith, Mahlon, 177
+
+Smith, Robert, 51
+
+Smith plow, 51
+
+Snouter, hog, 369
+
+Snyder, Peter Brugler, 277
+
+Sod plows, 51, 344
+
+Sorghum cane mill, 374
+
+Souter, Lester, donor, 235
+
+Spade(s), 81, 151, 236
+
+Spike(s), 87, 272
+
+Spindle cotton picker, 405
+
+Split Diamond barbed wire, 331
+
+Spouts, maple sap, 83-86
+
+Sprayer, power, 366
+
+Spreader, butcher's, 65, 66;
+  manure, 79
+
+Spring-tooth harrow, 388
+
+Spring-tooth rake, 138, 400
+
+Spurs, 106, 268
+
+Stabler, Sydney S., donor, 32, 33, 68
+
+Starks, Niels O., 43
+
+Starter, tractor, 124
+
+Statistical Reporting Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, donor,
+  380, 381
+
+Steam engines, 164, 254, 341, 384
+
+Sterilizer, milk, 260
+
+Stout, Mrs. Emery L., donor, 374
+
+Stover, Daniel C., 317
+
+Strucksberg, S. O., donor, 43
+
+Stubbe, John, 307
+
+Stubbe Plate barbed wire, 307
+
+Stump puller, 340
+
+Sugar, cane, 100;
+  maple, 83-87
+
+Sulky, implements for, 43, 199, 245, 251, 264, 396, 400
+
+Sunderland, L. E., 305
+
+Sunderland Kink barbed wire, 305
+
+Swiggett, Grace M., donor, 24
+
+Swine, see Hogs; Meat
+
+Swingplow, 30
+
+
+Tavenner plow, 50
+
+Table, butcher's, 116
+
+Taylor, see Aultman-Taylor
+
+Tee-Pak, Inc., donor, 112-117
+
+Ten Eyck, James, 14
+
+Thomas Mills and Brothers, 247
+
+Thompson, Daniel, donor, 100-102
+
+Thorny Fence barbed wire, 310
+
+Threshers, see Threshing
+
+Threshing, implements used in connection with, 2, 12, 31, 118, 139, 160,
+  175, 192, 241, 265
+
+Thumb, Mathew, 30
+
+Thurmond, Wanda W., donor, 408
+
+Tile knife, 151
+
+Tile spade, 81
+
+Tobacco, 4, 110, 166, 246, 259, 349, 408
+
+Tools, hand, 24, 56-67, 81, 128, 132, 150, 151, 154, 155, 158, 189, 195,
+  206, 210, 217, 236, 238, 263, 270, 274, 338, 346, 377, 391, 394, 402, 403
+
+Topping Models, Inc., donor, 76-80
+
+Toy Manufacturers Association, donor, 20, 21
+
+Toy tractors, 20, 21, 223, 224, 378
+
+Tractor(s), 20, 21, 76-79, 124, 125, 142, 211, 220, 223, 224, 249, 250,
+  262, 350, 362, 363, 365, 378, 382, 384, 409;
+  seats for, 368;
+  with cotton picker, 405
+
+Transplanter, tobacco, 246
+
+Trap(s), animal, 351-358;
+  fish, 3
+
+Treadmill, 139, 140
+
+Trelogan, Harry C., 380
+
+Trolley carrier, hay, 184
+
+Trucks, seat for, 367
+
+Turbine tractor, 365
+
+Turkey, collars for, 266
+
+Twist barbed wire, see Brink Twist
+
+Twist Oval barbed wire, 283
+
+2,4-D, sample of, 359
+
+
+United Fruit Company, donor, 71
+
+Upham, Andrew J., 318
+
+
+Vacuum pan, 26
+
+Vaughn, Ruben F., donor, 37
+
+Veikko, Jarvis, donor, 217
+
+Vermont Farm Machine Co., 68
+
+Vette, Irwin, 245
+
+Victor mower, 137
+
+Viking garden tractor, 382
+
+Vise, bench, 342;
+  harness, 145
+
+Vista tractor, 378
+
+Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr., donor, 383
+
+
+Waldron cradle, 32
+
+Wallis tractor, 211
+
+War wire, barbed, 312, 314, 315, 334, 335
+
+Washburn, Charles G., 321
+
+Water lift, wheel for, 101, 242
+
+Waterloo Boy tractor, 363
+
+Waterwheel, 101, 242
+
+Watkins, W., 328
+
+Waybright, Earl J., donor, 126
+
+Welcome, Sir Henry S., donor, 30
+
+Weston, D. M., 8
+
+Wheat, implements used in connection with, 69, 91, 118, 131, 135, 141, 143,
+  144, 153, 160, 202, 213, 241, 252, 265, 360, 361, 395
+
+Wheelbarrow, 275, 276
+
+Whip, 109
+
+Wiat, Newton E., donor, 253
+
+Wilson, Arden, donor, 74
+
+Wimberly, C. W., donor, 372, 373
+
+Winch, tractor, 350
+
+Windmill, 101
+
+Wine press, 371
+
+Winner barbed wire, 311
+
+Winnowing, baskets for, 11, 18, 141;
+  mills for, 31, 74, 97, 134, 149, 360, 361, 399
+
+Wire, barbed, see Barbed wire
+
+Wiser, Alice, donor, 411
+
+Wood, Jethro, 38
+
+Woodcock plow, 53
+
+Woodson, A. G., 412
+
+Woodson High School, Fairfax, Virginia, donor, 382
+
+Wright expansion bit, 393
+
+
+Yoke, ox, 41, 159
+
+
+Zig-Zag barbed wire, 297
+
+
+Publications on Farming by the Staff of the Division of Agriculture and
+Mining, 1965-1971
+
+Christian, Pauline B.
+
+     1968. Annotated List of Photographs in the Division of Agriculture
+     and Forest Products. Smithsonian Institution, Information Leaflet
+     519. 126 pages.
+
+Peterson, Gale E.
+
+     1967. "The Discovery and Development of 2,4-." Agricultural
+     History, 41 (July 1967): 243-253.
+
+     1967. "Living Historical Farms: A Feasibility Study." Smithsonian
+     Journal of History, 2 (Summer 1967): 72-76.
+
+Schlebecker, John T.
+
+     1965. "The Great Holding Action: The NFO in September, 1962."
+     Agricultural History, 39 (October 1965): 204-213. [Reprinted in
+     Readings in Collective Behavior, edited by Robert B. Evans.
+     Chicago: Rand McNally, 1969.]
+
+     1966. "Research in Agricultural History at the Smithsonian
+     Institution." Agricultural History, 40 (July 1966): 207-210.
+
+     1966. "The Combine Made in Stockton." The Pacific Historian, 10
+     (Autumn 1966): 14-21. Illustrated.
+
+     1967. A History of American Dairying. Chicago: Rand McNally. 48
+     pages, illustrated.
+
+     1967. A Bibliography of Books and Pamphlets on the History of
+     American Agriculture, 1607-1967. Santa Barbara: Clio Press. 182
+     pages.
+
+     1967. "Agriculture in Western Nebraska, 1906-1966." Nebraska
+     History, 48 (Autumn 1967): 249-266.
+
+     1967. "Henry Ford's Tractor." Smithsonian Journal of History, 2
+     (Summer 1967): 63-64. Illustrated.
+
+     1967. The Past in Action: Living Historical Farms. Washington:
+     Smithsonian Institution 67 pages.
+
+     1968. Living Historical Farms: A Walk into the Past. Washington:
+     Smithsonian Institution Press. 31 pages, illustrated. [Reprinted in
+     Early American Life, 2 (January-February 1971): 8-13, 54-59.]
+
+     1969. [Editor.] "Colonial American Agriculture," 1701-1800.
+     Agricultural History, 43(1): 1-212.
+
+     1970. "Living Historic Farms Tell It Like It Was." In Contours of
+     Change, Yearbook of Agriculture, 1970 (pages 229-236, illustrated).
+     Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
+
+     1971. "Farmers in the Lower Shenandoah Valley, 1850." Virginia
+     Magazine of History and Biography, 79 (October, 1971): 462-476.
+
+     1972. "Curatorial Agriculture." Agricultural History, 46 (January,
+     1972): 95-103.
+
+Schlebecker, John T. and Gale E. Peterson
+
+     1972. "Living Historical Farms Handbook." Smithsonian Studies in
+     History and Technology, 16: 1-91.
+
+Sharrer, George Terry
+
+     1970. George Washington Carver. Washington: Smithsonian Institution
+     Press. 12 pages, illustrated.
+
+     1971. "Indigo in Carolina, 1671-1796." The South Carolina
+     Historical Magazine, 72 (April, 1971):94-103.
+
+     1971. "The Indigo Bonanza in South Carolina, 1740-90." Technology
+     and Culture, 12 (July 1971): 447-455.
+
+Summons, Terry G.
+
+     1968. "Animal Feed Additives, 1940-1966." Agricultural History, 42
+     (October 1968): 305-313.
+
+Wessel, Thomas R.
+
+     1967. "Prologue to the Shelterbelt, 1870-1934." Journal of the
+     West, 6 (January 1967): 119-134. Illustrated.
+
+     1967. The Honey Bee. Smithsonian Institution, Information Leaflet
+     482. 16 pages, illustrated. [Revised 1968.]
+
+     1969. "Roosevelt and the Great Plains Shelterbelt." Great Plains
+     Journal, 8 (Spring 1969): 57-74.
+
+     1970. "Agriculture and Iroquois Hegemony in New York, 1610-1779."
+     Maryland Historian, 1 (Fall 1970): 93-104.
+
+U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1972 O--455-244
+
+
+
+
++--------------------------------------------------------------+
+| Transcriber's Note                                           |
+|                                                              |
+| Amendments to the text:                                      |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 6 - #2. "USNM 10948" has been                             |
+| changed to "USNM 19048"                                      |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 7 - #11. "eliptical in shape, with a frame of thick rods" |
+| has been changed to "elliptical in shape, with a frame of    |
+| thick rods"                                                  |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 7 - #12. "5 by 6 inches, restangular" has been changed to |
+| "5 by 6 inches, rectangular"                                 |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 8 - #18. "the first settlers of Wobrun, Massachusetts"    |
+| has been changed to "the first settlers of Woburn,           |
+| Massachusetts"                                               |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 12 - #42. "and the Deer Company" has been changed to "and |
+| the Deere Company"                                           |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 14 - #68. "the amount of buterfat in milk" has been       |
+| changed to "the amount of butterfat in milk"                 |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 15 - #71. "diarama" has been changed to "diorama"         |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 15 - #72. "diarama" has been changed to "diorama"         |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 16 - #81. "used for digding trenches" has been changed to |
+| "used for digging trenches "                                 |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 18 - #96. "such an implements" has been changed to "such  |
+| implements"                                                  |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 18 - #97. "Model of Fanning Miill" has been changed to    |
+| "Model of Fanning Mill"                                      |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 21 - #117. "Eliptical wooden chopping bowl," has been     |
+| changed to "Elliptical wooden chopping bowl,"                |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 22 - #129. "It was useful, obivously" has been changed to |
+| "It was useful, obviously"                                   |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 23 - #136. Figure 13. "(Catalog No. 136)." has been       |
+| changed to "(Catalog No. 136.)"                              |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 34 - #246. "Gift of Pollitt Grayhill" has been changed to |
+| "Gift of Pollitt Graybill"                                   |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 41 - #345. Figure 27. "Catalog No. 345.)" has been        |
+| changed to "(Catalog No. 345.)"                              |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 43 - #357. "This muckrat trap" has been changed to "This  |
+| muskrat trap"                                                |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 45 - #375. "miscroscopic organisms" has been changed to   |
+| "microscopic organisms"                                      |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 47 - #391. "291. Grass Sickles" has been changed to "391. |
+| Grass Sickles"                                               |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 47 - #393. No change to "Gift of N. Materville of         |
+| Connecticut Valley". Inconsistent with the spelling          |
+| "Matterville" listed in the index.                           |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 51 - "Allis, T. W. 298" has been changed to "Allis, T.    |
+| W., 298"                                                     |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 52 - "Deer traps for" has been changed to "Deer, traps    |
+| for"                                                         |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 54 - "McCormick-Deering, 205 252," has been changed to    |
+| "McCormick-Deering, 205, 252,"                               |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 55 - "Pyrox (insetcicide)" has been changed to "Pyrox     |
+| (insecticide)"                                               |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 56 - "Sunderland Kink barbed wire 305" has been changed   |
+| to "Sunderland Kink barbed wire, 305"                        |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 56 - "Swiggett, Grace M., donor 24" has been changed to   |
+| "Swiggett, Grace M., donor, 24"                              |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 56 - Tractor(s) "262, 450, 362" has been changed to "262, |
+| 350, 362"                                                    |
+|                                                              |
+| p. 57 - "Colonial American Agriculture, has been changed to  |
+| "Colonial American Agriculture," with closing quotes         |
+|                                                              |
++--------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINES
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
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author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 02:34:34 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 02:34:34 -0700
commit	fdf456a52f8d3ac7a5bae01adf3178261aad5cce (patch)
tree	c21af39350527eda9225090feae6da4c909a1c84