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+Project Gutenberg's St. John's College, Cambridge, by Robert Forsyth Scott
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: St. John's College, Cambridge
+
+Author: Robert Forsyth Scott
+
+Illustrator: Edmund H. New
+
+Release Date: November 24, 2008 [EBook #27320]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading
+Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
+images generously made available by The Internet
+Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                        The College
+
+                       [Illustration]
+
+                        Monographs
+
+
+
+
+                  Edited and Illustrated by
+                        EDMUND H. NEW
+
+
+                  TRINITY COLLEGE,
+                  CAMBRIDGE
+
+                          W. W. ROUSE BALL.
+
+
+                  ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE,
+                  CAMBRIDGE
+
+                          R. F. SCOTT.
+
+
+                  KING'S COLLEGE,
+                  CAMBRIDGE
+
+                          C. R. FAY.
+
+
+                  MAGDALEN COLLEGE,
+                  OXFORD
+
+                          THE PRESIDENT.
+
+
+                  NEW COLLEGE,
+                  OXFORD
+
+                          A. O. PRICKARD.
+
+
+                  MERTON COLLEGE,
+                  OXFORD
+
+                          REV. H. J. WHITE.
+
+[Illustration: Gateway St. John's Coll.]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+                     ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE
+
+                          CAMBRIDGE
+
+                             BY
+
+                    ROBERT FORSYTH SCOTT
+
+                  FELLOW AND SENIOR BURSAR
+                       OF THE COLLEGE
+
+                       ILLUSTRATED BY
+
+                       EDMUND H. NEW
+
+
+
+
+               1907: LONDON: J. M. DENT & CO.
+
+                NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON & CO.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+_All Rights Reserved_
+
+
+
+
+                          CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAP.                                                    PAGE
+
+   I. THE COURTS AND BUILDINGS                             1
+
+  II. SOME INTERIORS                                      13
+
+ III. THE HOSPITAL OF ST. JOHN (CIRCA 1135-1511)          35
+
+  IV. THE FIRST CENTURY (1511-1612)                       40
+
+   V. THE SECOND CENTURY (1612-1716)                      52
+
+  VI. THE THIRD CENTURY (1716-1815)                       66
+
+ VII. THE CURRENT CENTURY                                 74
+
+VIII. SOCIAL LIFE                                         86
+
+INDEX                                                    109
+
+
+
+
+                    LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+_The Entrance Gateway_                        _Frontispiece_
+
+                                                         PAGE
+
+_Plan of College Buildings_                                x
+
+_Bag of Flowers; detail of Carving over Entrance Gateway_  3
+
+_The Second and Third Courts from the Screens_             6
+
+_The Gatehouse from the Churchyard of All Saints_         12
+
+_Monument of Hugh Ashton in the Chapel_                   19
+
+_The Hall from the Second Court_                          24
+
+_Interior of the Library_                                 34
+
+_The Old Bridge_                                          41
+
+_The Hall and Chapel Tower from the Second Court_         53
+
+_The College Arms_ (_in the Third Court_)                 58
+
+_The Chapel Tower from the River_                         67
+
+_The College Chapel from the Round Church_                75
+
+_The New Court from Trinity College Bridge_               87
+
+_The "Bridge of Sighs"_                                   98
+
+[Illustration: Plan of St John's College]
+
+
+
+
+                     St. John's College
+
+                          CHAPTER I
+
+                  THE COURTS AND BUILDINGS
+
+
+St. John's College was founded in 1511, in pursuance of the intentions
+of the Lady Margaret Beaufort, mother of King Henry VII.
+
+Approaching the College from the street we enter by the Great Gate. The
+gateway with its four towers is the best example of the characteristic
+Cambridge gate, and dates from the foundation of the College. It is
+built of red brick (the eastern counties marble), dressed with stone.
+The street front of the College to the right and left remains in its
+original state, except that after the old chapel and infirmary of the
+Hospital of St. John (to which allusion will be made hereafter) were
+pulled down, the north end was completed by a block of lecture rooms in
+1869.
+
+The front of the gate is richly decorated with heraldic devices, full of
+historical meaning and associations. The arms are those of the
+foundress; the shield, France (ancient) and England quarterly, was the
+royal shield of the period; the bordure, gobonny argent and azure (the
+argent in the upper dexter compartment), was the "difference" of the
+Beauforts, and is only slightly indicated. The supporters, two
+antelopes, come from Henry VI. There is no crest above the shield, and
+heraldic rules are against its use by a lady, but on her seal the Lady
+Margaret used the Beaufort arms as above ensigned, with a coronet of
+roses and fleur-de-lis, out of which issues an eagle, displayed or; and
+this device of coat and crest is used by the College. The arms on the
+gate are surrounded by badges, the Portcullis of the Beauforts, the
+Tudor, or Union, rose, each surmounted by a crown. Besides these we have
+daisies (marguerites), the badge of the Lady Margaret, and some flowers,
+which are not so easily identified. Certain vestments and embroideries,
+which belonged to the Lady Margaret, of which a list has been preserved,
+are described as "garnishede with sophanyes and my ladyes poisy," or,
+"with rede roses and syphanyes." The sophanye was an old English name
+for the Christmas rose, and there seems little doubt that these flowers
+on the gate are meant for Christmas roses. The carving on the right,
+under the portcullis, where these emblems seem to be growing out of
+something resembling a masonic apron, is very curious.
+
+Above the gate are two sets of rooms. The upper set has been used from
+the beginning as the Treasury or Muniment Room of the College; the set
+immediately above the arch is now an ordinary set of rooms. In this set
+resided, during his college career, Lord Thomas Howard, a son of the
+fourth Duke of Norfolk, afterwards himself first Earl of Suffolk and
+Baron Howard de Walden. He fought against the Armada in 1588, and
+commanded the expedition to the Azores in 1591; the fame of Sir Richard
+Grenville of the _Revenge_ has somewhat eclipsed that of his leader in
+the latter case; the reader may recall Tennyson's _Ballad of the Fleet_.
+
+[Illustration: BAG OF FLOWERS OVER ENTRANCE GATEWAY]
+
+To the left of the gate it will be observed that five windows on the
+first floor are of larger size than the rest; this was the original
+position of the Library; the books were removed in 1616 to a room over
+the Kitchen, and later to the present Library. According to tradition
+Henry Kirke White, the poet, occupied, and died in, the rooms on the
+ground-floor next the tower; he lies buried in the old churchyard of All
+Saints', across the street.
+
+Entering the gate the Hall and Kitchen face us, and preserve much of
+their original appearance. But right and left the changes have been
+great. The old Chapel was swept away in 1869--its foundations are marked
+out by cement; at this time the Hall was lengthened, and a second oriel
+window added. The range of buildings on the south was raised and faced
+with stone about 1775, when the craze for Italianising buildings was
+fashionable; it was then intended to treat the rest of the Court in like
+manner, but fortunately the scheme was not carried out.
+
+If we walk along the south side of the Court we may notice on the
+underside of the lintel of G staircase the words, "Stag, Nov. 15, 1777."
+It seems that on that date a stag, pursued by the hunt, took refuge in
+the College, and on this staircase; the members of the College had just
+finished dinner when the stag and his pursuers entered. On the next
+staircase, F, there is a passage leading to the lane with the Kitchen
+Offices, this passage is sometimes known as "The Staincoat"; the
+passage leading from the Screens into the Kitchen is still sometimes
+called "The Staincoat," or "The Stankard." These curious names really
+mean the same thing. It appears that in times past a pole was kept,
+probably for carrying casks of beer, but on which the undergraduates
+seem also to have hoisted those of their number, or even servants, who
+had offended against the rules and customs of the College; this pole was
+called the Stang, and the place or passage in which it was kept the
+Stangate Hole, with the above variations or corruptions.
+
+Reserving the Chapel for the present we pass through the Screens, the
+entrance to the Hall being on the right, to the Kitchen on the left. We
+enter the Second Court. This beautiful and stately Court was built
+between 1599 and 1600 (the date 1599 may be seen on the top of one of
+the water-pipes on the north side), the cost being in great part
+provided by Mary, Countess of Shrewsbury, a daughter of Sir William
+Cavendish by the celebrated Bess of Hardwick, and wife of Gilbert,
+seventh Earl of Shrewsbury. The original drawings for the Court, and the
+contract for its construction, almost unique documents of their kind,
+are preserved in the Library. The whole of the first floor on the north
+side was at first used as a gallery for the Master's Lodge; it is now
+used as a Combination Room. Over the arch of the gate on the western
+side of the Court is a statue of the Countess, with her shield (showing
+the arms of Talbot and Cavendish impaled); these were presented to the
+College by her nephew, William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW FROM THE SCREENS]
+
+A pleasing view of the Court is got by standing in the south-west corner
+and looking towards the Chapel Tower, with an afternoon sun the
+colouring and grouping of the buildings is very effective.
+
+Passing through the arch we enter the Third Court; this was built at
+various times during the seventeenth century. On the north we have the
+Library, the cost of which was chiefly provided by John Williams, a
+Fellow of the College, successively Dean of Westminster, Bishop of
+Lincoln, and Archbishop of York; he was also Lord Keeper of the Great
+Seal to James I. As originally built the Library occupied the upper
+floor only, the ground-floor being fitted up as rooms for the
+accommodation of the Fellows and scholars, on a special foundation of
+Bishop Williams, but this lower part is now all absorbed into the
+Library. The southern and western sides of the Court were built between
+1669 and 1674, some part of the cost being provided from College funds,
+the rest by donations from members of the College. On the last or
+southern pier of the arcade, on the west side of the Court, there are
+the two inscriptions: "Flood, Oct. 27, 1762," "Flood, Feb. 10, 1795,"
+recording what must have been highly inconvenient events at the time.
+
+The central arch on the western side of the Court has some prominence,
+and was probably intended from the first as the approach to a bridge.
+Towards the end of the seventeenth century Sir Christopher Wren was
+consulted on the subject, and a letter from him to the then Master, Dr.
+Gower, has been preserved. Sir Christopher's proposal was a curious one:
+he suggested that the course of the river Cam should be diverted and
+carried in a straight line from the point where it bends near the
+Library of Trinity College. A new channel was to be dug, and a bridge
+built over this; the water was then to be sent down the new channel, and
+the old one filled up. He pointed out that this would give "a parterre
+to the river, a better access to the walks, and a more beautiful
+disposal of the whole ground." This scheme was, however, not carried
+out, but a stone bridge was built outside the range of the buildings on
+the site of an old wooden bridge, which then gave access to the grounds.
+This is the bridge which still exists; it was built, apparently from
+Wren's designs, under the superintendence of his pupil, Nicholas
+Hawksmoor. More than a century now passed before further building
+operations were undertaken. In 1825 the College employed Mr. Thomas
+Rickman and his partner, Mr. H. Hutchinson, to prepare designs for a new
+Court, with from 100 to 120 sets of rooms. This work was started in
+1827, and completed in 1831. The covered bridge connecting the old and
+new parts of the College was designed by Mr. Hutchinson; it is popularly
+known as the "Bridge of Sighs." The style of this Court is Perpendicular
+Gothic. The site was unsuited for building operations, consisting mostly
+of washed and peaty soil; it had been known for generations as "the
+fishponds close." The modern concrete foundations were then unknown,
+and the plan adopted was to remove the peaty soil and to lay timber on
+the underlying gravel. On this an enormous mass of brickwork, forming
+vaulted cellars, was placed; this rises above the river level, and the
+rooms are perfectly dry. The total cost of the building was £78,000,
+most of which was provided by borrowing. The repayment, extending over a
+number of years, involved considerable self-denial on the Fellows of the
+College, their incomes being materially reduced for many years. Crossing
+the covered bridge and passing down the cloisters of the New Court, we
+enter the grounds by the centre gate; these extend right and left, being
+bounded on the east by the Cam, and separated from the grounds of
+Trinity by a ditch.
+
+From the old, or Wren's, bridge over the Cam two parallel walks extend
+along the front of the Court; according to tradition the broader and
+higher was reserved for members of the College, the lower for College
+servants. At one time an avenue of trees extended from the bridge to the
+back gate, but the ravages of time have removed all but a few trees.
+
+At the western end of the walk we have on the left the (private)
+Fellows' garden, known as "The Wilderness," an old-world pleasance, left
+as nearly as may be in a state of nature. Towards the end of the
+eighteenth century the College employed the celebrated Mr. Lancelot
+("capability") Brown to lay out the grounds and Wilderness. The
+plantation in the latter was arranged so as to form a cathedral, with
+nave, aisles, and transept, but here also old age and storms have
+brought down many of the trees. On the right, opposite to the
+Wilderness, there is an orchard, the subject of much legend. One popular
+story is that this orchard formed the subject of a bequest to "St.
+John's College," and that the testator, being an Oxford man, was held by
+the Courts to have intended to benefit the College in his own
+University. As a matter of prosaic fact, the orchard originally belonged
+to Merton College, Oxford, being part of the original gift of their
+founder, Walter de Merton, and it was acquired by St. John's College by
+exchange in the early years of the nineteenth century.
+
+The long walk terminates in a massive gate with stone pillars,
+surmounted by eagles. Outside and across the road is the Eagle Close,
+used as the College cricket and football field.
+
+The visitor in returning should cross the old bridge, thus getting a
+view of the Bridge of Sighs, and re-enter the College by the archway on
+the left.
+
+[Illustration: The Gatehouse: St John's College]
+
+
+
+
+                         CHAPTER II
+
+                       SOME INTERIORS
+
+
+The visitor has been conducted through the College without pausing to
+enter any of the buildings. We now retrace our steps to describe these
+parts of the College open to inspection. It must be understood that
+during a great part of the year the inspection of these interiors is
+subject to the needs of a large resident Society, and as a rule it is
+best to inquire at the gate for information as to the hours when these
+parts of the College are open.
+
+
+_The Chapel._
+
+The present Chapel was built between the years 1863 and 1869, from the
+designs of Sir George Gilbert Scott; it was consecrated by the Bishop of
+Ely, 12th May 1869. As we approach it we see on the right the outline of
+the old Chapel, which had served the College and the Hospital which
+preceded it for something like six hundred years. This former Chapel was
+a building quite uniform and simple in appearance, filling the whole of
+the north side of the Court. Originally built to serve the needs of the
+Hospital of St. John, it was considerably altered when the College was
+founded. Side Chantries were then, or shortly afterwards, added. In
+early times a good deal of the life of the College centred in the
+Chapel, in addition to its uses for worship. It was regarded as a place
+in which the Society was formally gathered together. In it the statutes,
+or rules for the government of the Society, were read at stated times,
+so that all might become aware of the rule under which they lived. The
+names of those who had not discharged their College bills were publicly
+read out by the Master. The elections of the Master and of the Fellows
+and Scholars were held within it; of this practice the sole part that
+remains is the election of a Master, which by the present statutes must
+be held in the Chapel. The scholastic exercises of Acts and Opponencies,
+in which certain doctrines were maintained and opposed, took place
+there. The seal of the College was kept in the vestry, and the sealing
+of documents took place in the Ante-Chapel. Though documents are now
+sealed elsewhere, the stock of wafers for the College seal is kept by
+the Chapel Clerk.
+
+The erection of a new Chapel for the College was contemplated for about
+200 years before it was carried out. Dr. Gunning, who was Master from
+1661 to 1670, afterwards successively Bishop of Chichester and of Ely,
+left by his will the sum of £300 "to St. John's College, towards the
+beginning for the building for themselves a new Chapel." Gunning died in
+1684, and in 1687 the College paid to Robert Grumbold the sum of £3 for
+"a new ground plott modell of the old and new designed Chappell."
+Nothing, however, came of the proposal at that time, though the idea
+seems always to have been before the Society.
+
+Preaching on Commemoration Day (May 6), 1861, Dr. William Selwyn, Lady
+Margaret Professor of Divinity, and a former Fellow, pointing out that
+the College was celebrating "its seventh jubilee," just 350 years having
+passed since the charter was granted, pleaded earnestly for the erection
+of a larger Chapel. The matter was taken up, and in January 1862 Sir
+(then Mr.) George Gilbert Scott was requested "to advise us as to the
+best plans, in his opinion, for a new Chapel." The scheme grew, and in
+addition to the Chapel it was determined by the end of that year to have
+also a new Master's Lodge, and to enlarge the Dining Hall. It was then
+intended that the scheme should not involve a greater charge on the
+corporate funds of the College than £40,000. As a matter of fact, before
+the whole was carried out and paid for, the cost had risen to £97,641;
+of this £17,172 was provided for by donations from members of the
+College, the rest was met, partly out of capital, partly by a charge on
+the College revenues, which ran for many years.
+
+The Chapel was built on a site to the north of the old Chapel, and
+through this site ran a lane from St. John's Street to the river. An Act
+of Parliament had to be obtained before this lane could be closed, and
+the consent of the borough was only given on condition that St. John's
+Street should be widened by pulling down a row of houses on its western
+side, and throwing their site into the street.
+
+The foundation-stone of the new Chapel was laid on 6th May 1864 by Mr.
+Henry Hoare, a member of the College, and of the well-known banking
+firm. As originally designed the Chapel was to have had a slender
+_flèche_ instead of a tower. This had been criticised, and Mr. Scott,
+the architect, designed the present tower; the additional cost being
+estimated at £5000. This Mr. Hoare offered to provide in yearly
+instalments of £1000, but had only paid two instalments when he died
+from injuries received in a railway accident. The finial on the last
+pinnacle of the tower was fixed on 13th December 1867 by Mr. (now Sir
+Francis) Powell, M.P. for the borough of Cambridge, and a former Fellow
+of the College; Mr. Powell was accompanied on that occasion by Professor
+John Couch Adams and the Rev. G. F. Reyner, the Senior Bursar of the
+College.
+
+The new Chapel was, as we have said, opened in 1869, and the old Chapel
+then cleared away. The woodwork of the stalls had been transferred to
+the new Chapel, but most of the internal fittings were scattered. The
+ancient rood-screen stands in the church of Whissendine, in
+Rutlandshire, and the old organ-case in Bilton Church, near Rugby, and
+other parts of the fabric were dispersed; it was perhaps inevitable. Sir
+Gilbert Scott's idea was that the new Chapel should be of the same
+period of architecture as the old, but it is absolutely different in
+design; in the lover of things old there must always be a feeling of
+regret for what has gone. The mural tablets in the old Chapel were
+removed to the new Ante-Chapel, the slabs in the floor were left. It is
+worth noting that Eleazar Knox, a Fellow of the College, and one of the
+sons of John Knox, the famous Scotch Reformer, was buried in the Chapel
+in 1591. His elder brother, Nathanael Knox, was also a Fellow. To the
+north of the old Chapel, and bordering on the lane which has been
+mentioned, stood the Infirmary of the Hospital which preceded the
+College. This was originally a single long room, of which the eastern
+end formed an oratory. In this the poor and sick, for whose benefit the
+Hospital was founded, were received, and Mass said for them, and in
+their sight, as they lay in their beds. This Infirmary, after the
+foundation of the College, was devoted to secular uses. For some time
+it was used as a stable and storehouse for the Master. Then later it was
+fitted up with floors and turned into chambers. It was approached by a
+tortuous passage at the eastern end of the Chapel, and was popularly
+known as the Labyrinth. When the Infirmary was taken down a very
+beautiful double piscina was found covered up on the walls; this is
+preserved in the new Chapel.
+
+The new Chapel is built of Ancaster stone, and is in the style of
+architecture known as Early Decorated, which prevailed about 1280, the
+probable date of the Chapel of the Hospital. Sir Gilbert Scott very
+skilfully made the most of the site, and by the device of the transeptal
+Ante-Chapel made full use of the space at his disposal.
+
+At the springs of the outer arch of the great door are heads of King
+Henry VIII. and of Queen Victoria, indicating the date of the foundation
+of the College and of the erection of the Chapel. On the north side of
+the porch is a statue of the Lady Margaret, and on the south one of John
+Fisher, Bishop of Rochester.
+
+The statues on the buttresses are those of famous members of the
+College, or of its benefactors. Those facing the Court are William
+Cecil, Lord Burghley; Lucius Carey, Viscount Falkland; John Williams,
+Lord Keeper to James I.; Thomas Wentworth, Lord Strafford; William
+Gilbert, author of _De Magnete_, in which the theory of the magnetism
+of the earth was first developed, and physician to Queen Elizabeth;
+Roger Ascham, and the Countess of Shrewsbury.
+
+[Illustration: MONUMENT OF HUGH ASHTON]
+
+We enter the Ante-Chapel. This has a stone-vaulted roof; over the
+central bay the tower is placed. On the south wall are placed the arches
+from Bishop Fisher's Chantry in the old Chapel. The monument with the
+recumbent figure is that of Hugh Ashton, comptroller of the household
+to the Lady Margaret, a prebendary and Archdeacon of York. He was buried
+in the old Chapel, and this tomb originally stood in a chantry attached
+thereto. He founded four fellowships and four scholarships in the
+College, the Fellows being bound to sing Mass for the repose of his
+soul. The carving on the tomb and on the finials of the railing around
+it include a rebus on his name, an ash-tree growing out of a barrel
+(ash-tun). On the north wall is a bust of Dr. Isaac Todhunter, the
+well-known mathematical writer; on the western wall a tablet by
+Chantrey, to the memory of Kirke White, the poet, who died in College.
+He was buried in the chancel of the old Church of All Saints, which
+stood opposite to the College; when the church was pulled down the
+tablet was transferred to the College Chapel. The statue is that of
+James Wood, sometime Master of the College, part of whose bequests went
+towards building the Chapel. On the east wall is an old brass to the
+memory of Nicholas Metcalfe, third Master of the College, the words
+"_vestras ... preces vehementer expetit_" have been partly obliterated,
+probably during the Commonwealth. The roof of the Choir is of high
+pitch, of quadripartite vaulting in oak, and is decorated with a
+continuous line of full-length figures. In the central bay at the east
+end is our Lord in Majesty, the other bays contain figures illustrating
+the Christian centuries. Owing to the deep colour of the glass in the
+windows, it is only on a very sunny day that the figures can be clearly
+discerned. The windows in the Choir have been given by various donors,
+the subjects being scenes from Scripture at which St. John was present;
+his figure robed in ruby and green will be seen in each. The five
+windows in the apse, the gift of the Earl of Powis, High Steward of the
+University, depict scenes from the Passion, Crucifixion, and
+Resurrection of Christ. In the apse is preserved the double piscina
+which was found covered up in the walls of the Infirmary, and removed by
+Sir G. G. Scott, with such repairs as were absolutely necessary. It is
+probably one of the oldest specimens of carved stonework in Cambridge.
+
+The steps leading up to the Altar are paved with Purbeck, Sicilian, and
+black Derbyshire marbles. The spaces between the steps are decorated
+with a series of scriptural subjects in inlaid work in black and white
+marble, with distinctive inscriptions. The Altar is of oak, with a
+single slab of Belgian marble for its top. On the sides of the Altar are
+deeply carved panels; that in the centre represents the Lamb with the
+Banner, the other panels contain the emblems of the four Evangelists.
+
+The organ stands in a special chamber on the north side; the carved
+front was not put in place till 1890. It was designed by Mr. J. Oldrid
+Scott, a son of Sir Gilbert Scott. In 1635 the famous Robert Dallam of
+Westminster built a "paire of new orgaines" for the College. The organ
+has been repeatedly enlarged, altered, and improved; it may be that some
+of Dallam's work still remains, though this is uncertain. The present
+organ is one of the best in Cambridge; its tone throughout is uniformly
+beautiful.
+
+The brass reading-desk was given to the old Chapel by the Rev. Thomas
+Whytehead, a Fellow of the College; the pedestal is copied from the
+wooden lectern in Ramsay Church, Huntingdonshire; the finials, which are
+there wanting, having been restored, and the wooden desk replaced by an
+eagle.
+
+As we return to the Ante-Chapel we may note the great west window,
+representing the Last Judgment; this was given by the Bachelors and
+Undergraduates of the College. There are also windows in the Ante-Chapel
+to the memory of Dr. Ralph Tatham, Master of the College, and to the
+Rev. J. J. Blunt, Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity.
+
+The oil-painting which hangs on the south wall of the Ante-Chapel near
+the door--a Descent from the Cross--is by Anthony Raphael Mengs. It was
+given to the College in 1841 by the Right Hon. Robert Henry Clive, M.P.
+for Shropshire.
+
+
+_The Hall._
+
+We enter the Hall from the Screens, between the First and Second Courts.
+The southern end is part of the original building of the College. It was
+at first about seventy feet long, with one oriel only, the old
+Combination Room being beyond it. When the new Chapel was built the Hall
+was lengthened, and the second oriel window added. The oak panelling is
+of the old "linen" pattern, and dates from the sixteenth century; that
+lining the north wall, beyond the High Table, is very elaborately
+carved, being the finest example of such work in Cambridge. Within
+living memory all this oak work was painted green. The fine timbered
+roof has a lantern turret, beneath which, until 1865, stood an open
+charcoal brazier. From allusions in early documents it would appear that
+members of the Society gathered round the brazier for conversation after
+meals. In addition to its use as a dining-room, the Hall also served as
+a lecture-room, and for the production of stage plays. On these latter
+occasions it seems to have been specially decorated, for Roger Ascham,
+writing 1st October 1550, from Antwerp, to his brother Fellow, Edward
+Raven, tried to picture to him the magnificence of the city by saying
+that it surpassed all others which he had visited, as much as the Hall
+at St. John's, when decorated for a play at Christmas, surpassed its
+appearance at ordinary times.
+
+[Illustration: The Hall, St. John's College]
+
+Many of the College examinations are held in the Hall, and in the days
+of the brazier, examinees were warned by their Tutors not to sit too
+near the brazier; the comfort from the heat being dearly purchased by
+the drowsiness caused by the fumes of the charcoal.
+
+Many interesting portraits hang on the walls. That of the foundress in
+the centre of the north wall is painted on wooden panel, and is very
+old. She is flanked by Lord Keeper Williams, and by Sir Ralph Hare,
+K.C.B., both benefactors to the College. Other noteworthy portraits are
+those of Sir Noah Thomas, physician to King George III., by Romney;
+William Wordsworth, poet-laureate, by Pickersgill; Professor John E. B.
+Mayor, by Herkomer; Professor B. H. Kennedy, long headmaster of
+Shrewsbury School, by Ouless; Professor E. H. Palmer, Lord Almoner's
+Reader of Arabic in the University, and a famous oriental scholar, by
+the Hon. John Collier; and Professor G. D. Liveing, by Sir George Reid.
+
+The shields in the windows are those of distinguished members of the
+College, or benefactors. The further oriel window has busts of Sir John
+F. W. Herschel and Professor John Couch Adams.
+
+
+_The Combination Room._
+
+We enter by the staircase at the north end of the Hall. This was
+originally about 187 feet long, extending the whole length of the Second
+Court, and was used as a gallery in connection with the old Master's
+Lodge. The ceiling dates from 1600, and the panelling from 1603. In 1624
+about 42 feet were sacrificed to obtain a staircase and vestibule for
+the Library; the ceiling can be traced right through. In the eighteenth
+century partitions were put up, dividing up the gallery into rooms.
+When the new Master's Lodge was built these partitions were removed, and
+the whole now forms two Combination Rooms.
+
+In the oriel window on the south side is an old stained-glass portrait
+of Henrietta Maria, Queen of King Charles I. The tradition runs that the
+marriage articles between Prince Charles and Henrietta Maria were signed
+in this room; King James I. was at that time holding his Court in
+Trinity College.
+
+A number of interesting portraits hang on the walls: George Augustus
+Selwyn, Bishop of New Zealand, afterwards of Lichfield, by George
+Richmond, R.A.; a chalk drawing (also by Richmond) of William Tyrrell,
+Bishop of Newcastle, New South Wales; of Sir John Herschel and Professor
+J. C. Adams; of William Wilberforce and Thomas Clarkson, the opponents
+of the slave-trade. There is also a very beautiful sketch of the head of
+William Wordsworth; this study was made by Pickersgill to save the poet
+the tedium of long sittings for the portrait in the Hall. It was
+presented to the College by Miss Arundale, a descendant of the painter.
+The smaller Combination Room contains many engraved portraits of
+distinguished members of the College.
+
+The institution of the Combination Room seems gradually to have grown up
+in colleges as a place where the Fellows might meet together, partly
+about business, partly for the sake of society. In early times, as the
+Fellows shared their chambers with their pupils, there could have been
+no privacy. The room seems to have been called the Parlour for some
+time; the name Combination Room is now universal at Cambridge, and may
+have arisen from the fact that the cost of running the room was met by
+the Fellows combining together for the purpose. At the present time the
+Combination Room is used for College meetings, as a room where the
+Fellows meet for a short time after dinner and for dessert on those
+nights when there is a dinner in Hall to which guests are invited.
+
+
+_The Library._
+
+The Library is only open to visitors by leave of the Librarian, or to
+those accompanied by a Fellow of the College. The usual access is by
+staircase E in the Second Court, but leaving the Combination Room by the
+west door we find ourselves in front of the Library door. The visitor
+may note that the moulded ceiling of the Combination Room extends
+overhead. This portion, as we have already seen, originally forming part
+of the long gallery.
+
+The door of the Library is surmounted by the arms of John Williams,
+impaled with those of the see of Lincoln. The original position of the
+Library, as has been already stated, was in the First Court, next the
+street, and to the south of the entrance gate. In 1616 the books were
+moved out of this Library to a room over the Kitchen, and in the
+succeeding year the Master and Fellows wrote to the Countess of
+Shrewsbury to intimate their intention of building a Library, and
+hinting at the possibility of her aid in the scheme. The answer of the
+Countess, if there was one, has not been preserved. In the year 1623,
+Valentine Carey, Bishop of Exeter, and a former Fellow, wrote announcing
+that an unnamed person had promised £1200 towards a Library. After some
+little time Lord Keeper Williams disclosed himself as the donor, and
+some further advances were promised. The Library was commenced in 1623,
+and the books finally placed in it in 1628. The style of the building is
+Jacobean Gothic, and its interior, with the whitewashed walls and dark
+oak roof and bookcases, is singularly striking. John Evelyn visited it
+while at Cambridge in 1654, and describes it as "the fairest of that
+University"; after 250 years the description still holds good.
+
+The upper part of the Library has been little altered since it was
+built. The intermediate (or lower) cases were heightened to the extent
+of one shelf for folios when Thomas Baker left his books to the College;
+but two, one on either hand next the door, retain their original
+dimensions, with the sloping tops to be used as reading-desks.
+
+At the end of each of the taller cases, in small compartments with
+doors, are class catalogues written about 1685. These catalogues have
+been pasted over original catalogues written about 1640; small portions
+of the earlier catalogues are yet to be seen in some of the cases. Of
+the treasures in manuscript and print only a slight account can be given
+here. One of the most interesting to members of the College is the
+following note by John Couch Adams:--
+
+     "1841 July 3. Formed a design, in the beginning of this week,
+     of investigating, as soon as possible after taking my degree,
+     the irregularities in the motion of Uranus, wh. are yet
+     unaccounted for; in order to find whether they may be
+     attributed to the action of an undiscovered planet beyond it;
+     and if possible thence to determine the elements of its orbit,
+     &c. approximately, wh. wd. probably lead to its discovery."
+
+The original memorandum is bound up in a volume containing the
+mathematical calculations by which Adams carried out his design and
+discovered the planet Neptune.
+
+Lord Keeper Williams, who was instrumental in building the Library,
+presented to it many books; amongst others, the Bible known as
+Cromwell's Bible. Thomas Cromwell employed Miles Coverdale to revise
+existing translations, and this Bible was printed partly in Paris and
+partly in London, "and finished in Aprill, A.D. 1539." Two copies were
+printed on vellum--one for King Henry VIII., the other for Thomas, Lord
+Cromwell, his Vicar-General. This College copy is believed to be that
+presented to Cromwell, and is now unique, the other copy having
+disappeared from the Royal Library; the volume is beautifully
+illustrated, and has been described as "the finest book in vellum that
+exists."
+
+One of the show-cases in the centre contains the service-book which King
+Charles I. held in his hand at his coronation, and the book used by Laud
+on the same occasion, with a note in Laud's handwriting: "The daye was
+verye faire, and ye ceremony was performed wthout any Interruption,
+and in verye good order." The same case contains the mortuary roll of
+Amphelissa, Prioress of Lillechurch in Kent, who died in 1299. The nuns
+of the priory announce her death, commemorate her virtues, and ask the
+benefit of the prayers of the faithful for her soul. The roll consists
+of nineteen sheets of parchment stitched together; its length is 39 ft.
+3 in., and its average width is about 7 in. There are in all 372 entries
+of the ecclesiastical houses visited by the roll-bearer for the purpose
+of gaining prayers for the soul of Amphelissa. The roll-bearer visited
+nearly all parts of England: there are entries by houses at Bodmin and
+Launceston in Cornwall; at Dunfermline and St. Andrews in Scotland; each
+house granting the benefit of its prayers, and concluding in each case
+with the formula, "_Oravimus pro vestris: orate pro nostris._" As a
+collection of contemporary handwritings, such a document has great
+value; and it is interesting to note that in 600 years the roll has had
+only two owners, the Priory of Lillechurch and the College, which
+succeeded to its possession.
+
+In this case there is also an IOU of King Charles II.: "I do acknowledge
+to have received the summe of one hundred pounds, by the direction of
+Mr. B., Brusselles the first of April 1660. CHARLES R." The "Mr. B." was
+John Barwick, a Fellow of the College, afterwards Dean of St. Paul's.
+The date seems to indicate that the money was advanced to enable Charles
+to return to England for the Restoration.
+
+In the other show-case there is a very curious Irish Psalter of the
+eighth century, with crude drawings. Its value is much increased by the
+fact that the Latin text is interlined throughout with glosses in the
+Irish dialect.
+
+Of printed books one of the choicest is a very fine Caxton, "The Boke of
+Tulle of old age; Tullius his book of Friendship." The volume contains
+the autograph of Thomas Fairfax, the Parliamentary General, who entered
+the College in 1626. It was presented to the College by Dr. Newcome,
+Master from 1735 to 1765. To Dr. Newcome the College owes a very fine
+collection of early printed classics; among these is a copy of Ovid,
+printed by Jacobus Rubaeus at Venice in 1474; this was formerly in the
+possession of Lorenzo de Medicis.
+
+Dr. Newcome and Thomas Baker share between them the distinction of
+having added many of the chief glories of the Library. Matthew Prior,
+the poet, a Fellow of the College, presented his own works and many
+interesting French and Italian works on history. There is also a
+presentation copy from Wordsworth of his poems.
+
+
+_The Kitchen._
+
+The Kitchen (opposite to the Hall) may sometimes be visited when the
+daily routine permits. The whole has been recently modernised, and a
+picturesque open fire with rotating spits done away with. To gain more
+air-space it was necessary to incorporate in the Kitchen some rooms in
+the floor above. One of these was the set occupied during his College
+life by the poet Wordsworth, and the fact is commemorated by a
+stained-glass window.
+
+[Illustration: The Library: St. John's Coll:]
+
+
+
+
+                         CHAPTER III
+
+                  THE HOSPITAL OF ST. JOHN
+
+                       CIRCA 1135-1511
+
+
+St. John's College, as we know it, was founded in 1511, and opened in
+1516. But at the time of its foundation it took over the buildings and
+property, and many of the duties, of an earlier and then a venerable
+foundation, that of the Hospital of St. John the Evangelist in
+Cambridge. The origin of the old house is obscure, and its earlier
+history lost, but it seems to have been founded about 1135 by Henry
+Frost, a burgess of Cambridge. It consisted of a small community of
+Augustinian canons; its site was described about 140 years later as "a
+very poor and waste place of the commonalty of Cambridge."
+
+Whatever its early history and endowments may have been, it formed a
+nucleus for further gifts; and its chartulary, still in the possession
+of St. John's College, shows a continuous series of benefactions to the
+old house.
+
+Founded before the University existed, the brethren were occupied with
+their religious duties, and with the care of the poor and sick who
+sought their help. An Infirmary, part of which was adapted for worship,
+was built. In the thirteenth century a chapel was added, afterwards
+adapted as the College Chapel, and used as such down to 1869.
+
+Of the domestic buildings practically nothing is known. When some years
+ago trenches were dug to lay the electric cables for the lighting of the
+Hall, some traces of a pavement of red tiles were found near the
+entrance gate of the College.
+
+The Hospital had the opportunity of becoming the earliest College in
+Cambridge. Hugo de Balsham, Bishop of Ely, obtained in 1280 a licence
+from King Edward I. to introduce a certain number of scholars of the
+University into the Hospital, to be governed according to the rules of
+the scholars of Merton. The regular canons and the scholars were to form
+one body and one College. The Bishop gave additional endowments to
+provide for the scholars, but the scheme was a failure. Thomas Baker,
+the historian of the College, suggests that "the scholars were overwise
+and the brethren over good." All we do know is that both were eager to
+part company. The Bishop accordingly removed the scholars in 1284 to his
+College of Peterhouse, now known as the oldest College in Cambridge. His
+endowments were transferred with the scholars, and perhaps something
+besides, for shortly afterwards the brethren complained of their losses.
+It was then decreed that Peterhouse should pay twenty shillings
+annually to the Hospital, an acknowledgment of seniority still made by
+Peterhouse to St. John's College.
+
+For another two hundred years the Hospital went on, not however
+forgetting its temporary dignity, and occasionally describing itself, in
+leases of its property, as the College of St. John.
+
+Towards the end of the fifteenth, or beginning of the sixteenth century,
+the old house seems to have fallen into bad ways. The brethren were
+accused of having squandered its belongings, of having granted
+improvident leases, of having even sold the holy vessels of their
+Chapel.
+
+At this juncture the Lady Margaret came to the rescue. She had already
+founded Christ's College in Cambridge, and intended to still further
+endow the wealthy Abbey of Westminster. Her religious adviser, John
+Fisher, sometime Master of Michael-House and President of Queens'
+College in Cambridge, then Bishop of Rochester and Chancellor of the
+University, persuaded her to bestow further gifts on Cambridge,
+suggesting the Hospital of St. John as the basis for the new College.
+The then Bishop of Ely, James Stanley, was her stepson, and in 1507 an
+agreement was entered into with him for the suppression of the Hospital
+and the foundation of the College, the Lady Margaret undertaking to
+obtain the requisite Bull from the Pope, and the licence of the King.
+Before this could be carried out King Henry VII. died, 21st April 1509,
+and the Lady Margaret on the 29th June following.
+
+By her will she had set aside lands to the annual value of £400 for the
+new College; but innumerable difficulties sprang up. King Henry VIII.
+was not sympathetic; the Bishop of Ely raised difficulties; the Lady
+Margaret's own household claimed part of her goods. Fisher has left a
+quaintly worded and touching memorandum of the difficulties he
+experienced, but he never despaired. He ultimately got the licence of
+the King, the requisite Papal Bull, and the consent of the Bishop of
+Ely. From a letter to Fisher, still preserved in the College, it appears
+that the "Brethren, late of St. John's House, departed from Cambridge
+toward Ely the 12th day of March (1510-11) at four of the clokke at
+afternone, by water."
+
+All facts which have been preserved show Fisher to have been the real
+moving spirit--to have been the founder in effect, if not in name, and
+the College from the first has always linked his name with that of the
+foundress. Of the foundress' estates only one small farm, at Fordham, in
+Cambridgeshire, came to the College, and that because it was charged
+with the payment of her debts. What did come was part of what would now
+be called her personal estate--moneys she had out on loan, and what
+could be realised from the sale of her plate and jewels, the furniture
+and hangings of her various mansions. Rough priced-lists of these,
+probably handed over by Fisher, are preserved in College.
+
+One personal relic, a manuscript Book of Hours, which belonged to her,
+was in 1902 presented to the Library by Dr. Alexander Peckover,
+Lord-Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire.
+
+
+
+
+                         CHAPTER IV
+
+                      THE FIRST CENTURY
+
+                          1511-1612
+
+
+The Hospital being closed, the way was cleared for the new College. The
+Charter, signed by the Executors of the Lady Margaret, is dated 9th
+April 1511; in this Robert Shorton is named as Master. He held office
+until on 29th July 1516 the College was opened, when Alan Percy, of the
+Northumberland House, succeeded. He again was succeeded in 1518 by
+Nicholas Metcalfe, a member of the Metcalfe family of Nappa Hall, in
+Wensleydale. Metcalfe had been Archdeacon of Rochester, and was no doubt
+well known to Fisher as Bishop of that Diocese.
+
+The building of the College commenced under Shorton, but was not
+finished until about 1520.
+
+It must be remembered that the College was founded before the
+Reformation, and that these three Masters were priests of the Church of
+Rome.
+
+[Illustration: THE OLD BRIDGE]
+
+Metcalfe was more of an administrator than a student, and his energies
+were chiefly devoted to the material side of the College interests.
+Fresh endowments were obtained in place of those which had been lost.
+King Henry VIII. was persuaded to hand over to the College the estates
+of three decayed religious houses--the Maison Dieu at Ospringe, the
+Nunnery of Lillechurch in Higham, both in Kent, and the Nunnery of
+Broomhall in Berkshire. As these houses, as well as the Hospital, had
+allowed their affairs to fall into disorder, it is probable that the
+identification of their lands, and the reduction of these to effective
+possession, was a matter of some difficulty. Metcalfe was much absent
+from College; the accounts of his private expenditure on these journeys
+have survived, and letters to him from the College during his absences
+show that his skill and wisdom were much relied on.
+
+Fisher also gave largely to the College, and through his example and
+influence others were induced to endow fellowships and scholarships. He
+gave three successive codes of statutes for the government of the
+College in 1516, 1524, and 1530. These present no novel features, being
+for the most part based on existing statutes of Colleges at Oxford or
+Cambridge. They are long, and, as the fashion then was, lay down many
+rules with regard to minor matters. A few of the leading provisions may
+be given. One scholar was to be Chapel clerk, to assist the sacrist at
+Mass; another was to ring the great bell at 4 A.M., as was done before
+the College was founded, and again at 8 P.M., when the gates were
+closed; another was to be clock-keeper. These three scholars were to be
+exempt from all other domestic duties, except that of reading the Bible
+in time of plague. Seven scholars were told off to serve as waiters in
+Hall, to bring in and remove the food and dishes; an eighth was to read
+the Bible in Hall while the Society were at dinner. When in honour of
+God, or the Saints, a fire was made up in Hall, the Fellows, scholars,
+and servants might stay to amuse themselves with singing and repeating
+poetry and tales. The Master, Fellows, and scholars were to wear
+clerical dress; red, white, green, or parti-coloured boots were
+forbidden.
+
+One-fourth part of the Fellows were always to be engaged in preaching to
+the people in English; Bachelors of Divinity, preaching at Paul's Cross,
+were to be allowed ten days of absence for each sermon. No arms were to
+be borne, though archery was allowed as a recreation. No Fellow or
+scholar was allowed to keep hounds, ferrets, hawks, or singing-birds in
+College. The weekly allowance for commons was 1s. for the Master and
+each Fellow, 7d. for each scholar. The President or Bursar was to
+receive a stipend of 40s. a year, a Dean 26s. 8d. No one under the
+standing of a Doctor of Divinity was to have a separate room; Fellows
+and scholars were to sleep singly, or not more than two in a bed. Each
+room was to have two beds--the higher for the Fellow, the lower or
+truckle-bed for the scholar; the truckle-bed being tucked under the
+other during the day.
+
+The College made an excellent start, and was soon full of earnest and
+successful students. It is sufficient to mention the names of Sir John
+Cheke, the famous Greek scholar; of Roger Ascham, the tutor of Queen
+Elizabeth; and, in another sphere, William Cecil, first Lord Burghley,
+to give an idea of the influence the College was spreading through her
+sons.
+
+In all this Metcalfe had his share. He is the "Good Master of a College"
+in Fuller's _Holy State_, where we read: "Grant that Metcalfe with
+Themistocles could not fiddle, yet he could make a little city a great
+one." And Ascham in _The Scholemaster_ writes of him: "His goodnes stood
+not still in one or two, but flowed aboundantlie over all that Colledge,
+and brake out also to norishe good wittes in every part of that
+universitie; whereby at his departing thence, he left soch a companie of
+fellowes and scholers in S. Johnes Colledge as can scarce be found now
+in som whole universitie: which either for divinitie on the one side or
+other, or for civill service to their Prince and contrie, have bene, and
+are yet to this day, notable ornaments to this whole Realme. Yea S.
+Johnes did then so florish, as Trinitie College, that princely house
+now, at the first erection was but _Colonia deducta_ out of S. Johnes,
+not onelie for their Master, fellowes and scholers, but also, which is
+more, for their whole both order of learning, and discipline of maners;
+and yet to this day it never tooke Master but such as was bred up before
+in S. Johnes; doing the dewtie of a good _colonia_ to her _metropolis_,
+as the auncient cities in Greice, and some yet in Italie at this time
+are accustomed to do."
+
+But troubles were in store both for Fisher and Metcalfe. The
+Reformation, the divorce of Henry VIII. from Queen Catherine, the Act of
+Succession, and the sovereign's views on the royal supremacy, were the
+stumbling-blocks. Fisher went to the Tower, and on 22nd June 1535, to
+the scaffold; Metcalfe was compelled to resign in 1537.
+
+Fisher had by deed of gift presented his library to the College, but
+retained its use for his lifetime--the greatest loan of books on record,
+as has been said. This magnificent collection was now lost, a loss more
+lamentable than that of the foundress' estates. Endowments might be
+replaced, but "the notablest library of bookes in all England" was gone
+for ever. It is to the credit of the Fellows of the College that, no
+doubt at some risk to themselves, they stood by Fisher. They visited him
+in his prison, and in a nobly worded letter stated that as they owed
+everything to his bounty, so they offered themselves and all they were
+masters of to his service.
+
+In 1545 King Henry VIII. gave new statutes to the College, adapted to
+the reformed religion; but all mention of Fisher and his endowments is
+cut out; the College even had to pay 3d. for removing his armorial
+bearings from the Chapel.
+
+During the reign of King Edward VI. the outspoken and eloquent Thomas
+Leaver was Master; on the accession of Queen Mary he, with many of the
+Fellows, had to fly to Switzerland. In Ascham's words: "mo perfite
+scholers were dispersed from thence in one moneth, than many years can
+reare up againe."
+
+The reign of Queen Mary did not extend over much more than five years,
+but while it lasted a resolute and unflinching effort was made to
+re-establish the Roman Catholic faith.
+
+The accession of Queen Elizabeth resulted in an equally rapid and
+fundamental revolution of opinion on the most vital points which can
+interest mankind. A few selected extracts from the College Account Books
+for this period bring before us, with almost dramatic effect, the
+changes which occurred. (Queen Mary succeeded in 1553, Queen Elizabeth
+on 17th November 1558.)
+
+"1555, To the joyner for setting up the rood, 2_d._; A new graell
+printed in parchment 40_s._;--1556, In Spanish money given to the
+goldsmyth by Mr Willan to make a pixe to the highe Aultar, 24_s._
+11_d._; A redde purple velvet cope, with the border of imagrie, having
+the assumption of our Ladie behinde and three little angels about her
+and the greater being full of floure de luces, 46_s._ 8_d._;--1557, To
+William Allom for two antiphoners, one masse book and hymnal and
+processioners, £6 13_s._ 4_d._"
+
+"1558, To John Waller and his man for a dayes working pulling down the
+hye Altar and carrying it away 20_d._; For pulling down the aulter in Mr
+Ashton's Chapel 6_d._; 1563, Received for certain old Albes and other
+popishe Trashe, sold out of the Revystry the last yere, 26_s._ 10_d._;
+Paid to Mr Baxter for ten Geneva psalters and six service psalters,
+bought at Christmas last, 22_s._"
+
+This last entry gives us the key to the troubles at St. John's; the
+Marian exiles had returned with strong Calvinistic leanings. The unrest
+was, of course, not confined to St. John's, but was general throughout
+the University. But for the greater part of the reign of Elizabeth there
+was a strong leaning toward Puritanism in the College. There was a rapid
+succession of Masters, most of whom were thrust on the College by Court
+influence; and about this time the Fellows of St. John's acquired the
+reputation of being "cunning practitioners" in the art of getting rid of
+unpopular Masters.
+
+Queen Elizabeth visited Cambridge in August 1564, and was received with
+all honour. She rode into the Hall of St. John's on her palfrey and
+listened to a speech from Mr. Humphrey Bohun, one of the Fellows, in
+which for the last time the restitution of the Lady Margaret's estates
+was hinted at, without result.
+
+Richard Longworth, a man of Presbyterian sympathies, was at this time
+Master. In 1565 he, with the Fellows and scholars, appeared in Chapel
+without the surplice. Lord Burghley, as Chancellor of the University,
+wrote a sharply worded letter to Longworth, expressing his grief that
+such a thing should happen in "my dear College of St. John's"; adding,
+"truly no mishap in all my service did ever plunge me more grievously."
+
+Fortunately affairs were in strong and capable hands. With the authority
+and in the name of Queen Elizabeth, Whitgift, at this time Master of
+Trinity, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, and Cecil provided new
+statutes for the University in 1570, and for St. John's in 1580. By
+these much more power was put in the hands of the Master, and government
+rendered easier to a resolute man.
+
+Matters improved, if not at once, at least gradually, and the Anglican
+rule became firmly established. But during the mastership of William
+Whitaker (1586-1595) we still hear of troubles with "Papists." Whitaker
+was a learned scholar and an acute theologian, but he does not seem to
+have been a ruler of men or a judge of character. He got involved in an
+unfortunate dispute with Everard Digby, one of the Fellows, a man of
+considerable literary reputation, but of a turbulent disposition.
+Whitaker, who clearly wanted to get rid of Digby, seized upon the
+pretext that his bill for a month's commons, amounting to 8s. 7¼d., was
+left unpaid, and deprived Digby of his fellowship. An appeal was lodged
+with Whitgift and Cecil, who ordered Whitaker to reinstate Digby.
+Whitaker replied that Digby was a Papist, was wont to blow a horn in the
+Courts and to holloa after it, and that he had threatened to put the
+President in the stocks! He seems to have succeeded in getting rid of
+Digby for good.
+
+On the death of Whitaker in 1595, Richard Clayton became Master. If not
+a brilliant scholar, he commanded respect, and the tenor of many letters
+which have come down from that time shows that the Fellows in residence
+were on good terms with each other, and with those of the Society who
+had gone out into the world. The College was prosperous, and the
+building of the Second Court was the visible sign of returned
+efficiency. Clayton lived on into the reign of King James I., dying 2nd
+May 1612; besides being Master of St. John's, he was also Dean of
+Peterborough and a Prebendary of Lincoln.
+
+During this period the College enjoyed a considerable reputation as a
+training ground for medical men. Thomas Linacre, physician to Henry
+VIII., founded in 1534 a medical lectureship in the College, endowing it
+with some property in London. The stipend of the lecturer was to be £12
+a year, no mean sum in these days--being, in fact, the same as the
+statutable stipend of the Master. In the Elizabethan statutes special
+and detailed provisions are made for the continuance of the lectureship.
+These lay down that the lecturer must be versed in the works of
+Aristotle, and that he should lecture on the works of Galen, which
+Linacre had translated. The effect of the foundation was to attract a
+number of medical students to the College, many of whom seem to have
+obtained fellowships, for we find the Fellows petitioning Queen
+Elizabeth, while her code of statutes was under consideration, that
+Divines should be preferred to Physicians in the election of Senior
+Fellows; otherwise, they submitted, an undue proportion of Physicians
+would get on the seniority and rule the College. Further, they asked
+that the medical Fellows, as some return for their privileges, should
+attend on poor students free of charge. That the College school of
+medicine was a noted one is confirmed by the fact that three successive
+Presidents of the Royal College of Physicians were Fellows of St.
+John's: Richard Smith (1585-1589), William Baronsdale (1589-1600), and
+William Gilbert (1600-1601). Smith and Gilbert were physicians to Queen
+Elizabeth; Baronsdale and Gilbert had been Senior Bursars of the
+College. Of these Gilbert is the most celebrated; his treatise, _De
+Magnete_, is a scientific classic. Galileo spoke of Gilbert as "great to
+a degree which might be envied." Francis Bacon mentions the book with
+applause, and Hallam describes Gilbert as "at once the father of
+experimental philosophy in this island, and by a singular felicity and
+acuteness of genius, the founder of theories which have been revived
+after the lapse of ages, and are almost universally received into the
+creed of science." Gilbert, who always signs his name Gilberd or Gylberd
+in the College books, was Senior Bursar of the College in 1569, and
+President in the succeeding year.
+
+Amongst others who have held the Linacre lectureship, and attained to
+scientific distinction, was Henry Briggs, who was appointed lecturer in
+1592. He afterwards became Gresham Professor of Geometry and Savilian
+Professor at Oxford. He took up Napier's discovery of logarithms; the
+idea of tables of logarithms having 10 for their base, and the
+calculation of the first table of the kind, is due to him.
+
+
+
+
+                          CHAPTER V
+
+                     THE SECOND CENTURY
+
+                          1612-1716
+
+
+The second century of the College history opened quietly. Owen Gwyn was
+elected Master by the choice of the Fellows; John Williams, then a
+Fellow, afterwards Lord Keeper, Dean of Westminster, Bishop of Lincoln,
+and Archbishop of York, exerting himself on Gwyn's behalf. It appears
+that Williams in after years repented of the choice, and Thomas Baker,
+the historian of the College, speaks slightingly of Gwyn. Still, under
+his rule the College flourished, and Williams himself marked the period
+by providing the greater part of the funds for the new Library.
+
+King James I. and Prince Charles (afterwards Charles I.) frequently
+visited the University; James holding his Court at Trinity, but being
+entertained at St. John's. On one of these occasions, comparing the
+great Court of Trinity with the two then existing Courts of St. John's,
+he is said to have remarked that there was no greater difference between
+the two Societies than between a shilling and two sixpences.
+
+[Illustration: _HALL, AND CHAPEL TOWER_]
+
+With the advent of the Stuart kings the practice arose of sending
+mandatory letters to Colleges, directing the election of named persons
+to fellowships. In theory it may have been correct enough; the statutes
+as enacted by Queen Elizabeth reserved to herself and her successors the
+power of rescinding or altering them. To direct that the statutory
+provisions as to elections should be dispensed with in favour of an
+individual was thus within the sovereign's power, however inconvenient
+it might prove in practice. One of the special grievances at St. John's
+was that King James directed the College to elect a Scotchman, George
+Seaton, M.A., to a fellowship, though there was none then actually
+vacant. The College obeyed, informing his Majesty that they had made
+their statutes wink to fulfil his bidding, and maintained an extra
+Fellow for a time. The practice was, however, followed by others; and
+Gwyn seems to have been deluged with letters from persons in high
+places, begging for his favour at elections. At some Colleges the device
+of "pre-elections" seems to have been resorted to; a promising man being
+elected to the next fellowship which should be vacant. Thus, when the
+vacancy became known, the College could, with a clear conscience, say
+that it had been already filled up; there is, however, no trace of this
+practice at St. John's.
+
+On Gwyn's death in 1633 there was a disputed election to the mastership,
+which Charles I. settled by nominating William Beale. Beale was
+originally a Trinity man, but had been for about a year Master of Jesus.
+He was a supporter of Laud; he embellished the Chapel, and introduced a
+more ornate ritual; under his influence St. John's seems to have been
+the only College at Cambridge which fully complied with Laud's
+instructions. Thus when the Puritans got the upper hand, Beale and his
+College were the subject of their displeasure.
+
+In 1642 King Charles applied to the University for supplies. The
+contribution of St. John's was £150 in money and 2065 ounces "grocers
+weight" of silver plate. The list of the pieces of plate and of the
+donors' names is but melancholy reading; suffice it to say that among
+those sent were pieces bearing the names of Thomas Wentworth, Lord
+Strafford, and of Thomas Fairfax. The fact that this plate actually
+reached the King did not endear the College to the parliamentary party.
+Oliver Cromwell surrounded the College, took Dr. Beale a prisoner, and,
+to equalise matters, confiscated the communion plate and other
+valuables.
+
+Beale, after some imprisonment and wandering, escaped from England and
+became chaplain to Lord Cottington and Sir Edward Hyde (afterwards Lord
+Clarendon) in their embassy to Spain; he died at Madrid, and was there
+secretly buried. A number of the Fellows were also ejected, and for
+some time the College was used as a prison. The Chapel was stripped of
+the obnoxious ornaments, and other damage done. A little bundle of
+papers labelled "Receipts for Army taxes during the Commonwealth" still
+reposes, as a memento of these days, in the Muniment Room.
+
+St. John's, which dabbled in Presbyterian doctrines during the days of
+Elizabeth, now had these imposed upon it by superior authority. The two
+Commonwealth Masters, John Arrowsmith (1644-1653) and Anthony Tuckney
+(1653-1661), were able men of Puritan austerity, the rule of the latter
+being the more strict; judging from the after careers of its members,
+the College was certainly capably directed. A well-authenticated College
+tradition relates that when, at an election, the President called upon
+the Master to have regard to the "godly," Tuckney replied that no one
+showed greater regard for the truly godly than himself, but that he was
+determined to choose none but scholars; adding, with practical wisdom,
+"They may deceive me in their godliness; they cannot in their
+scholarship."
+
+On the Restoration, Dr. Peter Gunning, afterwards Bishop of Ely, was
+made Master; and the Earl of Manchester, who, as an officer of the
+Parliament, was the means of ejecting many of the Fellows, now directed
+that some of them should be restored to their places. An interesting
+College custom dates from this period: on the 29th of May in each year
+the College butler decorates the Hall and Kitchen with fresh oak boughs;
+there is no order to that effect, but--"it has always been done."
+
+[Illustration: THE COLLEGE ARMS]
+
+The rest of this century of the College existence, with the exception of
+one exciting event, passed quietly enough. Such troubles as there were
+in College were but eddies of the storms in the world outside. Of the
+"seven Bishops" sent to the Tower by King James II. in 1688, three were
+of St. John's: Francis Turner, Bishop of Ely (who had been Master of the
+College from 1670 to 1679); John Lake, Bishop of Chichester; and Thomas
+White, Bishop of Peterborough.
+
+The event of College interest was the fate of the nonjuring Fellows. The
+Nonjurors were those who, on various grounds, honourable enough,
+declined to take the oath of allegiance to King William and Queen Mary.
+Under the law they were liable to be deprived of their places and
+emoluments. At St. John's twenty Fellows and eight scholars took up the
+nonjuring position. In the rest of the University there were but
+fourteen in all, and the same number at the University of Oxford. No
+explanation seems to be forthcoming as to why there was this
+preponderance of opinion at St. John's. It is difficult to believe that
+it was enthusiasm for the cause of James II.; for when in 1687 that King
+directed the University to admit Father Alban Francis, a Benedictine
+monk, to the degree of M.A. without making the subscription or taking
+the oaths required for a degree, Thomas Smoult and John Billers, members
+of the College (the latter afterwards a Nonjuror), maintained the right
+of the University to refuse the degree before the notorious Judge
+Jeffreys, after the Vice-Chancellor and Isaac Newton had been silenced.
+
+Humphrey Gower was at this time Master of the College; he was of Puritan
+origin, and entered the College during the Commonwealth. After the
+Restoration he joined the Church of England, and though his sympathies
+were with the Nonjurors, he took the oaths and retained his mastership
+after the flight of King James. He had been for less than six months
+Master of Jesus before becoming Master of St. John's. Abraham de la
+Pryme, a member of St. John's, has handed down an irreverent jest on his
+appointment. "Our master, they say, is a mighty, high, proud man.... He
+came from Jesus College to be master here, and he was so sevear that he
+was commonly called the divel of Jesus; and when he was made master here
+some unlucky scholars broke this jest upon him--that now the divel was
+entered into the heard of swine; for us Johnians are abusively called
+hoggs."
+
+In 1693 the Court of King's Bench issued a _mandamus_ calling upon Gower
+to remove those Fellows who had not taken the oath. Defence upon the
+merits of the case there was none; but Gower or his legal advisers
+opposed the mandate with great skill on technical points, and after much
+litigation the Court had to admit that its procedure was irregular, and
+the matter dropped for some twenty-four years. During this period some
+of the Fellows in question died, others ceded their fellowships owing to
+the combined action of the general law and the College statutes. Under
+the latter Fellows were bound, when of proper standing, to proceed to
+the B.D. degree, but the oath of allegiance was required of those who
+took the degree, and so fellowships were forfeited. Thomas Baker, the
+historian, who was one of the Nonjurors, had taken the B.D. degree
+before 1688, so this cause did not operate in his case. But on the
+accession of King George I., an abjuration oath was required, and the
+meshes of the net being now smaller, the then Master, Dr. Jenkin, had no
+other course but to eject Baker and others. The College did all it could
+to soften the blow, and allowed Baker to reside in College until his
+death in 1740. He worked unweariedly at his manuscript collections and
+at the history of the College. The latter was first published in 1869,
+under the editorship of Professor John E. B. Mayor; with the editor's
+additions it forms a record of a College such as almost no other
+foundation can show. Baker's learning and accuracy are undoubted; but it
+may be permitted (even to a member of his College) to hint that Baker's
+judgments are a little severe, and his views somewhat narrow.
+
+One notable improvement in the College records dates from this century.
+In early days no record was made of the names of those who joined the
+College. The statutes of King Henry VIII. enjoined that a register
+should be kept of all those admitted to scholarships and fellowships or
+College offices. This was begun in 1545, and has been continued to the
+present time. The entries of scholars and Fellows are in the autograph
+of those admitted, and if they possessed no other interest, have that
+of providing numerous examples of contemporary handwriting. But of those
+not admitted on the foundation, or of those admitted prior to 1545,
+there is no official College record.
+
+Dr. Owen Gwyn and the seniors of his day passed a rule that "the
+register of the College should have a book provided him wherein he
+should from time to time write and register the names, parents, county,
+school, age, and tutor of every one to be admitted to the College." This
+was commenced in January 1629-30, and has been continued, with varying
+care and exactness, ever since. It seems probable that the initiative in
+this matter was due to Gwyn, as few Masters have so carefully preserved
+their official correspondence.
+
+Just before this general register commenced, three notable men joined
+the College: Thomas Wentworth, afterwards Earl of Strafford; Thomas
+Fairfax, afterwards Lord Fairfax, the victor at Naseby; and Lucius Cary,
+Viscount Falkland, who fell in Newbury fight in September 1643.
+Complimentary letters to the first and last of these, with the replies,
+have been preserved. Falkland, in his reply, complains that of the
+titles given to him by the College "that which I shold most willingly
+have acknowledged and mought with most justice clayme you were not
+pleased to vouchsafe me, that of a St. John's man."
+
+Of others who entered we may name: Sir Ingram Hopton, son of Ralph,
+first Baron Hopton, who entered as a Fellow Commoner 12th May 1631. Sir
+Ingram fell at the battle of Winceby, 11th October 1643. He there
+unhorsed Oliver Cromwell in a charge, and knocked him down again as he
+rose, but was himself killed.
+
+Titus Oates, "the infamous," first entered at Caius 29th June 1667,
+migrating to St. John's, where he entered 2nd February 1668-69. Thomas
+Baker for once abandons his decorous reticence and states of Oates: "He
+was a lyar from the beginning, he stole and cheated his taylor of a
+gown, which he denied with horrid imprecations, and afterwards at a
+communion, being admonisht and advised by his Tutor, confest the fact."
+
+Matthew Prior, the poet, was both scholar and Fellow of the College,
+holding his fellowship until his death. Robert Herrick, though he
+graduated at Trinity Hall, was sometime a Fellow Commoner here. Thomas
+Forster of Adderstone, general to the "Old Pretender," and commander of
+the Jacobite army in 1715, entered the College as a Fellow Commoner 3rd
+July 1700. Brook Taylor, well known to mathematicians as the discoverer
+of "Taylor's theorem," entered as a Fellow Commoner 3rd April 1701.
+While David Mossom of Greenwich, who entered the College as a sizar 5th
+June 1705, after being ordained, emigrated to America, and became
+rector of St. Peter's Church, New Kent County, Virginia. He was the
+officiating clergyman at the marriage of George Washington in St.
+Peter's Church.
+
+We get an amusing glimpse of the importance of the Master of a College
+in the following anecdote: "In the year 1712 my old friend, Matthew
+Prior, who was then Fellow of St. John's, and who not long before had
+been employed by the Queen as her Plenipotentiary at the Court of
+France, came to Cambridge; and the next morning paid a visit to the
+Master of his own College. The Master (Dr. Jenkin) loved Mr. Prior's
+principles, had a great opinion of his abilities, and a respect for his
+character in the world; but then he had much greater respect for
+himself. He knew his own dignity too well to suffer a Fellow of his
+College to sit down in his presence. He kept his seat himself, and let
+the Queen's Ambassador stand. Such was the temper, not of a
+Vice-Chancellor, but of a simple Master of a College. I remember, by the
+way, an extempore epigram of Matt's on the reception he had there met
+with. We did not reckon in those days that he had a very happy turn for
+an epigram; but the occasion was tempting; and he struck it off as he
+was walking from St. John's College to the Rose, where we dined
+together. It was addressed to the Master:--
+
+    "'I _stood_, Sir, patient at your feet,
+      Before your elbow chair;
+    But make a bishop's throne your seat,
+      I'll _kneel_ before you there.
+    One only thing can keep you down,
+      For your great soul too mean;
+    You'd not, to mount a bishop's throne,
+      Pay _homage_ to the Queen.'"
+
+
+
+
+                         CHAPTER VI
+
+                      THE THIRD CENTURY
+
+                          1716-1815
+
+
+The third century of the College history coincides roughly with the
+eighteenth century. It was not a period of very high ideals, and
+"privilege" was in full force. For the first time in the College
+registers men are entered as "Noblemen." These were allowed to proceed
+to the M.A. degree direct in two years without passing through the
+intermediate stage of B.A. The College was also full of Fellow
+Commoners, who sat with the Fellows at the High Table in Hall; until the
+close of the century these do not seem to have proceeded to any degree.
+The other two classes were the pensioners, who paid their way, and the
+sizars. A sizar was definitely attached to a Fellow or Fellow Commoner,
+and in return for duties of a somewhat menial character passed through
+his College course on reduced terms. Among other duties, a sizar had,
+with some of the scholars, to wait at table, a service not abolished
+until 6th May 1786.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHAPEL TOWER FROM THE RIVER.]
+
+Speaking in general terms, the College seems gradually to have
+acquired the reputation of being the Tory College in the Whig
+University; it became exceedingly fashionable, and towards the end of
+the century had more students in residence than any other College. At
+the same time its reputation for efficiency was very high. This was due
+to the policy of Dr. William Samuel Powell, Master from 1765 to 1775. He
+introduced various administrative changes on the financial side of
+College management, and also started annual examinations in the College,
+then a novelty in the University. These examinations were not very
+severe, and to the somewhat overtaxed undergraduate of the present day
+might seem almost trivial. They were not competitive, there was no order
+of merit, but no one seems to have been exempt; their object was simply
+to test the knowledge of the students. The success of the plan attracted
+much attention; it was proposed to institute similar examinations for
+the University at large, but Powell opposed this on the ground that
+candidates ought to be examined by those who taught them. From this date
+it would appear that Fellow Commoners, at St. John's at least, began to
+take degrees in the University.
+
+During Powell's mastership an observatory was established on the top of
+the western gateway of the Second Court, and regular astronomical
+observations taken. Two sets of observations there made by Fellows of
+the College have been published; one set made by William Ludlam in 1767
+and 1768, the other by Thomas Catton between 1796 and 1826, the latter
+being published by the Royal Astronomical Society in 1854.
+
+We find members of the College taking part in all the movements of the
+time. In the rebellion of 1745, James Dawson, a captain in the
+Manchester Regiment, was taken prisoner at Carlisle, and executed in
+July 1746 on Kennington Common; while Robert Ganton, afterwards a
+clergyman, was excused one term's residence in the University, during
+which, as one of "his majesty's Royal Hunters," he was fighting the
+rebels.
+
+Charles Churchill, satirist, was for a short time a member of the
+College in 1748. William Wordsworth, afterwards Poet Laureate, entered
+the College as a sizar, and was admitted a foundress' scholar 6th
+November 1787. Many adopted military careers; of these we may mention
+George, first Marquis Townshend, who joined the College in 1741,
+afterwards entered the army, and was present at Fontenoy and Culloden;
+he went with Wolfe to Canada, and took over the command when Wolfe fell.
+Daniel Hoghton entered in 1787, he also became a soldier, and was one of
+Wellington's men in the Peninsular War; he was killed at the battle of
+Albuera, being then a major-general.
+
+Of another type were William Wilberforce (entered 1776) and Thomas
+Clarkson (1779), whose names will always be associated in connection
+with the abolition of slavery. The saintly Henry Martyn, Senior Wrangler
+in 1801 and Fellow of the College, went out as a missionary to India in
+1805, and died at Tokat in Persia in 1812. There have been many
+missionary sons of the College since his day, but his self-denial
+greatly impressed his contemporaries, and Sir James Stephen speaks of
+him as "the one heroic name which adorns the annals of the Church of
+England from the days of Elizabeth to our own." With Martyn curiously
+enough is associated in College annals another name, that of Henry John
+Temple, third Viscount Palmerston, sometime Prime Minister of England;
+for Martyn and Temple appear as officers of the College company of
+volunteers in the year 1803.
+
+Thomas Denman, afterwards Lord Chief Justice, entered the College in
+1796; he resided in the Second Court, staircase G, at the top. When he
+brought up his son, the Hon. George Denman, to Trinity he pointed the
+rooms out to him, and the latter pointed them out to the present writer,
+"in order that the oral tradition might be preserved."
+
+Alexander John Scott, who, as private secretary and interpreter to Lord
+Nelson, was present on the _Victory_ at Trafalgar, entered the College
+in 1786, and became a scholar of the College 3rd November 1789. Fletcher
+Norton, Speaker of the House of Commons from 1770 to 1780, and first
+Lord Grantley, entered the College in 1734. With him, in a way, was
+connected John Horne (afterwards Horne Tooke), who entered in 1754; for
+Horne, for purposes of his own, libelled Fletcher Norton when Speaker.
+Horne Tooke's stormy career belongs rather to political than College
+history; but it is worth noting that when he presented himself at
+Cambridge for the M.A. degree, and the granting of this was opposed in
+the senate on the ground that he had traduced the clergy in his
+writings, the members of St. John's, headed by Dr. Richard Beadon, then
+Public Orator, afterwards Bishop of Bath and Wells, carried the grace
+for the degree. Horne and Beadon entered the College in the same year.
+
+We have already mentioned Charles Churchill. Another Johnian poet of
+this period was William Mason, who entered the College in 1742. Mason
+afterwards became a Fellow of Pembroke, where he was the intimate friend
+of Thomas Gray. As the biographer of Gray he is perhaps better
+remembered than for his own poetry, though during his lifetime he
+enjoyed considerable fame.
+
+A somewhat unusual career was that of William Smith, who entered the
+College from Eton in 1747, but left without taking a degree. He is
+reported to have snapped an unloaded pistol at one of the Proctors, and
+rather than submit to the punishment which the College authorities
+thought proper to inflict, left the University. He became an actor, and
+was very popular in his day, being known as "Gentleman Smith." He was
+associated with David Garrick, and Smith's admirers held that he fell
+little short of his master in the art.
+
+The reputation of the College as a medical school was maintained by Dr.
+William Heberden, who entered in 1724. Heberden attended Samuel Johnson
+in his last illness, and Johnson described him as "_ultimus Romanorum_,
+the last of our learned physicians." A description which may be
+amplified by saying that Heberden was in a way the first of the modern
+physicians.
+
+
+
+
+                         CHAPTER VII
+
+                     THE CURRENT CENTURY
+
+
+The time has probably not yet come when a satisfactory account of
+College and University development during the nineteenth century can be
+written. The changes have been fundamental, involving perhaps a change
+of ideal as well as of method. In early days the College was filled with
+men saturated with the spirit of the Renaissance; casting aside the
+studies of the Middle Ages, they returned to the literature of Greece
+and Rome. The ideals of the present day are not less high, but more
+complex and less easy to state briefly; the aim is perhaps rather to add
+to knowledge than to acquire it for its own sake alone.
+
+[Illustration: The College Chapel]
+
+For the first half of the century College life was still regulated by
+the statutes of Elizabeth. These were characterised by over-cautious and
+minute legislation. Now that they are superseded, the chief feeling is
+one of surprise that a system of laws, intended to be unchangeable,
+should have endured so long in presence of the changing character of the
+wants and habits of mankind.
+
+It must be remembered that each member of the corporate body, Master,
+Fellow, or Scholar, on admission, each officer on his appointment, bound
+himself by oaths of great solemnity to observe these statutes and to
+seek no dispensation from their provisions. To a more logical race the
+difficulties must have proved intolerable--the practical Englishman
+found his own solution.
+
+The forms were observed _juramenti gratia_, but much practical work was
+supplemental to the statutes. This could be illustrated in more than one
+way--the most interesting is the development of the educational side and
+the tutorial system.
+
+The statutes prescribed the appointment of certain lecturers--even the
+subjects of their lectures. Space need not be occupied in showing that
+such provisions soon became obsolete. The working solution was found in
+the tutorial system. In early days it was contemplated and prescribed
+that each Fellow should have the care of two or three students, living
+with them, teaching them daily; the exact date when this system passed
+away has not been traced with any certainty, but gradually the number of
+Fellows taking individual charge of the undergraduates diminished until
+it became reduced to two or three. Those in charge became known as
+Tutors, and with each Tutor was associated one or two others called
+Assistant Tutors or Lecturers. A charge was made to the undergraduates
+for tuition, and the sum so received was shared by the Tutors and their
+assistants. But the Tutor was not a College officer in the eye of the
+statutes, nor the money received for tuition treated as part of the
+College revenues. The system worked, because it was meant to work, and
+as it was not subject to obsolete rules could be modified and adapted to
+changing conditions. So long as the chief subjects of study were few in
+number, practically restricted to classics and mathematics, College
+provision for teaching was possible and simple. The multiplication of
+studies, the needs of the studies generally known as the Natural
+Sciences, with their expensive laboratories and equipment, are entailing
+further changes, and the tendency, more especially in the newer
+subjects, is to centralise teaching under the control of University
+professors and teachers. The subject is one of great interest, but
+cannot be further touched upon here. To return to the history of St.
+John's.
+
+Dr. James Wood became Master in 1815. He was a man of humble origin, a
+native of Holcombe, in the parish of Bury, Lancashire. According to a
+well-authenticated tradition he "kept," as an undergraduate, in a garret
+in staircase O in the Second Court, and studied in the evening by the
+light of the rush candle which lit the staircase, with his feet in
+straw, not being able to afford fire or light. He became a successful
+and popular College Tutor, and his mathematical writings were long the
+standard text-books in the University. At the time of his death in 1839
+he held, with his mastership, the Deanery of Ely and the Rectory of
+Freshwater in the Isle of Wight. He made the College his residuary
+legatee, but during his life had handed over large sums for College
+purposes, and the total of his gifts cannot have been less than £60,000.
+
+In Wood's time we find the first movement in favour of change taken by
+the College itself. St. John's then suffered under a specially awkward
+restriction arising from the joint effect of the general statutes and
+the trusts of private foundations. By the statutes not more than two
+Fellows could come from any one county in England, or more than one from
+each diocese in Wales.
+
+There were thirty-two foundation Fellows, and twenty-one founded by
+private benefactors, the latter having all the privileges and advantages
+of the former. Each of these private foundations had its own special
+restriction; the holders were to be perhaps of founder's name or kin, or
+to come from certain specified counties, parishes, or schools. The
+effect of these special restrictions was that many fellowships had to be
+filled by men possessing the special qualification without, perhaps, any
+great intellectual distinction. But once a county was "full" no Fellow
+could be elected who had been born in that county; and even if a vacancy
+occurred a promising man might be again cut out by some special
+restriction. Dr. Wood and the Fellows addressed themselves to this point
+and obtained in 1820 the Royal consent to a statute throwing open the
+foundress' fellowships without restriction as to county; the private
+foundations were left untouched, but the College was empowered to
+transfer a Fellow on the foundress' foundation to one of the special
+foundations, if qualified.
+
+Dr. Wood was succeeded as Master by Dr. Ralph Tatham, whose father and
+grandfather (of the same names) had been members of the College. He was
+Public Orator of the University from 1809 to 1836, an office for which
+he was well qualified by a singular dignity of person and courtesy of
+manner. "He brought forth butter," said the wags, "in a lordly dish." In
+the year 1837 the Earl of Radnor and others raised the question of
+University reform, and tried to induce the House of Lords to pass a bill
+for the appointment of a University Commission. In the end the matter
+was shelved, the friends of the University undertaking that the
+Colleges, with the approval of their Visitors, should prepare new
+statutes for the assent of the Crown. The change in St. John's was
+opposed by some ultra-conservative Fellows, who urged that as they were
+bound by oath to observe and uphold the statutes, and to seek no
+dispensation from them, they were precluded from asking for any change.
+The Bishop of Ely, however, gently put this objection on one side, and
+the statutes then prepared were approved by Queen Victoria in 1849. The
+more ardent reformers have described this code as merely legalising the
+customs and "abuses" which had grown up around the Elizabethan statutes
+without introducing any effective change.
+
+On the death of Dr. Tatham (19th January 1857), Dr. William Henry
+Bateson was elected Master; he had been Senior Bursar of the College
+from 1846, and Public Orator of the University from 1848. Dr. Bateson
+was a man of scholarly tastes, but he was above all a practical man of
+affairs and of broad views. He served on more than one University
+Commission appointed to examine into and report upon the University and
+Colleges. The College statutes were twice revised during his mastership;
+the first code becoming law in 1860, the second was prepared during his
+lifetime, though it did not become law till a year after his death.
+These statutes are much less interesting reading than the early
+statutes, though undoubtedly more useful. While aiming at precision in
+the matter of rights and duties, they leave great freedom in matters of
+study, discipline, and administration. All local restrictions on
+scholarships and fellowships have been abolished. The government of the
+College is entrusted to a Council of twelve, elected by the Fellows,
+and presided over by the Master; a simple method has been provided of
+altering them if necessary. Independently of the changes thus introduced
+the College, on its own initiative, was providing for the newer studies.
+In 1853 a chemical laboratory was built, and a lecturer in chemistry
+appointed, and other lecturers appointed from time to time as the scope
+of University teaching was widened. St. John's at an early date began to
+elect men to scholarships and fellowships for Natural Science. In all
+this we may trace the influence of Dr. Bateson, one of whose guiding
+principles was to widen and increase the teaching power of the College,
+and to reward intellectual distinction of any kind. Dr. Bateson died
+27th March 1881, and was succeeded by Dr. Charles Taylor, the present
+Master.
+
+Of men who have added lustre to the College roll of worthies we may
+mention Sir John F. W. Herschel, the astronomer, who was Senior Wrangler
+in 1813, and died in 1871, laden with all the honours which scientific
+and learned bodies could bestow upon him; he lies buried in Westminster
+Abbey close to the tomb of Newton. John Couch Adams, Senior Wrangler in
+1843, in July 1841, while yet an undergraduate, resolved to investigate
+the irregularities in the motion of the planet Uranus, with the view of
+determining whether they might be attributed to an undiscovered planet.
+The memorandum he made of his resolve is, as has been stated, now in
+the College Library. It is a matter of history how Adams carried out his
+purpose, and how through a series of unlucky accidents he did not get
+the sole credit for his discovery of the planet Neptune. Adams became a
+Fellow of the College in 1843, but had to vacate his fellowship in 1852
+as he was not in orders. The College tried to induce a Mr. Blakeney, who
+then held one of the very few fellowships tenable by a layman, to resign
+his fellowship and make way for Adams; offering to pay him for the rest
+of his life an income equal to that of his fellowship. Mr. Blakeney,
+however, refused, and a fellowship was found for Mr. Adams at Pembroke
+College, which he held till his death.
+
+It is perhaps a delicate matter to allude to those still living, but two
+may perhaps be mentioned. The Hon. Charles A. Parsons by his development
+of the steam turbine has revolutionised certain departments of
+engineering. Dairoku Kikuchi, the first Japanese student to come to
+Cambridge, after graduating in 1877, in the same year as Mr. Parsons,
+returned to Japan, and has held many offices, including that of Minister
+of Education, in his native country.
+
+We may say that the changes introduced in the nineteenth century have
+restored to the College its national character, admitting to the full
+privileges of a University career certain classes of students who had
+been gradually excluded. During the reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI.,
+Mary, and Elizabeth, there was always a part of the nation, Protestant
+or Roman Catholic, which found the entry barred to it. The establishment
+of the Anglican rule in the reign of Elizabeth led to the exclusion of
+Roman Catholics, and for three hundred years the doors of the University
+were closed to them.
+
+The Civil Wars, the Commonwealth, and the Restoration produced religious
+difficulties of another kind; the wholesale ejections in 1644 and 1660
+testify to the troubles men had to face for conscience' sake. After the
+Restoration the Puritan, the Protestant Dissenter, was excluded with the
+Romanist.
+
+In the eighteenth century a certain variety was introduced by the entry
+of students from the West Indies, sons of planters; one or two
+individuals came from the American colonies. The constant wars drew off
+men to military careers, and the religious movements towards the close
+of the century attracted men, after leaving College, to Unitarianism or
+Wesleyanism. The celebrated Rowland Hill was a member of the College;
+Francis Okeley, after leaving, became a Moravian or a Mystic. Such
+dissenters as entered the College, and they were very few, were obliged
+to leave without graduating.
+
+The removal of all religious tests has thus restored to the ancient
+Universities a national character they had not possessed since the early
+days of Henry VIII., when all could come, as all were practically of the
+same faith.
+
+Thus a wider field is open to the College to draw on, not only in the
+British Islands, but in all its colonies and dependencies. On the other
+hand, it is no less true that her sons are to be found more widely
+scattered. A hundred and fifty years ago one could say of a selected
+group of men that the majority would become clergymen or schoolmasters,
+a few would become barristers, others would return to their country
+estates, one or two might enter the army; with that we should have
+exhausted the probabilities. Now there is probably not a career open to
+educated men in which members of the College are not to be found; the
+State in every department, civil, ecclesiastical, or military, enlists
+her sons in its service. The rise of scientific industries has opened
+new careers to trained men. We talk of the spacious days of Elizabeth;
+if space itself has not increased it is at least more permeated with men
+who owe their early training to the foundation of the Lady Margaret.
+
+
+
+
+                        CHAPTER VIII
+
+                        SOCIAL LIFE
+
+
+Hitherto we have confined ourselves to an outline of the College history
+on what may be called its official side. In what follows we deal briefly
+with some features of the life of the place.
+
+[Illustration: THE NEW COURT]
+
+The original, and perhaps the chief, purpose of the College in the eyes
+of those who founded it was practically that it should form a training
+ground for the clergy. The statutes of King Henry VIII. distinctly lay
+down that theology is the goal to which philosophy and all other studies
+lead, and that none were to be elected Fellows who did not propose to
+study theology. The statutes of Elizabeth provided a certain elasticity
+by prescribing that those Fellows who did not enter priests' orders
+within six years should vacate their fellowships; but that two Fellows
+might be allowed, by the Master and a majority of the Senior Fellows, to
+devote themselves to the study of medicine. King Charles I. in 1635
+allowed a like privilege to be granted from thenceforth to two Fellows
+who were to study law. These privileges were not always popular, and we
+occasionally find the clerical Fellows complaining that while the
+duties of teaching and catechising were laid on them, a man who had held
+one of the law or medical fellowships sometimes took orders late in life
+and then claimed presentation to a College benefice in virtue of his
+seniority as a Fellow, having in the meantime escaped the drudgery to
+which the Fellow in orders had been subject.
+
+The emoluments of members of the Society in early times were very
+modest, and as prices rose became quite inadequate; the amounts being
+named in the College statutes were incapable of alteration, and indirect
+means were taken to provide relief. In Bishop Fisher's time it was
+considered that an endowment of £6 a year sufficed to found a
+fellowship, and £3 a year to found a scholarship. The statutable stipend
+of the Master was only £12 a year, though he had some other allowances,
+the total amount of which was equally trivial. James Pilkington, Master
+from 1559 to 1561, when he became Bishop of Durham, wrote to Lord
+Burghley on the subject of his successor, stating that whoever became
+Master must have some benefice besides to enable him to live. Richard
+Longworth, Master from 1564 to 1569, made a similar complaint, putting
+the weekly expenses of his office at £3. We accordingly find that many
+of the Masters held country benefices, prebends, or deaneries with their
+College office. Lord Keeper Williams, who gave to the College the
+advowsons of Soulderne in Oxfordshire, Freshwater in the Isle of Wight,
+and the sinecure rectories of St. Florence and Aberdaron in Wales, made
+it part of the conditions of his gift that the Master should always be
+entitled to take one of these livings if a vacancy occurred. Many of the
+Fellows also held benefices or curacies near Cambridge. In the
+eighteenth century the business of holding ecclesiastical preferment in
+plurality became almost a fine art; thus Sir Isaac Pennington, who was
+President of the College and Regius Professor of Physic, left to the
+College by his will a fund to provide the sum of £200 a year for the
+Master "if he be rector of Freshwater and not otherwise," a direct and
+curious incentive to holding in plurality. A Fellow was entitled to his
+commons, and, in addition, to allowances of 13s. 4d. under each of the
+three heads of "corn," "livery," and "stipend," or, as we may say, food,
+clothes, and pocket-money. The College officers received but small
+salaries, the most highly paid being the President and Senior Bursar,
+who each received £2.
+
+An effort was made by the Statutes of the Realm to improve the condition
+of members of colleges. It seems to have been assumed that the rent of a
+college farm, like its statutes, could not be altered; but by an Act of
+Parliament passed in the eighteenth year of Elizabeth, known as Sir
+Thomas Smith's Act, it was enacted that from thenceforth one-third of
+the rents were to be paid in wheat and malt; the price of wheat for the
+purposes of the Act being assumed to be 6s. 8d. a quarter, and of malt
+5s. a quarter. Thus if before the Act the rent of a farm was £6 a year,
+after it became law the tenant had to pay £4 in money, three-quarters of
+wheat, and four quarters of malt, these two latter items coming to £1
+each. But the tenant now paid a rent varying according to the prices of
+the day--namely, the money rent plus the cash value of the wheat and
+malt according to the best prices of these commodities in Cambridge on
+the market-day preceding quarter-day. Thus as the prices of wheat and
+malt rose the College benefited. By the Act this variable one-third, or
+"corn-money," went to increase the allowance for commons. As time went
+on the amount of the corn-money was more than sufficient to pay for the
+commons, and a further modest allowance out of the surplus was made to
+all who participated in the College revenues, whether as Master, Fellow,
+scholar, or sizar, under the name of _præter_.
+
+In process of time another source of revenue arose. Leases of College
+estates were usually granted for a term of forty years, and there was a
+general custom that the tenant might surrender his lease at the end of
+fourteen years and receive a new one for forty years. As prices rose
+tenants were willing to pay a consideration for the renewal known as a
+"fine"--this was calculated on the full letting value of the estate at
+the time of the renewal, the rent reserved remaining at its traditional
+amount. At first this fine-money was regarded as a species of surplus,
+and grants were made from it to Fellows or scholars who were ill or in
+special need of temporary assistance. The cost of entertaining royalties
+or other distinguished visitors, and part of the cost of new buildings,
+were defrayed from this source. In the year 1629 the practice arose of
+dividing this fine-money up among the Master and Fellows in certain
+shares, and the money so paid became known as the "dividend." At the
+present time the College property is managed like any other landed
+estate, and after the necessary expenses of management and maintenance
+have been met, and certain fixed sums paid to the scholars and
+exhibitioners, and to the University, the remainder is by the statutes
+divided up into shares called dividends, each Fellow getting one
+dividend, the Master and the members of the College Council receiving
+certain additions calculated in dividends; there is a general
+restriction that the dividend shall not exceed £250 a year. The fall in
+the value of land at present automatically provides that this limit is
+not exceeded; if the revenues become more than sufficient for the
+purpose, additional fellowships and scholarships must be established.
+
+The reader will gather that the chief endowment of the College arises
+from land. The College estates lie scattered over most of the eastern
+side of England, from Yorkshire to Kent. There is no large block of
+property anywhere. The estates in past times, when means of
+communication were poor, must have been difficult to visit. In the
+leases of the more distant farms it was usual to stipulate that the
+tenant should provide "horse meat and man's meat" for the Master and
+Bursar and their servants while on a tour of inspection. That some care
+was bestowed on the management is clear from the regular entries, in the
+books of accounts, of the expenses of those "riding on College
+business." Probably the estates were visited when leases came to be
+renewed, and an effort made to discover the actual letting value of the
+property. Land agents seem to have been first employed to make formal
+valuations towards the end of the eighteenth century, and about the same
+time plans of the estates were obtained, some of these, made before the
+enclosures, showing the land scattered in many minute pieces, are very
+curious and interesting.
+
+The actual life within the College walls is not so easy to describe with
+any certainty. At first, as we have seen, the undergraduates actually
+lived with Fellows of the College, and overcrowding must have been a
+constant feature of College life. On 15th December 1565 a return was
+made to Lord Burghley of all students, "whether tutors or pupils,"
+residing in the College, with notes as to whether they had come into
+Chapel in their surplices or not. The return concludes with this
+summary: "The whole number is 287, whereof there came into the Chappell
+with surplesses upon the last Saturdaie and Sondaie 147; and abrode in
+the country 33. And of thother 107 whiche cumme not in as yet, there be
+many cumme to the Colledge of late and be not yet provided of
+surplesses." At this time we have to remember that the buildings of the
+College consisted only of the First Court, the Infirmary or Labyrinth,
+and a small block of buildings in a corner of the ground now occupied by
+the Second Court, swept away when that was built. The arrangement seems
+to have been as follows. The ground-floor rooms were occupied by junior
+Fellows, each with a few pupils. The rooms on the first floor, known in
+the College books as the "middle chambers," were in greater request;
+with these went the rooms on the second floor, with sometimes _excelses_
+or garrets over them--these could accommodate a senior Fellow with
+several pupils. In the older parts of the College the rooms occupied the
+whole depth of the building, and so were lighted from both sides; in the
+corners, when light could be obtained, cubicles or studies were
+partitioned off. From a sanitary point of view, life under such
+conditions must have left much to be desired, and the burial registers
+of All Saints' parish (in which the older part of the College is
+situated) leave the impression of frequent and almost epidemic illness
+in the College during the sixteenth and early part of the seventeenth
+century.
+
+The undergraduates in early times were much younger than the men of the
+present day. The statutes prescribed that the oath should not be
+required from scholars who were under sixteen years of age; the frequent
+occurrence of _non juratus_ in the admission entry of a scholar shows
+that many came to the College before that age. Probably the average age
+was about sixteen; the idea being that after the seven years' residence
+required for the M.A. degree they would be of the proper age to present
+themselves for ordination. Those under eighteen years of age might be
+publicly whipped in the Hall for breaches of discipline.
+
+Students from distant parts of England probably resided continuously in
+College from the time they entered it until they took their degrees. The
+statutes of King Henry VIII. contemplate a period of some relaxation at
+Christmas; providing that each Fellow in turn should be "Lord" at
+Christmas, and prepare dialogues and plays to be acted by members of the
+College between Epiphany and Lent. The brazier in the Hall seems to have
+been kept burning in the evening about Christmas time; of this practice
+a curious relic survived until comparatively lately, it being the custom
+to leave a few gas-jets burning in the Hall until midnight from St.
+John's Day (December 27) until Twelfth Night.
+
+There were three classes of students. The Fellow Commoners, sons of
+noblemen or wealthy land-owners, who sat at the High Table, or, as it
+was phrased, were in Fellows' commons. Some came in considerable state.
+In 1624 the Earl of Arundel and Surrey sent his two sons, Lord
+Maltravers and Mr. William Howard, to the College. The Earl's chaplain,
+or secretary, in making arrangements for their coming, wrote to request
+that they should have one chamber in the College, with a "pallett for
+the gromes of their chamber"; the rest of "his lordships company, being
+two gentlemen, a grome of his stable and a footman, may be lodged in the
+towne near the College." At this period the Second Court had been built,
+and the accommodation for residence thus somewhat greater than in
+Elizabethan times. The Fellow Commoner wore a gown ornamented with gold
+lace, and a cap with a gold tassel. The last Fellow Commoner at St.
+John's to wear this dress was the present Admiral Sir Wilmot Hawksworth
+Fawkes.
+
+The next class in order of status were the Pensioners--men who paid
+their expenses without assistance from the College, sons of middle-class
+parents. In times of which we have any definite record this was the most
+numerous class in College. Lastly, we have the sizars. A sizar was
+definitely attached to a Fellow or Fellow Commoner; he was not exactly a
+servant, but made himself generally useful. For example, those members
+of the College who absented themselves from the University sermon were
+in the eighteenth century fined sixpence, and the sizars were expected
+to mark the absentees. The sizar at Cambridge had, however, always a
+better status than the servitor at Oxford, and in the days when
+scholarships were strictly limited as to locality, a sizarship was
+something of the nature of what at the present day we should describe as
+an entrance scholarship or exhibition, the assistance given consisting
+in a reduction of expenses rather than in actual direct emolument. At
+the present time there is no difference in status among members of the
+College; the foundation scholars, however, having special seats in
+Chapel and a separate table in Hall if they choose to make use of it.
+
+Until 1882 the condition of celibacy attached to all fellowships in the
+College; Queen Elizabeth held strong views on the matter, even
+discouraging the marriage of Masters. The necessity of taking orders was
+somewhat relaxed in 1860. The system had its advantages--it tended to
+produce promotion; for the natural inclination of mankind to marry,
+vacated fellowships; the disadvantage was that men with a real taste for
+study or teaching had no certain career before them. The question of
+allowing Fellows to marry was raised in the eighteenth century, but met
+with little support and much opposition. Even in the middle of the
+nineteenth century a University Commission inclined to the view that
+celibacy was inseparable from the collegiate system.
+
+[Illustration: THE "BRIDGE OF SIGHS"]
+
+The clerical restriction had the effect of chiefly confining selection
+to College offices to those who were in orders. These in due course
+went off to benefices in the gift of the College, these acting as a
+species of pension. One form of benefaction frequently bestowed by past
+members was the gift of an advowson; one or two benefactors left
+estates, the revenues from which were to accumulate, and with the sums
+so raised advowsons were to be purchased. Presentation to livings went
+by seniority of standing, and this practice, with the restriction on
+marriage, gave rise to the belief, still prevalent in many parishes
+where the College is patron, that the College on a vacancy always
+chooses for the next incumbent "the oldest bachelor." It seems probable,
+without any minute statistical inquiry, that most of the Fellows left
+the College before the age of forty. A few remained on for life.
+
+It is difficult now to reconstruct a picture of the High Table, made up
+as it was for many years of a group of middle-aged or elderly men, with
+a considerable admixture of youthful Fellow Commoners. During the
+eighteenth century the proportion of Fellow Commoners was probably from
+one-fourth to one-third of those dining together, and constraint on both
+sides must have been almost inevitable. The terms "don" and
+"donnishness" seem to have acquired their uncomplimentary meaning about
+this period. The precise significance of "don" is not easy to express
+concisely; the most felicitous is perhaps that of the Oxford _Shotover
+Papers_, where we read that don means, in Spain, a gentleman; in
+England, a Fellow. The abolition of the Fellow Commoner was perhaps
+chiefly due to the rise of the democratic spirit and a general dislike
+of privilege, but there are other grounds for welcoming it.
+
+Of the individuals who make up the stream of youthful life which has
+ebbed and flowed through the College gate there is but little official
+record. An Admonition Book exists, in which more than a century ago
+those who were punished for graver offences against discipline signed
+the record of their sentence and promised amendment. One youth admits
+over a trembling signature that he was "admonished by the Master, before
+the Seniors, for keeping strangers in my chamber till twelve o' the
+clock, and disturbing the Master by knocking at his gate in an
+irreverent manner at that hour for the keys of the gate." When the
+College gate was closed it may be explained that the keys were placed in
+the Master's keeping. We are, however, left in ignorance of what passed
+in that chamber until the midnight hour. Yet no doubt the student in
+past days had his amusements as well as his successor of the present
+day--rougher perhaps, but not less agreeable to him.
+
+In Bishop Fisher's statutes archery was encouraged as a pastime, and we
+know from Ascham's writings that he indulged in it. In the sixteenth
+century the College built a tennis-court for the use of its members.
+John Hall, who entered the College in 1646, recommended "shittlecock" as
+fit for students--"it requires a nimble arme with quick and waking eye."
+We hear of horse matches and cock-fighting, but in terms of disapproval.
+Football is mentioned in 1574, when the Vice-Chancellor directed that
+scholars should only play upon their own College ground. In 1595 "the
+hurtful and unscholarly exercise of football" was forbidden, except
+within each College and between members of the same College. Certain
+general orders for the discipline of the undergraduates, which gave rise
+to much controversy about 1750, forbade cricket between the hours of
+nine and twelve in the morning. In 1763 the Vice-Chancellor required
+that no scholar, of whatever rank, should be present at bull-baiting. We
+read in the eighteenth century of "schemes" or water-parties on the
+river, but these appear to have been more of the nature of picnics than
+exercises of skill. Riding was probably very common, the student
+arriving on his nag, perhaps selling it and using the proceeds as a
+start in his new life. The phrase "Hobson's choice" took its rise from
+the rule in the livery stables of Hobson the carrier that a man who
+hired a hack had to take the one that stood nearest to the stable door.
+In later days stage-coaches supplied a more regular means of
+conveyance. Students leaving Cambridge for the North betook themselves
+to Huntingdon, and were housed at the George Inn there till places could
+be found for them in the coaches. The landlord of the George sending
+over to Cambridge to let it be known that one batch were gone and that
+another might come over.
+
+Traditions linger in parishes round Cambridge that the University
+"gentlemen" used certain fields or commons for the purpose of riding
+races; the Cottenham steeplechases are presumably a survival of this
+practice. Shooting and coursing, with a little hunting, came into vogue
+at the end of the eighteenth century.
+
+The rise and organisation of athletic sports as an essential element of
+College life would require a bulky history in itself. The first to take
+definite form was rowing. The historic boat club of the college is the
+Lady Margaret Boat Club; this was founded in the October term of 1825.
+The actual founder of the club seems to have been the Hon. Richard John
+Le Poer Trench, a son of the second Earl of Clancarty. Trench afterwards
+became a captain in the 52nd Regiment, and died 12th August 1841. The
+club was the first to start an eight-oared boat on the Cam, though some
+Trinity men had a four-oar on the river a short time before the Lady
+Margaret was started. Among the first members of the club were William
+Snow and Charles Merivale, afterwards Dean of Ely. Trench acted as
+stroke of the original first boat crew in the Lent Term of 1826. There
+were at first no regular races, but impromptu trials of speed with other
+crews frequently took place. In 1827 the University Boat Club was
+started, and regular bumping races begun. The first challenge to Oxford
+was determined on at a meeting of the University Boat Club held 20th
+February 1829, when it was resolved: "That Mr. Snow, of St. John's, be
+requested to write immediately to Mr. Staniforth, Christ Church, Oxford,
+proposing to make up a University Match." The match was made up, and the
+race rowed at Henley on 10th June 1829, and from this the annual
+boat-race between Oxford and Cambridge takes its rise. Snow acted as
+stroke of the Cambridge boat, George Augustus Selwyn, successively
+Bishop of New Zealand and Lichfield, rowed "seven," and Charles Merivale
+"four." Snow (afterwards Strahan) became a banker, and died at Florence
+4th July 1886. In after years when, from 1861 to 1869 inclusive, Oxford
+had uniformly beaten Cambridge, the Lady Margaret supplied the late John
+H. D. Goldie to break the spell and restore hope and confidence to
+Cambridge crews. Thus the College club has taken an important part in
+the establishment and maintenance of Cambridge rowing. Two verses of the
+College boat song run as follows:--
+
+    "Mater regum Margareta
+    Piscatori dixit laeta
+      'Audi quod propositum;
+    Est remigium decorum
+    Suavis strepitus remorum
+      Ergo sit Collegium.'
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    Sic Collegium fundatum
+    Et Johannis nomen datum
+      Margareta domina,
+    Ergo remiges gaudendum
+    Triumphandum et canendum
+      In saeclorum secula."
+
+So that, if we can trust the historic insight of the author (Mr. T. R.
+Glover), the intentions of the foundress have been duly carried out.
+
+The uniform of the club was at first much what it is now, a white jersey
+with pink stripes; with this was worn a jacket of scarlet flannel,
+popularly known as a "blazer"--a name which has passed into the English
+language as descriptive of the coloured jackets of all clubs. It is said
+that some one, whose feeling for analogy was stronger than for decorum,
+described the surplice as "the blazer of the Church of England."
+Organised cricket clubs, athletic clubs, and football clubs grew up, and
+in process of time clubs for the pursuit of every kind of athletic
+exercise have been started. Originally each club in College had a
+subscription, paid by its members, towards the expenses of the special
+game. About twenty years ago all the clubs in St. John's were united
+into one club--"The Amalgamation." The subscription to this entitles a
+member to join in any of the recognised games. The funds are
+administered by a committee consisting of the representatives of those
+interested in the different games, and grants made from the general fund
+towards the expenses of each game. The presence of a few senior members
+of the College on the committee provides the continuity so difficult to
+maintain with the short-lived generations of undergraduate life. The
+College provides the ground for the cricket, football, and lawn-tennis
+clubs, while through the generosity of members of the College of all
+standings a handsome boat-house has recently been built on the river.
+The College also possesses flourishing musical and debating societies,
+and from time to time clubs arise for literary and social purposes,
+dying out and being refounded with great persistence.
+
+In another sphere of work the College has taken a leading part. St.
+John's was the first College in Cambridge to start a mission in
+London--the Lady Margaret Mission in Walworth. Preaching in the College
+Chapel on 28th January 1883, the Rev. William Allen Whitworth, a Fellow
+of the College, then Vicar of St. John's, Hammersmith, afterwards
+Incumbent of All Saints', Margaret Street, suggested that the College
+should support a mission in some neglected district of London. The
+matter took form a little later in the year, and since then the College
+Mission has been a College institution. Members of the College visiting
+the mission district, and visitors from Walworth coming for an annual
+outing, including a cricket match, in August.
+
+Another flourishing institution is the College magazine, _The Eagle_.
+Founded in the year 1858, it has maintained its existence for nearly
+fifty years, being now the oldest of College magazines. It has numbered
+among its contributors many who have subsequently found a wider field
+and audience: some of the earliest efforts of Samuel Butler, author of
+_Erewhon_, are to be found in its pages.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I now bring my sketch of the College history to a close. I have
+endeavoured, within the prescribed limits, to give an outline of the
+corporate life of an ancient and famous foundation. In writing it two
+classes of readers have been borne in mind: the visitor who, within a
+short compass, may wish to learn something more than can be picked up by
+an inspection of the buildings; members of the College who feel a lively
+interest in the habits and pursuits of those who have preceded them. I
+have, perhaps, thought more of the latter than of the former class.
+
+Members of the College have always been distinguished for a certain
+independence of thought and adherence to principle, not always guided
+by motives of mere worldly prudence; they have always been noted for
+that strong corporate feeling which finds expression in the words of
+Viscount Falkland's letter, before alluded to: "I still carry about with
+me an indelible character of affection and duty to that Society, and an
+extraordinary longing for some occasion of expressing that affection and
+that duty."
+
+To one who has spent much of his life in the service of the institution
+to which he owes so much, the words of the Psalmist (a Scot naturally
+quotes the version endeared to him by early association) seem to put the
+matter concisely--
+
+    "For in her rubbish and her stones
+      thy servants pleasure take;
+    Yea, they the very dust thereof
+      do favour for her sake."
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+Adams, J. C., 16, 25, 26, 29, 82
+
+Admonition Book, 100
+
+Armorial Bearings, 2
+
+Arrowsmith, J., 57
+
+Ascham, R., 19, 23, 44
+
+Ashton, H., 19
+
+
+Baker, T., 28, 32, 61
+
+Balsham, Hugo de, 36
+
+Baronsdale, W., 50
+
+Barwick, J., 31
+
+Bateson, W. H., 81
+
+Beale, W., 56
+
+"Blazer," 104
+
+Blunt, J. J., 22
+
+Boat Club, 102
+
+Bohun, H., 47
+
+"Bridge of Sighs," 8, 10
+
+Briggs, H., 51
+
+Brown, "Capability," 10
+
+Bull-baiting, 101
+
+Burghley, Lord, 18, 48
+
+
+Carey, V., 28
+
+Catton, T., 70
+
+Caxton, 31
+
+Celibacy, 97
+
+Chapel, New, 13-17
+
+Chapel, Old, 4, 13
+
+Charles I., 26, 30, 52, 56, 86
+
+Charles II., 31
+
+Cheke, Sir J., 44
+
+Churchill, C., 70, 72
+
+Clarkson, T., 26
+
+Clayton, R., 49
+
+Clive, R. H., 22
+
+College Leases, 91
+
+Combination Room, 5, 23, 25, 27
+
+Commons, 43, 90
+
+Corn Rents, 91
+
+Cricket, 101
+
+Cromwell, O., 56, 63
+
+Cromwell, T., 29, 30
+
+
+Dallam, R., 22
+
+Dawson, J., 70
+
+Denman, T., 71
+
+Digby, E., 48
+
+Dividend, 92
+
+
+_Eagle, The_, 106
+
+Eagle Close, 10
+
+Edward VI., 45
+
+Elizabeth, Queen, 46, 47
+
+Estates, 93
+
+Examinations, 24, 69
+
+
+Fairfax, T., 31, 56, 62
+
+Falkland, Viscount, 18, 62, 107
+
+Fawkes, Sir W. H., 96
+
+Fellow Commoners, 66, 96, 97, 99
+
+Fisher, John, 37
+
+Floods, 7
+
+Football, 101
+
+Forster, T., 63
+
+Frost, H., 35
+
+
+Ganton, R., 70
+
+Gilbert, W., 18, 50, 51
+
+Glover, T. R., 104
+
+Goldie, J. H. D., 103
+
+Gower, H., 7, 59, 60
+
+Gunning, P., 57
+
+Gwyn, O., 52, 62
+
+
+Hall, The, 23
+
+Hare, Sir R., 25
+
+Hawksmoor, N., 8
+
+Heberden, W., 73
+
+Henrietta Maria, Queen, 26
+
+Henry VII., 38
+
+Henry VIII., 18, 38, 41, 45, 86
+
+Herrick, R., 63
+
+Herschel, Sir J. F. W., 25, 26, 82
+
+High Altar, 46
+
+Hill, R., 84
+
+Hoare, H., 16
+
+Hoghton, General, 70
+
+Hopton, Sir I., 63
+
+Horne Tooke, 72
+
+Hospital of St. John, 14, 35
+
+Howard, Lord Thomas, 3
+
+Hutchinson, H., 8
+
+
+Infirmary, 17
+
+
+James I., 26, 49, 52
+
+James II., 58
+
+Jenkin, R., 61, 64
+
+
+Kennedy, B. H., 25
+
+Kikuchi, D., 83
+
+Kirke White, H., 4, 20
+
+Kitchen, 32
+
+Knox, E., 17
+
+Knox, John, 17
+
+Knox, N., 17
+
+
+Labyrinth, 17, 18, 94
+
+Lady Margaret, 1, 2, 37
+
+Laud, 30
+
+Leases, 92
+
+Library, 25, 27, 28
+
+Lillechurch, 30, 41
+
+Linacre, T., 49
+
+Liveing, G. D., 25
+
+Longworth, R., 47, 89
+
+Ludlam, W., 70
+
+
+Martyn, H., 71
+
+Mary, Queen, 46
+
+Mason, W., 72
+
+Master's Lodge, 15, 25
+
+Mayor, J. E. B., 25, 61
+
+Mengs, R. A., 22
+
+Merivale, C., 102, 103
+
+Metcalfe, N., 20, 40, 42
+
+Mission, Walworth, 105
+
+Mortuary Roll, 30
+
+Mossom, D., 63
+
+
+Newcome, J., 31
+
+Nonjurors, 59
+
+Norton, F., 72
+
+
+Oates, Titus, 63
+
+Okeley, F., 84
+
+Organ, 22
+
+Ospringe, 41
+
+
+Palmer, E. H., 25
+
+Palmerston, Viscount, 71
+
+Parsons, Hon. C. A., 83
+
+Paul's Cross, 43
+
+Peckover, Dr. A., 39
+
+Pennington, Sir I., 90
+
+Percy, A., 40
+
+Peterhouse, 36, 37
+
+Pilkington, J., 89
+
+Powell, Sir F. S., 16
+
+Powell, W. S., 69
+
+Powis, Earl, 21
+
+_Præter_, 91
+
+Prior, M., 32, 63
+
+
+Reform, University, 80
+
+Registers, 61, 62
+
+Reyner, G. F., 16
+
+Rickman, T., 8
+
+Rowing, 102
+
+
+St. John's Street, 16
+
+Scott, A. J., 71, 72
+
+Scott, Sir G. G., 15, 17
+
+Scott, J. O., 22
+
+Seaton, G., 55
+
+Selwyn, G. A., 26, 103
+
+Selwyn, W., 15
+
+Seven Bishops, 58
+
+Shittlecock, 101
+
+Shorton, R., 40
+
+Shrewsbury, Countess of, 5, 19, 28
+
+Sizar, 97
+
+Smith, R., 50
+
+Smith, W., 73
+
+Snow, W., 102, 103
+
+Stag Staircase, 4
+
+Stage Plays, 23, 95
+
+Staincoat, 5
+
+Stankard, 5
+
+Statues, 18
+
+Statutes, 42, 43, 61, 74, 79, 81
+
+Strafford, Lord, 18, 56, 62
+
+
+Tatham, R., 22, 80
+
+Taylor, B., 63
+
+Taylor, C., 82
+
+Thomas, Sir N., 25
+
+Townshend, Marquis, 70
+
+Trench, R. J. Le P., 102
+
+Trinity College, 44
+
+Tuckney, A., 57
+
+Tutorial System, 77
+
+Tyrrell, W., 26
+
+
+Victoria, Queen, 18
+
+
+Washington, Geo., 64
+
+Whitaker, W., 48
+
+Whitgift, J., 48
+
+Whitworth, W. A., 105
+
+Whytehead, T., 22
+
+Wilberforce, W., 26
+
+Wilderness, The, 9, 10
+
+Williams, John, 7, 18, 25, 27, 28, 29, 52
+
+Wood, J., 20, 78
+
+Wordsworth, W., 25, 26, 32
+
+Wren, Sir C., 7
+
+Wren's Bridge, 8, 9
+
+
+                           THE END
+
+
+             Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.
+                     Edinburgh & London
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TRANSCRIBERS' NOTES
+
+General: Spelling of words in quotations has been preserved.
+
+General: Corrections to punctuation have not been individually
+documented.
+
+Page 51: logarithims corrected to logarithms (second occurrence)
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of St. John's College, Cambridge, by 
+Robert Forsyth Scott
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+
+Project Gutenberg's St. John's College, Cambridge, by Robert Forsyth Scott
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: St. John's College, Cambridge
+
+Author: Robert Forsyth Scott
+
+Illustrator: Edmund H. New
+
+Release Date: November 24, 2008 [EBook #27320]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading
+Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
+images generously made available by The Internet
+Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h2 style="color:red;">The College</h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 243px;">
+<img src="images/image001.png" width="243" height="254" alt="Decoration" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2 style="color:red;">Monographs</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[Pg ii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="bbox" style="margin-left:25%; margin-right:25%;">
+<p class="center nomargbot">THE COLLEGE</p>
+<p class="center larger nomargtop">MONOGRAPHS</p>
+
+<p class="center nomargbot" style="padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em;">Edited and Illustrated by <span class="smcap">Edmund H. New</span></p>
+<hr style="width:30%; color:black;" />
+
+<p class="monocol nomargtop">TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE</p>
+
+<p class="monoauthor"><span class="smcap">W. W. Rouse Ball.</span></p>
+
+<p class="monocol">ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE</p>
+
+<p class="monoauthor"><span class="smcap">R. F. Scott.</span></p>
+
+<p class="monocol">KING'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE</p>
+
+<p class="monoauthor"><span class="smcap">C. R. Fay.</span></p>
+
+<p class="monocol">MAGDALEN COLLEGE, OXFORD</p>
+
+<p class="monoauthor"><span class="smcap">The President.</span></p>
+
+<p class="monocol">NEW COLLEGE, OXFORD</p>
+
+<p class="monoauthor"><span class="smcap">A. O. Prickard.</span></p>
+
+<p class="monocol">MERTON COLLEGE, OXFORD</p>
+
+<p class="monoauthor"><span class="smcap">Rev. H. J. White.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 341px;">
+<a id="FRONTISPIECE" name="FRONTISPIECE"></a>
+<img src="images/image004.png" width="341" height="622" alt="Gateway St John&#39;s Coll." title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="bbox" style="width:540px; margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;">
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 530px;">
+<img class="center" src="images/image005a.png" width="530" height="186" alt="Decoration" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="bbox" style="margin:0.5em;">
+
+<table summary="Title page layout">
+<tr>
+<td class="vcenter"><h1>ST. JOHN'S</h1></td>
+<td><img src="images/image005b.png" width="100" height="121" alt="Decoration" title="" /></td>
+<td class="vcenter"><h1>COLLEGE</h1></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h1>CAMBRIDGE</h1>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>ROBERT FORSYTH SCOTT</h2>
+
+<p class="center">FELLOW AND SENIOR BURSAR
+OF THE COLLEGE</p>
+
+<p class="center gap2">ILLUSTRATED BY</p>
+
+<h2>EDMUND H. NEW</h2>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="center gap3">1907: LONDON: J. M. DENT &amp; CO.</p>
+
+<p class="center">NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON &amp; CO.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 526px;">
+<img src="images/image005c.png" width="526" height="184" alt="Decoration" title="" />
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>All Rights Reserved</i></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<table style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+<td class="ralign smaller">CHAP.</td>
+<td class="hangindent" style="width:50%;">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="ralign smaller">PAGE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="ralign">I.</td>
+<td class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">The Courts and Buildings</span></td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">1</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="ralign">II.</td>
+<td class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">Some Interiors</span></td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">13</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="ralign">III.</td>
+<td class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">The Hospital of St. John (circa 1135-1511)</span></td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">35</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="ralign">IV.</td>
+<td class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">The First Century (1511-1612)</span></td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">40</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="ralign">V.</td>
+<td class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">The Second Century (1612-1716)</span></td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">52</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="ralign">VI.</td>
+<td class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">The Third Century (1716-1815)</span></td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">66</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="ralign">VII.</td>
+<td class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">The Current Century</span></td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">74</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="ralign">VIII.</td>
+<td class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">Social Life</span></td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">86</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>INDEX</td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#INDEX">109</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS"></a>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+
+<table style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" summary="List of Illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class="hangindent"><i>The Entrance Gateway</i></td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#FRONTISPIECE"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="ralign smaller">PAGE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="hangindent"><i>Plan of College Buildings</i></td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#Page_x">x</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="hangindent"><i>Bag of Flowers; detail of Carving over Entrance Gateway</i></td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="hangindent"><i>The Second and Third Courts from the Screens</i></td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="hangindent"><i>The Gatehouse from the Churchyard of All Saints</i></td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="hangindent"><i>Monument of Hugh Ashton in the Chapel</i></td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="hangindent"><i>The Hall from the Second Court</i></td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="hangindent"><i>Interior of the Library</i></td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="hangindent"><i>The Old Bridge</i></td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="hangindent"><i>The Hall and Chapel Tower from the Second Court</i></td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#Page_52">53</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="hangindent"><i>The College Arms</i> (<i>in the Third Court</i>)</td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="hangindent"><i>The Chapel Tower from the River</i></td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#Page_66">67</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="hangindent"><i>The College Chapel from the Round Church</i></td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#Page_74">75</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="hangindent"><i>The New Court from Trinity College Bridge</i></td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#Page_86">87</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="hangindent"><i>The "Bridge of Sighs"</i></td>
+<td class="ralign"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 318px;">
+<img src="images/image010.png" width="318" height="637" alt="Plan of St John&#39;s College" title="" />
+</div><p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter gap3" style="width: 314px;">
+<img src="images/image011.png" width="314" height="128" alt="St. John&#39;s College" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I</h2>
+
+<h3>THE COURTS AND BUILDINGS</h3>
+
+
+<p class="dropcap">S</p><p>t. John's College was founded in 1511,
+in pursuance of the intentions of the
+Lady Margaret Beaufort, mother of King
+Henry VII.</p>
+
+<p>Approaching the College from the street
+we enter by the Great Gate. The gateway
+with its four towers is the best example
+of the characteristic Cambridge gate, and
+dates from the foundation of the College.
+It is built of red brick (the eastern counties
+marble), dressed with stone. The street
+front of the College to the right and left
+remains in its original state, except that
+after the old chapel and infirmary of the
+Hospital of St. John (to which allusion will
+be made hereafter) were pulled down, the
+north end was completed by a block of
+lecture rooms in 1869.</p>
+
+<p>The front of the gate is richly decorated
+with heraldic devices, full of historical
+meaning and associations. The arms are
+those of the foundress; the shield, France<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>
+(ancient) and England quarterly, was the
+royal shield of the period; the bordure,
+gobonny argent and azure (the argent in
+the upper dexter compartment), was the
+"difference" of the Beauforts, and is only
+slightly indicated. The supporters, two
+antelopes, come from Henry VI. There
+is no crest above the shield, and heraldic
+rules are against its use by a lady, but on
+her seal the Lady Margaret used the Beaufort
+arms as above ensigned, with a coronet
+of roses and fleur-de-lis, out of which issues
+an eagle, displayed or; and this device of
+coat and crest is used by the College. The
+arms on the gate are surrounded by badges,
+the Portcullis of the Beauforts, the Tudor,
+or Union, rose, each surmounted by a crown.
+Besides these we have daisies (marguerites),
+the badge of the Lady Margaret, and some
+flowers, which are not so easily identified.
+Certain vestments and embroideries, which
+belonged to the Lady Margaret, of which
+a list has been preserved, are described as
+"garnishede with sophanyes and my ladyes
+poisy," or, "with rede roses and syphanyes."
+The sophanye was an old English name for
+the Christmas rose, and there seems little
+doubt that these flowers on the gate are
+meant for Christmas roses. The carving
+on the right, under the portcullis, where
+these emblems seem to be growing out of
+something resembling a masonic apron, is
+very curious.</p>
+
+<p>Above the gate are two sets of rooms<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>.
+The upper set has been used from the
+beginning as the Treasury or Muniment
+Room of the College; the set immediately
+above the arch is now an ordinary set of
+rooms. In this set resided, during his
+college career, Lord Thomas Howard, a
+son of the fourth Duke of Norfolk, afterwards
+himself first Earl of Suffolk and
+Baron Howard de Walden. He fought
+against the Armada in 1588, and commanded
+the expedition to the Azores in
+1591; the fame of Sir Richard Grenville of
+the <i>Revenge</i> has somewhat eclipsed that of
+his leader in the latter case; the reader may
+recall Tennyson's <i>Ballad of the Fleet</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 396px;">
+<img src="images/image013.png" width="396" height="368" alt="Bag of Flowers over Entrance Gateway" title="" />
+<span class="caption smcap">Bag of Flowers over Entrance Gateway</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>To the left of the gate it will be observed
+that five windows on the first floor are of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
+larger size than the rest; this was the
+original position of the Library; the books
+were removed in 1616 to a room over the
+Kitchen, and later to the present Library.
+According to tradition Henry Kirke White,
+the poet, occupied, and died in, the rooms
+on the ground-floor next the tower; he lies
+buried in the old churchyard of All Saints',
+across the street.</p>
+
+<p>Entering the gate the Hall and Kitchen
+face us, and preserve much of their original
+appearance. But right and left the changes
+have been great. The old Chapel was
+swept away in 1869&mdash;its foundations are
+marked out by cement; at this time the
+Hall was lengthened, and a second oriel
+window added. The range of buildings on
+the south was raised and faced with stone
+about 1775, when the craze for Italianising
+buildings was fashionable; it was then intended
+to treat the rest of the Court in
+like manner, but fortunately the scheme
+was not carried out.</p>
+
+<p>If we walk along the south side of the
+Court we may notice on the underside of
+the lintel of G staircase the words, "Stag,
+Nov. 15, 1777." It seems that on that
+date a stag, pursued by the hunt, took
+refuge in the College, and on this staircase;
+the members of the College had just
+finished dinner when the stag and his pursuers
+entered. On the next staircase, F,
+there is a passage leading to the lane with
+the Kitchen Offices, this passage is some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>times
+known as "The Staincoat"; the
+passage leading from the Screens into the
+Kitchen is still sometimes called "The
+Staincoat," or "The Stankard." These
+curious names really mean the same thing.
+It appears that in times past a pole was
+kept, probably for carrying casks of beer,
+but on which the undergraduates seem also
+to have hoisted those of their number, or
+even servants, who had offended against the
+rules and customs of the College; this pole
+was called the Stang, and the place or passage
+in which it was kept the Stangate Hole,
+with the above variations or corruptions.</p>
+
+<p>Reserving the Chapel for the present we
+pass through the Screens, the entrance to
+the Hall being on the right, to the Kitchen
+on the left. We enter the Second Court.
+This beautiful and stately Court was built
+between 1599 and 1600 (the date 1599
+may be seen on the top of one of the water-pipes
+on the north side), the cost being in
+great part provided by Mary, Countess of
+Shrewsbury, a daughter of Sir William
+Cavendish by the celebrated Bess of Hardwick,
+and wife of Gilbert, seventh Earl of
+Shrewsbury. The original drawings for
+the Court, and the contract for its construction,
+almost unique documents of their
+kind, are preserved in the Library. The
+whole of the first floor on the north side
+was at first used as a gallery for the Master's
+Lodge; it is now used as a Combination
+Room. Over the arch of the gate on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>
+the western side of the Court is a statue of
+the Countess, with her shield (showing the
+arms of Talbot and Cavendish impaled);
+these were presented to the College by
+her nephew, William Cavendish, Duke of
+Newcastle.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 330px;">
+<img src="images/image016.png" width="330" height="502" alt="View from the Screens" title="" />
+<span class="caption smcap">View from the Screens</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>A pleasing view of the Court is got by
+standing in the south-west corner and
+looking towards the Chapel Tower, with
+an afternoon sun the colouring and grouping
+of the buildings is very effective.</p>
+
+<p>Passing through the arch we enter the
+Third Court; this was built at various<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>
+times during the seventeenth century. On
+the north we have the Library, the cost
+of which was chiefly provided by John
+Williams, a Fellow of the College, successively
+Dean of Westminster, Bishop of
+Lincoln, and Archbishop of York; he was
+also Lord Keeper of the Great Seal to
+James I. As originally built the Library
+occupied the upper floor only, the ground-floor
+being fitted up as rooms for the
+accommodation of the Fellows and scholars,
+on a special foundation of Bishop Williams,
+but this lower part is now all absorbed into
+the Library. The southern and western
+sides of the Court were built between 1669
+and 1674, some part of the cost being provided
+from College funds, the rest by donations
+from members of the College. On
+the last or southern pier of the arcade, on
+the west side of the Court, there are the
+two inscriptions: "Flood, Oct. 27, 1762,"
+"Flood, Feb. 10, 1795," recording what
+must have been highly inconvenient events
+at the time.</p>
+
+<p>The central arch on the western side of
+the Court has some prominence, and was
+probably intended from the first as the
+approach to a bridge. Towards the end
+of the seventeenth century Sir Christopher
+Wren was consulted on the subject, and
+a letter from him to the then Master, Dr.
+Gower, has been preserved. Sir Christopher's
+proposal was a curious one: he suggested
+that the course of the river Cam<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
+should be diverted and carried in a straight
+line from the point where it bends near
+the Library of Trinity College. A new
+channel was to be dug, and a bridge built
+over this; the water was then to be sent
+down the new channel, and the old one
+filled up. He pointed out that this would
+give "a parterre to the river, a better access
+to the walks, and a more beautiful disposal
+of the whole ground." This scheme was,
+however, not carried out, but a stone bridge
+was built outside the range of the buildings
+on the site of an old wooden bridge, which
+then gave access to the grounds. This is
+the bridge which still exists; it was built,
+apparently from Wren's designs, under the
+superintendence of his pupil, Nicholas
+Hawksmoor. More than a century now
+passed before further building operations
+were undertaken. In 1825 the College
+employed Mr. Thomas Rickman and his
+partner, Mr. H. Hutchinson, to prepare
+designs for a new Court, with from 100 to
+120 sets of rooms. This work was started
+in 1827, and completed in 1831. The
+covered bridge connecting the old and new
+parts of the College was designed by Mr.
+Hutchinson; it is popularly known as the
+"Bridge of Sighs." The style of this Court
+is Perpendicular Gothic. The site was unsuited
+for building operations, consisting
+mostly of washed and peaty soil; it had
+been known for generations as "the fishponds
+close." The modern concrete foun<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>dations
+were then unknown, and the plan
+adopted was to remove the peaty soil and
+to lay timber on the underlying gravel.
+On this an enormous mass of brickwork,
+forming vaulted cellars, was placed; this
+rises above the river level, and the rooms
+are perfectly dry. The total cost of the
+building was &pound;78,000, most of which was
+provided by borrowing. The repayment,
+extending over a number of years, involved
+considerable self-denial on the Fellows of
+the College, their incomes being materially
+reduced for many years. Crossing
+the covered bridge and passing down the
+cloisters of the New Court, we enter the
+grounds by the centre gate; these extend
+right and left, being bounded on the east
+by the Cam, and separated from the
+grounds of Trinity by a ditch.</p>
+
+<p>From the old, or Wren's, bridge over
+the Cam two parallel walks extend along
+the front of the Court; according to tradition
+the broader and higher was reserved
+for members of the College, the lower for
+College servants. At one time an avenue
+of trees extended from the bridge to the
+back gate, but the ravages of time have
+removed all but a few trees.</p>
+
+<p>At the western end of the walk we
+have on the left the (private) Fellows'
+garden, known as "The Wilderness,"
+an old-world pleasance, left as nearly as
+may be in a state of nature. Towards
+the end of the eighteenth century the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>
+College employed the celebrated Mr.
+Lancelot ("capability") Brown to lay out
+the grounds and Wilderness. The plantation
+in the latter was arranged so as to form
+a cathedral, with nave, aisles, and transept,
+but here also old age and storms have
+brought down many of the trees. On the
+right, opposite to the Wilderness, there is
+an orchard, the subject of much legend.
+One popular story is that this orchard
+formed the subject of a bequest to "St.
+John's College," and that the testator,
+being an Oxford man, was held by the
+Courts to have intended to benefit the
+College in his own University. As a
+matter of prosaic fact, the orchard originally
+belonged to Merton College, Oxford,
+being part of the original gift of their
+founder, Walter de Merton, and it was
+acquired by St. John's College by exchange
+in the early years of the nineteenth
+century.</p>
+
+<p>The long walk terminates in a massive
+gate with stone pillars, surmounted by
+eagles. Outside and across the road is the
+Eagle Close, used as the College cricket
+and football field.</p>
+
+<p>The visitor in returning should cross
+the old bridge, thus getting a view of the
+Bridge of Sighs, and re-enter the College
+by the archway on the left.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 417px;">
+<img src="images/image022.png" width="417" height="643" alt="The Gatehouse: St John&#39;s College" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter gap3" style="width: 316px;">
+<a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>
+<img src="images/image023.png" width="316" height="97" alt="CHAPTER II" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>SOME INTERIORS</h3>
+
+
+<p class="dropcap">T</p><p>he visitor has been conducted through
+the College without pausing to enter
+any of the buildings. We now retrace our
+steps to describe these parts of the College
+open to inspection. It must be understood
+that during a great part of the year the
+inspection of these interiors is subject to the
+needs of a large resident Society, and as a
+rule it is best to inquire at the gate for
+information as to the hours when these
+parts of the College are open.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center gap2"><i>The Chapel.</i></p>
+
+<p>The present Chapel was built between
+the years 1863 and 1869, from the designs
+of Sir George Gilbert Scott; it was consecrated
+by the Bishop of Ely, 12th May
+1869. As we approach it we see on the
+right the outline of the old Chapel, which
+had served the College and the Hospital
+which preceded it for something like six
+hundred years. This former Chapel was a
+building quite uniform and simple in appearance,
+filling the whole of the north
+side of the Court. Originally built to serve<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+the needs of the Hospital of St. John, it was
+considerably altered when the College was
+founded. Side Chantries were then, or
+shortly afterwards, added. In early times
+a good deal of the life of the College
+centred in the Chapel, in addition to its
+uses for worship. It was regarded as a
+place in which the Society was formally
+gathered together. In it the statutes, or
+rules for the government of the Society,
+were read at stated times, so that all might
+become aware of the rule under which
+they lived. The names of those who had
+not discharged their College bills were
+publicly read out by the Master. The
+elections of the Master and of the Fellows
+and Scholars were held within it; of this
+practice the sole part that remains is the
+election of a Master, which by the present
+statutes must be held in the Chapel. The
+scholastic exercises of Acts and Opponencies,
+in which certain doctrines were
+maintained and opposed, took place there.
+The seal of the College was kept in the
+vestry, and the sealing of documents took
+place in the Ante-Chapel. Though documents
+are now sealed elsewhere, the stock
+of wafers for the College seal is kept by the
+Chapel Clerk.</p>
+
+<p>The erection of a new Chapel for the
+College was contemplated for about 200
+years before it was carried out. Dr. Gunning,
+who was Master from 1661 to 1670,
+afterwards successively Bishop of Chichester<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>
+and of Ely, left by his will the sum of
+&pound;300 "to St. John's College, towards the
+beginning for the building for themselves
+a new Chapel." Gunning died in 1684,
+and in 1687 the College paid to Robert
+Grumbold the sum of &pound;3 for "a new
+ground plott modell of the old and new
+designed Chappell." Nothing, however,
+came of the proposal at that time, though
+the idea seems always to have been before
+the Society.</p>
+
+<p>Preaching on Commemoration Day (May
+6), 1861, Dr. William Selwyn, Lady Margaret
+Professor of Divinity, and a former
+Fellow, pointing out that the College was
+celebrating "its seventh jubilee," just 350
+years having passed since the charter was
+granted, pleaded earnestly for the erection
+of a larger Chapel. The matter was taken
+up, and in January 1862 Sir (then Mr.)
+George Gilbert Scott was requested "to
+advise us as to the best plans, in his opinion,
+for a new Chapel." The scheme grew,
+and in addition to the Chapel it was determined
+by the end of that year to have
+also a new Master's Lodge, and to enlarge
+the Dining Hall. It was then intended
+that the scheme should not involve a greater
+charge on the corporate funds of the College
+than &pound;40,000. As a matter of fact, before
+the whole was carried out and paid for,
+the cost had risen to &pound;97,641; of this
+&pound;17,172 was provided for by donations
+from members of the College, the rest was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
+met, partly out of capital, partly by a charge
+on the College revenues, which ran for
+many years.</p>
+
+<p>The Chapel was built on a site to the
+north of the old Chapel, and through this
+site ran a lane from St. John's Street to the
+river. An Act of Parliament had to be
+obtained before this lane could be closed,
+and the consent of the borough was only
+given on condition that St. John's Street
+should be widened by pulling down a row
+of houses on its western side, and throwing
+their site into the street.</p>
+
+<p>The foundation-stone of the new Chapel
+was laid on 6th May 1864 by Mr. Henry
+Hoare, a member of the College, and of
+the well-known banking firm. As originally
+designed the Chapel was to have had
+a slender <i>fl&egrave;che</i> instead of a tower. This
+had been criticised, and Mr. Scott, the
+architect, designed the present tower; the
+additional cost being estimated at &pound;5000.
+This Mr. Hoare offered to provide in yearly
+instalments of &pound;1000, but had only paid
+two instalments when he died from injuries
+received in a railway accident. The finial
+on the last pinnacle of the tower was fixed
+on 13th December 1867 by Mr. (now Sir
+Francis) Powell, M.P. for the borough of
+Cambridge, and a former Fellow of the
+College; Mr. Powell was accompanied on
+that occasion by Professor John Couch
+Adams and the Rev. G. F. Reyner, the
+Senior Bursar of the College.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The new Chapel was, as we have said,
+opened in 1869, and the old Chapel then
+cleared away. The woodwork of the stalls
+had been transferred to the new Chapel, but
+most of the internal fittings were scattered.
+The ancient rood-screen stands in the
+church of Whissendine, in Rutlandshire,
+and the old organ-case in Bilton Church,
+near Rugby, and other parts of the fabric
+were dispersed; it was perhaps inevitable.
+Sir Gilbert Scott's idea was that the new
+Chapel should be of the same period of
+architecture as the old, but it is absolutely
+different in design; in the lover of things
+old there must always be a feeling of regret
+for what has gone. The mural tablets in
+the old Chapel were removed to the new
+Ante-Chapel, the slabs in the floor were
+left. It is worth noting that Eleazar
+Knox, a Fellow of the College, and one of
+the sons of John Knox, the famous Scotch
+Reformer, was buried in the Chapel in
+1591. His elder brother, Nathanael Knox,
+was also a Fellow. To the north of the
+old Chapel, and bordering on the lane
+which has been mentioned, stood the Infirmary
+of the Hospital which preceded
+the College. This was originally a single
+long room, of which the eastern end formed
+an oratory. In this the poor and sick, for
+whose benefit the Hospital was founded,
+were received, and Mass said for them, and
+in their sight, as they lay in their beds.
+This Infirmary, after the foundation of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
+College, was devoted to secular uses. For
+some time it was used as a stable and
+storehouse for the Master. Then later it
+was fitted up with floors and turned into
+chambers. It was approached by a tortuous
+passage at the eastern end of the Chapel,
+and was popularly known as the Labyrinth.
+When the Infirmary was taken down a very
+beautiful double piscina was found covered
+up on the walls; this is preserved in the
+new Chapel.</p>
+
+<p>The new Chapel is built of Ancaster
+stone, and is in the style of architecture
+known as Early Decorated, which prevailed
+about 1280, the probable date of the
+Chapel of the Hospital. Sir Gilbert Scott
+very skilfully made the most of the site, and
+by the device of the transeptal Ante-Chapel
+made full use of the space at his disposal.</p>
+
+<p>At the springs of the outer arch of the
+great door are heads of King Henry VIII.
+and of Queen Victoria, indicating the date
+of the foundation of the College and of the
+erection of the Chapel. On the north side
+of the porch is a statue of the Lady Margaret,
+and on the south one of John Fisher,
+Bishop of Rochester.</p>
+
+<p>The statues on the buttresses are those of
+famous members of the College, or of its
+benefactors. Those facing the Court are
+William Cecil, Lord Burghley; Lucius
+Carey, Viscount Falkland; John Williams,
+Lord Keeper to James I.; Thomas Wentworth,
+Lord Strafford; William Gilbert,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>
+author of <i>De Magnete</i>, in which the theory
+of the magnetism of the earth was first
+developed, and physician to Queen Elizabeth;
+Roger Ascham, and the Countess of
+Shrewsbury.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 496px;">
+<img src="images/image029.png" width="496" height="531" alt="Monument of Hugh Ashton" title="" />
+<span class="caption smcap">Monument of Hugh Ashton</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>We enter the Ante-Chapel. This has a
+stone-vaulted roof; over the central bay the
+tower is placed. On the south wall are
+placed the arches from Bishop Fisher's
+Chantry in the old Chapel. The monument
+with the recumbent figure is that of
+Hugh Ashton, comptroller of the household<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
+to the Lady Margaret, a prebendary and
+Archdeacon of York. He was buried in
+the old Chapel, and this tomb originally
+stood in a chantry attached thereto. He
+founded four fellowships and four scholarships
+in the College, the Fellows being
+bound to sing Mass for the repose of his
+soul. The carving on the tomb and on
+the finials of the railing around it include a
+rebus on his name, an ash-tree growing out
+of a barrel (ash-tun). On the north wall
+is a bust of Dr. Isaac Todhunter, the well-known
+mathematical writer; on the western
+wall a tablet by Chantrey, to the memory
+of Kirke White, the poet, who died in
+College. He was buried in the chancel
+of the old Church of All Saints, which
+stood opposite to the College; when the
+church was pulled down the tablet was
+transferred to the College Chapel. The
+statue is that of James Wood, sometime
+Master of the College, part of whose bequests
+went towards building the Chapel.
+On the east wall is an old brass to the
+memory of Nicholas Metcalfe, third Master
+of the College, the words "<i>vestras ...
+preces vehementer expetit</i>" have been partly
+obliterated, probably during the Commonwealth.
+The roof of the Choir is of high
+pitch, of quadripartite vaulting in oak,
+and is decorated with a continuous line of
+full-length figures. In the central bay at
+the east end is our Lord in Majesty, the
+other bays contain figures illustrating the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+Christian centuries. Owing to the deep
+colour of the glass in the windows, it is
+only on a very sunny day that the figures can
+be clearly discerned. The windows in the
+Choir have been given by various donors,
+the subjects being scenes from Scripture
+at which St. John was present; his figure
+robed in ruby and green will be seen in
+each. The five windows in the apse, the
+gift of the Earl of Powis, High Steward
+of the University, depict scenes from the
+Passion, Crucifixion, and Resurrection of
+Christ. In the apse is preserved the double
+piscina which was found covered up in the
+walls of the Infirmary, and removed by
+Sir G. G. Scott, with such repairs as were
+absolutely necessary. It is probably one of
+the oldest specimens of carved stonework
+in Cambridge.</p>
+
+<p>The steps leading up to the Altar are
+paved with Purbeck, Sicilian, and black
+Derbyshire marbles. The spaces between
+the steps are decorated with a series of
+scriptural subjects in inlaid work in black
+and white marble, with distinctive inscriptions.
+The Altar is of oak, with a single
+slab of Belgian marble for its top. On the
+sides of the Altar are deeply carved panels;
+that in the centre represents the Lamb with
+the Banner, the other panels contain the
+emblems of the four Evangelists.</p>
+
+<p>The organ stands in a special chamber on
+the north side; the carved front was not
+put in place till 1890. It was designed by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>
+Mr. J. Oldrid Scott, a son of Sir Gilbert
+Scott. In 1635 the famous Robert Dallam
+of Westminster built a "paire of new
+orgaines" for the College. The organ
+has been repeatedly enlarged, altered, and
+improved; it may be that some of Dallam's
+work still remains, though this is uncertain.
+The present organ is one of the best in
+Cambridge; its tone throughout is uniformly
+beautiful.</p>
+
+<p>The brass reading-desk was given to the
+old Chapel by the Rev. Thomas Whytehead,
+a Fellow of the College; the pedestal
+is copied from the wooden lectern in
+Ramsay Church, Huntingdonshire; the
+finials, which are there wanting, having
+been restored, and the wooden desk replaced
+by an eagle.</p>
+
+<p>As we return to the Ante-Chapel we
+may note the great west window, representing
+the Last Judgment; this was given
+by the Bachelors and Undergraduates of
+the College. There are also windows in the
+Ante-Chapel to the memory of Dr. Ralph
+Tatham, Master of the College, and to the
+Rev. J. J. Blunt, Lady Margaret Professor
+of Divinity.</p>
+
+<p>The oil-painting which hangs on the
+south wall of the Ante-Chapel near the
+door&mdash;a Descent from the Cross&mdash;is by
+Anthony Raphael Mengs. It was given to
+the College in 1841 by the Right Hon.
+Robert Henry Clive, M.P. for Shropshire.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center gap2"><i>The Hall.</i></p>
+
+<p>We enter the Hall from the Screens,
+between the First and Second Courts. The
+southern end is part of the original building
+of the College. It was at first about seventy
+feet long, with one oriel only, the old
+Combination Room being beyond it. When
+the new Chapel was built the Hall was
+lengthened, and the second oriel window
+added. The oak panelling is of the old
+"linen" pattern, and dates from the sixteenth
+century; that lining the north wall,
+beyond the High Table, is very elaborately
+carved, being the finest example of such
+work in Cambridge. Within living memory
+all this oak work was painted green. The
+fine timbered roof has a lantern turret,
+beneath which, until 1865, stood an open
+charcoal brazier. From allusions in early
+documents it would appear that members
+of the Society gathered round the brazier
+for conversation after meals. In addition to
+its use as a dining-room, the Hall also served
+as a lecture-room, and for the production of
+stage plays. On these latter occasions it
+seems to have been specially decorated, for
+Roger Ascham, writing 1st October 1550,
+from Antwerp, to his brother Fellow,
+Edward Raven, tried to picture to him the
+magnificence of the city by saying that it
+surpassed all others which he had visited,
+as much as the Hall at St. John's, when<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
+decorated for a play at Christmas, surpassed
+its appearance at ordinary times.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 523px;">
+<img src="images/image034.png" width="523" height="568" alt="The Hall, St. John&#39;s College" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Many of the College examinations are
+held in the Hall, and in the days of the
+brazier, examinees were warned by their
+Tutors not to sit too near the brazier; the
+comfort from the heat being dearly purchased
+by the drowsiness caused by the
+fumes of the charcoal.</p>
+
+<p>Many interesting portraits hang on the
+walls. That of the foundress in the centre
+of the north wall is painted on wooden<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>
+panel, and is very old. She is flanked by
+Lord Keeper Williams, and by Sir Ralph
+Hare, K.C.B., both benefactors to the
+College. Other noteworthy portraits are
+those of Sir Noah Thomas, physician to
+King George III., by Romney; William
+Wordsworth, poet-laureate, by Pickersgill;
+Professor John E. B. Mayor, by Herkomer;
+Professor B. H. Kennedy, long headmaster
+of Shrewsbury School, by Ouless; Professor
+E. H. Palmer, Lord Almoner's Reader of
+Arabic in the University, and a famous
+oriental scholar, by the Hon. John Collier;
+and Professor G. D. Liveing, by Sir George
+Reid.</p>
+
+<p>The shields in the windows are those of
+distinguished members of the College, or
+benefactors. The further oriel window has
+busts of Sir John F. W. Herschel and Professor
+John Couch Adams.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center gap2"><i>The Combination Room.</i></p>
+
+<p>We enter by the staircase at the north
+end of the Hall. This was originally about
+187 feet long, extending the whole length
+of the Second Court, and was used as a
+gallery in connection with the old Master's
+Lodge. The ceiling dates from 1600, and
+the panelling from 1603. In 1624 about
+42 feet were sacrificed to obtain a staircase
+and vestibule for the Library; the ceiling
+can be traced right through. In the
+eighteenth century partitions were put up,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>
+dividing up the gallery into rooms. When
+the new Master's Lodge was built these
+partitions were removed, and the whole now
+forms two Combination Rooms.</p>
+
+<p>In the oriel window on the south side is
+an old stained-glass portrait of Henrietta
+Maria, Queen of King Charles I. The
+tradition runs that the marriage articles
+between Prince Charles and Henrietta
+Maria were signed in this room; King
+James I. was at that time holding his Court
+in Trinity College.</p>
+
+<p>A number of interesting portraits hang
+on the walls: George Augustus Selwyn,
+Bishop of New Zealand, afterwards of Lichfield,
+by George Richmond, R.A.; a chalk
+drawing (also by Richmond) of William
+Tyrrell, Bishop of Newcastle, New South
+Wales; of Sir John Herschel and Professor
+J. C. Adams; of William Wilberforce and
+Thomas Clarkson, the opponents of the
+slave-trade. There is also a very beautiful
+sketch of the head of William Wordsworth;
+this study was made by Pickersgill to save
+the poet the tedium of long sittings for the
+portrait in the Hall. It was presented to
+the College by Miss Arundale, a descendant
+of the painter. The smaller Combination
+Room contains many engraved portraits of
+distinguished members of the College.</p>
+
+<p>The institution of the Combination Room
+seems gradually to have grown up in
+colleges as a place where the Fellows
+might meet together, partly about business,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
+partly for the sake of society. In early
+times, as the Fellows shared their chambers
+with their pupils, there could have been no
+privacy. The room seems to have been
+called the Parlour for some time; the name
+Combination Room is now universal at
+Cambridge, and may have arisen from the
+fact that the cost of running the room was
+met by the Fellows combining together
+for the purpose. At the present time the
+Combination Room is used for College
+meetings, as a room where the Fellows meet
+for a short time after dinner and for dessert
+on those nights when there is a dinner in
+Hall to which guests are invited.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center gap2"><i>The Library.</i></p>
+
+<p>The Library is only open to visitors by
+leave of the Librarian, or to those accompanied
+by a Fellow of the College. The
+usual access is by staircase E in the Second
+Court, but leaving the Combination Room
+by the west door we find ourselves in front
+of the Library door. The visitor may note
+that the moulded ceiling of the Combination
+Room extends overhead. This portion,
+as we have already seen, originally forming
+part of the long gallery.</p>
+
+<p>The door of the Library is surmounted
+by the arms of John Williams, impaled with
+those of the see of Lincoln. The original
+position of the Library, as has been already
+stated, was in the First Court, next the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>
+street, and to the south of the entrance
+gate. In 1616 the books were moved out
+of this Library to a room over the Kitchen,
+and in the succeeding year the Master and
+Fellows wrote to the Countess of Shrewsbury
+to intimate their intention of building
+a Library, and hinting at the possibility of
+her aid in the scheme. The answer of the
+Countess, if there was one, has not been
+preserved. In the year 1623, Valentine
+Carey, Bishop of Exeter, and a former
+Fellow, wrote announcing that an unnamed
+person had promised &pound;1200 towards
+a Library. After some little time Lord
+Keeper Williams disclosed himself as the
+donor, and some further advances were
+promised. The Library was commenced
+in 1623, and the books finally placed in
+it in 1628. The style of the building is
+Jacobean Gothic, and its interior, with the
+whitewashed walls and dark oak roof and
+bookcases, is singularly striking. John
+Evelyn visited it while at Cambridge in
+1654, and describes it as "the fairest of that
+University"; after 250 years the description
+still holds good.</p>
+
+<p>The upper part of the Library has been
+little altered since it was built. The intermediate
+(or lower) cases were heightened
+to the extent of one shelf for folios when
+Thomas Baker left his books to the College;
+but two, one on either hand next the door,
+retain their original dimensions, with the
+sloping tops to be used as reading-desks.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At the end of each of the taller cases, in
+small compartments with doors, are class
+catalogues written about 1685. These
+catalogues have been pasted over original
+catalogues written about 1640; small portions
+of the earlier catalogues are yet to be
+seen in some of the cases. Of the treasures
+in manuscript and print only a slight
+account can be given here. One of the
+most interesting to members of the College
+is the following note by John Couch
+Adams:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"1841 July 3. Formed a design, in the
+beginning of this week, of investigating, as
+soon as possible after taking my degree, the
+irregularities in the motion of Uranus, wh.
+are yet unaccounted for; in order to find
+whether they may be attributed to the action
+of an undiscovered planet beyond it; and if
+possible thence to determine the elements
+of its orbit, &amp;c. approximately, wh. w<sup>d</sup>. probably
+lead to its discovery."</p></div>
+
+<p>The original memorandum is bound up in
+a volume containing the mathematical calculations
+by which Adams carried out his
+design and discovered the planet Neptune.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Keeper Williams, who was instrumental
+in building the Library, presented to
+it many books; amongst others, the Bible
+known as Cromwell's Bible. Thomas
+Cromwell employed Miles Coverdale to
+revise existing translations, and this Bible
+was printed partly in Paris and partly in
+London, "and finished in Aprill, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1539."
+Two copies were printed on vellum&mdash;one for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+King Henry VIII., the other for Thomas,
+Lord Cromwell, his Vicar-General. This
+College copy is believed to be that presented
+to Cromwell, and is now unique, the other
+copy having disappeared from the Royal
+Library; the volume is beautifully illustrated,
+and has been described as "the
+finest book in vellum that exists."</p>
+
+<p>One of the show-cases in the centre
+contains the service-book which King
+Charles I. held in his hand at his coronation,
+and the book used by Laud on the
+same occasion, with a note in Laud's handwriting:
+"The daye was verye faire, and
+ye ceremony was performed w<sup>th</sup>out any
+Interruption, and in verye good order."
+The same case contains the mortuary roll
+of Amphelissa, Prioress of Lillechurch in
+Kent, who died in 1299. The nuns of the
+priory announce her death, commemorate
+her virtues, and ask the benefit of the
+prayers of the faithful for her soul. The
+roll consists of nineteen sheets of parchment
+stitched together; its length is 39 ft.
+3 in., and its average width is about 7 in.
+There are in all 372 entries of the ecclesiastical
+houses visited by the roll-bearer for
+the purpose of gaining prayers for the soul
+of Amphelissa. The roll-bearer visited
+nearly all parts of England: there are
+entries by houses at Bodmin and Launceston
+in Cornwall; at Dunfermline and
+St. Andrews in Scotland; each house
+granting the benefit of its prayers, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
+concluding in each case with the formula,
+"<i>Oravimus pro vestris: orate pro nostris.</i>" As
+a collection of contemporary handwritings,
+such a document has great value; and it is
+interesting to note that in 600 years the
+roll has had only two owners, the Priory
+of Lillechurch and the College, which
+succeeded to its possession.</p>
+
+<p>In this case there is also an IOU of
+King Charles II.: "I do acknowledge to
+have received the summe of one hundred
+pounds, by the direction of Mr. B., Brusselles
+the first of April 1660. <span class="smcap">Charles R.</span>"
+The "Mr. B." was John Barwick, a
+Fellow of the College, afterwards Dean of
+St. Paul's. The date seems to indicate that
+the money was advanced to enable Charles
+to return to England for the Restoration.</p>
+
+<p>In the other show-case there is a very
+curious Irish Psalter of the eighth century,
+with crude drawings. Its value is much
+increased by the fact that the Latin text is
+interlined throughout with glosses in the
+Irish dialect.</p>
+
+<p>Of printed books one of the choicest is
+a very fine Caxton, "The Boke of Tulle of
+old age; Tullius his book of Friendship."
+The volume contains the autograph of
+Thomas Fairfax, the Parliamentary General,
+who entered the College in 1626. It
+was presented to the College by Dr. Newcome,
+Master from 1735 to 1765. To Dr.
+Newcome the College owes a very fine
+collection of early printed classics; among<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
+these is a copy of Ovid, printed by Jacobus
+Rubaeus at Venice in 1474; this was
+formerly in the possession of Lorenzo de
+Medicis.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Newcome and Thomas Baker share
+between them the distinction of having
+added many of the chief glories of the
+Library. Matthew Prior, the poet, a
+Fellow of the College, presented his own
+works and many interesting French and
+Italian works on history. There is also a
+presentation copy from Wordsworth of his
+poems.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center gap2"><i>The Kitchen.</i></p>
+
+<p>The Kitchen (opposite to the Hall) may
+sometimes be visited when the daily routine
+permits. The whole has been recently
+modernised, and a picturesque open fire
+with rotating spits done away with. To
+gain more air-space it was necessary to
+incorporate in the Kitchen some rooms in
+the floor above. One of these was the set
+occupied during his College life by the poet
+Wordsworth, and the fact is commemorated
+by a stained-glass window.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 315px;">
+<img src="images/image044.png" width="315" height="634" alt="The Library: St John&#39;s Coll:" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter gap3" style="width: 313px;">
+<a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>
+<img src="images/image045.png" width="313" height="104" alt="CHAPTER III" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>THE HOSPITAL OF ST. JOHN</h3>
+
+<h4>CIRCA 1135-1511</h4>
+
+<p class="dropcap">S</p><p>t. John's College, as we know it, was
+founded in 1511, and opened in 1516.
+But at the time of its foundation it took
+over the buildings and property, and many
+of the duties, of an earlier and then a venerable
+foundation, that of the Hospital of
+St. John the Evangelist in Cambridge. The
+origin of the old house is obscure, and its
+earlier history lost, but it seems to have
+been founded about 1135 by Henry Frost,
+a burgess of Cambridge. It consisted of a
+small community of Augustinian canons;
+its site was described about 140 years later
+as "a very poor and waste place of the
+commonalty of Cambridge."</p>
+
+<p>Whatever its early history and endowments
+may have been, it formed a nucleus
+for further gifts; and its chartulary, still in
+the possession of St. John's College, shows
+a continuous series of benefactions to the
+old house.</p>
+
+<p>Founded before the University existed,
+the brethren were occupied with their religious
+duties, and with the care of the poor
+and sick who sought their help. An Infir<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>mary,
+part of which was adapted for worship,
+was built. In the thirteenth century a
+chapel was added, afterwards adapted as the
+College Chapel, and used as such down to
+1869.</p>
+
+<p>Of the domestic buildings practically
+nothing is known. When some years ago
+trenches were dug to lay the electric cables
+for the lighting of the Hall, some traces of a
+pavement of red tiles were found near the
+entrance gate of the College.</p>
+
+<p>The Hospital had the opportunity of becoming
+the earliest College in Cambridge.
+Hugo de Balsham, Bishop of Ely, obtained
+in 1280 a licence from King Edward I.
+to introduce a certain number of scholars
+of the University into the Hospital, to
+be governed according to the rules of the
+scholars of Merton. The regular canons
+and the scholars were to form one body and
+one College. The Bishop gave additional
+endowments to provide for the scholars, but
+the scheme was a failure. Thomas Baker,
+the historian of the College, suggests that
+"the scholars were overwise and the brethren
+over good." All we do know is that
+both were eager to part company. The
+Bishop accordingly removed the scholars in
+1284 to his College of Peterhouse, now
+known as the oldest College in Cambridge.
+His endowments were transferred with the
+scholars, and perhaps something besides, for
+shortly afterwards the brethren complained
+of their losses. It was then decreed that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
+Peterhouse should pay twenty shillings
+annually to the Hospital, an acknowledgment
+of seniority still made by Peterhouse
+to St. John's College.</p>
+
+<p>For another two hundred years the
+Hospital went on, not however forgetting
+its temporary dignity, and occasionally describing
+itself, in leases of its property, as
+the College of St. John.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the end of the fifteenth, or
+beginning of the sixteenth century, the old
+house seems to have fallen into bad ways.
+The brethren were accused of having
+squandered its belongings, of having granted
+improvident leases, of having even sold the
+holy vessels of their Chapel.</p>
+
+<p>At this juncture the Lady Margaret came
+to the rescue. She had already founded
+Christ's College in Cambridge, and intended
+to still further endow the wealthy
+Abbey of Westminster. Her religious adviser,
+John Fisher, sometime Master of
+Michael-House and President of Queens'
+College in Cambridge, then Bishop of
+Rochester and Chancellor of the University,
+persuaded her to bestow further
+gifts on Cambridge, suggesting the Hospital
+of St. John as the basis for the new
+College. The then Bishop of Ely, James
+Stanley, was her stepson, and in 1507 an
+agreement was entered into with him for
+the suppression of the Hospital and the
+foundation of the College, the Lady Margaret
+undertaking to obtain the requisite<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>
+Bull from the Pope, and the licence of the
+King. Before this could be carried out
+King Henry VII. died, 21st April 1509,
+and the Lady Margaret on the 29th June
+following.</p>
+
+<p>By her will she had set aside lands to
+the annual value of &pound;400 for the new College;
+but innumerable difficulties sprang up.
+King Henry VIII. was not sympathetic;
+the Bishop of Ely raised difficulties; the
+Lady Margaret's own household claimed
+part of her goods. Fisher has left a quaintly
+worded and touching memorandum of the
+difficulties he experienced, but he never
+despaired. He ultimately got the licence
+of the King, the requisite Papal Bull, and
+the consent of the Bishop of Ely. From
+a letter to Fisher, still preserved in the
+College, it appears that the "Brethren, late
+of St. John's House, departed from Cambridge
+toward Ely the 12th day of March
+(1510-11) at four of the clokke at afternone,
+by water."</p>
+
+<p>All facts which have been preserved show
+Fisher to have been the real moving spirit&mdash;to
+have been the founder in effect, if not in
+name, and the College from the first has
+always linked his name with that of the
+foundress. Of the foundress' estates only
+one small farm, at Fordham, in Cambridgeshire,
+came to the College, and that because
+it was charged with the payment of her
+debts. What did come was part of what
+would now be called her personal estate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>&mdash;moneys
+she had out on loan, and what
+could be realised from the sale of her plate
+and jewels, the furniture and hangings of
+her various mansions. Rough priced-lists of
+these, probably handed over by Fisher, are
+preserved in College.</p>
+
+<p>One personal relic, a manuscript Book of
+Hours, which belonged to her, was in 1902
+presented to the Library by Dr. Alexander
+Peckover, Lord-Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter gap3" style="width: 316px;">
+<a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>
+<img src="images/image050.png" width="316" height="107" alt="Chapter IV" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>THE FIRST CENTURY</h3>
+
+<h4>1511-1612</h4>
+
+
+<p class="dropcap">T</p><p>he Hospital being closed, the way
+was cleared for the new College.
+The Charter, signed by the Executors of
+the Lady Margaret, is dated 9th April 1511;
+in this Robert Shorton is named as Master.
+He held office until on 29th July 1516 the
+College was opened, when Alan Percy,
+of the Northumberland House, succeeded.
+He again was succeeded in 1518 by
+Nicholas Metcalfe, a member of the Metcalfe
+family of Nappa Hall, in Wensleydale.
+Metcalfe had been Archdeacon of
+Rochester, and was no doubt well known
+to Fisher as Bishop of that Diocese.</p>
+
+<p>The building of the College commenced
+under Shorton, but was not finished until
+about 1520.</p>
+
+<p>It must be remembered that the College
+was founded before the Reformation, and
+that these three Masters were priests of the
+Church of Rome.</p>
+
+<p>Metcalfe was more of an administrator
+than a student, and his energies were chiefly
+devoted to the material side of the College
+interests. Fresh endowments were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>
+obtained in place of those which had been
+lost. King Henry VIII. was persuaded
+to hand over to the College the estates
+of three decayed religious houses&mdash;the
+Maison Dieu at Ospringe, the Nunnery of
+Lillechurch in Higham, both in Kent, and
+the Nunnery of Broomhall in Berkshire.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
+As these houses, as well as the Hospital,
+had allowed their affairs to fall into disorder,
+it is probable that the identification
+of their lands, and the reduction of these
+to effective possession, was a matter of some
+difficulty. Metcalfe was much absent from
+College; the accounts of his private expenditure
+on these journeys have survived,
+and letters to him from the College during
+his absences show that his skill and wisdom
+were much relied on.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 466px;">
+<img src="images/image051.png" width="466" height="615" alt="The Old Bridge" title="" />
+<span class="caption smcap">The Old Bridge</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Fisher also gave largely to the College,
+and through his example and influence
+others were induced to endow fellowships
+and scholarships. He gave three successive
+codes of statutes for the government of the
+College in 1516, 1524, and 1530. These
+present no novel features, being for the
+most part based on existing statutes of
+Colleges at Oxford or Cambridge. They
+are long, and, as the fashion then was, lay
+down many rules with regard to minor
+matters. A few of the leading provisions
+may be given. One scholar was to be
+Chapel clerk, to assist the sacrist at Mass;
+another was to ring the great bell at 4 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>,
+as was done before the College was founded,
+and again at 8 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, when the gates were
+closed; another was to be clock-keeper.
+These three scholars were to be exempt
+from all other domestic duties, except that
+of reading the Bible in time of plague.
+Seven scholars were told off to serve as
+waiters in Hall, to bring in and remove the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>
+food and dishes; an eighth was to read the
+Bible in Hall while the Society were at
+dinner. When in honour of God, or the
+Saints, a fire was made up in Hall, the
+Fellows, scholars, and servants might stay
+to amuse themselves with singing and repeating
+poetry and tales. The Master,
+Fellows, and scholars were to wear clerical
+dress; red, white, green, or parti-coloured
+boots were forbidden.</p>
+
+<p>One-fourth part of the Fellows were
+always to be engaged in preaching to the
+people in English; Bachelors of Divinity,
+preaching at Paul's Cross, were to be allowed
+ten days of absence for each sermon.
+No arms were to be borne, though archery
+was allowed as a recreation. No Fellow or
+scholar was allowed to keep hounds, ferrets,
+hawks, or singing-birds in College. The
+weekly allowance for commons was 1s.
+for the Master and each Fellow, 7d. for
+each scholar. The President or Bursar
+was to receive a stipend of 40s. a year, a
+Dean 26s. 8d. No one under the standing
+of a Doctor of Divinity was to have a
+separate room; Fellows and scholars were
+to sleep singly, or not more than two in a
+bed. Each room was to have two beds&mdash;the
+higher for the Fellow, the lower or truckle-bed
+for the scholar; the truckle-bed being
+tucked under the other during the day.</p>
+
+<p>The College made an excellent start, and
+was soon full of earnest and successful
+students. It is sufficient to mention the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
+names of Sir John Cheke, the famous Greek
+scholar; of Roger Ascham, the tutor of
+Queen Elizabeth; and, in another sphere,
+William Cecil, first Lord Burghley, to give
+an idea of the influence the College was
+spreading through her sons.</p>
+
+<p>In all this Metcalfe had his share. He
+is the "Good Master of a College" in
+Fuller's <i>Holy State</i>, where we read: "Grant
+that Metcalfe with Themistocles could not
+fiddle, yet he could make a little city a
+great one." And Ascham in <i>The Scholemaster</i>
+writes of him: "His goodnes stood
+not still in one or two, but flowed aboundantlie
+over all that Colledge, and brake out
+also to norishe good wittes in every part
+of that universitie; whereby at his departing
+thence, he left soch a companie of
+fellowes and scholers in S. Johnes Colledge
+as can scarce be found now in som whole
+universitie: which either for divinitie on
+the one side or other, or for civill service
+to their Prince and contrie, have bene, and
+are yet to this day, notable ornaments to
+this whole Realme. Yea S. Johnes did
+then so florish, as Trinitie College, that
+princely house now, at the first erection
+was but <i>Colonia deducta</i> out of S. Johnes,
+not onelie for their Master, fellowes and
+scholers, but also, which is more, for their
+whole both order of learning, and discipline
+of maners; and yet to this day it never
+tooke Master but such as was bred up
+before in S. Johnes; doing the dewtie of a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>
+good <i>colonia</i> to her <i>metropolis</i>, as the auncient
+cities in Greice, and some yet in Italie at
+this time are accustomed to do."</p>
+
+<p>But troubles were in store both for Fisher
+and Metcalfe. The Reformation, the divorce
+of Henry VIII. from Queen Catherine, the
+Act of Succession, and the sovereign's views
+on the royal supremacy, were the stumbling-blocks.
+Fisher went to the Tower, and on
+22nd June 1535, to the scaffold; Metcalfe
+was compelled to resign in 1537.</p>
+
+<p>Fisher had by deed of gift presented his
+library to the College, but retained its use
+for his lifetime&mdash;the greatest loan of books
+on record, as has been said. This magnificent
+collection was now lost, a loss more
+lamentable than that of the foundress'
+estates. Endowments might be replaced,
+but "the notablest library of bookes in all
+England" was gone for ever. It is to the
+credit of the Fellows of the College that,
+no doubt at some risk to themselves, they
+stood by Fisher. They visited him in his
+prison, and in a nobly worded letter stated
+that as they owed everything to his bounty,
+so they offered themselves and all they were
+masters of to his service.</p>
+
+<p>In 1545 King Henry VIII. gave new
+statutes to the College, adapted to the reformed
+religion; but all mention of Fisher
+and his endowments is cut out; the College
+even had to pay 3d. for removing his
+armorial bearings from the Chapel.</p>
+
+<p>During the reign of King Edward VI.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>
+the outspoken and eloquent Thomas Leaver
+was Master; on the accession of Queen
+Mary he, with many of the Fellows, had
+to fly to Switzerland. In Ascham's words:
+"mo perfite scholers were dispersed from
+thence in one moneth, than many years can
+reare up againe."</p>
+
+<p>The reign of Queen Mary did not extend
+over much more than five years, but while
+it lasted a resolute and unflinching effort
+was made to re-establish the Roman Catholic
+faith.</p>
+
+<p>The accession of Queen Elizabeth resulted
+in an equally rapid and fundamental
+revolution of opinion on the most vital
+points which can interest mankind. A few
+selected extracts from the College Account
+Books for this period bring before us, with
+almost dramatic effect, the changes which
+occurred. (Queen Mary succeeded in
+1553, Queen Elizabeth on 17th November
+1558.)</p>
+
+<p>"1555, To the joyner for setting up the
+rood, 2<i>d.</i>; A new graell printed in parchment
+40<i>s.</i>;&mdash;1556, In Spanish money given
+to the goldsmyth by Mr Willan to make
+a pixe to the highe Aultar, 24<i>s.</i> 11<i>d.</i>; A
+redde purple velvet cope, with the border of
+imagrie, having the assumption of our Ladie
+behinde and three little angels about her
+and the greater being full of floure de luces,
+46<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i>;&mdash;1557, To William Allom for two
+antiphoners, one masse book and hymnal
+and processioners, &pound;6 13<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i>"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"1558, To John Waller and his man for
+a dayes working pulling down the hye Altar
+and carrying it away 20<i>d.</i>; For pulling down
+the aulter in Mr Ashton's Chapel 6<i>d.</i>; 1563,
+Received for certain old Albes and other
+popishe Trashe, sold out of the Revystry
+the last yere, 26<i>s.</i> 10<i>d.</i>; Paid to Mr Baxter
+for ten Geneva psalters and six service
+psalters, bought at Christmas last, 22<i>s.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>This last entry gives us the key to the
+troubles at St. John's; the Marian exiles
+had returned with strong Calvinistic leanings.
+The unrest was, of course, not
+confined to St. John's, but was general
+throughout the University. But for the
+greater part of the reign of Elizabeth there
+was a strong leaning toward Puritanism in
+the College. There was a rapid succession
+of Masters, most of whom were thrust on
+the College by Court influence; and about
+this time the Fellows of St. John's acquired
+the reputation of being "cunning practitioners"
+in the art of getting rid of unpopular
+Masters.</p>
+
+<p>Queen Elizabeth visited Cambridge in
+August 1564, and was received with all
+honour. She rode into the Hall of St.
+John's on her palfrey and listened to a
+speech from Mr. Humphrey Bohun, one
+of the Fellows, in which for the last time
+the restitution of the Lady Margaret's
+estates was hinted at, without result.</p>
+
+<p>Richard Longworth, a man of Presbyterian
+sympathies, was at this time Master.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>
+In 1565 he, with the Fellows and scholars,
+appeared in Chapel without the surplice.
+Lord Burghley, as Chancellor of the University,
+wrote a sharply worded letter to
+Longworth, expressing his grief that such
+a thing should happen in "my dear College
+of St. John's"; adding, "truly no mishap in
+all my service did ever plunge me more
+grievously."</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately affairs were in strong and
+capable hands. With the authority and in
+the name of Queen Elizabeth, Whitgift,
+at this time Master of Trinity, afterwards
+Archbishop of Canterbury, and Cecil provided
+new statutes for the University in
+1570, and for St. John's in 1580. By
+these much more power was put in the
+hands of the Master, and government
+rendered easier to a resolute man.</p>
+
+<p>Matters improved, if not at once, at least
+gradually, and the Anglican rule became
+firmly established. But during the mastership
+of William Whitaker (1586-1595)
+we still hear of troubles with "Papists."
+Whitaker was a learned scholar and an
+acute theologian, but he does not seem to
+have been a ruler of men or a judge of
+character. He got involved in an unfortunate
+dispute with Everard Digby, one of
+the Fellows, a man of considerable literary
+reputation, but of a turbulent disposition.
+Whitaker, who clearly wanted to get rid
+of Digby, seized upon the pretext that
+his bill for a month's commons, amounting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>
+to 8s. 7&frac14;d., was left unpaid, and deprived
+Digby of his fellowship. An appeal was
+lodged with Whitgift and Cecil, who ordered
+Whitaker to reinstate Digby. Whitaker
+replied that Digby was a Papist, was wont
+to blow a horn in the Courts and to holloa
+after it, and that he had threatened to put
+the President in the stocks! He seems to
+have succeeded in getting rid of Digby for
+good.</p>
+
+<p>On the death of Whitaker in 1595,
+Richard Clayton became Master. If not
+a brilliant scholar, he commanded respect,
+and the tenor of many letters which have
+come down from that time shows that the
+Fellows in residence were on good terms
+with each other, and with those of the
+Society who had gone out into the world.
+The College was prosperous, and the building
+of the Second Court was the visible
+sign of returned efficiency. Clayton lived
+on into the reign of King James I., dying
+2nd May 1612; besides being Master of St.
+John's, he was also Dean of Peterborough
+and a Prebendary of Lincoln.</p>
+
+<p>During this period the College enjoyed a
+considerable reputation as a training ground
+for medical men. Thomas Linacre, physician
+to Henry VIII., founded in 1534 a
+medical lectureship in the College, endowing
+it with some property in London.
+The stipend of the lecturer was to be &pound;12
+a year, no mean sum in these days&mdash;being, in
+fact, the same as the statutable stipend of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
+the Master. In the Elizabethan statutes
+special and detailed provisions are made for
+the continuance of the lectureship. These
+lay down that the lecturer must be versed
+in the works of Aristotle, and that he should
+lecture on the works of Galen, which
+Linacre had translated. The effect of the
+foundation was to attract a number of
+medical students to the College, many of
+whom seem to have obtained fellowships,
+for we find the Fellows petitioning Queen
+Elizabeth, while her code of statutes was
+under consideration, that Divines should be
+preferred to Physicians in the election of
+Senior Fellows; otherwise, they submitted,
+an undue proportion of Physicians would
+get on the seniority and rule the College.
+Further, they asked that the medical
+Fellows, as some return for their privileges,
+should attend on poor students free
+of charge. That the College school of
+medicine was a noted one is confirmed by
+the fact that three successive Presidents of
+the Royal College of Physicians were Fellows
+of St. John's: Richard Smith (1585-1589),
+William Baronsdale (1589-1600),
+and William Gilbert (1600-1601). Smith
+and Gilbert were physicians to Queen
+Elizabeth; Baronsdale and Gilbert had
+been Senior Bursars of the College. Of
+these Gilbert is the most celebrated; his
+treatise, <i>De Magnete</i>, is a scientific classic.
+Galileo spoke of Gilbert as "great to a
+degree which might be envied." Francis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>
+Bacon mentions the book with applause,
+and Hallam describes Gilbert as "at once
+the father of experimental philosophy in
+this island, and by a singular felicity and
+acuteness of genius, the founder of theories
+which have been revived after the lapse of
+ages, and are almost universally received
+into the creed of science." Gilbert, who
+always signs his name Gilberd or Gylberd
+in the College books, was Senior Bursar of
+the College in 1569, and President in the
+succeeding year.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst others who have held the Linacre
+lectureship, and attained to scientific
+distinction, was Henry Briggs, who was
+appointed lecturer in 1592. He afterwards
+became Gresham Professor of Geometry
+and Savilian Professor at Oxford. He
+took up Napier's discovery of logarithms;
+the idea of tables of logarithms having 10
+for their base, and the calculation of the
+first table of the kind, is due to him.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter gap3" style="width: 314px;">
+<a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>
+<img src="images/image062.png" width="314" height="105" alt="CHAPTER V" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>THE SECOND CENTURY</h3>
+
+<h4>1612-1716</h4>
+
+
+<p class="dropcap">T</p><p>he second century of the College history
+opened quietly. Owen Gwyn
+was elected Master by the choice of the
+Fellows; John Williams, then a Fellow,
+afterwards Lord Keeper, Dean of Westminster,
+Bishop of Lincoln, and Archbishop
+of York, exerting himself on Gwyn's behalf.
+It appears that Williams in after years repented
+of the choice, and Thomas Baker, the
+historian of the College, speaks slightingly
+of Gwyn. Still, under his rule the College
+flourished, and Williams himself marked the
+period by providing the greater part of the
+funds for the new Library.</p>
+
+<p>King James I. and Prince Charles (afterwards
+Charles I.) frequently visited the
+University; James holding his Court at
+Trinity, but being entertained at St. John's.
+On one of these occasions, comparing the
+great Court of Trinity with the two then
+existing Courts of St. John's, he is said to
+have remarked that there was no greater
+difference between the two Societies than
+between a shilling and two sixpences.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 335px;">
+<img src="images/image063.png" width="335" height="672" alt="HALL, AND CHAPEL TOWER" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>With the advent of the Stuart kings the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>
+practice arose of sending mandatory letters
+to Colleges, directing the election of named
+persons to fellowships. In theory it may
+have been correct enough; the statutes
+as enacted by Queen Elizabeth reserved
+to herself and her successors the power
+of rescinding or altering them. To direct
+that the statutory provisions as to elections
+should be dispensed with in favour of an
+individual was thus within the sovereign's
+power, however inconvenient it might prove
+in practice. One of the special grievances
+at St. John's was that King James directed
+the College to elect a Scotchman, George
+Seaton, M.A., to a fellowship, though there
+was none then actually vacant. The College
+obeyed, informing his Majesty that they
+had made their statutes wink to fulfil his
+bidding, and maintained an extra Fellow for
+a time. The practice was, however, followed
+by others; and Gwyn seems to have
+been deluged with letters from persons in
+high places, begging for his favour at elections.
+At some Colleges the device of
+"pre-elections" seems to have been resorted
+to; a promising man being elected to the
+next fellowship which should be vacant.
+Thus, when the vacancy became known,
+the College could, with a clear conscience,
+say that it had been already filled up; there
+is, however, no trace of this practice at
+St. John's.</p>
+
+<p>On Gwyn's death in 1633 there was a
+disputed election to the mastership, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>
+Charles I. settled by nominating William
+Beale. Beale was originally a Trinity man,
+but had been for about a year Master of
+Jesus. He was a supporter of Laud; he embellished
+the Chapel, and introduced a more
+ornate ritual; under his influence St. John's
+seems to have been the only College at
+Cambridge which fully complied with Laud's
+instructions. Thus when the Puritans got
+the upper hand, Beale and his College were
+the subject of their displeasure.</p>
+
+<p>In 1642 King Charles applied to the
+University for supplies. The contribution
+of St. John's was &pound;150 in money and 2065
+ounces "grocers weight" of silver plate.
+The list of the pieces of plate and of the
+donors' names is but melancholy reading;
+suffice it to say that among those sent were
+pieces bearing the names of Thomas Wentworth,
+Lord Strafford, and of Thomas
+Fairfax. The fact that this plate actually
+reached the King did not endear the College
+to the parliamentary party. Oliver Cromwell
+surrounded the College, took Dr. Beale
+a prisoner, and, to equalise matters, confiscated
+the communion plate and other
+valuables.</p>
+
+<p>Beale, after some imprisonment and wandering,
+escaped from England and became
+chaplain to Lord Cottington and Sir Edward
+Hyde (afterwards Lord Clarendon) in their
+embassy to Spain; he died at Madrid, and
+was there secretly buried. A number of
+the Fellows were also ejected, and for some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>
+time the College was used as a prison. The
+Chapel was stripped of the obnoxious ornaments,
+and other damage done. A little
+bundle of papers labelled "Receipts for
+Army taxes during the Commonwealth"
+still reposes, as a memento of these days, in
+the Muniment Room.</p>
+
+<p>St. John's, which dabbled in Presbyterian
+doctrines during the days of Elizabeth, now
+had these imposed upon it by superior
+authority. The two Commonwealth
+Masters, John Arrowsmith (1644-1653) and
+Anthony Tuckney (1653-1661), were able
+men of Puritan austerity, the rule of the
+latter being the more strict; judging from
+the after careers of its members, the College
+was certainly capably directed. A well-authenticated
+College tradition relates that
+when, at an election, the President called
+upon the Master to have regard to the
+"godly," Tuckney replied that no one
+showed greater regard for the truly godly
+than himself, but that he was determined
+to choose none but scholars; adding, with
+practical wisdom, "They may deceive me
+in their godliness; they cannot in their
+scholarship."</p>
+
+<p>On the Restoration, Dr. Peter Gunning,
+afterwards Bishop of Ely, was made Master;
+and the Earl of Manchester, who, as an
+officer of the Parliament, was the means of
+ejecting many of the Fellows, now directed
+that some of them should be restored to
+their places. An interesting College custom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>
+dates from this period: on the 29th of
+May in each year the College butler decorates
+the Hall and Kitchen with fresh oak
+boughs; there is no order to that effect, but&mdash;"it
+has always been done."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 298px;">
+<img src="images/image068.png" width="298" height="446" alt="The College Arms" title="" />
+<span class="caption smcap">The College Arms</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The rest of this century of the College
+existence, with the exception of one exciting
+event, passed quietly enough. Such troubles
+as there were in College were but eddies of
+the storms in the world outside. Of the
+"seven Bishops" sent to the Tower by
+King James II. in 1688, three were of St.
+John's: Francis Turner, Bishop of Ely
+(who had been Master of the College
+from 1670 to 1679); John Lake, Bishop of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>
+Chichester; and Thomas White, Bishop
+of Peterborough.</p>
+
+<p>The event of College interest was the
+fate of the nonjuring Fellows. The Nonjurors
+were those who, on various grounds,
+honourable enough, declined to take the
+oath of allegiance to King William and
+Queen Mary. Under the law they were
+liable to be deprived of their places and
+emoluments. At St. John's twenty Fellows
+and eight scholars took up the nonjuring
+position. In the rest of the University
+there were but fourteen in all, and the
+same number at the University of Oxford.
+No explanation seems to be forthcoming as
+to why there was this preponderance of
+opinion at St. John's. It is difficult to believe
+that it was enthusiasm for the cause
+of James II.; for when in 1687 that King
+directed the University to admit Father
+Alban Francis, a Benedictine monk, to the
+degree of M.A. without making the subscription
+or taking the oaths required for a
+degree, Thomas Smoult and John Billers,
+members of the College (the latter afterwards
+a Nonjuror), maintained the right of
+the University to refuse the degree before
+the notorious Judge Jeffreys, after the Vice-Chancellor
+and Isaac Newton had been
+silenced.</p>
+
+<p>Humphrey Gower was at this time
+Master of the College; he was of Puritan
+origin, and entered the College during the
+Commonwealth. After the Restoration he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+joined the Church of England, and though
+his sympathies were with the Nonjurors,
+he took the oaths and retained his mastership
+after the flight of King James. He had
+been for less than six months Master of
+Jesus before becoming Master of St. John's.
+Abraham de la Pryme, a member of St.
+John's, has handed down an irreverent jest
+on his appointment. "Our master, they
+say, is a mighty, high, proud man.... He
+came from Jesus College to be master here,
+and he was so sevear that he was commonly
+called the divel of Jesus; and when he was
+made master here some unlucky scholars
+broke this jest upon him&mdash;that now the divel
+was entered into the heard of swine; for us
+Johnians are abusively called hoggs."</p>
+
+<p>In 1693 the Court of King's Bench issued
+a <i>mandamus</i> calling upon Gower to remove
+those Fellows who had not taken the oath.
+Defence upon the merits of the case there
+was none; but Gower or his legal advisers
+opposed the mandate with great skill on
+technical points, and after much litigation
+the Court had to admit that its procedure
+was irregular, and the matter dropped for
+some twenty-four years. During this period
+some of the Fellows in question died, others
+ceded their fellowships owing to the combined
+action of the general law and the
+College statutes. Under the latter Fellows
+were bound, when of proper standing, to
+proceed to the B.D. degree, but the oath
+of allegiance was required of those who took<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>
+the degree, and so fellowships were forfeited.
+Thomas Baker, the historian, who was one
+of the Nonjurors, had taken the B.D. degree
+before 1688, so this cause did not operate
+in his case. But on the accession of King
+George I., an abjuration oath was required,
+and the meshes of the net being now smaller,
+the then Master, Dr. Jenkin, had no other
+course but to eject Baker and others. The
+College did all it could to soften the blow,
+and allowed Baker to reside in College until
+his death in 1740. He worked unweariedly
+at his manuscript collections and at the
+history of the College. The latter was
+first published in 1869, under the editorship
+of Professor John E. B. Mayor; with the
+editor's additions it forms a record of a
+College such as almost no other foundation
+can show. Baker's learning and accuracy
+are undoubted; but it may be permitted
+(even to a member of his College) to hint
+that Baker's judgments are a little severe,
+and his views somewhat narrow.</p>
+
+<p>One notable improvement in the College
+records dates from this century. In early
+days no record was made of the names of
+those who joined the College. The statutes
+of King Henry VIII. enjoined that a register
+should be kept of all those admitted to
+scholarships and fellowships or College
+offices. This was begun in 1545, and has
+been continued to the present time. The
+entries of scholars and Fellows are in the
+autograph of those admitted, and if they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>
+possessed no other interest, have that of
+providing numerous examples of contemporary
+handwriting. But of those not
+admitted on the foundation, or of those
+admitted prior to 1545, there is no official
+College record.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Owen Gwyn and the seniors of his
+day passed a rule that "the register of the
+College should have a book provided him
+wherein he should from time to time write
+and register the names, parents, county,
+school, age, and tutor of every one to be
+admitted to the College." This was commenced
+in January 1629-30, and has been
+continued, with varying care and exactness,
+ever since. It seems probable that the
+initiative in this matter was due to Gwyn,
+as few Masters have so carefully preserved
+their official correspondence.</p>
+
+<p>Just before this general register commenced,
+three notable men joined the
+College: Thomas Wentworth, afterwards
+Earl of Strafford; Thomas Fairfax, afterwards
+Lord Fairfax, the victor at Naseby;
+and Lucius Cary, Viscount Falkland, who
+fell in Newbury fight in September 1643.
+Complimentary letters to the first and last
+of these, with the replies, have been preserved.
+Falkland, in his reply, complains
+that of the titles given to him by the
+College "that which I shold most willingly
+have acknowledged and mought with most
+justice clayme you were not pleased to
+vouchsafe me, that of a St. John's man."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Of others who entered we may name:
+Sir Ingram Hopton, son of Ralph, first
+Baron Hopton, who entered as a Fellow
+Commoner 12th May 1631. Sir Ingram
+fell at the battle of Winceby, 11th October
+1643. He there unhorsed Oliver Cromwell
+in a charge, and knocked him down again
+as he rose, but was himself killed.</p>
+
+<p>Titus Oates, "the infamous," first entered
+at Caius 29th June 1667, migrating to St.
+John's, where he entered 2nd February
+1668-69. Thomas Baker for once abandons
+his decorous reticence and states of Oates:
+"He was a lyar from the beginning, he
+stole and cheated his taylor of a gown,
+which he denied with horrid imprecations,
+and afterwards at a communion, being admonisht
+and advised by his Tutor, confest
+the fact."</p>
+
+<p>Matthew Prior, the poet, was both scholar
+and Fellow of the College, holding his
+fellowship until his death. Robert Herrick,
+though he graduated at Trinity Hall,
+was sometime a Fellow Commoner here.
+Thomas Forster of Adderstone, general
+to the "Old Pretender," and commander
+of the Jacobite army in 1715, entered
+the College as a Fellow Commoner 3rd
+July 1700. Brook Taylor, well known
+to mathematicians as the discoverer of
+"Taylor's theorem," entered as a Fellow
+Commoner 3rd April 1701. While David
+Mossom of Greenwich, who entered the
+College as a sizar 5th June 1705, after<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>
+being ordained, emigrated to America,
+and became rector of St. Peter's Church,
+New Kent County, Virginia. He was
+the officiating clergyman at the marriage
+of George Washington in St. Peter's
+Church.</p>
+
+<p>We get an amusing glimpse of the
+importance of the Master of a College
+in the following anecdote: "In
+the year 1712 my old friend, Matthew
+Prior, who was then Fellow of St.
+John's, and who not long before had
+been employed by the Queen as her
+Plenipotentiary at the Court of France,
+came to Cambridge; and the next morning
+paid a visit to the Master of his
+own College. The Master (Dr. Jenkin)
+loved Mr. Prior's principles, had a great
+opinion of his abilities, and a respect for
+his character in the world; but then he
+had much greater respect for himself. He
+knew his own dignity too well to suffer
+a Fellow of his College to sit down in his
+presence. He kept his seat himself, and
+let the Queen's Ambassador stand. Such
+was the temper, not of a Vice-Chancellor,
+but of a simple Master of a College. I
+remember, by the way, an extempore epigram
+of Matt's on the reception he had
+there met with. We did not reckon in
+those days that he had a very happy turn
+for an epigram; but the occasion was
+tempting; and he struck it off as he was
+walking from St. John's College to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>
+Rose, where we dined together. It was
+addressed to the Master:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"'I <i>stood</i>, Sir, patient at your feet,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Before your elbow chair;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But make a bishop's throne your seat,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">I'll <i>kneel</i> before you there.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One only thing can keep you down,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For your great soul too mean;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">You'd not, to mount a bishop's throne,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Pay <i>homage</i> to the Queen.'"<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></div></div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter gap3" style="width: 318px;">
+<a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>
+<img src="images/image076.png" width="318" height="97" alt="Chapter VI" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>THE THIRD CENTURY</h3>
+
+<h4>1716-1815</h4>
+
+
+<p class="dropcap">T</p><p>he third century of the College
+history coincides roughly with the
+eighteenth century. It was not a period
+of very high ideals, and "privilege" was
+in full force. For the first time in the
+College registers men are entered as
+"Noblemen." These were allowed to
+proceed to the M.A. degree direct in two
+years without passing through the intermediate
+stage of B.A. The College was
+also full of Fellow Commoners, who sat
+with the Fellows at the High Table in
+Hall; until the close of the century these
+do not seem to have proceeded to any
+degree. The other two classes were the
+pensioners, who paid their way, and the
+sizars. A sizar was definitely attached to
+a Fellow or Fellow Commoner, and in
+return for duties of a somewhat menial
+character passed through his College course
+on reduced terms. Among other duties,
+a sizar had, with some of the scholars, to
+wait at table, a service not abolished until
+6th May 1786.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 389px;">
+<img src="images/image077.png" width="389" height="632" alt="The Chapel Tower from the River." title="" />
+<span class="caption smcap">The Chapel Tower from the River.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Speaking in general terms, the College<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
+seems gradually to have acquired the reputation
+of being the Tory College in the
+Whig University; it became exceedingly
+fashionable, and towards the end of the
+century had more students in residence
+than any other College. At the same time
+its reputation for efficiency was very high.
+This was due to the policy of Dr. William
+Samuel Powell, Master from 1765 to
+1775. He introduced various administrative
+changes on the financial side of College
+management, and also started annual examinations
+in the College, then a novelty
+in the University. These examinations
+were not very severe, and to the somewhat
+overtaxed undergraduate of the present
+day might seem almost trivial. They were
+not competitive, there was no order of
+merit, but no one seems to have been
+exempt; their object was simply to test
+the knowledge of the students. The success
+of the plan attracted much attention;
+it was proposed to institute similar examinations
+for the University at large, but
+Powell opposed this on the ground that
+candidates ought to be examined by those
+who taught them. From this date it would
+appear that Fellow Commoners, at St.
+John's at least, began to take degrees in
+the University.</p>
+
+<p>During Powell's mastership an observatory
+was established on the top of the
+western gateway of the Second Court, and
+regular astronomical observations taken.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>
+Two sets of observations there made by
+Fellows of the College have been published;
+one set made by William Ludlam
+in 1767 and 1768, the other by Thomas
+Catton between 1796 and 1826, the latter
+being published by the Royal Astronomical
+Society in 1854.</p>
+
+<p>We find members of the College taking
+part in all the movements of the time.
+In the rebellion of 1745, James Dawson,
+a captain in the Manchester Regiment, was
+taken prisoner at Carlisle, and executed in
+July 1746 on Kennington Common; while
+Robert Ganton, afterwards a clergyman,
+was excused one term's residence in the
+University, during which, as one of "his
+majesty's Royal Hunters," he was fighting
+the rebels.</p>
+
+<p>Charles Churchill, satirist, was for a short
+time a member of the College in 1748.
+William Wordsworth, afterwards Poet
+Laureate, entered the College as a sizar,
+and was admitted a foundress' scholar
+6th November 1787. Many adopted
+military careers; of these we may mention
+George, first Marquis Townshend, who
+joined the College in 1741, afterwards
+entered the army, and was present at
+Fontenoy and Culloden; he went with
+Wolfe to Canada, and took over the
+command when Wolfe fell. Daniel
+Hoghton entered in 1787, he also became
+a soldier, and was one of Wellington's
+men in the Peninsular War; he was killed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>
+at the battle of Albuera, being then a
+major-general.</p>
+
+<p>Of another type were William Wilberforce
+(entered 1776) and Thomas Clarkson
+(1779), whose names will always be associated
+in connection with the abolition
+of slavery. The saintly Henry Martyn,
+Senior Wrangler in 1801 and Fellow of the
+College, went out as a missionary to India
+in 1805, and died at Tokat in Persia in
+1812. There have been many missionary
+sons of the College since his day, but his
+self-denial greatly impressed his contemporaries,
+and Sir James Stephen speaks of
+him as "the one heroic name which adorns
+the annals of the Church of England from
+the days of Elizabeth to our own." With
+Martyn curiously enough is associated in
+College annals another name, that of Henry
+John Temple, third Viscount Palmerston,
+sometime Prime Minister of England; for
+Martyn and Temple appear as officers of
+the College company of volunteers in the
+year 1803.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Denman, afterwards Lord Chief
+Justice, entered the College in 1796; he
+resided in the Second Court, staircase G, at
+the top. When he brought up his son,
+the Hon. George Denman, to Trinity he
+pointed the rooms out to him, and the
+latter pointed them out to the present
+writer, "in order that the oral tradition
+might be preserved."</p>
+
+<p>Alexander John Scott, who, as private<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>
+secretary and interpreter to Lord Nelson, was
+present on the <i>Victory</i> at Trafalgar, entered
+the College in 1786, and became a scholar of
+the College 3rd November 1789. Fletcher
+Norton, Speaker of the House of Commons
+from 1770 to 1780, and first Lord Grantley,
+entered the College in 1734. With him,
+in a way, was connected John Horne
+(afterwards Horne Tooke), who entered in
+1754; for Horne, for purposes of his own,
+libelled Fletcher Norton when Speaker.
+Horne Tooke's stormy career belongs rather
+to political than College history; but it is
+worth noting that when he presented himself
+at Cambridge for the M.A. degree,
+and the granting of this was opposed in
+the senate on the ground that he had
+traduced the clergy in his writings, the
+members of St. John's, headed by Dr.
+Richard Beadon, then Public Orator, afterwards
+Bishop of Bath and Wells, carried
+the grace for the degree. Horne and
+Beadon entered the College in the same
+year.</p>
+
+<p>We have already mentioned Charles
+Churchill. Another Johnian poet of this
+period was William Mason, who entered
+the College in 1742. Mason afterwards
+became a Fellow of Pembroke, where he
+was the intimate friend of Thomas Gray.
+As the biographer of Gray he is perhaps
+better remembered than for his own poetry,
+though during his lifetime he enjoyed considerable
+fame.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A somewhat unusual career was that of
+William Smith, who entered the College
+from Eton in 1747, but left without taking
+a degree. He is reported to have snapped
+an unloaded pistol at one of the Proctors,
+and rather than submit to the punishment
+which the College authorities thought proper
+to inflict, left the University. He became
+an actor, and was very popular in his day,
+being known as "Gentleman Smith." He
+was associated with David Garrick, and
+Smith's admirers held that he fell little
+short of his master in the art.</p>
+
+<p>The reputation of the College as a
+medical school was maintained by Dr.
+William Heberden, who entered in 1724.
+Heberden attended Samuel Johnson in his
+last illness, and Johnson described him as
+"<i>ultimus Romanorum</i>, the last of our learned
+physicians." A description which may be
+amplified by saying that Heberden was in
+a way the first of the modern physicians.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter gap3" style="width: 316px;">
+<a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>
+<img src="images/image084.png" width="316" height="106" alt="CHAPTER VII" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h3>THE CURRENT CENTURY</h3>
+
+
+<p class="dropcap">T</p><p>he time has probably not yet come
+when a satisfactory account of College
+and University development during the
+nineteenth century can be written. The
+changes have been fundamental, involving
+perhaps a change of ideal as well as of
+method. In early days the College was
+filled with men saturated with the spirit
+of the Renaissance; casting aside the studies
+of the Middle Ages, they returned to the
+literature of Greece and Rome. The ideals
+of the present day are not less high, but
+more complex and less easy to state briefly;
+the aim is perhaps rather to add to knowledge
+than to acquire it for its own sake
+alone.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 391px;">
+<img src="images/image085.png" width="391" height="649" alt="The College Chapel" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>For the first half of the century College
+life was still regulated by the statutes of
+Elizabeth. These were characterised by
+over-cautious and minute legislation. Now
+that they are superseded, the chief feeling is
+one of surprise that a system of laws, intended
+to be unchangeable, should have
+endured so long in presence of the changing
+character of the wants and habits of mankind.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It must be remembered that each member
+of the corporate body, Master, Fellow, or
+Scholar, on admission, each officer on his
+appointment, bound himself by oaths of
+great solemnity to observe these statutes
+and to seek no dispensation from their
+provisions. To a more logical race the
+difficulties must have proved intolerable&mdash;the
+practical Englishman found his own
+solution.</p>
+
+<p>The forms were observed <i>juramenti gratia</i>,
+but much practical work was supplemental
+to the statutes. This could be illustrated
+in more than one way&mdash;the most interesting
+is the development of the educational
+side and the tutorial system.</p>
+
+<p>The statutes prescribed the appointment
+of certain lecturers&mdash;even the subjects of
+their lectures. Space need not be occupied
+in showing that such provisions soon became
+obsolete. The working solution was
+found in the tutorial system. In early days
+it was contemplated and prescribed that each
+Fellow should have the care of two or three
+students, living with them, teaching them
+daily; the exact date when this system
+passed away has not been traced with any
+certainty, but gradually the number of
+Fellows taking individual charge of the
+undergraduates diminished until it became
+reduced to two or three. Those in charge
+became known as Tutors, and with each
+Tutor was associated one or two others
+called Assistant Tutors or Lecturers. A<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>
+charge was made to the undergraduates
+for tuition, and the sum so received was
+shared by the Tutors and their assistants.
+But the Tutor was not a College officer
+in the eye of the statutes, nor the money
+received for tuition treated as part of the
+College revenues. The system worked, because
+it was meant to work, and as it was
+not subject to obsolete rules could be
+modified and adapted to changing conditions.
+So long as the chief subjects of
+study were few in number, practically
+restricted to classics and mathematics, College
+provision for teaching was possible and
+simple. The multiplication of studies, the
+needs of the studies generally known as the
+Natural Sciences, with their expensive
+laboratories and equipment, are entailing
+further changes, and the tendency, more
+especially in the newer subjects, is to
+centralise teaching under the control of
+University professors and teachers. The
+subject is one of great interest, but cannot
+be further touched upon here. To return
+to the history of St. John's.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. James Wood became Master in 1815.
+He was a man of humble origin, a native of
+Holcombe, in the parish of Bury, Lancashire.
+According to a well-authenticated
+tradition he "kept," as an undergraduate, in
+a garret in staircase O in the Second Court,
+and studied in the evening by the light of
+the rush candle which lit the staircase, with
+his feet in straw, not being able to afford<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>
+fire or light. He became a successful and
+popular College Tutor, and his mathematical
+writings were long the standard text-books
+in the University. At the time of his death
+in 1839 he held, with his mastership, the
+Deanery of Ely and the Rectory of Freshwater
+in the Isle of Wight. He made the
+College his residuary legatee, but during his
+life had handed over large sums for College
+purposes, and the total of his gifts cannot
+have been less than &pound;60,000.</p>
+
+<p>In Wood's time we find the first movement
+in favour of change taken by the
+College itself. St. John's then suffered
+under a specially awkward restriction arising
+from the joint effect of the general statutes
+and the trusts of private foundations. By
+the statutes not more than two Fellows
+could come from any one county in England,
+or more than one from each diocese
+in Wales.</p>
+
+<p>There were thirty-two foundation Fellows,
+and twenty-one founded by private benefactors,
+the latter having all the privileges
+and advantages of the former. Each of
+these private foundations had its own special
+restriction; the holders were to be perhaps
+of founder's name or kin, or to come from
+certain specified counties, parishes, or schools.
+The effect of these special restrictions was
+that many fellowships had to be filled by
+men possessing the special qualification without,
+perhaps, any great intellectual distinction.
+But once a county was "full" no<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>
+Fellow could be elected who had been born
+in that county; and even if a vacancy
+occurred a promising man might be again
+cut out by some special restriction. Dr.
+Wood and the Fellows addressed themselves
+to this point and obtained in 1820 the Royal
+consent to a statute throwing open the
+foundress' fellowships without restriction as
+to county; the private foundations were
+left untouched, but the College was empowered
+to transfer a Fellow on the foundress'
+foundation to one of the special
+foundations, if qualified.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Wood was succeeded as Master by
+Dr. Ralph Tatham, whose father and grandfather
+(of the same names) had been members
+of the College. He was Public Orator of
+the University from 1809 to 1836, an office
+for which he was well qualified by a singular
+dignity of person and courtesy of manner.
+"He brought forth butter," said the wags,
+"in a lordly dish." In the year 1837 the
+Earl of Radnor and others raised the question
+of University reform, and tried to induce
+the House of Lords to pass a bill for the
+appointment of a University Commission.
+In the end the matter was shelved, the friends
+of the University undertaking that the Colleges,
+with the approval of their Visitors,
+should prepare new statutes for the assent
+of the Crown. The change in St. John's
+was opposed by some ultra-conservative Fellows,
+who urged that as they were bound
+by oath to observe and uphold the statutes,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>
+and to seek no dispensation from them, they
+were precluded from asking for any change.
+The Bishop of Ely, however, gently put this
+objection on one side, and the statutes then
+prepared were approved by Queen Victoria
+in 1849. The more ardent reformers have
+described this code as merely legalising the
+customs and "abuses" which had grown up
+around the Elizabethan statutes without
+introducing any effective change.</p>
+
+<p>On the death of Dr. Tatham (19th January
+1857), Dr. William Henry Bateson was
+elected Master; he had been Senior Bursar
+of the College from 1846, and Public Orator
+of the University from 1848. Dr. Bateson
+was a man of scholarly tastes, but he was
+above all a practical man of affairs and of
+broad views. He served on more than one
+University Commission appointed to examine
+into and report upon the University
+and Colleges. The College statutes were
+twice revised during his mastership; the first
+code becoming law in 1860, the second was
+prepared during his lifetime, though it did
+not become law till a year after his death.
+These statutes are much less interesting
+reading than the early statutes, though undoubtedly
+more useful. While aiming at
+precision in the matter of rights and duties,
+they leave great freedom in matters of study,
+discipline, and administration. All local
+restrictions on scholarships and fellowships
+have been abolished. The government of
+the College is entrusted to a Council of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>
+twelve, elected by the Fellows, and presided
+over by the Master; a simple method has
+been provided of altering them if necessary.
+Independently of the changes thus introduced
+the College, on its own initiative, was
+providing for the newer studies. In 1853
+a chemical laboratory was built, and a
+lecturer in chemistry appointed, and other
+lecturers appointed from time to time as the
+scope of University teaching was widened.
+St. John's at an early date began to elect
+men to scholarships and fellowships for
+Natural Science. In all this we may trace
+the influence of Dr. Bateson, one of whose
+guiding principles was to widen and increase
+the teaching power of the College, and to
+reward intellectual distinction of any kind.
+Dr. Bateson died 27th March 1881, and was
+succeeded by Dr. Charles Taylor, the present
+Master.</p>
+
+<p>Of men who have added lustre to the
+College roll of worthies we may mention
+Sir John F. W. Herschel, the astronomer,
+who was Senior Wrangler in 1813, and died
+in 1871, laden with all the honours which
+scientific and learned bodies could bestow
+upon him; he lies buried in Westminster
+Abbey close to the tomb of Newton. John
+Couch Adams, Senior Wrangler in 1843,
+in July 1841, while yet an undergraduate,
+resolved to investigate the irregularities in
+the motion of the planet Uranus, with the
+view of determining whether they might be
+attributed to an undiscovered planet. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>
+memorandum he made of his resolve is, as
+has been stated, now in the College Library.
+It is a matter of history how Adams carried
+out his purpose, and how through a series of
+unlucky accidents he did not get the sole
+credit for his discovery of the planet Neptune.
+Adams became a Fellow of the College in
+1843, but had to vacate his fellowship in
+1852 as he was not in orders. The College
+tried to induce a Mr. Blakeney, who then
+held one of the very few fellowships tenable
+by a layman, to resign his fellowship and
+make way for Adams; offering to pay him
+for the rest of his life an income equal to
+that of his fellowship. Mr. Blakeney, however,
+refused, and a fellowship was found for
+Mr. Adams at Pembroke College, which he
+held till his death.</p>
+
+<p>It is perhaps a delicate matter to allude to
+those still living, but two may perhaps be
+mentioned. The Hon. Charles A. Parsons
+by his development of the steam turbine
+has revolutionised certain departments of
+engineering. Dairoku Kikuchi, the first
+Japanese student to come to Cambridge,
+after graduating in 1877, in the same year
+as Mr. Parsons, returned to Japan, and has
+held many offices, including that of Minister
+of Education, in his native country.</p>
+
+<p>We may say that the changes introduced
+in the nineteenth century have restored to
+the College its national character, admitting
+to the full privileges of a University career
+certain classes of students who had been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>
+gradually excluded. During the reigns of
+Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, and
+Elizabeth, there was always a part of the
+nation, Protestant or Roman Catholic,
+which found the entry barred to it. The
+establishment of the Anglican rule in the
+reign of Elizabeth led to the exclusion of
+Roman Catholics, and for three hundred
+years the doors of the University were
+closed to them.</p>
+
+<p>The Civil Wars, the Commonwealth,
+and the Restoration produced religious
+difficulties of another kind; the wholesale
+ejections in 1644 and 1660 testify to the
+troubles men had to face for conscience'
+sake. After the Restoration the Puritan,
+the Protestant Dissenter, was excluded with
+the Romanist.</p>
+
+<p>In the eighteenth century a certain
+variety was introduced by the entry of
+students from the West Indies, sons of
+planters; one or two individuals came from
+the American colonies. The constant wars
+drew off men to military careers, and the
+religious movements towards the close of
+the century attracted men, after leaving
+College, to Unitarianism or Wesleyanism.
+The celebrated Rowland Hill was a member
+of the College; Francis Okeley, after
+leaving, became a Moravian or a Mystic.
+Such dissenters as entered the College, and
+they were very few, were obliged to leave
+without graduating.</p>
+
+<p>The removal of all religious tests has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>
+thus restored to the ancient Universities a
+national character they had not possessed
+since the early days of Henry VIII., when
+all could come, as all were practically of the
+same faith.</p>
+
+<p>Thus a wider field is open to the College
+to draw on, not only in the British Islands,
+but in all its colonies and dependencies.
+On the other hand, it is no less true that
+her sons are to be found more widely scattered.
+A hundred and fifty years ago one
+could say of a selected group of men that
+the majority would become clergymen or
+schoolmasters, a few would become barristers,
+others would return to their country
+estates, one or two might enter the army;
+with that we should have exhausted the
+probabilities. Now there is probably not
+a career open to educated men in which
+members of the College are not to be
+found; the State in every department,
+civil, ecclesiastical, or military, enlists her
+sons in its service. The rise of scientific
+industries has opened new careers to trained
+men. We talk of the spacious days of
+Elizabeth; if space itself has not increased
+it is at least more permeated with men who
+owe their early training to the foundation
+of the Lady Margaret.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter gap3" style="width: 317px;">
+<a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>
+<img src="images/image096.png" width="317" height="104" alt="CHAPTER VIII" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>SOCIAL LIFE</h3>
+
+
+<p class="dropcap">H</p><p>itherto we have confined ourselves
+to an outline of the College
+history on what may be called its official
+side. In what follows we deal briefly with
+some features of the life of the place.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 461px;">
+<img src="images/image097.png" width="461" height="556" alt="The New Court" title="" />
+<span class="caption smcap">The New Court</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The original, and perhaps the chief,
+purpose of the College in the eyes of those
+who founded it was practically that it should
+form a training ground for the clergy. The
+statutes of King Henry VIII. distinctly lay
+down that theology is the goal to which
+philosophy and all other studies lead, and
+that none were to be elected Fellows who
+did not propose to study theology. The
+statutes of Elizabeth provided a certain
+elasticity by prescribing that those Fellows
+who did not enter priests' orders within six
+years should vacate their fellowships; but
+that two Fellows might be allowed, by the
+Master and a majority of the Senior Fellows,
+to devote themselves to the study of medicine.
+King Charles I. in 1635 allowed a
+like privilege to be granted from thenceforth
+to two Fellows who were to study law.
+These privileges were not always popular,
+and we occasionally find the clerical Fellows<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>
+complaining that while the duties of teaching
+and catechising were laid on them, a
+man who had held one of the law or
+medical fellowships sometimes took orders
+late in life and then claimed presentation to
+a College benefice in virtue of his seniority
+as a Fellow, having in the meantime escaped
+the drudgery to which the Fellow in orders
+had been subject.</p>
+
+<p>The emoluments of members of the
+Society in early times were very modest,
+and as prices rose became quite inadequate;
+the amounts being named in the College
+statutes were incapable of alteration, and
+indirect means were taken to provide relief.
+In Bishop Fisher's time it was considered
+that an endowment of &pound;6 a year sufficed to
+found a fellowship, and &pound;3 a year to found
+a scholarship. The statutable stipend of
+the Master was only &pound;12 a year, though he
+had some other allowances, the total amount
+of which was equally trivial. James Pilkington,
+Master from 1559 to 1561, when
+he became Bishop of Durham, wrote to
+Lord Burghley on the subject of his successor,
+stating that whoever became Master
+must have some benefice besides to enable
+him to live. Richard Longworth, Master
+from 1564 to 1569, made a similar complaint,
+putting the weekly expenses of his
+office at &pound;3. We accordingly find that
+many of the Masters held country benefices,
+prebends, or deaneries with their College
+office. Lord Keeper Williams, who gave<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>
+to the College the advowsons of Soulderne
+in Oxfordshire, Freshwater in the Isle of
+Wight, and the sinecure rectories of St.
+Florence and Aberdaron in Wales, made it
+part of the conditions of his gift that the
+Master should always be entitled to take
+one of these livings if a vacancy occurred.
+Many of the Fellows also held benefices or
+curacies near Cambridge. In the eighteenth
+century the business of holding ecclesiastical
+preferment in plurality became almost a fine
+art; thus Sir Isaac Pennington, who was
+President of the College and Regius Professor
+of Physic, left to the College by his
+will a fund to provide the sum of &pound;200 a
+year for the Master "if he be rector of
+Freshwater and not otherwise," a direct
+and curious incentive to holding in plurality.
+A Fellow was entitled to his commons, and,
+in addition, to allowances of 13s. 4d. under
+each of the three heads of "corn," "livery,"
+and "stipend," or, as we may say, food,
+clothes, and pocket-money. The College
+officers received but small salaries, the most
+highly paid being the President and Senior
+Bursar, who each received &pound;2.</p>
+
+<p>An effort was made by the Statutes of the
+Realm to improve the condition of members
+of colleges. It seems to have been assumed
+that the rent of a college farm, like its
+statutes, could not be altered; but by an Act
+of Parliament passed in the eighteenth year
+of Elizabeth, known as Sir Thomas Smith's
+Act, it was enacted that from thenceforth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>
+one-third of the rents were to be paid in
+wheat and malt; the price of wheat for
+the purposes of the Act being assumed to be
+6s. 8d. a quarter, and of malt 5s. a quarter.
+Thus if before the Act the rent of a farm
+was &pound;6 a year, after it became law the
+tenant had to pay &pound;4 in money, three-quarters
+of wheat, and four quarters of malt,
+these two latter items coming to &pound;1 each.
+But the tenant now paid a rent varying
+according to the prices of the day&mdash;namely,
+the money rent plus the cash value of the
+wheat and malt according to the best prices
+of these commodities in Cambridge on the
+market-day preceding quarter-day. Thus
+as the prices of wheat and malt rose the
+College benefited. By the Act this variable
+one-third, or "corn-money," went to increase
+the allowance for commons. As
+time went on the amount of the corn-money
+was more than sufficient to pay for
+the commons, and a further modest allowance
+out of the surplus was made to all who
+participated in the College revenues, whether
+as Master, Fellow, scholar, or sizar, under
+the name of <i>pr&aelig;ter</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In process of time another source of
+revenue arose. Leases of College estates
+were usually granted for a term of forty
+years, and there was a general custom that
+the tenant might surrender his lease at the
+end of fourteen years and receive a new
+one for forty years. As prices rose tenants
+were willing to pay a consideration for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>
+renewal known as a "fine"&mdash;this was calculated
+on the full letting value of the estate at
+the time of the renewal, the rent reserved
+remaining at its traditional amount. At first
+this fine-money was regarded as a species of
+surplus, and grants were made from it to
+Fellows or scholars who were ill or in special
+need of temporary assistance. The cost of
+entertaining royalties or other distinguished
+visitors, and part of the cost of new buildings,
+were defrayed from this source. In the year
+1629 the practice arose of dividing this fine-money
+up among the Master and Fellows in
+certain shares, and the money so paid became
+known as the "dividend." At the present
+time the College property is managed like
+any other landed estate, and after the necessary
+expenses of management and maintenance
+have been met, and certain fixed sums
+paid to the scholars and exhibitioners, and
+to the University, the remainder is by the
+statutes divided up into shares called dividends,
+each Fellow getting one dividend, the
+Master and the members of the College
+Council receiving certain additions calculated
+in dividends; there is a general restriction
+that the dividend shall not exceed
+&pound;250 a year. The fall in the value of land
+at present automatically provides that this
+limit is not exceeded; if the revenues become
+more than sufficient for the purpose,
+additional fellowships and scholarships must
+be established.</p>
+
+<p>The reader will gather that the chief<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>
+endowment of the College arises from land.
+The College estates lie scattered over most
+of the eastern side of England, from Yorkshire
+to Kent. There is no large block of
+property anywhere. The estates in past
+times, when means of communication were
+poor, must have been difficult to visit. In
+the leases of the more distant farms it was
+usual to stipulate that the tenant should
+provide "horse meat and man's meat" for
+the Master and Bursar and their servants
+while on a tour of inspection. That some
+care was bestowed on the management is
+clear from the regular entries, in the books
+of accounts, of the expenses of those "riding
+on College business." Probably the estates
+were visited when leases came to be renewed,
+and an effort made to discover the actual
+letting value of the property. Land agents
+seem to have been first employed to make
+formal valuations towards the end of the
+eighteenth century, and about the same
+time plans of the estates were obtained, some
+of these, made before the enclosures, showing
+the land scattered in many minute pieces,
+are very curious and interesting.</p>
+
+<p>The actual life within the College walls
+is not so easy to describe with any certainty.
+At first, as we have seen, the undergraduates
+actually lived with Fellows of the College,
+and overcrowding must have been a constant
+feature of College life. On 15th December
+1565 a return was made to Lord Burghley
+of all students, "whether tutors or pupils,"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>
+residing in the College, with notes as to
+whether they had come into Chapel in their
+surplices or not. The return concludes with
+this summary: "The whole number is 287,
+whereof there came into the Chappell with
+surplesses upon the last Saturdaie and Sondaie
+147; and abrode in the country 33. And
+of thother 107 whiche cumme not in as yet,
+there be many cumme to the Colledge of late
+and be not yet provided of surplesses." At
+this time we have to remember that the
+buildings of the College consisted only of
+the First Court, the Infirmary or Labyrinth,
+and a small block of buildings in a corner of
+the ground now occupied by the Second
+Court, swept away when that was built.
+The arrangement seems to have been as
+follows. The ground-floor rooms were
+occupied by junior Fellows, each with a
+few pupils. The rooms on the first floor,
+known in the College books as the "middle
+chambers," were in greater request; with
+these went the rooms on the second floor,
+with sometimes <i>excelses</i> or garrets over them&mdash;these
+could accommodate a senior Fellow
+with several pupils. In the older parts of
+the College the rooms occupied the whole
+depth of the building, and so were lighted
+from both sides; in the corners, when light
+could be obtained, cubicles or studies were
+partitioned off. From a sanitary point of
+view, life under such conditions must have
+left much to be desired, and the burial
+registers of All Saints' parish (in which the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>
+older part of the College is situated) leave
+the impression of frequent and almost epidemic
+illness in the College during the
+sixteenth and early part of the seventeenth
+century.</p>
+
+<p>The undergraduates in early times were
+much younger than the men of the present
+day. The statutes prescribed that the oath
+should not be required from scholars who
+were under sixteen years of age; the frequent
+occurrence of <i>non juratus</i> in the admission
+entry of a scholar shows that many came
+to the College before that age. Probably
+the average age was about sixteen; the idea
+being that after the seven years' residence
+required for the M.A. degree they would
+be of the proper age to present themselves
+for ordination. Those under eighteen years
+of age might be publicly whipped in the
+Hall for breaches of discipline.</p>
+
+<p>Students from distant parts of England
+probably resided continuously in College
+from the time they entered it until they
+took their degrees. The statutes of King
+Henry VIII. contemplate a period of some
+relaxation at Christmas; providing that
+each Fellow in turn should be "Lord" at
+Christmas, and prepare dialogues and plays
+to be acted by members of the College
+between Epiphany and Lent. The brazier
+in the Hall seems to have been kept burning
+in the evening about Christmas time; of
+this practice a curious relic survived until
+comparatively lately, it being the custom to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>
+leave a few gas-jets burning in the Hall until
+midnight from St. John's Day (December
+27) until Twelfth Night.</p>
+
+<p>There were three classes of students.
+The Fellow Commoners, sons of noblemen
+or wealthy land-owners, who sat at the High
+Table, or, as it was phrased, were in Fellows'
+commons. Some came in considerable state.
+In 1624 the Earl of Arundel and Surrey sent
+his two sons, Lord Maltravers and Mr.
+William Howard, to the College. The
+Earl's chaplain, or secretary, in making
+arrangements for their coming, wrote to
+request that they should have one chamber
+in the College, with a "pallett for the
+gromes of their chamber"; the rest of
+"his lordships company, being two gentlemen,
+a grome of his stable and a footman,
+may be lodged in the towne near the
+College." At this period the Second Court
+had been built, and the accommodation for
+residence thus somewhat greater than in
+Elizabethan times. The Fellow Commoner
+wore a gown ornamented with gold lace,
+and a cap with a gold tassel. The last
+Fellow Commoner at St. John's to wear this
+dress was the present Admiral Sir Wilmot
+Hawksworth Fawkes.</p>
+
+<p>The next class in order of status were
+the Pensioners&mdash;men who paid their expenses
+without assistance from the College,
+sons of middle-class parents. In times of
+which we have any definite record this was
+the most numerous class in College. Lastly,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>
+we have the sizars. A sizar was definitely
+attached to a Fellow or Fellow Commoner;
+he was not exactly a servant, but made himself
+generally useful. For example, those
+members of the College who absented themselves
+from the University sermon were in
+the eighteenth century fined sixpence, and
+the sizars were expected to mark the
+absentees. The sizar at Cambridge had,
+however, always a better status than the
+servitor at Oxford, and in the days when
+scholarships were strictly limited as to locality,
+a sizarship was something of the nature of
+what at the present day we should describe
+as an entrance scholarship or exhibition, the
+assistance given consisting in a reduction of
+expenses rather than in actual direct emolument.
+At the present time there is no
+difference in status among members of the
+College; the foundation scholars, however,
+having special seats in Chapel and a separate
+table in Hall if they choose to make use
+of it.</p>
+
+<p>Until 1882 the condition of celibacy
+attached to all fellowships in the College;
+Queen Elizabeth held strong views on the
+matter, even discouraging the marriage of
+Masters. The necessity of taking orders
+was somewhat relaxed in 1860. The
+system had its advantages&mdash;it tended to produce
+promotion; for the natural inclination
+of mankind to marry, vacated fellowships;
+the disadvantage was that men with a real
+taste for study or teaching had no certain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>
+career before them. The question of
+allowing Fellows to marry was raised in
+the eighteenth century, but met with little
+support and much opposition. Even in
+the middle of the nineteenth century a
+University Commission inclined to the
+view that celibacy was inseparable from
+the collegiate system.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 485px;">
+<img src="images/image108.png" width="485" height="605" alt="The &quot;Bridge of Sighs&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption smcap">The &quot;Bridge of Sighs&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The clerical restriction had the effect of
+chiefly confining selection to College offices<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>
+to those who were in orders. These in due
+course went off to benefices in the gift of
+the College, these acting as a species of
+pension. One form of benefaction frequently
+bestowed by past members was the gift of
+an advowson; one or two benefactors left
+estates, the revenues from which were to
+accumulate, and with the sums so raised
+advowsons were to be purchased. Presentation
+to livings went by seniority of standing,
+and this practice, with the restriction on
+marriage, gave rise to the belief, still prevalent
+in many parishes where the College
+is patron, that the College on a vacancy
+always chooses for the next incumbent
+"the oldest bachelor." It seems probable,
+without any minute statistical inquiry, that
+most of the Fellows left the College before
+the age of forty. A few remained on for
+life.</p>
+
+<p>It is difficult now to reconstruct a picture
+of the High Table, made up as it was for
+many years of a group of middle-aged or
+elderly men, with a considerable admixture
+of youthful Fellow Commoners. During the
+eighteenth century the proportion of Fellow
+Commoners was probably from one-fourth to
+one-third of those dining together, and constraint
+on both sides must have been almost
+inevitable. The terms "don" and "donnishness"
+seem to have acquired their uncomplimentary
+meaning about this period.
+The precise significance of "don" is not
+easy to express concisely; the most felicitous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>
+is perhaps that of the Oxford <i>Shotover Papers</i>,
+where we read that don means, in Spain,
+a gentleman; in England, a Fellow. The
+abolition of the Fellow Commoner was
+perhaps chiefly due to the rise of the
+democratic spirit and a general dislike of
+privilege, but there are other grounds for
+welcoming it.</p>
+
+<p>Of the individuals who make up the
+stream of youthful life which has ebbed
+and flowed through the College gate there
+is but little official record. An Admonition
+Book exists, in which more than a century
+ago those who were punished for graver
+offences against discipline signed the record
+of their sentence and promised amendment.
+One youth admits over a trembling signature
+that he was "admonished by the Master,
+before the Seniors, for keeping strangers in
+my chamber till twelve o' the clock, and
+disturbing the Master by knocking at his
+gate in an irreverent manner at that hour
+for the keys of the gate." When the
+College gate was closed it may be explained
+that the keys were placed in the Master's
+keeping. We are, however, left in ignorance
+of what passed in that chamber until the
+midnight hour. Yet no doubt the student
+in past days had his amusements as well as
+his successor of the present day&mdash;rougher
+perhaps, but not less agreeable to him.</p>
+
+<p>In Bishop Fisher's statutes archery was
+encouraged as a pastime, and we know
+from Ascham's writings that he indulged<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>
+in it. In the sixteenth century the College
+built a tennis-court for the use of its members.
+John Hall, who entered the College
+in 1646, recommended "shittlecock" as
+fit for students&mdash;"it requires a nimble arme
+with quick and waking eye." We hear of
+horse matches and cock-fighting, but in
+terms of disapproval. Football is mentioned
+in 1574, when the Vice-Chancellor directed
+that scholars should only play upon their
+own College ground. In 1595 "the hurtful
+and unscholarly exercise of football" was
+forbidden, except within each College and
+between members of the same College.
+Certain general orders for the discipline
+of the undergraduates, which gave rise to
+much controversy about 1750, forbade cricket
+between the hours of nine and twelve in
+the morning. In 1763 the Vice-Chancellor
+required that no scholar, of whatever rank,
+should be present at bull-baiting. We read
+in the eighteenth century of "schemes" or
+water-parties on the river, but these appear
+to have been more of the nature of picnics
+than exercises of skill. Riding was probably
+very common, the student arriving on his
+nag, perhaps selling it and using the proceeds
+as a start in his new life. The phrase
+"Hobson's choice" took its rise from the
+rule in the livery stables of Hobson the
+carrier that a man who hired a hack had
+to take the one that stood nearest to the
+stable door. In later days stage-coaches
+supplied a more regular means of conveyance.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>
+Students leaving Cambridge for the North
+betook themselves to Huntingdon, and were
+housed at the George Inn there till places
+could be found for them in the coaches.
+The landlord of the George sending over
+to Cambridge to let it be known that one
+batch were gone and that another might
+come over.</p>
+
+<p>Traditions linger in parishes round Cambridge
+that the University "gentlemen"
+used certain fields or commons for the purpose
+of riding races; the Cottenham steeplechases
+are presumably a survival of this
+practice. Shooting and coursing, with a
+little hunting, came into vogue at the end
+of the eighteenth century.</p>
+
+<p>The rise and organisation of athletic sports
+as an essential element of College life would
+require a bulky history in itself. The first
+to take definite form was rowing. The
+historic boat club of the college is the Lady
+Margaret Boat Club; this was founded in
+the October term of 1825. The actual
+founder of the club seems to have been the
+Hon. Richard John Le Poer Trench, a son
+of the second Earl of Clancarty. Trench
+afterwards became a captain in the 52nd
+Regiment, and died 12th August 1841. The
+club was the first to start an eight-oared
+boat on the Cam, though some Trinity
+men had a four-oar on the river a short
+time before the Lady Margaret was started.
+Among the first members of the club were
+William Snow and Charles Merivale, after<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>wards
+Dean of Ely. Trench acted as stroke
+of the original first boat crew in the Lent
+Term of 1826. There were at first no
+regular races, but impromptu trials of speed
+with other crews frequently took place. In
+1827 the University Boat Club was started,
+and regular bumping races begun. The
+first challenge to Oxford was determined on
+at a meeting of the University Boat Club
+held 20th February 1829, when it was
+resolved: "That Mr. Snow, of St. John's,
+be requested to write immediately to Mr.
+Staniforth, Christ Church, Oxford, proposing
+to make up a University Match." The
+match was made up, and the race rowed
+at Henley on 10th June 1829, and from
+this the annual boat-race between Oxford
+and Cambridge takes its rise. Snow acted
+as stroke of the Cambridge boat, George
+Augustus Selwyn, successively Bishop of
+New Zealand and Lichfield, rowed "seven,"
+and Charles Merivale "four." Snow (afterwards
+Strahan) became a banker, and died
+at Florence 4th July 1886. In after years
+when, from 1861 to 1869 inclusive, Oxford
+had uniformly beaten Cambridge, the Lady
+Margaret supplied the late John H.
+D. Goldie to break the spell and restore
+hope and confidence to Cambridge crews.
+Thus the College club has taken an important
+part in the establishment and
+maintenance of Cambridge rowing. Two
+verses of the College boat song run as
+follows:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Mater regum Margareta<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Piscatori dixit laeta<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">'Audi quod propositum;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Est remigium decorum<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Suavis strepitus remorum<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Ergo sit Collegium.'<br /></span>
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<span class="i0">Sic Collegium fundatum<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Et Johannis nomen datum<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Margareta domina,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ergo remiges gaudendum<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Triumphandum et canendum<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In saeclorum secula."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>So that, if we can trust the historic insight
+of the author (Mr. T. R. Glover), the
+intentions of the foundress have been duly
+carried out.</p>
+
+<p>The uniform of the club was at first
+much what it is now, a white jersey with
+pink stripes; with this was worn a jacket
+of scarlet flannel, popularly known as a
+"blazer"&mdash;a name which has passed into
+the English language as descriptive of the
+coloured jackets of all clubs. It is said that
+some one, whose feeling for analogy was
+stronger than for decorum, described the
+surplice as "the blazer of the Church
+of England." Organised cricket clubs,
+athletic clubs, and football clubs grew up,
+and in process of time clubs for the pursuit
+of every kind of athletic exercise have been
+started. Originally each club in College
+had a subscription, paid by its members,
+towards the expenses of the special game.
+About twenty years ago all the clubs in
+St. John's were united into one club<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>&mdash;"The
+Amalgamation." The subscription
+to this entitles a member to join in any of
+the recognised games. The funds are administered
+by a committee consisting of the
+representatives of those interested in the
+different games, and grants made from the
+general fund towards the expenses of each
+game. The presence of a few senior members
+of the College on the committee provides
+the continuity so difficult to maintain
+with the short-lived generations of undergraduate
+life. The College provides the
+ground for the cricket, football, and lawn-tennis
+clubs, while through the generosity
+of members of the College of all standings a
+handsome boat-house has recently been built
+on the river. The College also possesses
+flourishing musical and debating societies,
+and from time to time clubs arise for literary
+and social purposes, dying out and being
+refounded with great persistence.</p>
+
+<p>In another sphere of work the College
+has taken a leading part. St. John's was
+the first College in Cambridge to start a
+mission in London&mdash;the Lady Margaret
+Mission in Walworth. Preaching in the
+College Chapel on 28th January 1883, the
+Rev. William Allen Whitworth, a Fellow
+of the College, then Vicar of St. John's,
+Hammersmith, afterwards Incumbent of All
+Saints', Margaret Street, suggested that the
+College should support a mission in some
+neglected district of London. The matter
+took form a little later in the year, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>
+since then the College Mission has been
+a College institution. Members of the
+College visiting the mission district, and
+visitors from Walworth coming for an
+annual outing, including a cricket match,
+in August.</p>
+
+<p>Another flourishing institution is the College
+magazine, <i>The Eagle</i>. Founded in the
+year 1858, it has maintained its existence
+for nearly fifty years, being now the oldest
+of College magazines. It has numbered
+among its contributors many who have
+subsequently found a wider field and audience:
+some of the earliest efforts of Samuel
+Butler, author of <i>Erewhon</i>, are to be found
+in its pages.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>I now bring my sketch of the College
+history to a close. I have endeavoured,
+within the prescribed limits, to give an
+outline of the corporate life of an ancient
+and famous foundation. In writing it two
+classes of readers have been borne in mind:
+the visitor who, within a short compass,
+may wish to learn something more than
+can be picked up by an inspection of the
+buildings; members of the College who
+feel a lively interest in the habits and pursuits
+of those who have preceded them.
+I have, perhaps, thought more of the latter
+than of the former class.</p>
+
+<p>Members of the College have always
+been distinguished for a certain independence
+of thought and adherence to principle,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>
+not always guided by motives of mere
+worldly prudence; they have always been
+noted for that strong corporate feeling
+which finds expression in the words of
+Viscount Falkland's letter, before alluded
+to: "I still carry about with me an indelible
+character of affection and duty to that
+Society, and an extraordinary longing for
+some occasion of expressing that affection
+and that duty."</p>
+
+<p>To one who has spent much of his life
+in the service of the institution to which
+he owes so much, the words of the Psalmist
+(a Scot naturally quotes the version endeared
+to him by early association) seem
+to put the matter concisely&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"For in her rubbish and her stones<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">thy servants pleasure take;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Yea, they the very dust thereof<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">do favour for her sake."<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2>
+
+<p class="indfirst">Adams, J. C., <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Admonition Book, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Armorial Bearings, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Arrowsmith, J., <a href="#Page_57">57</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Ascham, R., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Ashton, H., <a href="#Page_19">19</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="indfirst">Baker, T., <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Balsham, Hugo de, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Baronsdale, W., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Barwick, J., <a href="#Page_31">31</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Bateson, W. H., <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Beale, W., <a href="#Page_56">56</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">"Blazer," <a href="#Page_104">104</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Blunt, J. J., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Boat Club, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Bohun, H., <a href="#Page_47">47</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">"Bridge of Sighs," <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Briggs, H., <a href="#Page_51">51</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Brown, "Capability," <a href="#Page_10">10</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Bull-baiting, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Burghley, Lord, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="indfirst">Carey, V., <a href="#Page_28">28</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Catton, T., <a href="#Page_70">70</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Caxton, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Celibacy, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Chapel, New, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_17">17</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Chapel, Old, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Charles I., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Charles II., <a href="#Page_31">31</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Cheke, Sir J., <a href="#Page_44">44</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Churchill, C., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Clarkson, T., <a href="#Page_26">26</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Clayton, R., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Clive, R. H., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">College Leases, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Combination Room, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Commons, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Corn Rents, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Cricket, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Cromwell, O., <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Cromwell, T., <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="indfirst">Dallam, R., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Dawson, J., <a href="#Page_70">70</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Denman, T., <a href="#Page_71">71</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Digby, E., <a href="#Page_48">48</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Dividend, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="indfirst"><i>Eagle, The</i>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Eagle Close, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Edward VI., <a href="#Page_45">45</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Elizabeth, Queen, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Estates, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Examinations, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="indfirst">Fairfax, T., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Falkland, Viscount, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Fawkes, Sir W. H., <a href="#Page_96">96</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Fellow Commoners, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Fisher, John, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Floods, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Football, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Forster, T., <a href="#Page_63">63</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Frost, H., <a href="#Page_35">35</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="indfirst">Ganton, R., <a href="#Page_70">70</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Gilbert, W., <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Glover, T. R., <a href="#Page_104">104</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Goldie, J. H. D., <a href="#Page_103">103</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Gower, H., <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Gunning, P., <a href="#Page_57">57</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Gwyn, O., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="indfirst">Hall, The, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Hare, Sir R., <a href="#Page_25">25</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Hawksmoor, N., <a href="#Page_8">8</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Heberden, W., <a href="#Page_73">73</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Henrietta Maria, Queen, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Henry VII., <a href="#Page_38">38</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Henry VIII., <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Herrick, R., <a href="#Page_63">63</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Herschel, Sir J. F. W., <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">High Altar, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Hill, R., <a href="#Page_84">84</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Hoare, H., <a href="#Page_16">16</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Hoghton, General, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Hopton, Sir I., <a href="#Page_63">63</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Horne Tooke, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Hospital of St. John, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Howard, Lord Thomas, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Hutchinson, H., <a href="#Page_8">8</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="indfirst">Infirmary, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="indfirst">James I., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">James II., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Jenkin, R., <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="indfirst">Kennedy, B. H., <a href="#Page_25">25</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Kikuchi, D., <a href="#Page_83">83</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Kirke White, H., <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Kitchen, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Knox, E., <a href="#Page_17">17</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Knox, John, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Knox, N., <a href="#Page_17">17</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="indfirst">Labyrinth, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Lady Margaret, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Laud, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Leases, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Library, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Lillechurch, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Linacre, T., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Liveing, G. D., <a href="#Page_25">25</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Longworth, R., <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Ludlam, W., <a href="#Page_70">70</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="indfirst">Martyn, H., <a href="#Page_71">71</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Mary, Queen, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Mason, W., <a href="#Page_72">72</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Master's Lodge, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Mayor, J. E. B., <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Mengs, R. A., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Merivale, C., <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Metcalfe, N., <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Mission, Walworth, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Mortuary Roll, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Mossom, D., <a href="#Page_63">63</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="indfirst">Newcome, J., <a href="#Page_31">31</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Nonjurors, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Norton, F., <a href="#Page_72">72</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="indfirst">Oates, Titus, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Okeley, F., <a href="#Page_84">84</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Organ, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Ospringe, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="indfirst">Palmer, E. H., <a href="#Page_25">25</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Palmerston, Viscount, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Parsons, Hon. C. A., <a href="#Page_83">83</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Paul's Cross, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Peckover, Dr. A., <a href="#Page_39">39</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Pennington, Sir I., <a href="#Page_90">90</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Percy, A., <a href="#Page_40">40</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Peterhouse, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Pilkington, J., <a href="#Page_89">89</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Powell, Sir F. S., <a href="#Page_16">16</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Powell, W. S., <a href="#Page_69">69</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Powis, Earl, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain"><i>Pr&aelig;ter</i>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Prior, M., <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="indfirst">Reform, University, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Registers, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Reyner, G. F., <a href="#Page_16">16</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Rickman, T., <a href="#Page_8">8</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Rowing, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="indfirst">St. John's Street, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Scott, A. J., <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Scott, Sir G. G., <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Scott, J. O., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Seaton, G., <a href="#Page_55">55</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Selwyn, G. A., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Selwyn, W., <a href="#Page_15">15</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Seven Bishops, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Shittlecock, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Shorton, R., <a href="#Page_40">40</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Shrewsbury, Countess of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p>
+<p class="indmain">Sizar, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Smith, R., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Smith, W., <a href="#Page_73">73</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Snow, W., <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Stag Staircase, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Stage Plays, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Staincoat, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Stankard, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Statues, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Statutes, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Strafford, Lord, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="indfirst">Tatham, R., <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Taylor, B., <a href="#Page_63">63</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Taylor, C., <a href="#Page_82">82</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Thomas, Sir N., <a href="#Page_25">25</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Townshend, Marquis, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Trench, R. J. Le P., <a href="#Page_102">102</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Trinity College, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Tuckney, A., <a href="#Page_57">57</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Tutorial System, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Tyrrell, W., <a href="#Page_26">26</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="indfirst">Victoria, Queen, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="indfirst">Washington, Geo., <a href="#Page_64">64</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Whitaker, W., <a href="#Page_48">48</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Whitgift, J., <a href="#Page_48">48</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Whitworth, W. A., <a href="#Page_105">105</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Whytehead, T., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Wilberforce, W., <a href="#Page_26">26</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Wilderness, The, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Williams, John, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Wood, J., <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Wordsworth, W., <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Wren, Sir C., <a href="#Page_7">7</a></p>
+
+<p class="indmain">Wren's Bridge, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="center gap3">THE END</p>
+
+
+<p class="center gap3">Printed by <span class="smcap">Ballantyne, Hanson</span> &amp; Co.</p>
+<p class="center">Edinburgh &amp; London</p>
+
+<div class="bbox">
+<h3>TRANSCRIBERS' NOTES</h3>
+<p class="hangindent" style="padding-right:2em;">General: Spelling of words in quotations has been preserved.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent" style="padding-right:2em;">General: Corrections to punctuation have not been individually
+documented.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent" style="padding-right:2em;">Page 51: logarithims corrected to logarithms (second occurrence)</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent" style="padding-right:2em;">Page viii: Some links on List of Illustrations
+have been adjusted as illustration have been moved to a different page
+for readability</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of St. John's College, Cambridge, by 
+Robert Forsyth Scott
+
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+Project Gutenberg's St. John's College, Cambridge, by Robert Forsyth Scott
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: St. John's College, Cambridge
+
+Author: Robert Forsyth Scott
+
+Illustrator: Edmund H. New
+
+Release Date: November 24, 2008 [EBook #27320]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading
+Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
+images generously made available by The Internet
+Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                        The College
+
+                       [Illustration]
+
+                        Monographs
+
+
+
+
+                  Edited and Illustrated by
+                        EDMUND H. NEW
+
+
+                  TRINITY COLLEGE,
+                  CAMBRIDGE
+
+                          W. W. ROUSE BALL.
+
+
+                  ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE,
+                  CAMBRIDGE
+
+                          R. F. SCOTT.
+
+
+                  KING'S COLLEGE,
+                  CAMBRIDGE
+
+                          C. R. FAY.
+
+
+                  MAGDALEN COLLEGE,
+                  OXFORD
+
+                          THE PRESIDENT.
+
+
+                  NEW COLLEGE,
+                  OXFORD
+
+                          A. O. PRICKARD.
+
+
+                  MERTON COLLEGE,
+                  OXFORD
+
+                          REV. H. J. WHITE.
+
+[Illustration: Gateway St. John's Coll.]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+                     ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE
+
+                          CAMBRIDGE
+
+                             BY
+
+                    ROBERT FORSYTH SCOTT
+
+                  FELLOW AND SENIOR BURSAR
+                       OF THE COLLEGE
+
+                       ILLUSTRATED BY
+
+                       EDMUND H. NEW
+
+
+
+
+               1907: LONDON: J. M. DENT & CO.
+
+                NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON & CO.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+_All Rights Reserved_
+
+
+
+
+                          CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAP.                                                    PAGE
+
+   I. THE COURTS AND BUILDINGS                             1
+
+  II. SOME INTERIORS                                      13
+
+ III. THE HOSPITAL OF ST. JOHN (CIRCA 1135-1511)          35
+
+  IV. THE FIRST CENTURY (1511-1612)                       40
+
+   V. THE SECOND CENTURY (1612-1716)                      52
+
+  VI. THE THIRD CENTURY (1716-1815)                       66
+
+ VII. THE CURRENT CENTURY                                 74
+
+VIII. SOCIAL LIFE                                         86
+
+INDEX                                                    109
+
+
+
+
+                    LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+_The Entrance Gateway_                        _Frontispiece_
+
+                                                         PAGE
+
+_Plan of College Buildings_                                x
+
+_Bag of Flowers; detail of Carving over Entrance Gateway_  3
+
+_The Second and Third Courts from the Screens_             6
+
+_The Gatehouse from the Churchyard of All Saints_         12
+
+_Monument of Hugh Ashton in the Chapel_                   19
+
+_The Hall from the Second Court_                          24
+
+_Interior of the Library_                                 34
+
+_The Old Bridge_                                          41
+
+_The Hall and Chapel Tower from the Second Court_         53
+
+_The College Arms_ (_in the Third Court_)                 58
+
+_The Chapel Tower from the River_                         67
+
+_The College Chapel from the Round Church_                75
+
+_The New Court from Trinity College Bridge_               87
+
+_The "Bridge of Sighs"_                                   98
+
+[Illustration: Plan of St John's College]
+
+
+
+
+                     St. John's College
+
+                          CHAPTER I
+
+                  THE COURTS AND BUILDINGS
+
+
+St. John's College was founded in 1511, in pursuance of the intentions
+of the Lady Margaret Beaufort, mother of King Henry VII.
+
+Approaching the College from the street we enter by the Great Gate. The
+gateway with its four towers is the best example of the characteristic
+Cambridge gate, and dates from the foundation of the College. It is
+built of red brick (the eastern counties marble), dressed with stone.
+The street front of the College to the right and left remains in its
+original state, except that after the old chapel and infirmary of the
+Hospital of St. John (to which allusion will be made hereafter) were
+pulled down, the north end was completed by a block of lecture rooms in
+1869.
+
+The front of the gate is richly decorated with heraldic devices, full of
+historical meaning and associations. The arms are those of the
+foundress; the shield, France (ancient) and England quarterly, was the
+royal shield of the period; the bordure, gobonny argent and azure (the
+argent in the upper dexter compartment), was the "difference" of the
+Beauforts, and is only slightly indicated. The supporters, two
+antelopes, come from Henry VI. There is no crest above the shield, and
+heraldic rules are against its use by a lady, but on her seal the Lady
+Margaret used the Beaufort arms as above ensigned, with a coronet of
+roses and fleur-de-lis, out of which issues an eagle, displayed or; and
+this device of coat and crest is used by the College. The arms on the
+gate are surrounded by badges, the Portcullis of the Beauforts, the
+Tudor, or Union, rose, each surmounted by a crown. Besides these we have
+daisies (marguerites), the badge of the Lady Margaret, and some flowers,
+which are not so easily identified. Certain vestments and embroideries,
+which belonged to the Lady Margaret, of which a list has been preserved,
+are described as "garnishede with sophanyes and my ladyes poisy," or,
+"with rede roses and syphanyes." The sophanye was an old English name
+for the Christmas rose, and there seems little doubt that these flowers
+on the gate are meant for Christmas roses. The carving on the right,
+under the portcullis, where these emblems seem to be growing out of
+something resembling a masonic apron, is very curious.
+
+Above the gate are two sets of rooms. The upper set has been used from
+the beginning as the Treasury or Muniment Room of the College; the set
+immediately above the arch is now an ordinary set of rooms. In this set
+resided, during his college career, Lord Thomas Howard, a son of the
+fourth Duke of Norfolk, afterwards himself first Earl of Suffolk and
+Baron Howard de Walden. He fought against the Armada in 1588, and
+commanded the expedition to the Azores in 1591; the fame of Sir Richard
+Grenville of the _Revenge_ has somewhat eclipsed that of his leader in
+the latter case; the reader may recall Tennyson's _Ballad of the Fleet_.
+
+[Illustration: BAG OF FLOWERS OVER ENTRANCE GATEWAY]
+
+To the left of the gate it will be observed that five windows on the
+first floor are of larger size than the rest; this was the original
+position of the Library; the books were removed in 1616 to a room over
+the Kitchen, and later to the present Library. According to tradition
+Henry Kirke White, the poet, occupied, and died in, the rooms on the
+ground-floor next the tower; he lies buried in the old churchyard of All
+Saints', across the street.
+
+Entering the gate the Hall and Kitchen face us, and preserve much of
+their original appearance. But right and left the changes have been
+great. The old Chapel was swept away in 1869--its foundations are marked
+out by cement; at this time the Hall was lengthened, and a second oriel
+window added. The range of buildings on the south was raised and faced
+with stone about 1775, when the craze for Italianising buildings was
+fashionable; it was then intended to treat the rest of the Court in like
+manner, but fortunately the scheme was not carried out.
+
+If we walk along the south side of the Court we may notice on the
+underside of the lintel of G staircase the words, "Stag, Nov. 15, 1777."
+It seems that on that date a stag, pursued by the hunt, took refuge in
+the College, and on this staircase; the members of the College had just
+finished dinner when the stag and his pursuers entered. On the next
+staircase, F, there is a passage leading to the lane with the Kitchen
+Offices, this passage is sometimes known as "The Staincoat"; the
+passage leading from the Screens into the Kitchen is still sometimes
+called "The Staincoat," or "The Stankard." These curious names really
+mean the same thing. It appears that in times past a pole was kept,
+probably for carrying casks of beer, but on which the undergraduates
+seem also to have hoisted those of their number, or even servants, who
+had offended against the rules and customs of the College; this pole was
+called the Stang, and the place or passage in which it was kept the
+Stangate Hole, with the above variations or corruptions.
+
+Reserving the Chapel for the present we pass through the Screens, the
+entrance to the Hall being on the right, to the Kitchen on the left. We
+enter the Second Court. This beautiful and stately Court was built
+between 1599 and 1600 (the date 1599 may be seen on the top of one of
+the water-pipes on the north side), the cost being in great part
+provided by Mary, Countess of Shrewsbury, a daughter of Sir William
+Cavendish by the celebrated Bess of Hardwick, and wife of Gilbert,
+seventh Earl of Shrewsbury. The original drawings for the Court, and the
+contract for its construction, almost unique documents of their kind,
+are preserved in the Library. The whole of the first floor on the north
+side was at first used as a gallery for the Master's Lodge; it is now
+used as a Combination Room. Over the arch of the gate on the western
+side of the Court is a statue of the Countess, with her shield (showing
+the arms of Talbot and Cavendish impaled); these were presented to the
+College by her nephew, William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW FROM THE SCREENS]
+
+A pleasing view of the Court is got by standing in the south-west corner
+and looking towards the Chapel Tower, with an afternoon sun the
+colouring and grouping of the buildings is very effective.
+
+Passing through the arch we enter the Third Court; this was built at
+various times during the seventeenth century. On the north we have the
+Library, the cost of which was chiefly provided by John Williams, a
+Fellow of the College, successively Dean of Westminster, Bishop of
+Lincoln, and Archbishop of York; he was also Lord Keeper of the Great
+Seal to James I. As originally built the Library occupied the upper
+floor only, the ground-floor being fitted up as rooms for the
+accommodation of the Fellows and scholars, on a special foundation of
+Bishop Williams, but this lower part is now all absorbed into the
+Library. The southern and western sides of the Court were built between
+1669 and 1674, some part of the cost being provided from College funds,
+the rest by donations from members of the College. On the last or
+southern pier of the arcade, on the west side of the Court, there are
+the two inscriptions: "Flood, Oct. 27, 1762," "Flood, Feb. 10, 1795,"
+recording what must have been highly inconvenient events at the time.
+
+The central arch on the western side of the Court has some prominence,
+and was probably intended from the first as the approach to a bridge.
+Towards the end of the seventeenth century Sir Christopher Wren was
+consulted on the subject, and a letter from him to the then Master, Dr.
+Gower, has been preserved. Sir Christopher's proposal was a curious one:
+he suggested that the course of the river Cam should be diverted and
+carried in a straight line from the point where it bends near the
+Library of Trinity College. A new channel was to be dug, and a bridge
+built over this; the water was then to be sent down the new channel, and
+the old one filled up. He pointed out that this would give "a parterre
+to the river, a better access to the walks, and a more beautiful
+disposal of the whole ground." This scheme was, however, not carried
+out, but a stone bridge was built outside the range of the buildings on
+the site of an old wooden bridge, which then gave access to the grounds.
+This is the bridge which still exists; it was built, apparently from
+Wren's designs, under the superintendence of his pupil, Nicholas
+Hawksmoor. More than a century now passed before further building
+operations were undertaken. In 1825 the College employed Mr. Thomas
+Rickman and his partner, Mr. H. Hutchinson, to prepare designs for a new
+Court, with from 100 to 120 sets of rooms. This work was started in
+1827, and completed in 1831. The covered bridge connecting the old and
+new parts of the College was designed by Mr. Hutchinson; it is popularly
+known as the "Bridge of Sighs." The style of this Court is Perpendicular
+Gothic. The site was unsuited for building operations, consisting mostly
+of washed and peaty soil; it had been known for generations as "the
+fishponds close." The modern concrete foundations were then unknown,
+and the plan adopted was to remove the peaty soil and to lay timber on
+the underlying gravel. On this an enormous mass of brickwork, forming
+vaulted cellars, was placed; this rises above the river level, and the
+rooms are perfectly dry. The total cost of the building was L78,000,
+most of which was provided by borrowing. The repayment, extending over a
+number of years, involved considerable self-denial on the Fellows of the
+College, their incomes being materially reduced for many years. Crossing
+the covered bridge and passing down the cloisters of the New Court, we
+enter the grounds by the centre gate; these extend right and left, being
+bounded on the east by the Cam, and separated from the grounds of
+Trinity by a ditch.
+
+From the old, or Wren's, bridge over the Cam two parallel walks extend
+along the front of the Court; according to tradition the broader and
+higher was reserved for members of the College, the lower for College
+servants. At one time an avenue of trees extended from the bridge to the
+back gate, but the ravages of time have removed all but a few trees.
+
+At the western end of the walk we have on the left the (private)
+Fellows' garden, known as "The Wilderness," an old-world pleasance, left
+as nearly as may be in a state of nature. Towards the end of the
+eighteenth century the College employed the celebrated Mr. Lancelot
+("capability") Brown to lay out the grounds and Wilderness. The
+plantation in the latter was arranged so as to form a cathedral, with
+nave, aisles, and transept, but here also old age and storms have
+brought down many of the trees. On the right, opposite to the
+Wilderness, there is an orchard, the subject of much legend. One popular
+story is that this orchard formed the subject of a bequest to "St.
+John's College," and that the testator, being an Oxford man, was held by
+the Courts to have intended to benefit the College in his own
+University. As a matter of prosaic fact, the orchard originally belonged
+to Merton College, Oxford, being part of the original gift of their
+founder, Walter de Merton, and it was acquired by St. John's College by
+exchange in the early years of the nineteenth century.
+
+The long walk terminates in a massive gate with stone pillars,
+surmounted by eagles. Outside and across the road is the Eagle Close,
+used as the College cricket and football field.
+
+The visitor in returning should cross the old bridge, thus getting a
+view of the Bridge of Sighs, and re-enter the College by the archway on
+the left.
+
+[Illustration: The Gatehouse: St John's College]
+
+
+
+
+                         CHAPTER II
+
+                       SOME INTERIORS
+
+
+The visitor has been conducted through the College without pausing to
+enter any of the buildings. We now retrace our steps to describe these
+parts of the College open to inspection. It must be understood that
+during a great part of the year the inspection of these interiors is
+subject to the needs of a large resident Society, and as a rule it is
+best to inquire at the gate for information as to the hours when these
+parts of the College are open.
+
+
+_The Chapel._
+
+The present Chapel was built between the years 1863 and 1869, from the
+designs of Sir George Gilbert Scott; it was consecrated by the Bishop of
+Ely, 12th May 1869. As we approach it we see on the right the outline of
+the old Chapel, which had served the College and the Hospital which
+preceded it for something like six hundred years. This former Chapel was
+a building quite uniform and simple in appearance, filling the whole of
+the north side of the Court. Originally built to serve the needs of the
+Hospital of St. John, it was considerably altered when the College was
+founded. Side Chantries were then, or shortly afterwards, added. In
+early times a good deal of the life of the College centred in the
+Chapel, in addition to its uses for worship. It was regarded as a place
+in which the Society was formally gathered together. In it the statutes,
+or rules for the government of the Society, were read at stated times,
+so that all might become aware of the rule under which they lived. The
+names of those who had not discharged their College bills were publicly
+read out by the Master. The elections of the Master and of the Fellows
+and Scholars were held within it; of this practice the sole part that
+remains is the election of a Master, which by the present statutes must
+be held in the Chapel. The scholastic exercises of Acts and Opponencies,
+in which certain doctrines were maintained and opposed, took place
+there. The seal of the College was kept in the vestry, and the sealing
+of documents took place in the Ante-Chapel. Though documents are now
+sealed elsewhere, the stock of wafers for the College seal is kept by
+the Chapel Clerk.
+
+The erection of a new Chapel for the College was contemplated for about
+200 years before it was carried out. Dr. Gunning, who was Master from
+1661 to 1670, afterwards successively Bishop of Chichester and of Ely,
+left by his will the sum of L300 "to St. John's College, towards the
+beginning for the building for themselves a new Chapel." Gunning died in
+1684, and in 1687 the College paid to Robert Grumbold the sum of L3 for
+"a new ground plott modell of the old and new designed Chappell."
+Nothing, however, came of the proposal at that time, though the idea
+seems always to have been before the Society.
+
+Preaching on Commemoration Day (May 6), 1861, Dr. William Selwyn, Lady
+Margaret Professor of Divinity, and a former Fellow, pointing out that
+the College was celebrating "its seventh jubilee," just 350 years having
+passed since the charter was granted, pleaded earnestly for the erection
+of a larger Chapel. The matter was taken up, and in January 1862 Sir
+(then Mr.) George Gilbert Scott was requested "to advise us as to the
+best plans, in his opinion, for a new Chapel." The scheme grew, and in
+addition to the Chapel it was determined by the end of that year to have
+also a new Master's Lodge, and to enlarge the Dining Hall. It was then
+intended that the scheme should not involve a greater charge on the
+corporate funds of the College than L40,000. As a matter of fact, before
+the whole was carried out and paid for, the cost had risen to L97,641;
+of this L17,172 was provided for by donations from members of the
+College, the rest was met, partly out of capital, partly by a charge on
+the College revenues, which ran for many years.
+
+The Chapel was built on a site to the north of the old Chapel, and
+through this site ran a lane from St. John's Street to the river. An Act
+of Parliament had to be obtained before this lane could be closed, and
+the consent of the borough was only given on condition that St. John's
+Street should be widened by pulling down a row of houses on its western
+side, and throwing their site into the street.
+
+The foundation-stone of the new Chapel was laid on 6th May 1864 by Mr.
+Henry Hoare, a member of the College, and of the well-known banking
+firm. As originally designed the Chapel was to have had a slender
+_fleche_ instead of a tower. This had been criticised, and Mr. Scott,
+the architect, designed the present tower; the additional cost being
+estimated at L5000. This Mr. Hoare offered to provide in yearly
+instalments of L1000, but had only paid two instalments when he died
+from injuries received in a railway accident. The finial on the last
+pinnacle of the tower was fixed on 13th December 1867 by Mr. (now Sir
+Francis) Powell, M.P. for the borough of Cambridge, and a former Fellow
+of the College; Mr. Powell was accompanied on that occasion by Professor
+John Couch Adams and the Rev. G. F. Reyner, the Senior Bursar of the
+College.
+
+The new Chapel was, as we have said, opened in 1869, and the old Chapel
+then cleared away. The woodwork of the stalls had been transferred to
+the new Chapel, but most of the internal fittings were scattered. The
+ancient rood-screen stands in the church of Whissendine, in
+Rutlandshire, and the old organ-case in Bilton Church, near Rugby, and
+other parts of the fabric were dispersed; it was perhaps inevitable. Sir
+Gilbert Scott's idea was that the new Chapel should be of the same
+period of architecture as the old, but it is absolutely different in
+design; in the lover of things old there must always be a feeling of
+regret for what has gone. The mural tablets in the old Chapel were
+removed to the new Ante-Chapel, the slabs in the floor were left. It is
+worth noting that Eleazar Knox, a Fellow of the College, and one of the
+sons of John Knox, the famous Scotch Reformer, was buried in the Chapel
+in 1591. His elder brother, Nathanael Knox, was also a Fellow. To the
+north of the old Chapel, and bordering on the lane which has been
+mentioned, stood the Infirmary of the Hospital which preceded the
+College. This was originally a single long room, of which the eastern
+end formed an oratory. In this the poor and sick, for whose benefit the
+Hospital was founded, were received, and Mass said for them, and in
+their sight, as they lay in their beds. This Infirmary, after the
+foundation of the College, was devoted to secular uses. For some time
+it was used as a stable and storehouse for the Master. Then later it was
+fitted up with floors and turned into chambers. It was approached by a
+tortuous passage at the eastern end of the Chapel, and was popularly
+known as the Labyrinth. When the Infirmary was taken down a very
+beautiful double piscina was found covered up on the walls; this is
+preserved in the new Chapel.
+
+The new Chapel is built of Ancaster stone, and is in the style of
+architecture known as Early Decorated, which prevailed about 1280, the
+probable date of the Chapel of the Hospital. Sir Gilbert Scott very
+skilfully made the most of the site, and by the device of the transeptal
+Ante-Chapel made full use of the space at his disposal.
+
+At the springs of the outer arch of the great door are heads of King
+Henry VIII. and of Queen Victoria, indicating the date of the foundation
+of the College and of the erection of the Chapel. On the north side of
+the porch is a statue of the Lady Margaret, and on the south one of John
+Fisher, Bishop of Rochester.
+
+The statues on the buttresses are those of famous members of the
+College, or of its benefactors. Those facing the Court are William
+Cecil, Lord Burghley; Lucius Carey, Viscount Falkland; John Williams,
+Lord Keeper to James I.; Thomas Wentworth, Lord Strafford; William
+Gilbert, author of _De Magnete_, in which the theory of the magnetism
+of the earth was first developed, and physician to Queen Elizabeth;
+Roger Ascham, and the Countess of Shrewsbury.
+
+[Illustration: MONUMENT OF HUGH ASHTON]
+
+We enter the Ante-Chapel. This has a stone-vaulted roof; over the
+central bay the tower is placed. On the south wall are placed the arches
+from Bishop Fisher's Chantry in the old Chapel. The monument with the
+recumbent figure is that of Hugh Ashton, comptroller of the household
+to the Lady Margaret, a prebendary and Archdeacon of York. He was buried
+in the old Chapel, and this tomb originally stood in a chantry attached
+thereto. He founded four fellowships and four scholarships in the
+College, the Fellows being bound to sing Mass for the repose of his
+soul. The carving on the tomb and on the finials of the railing around
+it include a rebus on his name, an ash-tree growing out of a barrel
+(ash-tun). On the north wall is a bust of Dr. Isaac Todhunter, the
+well-known mathematical writer; on the western wall a tablet by
+Chantrey, to the memory of Kirke White, the poet, who died in College.
+He was buried in the chancel of the old Church of All Saints, which
+stood opposite to the College; when the church was pulled down the
+tablet was transferred to the College Chapel. The statue is that of
+James Wood, sometime Master of the College, part of whose bequests went
+towards building the Chapel. On the east wall is an old brass to the
+memory of Nicholas Metcalfe, third Master of the College, the words
+"_vestras ... preces vehementer expetit_" have been partly obliterated,
+probably during the Commonwealth. The roof of the Choir is of high
+pitch, of quadripartite vaulting in oak, and is decorated with a
+continuous line of full-length figures. In the central bay at the east
+end is our Lord in Majesty, the other bays contain figures illustrating
+the Christian centuries. Owing to the deep colour of the glass in the
+windows, it is only on a very sunny day that the figures can be clearly
+discerned. The windows in the Choir have been given by various donors,
+the subjects being scenes from Scripture at which St. John was present;
+his figure robed in ruby and green will be seen in each. The five
+windows in the apse, the gift of the Earl of Powis, High Steward of the
+University, depict scenes from the Passion, Crucifixion, and
+Resurrection of Christ. In the apse is preserved the double piscina
+which was found covered up in the walls of the Infirmary, and removed by
+Sir G. G. Scott, with such repairs as were absolutely necessary. It is
+probably one of the oldest specimens of carved stonework in Cambridge.
+
+The steps leading up to the Altar are paved with Purbeck, Sicilian, and
+black Derbyshire marbles. The spaces between the steps are decorated
+with a series of scriptural subjects in inlaid work in black and white
+marble, with distinctive inscriptions. The Altar is of oak, with a
+single slab of Belgian marble for its top. On the sides of the Altar are
+deeply carved panels; that in the centre represents the Lamb with the
+Banner, the other panels contain the emblems of the four Evangelists.
+
+The organ stands in a special chamber on the north side; the carved
+front was not put in place till 1890. It was designed by Mr. J. Oldrid
+Scott, a son of Sir Gilbert Scott. In 1635 the famous Robert Dallam of
+Westminster built a "paire of new orgaines" for the College. The organ
+has been repeatedly enlarged, altered, and improved; it may be that some
+of Dallam's work still remains, though this is uncertain. The present
+organ is one of the best in Cambridge; its tone throughout is uniformly
+beautiful.
+
+The brass reading-desk was given to the old Chapel by the Rev. Thomas
+Whytehead, a Fellow of the College; the pedestal is copied from the
+wooden lectern in Ramsay Church, Huntingdonshire; the finials, which are
+there wanting, having been restored, and the wooden desk replaced by an
+eagle.
+
+As we return to the Ante-Chapel we may note the great west window,
+representing the Last Judgment; this was given by the Bachelors and
+Undergraduates of the College. There are also windows in the Ante-Chapel
+to the memory of Dr. Ralph Tatham, Master of the College, and to the
+Rev. J. J. Blunt, Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity.
+
+The oil-painting which hangs on the south wall of the Ante-Chapel near
+the door--a Descent from the Cross--is by Anthony Raphael Mengs. It was
+given to the College in 1841 by the Right Hon. Robert Henry Clive, M.P.
+for Shropshire.
+
+
+_The Hall._
+
+We enter the Hall from the Screens, between the First and Second Courts.
+The southern end is part of the original building of the College. It was
+at first about seventy feet long, with one oriel only, the old
+Combination Room being beyond it. When the new Chapel was built the Hall
+was lengthened, and the second oriel window added. The oak panelling is
+of the old "linen" pattern, and dates from the sixteenth century; that
+lining the north wall, beyond the High Table, is very elaborately
+carved, being the finest example of such work in Cambridge. Within
+living memory all this oak work was painted green. The fine timbered
+roof has a lantern turret, beneath which, until 1865, stood an open
+charcoal brazier. From allusions in early documents it would appear that
+members of the Society gathered round the brazier for conversation after
+meals. In addition to its use as a dining-room, the Hall also served as
+a lecture-room, and for the production of stage plays. On these latter
+occasions it seems to have been specially decorated, for Roger Ascham,
+writing 1st October 1550, from Antwerp, to his brother Fellow, Edward
+Raven, tried to picture to him the magnificence of the city by saying
+that it surpassed all others which he had visited, as much as the Hall
+at St. John's, when decorated for a play at Christmas, surpassed its
+appearance at ordinary times.
+
+[Illustration: The Hall, St. John's College]
+
+Many of the College examinations are held in the Hall, and in the days
+of the brazier, examinees were warned by their Tutors not to sit too
+near the brazier; the comfort from the heat being dearly purchased by
+the drowsiness caused by the fumes of the charcoal.
+
+Many interesting portraits hang on the walls. That of the foundress in
+the centre of the north wall is painted on wooden panel, and is very
+old. She is flanked by Lord Keeper Williams, and by Sir Ralph Hare,
+K.C.B., both benefactors to the College. Other noteworthy portraits are
+those of Sir Noah Thomas, physician to King George III., by Romney;
+William Wordsworth, poet-laureate, by Pickersgill; Professor John E. B.
+Mayor, by Herkomer; Professor B. H. Kennedy, long headmaster of
+Shrewsbury School, by Ouless; Professor E. H. Palmer, Lord Almoner's
+Reader of Arabic in the University, and a famous oriental scholar, by
+the Hon. John Collier; and Professor G. D. Liveing, by Sir George Reid.
+
+The shields in the windows are those of distinguished members of the
+College, or benefactors. The further oriel window has busts of Sir John
+F. W. Herschel and Professor John Couch Adams.
+
+
+_The Combination Room._
+
+We enter by the staircase at the north end of the Hall. This was
+originally about 187 feet long, extending the whole length of the Second
+Court, and was used as a gallery in connection with the old Master's
+Lodge. The ceiling dates from 1600, and the panelling from 1603. In 1624
+about 42 feet were sacrificed to obtain a staircase and vestibule for
+the Library; the ceiling can be traced right through. In the eighteenth
+century partitions were put up, dividing up the gallery into rooms.
+When the new Master's Lodge was built these partitions were removed, and
+the whole now forms two Combination Rooms.
+
+In the oriel window on the south side is an old stained-glass portrait
+of Henrietta Maria, Queen of King Charles I. The tradition runs that the
+marriage articles between Prince Charles and Henrietta Maria were signed
+in this room; King James I. was at that time holding his Court in
+Trinity College.
+
+A number of interesting portraits hang on the walls: George Augustus
+Selwyn, Bishop of New Zealand, afterwards of Lichfield, by George
+Richmond, R.A.; a chalk drawing (also by Richmond) of William Tyrrell,
+Bishop of Newcastle, New South Wales; of Sir John Herschel and Professor
+J. C. Adams; of William Wilberforce and Thomas Clarkson, the opponents
+of the slave-trade. There is also a very beautiful sketch of the head of
+William Wordsworth; this study was made by Pickersgill to save the poet
+the tedium of long sittings for the portrait in the Hall. It was
+presented to the College by Miss Arundale, a descendant of the painter.
+The smaller Combination Room contains many engraved portraits of
+distinguished members of the College.
+
+The institution of the Combination Room seems gradually to have grown up
+in colleges as a place where the Fellows might meet together, partly
+about business, partly for the sake of society. In early times, as the
+Fellows shared their chambers with their pupils, there could have been
+no privacy. The room seems to have been called the Parlour for some
+time; the name Combination Room is now universal at Cambridge, and may
+have arisen from the fact that the cost of running the room was met by
+the Fellows combining together for the purpose. At the present time the
+Combination Room is used for College meetings, as a room where the
+Fellows meet for a short time after dinner and for dessert on those
+nights when there is a dinner in Hall to which guests are invited.
+
+
+_The Library._
+
+The Library is only open to visitors by leave of the Librarian, or to
+those accompanied by a Fellow of the College. The usual access is by
+staircase E in the Second Court, but leaving the Combination Room by the
+west door we find ourselves in front of the Library door. The visitor
+may note that the moulded ceiling of the Combination Room extends
+overhead. This portion, as we have already seen, originally forming part
+of the long gallery.
+
+The door of the Library is surmounted by the arms of John Williams,
+impaled with those of the see of Lincoln. The original position of the
+Library, as has been already stated, was in the First Court, next the
+street, and to the south of the entrance gate. In 1616 the books were
+moved out of this Library to a room over the Kitchen, and in the
+succeeding year the Master and Fellows wrote to the Countess of
+Shrewsbury to intimate their intention of building a Library, and
+hinting at the possibility of her aid in the scheme. The answer of the
+Countess, if there was one, has not been preserved. In the year 1623,
+Valentine Carey, Bishop of Exeter, and a former Fellow, wrote announcing
+that an unnamed person had promised L1200 towards a Library. After some
+little time Lord Keeper Williams disclosed himself as the donor, and
+some further advances were promised. The Library was commenced in 1623,
+and the books finally placed in it in 1628. The style of the building is
+Jacobean Gothic, and its interior, with the whitewashed walls and dark
+oak roof and bookcases, is singularly striking. John Evelyn visited it
+while at Cambridge in 1654, and describes it as "the fairest of that
+University"; after 250 years the description still holds good.
+
+The upper part of the Library has been little altered since it was
+built. The intermediate (or lower) cases were heightened to the extent
+of one shelf for folios when Thomas Baker left his books to the College;
+but two, one on either hand next the door, retain their original
+dimensions, with the sloping tops to be used as reading-desks.
+
+At the end of each of the taller cases, in small compartments with
+doors, are class catalogues written about 1685. These catalogues have
+been pasted over original catalogues written about 1640; small portions
+of the earlier catalogues are yet to be seen in some of the cases. Of
+the treasures in manuscript and print only a slight account can be given
+here. One of the most interesting to members of the College is the
+following note by John Couch Adams:--
+
+     "1841 July 3. Formed a design, in the beginning of this week,
+     of investigating, as soon as possible after taking my degree,
+     the irregularities in the motion of Uranus, wh. are yet
+     unaccounted for; in order to find whether they may be
+     attributed to the action of an undiscovered planet beyond it;
+     and if possible thence to determine the elements of its orbit,
+     &c. approximately, wh. wd. probably lead to its discovery."
+
+The original memorandum is bound up in a volume containing the
+mathematical calculations by which Adams carried out his design and
+discovered the planet Neptune.
+
+Lord Keeper Williams, who was instrumental in building the Library,
+presented to it many books; amongst others, the Bible known as
+Cromwell's Bible. Thomas Cromwell employed Miles Coverdale to revise
+existing translations, and this Bible was printed partly in Paris and
+partly in London, "and finished in Aprill, A.D. 1539." Two copies were
+printed on vellum--one for King Henry VIII., the other for Thomas, Lord
+Cromwell, his Vicar-General. This College copy is believed to be that
+presented to Cromwell, and is now unique, the other copy having
+disappeared from the Royal Library; the volume is beautifully
+illustrated, and has been described as "the finest book in vellum that
+exists."
+
+One of the show-cases in the centre contains the service-book which King
+Charles I. held in his hand at his coronation, and the book used by Laud
+on the same occasion, with a note in Laud's handwriting: "The daye was
+verye faire, and ye ceremony was performed wthout any Interruption,
+and in verye good order." The same case contains the mortuary roll of
+Amphelissa, Prioress of Lillechurch in Kent, who died in 1299. The nuns
+of the priory announce her death, commemorate her virtues, and ask the
+benefit of the prayers of the faithful for her soul. The roll consists
+of nineteen sheets of parchment stitched together; its length is 39 ft.
+3 in., and its average width is about 7 in. There are in all 372 entries
+of the ecclesiastical houses visited by the roll-bearer for the purpose
+of gaining prayers for the soul of Amphelissa. The roll-bearer visited
+nearly all parts of England: there are entries by houses at Bodmin and
+Launceston in Cornwall; at Dunfermline and St. Andrews in Scotland; each
+house granting the benefit of its prayers, and concluding in each case
+with the formula, "_Oravimus pro vestris: orate pro nostris._" As a
+collection of contemporary handwritings, such a document has great
+value; and it is interesting to note that in 600 years the roll has had
+only two owners, the Priory of Lillechurch and the College, which
+succeeded to its possession.
+
+In this case there is also an IOU of King Charles II.: "I do acknowledge
+to have received the summe of one hundred pounds, by the direction of
+Mr. B., Brusselles the first of April 1660. CHARLES R." The "Mr. B." was
+John Barwick, a Fellow of the College, afterwards Dean of St. Paul's.
+The date seems to indicate that the money was advanced to enable Charles
+to return to England for the Restoration.
+
+In the other show-case there is a very curious Irish Psalter of the
+eighth century, with crude drawings. Its value is much increased by the
+fact that the Latin text is interlined throughout with glosses in the
+Irish dialect.
+
+Of printed books one of the choicest is a very fine Caxton, "The Boke of
+Tulle of old age; Tullius his book of Friendship." The volume contains
+the autograph of Thomas Fairfax, the Parliamentary General, who entered
+the College in 1626. It was presented to the College by Dr. Newcome,
+Master from 1735 to 1765. To Dr. Newcome the College owes a very fine
+collection of early printed classics; among these is a copy of Ovid,
+printed by Jacobus Rubaeus at Venice in 1474; this was formerly in the
+possession of Lorenzo de Medicis.
+
+Dr. Newcome and Thomas Baker share between them the distinction of
+having added many of the chief glories of the Library. Matthew Prior,
+the poet, a Fellow of the College, presented his own works and many
+interesting French and Italian works on history. There is also a
+presentation copy from Wordsworth of his poems.
+
+
+_The Kitchen._
+
+The Kitchen (opposite to the Hall) may sometimes be visited when the
+daily routine permits. The whole has been recently modernised, and a
+picturesque open fire with rotating spits done away with. To gain more
+air-space it was necessary to incorporate in the Kitchen some rooms in
+the floor above. One of these was the set occupied during his College
+life by the poet Wordsworth, and the fact is commemorated by a
+stained-glass window.
+
+[Illustration: The Library: St. John's Coll:]
+
+
+
+
+                         CHAPTER III
+
+                  THE HOSPITAL OF ST. JOHN
+
+                       CIRCA 1135-1511
+
+
+St. John's College, as we know it, was founded in 1511, and opened in
+1516. But at the time of its foundation it took over the buildings and
+property, and many of the duties, of an earlier and then a venerable
+foundation, that of the Hospital of St. John the Evangelist in
+Cambridge. The origin of the old house is obscure, and its earlier
+history lost, but it seems to have been founded about 1135 by Henry
+Frost, a burgess of Cambridge. It consisted of a small community of
+Augustinian canons; its site was described about 140 years later as "a
+very poor and waste place of the commonalty of Cambridge."
+
+Whatever its early history and endowments may have been, it formed a
+nucleus for further gifts; and its chartulary, still in the possession
+of St. John's College, shows a continuous series of benefactions to the
+old house.
+
+Founded before the University existed, the brethren were occupied with
+their religious duties, and with the care of the poor and sick who
+sought their help. An Infirmary, part of which was adapted for worship,
+was built. In the thirteenth century a chapel was added, afterwards
+adapted as the College Chapel, and used as such down to 1869.
+
+Of the domestic buildings practically nothing is known. When some years
+ago trenches were dug to lay the electric cables for the lighting of the
+Hall, some traces of a pavement of red tiles were found near the
+entrance gate of the College.
+
+The Hospital had the opportunity of becoming the earliest College in
+Cambridge. Hugo de Balsham, Bishop of Ely, obtained in 1280 a licence
+from King Edward I. to introduce a certain number of scholars of the
+University into the Hospital, to be governed according to the rules of
+the scholars of Merton. The regular canons and the scholars were to form
+one body and one College. The Bishop gave additional endowments to
+provide for the scholars, but the scheme was a failure. Thomas Baker,
+the historian of the College, suggests that "the scholars were overwise
+and the brethren over good." All we do know is that both were eager to
+part company. The Bishop accordingly removed the scholars in 1284 to his
+College of Peterhouse, now known as the oldest College in Cambridge. His
+endowments were transferred with the scholars, and perhaps something
+besides, for shortly afterwards the brethren complained of their losses.
+It was then decreed that Peterhouse should pay twenty shillings
+annually to the Hospital, an acknowledgment of seniority still made by
+Peterhouse to St. John's College.
+
+For another two hundred years the Hospital went on, not however
+forgetting its temporary dignity, and occasionally describing itself, in
+leases of its property, as the College of St. John.
+
+Towards the end of the fifteenth, or beginning of the sixteenth century,
+the old house seems to have fallen into bad ways. The brethren were
+accused of having squandered its belongings, of having granted
+improvident leases, of having even sold the holy vessels of their
+Chapel.
+
+At this juncture the Lady Margaret came to the rescue. She had already
+founded Christ's College in Cambridge, and intended to still further
+endow the wealthy Abbey of Westminster. Her religious adviser, John
+Fisher, sometime Master of Michael-House and President of Queens'
+College in Cambridge, then Bishop of Rochester and Chancellor of the
+University, persuaded her to bestow further gifts on Cambridge,
+suggesting the Hospital of St. John as the basis for the new College.
+The then Bishop of Ely, James Stanley, was her stepson, and in 1507 an
+agreement was entered into with him for the suppression of the Hospital
+and the foundation of the College, the Lady Margaret undertaking to
+obtain the requisite Bull from the Pope, and the licence of the King.
+Before this could be carried out King Henry VII. died, 21st April 1509,
+and the Lady Margaret on the 29th June following.
+
+By her will she had set aside lands to the annual value of L400 for the
+new College; but innumerable difficulties sprang up. King Henry VIII.
+was not sympathetic; the Bishop of Ely raised difficulties; the Lady
+Margaret's own household claimed part of her goods. Fisher has left a
+quaintly worded and touching memorandum of the difficulties he
+experienced, but he never despaired. He ultimately got the licence of
+the King, the requisite Papal Bull, and the consent of the Bishop of
+Ely. From a letter to Fisher, still preserved in the College, it appears
+that the "Brethren, late of St. John's House, departed from Cambridge
+toward Ely the 12th day of March (1510-11) at four of the clokke at
+afternone, by water."
+
+All facts which have been preserved show Fisher to have been the real
+moving spirit--to have been the founder in effect, if not in name, and
+the College from the first has always linked his name with that of the
+foundress. Of the foundress' estates only one small farm, at Fordham, in
+Cambridgeshire, came to the College, and that because it was charged
+with the payment of her debts. What did come was part of what would now
+be called her personal estate--moneys she had out on loan, and what
+could be realised from the sale of her plate and jewels, the furniture
+and hangings of her various mansions. Rough priced-lists of these,
+probably handed over by Fisher, are preserved in College.
+
+One personal relic, a manuscript Book of Hours, which belonged to her,
+was in 1902 presented to the Library by Dr. Alexander Peckover,
+Lord-Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire.
+
+
+
+
+                         CHAPTER IV
+
+                      THE FIRST CENTURY
+
+                          1511-1612
+
+
+The Hospital being closed, the way was cleared for the new College. The
+Charter, signed by the Executors of the Lady Margaret, is dated 9th
+April 1511; in this Robert Shorton is named as Master. He held office
+until on 29th July 1516 the College was opened, when Alan Percy, of the
+Northumberland House, succeeded. He again was succeeded in 1518 by
+Nicholas Metcalfe, a member of the Metcalfe family of Nappa Hall, in
+Wensleydale. Metcalfe had been Archdeacon of Rochester, and was no doubt
+well known to Fisher as Bishop of that Diocese.
+
+The building of the College commenced under Shorton, but was not
+finished until about 1520.
+
+It must be remembered that the College was founded before the
+Reformation, and that these three Masters were priests of the Church of
+Rome.
+
+[Illustration: THE OLD BRIDGE]
+
+Metcalfe was more of an administrator than a student, and his energies
+were chiefly devoted to the material side of the College interests.
+Fresh endowments were obtained in place of those which had been lost.
+King Henry VIII. was persuaded to hand over to the College the estates
+of three decayed religious houses--the Maison Dieu at Ospringe, the
+Nunnery of Lillechurch in Higham, both in Kent, and the Nunnery of
+Broomhall in Berkshire. As these houses, as well as the Hospital, had
+allowed their affairs to fall into disorder, it is probable that the
+identification of their lands, and the reduction of these to effective
+possession, was a matter of some difficulty. Metcalfe was much absent
+from College; the accounts of his private expenditure on these journeys
+have survived, and letters to him from the College during his absences
+show that his skill and wisdom were much relied on.
+
+Fisher also gave largely to the College, and through his example and
+influence others were induced to endow fellowships and scholarships. He
+gave three successive codes of statutes for the government of the
+College in 1516, 1524, and 1530. These present no novel features, being
+for the most part based on existing statutes of Colleges at Oxford or
+Cambridge. They are long, and, as the fashion then was, lay down many
+rules with regard to minor matters. A few of the leading provisions may
+be given. One scholar was to be Chapel clerk, to assist the sacrist at
+Mass; another was to ring the great bell at 4 A.M., as was done before
+the College was founded, and again at 8 P.M., when the gates were
+closed; another was to be clock-keeper. These three scholars were to be
+exempt from all other domestic duties, except that of reading the Bible
+in time of plague. Seven scholars were told off to serve as waiters in
+Hall, to bring in and remove the food and dishes; an eighth was to read
+the Bible in Hall while the Society were at dinner. When in honour of
+God, or the Saints, a fire was made up in Hall, the Fellows, scholars,
+and servants might stay to amuse themselves with singing and repeating
+poetry and tales. The Master, Fellows, and scholars were to wear
+clerical dress; red, white, green, or parti-coloured boots were
+forbidden.
+
+One-fourth part of the Fellows were always to be engaged in preaching to
+the people in English; Bachelors of Divinity, preaching at Paul's Cross,
+were to be allowed ten days of absence for each sermon. No arms were to
+be borne, though archery was allowed as a recreation. No Fellow or
+scholar was allowed to keep hounds, ferrets, hawks, or singing-birds in
+College. The weekly allowance for commons was 1s. for the Master and
+each Fellow, 7d. for each scholar. The President or Bursar was to
+receive a stipend of 40s. a year, a Dean 26s. 8d. No one under the
+standing of a Doctor of Divinity was to have a separate room; Fellows
+and scholars were to sleep singly, or not more than two in a bed. Each
+room was to have two beds--the higher for the Fellow, the lower or
+truckle-bed for the scholar; the truckle-bed being tucked under the
+other during the day.
+
+The College made an excellent start, and was soon full of earnest and
+successful students. It is sufficient to mention the names of Sir John
+Cheke, the famous Greek scholar; of Roger Ascham, the tutor of Queen
+Elizabeth; and, in another sphere, William Cecil, first Lord Burghley,
+to give an idea of the influence the College was spreading through her
+sons.
+
+In all this Metcalfe had his share. He is the "Good Master of a College"
+in Fuller's _Holy State_, where we read: "Grant that Metcalfe with
+Themistocles could not fiddle, yet he could make a little city a great
+one." And Ascham in _The Scholemaster_ writes of him: "His goodnes stood
+not still in one or two, but flowed aboundantlie over all that Colledge,
+and brake out also to norishe good wittes in every part of that
+universitie; whereby at his departing thence, he left soch a companie of
+fellowes and scholers in S. Johnes Colledge as can scarce be found now
+in som whole universitie: which either for divinitie on the one side or
+other, or for civill service to their Prince and contrie, have bene, and
+are yet to this day, notable ornaments to this whole Realme. Yea S.
+Johnes did then so florish, as Trinitie College, that princely house
+now, at the first erection was but _Colonia deducta_ out of S. Johnes,
+not onelie for their Master, fellowes and scholers, but also, which is
+more, for their whole both order of learning, and discipline of maners;
+and yet to this day it never tooke Master but such as was bred up before
+in S. Johnes; doing the dewtie of a good _colonia_ to her _metropolis_,
+as the auncient cities in Greice, and some yet in Italie at this time
+are accustomed to do."
+
+But troubles were in store both for Fisher and Metcalfe. The
+Reformation, the divorce of Henry VIII. from Queen Catherine, the Act of
+Succession, and the sovereign's views on the royal supremacy, were the
+stumbling-blocks. Fisher went to the Tower, and on 22nd June 1535, to
+the scaffold; Metcalfe was compelled to resign in 1537.
+
+Fisher had by deed of gift presented his library to the College, but
+retained its use for his lifetime--the greatest loan of books on record,
+as has been said. This magnificent collection was now lost, a loss more
+lamentable than that of the foundress' estates. Endowments might be
+replaced, but "the notablest library of bookes in all England" was gone
+for ever. It is to the credit of the Fellows of the College that, no
+doubt at some risk to themselves, they stood by Fisher. They visited him
+in his prison, and in a nobly worded letter stated that as they owed
+everything to his bounty, so they offered themselves and all they were
+masters of to his service.
+
+In 1545 King Henry VIII. gave new statutes to the College, adapted to
+the reformed religion; but all mention of Fisher and his endowments is
+cut out; the College even had to pay 3d. for removing his armorial
+bearings from the Chapel.
+
+During the reign of King Edward VI. the outspoken and eloquent Thomas
+Leaver was Master; on the accession of Queen Mary he, with many of the
+Fellows, had to fly to Switzerland. In Ascham's words: "mo perfite
+scholers were dispersed from thence in one moneth, than many years can
+reare up againe."
+
+The reign of Queen Mary did not extend over much more than five years,
+but while it lasted a resolute and unflinching effort was made to
+re-establish the Roman Catholic faith.
+
+The accession of Queen Elizabeth resulted in an equally rapid and
+fundamental revolution of opinion on the most vital points which can
+interest mankind. A few selected extracts from the College Account Books
+for this period bring before us, with almost dramatic effect, the
+changes which occurred. (Queen Mary succeeded in 1553, Queen Elizabeth
+on 17th November 1558.)
+
+"1555, To the joyner for setting up the rood, 2_d._; A new graell
+printed in parchment 40_s._;--1556, In Spanish money given to the
+goldsmyth by Mr Willan to make a pixe to the highe Aultar, 24_s._
+11_d._; A redde purple velvet cope, with the border of imagrie, having
+the assumption of our Ladie behinde and three little angels about her
+and the greater being full of floure de luces, 46_s._ 8_d._;--1557, To
+William Allom for two antiphoners, one masse book and hymnal and
+processioners, L6 13_s._ 4_d._"
+
+"1558, To John Waller and his man for a dayes working pulling down the
+hye Altar and carrying it away 20_d._; For pulling down the aulter in Mr
+Ashton's Chapel 6_d._; 1563, Received for certain old Albes and other
+popishe Trashe, sold out of the Revystry the last yere, 26_s._ 10_d._;
+Paid to Mr Baxter for ten Geneva psalters and six service psalters,
+bought at Christmas last, 22_s._"
+
+This last entry gives us the key to the troubles at St. John's; the
+Marian exiles had returned with strong Calvinistic leanings. The unrest
+was, of course, not confined to St. John's, but was general throughout
+the University. But for the greater part of the reign of Elizabeth there
+was a strong leaning toward Puritanism in the College. There was a rapid
+succession of Masters, most of whom were thrust on the College by Court
+influence; and about this time the Fellows of St. John's acquired the
+reputation of being "cunning practitioners" in the art of getting rid of
+unpopular Masters.
+
+Queen Elizabeth visited Cambridge in August 1564, and was received with
+all honour. She rode into the Hall of St. John's on her palfrey and
+listened to a speech from Mr. Humphrey Bohun, one of the Fellows, in
+which for the last time the restitution of the Lady Margaret's estates
+was hinted at, without result.
+
+Richard Longworth, a man of Presbyterian sympathies, was at this time
+Master. In 1565 he, with the Fellows and scholars, appeared in Chapel
+without the surplice. Lord Burghley, as Chancellor of the University,
+wrote a sharply worded letter to Longworth, expressing his grief that
+such a thing should happen in "my dear College of St. John's"; adding,
+"truly no mishap in all my service did ever plunge me more grievously."
+
+Fortunately affairs were in strong and capable hands. With the authority
+and in the name of Queen Elizabeth, Whitgift, at this time Master of
+Trinity, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, and Cecil provided new
+statutes for the University in 1570, and for St. John's in 1580. By
+these much more power was put in the hands of the Master, and government
+rendered easier to a resolute man.
+
+Matters improved, if not at once, at least gradually, and the Anglican
+rule became firmly established. But during the mastership of William
+Whitaker (1586-1595) we still hear of troubles with "Papists." Whitaker
+was a learned scholar and an acute theologian, but he does not seem to
+have been a ruler of men or a judge of character. He got involved in an
+unfortunate dispute with Everard Digby, one of the Fellows, a man of
+considerable literary reputation, but of a turbulent disposition.
+Whitaker, who clearly wanted to get rid of Digby, seized upon the
+pretext that his bill for a month's commons, amounting to 8s. 7-1/4d., was
+left unpaid, and deprived Digby of his fellowship. An appeal was lodged
+with Whitgift and Cecil, who ordered Whitaker to reinstate Digby.
+Whitaker replied that Digby was a Papist, was wont to blow a horn in the
+Courts and to holloa after it, and that he had threatened to put the
+President in the stocks! He seems to have succeeded in getting rid of
+Digby for good.
+
+On the death of Whitaker in 1595, Richard Clayton became Master. If not
+a brilliant scholar, he commanded respect, and the tenor of many letters
+which have come down from that time shows that the Fellows in residence
+were on good terms with each other, and with those of the Society who
+had gone out into the world. The College was prosperous, and the
+building of the Second Court was the visible sign of returned
+efficiency. Clayton lived on into the reign of King James I., dying 2nd
+May 1612; besides being Master of St. John's, he was also Dean of
+Peterborough and a Prebendary of Lincoln.
+
+During this period the College enjoyed a considerable reputation as a
+training ground for medical men. Thomas Linacre, physician to Henry
+VIII., founded in 1534 a medical lectureship in the College, endowing it
+with some property in London. The stipend of the lecturer was to be L12
+a year, no mean sum in these days--being, in fact, the same as the
+statutable stipend of the Master. In the Elizabethan statutes special
+and detailed provisions are made for the continuance of the lectureship.
+These lay down that the lecturer must be versed in the works of
+Aristotle, and that he should lecture on the works of Galen, which
+Linacre had translated. The effect of the foundation was to attract a
+number of medical students to the College, many of whom seem to have
+obtained fellowships, for we find the Fellows petitioning Queen
+Elizabeth, while her code of statutes was under consideration, that
+Divines should be preferred to Physicians in the election of Senior
+Fellows; otherwise, they submitted, an undue proportion of Physicians
+would get on the seniority and rule the College. Further, they asked
+that the medical Fellows, as some return for their privileges, should
+attend on poor students free of charge. That the College school of
+medicine was a noted one is confirmed by the fact that three successive
+Presidents of the Royal College of Physicians were Fellows of St.
+John's: Richard Smith (1585-1589), William Baronsdale (1589-1600), and
+William Gilbert (1600-1601). Smith and Gilbert were physicians to Queen
+Elizabeth; Baronsdale and Gilbert had been Senior Bursars of the
+College. Of these Gilbert is the most celebrated; his treatise, _De
+Magnete_, is a scientific classic. Galileo spoke of Gilbert as "great to
+a degree which might be envied." Francis Bacon mentions the book with
+applause, and Hallam describes Gilbert as "at once the father of
+experimental philosophy in this island, and by a singular felicity and
+acuteness of genius, the founder of theories which have been revived
+after the lapse of ages, and are almost universally received into the
+creed of science." Gilbert, who always signs his name Gilberd or Gylberd
+in the College books, was Senior Bursar of the College in 1569, and
+President in the succeeding year.
+
+Amongst others who have held the Linacre lectureship, and attained to
+scientific distinction, was Henry Briggs, who was appointed lecturer in
+1592. He afterwards became Gresham Professor of Geometry and Savilian
+Professor at Oxford. He took up Napier's discovery of logarithms; the
+idea of tables of logarithms having 10 for their base, and the
+calculation of the first table of the kind, is due to him.
+
+
+
+
+                          CHAPTER V
+
+                     THE SECOND CENTURY
+
+                          1612-1716
+
+
+The second century of the College history opened quietly. Owen Gwyn was
+elected Master by the choice of the Fellows; John Williams, then a
+Fellow, afterwards Lord Keeper, Dean of Westminster, Bishop of Lincoln,
+and Archbishop of York, exerting himself on Gwyn's behalf. It appears
+that Williams in after years repented of the choice, and Thomas Baker,
+the historian of the College, speaks slightingly of Gwyn. Still, under
+his rule the College flourished, and Williams himself marked the period
+by providing the greater part of the funds for the new Library.
+
+King James I. and Prince Charles (afterwards Charles I.) frequently
+visited the University; James holding his Court at Trinity, but being
+entertained at St. John's. On one of these occasions, comparing the
+great Court of Trinity with the two then existing Courts of St. John's,
+he is said to have remarked that there was no greater difference between
+the two Societies than between a shilling and two sixpences.
+
+[Illustration: _HALL, AND CHAPEL TOWER_]
+
+With the advent of the Stuart kings the practice arose of sending
+mandatory letters to Colleges, directing the election of named persons
+to fellowships. In theory it may have been correct enough; the statutes
+as enacted by Queen Elizabeth reserved to herself and her successors the
+power of rescinding or altering them. To direct that the statutory
+provisions as to elections should be dispensed with in favour of an
+individual was thus within the sovereign's power, however inconvenient
+it might prove in practice. One of the special grievances at St. John's
+was that King James directed the College to elect a Scotchman, George
+Seaton, M.A., to a fellowship, though there was none then actually
+vacant. The College obeyed, informing his Majesty that they had made
+their statutes wink to fulfil his bidding, and maintained an extra
+Fellow for a time. The practice was, however, followed by others; and
+Gwyn seems to have been deluged with letters from persons in high
+places, begging for his favour at elections. At some Colleges the device
+of "pre-elections" seems to have been resorted to; a promising man being
+elected to the next fellowship which should be vacant. Thus, when the
+vacancy became known, the College could, with a clear conscience, say
+that it had been already filled up; there is, however, no trace of this
+practice at St. John's.
+
+On Gwyn's death in 1633 there was a disputed election to the mastership,
+which Charles I. settled by nominating William Beale. Beale was
+originally a Trinity man, but had been for about a year Master of Jesus.
+He was a supporter of Laud; he embellished the Chapel, and introduced a
+more ornate ritual; under his influence St. John's seems to have been
+the only College at Cambridge which fully complied with Laud's
+instructions. Thus when the Puritans got the upper hand, Beale and his
+College were the subject of their displeasure.
+
+In 1642 King Charles applied to the University for supplies. The
+contribution of St. John's was L150 in money and 2065 ounces "grocers
+weight" of silver plate. The list of the pieces of plate and of the
+donors' names is but melancholy reading; suffice it to say that among
+those sent were pieces bearing the names of Thomas Wentworth, Lord
+Strafford, and of Thomas Fairfax. The fact that this plate actually
+reached the King did not endear the College to the parliamentary party.
+Oliver Cromwell surrounded the College, took Dr. Beale a prisoner, and,
+to equalise matters, confiscated the communion plate and other
+valuables.
+
+Beale, after some imprisonment and wandering, escaped from England and
+became chaplain to Lord Cottington and Sir Edward Hyde (afterwards Lord
+Clarendon) in their embassy to Spain; he died at Madrid, and was there
+secretly buried. A number of the Fellows were also ejected, and for
+some time the College was used as a prison. The Chapel was stripped of
+the obnoxious ornaments, and other damage done. A little bundle of
+papers labelled "Receipts for Army taxes during the Commonwealth" still
+reposes, as a memento of these days, in the Muniment Room.
+
+St. John's, which dabbled in Presbyterian doctrines during the days of
+Elizabeth, now had these imposed upon it by superior authority. The two
+Commonwealth Masters, John Arrowsmith (1644-1653) and Anthony Tuckney
+(1653-1661), were able men of Puritan austerity, the rule of the latter
+being the more strict; judging from the after careers of its members,
+the College was certainly capably directed. A well-authenticated College
+tradition relates that when, at an election, the President called upon
+the Master to have regard to the "godly," Tuckney replied that no one
+showed greater regard for the truly godly than himself, but that he was
+determined to choose none but scholars; adding, with practical wisdom,
+"They may deceive me in their godliness; they cannot in their
+scholarship."
+
+On the Restoration, Dr. Peter Gunning, afterwards Bishop of Ely, was
+made Master; and the Earl of Manchester, who, as an officer of the
+Parliament, was the means of ejecting many of the Fellows, now directed
+that some of them should be restored to their places. An interesting
+College custom dates from this period: on the 29th of May in each year
+the College butler decorates the Hall and Kitchen with fresh oak boughs;
+there is no order to that effect, but--"it has always been done."
+
+[Illustration: THE COLLEGE ARMS]
+
+The rest of this century of the College existence, with the exception of
+one exciting event, passed quietly enough. Such troubles as there were
+in College were but eddies of the storms in the world outside. Of the
+"seven Bishops" sent to the Tower by King James II. in 1688, three were
+of St. John's: Francis Turner, Bishop of Ely (who had been Master of the
+College from 1670 to 1679); John Lake, Bishop of Chichester; and Thomas
+White, Bishop of Peterborough.
+
+The event of College interest was the fate of the nonjuring Fellows. The
+Nonjurors were those who, on various grounds, honourable enough,
+declined to take the oath of allegiance to King William and Queen Mary.
+Under the law they were liable to be deprived of their places and
+emoluments. At St. John's twenty Fellows and eight scholars took up the
+nonjuring position. In the rest of the University there were but
+fourteen in all, and the same number at the University of Oxford. No
+explanation seems to be forthcoming as to why there was this
+preponderance of opinion at St. John's. It is difficult to believe that
+it was enthusiasm for the cause of James II.; for when in 1687 that King
+directed the University to admit Father Alban Francis, a Benedictine
+monk, to the degree of M.A. without making the subscription or taking
+the oaths required for a degree, Thomas Smoult and John Billers, members
+of the College (the latter afterwards a Nonjuror), maintained the right
+of the University to refuse the degree before the notorious Judge
+Jeffreys, after the Vice-Chancellor and Isaac Newton had been silenced.
+
+Humphrey Gower was at this time Master of the College; he was of Puritan
+origin, and entered the College during the Commonwealth. After the
+Restoration he joined the Church of England, and though his sympathies
+were with the Nonjurors, he took the oaths and retained his mastership
+after the flight of King James. He had been for less than six months
+Master of Jesus before becoming Master of St. John's. Abraham de la
+Pryme, a member of St. John's, has handed down an irreverent jest on his
+appointment. "Our master, they say, is a mighty, high, proud man.... He
+came from Jesus College to be master here, and he was so sevear that he
+was commonly called the divel of Jesus; and when he was made master here
+some unlucky scholars broke this jest upon him--that now the divel was
+entered into the heard of swine; for us Johnians are abusively called
+hoggs."
+
+In 1693 the Court of King's Bench issued a _mandamus_ calling upon Gower
+to remove those Fellows who had not taken the oath. Defence upon the
+merits of the case there was none; but Gower or his legal advisers
+opposed the mandate with great skill on technical points, and after much
+litigation the Court had to admit that its procedure was irregular, and
+the matter dropped for some twenty-four years. During this period some
+of the Fellows in question died, others ceded their fellowships owing to
+the combined action of the general law and the College statutes. Under
+the latter Fellows were bound, when of proper standing, to proceed to
+the B.D. degree, but the oath of allegiance was required of those who
+took the degree, and so fellowships were forfeited. Thomas Baker, the
+historian, who was one of the Nonjurors, had taken the B.D. degree
+before 1688, so this cause did not operate in his case. But on the
+accession of King George I., an abjuration oath was required, and the
+meshes of the net being now smaller, the then Master, Dr. Jenkin, had no
+other course but to eject Baker and others. The College did all it could
+to soften the blow, and allowed Baker to reside in College until his
+death in 1740. He worked unweariedly at his manuscript collections and
+at the history of the College. The latter was first published in 1869,
+under the editorship of Professor John E. B. Mayor; with the editor's
+additions it forms a record of a College such as almost no other
+foundation can show. Baker's learning and accuracy are undoubted; but it
+may be permitted (even to a member of his College) to hint that Baker's
+judgments are a little severe, and his views somewhat narrow.
+
+One notable improvement in the College records dates from this century.
+In early days no record was made of the names of those who joined the
+College. The statutes of King Henry VIII. enjoined that a register
+should be kept of all those admitted to scholarships and fellowships or
+College offices. This was begun in 1545, and has been continued to the
+present time. The entries of scholars and Fellows are in the autograph
+of those admitted, and if they possessed no other interest, have that
+of providing numerous examples of contemporary handwriting. But of those
+not admitted on the foundation, or of those admitted prior to 1545,
+there is no official College record.
+
+Dr. Owen Gwyn and the seniors of his day passed a rule that "the
+register of the College should have a book provided him wherein he
+should from time to time write and register the names, parents, county,
+school, age, and tutor of every one to be admitted to the College." This
+was commenced in January 1629-30, and has been continued, with varying
+care and exactness, ever since. It seems probable that the initiative in
+this matter was due to Gwyn, as few Masters have so carefully preserved
+their official correspondence.
+
+Just before this general register commenced, three notable men joined
+the College: Thomas Wentworth, afterwards Earl of Strafford; Thomas
+Fairfax, afterwards Lord Fairfax, the victor at Naseby; and Lucius Cary,
+Viscount Falkland, who fell in Newbury fight in September 1643.
+Complimentary letters to the first and last of these, with the replies,
+have been preserved. Falkland, in his reply, complains that of the
+titles given to him by the College "that which I shold most willingly
+have acknowledged and mought with most justice clayme you were not
+pleased to vouchsafe me, that of a St. John's man."
+
+Of others who entered we may name: Sir Ingram Hopton, son of Ralph,
+first Baron Hopton, who entered as a Fellow Commoner 12th May 1631. Sir
+Ingram fell at the battle of Winceby, 11th October 1643. He there
+unhorsed Oliver Cromwell in a charge, and knocked him down again as he
+rose, but was himself killed.
+
+Titus Oates, "the infamous," first entered at Caius 29th June 1667,
+migrating to St. John's, where he entered 2nd February 1668-69. Thomas
+Baker for once abandons his decorous reticence and states of Oates: "He
+was a lyar from the beginning, he stole and cheated his taylor of a
+gown, which he denied with horrid imprecations, and afterwards at a
+communion, being admonisht and advised by his Tutor, confest the fact."
+
+Matthew Prior, the poet, was both scholar and Fellow of the College,
+holding his fellowship until his death. Robert Herrick, though he
+graduated at Trinity Hall, was sometime a Fellow Commoner here. Thomas
+Forster of Adderstone, general to the "Old Pretender," and commander of
+the Jacobite army in 1715, entered the College as a Fellow Commoner 3rd
+July 1700. Brook Taylor, well known to mathematicians as the discoverer
+of "Taylor's theorem," entered as a Fellow Commoner 3rd April 1701.
+While David Mossom of Greenwich, who entered the College as a sizar 5th
+June 1705, after being ordained, emigrated to America, and became
+rector of St. Peter's Church, New Kent County, Virginia. He was the
+officiating clergyman at the marriage of George Washington in St.
+Peter's Church.
+
+We get an amusing glimpse of the importance of the Master of a College
+in the following anecdote: "In the year 1712 my old friend, Matthew
+Prior, who was then Fellow of St. John's, and who not long before had
+been employed by the Queen as her Plenipotentiary at the Court of
+France, came to Cambridge; and the next morning paid a visit to the
+Master of his own College. The Master (Dr. Jenkin) loved Mr. Prior's
+principles, had a great opinion of his abilities, and a respect for his
+character in the world; but then he had much greater respect for
+himself. He knew his own dignity too well to suffer a Fellow of his
+College to sit down in his presence. He kept his seat himself, and let
+the Queen's Ambassador stand. Such was the temper, not of a
+Vice-Chancellor, but of a simple Master of a College. I remember, by the
+way, an extempore epigram of Matt's on the reception he had there met
+with. We did not reckon in those days that he had a very happy turn for
+an epigram; but the occasion was tempting; and he struck it off as he
+was walking from St. John's College to the Rose, where we dined
+together. It was addressed to the Master:--
+
+    "'I _stood_, Sir, patient at your feet,
+      Before your elbow chair;
+    But make a bishop's throne your seat,
+      I'll _kneel_ before you there.
+    One only thing can keep you down,
+      For your great soul too mean;
+    You'd not, to mount a bishop's throne,
+      Pay _homage_ to the Queen.'"
+
+
+
+
+                         CHAPTER VI
+
+                      THE THIRD CENTURY
+
+                          1716-1815
+
+
+The third century of the College history coincides roughly with the
+eighteenth century. It was not a period of very high ideals, and
+"privilege" was in full force. For the first time in the College
+registers men are entered as "Noblemen." These were allowed to proceed
+to the M.A. degree direct in two years without passing through the
+intermediate stage of B.A. The College was also full of Fellow
+Commoners, who sat with the Fellows at the High Table in Hall; until the
+close of the century these do not seem to have proceeded to any degree.
+The other two classes were the pensioners, who paid their way, and the
+sizars. A sizar was definitely attached to a Fellow or Fellow Commoner,
+and in return for duties of a somewhat menial character passed through
+his College course on reduced terms. Among other duties, a sizar had,
+with some of the scholars, to wait at table, a service not abolished
+until 6th May 1786.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHAPEL TOWER FROM THE RIVER.]
+
+Speaking in general terms, the College seems gradually to have
+acquired the reputation of being the Tory College in the Whig
+University; it became exceedingly fashionable, and towards the end of
+the century had more students in residence than any other College. At
+the same time its reputation for efficiency was very high. This was due
+to the policy of Dr. William Samuel Powell, Master from 1765 to 1775. He
+introduced various administrative changes on the financial side of
+College management, and also started annual examinations in the College,
+then a novelty in the University. These examinations were not very
+severe, and to the somewhat overtaxed undergraduate of the present day
+might seem almost trivial. They were not competitive, there was no order
+of merit, but no one seems to have been exempt; their object was simply
+to test the knowledge of the students. The success of the plan attracted
+much attention; it was proposed to institute similar examinations for
+the University at large, but Powell opposed this on the ground that
+candidates ought to be examined by those who taught them. From this date
+it would appear that Fellow Commoners, at St. John's at least, began to
+take degrees in the University.
+
+During Powell's mastership an observatory was established on the top of
+the western gateway of the Second Court, and regular astronomical
+observations taken. Two sets of observations there made by Fellows of
+the College have been published; one set made by William Ludlam in 1767
+and 1768, the other by Thomas Catton between 1796 and 1826, the latter
+being published by the Royal Astronomical Society in 1854.
+
+We find members of the College taking part in all the movements of the
+time. In the rebellion of 1745, James Dawson, a captain in the
+Manchester Regiment, was taken prisoner at Carlisle, and executed in
+July 1746 on Kennington Common; while Robert Ganton, afterwards a
+clergyman, was excused one term's residence in the University, during
+which, as one of "his majesty's Royal Hunters," he was fighting the
+rebels.
+
+Charles Churchill, satirist, was for a short time a member of the
+College in 1748. William Wordsworth, afterwards Poet Laureate, entered
+the College as a sizar, and was admitted a foundress' scholar 6th
+November 1787. Many adopted military careers; of these we may mention
+George, first Marquis Townshend, who joined the College in 1741,
+afterwards entered the army, and was present at Fontenoy and Culloden;
+he went with Wolfe to Canada, and took over the command when Wolfe fell.
+Daniel Hoghton entered in 1787, he also became a soldier, and was one of
+Wellington's men in the Peninsular War; he was killed at the battle of
+Albuera, being then a major-general.
+
+Of another type were William Wilberforce (entered 1776) and Thomas
+Clarkson (1779), whose names will always be associated in connection
+with the abolition of slavery. The saintly Henry Martyn, Senior Wrangler
+in 1801 and Fellow of the College, went out as a missionary to India in
+1805, and died at Tokat in Persia in 1812. There have been many
+missionary sons of the College since his day, but his self-denial
+greatly impressed his contemporaries, and Sir James Stephen speaks of
+him as "the one heroic name which adorns the annals of the Church of
+England from the days of Elizabeth to our own." With Martyn curiously
+enough is associated in College annals another name, that of Henry John
+Temple, third Viscount Palmerston, sometime Prime Minister of England;
+for Martyn and Temple appear as officers of the College company of
+volunteers in the year 1803.
+
+Thomas Denman, afterwards Lord Chief Justice, entered the College in
+1796; he resided in the Second Court, staircase G, at the top. When he
+brought up his son, the Hon. George Denman, to Trinity he pointed the
+rooms out to him, and the latter pointed them out to the present writer,
+"in order that the oral tradition might be preserved."
+
+Alexander John Scott, who, as private secretary and interpreter to Lord
+Nelson, was present on the _Victory_ at Trafalgar, entered the College
+in 1786, and became a scholar of the College 3rd November 1789. Fletcher
+Norton, Speaker of the House of Commons from 1770 to 1780, and first
+Lord Grantley, entered the College in 1734. With him, in a way, was
+connected John Horne (afterwards Horne Tooke), who entered in 1754; for
+Horne, for purposes of his own, libelled Fletcher Norton when Speaker.
+Horne Tooke's stormy career belongs rather to political than College
+history; but it is worth noting that when he presented himself at
+Cambridge for the M.A. degree, and the granting of this was opposed in
+the senate on the ground that he had traduced the clergy in his
+writings, the members of St. John's, headed by Dr. Richard Beadon, then
+Public Orator, afterwards Bishop of Bath and Wells, carried the grace
+for the degree. Horne and Beadon entered the College in the same year.
+
+We have already mentioned Charles Churchill. Another Johnian poet of
+this period was William Mason, who entered the College in 1742. Mason
+afterwards became a Fellow of Pembroke, where he was the intimate friend
+of Thomas Gray. As the biographer of Gray he is perhaps better
+remembered than for his own poetry, though during his lifetime he
+enjoyed considerable fame.
+
+A somewhat unusual career was that of William Smith, who entered the
+College from Eton in 1747, but left without taking a degree. He is
+reported to have snapped an unloaded pistol at one of the Proctors, and
+rather than submit to the punishment which the College authorities
+thought proper to inflict, left the University. He became an actor, and
+was very popular in his day, being known as "Gentleman Smith." He was
+associated with David Garrick, and Smith's admirers held that he fell
+little short of his master in the art.
+
+The reputation of the College as a medical school was maintained by Dr.
+William Heberden, who entered in 1724. Heberden attended Samuel Johnson
+in his last illness, and Johnson described him as "_ultimus Romanorum_,
+the last of our learned physicians." A description which may be
+amplified by saying that Heberden was in a way the first of the modern
+physicians.
+
+
+
+
+                         CHAPTER VII
+
+                     THE CURRENT CENTURY
+
+
+The time has probably not yet come when a satisfactory account of
+College and University development during the nineteenth century can be
+written. The changes have been fundamental, involving perhaps a change
+of ideal as well as of method. In early days the College was filled with
+men saturated with the spirit of the Renaissance; casting aside the
+studies of the Middle Ages, they returned to the literature of Greece
+and Rome. The ideals of the present day are not less high, but more
+complex and less easy to state briefly; the aim is perhaps rather to add
+to knowledge than to acquire it for its own sake alone.
+
+[Illustration: The College Chapel]
+
+For the first half of the century College life was still regulated by
+the statutes of Elizabeth. These were characterised by over-cautious and
+minute legislation. Now that they are superseded, the chief feeling is
+one of surprise that a system of laws, intended to be unchangeable,
+should have endured so long in presence of the changing character of the
+wants and habits of mankind.
+
+It must be remembered that each member of the corporate body, Master,
+Fellow, or Scholar, on admission, each officer on his appointment, bound
+himself by oaths of great solemnity to observe these statutes and to
+seek no dispensation from their provisions. To a more logical race the
+difficulties must have proved intolerable--the practical Englishman
+found his own solution.
+
+The forms were observed _juramenti gratia_, but much practical work was
+supplemental to the statutes. This could be illustrated in more than one
+way--the most interesting is the development of the educational side and
+the tutorial system.
+
+The statutes prescribed the appointment of certain lecturers--even the
+subjects of their lectures. Space need not be occupied in showing that
+such provisions soon became obsolete. The working solution was found in
+the tutorial system. In early days it was contemplated and prescribed
+that each Fellow should have the care of two or three students, living
+with them, teaching them daily; the exact date when this system passed
+away has not been traced with any certainty, but gradually the number of
+Fellows taking individual charge of the undergraduates diminished until
+it became reduced to two or three. Those in charge became known as
+Tutors, and with each Tutor was associated one or two others called
+Assistant Tutors or Lecturers. A charge was made to the undergraduates
+for tuition, and the sum so received was shared by the Tutors and their
+assistants. But the Tutor was not a College officer in the eye of the
+statutes, nor the money received for tuition treated as part of the
+College revenues. The system worked, because it was meant to work, and
+as it was not subject to obsolete rules could be modified and adapted to
+changing conditions. So long as the chief subjects of study were few in
+number, practically restricted to classics and mathematics, College
+provision for teaching was possible and simple. The multiplication of
+studies, the needs of the studies generally known as the Natural
+Sciences, with their expensive laboratories and equipment, are entailing
+further changes, and the tendency, more especially in the newer
+subjects, is to centralise teaching under the control of University
+professors and teachers. The subject is one of great interest, but
+cannot be further touched upon here. To return to the history of St.
+John's.
+
+Dr. James Wood became Master in 1815. He was a man of humble origin, a
+native of Holcombe, in the parish of Bury, Lancashire. According to a
+well-authenticated tradition he "kept," as an undergraduate, in a garret
+in staircase O in the Second Court, and studied in the evening by the
+light of the rush candle which lit the staircase, with his feet in
+straw, not being able to afford fire or light. He became a successful
+and popular College Tutor, and his mathematical writings were long the
+standard text-books in the University. At the time of his death in 1839
+he held, with his mastership, the Deanery of Ely and the Rectory of
+Freshwater in the Isle of Wight. He made the College his residuary
+legatee, but during his life had handed over large sums for College
+purposes, and the total of his gifts cannot have been less than L60,000.
+
+In Wood's time we find the first movement in favour of change taken by
+the College itself. St. John's then suffered under a specially awkward
+restriction arising from the joint effect of the general statutes and
+the trusts of private foundations. By the statutes not more than two
+Fellows could come from any one county in England, or more than one from
+each diocese in Wales.
+
+There were thirty-two foundation Fellows, and twenty-one founded by
+private benefactors, the latter having all the privileges and advantages
+of the former. Each of these private foundations had its own special
+restriction; the holders were to be perhaps of founder's name or kin, or
+to come from certain specified counties, parishes, or schools. The
+effect of these special restrictions was that many fellowships had to be
+filled by men possessing the special qualification without, perhaps, any
+great intellectual distinction. But once a county was "full" no Fellow
+could be elected who had been born in that county; and even if a vacancy
+occurred a promising man might be again cut out by some special
+restriction. Dr. Wood and the Fellows addressed themselves to this point
+and obtained in 1820 the Royal consent to a statute throwing open the
+foundress' fellowships without restriction as to county; the private
+foundations were left untouched, but the College was empowered to
+transfer a Fellow on the foundress' foundation to one of the special
+foundations, if qualified.
+
+Dr. Wood was succeeded as Master by Dr. Ralph Tatham, whose father and
+grandfather (of the same names) had been members of the College. He was
+Public Orator of the University from 1809 to 1836, an office for which
+he was well qualified by a singular dignity of person and courtesy of
+manner. "He brought forth butter," said the wags, "in a lordly dish." In
+the year 1837 the Earl of Radnor and others raised the question of
+University reform, and tried to induce the House of Lords to pass a bill
+for the appointment of a University Commission. In the end the matter
+was shelved, the friends of the University undertaking that the
+Colleges, with the approval of their Visitors, should prepare new
+statutes for the assent of the Crown. The change in St. John's was
+opposed by some ultra-conservative Fellows, who urged that as they were
+bound by oath to observe and uphold the statutes, and to seek no
+dispensation from them, they were precluded from asking for any change.
+The Bishop of Ely, however, gently put this objection on one side, and
+the statutes then prepared were approved by Queen Victoria in 1849. The
+more ardent reformers have described this code as merely legalising the
+customs and "abuses" which had grown up around the Elizabethan statutes
+without introducing any effective change.
+
+On the death of Dr. Tatham (19th January 1857), Dr. William Henry
+Bateson was elected Master; he had been Senior Bursar of the College
+from 1846, and Public Orator of the University from 1848. Dr. Bateson
+was a man of scholarly tastes, but he was above all a practical man of
+affairs and of broad views. He served on more than one University
+Commission appointed to examine into and report upon the University and
+Colleges. The College statutes were twice revised during his mastership;
+the first code becoming law in 1860, the second was prepared during his
+lifetime, though it did not become law till a year after his death.
+These statutes are much less interesting reading than the early
+statutes, though undoubtedly more useful. While aiming at precision in
+the matter of rights and duties, they leave great freedom in matters of
+study, discipline, and administration. All local restrictions on
+scholarships and fellowships have been abolished. The government of the
+College is entrusted to a Council of twelve, elected by the Fellows,
+and presided over by the Master; a simple method has been provided of
+altering them if necessary. Independently of the changes thus introduced
+the College, on its own initiative, was providing for the newer studies.
+In 1853 a chemical laboratory was built, and a lecturer in chemistry
+appointed, and other lecturers appointed from time to time as the scope
+of University teaching was widened. St. John's at an early date began to
+elect men to scholarships and fellowships for Natural Science. In all
+this we may trace the influence of Dr. Bateson, one of whose guiding
+principles was to widen and increase the teaching power of the College,
+and to reward intellectual distinction of any kind. Dr. Bateson died
+27th March 1881, and was succeeded by Dr. Charles Taylor, the present
+Master.
+
+Of men who have added lustre to the College roll of worthies we may
+mention Sir John F. W. Herschel, the astronomer, who was Senior Wrangler
+in 1813, and died in 1871, laden with all the honours which scientific
+and learned bodies could bestow upon him; he lies buried in Westminster
+Abbey close to the tomb of Newton. John Couch Adams, Senior Wrangler in
+1843, in July 1841, while yet an undergraduate, resolved to investigate
+the irregularities in the motion of the planet Uranus, with the view of
+determining whether they might be attributed to an undiscovered planet.
+The memorandum he made of his resolve is, as has been stated, now in
+the College Library. It is a matter of history how Adams carried out his
+purpose, and how through a series of unlucky accidents he did not get
+the sole credit for his discovery of the planet Neptune. Adams became a
+Fellow of the College in 1843, but had to vacate his fellowship in 1852
+as he was not in orders. The College tried to induce a Mr. Blakeney, who
+then held one of the very few fellowships tenable by a layman, to resign
+his fellowship and make way for Adams; offering to pay him for the rest
+of his life an income equal to that of his fellowship. Mr. Blakeney,
+however, refused, and a fellowship was found for Mr. Adams at Pembroke
+College, which he held till his death.
+
+It is perhaps a delicate matter to allude to those still living, but two
+may perhaps be mentioned. The Hon. Charles A. Parsons by his development
+of the steam turbine has revolutionised certain departments of
+engineering. Dairoku Kikuchi, the first Japanese student to come to
+Cambridge, after graduating in 1877, in the same year as Mr. Parsons,
+returned to Japan, and has held many offices, including that of Minister
+of Education, in his native country.
+
+We may say that the changes introduced in the nineteenth century have
+restored to the College its national character, admitting to the full
+privileges of a University career certain classes of students who had
+been gradually excluded. During the reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI.,
+Mary, and Elizabeth, there was always a part of the nation, Protestant
+or Roman Catholic, which found the entry barred to it. The establishment
+of the Anglican rule in the reign of Elizabeth led to the exclusion of
+Roman Catholics, and for three hundred years the doors of the University
+were closed to them.
+
+The Civil Wars, the Commonwealth, and the Restoration produced religious
+difficulties of another kind; the wholesale ejections in 1644 and 1660
+testify to the troubles men had to face for conscience' sake. After the
+Restoration the Puritan, the Protestant Dissenter, was excluded with the
+Romanist.
+
+In the eighteenth century a certain variety was introduced by the entry
+of students from the West Indies, sons of planters; one or two
+individuals came from the American colonies. The constant wars drew off
+men to military careers, and the religious movements towards the close
+of the century attracted men, after leaving College, to Unitarianism or
+Wesleyanism. The celebrated Rowland Hill was a member of the College;
+Francis Okeley, after leaving, became a Moravian or a Mystic. Such
+dissenters as entered the College, and they were very few, were obliged
+to leave without graduating.
+
+The removal of all religious tests has thus restored to the ancient
+Universities a national character they had not possessed since the early
+days of Henry VIII., when all could come, as all were practically of the
+same faith.
+
+Thus a wider field is open to the College to draw on, not only in the
+British Islands, but in all its colonies and dependencies. On the other
+hand, it is no less true that her sons are to be found more widely
+scattered. A hundred and fifty years ago one could say of a selected
+group of men that the majority would become clergymen or schoolmasters,
+a few would become barristers, others would return to their country
+estates, one or two might enter the army; with that we should have
+exhausted the probabilities. Now there is probably not a career open to
+educated men in which members of the College are not to be found; the
+State in every department, civil, ecclesiastical, or military, enlists
+her sons in its service. The rise of scientific industries has opened
+new careers to trained men. We talk of the spacious days of Elizabeth;
+if space itself has not increased it is at least more permeated with men
+who owe their early training to the foundation of the Lady Margaret.
+
+
+
+
+                        CHAPTER VIII
+
+                        SOCIAL LIFE
+
+
+Hitherto we have confined ourselves to an outline of the College history
+on what may be called its official side. In what follows we deal briefly
+with some features of the life of the place.
+
+[Illustration: THE NEW COURT]
+
+The original, and perhaps the chief, purpose of the College in the eyes
+of those who founded it was practically that it should form a training
+ground for the clergy. The statutes of King Henry VIII. distinctly lay
+down that theology is the goal to which philosophy and all other studies
+lead, and that none were to be elected Fellows who did not propose to
+study theology. The statutes of Elizabeth provided a certain elasticity
+by prescribing that those Fellows who did not enter priests' orders
+within six years should vacate their fellowships; but that two Fellows
+might be allowed, by the Master and a majority of the Senior Fellows, to
+devote themselves to the study of medicine. King Charles I. in 1635
+allowed a like privilege to be granted from thenceforth to two Fellows
+who were to study law. These privileges were not always popular, and we
+occasionally find the clerical Fellows complaining that while the
+duties of teaching and catechising were laid on them, a man who had held
+one of the law or medical fellowships sometimes took orders late in life
+and then claimed presentation to a College benefice in virtue of his
+seniority as a Fellow, having in the meantime escaped the drudgery to
+which the Fellow in orders had been subject.
+
+The emoluments of members of the Society in early times were very
+modest, and as prices rose became quite inadequate; the amounts being
+named in the College statutes were incapable of alteration, and indirect
+means were taken to provide relief. In Bishop Fisher's time it was
+considered that an endowment of L6 a year sufficed to found a
+fellowship, and L3 a year to found a scholarship. The statutable stipend
+of the Master was only L12 a year, though he had some other allowances,
+the total amount of which was equally trivial. James Pilkington, Master
+from 1559 to 1561, when he became Bishop of Durham, wrote to Lord
+Burghley on the subject of his successor, stating that whoever became
+Master must have some benefice besides to enable him to live. Richard
+Longworth, Master from 1564 to 1569, made a similar complaint, putting
+the weekly expenses of his office at L3. We accordingly find that many
+of the Masters held country benefices, prebends, or deaneries with their
+College office. Lord Keeper Williams, who gave to the College the
+advowsons of Soulderne in Oxfordshire, Freshwater in the Isle of Wight,
+and the sinecure rectories of St. Florence and Aberdaron in Wales, made
+it part of the conditions of his gift that the Master should always be
+entitled to take one of these livings if a vacancy occurred. Many of the
+Fellows also held benefices or curacies near Cambridge. In the
+eighteenth century the business of holding ecclesiastical preferment in
+plurality became almost a fine art; thus Sir Isaac Pennington, who was
+President of the College and Regius Professor of Physic, left to the
+College by his will a fund to provide the sum of L200 a year for the
+Master "if he be rector of Freshwater and not otherwise," a direct and
+curious incentive to holding in plurality. A Fellow was entitled to his
+commons, and, in addition, to allowances of 13s. 4d. under each of the
+three heads of "corn," "livery," and "stipend," or, as we may say, food,
+clothes, and pocket-money. The College officers received but small
+salaries, the most highly paid being the President and Senior Bursar,
+who each received L2.
+
+An effort was made by the Statutes of the Realm to improve the condition
+of members of colleges. It seems to have been assumed that the rent of a
+college farm, like its statutes, could not be altered; but by an Act of
+Parliament passed in the eighteenth year of Elizabeth, known as Sir
+Thomas Smith's Act, it was enacted that from thenceforth one-third of
+the rents were to be paid in wheat and malt; the price of wheat for the
+purposes of the Act being assumed to be 6s. 8d. a quarter, and of malt
+5s. a quarter. Thus if before the Act the rent of a farm was L6 a year,
+after it became law the tenant had to pay L4 in money, three-quarters of
+wheat, and four quarters of malt, these two latter items coming to L1
+each. But the tenant now paid a rent varying according to the prices of
+the day--namely, the money rent plus the cash value of the wheat and
+malt according to the best prices of these commodities in Cambridge on
+the market-day preceding quarter-day. Thus as the prices of wheat and
+malt rose the College benefited. By the Act this variable one-third, or
+"corn-money," went to increase the allowance for commons. As time went
+on the amount of the corn-money was more than sufficient to pay for the
+commons, and a further modest allowance out of the surplus was made to
+all who participated in the College revenues, whether as Master, Fellow,
+scholar, or sizar, under the name of _praeter_.
+
+In process of time another source of revenue arose. Leases of College
+estates were usually granted for a term of forty years, and there was a
+general custom that the tenant might surrender his lease at the end of
+fourteen years and receive a new one for forty years. As prices rose
+tenants were willing to pay a consideration for the renewal known as a
+"fine"--this was calculated on the full letting value of the estate at
+the time of the renewal, the rent reserved remaining at its traditional
+amount. At first this fine-money was regarded as a species of surplus,
+and grants were made from it to Fellows or scholars who were ill or in
+special need of temporary assistance. The cost of entertaining royalties
+or other distinguished visitors, and part of the cost of new buildings,
+were defrayed from this source. In the year 1629 the practice arose of
+dividing this fine-money up among the Master and Fellows in certain
+shares, and the money so paid became known as the "dividend." At the
+present time the College property is managed like any other landed
+estate, and after the necessary expenses of management and maintenance
+have been met, and certain fixed sums paid to the scholars and
+exhibitioners, and to the University, the remainder is by the statutes
+divided up into shares called dividends, each Fellow getting one
+dividend, the Master and the members of the College Council receiving
+certain additions calculated in dividends; there is a general
+restriction that the dividend shall not exceed L250 a year. The fall in
+the value of land at present automatically provides that this limit is
+not exceeded; if the revenues become more than sufficient for the
+purpose, additional fellowships and scholarships must be established.
+
+The reader will gather that the chief endowment of the College arises
+from land. The College estates lie scattered over most of the eastern
+side of England, from Yorkshire to Kent. There is no large block of
+property anywhere. The estates in past times, when means of
+communication were poor, must have been difficult to visit. In the
+leases of the more distant farms it was usual to stipulate that the
+tenant should provide "horse meat and man's meat" for the Master and
+Bursar and their servants while on a tour of inspection. That some care
+was bestowed on the management is clear from the regular entries, in the
+books of accounts, of the expenses of those "riding on College
+business." Probably the estates were visited when leases came to be
+renewed, and an effort made to discover the actual letting value of the
+property. Land agents seem to have been first employed to make formal
+valuations towards the end of the eighteenth century, and about the same
+time plans of the estates were obtained, some of these, made before the
+enclosures, showing the land scattered in many minute pieces, are very
+curious and interesting.
+
+The actual life within the College walls is not so easy to describe with
+any certainty. At first, as we have seen, the undergraduates actually
+lived with Fellows of the College, and overcrowding must have been a
+constant feature of College life. On 15th December 1565 a return was
+made to Lord Burghley of all students, "whether tutors or pupils,"
+residing in the College, with notes as to whether they had come into
+Chapel in their surplices or not. The return concludes with this
+summary: "The whole number is 287, whereof there came into the Chappell
+with surplesses upon the last Saturdaie and Sondaie 147; and abrode in
+the country 33. And of thother 107 whiche cumme not in as yet, there be
+many cumme to the Colledge of late and be not yet provided of
+surplesses." At this time we have to remember that the buildings of the
+College consisted only of the First Court, the Infirmary or Labyrinth,
+and a small block of buildings in a corner of the ground now occupied by
+the Second Court, swept away when that was built. The arrangement seems
+to have been as follows. The ground-floor rooms were occupied by junior
+Fellows, each with a few pupils. The rooms on the first floor, known in
+the College books as the "middle chambers," were in greater request;
+with these went the rooms on the second floor, with sometimes _excelses_
+or garrets over them--these could accommodate a senior Fellow with
+several pupils. In the older parts of the College the rooms occupied the
+whole depth of the building, and so were lighted from both sides; in the
+corners, when light could be obtained, cubicles or studies were
+partitioned off. From a sanitary point of view, life under such
+conditions must have left much to be desired, and the burial registers
+of All Saints' parish (in which the older part of the College is
+situated) leave the impression of frequent and almost epidemic illness
+in the College during the sixteenth and early part of the seventeenth
+century.
+
+The undergraduates in early times were much younger than the men of the
+present day. The statutes prescribed that the oath should not be
+required from scholars who were under sixteen years of age; the frequent
+occurrence of _non juratus_ in the admission entry of a scholar shows
+that many came to the College before that age. Probably the average age
+was about sixteen; the idea being that after the seven years' residence
+required for the M.A. degree they would be of the proper age to present
+themselves for ordination. Those under eighteen years of age might be
+publicly whipped in the Hall for breaches of discipline.
+
+Students from distant parts of England probably resided continuously in
+College from the time they entered it until they took their degrees. The
+statutes of King Henry VIII. contemplate a period of some relaxation at
+Christmas; providing that each Fellow in turn should be "Lord" at
+Christmas, and prepare dialogues and plays to be acted by members of the
+College between Epiphany and Lent. The brazier in the Hall seems to have
+been kept burning in the evening about Christmas time; of this practice
+a curious relic survived until comparatively lately, it being the custom
+to leave a few gas-jets burning in the Hall until midnight from St.
+John's Day (December 27) until Twelfth Night.
+
+There were three classes of students. The Fellow Commoners, sons of
+noblemen or wealthy land-owners, who sat at the High Table, or, as it
+was phrased, were in Fellows' commons. Some came in considerable state.
+In 1624 the Earl of Arundel and Surrey sent his two sons, Lord
+Maltravers and Mr. William Howard, to the College. The Earl's chaplain,
+or secretary, in making arrangements for their coming, wrote to request
+that they should have one chamber in the College, with a "pallett for
+the gromes of their chamber"; the rest of "his lordships company, being
+two gentlemen, a grome of his stable and a footman, may be lodged in the
+towne near the College." At this period the Second Court had been built,
+and the accommodation for residence thus somewhat greater than in
+Elizabethan times. The Fellow Commoner wore a gown ornamented with gold
+lace, and a cap with a gold tassel. The last Fellow Commoner at St.
+John's to wear this dress was the present Admiral Sir Wilmot Hawksworth
+Fawkes.
+
+The next class in order of status were the Pensioners--men who paid
+their expenses without assistance from the College, sons of middle-class
+parents. In times of which we have any definite record this was the most
+numerous class in College. Lastly, we have the sizars. A sizar was
+definitely attached to a Fellow or Fellow Commoner; he was not exactly a
+servant, but made himself generally useful. For example, those members
+of the College who absented themselves from the University sermon were
+in the eighteenth century fined sixpence, and the sizars were expected
+to mark the absentees. The sizar at Cambridge had, however, always a
+better status than the servitor at Oxford, and in the days when
+scholarships were strictly limited as to locality, a sizarship was
+something of the nature of what at the present day we should describe as
+an entrance scholarship or exhibition, the assistance given consisting
+in a reduction of expenses rather than in actual direct emolument. At
+the present time there is no difference in status among members of the
+College; the foundation scholars, however, having special seats in
+Chapel and a separate table in Hall if they choose to make use of it.
+
+Until 1882 the condition of celibacy attached to all fellowships in the
+College; Queen Elizabeth held strong views on the matter, even
+discouraging the marriage of Masters. The necessity of taking orders was
+somewhat relaxed in 1860. The system had its advantages--it tended to
+produce promotion; for the natural inclination of mankind to marry,
+vacated fellowships; the disadvantage was that men with a real taste for
+study or teaching had no certain career before them. The question of
+allowing Fellows to marry was raised in the eighteenth century, but met
+with little support and much opposition. Even in the middle of the
+nineteenth century a University Commission inclined to the view that
+celibacy was inseparable from the collegiate system.
+
+[Illustration: THE "BRIDGE OF SIGHS"]
+
+The clerical restriction had the effect of chiefly confining selection
+to College offices to those who were in orders. These in due course
+went off to benefices in the gift of the College, these acting as a
+species of pension. One form of benefaction frequently bestowed by past
+members was the gift of an advowson; one or two benefactors left
+estates, the revenues from which were to accumulate, and with the sums
+so raised advowsons were to be purchased. Presentation to livings went
+by seniority of standing, and this practice, with the restriction on
+marriage, gave rise to the belief, still prevalent in many parishes
+where the College is patron, that the College on a vacancy always
+chooses for the next incumbent "the oldest bachelor." It seems probable,
+without any minute statistical inquiry, that most of the Fellows left
+the College before the age of forty. A few remained on for life.
+
+It is difficult now to reconstruct a picture of the High Table, made up
+as it was for many years of a group of middle-aged or elderly men, with
+a considerable admixture of youthful Fellow Commoners. During the
+eighteenth century the proportion of Fellow Commoners was probably from
+one-fourth to one-third of those dining together, and constraint on both
+sides must have been almost inevitable. The terms "don" and
+"donnishness" seem to have acquired their uncomplimentary meaning about
+this period. The precise significance of "don" is not easy to express
+concisely; the most felicitous is perhaps that of the Oxford _Shotover
+Papers_, where we read that don means, in Spain, a gentleman; in
+England, a Fellow. The abolition of the Fellow Commoner was perhaps
+chiefly due to the rise of the democratic spirit and a general dislike
+of privilege, but there are other grounds for welcoming it.
+
+Of the individuals who make up the stream of youthful life which has
+ebbed and flowed through the College gate there is but little official
+record. An Admonition Book exists, in which more than a century ago
+those who were punished for graver offences against discipline signed
+the record of their sentence and promised amendment. One youth admits
+over a trembling signature that he was "admonished by the Master, before
+the Seniors, for keeping strangers in my chamber till twelve o' the
+clock, and disturbing the Master by knocking at his gate in an
+irreverent manner at that hour for the keys of the gate." When the
+College gate was closed it may be explained that the keys were placed in
+the Master's keeping. We are, however, left in ignorance of what passed
+in that chamber until the midnight hour. Yet no doubt the student in
+past days had his amusements as well as his successor of the present
+day--rougher perhaps, but not less agreeable to him.
+
+In Bishop Fisher's statutes archery was encouraged as a pastime, and we
+know from Ascham's writings that he indulged in it. In the sixteenth
+century the College built a tennis-court for the use of its members.
+John Hall, who entered the College in 1646, recommended "shittlecock" as
+fit for students--"it requires a nimble arme with quick and waking eye."
+We hear of horse matches and cock-fighting, but in terms of disapproval.
+Football is mentioned in 1574, when the Vice-Chancellor directed that
+scholars should only play upon their own College ground. In 1595 "the
+hurtful and unscholarly exercise of football" was forbidden, except
+within each College and between members of the same College. Certain
+general orders for the discipline of the undergraduates, which gave rise
+to much controversy about 1750, forbade cricket between the hours of
+nine and twelve in the morning. In 1763 the Vice-Chancellor required
+that no scholar, of whatever rank, should be present at bull-baiting. We
+read in the eighteenth century of "schemes" or water-parties on the
+river, but these appear to have been more of the nature of picnics than
+exercises of skill. Riding was probably very common, the student
+arriving on his nag, perhaps selling it and using the proceeds as a
+start in his new life. The phrase "Hobson's choice" took its rise from
+the rule in the livery stables of Hobson the carrier that a man who
+hired a hack had to take the one that stood nearest to the stable door.
+In later days stage-coaches supplied a more regular means of
+conveyance. Students leaving Cambridge for the North betook themselves
+to Huntingdon, and were housed at the George Inn there till places could
+be found for them in the coaches. The landlord of the George sending
+over to Cambridge to let it be known that one batch were gone and that
+another might come over.
+
+Traditions linger in parishes round Cambridge that the University
+"gentlemen" used certain fields or commons for the purpose of riding
+races; the Cottenham steeplechases are presumably a survival of this
+practice. Shooting and coursing, with a little hunting, came into vogue
+at the end of the eighteenth century.
+
+The rise and organisation of athletic sports as an essential element of
+College life would require a bulky history in itself. The first to take
+definite form was rowing. The historic boat club of the college is the
+Lady Margaret Boat Club; this was founded in the October term of 1825.
+The actual founder of the club seems to have been the Hon. Richard John
+Le Poer Trench, a son of the second Earl of Clancarty. Trench afterwards
+became a captain in the 52nd Regiment, and died 12th August 1841. The
+club was the first to start an eight-oared boat on the Cam, though some
+Trinity men had a four-oar on the river a short time before the Lady
+Margaret was started. Among the first members of the club were William
+Snow and Charles Merivale, afterwards Dean of Ely. Trench acted as
+stroke of the original first boat crew in the Lent Term of 1826. There
+were at first no regular races, but impromptu trials of speed with other
+crews frequently took place. In 1827 the University Boat Club was
+started, and regular bumping races begun. The first challenge to Oxford
+was determined on at a meeting of the University Boat Club held 20th
+February 1829, when it was resolved: "That Mr. Snow, of St. John's, be
+requested to write immediately to Mr. Staniforth, Christ Church, Oxford,
+proposing to make up a University Match." The match was made up, and the
+race rowed at Henley on 10th June 1829, and from this the annual
+boat-race between Oxford and Cambridge takes its rise. Snow acted as
+stroke of the Cambridge boat, George Augustus Selwyn, successively
+Bishop of New Zealand and Lichfield, rowed "seven," and Charles Merivale
+"four." Snow (afterwards Strahan) became a banker, and died at Florence
+4th July 1886. In after years when, from 1861 to 1869 inclusive, Oxford
+had uniformly beaten Cambridge, the Lady Margaret supplied the late John
+H. D. Goldie to break the spell and restore hope and confidence to
+Cambridge crews. Thus the College club has taken an important part in
+the establishment and maintenance of Cambridge rowing. Two verses of the
+College boat song run as follows:--
+
+    "Mater regum Margareta
+    Piscatori dixit laeta
+      'Audi quod propositum;
+    Est remigium decorum
+    Suavis strepitus remorum
+      Ergo sit Collegium.'
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    Sic Collegium fundatum
+    Et Johannis nomen datum
+      Margareta domina,
+    Ergo remiges gaudendum
+    Triumphandum et canendum
+      In saeclorum secula."
+
+So that, if we can trust the historic insight of the author (Mr. T. R.
+Glover), the intentions of the foundress have been duly carried out.
+
+The uniform of the club was at first much what it is now, a white jersey
+with pink stripes; with this was worn a jacket of scarlet flannel,
+popularly known as a "blazer"--a name which has passed into the English
+language as descriptive of the coloured jackets of all clubs. It is said
+that some one, whose feeling for analogy was stronger than for decorum,
+described the surplice as "the blazer of the Church of England."
+Organised cricket clubs, athletic clubs, and football clubs grew up, and
+in process of time clubs for the pursuit of every kind of athletic
+exercise have been started. Originally each club in College had a
+subscription, paid by its members, towards the expenses of the special
+game. About twenty years ago all the clubs in St. John's were united
+into one club--"The Amalgamation." The subscription to this entitles a
+member to join in any of the recognised games. The funds are
+administered by a committee consisting of the representatives of those
+interested in the different games, and grants made from the general fund
+towards the expenses of each game. The presence of a few senior members
+of the College on the committee provides the continuity so difficult to
+maintain with the short-lived generations of undergraduate life. The
+College provides the ground for the cricket, football, and lawn-tennis
+clubs, while through the generosity of members of the College of all
+standings a handsome boat-house has recently been built on the river.
+The College also possesses flourishing musical and debating societies,
+and from time to time clubs arise for literary and social purposes,
+dying out and being refounded with great persistence.
+
+In another sphere of work the College has taken a leading part. St.
+John's was the first College in Cambridge to start a mission in
+London--the Lady Margaret Mission in Walworth. Preaching in the College
+Chapel on 28th January 1883, the Rev. William Allen Whitworth, a Fellow
+of the College, then Vicar of St. John's, Hammersmith, afterwards
+Incumbent of All Saints', Margaret Street, suggested that the College
+should support a mission in some neglected district of London. The
+matter took form a little later in the year, and since then the College
+Mission has been a College institution. Members of the College visiting
+the mission district, and visitors from Walworth coming for an annual
+outing, including a cricket match, in August.
+
+Another flourishing institution is the College magazine, _The Eagle_.
+Founded in the year 1858, it has maintained its existence for nearly
+fifty years, being now the oldest of College magazines. It has numbered
+among its contributors many who have subsequently found a wider field
+and audience: some of the earliest efforts of Samuel Butler, author of
+_Erewhon_, are to be found in its pages.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I now bring my sketch of the College history to a close. I have
+endeavoured, within the prescribed limits, to give an outline of the
+corporate life of an ancient and famous foundation. In writing it two
+classes of readers have been borne in mind: the visitor who, within a
+short compass, may wish to learn something more than can be picked up by
+an inspection of the buildings; members of the College who feel a lively
+interest in the habits and pursuits of those who have preceded them. I
+have, perhaps, thought more of the latter than of the former class.
+
+Members of the College have always been distinguished for a certain
+independence of thought and adherence to principle, not always guided
+by motives of mere worldly prudence; they have always been noted for
+that strong corporate feeling which finds expression in the words of
+Viscount Falkland's letter, before alluded to: "I still carry about with
+me an indelible character of affection and duty to that Society, and an
+extraordinary longing for some occasion of expressing that affection and
+that duty."
+
+To one who has spent much of his life in the service of the institution
+to which he owes so much, the words of the Psalmist (a Scot naturally
+quotes the version endeared to him by early association) seem to put the
+matter concisely--
+
+    "For in her rubbish and her stones
+      thy servants pleasure take;
+    Yea, they the very dust thereof
+      do favour for her sake."
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+Adams, J. C., 16, 25, 26, 29, 82
+
+Admonition Book, 100
+
+Armorial Bearings, 2
+
+Arrowsmith, J., 57
+
+Ascham, R., 19, 23, 44
+
+Ashton, H., 19
+
+
+Baker, T., 28, 32, 61
+
+Balsham, Hugo de, 36
+
+Baronsdale, W., 50
+
+Barwick, J., 31
+
+Bateson, W. H., 81
+
+Beale, W., 56
+
+"Blazer," 104
+
+Blunt, J. J., 22
+
+Boat Club, 102
+
+Bohun, H., 47
+
+"Bridge of Sighs," 8, 10
+
+Briggs, H., 51
+
+Brown, "Capability," 10
+
+Bull-baiting, 101
+
+Burghley, Lord, 18, 48
+
+
+Carey, V., 28
+
+Catton, T., 70
+
+Caxton, 31
+
+Celibacy, 97
+
+Chapel, New, 13-17
+
+Chapel, Old, 4, 13
+
+Charles I., 26, 30, 52, 56, 86
+
+Charles II., 31
+
+Cheke, Sir J., 44
+
+Churchill, C., 70, 72
+
+Clarkson, T., 26
+
+Clayton, R., 49
+
+Clive, R. H., 22
+
+College Leases, 91
+
+Combination Room, 5, 23, 25, 27
+
+Commons, 43, 90
+
+Corn Rents, 91
+
+Cricket, 101
+
+Cromwell, O., 56, 63
+
+Cromwell, T., 29, 30
+
+
+Dallam, R., 22
+
+Dawson, J., 70
+
+Denman, T., 71
+
+Digby, E., 48
+
+Dividend, 92
+
+
+_Eagle, The_, 106
+
+Eagle Close, 10
+
+Edward VI., 45
+
+Elizabeth, Queen, 46, 47
+
+Estates, 93
+
+Examinations, 24, 69
+
+
+Fairfax, T., 31, 56, 62
+
+Falkland, Viscount, 18, 62, 107
+
+Fawkes, Sir W. H., 96
+
+Fellow Commoners, 66, 96, 97, 99
+
+Fisher, John, 37
+
+Floods, 7
+
+Football, 101
+
+Forster, T., 63
+
+Frost, H., 35
+
+
+Ganton, R., 70
+
+Gilbert, W., 18, 50, 51
+
+Glover, T. R., 104
+
+Goldie, J. H. D., 103
+
+Gower, H., 7, 59, 60
+
+Gunning, P., 57
+
+Gwyn, O., 52, 62
+
+
+Hall, The, 23
+
+Hare, Sir R., 25
+
+Hawksmoor, N., 8
+
+Heberden, W., 73
+
+Henrietta Maria, Queen, 26
+
+Henry VII., 38
+
+Henry VIII., 18, 38, 41, 45, 86
+
+Herrick, R., 63
+
+Herschel, Sir J. F. W., 25, 26, 82
+
+High Altar, 46
+
+Hill, R., 84
+
+Hoare, H., 16
+
+Hoghton, General, 70
+
+Hopton, Sir I., 63
+
+Horne Tooke, 72
+
+Hospital of St. John, 14, 35
+
+Howard, Lord Thomas, 3
+
+Hutchinson, H., 8
+
+
+Infirmary, 17
+
+
+James I., 26, 49, 52
+
+James II., 58
+
+Jenkin, R., 61, 64
+
+
+Kennedy, B. H., 25
+
+Kikuchi, D., 83
+
+Kirke White, H., 4, 20
+
+Kitchen, 32
+
+Knox, E., 17
+
+Knox, John, 17
+
+Knox, N., 17
+
+
+Labyrinth, 17, 18, 94
+
+Lady Margaret, 1, 2, 37
+
+Laud, 30
+
+Leases, 92
+
+Library, 25, 27, 28
+
+Lillechurch, 30, 41
+
+Linacre, T., 49
+
+Liveing, G. D., 25
+
+Longworth, R., 47, 89
+
+Ludlam, W., 70
+
+
+Martyn, H., 71
+
+Mary, Queen, 46
+
+Mason, W., 72
+
+Master's Lodge, 15, 25
+
+Mayor, J. E. B., 25, 61
+
+Mengs, R. A., 22
+
+Merivale, C., 102, 103
+
+Metcalfe, N., 20, 40, 42
+
+Mission, Walworth, 105
+
+Mortuary Roll, 30
+
+Mossom, D., 63
+
+
+Newcome, J., 31
+
+Nonjurors, 59
+
+Norton, F., 72
+
+
+Oates, Titus, 63
+
+Okeley, F., 84
+
+Organ, 22
+
+Ospringe, 41
+
+
+Palmer, E. H., 25
+
+Palmerston, Viscount, 71
+
+Parsons, Hon. C. A., 83
+
+Paul's Cross, 43
+
+Peckover, Dr. A., 39
+
+Pennington, Sir I., 90
+
+Percy, A., 40
+
+Peterhouse, 36, 37
+
+Pilkington, J., 89
+
+Powell, Sir F. S., 16
+
+Powell, W. S., 69
+
+Powis, Earl, 21
+
+_Praeter_, 91
+
+Prior, M., 32, 63
+
+
+Reform, University, 80
+
+Registers, 61, 62
+
+Reyner, G. F., 16
+
+Rickman, T., 8
+
+Rowing, 102
+
+
+St. John's Street, 16
+
+Scott, A. J., 71, 72
+
+Scott, Sir G. G., 15, 17
+
+Scott, J. O., 22
+
+Seaton, G., 55
+
+Selwyn, G. A., 26, 103
+
+Selwyn, W., 15
+
+Seven Bishops, 58
+
+Shittlecock, 101
+
+Shorton, R., 40
+
+Shrewsbury, Countess of, 5, 19, 28
+
+Sizar, 97
+
+Smith, R., 50
+
+Smith, W., 73
+
+Snow, W., 102, 103
+
+Stag Staircase, 4
+
+Stage Plays, 23, 95
+
+Staincoat, 5
+
+Stankard, 5
+
+Statues, 18
+
+Statutes, 42, 43, 61, 74, 79, 81
+
+Strafford, Lord, 18, 56, 62
+
+
+Tatham, R., 22, 80
+
+Taylor, B., 63
+
+Taylor, C., 82
+
+Thomas, Sir N., 25
+
+Townshend, Marquis, 70
+
+Trench, R. J. Le P., 102
+
+Trinity College, 44
+
+Tuckney, A., 57
+
+Tutorial System, 77
+
+Tyrrell, W., 26
+
+
+Victoria, Queen, 18
+
+
+Washington, Geo., 64
+
+Whitaker, W., 48
+
+Whitgift, J., 48
+
+Whitworth, W. A., 105
+
+Whytehead, T., 22
+
+Wilberforce, W., 26
+
+Wilderness, The, 9, 10
+
+Williams, John, 7, 18, 25, 27, 28, 29, 52
+
+Wood, J., 20, 78
+
+Wordsworth, W., 25, 26, 32
+
+Wren, Sir C., 7
+
+Wren's Bridge, 8, 9
+
+
+                           THE END
+
+
+             Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.
+                     Edinburgh & London
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TRANSCRIBERS' NOTES
+
+General: Spelling of words in quotations has been preserved.
+
+General: Corrections to punctuation have not been individually
+documented.
+
+Page 51: logarithims corrected to logarithms (second occurrence)
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of St. John's College, Cambridge, by
+Robert Forsyth Scott
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