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+Project Gutenberg's Mother Earth, Vol. 1 No. 3, May 1906, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Mother Earth, Vol. 1 No. 3, May 1906
+       Monthly Magazine Devoted to Social Science and Literature
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Emma Goldman
+
+Release Date: November 14, 2008 [EBook #27262]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MOTHER EARTH, VOL. 1 NO. 3 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Fritz Ohrenschall, Martin Pettit and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
++-------------------------------------------------+
+|Transcriber's note:                              |
+|                                                 |
+|Obvious typographical errors have been corrected |
++-------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+Vol. I.                     MAY, 1906                   No. 3
+
+MOTHER EARTH
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+P. O. Box 217        EMMA GOLDMAN, Publisher      10c. a Copy
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                               PAGE
+
+Tidings of May                                                    1
+
+Envy    WALT WHITMAN                                              2
+
+Observations and Comments                                         3
+
+"This Man Gorky"    MARGARET GRANT                                8
+
+Comrade    MAXIM GORKY                                           17
+
+Alexander Berkman    E. G.                                       22
+
+Poem    VOLTAIRINE DE CLEYRE                                     25
+
+The White Terror                                                 25
+
+Paternalistic Government    THEODORE SCHROEDER                   27
+
+Liberty in Common Life    BOLTON HALL                            34
+
+Statistics    H. KELLY                                           35
+
+Gerhart Hauptmann with the Weavers of Silesia    MAX BAGINSKI    38
+
+Disappointed Economists                                          47
+
+Vital Art    ANNY MALI HICKS                                     48
+
+Kristofer Hansteen    VOLTAIRINE DE CLEYRE                       52
+
+Fifty Years of Bad Luck    SADAKICHI HARTMANN                    56
+
+
+
+
+10c. A COPY    $1 A YEAR
+
+
+MOTHER EARTH
+
+
+Monthly Magazine Devoted to Social Science and Literature
+           Published Every 15th of the Month
+
+EMMA GOLDMAN, Publisher, P. O. Box 217, Madison Square Station,
+                     New York, N. Y.
+
+Vol. I                   MAY, 1906                        No. 3
+
+
+
+
+TIDINGS OF MAY.
+
+
+The month of May is a grinning satire on the mode of living of human
+beings of the present day.
+
+The May sun, with its magic warmth, gives life to so much beauty, so
+much value.
+
+The dead, grayish brown of the forest and woods is transformed into a
+rich, intoxicating, delicate, fragrant green.
+
+Golden sun-rays lure flowers and grass from the soil, and kiss branch
+and tree into blossom and bloom.
+
+Tillers of the soil are beginning their activity with plough, shovel,
+rake, breaking the firm grip of grim winter upon the Earth, so that the
+mild spring warmth may penetrate her breast and coax into growth and
+maturity the seeds lying in her womb.
+
+A great festival seems at hand for which Mother Earth has adorned
+herself with garments of the richest and most beautiful hues.
+
+What does civilized humanity do with all this splendor? It speculates
+with it. Usurers, who gamble with the necessities of life, will take
+possession of Nature's gifts, of wheat and corn, fruit and flowers, and
+will carry on a shameless trade with them, while millions of toilers,
+both in country and city, will be permitted to partake of the earth's
+riches only in medicinal doses and at exorbitant prices.
+
+May's generous promise to mankind, that they were to receive in
+abundance, is being broken and undone by the existing arrangements of
+society.
+
+The Spring sends its glad tidings to man through the jubilant songs
+that stream from the throats of her feathered messengers. "Behold," they
+sing, "I have such wealth to give away, but you know not how to take.
+You count and bargain and weigh and measure, rather than feast at my
+heavily laden tables. You crawl about on the ground, bent by worry and
+dread, rather than drink in the free balmy air!"
+
+The irony of May is neither cold nor hard. It contains a mild yet
+convincing appeal to mankind to finally break the power of the Winter
+not only in Nature, but in our social life,--to free itself from the
+hard and fixed traditions of a dead past.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+ENVY.
+
+By WALT WHITMAN.
+
+
+     _When I peruse the conquered fame of heroes, and the victories of
+         mighty generals, I do not envy the generals,
+     Nor the President in his Presidency, nor the rich in his great
+         house;
+     But when I hear of the brotherhood of lovers, how it was with them,
+     How through life, through dangers, odium, unchanging, long and long
+     Through youth, and through middle and old age, how unfaltering, how
+         affectionate and faithful they were,
+     Then I am pensive--I hastily walk away, filled with the bitterest
+         envy._
+
+
+
+
+OBSERVATIONS AND COMMENTS.
+
+
+A young man had an Ideal which he cherished as the most beautiful and
+greatest treasure he had on earth. He promised himself never to part
+with it, come what might.
+
+His surroundings, however, repeated from morn till night that one can
+not feed on Ideals, and that one must become practical if he wishes to
+get on in life.
+
+When he attempted the practical, he realized that his Ideal could never
+become reconciled to it. This, at first, caused him deep suffering, but
+he soon conceived a pleasant thought: "Why should I expose my precious
+jewel to the vulgarity, coarseness and filth of a practical life? I will
+put it into a jewel case and hide it in a secluded spot."
+
+From time to time, especially when business was bad, he stole over to
+the case containing his Ideal, to delight in its splendor. Indeed, the
+world was shabby compared with that!
+
+Meanwhile he married and his business began to improve. The members of
+his party had already begun to discuss the possibility of putting him up
+as a candidate for Alderman.
+
+He visited his Ideal at longer intervals now. He had made a very
+unpleasant discovery,--his Ideal had lessened in size and weight in
+proportion to the practical opulence of his mind. It grew old and full
+of wrinkles, which aroused his suspicions. After all, the practical
+people were right in making light of Ideals. Did he not observe with his
+own eyes how his Ideal had faded?
+
+It had been overlooked for a long time. Once more he stole over to the
+safety vault containing his Ideal. It was at a time when he had suffered
+a severe business loss. With great yearning in his breast, he lifted the
+cover of the case. He was worn from practical life and his heart and
+head felt heavy. He found the case empty. His Ideal had vanished,
+evaporated!--It dawned upon him that he had proven false to the Ideal,
+and not the Ideal to him.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Pity and sympathy have been celebrating a great feast within the last
+few weeks. When they look into the mirror of public opinion they find
+their own reflex touchingly beautiful, big, very human. Want was about
+to commit self-destruction in abolishing poverty, tears and the despair
+of suffering humanity forever.
+
+The "heart" of New York, the "heart" of the country, the "heart" of the
+entire world throbs for San Francisco. The press says so, at least.
+
+No doubt a large amount in checks and banknotes was sent to the city of
+the Golden Gate. Money, in these days, is the criterion of emotions and
+sentiments; so that the pity of one who gives $10,000 must appear
+incomparably greater than the pity of one who contributes a small sum
+which was perhaps intended to buy shoes for the children, or to pay the
+grocery bill. A large sum is always loud and boastful in the way it
+appears in the newspapers. The delicate tact and fine taste of the
+various editors see to it that the names of the donors of large sums be
+printed in heavy type.
+
+After all, can not one every day and in every large city observe the
+same phenomenon that has followed the disaster in San Francisco? Surely
+there were homeless, starved, despaired, wretched beings in San
+Francisco before the earthquake and the fire, yet the public's pity and
+sympathy haughtily passed them by; and official sympathy and compassion
+had nothing but the police station and the workhouse to give them.
+
+And now,--what is really being done now? Humanitarianism is exhibiting
+itself in a low and vulgar manner, and superficiality and bad taste are
+stalking about in peacock fashion.
+
+The newspapers are full of praise for the bravery of the militia in
+their defense of property. A man was instantly shot as he walked out of
+a saloon with his arms full of champagne bottles, and another was shot
+for carrying off a sack of coffee, etc. How strange that the "brave
+boys" of the militia,--who, by the way, had to be severely disciplined
+because of their beastly drunkenness,--showed so much noble indignation
+against a few clumsy thieves! During the strikes and labor conflicts it
+is usually their mission to protect the property of skillful
+thieves,--legal thieves, of course.
+
+Finally what is going to be the end of the great display of superficial
+sentimentality for the stricken city? An all-around good deal: Moneyed
+people, contractors, real estate speculators will make large sums of
+money. Indeed it is not at all unlikely that within a few months good
+Christian capitalists will secretly thank their Lord that he sent the
+earthquake.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+As an employer, the United States Government is certainly tolerant and
+liberal, especially so far as the highly remunerative offices are
+concerned.
+
+The President, for instance, loves to deliver himself of moral sermons.
+Recently he spoke of the people who criticise government and society and
+breed discontent. He considers them dangerous and entertains little
+regard for them. He ought not be blamed for that, since, as the first
+clerk of the State, it is his duty to represent its interests and
+dignity.
+
+The most ordinary business agent, though he may be convinced of the
+corruption of his firm, will take good care to keep this fact from the
+public. Business morals demand it.
+
+Besides, no one will expect or desire that the President should become a
+Revolutionist. This would certainly be no gain of ours, nor would the
+State suffer harm. Surely there are enough professional politicians who
+do not lack talent for the calling of doorkeepers on a large scale.
+
+As to the moral sermons against the undesirable and obnoxious element,
+all that can be said, from a practical standpoint, is, that their
+originality and wisdom are in no proportion to the salary the sermonizer
+receives. Competition among preachers of penitence and servility is
+almost as great as among patent medicine quacks. Four or five thousand a
+year can easily buy the services of a corpulent, reverend gentleman of
+some prominence.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The dangers of the first of May, when France was to be ruined by the
+"mob" of socialists and anarchists, was very fantastically described by
+the Paris correspondents of the American newspapers. These gentlemen
+seem to have known everything. They discovered that the cause of the
+threatened revolution was to be found in the irresponsible good nature
+and kindness of the French government.
+
+Just show "Satan" Anarchy a finger, and straightway he will seize the
+entire arm. Especially M. Clemenceau was severely censured as being
+altogether too good a fellow to make a reliable minister. There he is
+with France near the abyss of a social revolution! That is the manner in
+which history is being manufactured for boarding-school young ladies.
+
+The social revolution may come, but surely not because of the kindness
+or good nature of the government. France needed a newspaper boom for her
+elections: "The republic is in danger; for goodness' sake give us your
+vote on election day!"
+
+In order that the citizens might feel the proper horror, trade-union
+leaders, anarchists and even a few royalistic scare-crows were arrested;
+at the same time the sympathy and devotion of the government for its
+people manifested itself in the reign of the military terror in the
+strike regions.
+
+The real seriousness of the situation, the correspondents failed to
+grasp. How could they? since they got their wisdom in the ante-chamber
+of the ministry.
+
+The revolutionary labor organizations care little for the good will or
+the Jesuit kindness of the authorities. They continue with their work,
+propagate the idea of direct action, and strengthen the anti-military
+movement, the result of which is already being felt among the soldiers
+and officers.
+
+The officer who jumped upon the platform at the Bourse du Travail,
+expressing his solidarity with the workers and declaring that he would
+not fire on them, was immediately arrested; but this will only influence
+others to follow the good example.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In the old fables the lion is described as supreme judge and not the
+mule or the wether.
+
+In Cleveland things are different. Several weeks ago Olga Nethersole
+gave a performance of Sappho there. Whereupon the police felt moved to
+perform an operation on the play, for moral reasons, of course. The
+staircase scene was ordered to be left out altogether.
+
+Ye poor, depraved artists, how low ye might sink, were the police and
+Comstock not here to watch over the moral qualities of your productions!
+
+If one observes one of these prosaic fellows on the corner, terribly
+bored, and with his entire intellect concentrated on his club, and how
+out of pure ennui he is constantly recapitulating the number of his
+brass buttons, one can hardly realize that such an individual has been
+entrusted with the power to decide the fate of an artistic production.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1792 the French people marched through the streets singing:
+
+
+     O, what is it the people cry?
+     They ask for all equality.
+         The poor no more shall be
+         In slavish misery;
+         The idle rich shall flee.
+
+     O, what is it the people need?
+     They ask for bread and iron and lead.
+         The iron to win our pay,
+         The lead our foes to slay,
+         The bread our friends to feed.
+
+
+The soldiers at Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania, who were ordered by their
+superiors to fire into a crowd of strikers and wounded and killed
+innocent men and women, do not sing the Carmagnole; they sing:
+
+
+     "My country, 'tis of thee,
+     Sweet land of Liberty!"
+
+
+If the ruling powers continue to maintain peace and order with iron and
+blood it may happen that the meaningless national hymn may be drowned by
+the Carmagnole, pealing forth like thunder from the throats of the
+masses.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+To the credit of human nature be it said, it is not altogether hopeless.
+Since tyranny has existed, human nature has ever rebelled against it.
+
+Real slavery exists only when the oppressed consider their fate as
+something normal, something self-evident.
+
+There is greater security for tyranny in slavish thoughts, indifference
+and pettiness than in cannons and swords.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+"THIS MAN GORKY."
+
+By MARGARET GRANT.
+
+
+THE women of America are aroused as never before. They always are
+aroused to the defense of their firesides. Even those women who live in
+flats are awake to the need for defending their radiators or their gas
+stoves; it is inherent in the nature of woman, it seems.
+
+Most of the women's societies and clubs have spoken in no uncertain
+terms concerning the outrage that has been put upon the civilization of
+this great country by the conduct of this man Gorky. And, in fact, it is
+a thing not to be borne.
+
+As for me, I belong to the Woman's Association for the Regulation of the
+Morals of Others, a society which is second to none in its activity and
+usefulness, but which has seen fit to defer its own discussion of this
+man Gorky's conduct until most of the other women's societies have
+spoken.
+
+We have just had our meeting, and I think that if this man Gorky should
+read an account of our proceedings, he would certainly get out of this
+outraged country with all the celerity of which he is capable. But, of
+course, he is only a foreigner after all and probably will not
+comprehend the exquisite purity of our morals.
+
+I want to say that in our meetings we do not slavishly follow those
+parliamentary rules which men have made for their guidance, but allow
+ourselves some latitude in discussion. And we do not invite some man to
+come and do all the talking, as is the case in some women's clubs.
+
+Mrs. Blanderocks was in the chair. We began with an informal discussion
+of the best way of preventing the common people from dressing so as not
+to be distinguished from the upper classes, but there was no heart in
+the talk, for we all felt that it was only preliminary. It was my friend
+Sarah Warner who changed the subject.
+
+"The Woman's State Republican Association held its annual meeting at
+Delmonico's yesterday," she said, quietly drawing a newspaper clipping
+from her pocket-book.
+
+"And had some men there to amuse them and to tell them what to do," said
+Mrs. Blanderocks with cutting irony.
+
+We all laughed heartily. We meet at Mrs. Blanderocks' house, and she
+always provides a beautiful luncheon.
+
+"But Mrs. Flint said some things that I would like to read to you," said
+Sarah. "It won't take long. I cut this out of the 'Times' this morning."
+
+"What is it about?" some one asked.
+
+"Gorky," Sarah answered, closing her eyes in a way to express volumes.
+
+You could hear all the members catch their breath. This was what they
+had come for. I broke the oppressive silence.
+
+"I foresee," I said, "that in the discussion of this subject there will
+be said things likely to bring a blush to the cheek of innocence, and I
+move that all unmarried women under the age of twenty-five be excluded
+from the meeting for as long as this man is under discussion."
+
+A fierce cry of rage rose from all parts of the crowded room. I did not
+understand. I could see no one who would be affected by the rule. Mrs.
+Blanderocks raised her hand to command silence and said coldly:
+
+"The motion is out of order. By a special provision of our constitution
+it is the inalienable right of all unmarried women to be under
+twenty-five. We will be as careful in our language as the subject will
+permit. Mrs. Warner will please read the words of Mrs. Flint."
+
+I was shocked to think I had made such a mistake. Sarah rose and read in
+a clear, sharp voice from the clipping:
+
+"Should not we as women take some action against this man? People of
+such character should not be allowed in this country. Of course when he
+arrived it was not known how he was living, but he came here and
+expected to be received; and I think he should be deported. Gorky is the
+embodiment of Socialism."
+
+Everybody applauded violently. I was puzzled and asked a question as
+soon as I could make myself heard.
+
+"Suppose Gorky is a Socialist," I said; "what has that to do with his
+morals?"
+
+"Everything," replied Mrs. Blanderocks, haughtily.
+
+"Socialists don't believe in marriage," said Sarah Warner, taking
+another clipping from her pocket-book and reading: "'Mrs. Cornelia
+Robinson said: When the question of uniform divorce law is taken up, we
+shall find that the Socialists are against it as a body. It is not that
+they are opposed to divorce, but they do not believe in marriage.'"
+
+"And does she know?" I asked.
+
+"Would she say it publicly if it were not true?" demanded Mrs.
+Blanderocks, glaring disapprovingly at me.
+
+I rose to my feet. I will say for myself that my desire for knowledge is
+greater even than my shyness, and usually overcomes it.
+
+"I want to make a motion," I said, "that this man Gorky be deported--"
+(loud applause)--"but before doing so I would like some one to explain
+in as plain words as the nature of the subject will permit, just what he
+has been guilty of." Dead silence broken by a voice saying: "He's a
+foreigner."
+
+"I'll tell you what he has done," cried Sarah Warner; "he came into this
+country pretending that the woman who was with him was his wife; he
+allowed her to be registered at the hotel as his wife; he permitted her
+to sleep under the same roof with pure men and women--"
+
+"I would like to ask Mrs. Warner," said a lady in a remote corner of the
+room, "if she will vouch for the purity of the men?"
+
+"Perhaps," said Mrs. Blanderocks, gravely, "it will be better if the
+word men be stricken from the record. Do you object, Mrs. Warner?"
+
+"It was a slip of the tongue," Sarah answered, "and I am grateful to the
+member who called attention to it; though I will say that I think there
+are some pure men."
+
+"We are discussing Gorky now," said Mrs. Blanderocks with an indulgent
+smile.
+
+"True," answered Sarah, beaming back at the chairwoman; "and I was
+saying that he had subjected the pure women of the hotel to the
+unspeakable indignity of having to sleep under the same roof with the
+woman he called his wife."
+
+"I would like to ask," I interposed timidly, "if it is right for a
+woman to sleep under the same roof with an impure man, or is it only an
+impure woman who is injurious?"
+
+"A woman has to sleep under some roof," came in the voice of the woman
+in the corner.
+
+"I think Mrs. Grant would show better taste if she did not press such a
+question," said another voice. "Will Mrs. Warner be good enough to
+describe the exact status--I think status is right--of the woman he
+tried to pass as his wife?"
+
+"She was his----" Sarah had a fit of coughing, "she was not his wife. I
+do not care to be more explicit."
+
+"Perhaps," I said, groping for light, "it would be better if I made my
+motion read that she should be deported from the country, since it is
+her immorality that counts."
+
+"And let those Republican Association women stand for more morality than
+we do?" cried Mrs. Blanderocks. "No, you cannot make your motion too
+strong."
+
+"Oh, then," I said, with a sigh of relief, "I will move that Gorky and
+all other men, immoral in the same way, shall be deported from the
+country."
+
+"Then who is to take care of us women?" demanded the voice in the
+corner.
+
+"Do be reasonable, Margaret," said Sarah Warner, "we can't drive all the
+men out of the country, and don't want to, but we can fix a standard of
+morals to astonish the world, and there could be no better way than by
+making an example of this man Gorky. Don't you see that he is a
+foreigner and can't very well know that our men are just as bad as he
+is? Besides, isn't he a Socialist? We would have been willing to condone
+his relations with that woman if only he'd hid them respectably as our
+men do, but to come here with his free ideas---- Well, I'm willing to
+let the Russians have all the freedom they want, and I would have given
+my mite toward stirring up trouble over there, but we have all the
+freedom we want over here, and a little more, too, if I know anything
+about it."
+
+"Very well," I replied, "I will withdraw the motion and make one to have
+a committee appointed to investigate the matter and find out the whole
+truth about it."
+
+"What is there to find out?" demanded Sarah, aghast.
+
+"Well, you know he insists that she is his wife. Maybe she is by
+Russian law or custom."
+
+"Perfectly absurd! His own wife and he separated because they couldn't
+be happy together. Was ever anything more ridiculous?"
+
+"As if happiness had anything to do with marriage!" said the voice from
+the corner.
+
+Everybody laughed and applauded as if something very funny had been
+said.
+
+"Well, anyhow," I insisted, for I can be obstinate when a thing isn't
+clear to me, "if they both thought they were justified in calling
+themselves man and wife, and if the people in Russia thought so, too,
+why should we make any fuss about it?"
+
+"Pardon me, Mrs. Grant," said Mrs. Blanderocks, suavely, "if I say that
+your words are very silly. In the first place, the Russians are
+barbarians, as we all know; and, in the next place, the law is the law,
+and the law says that a man may not have two wives. A man who does is a
+bigamist. A man who has a wife and yet lives with another woman is an
+adulterer. Pardon me for using such a word, but it was forced from me.
+Now, this man Gorky, who may be a very great genius for all I know--I
+never read any of his stuff--but he isn't above the law: not above the
+moral law anyhow, and the moral law is the same all over the world. He
+says he and his wife parted because they were unhappy together, which is
+a very flimsy excuse for immorality. Then he says that his wife is
+living now with a man she loves and is happy with."
+
+"Which makes a bad matter worse," interposed Sarah Warner. "No one has
+any business to be happy in immorality."
+
+"What is morality for," demanded the voice from the corner, "if it isn't
+to make people unhappy?"
+
+Everybody screamed with laughter over that, and Mrs. Blanderocks went so
+far as to raise her eyebrows at Sarah Warner, who bit her lip to keep
+from smiling.
+
+"But," said I, for I had been reading the papers, too, "he says the
+reason they were not divorced was because the Church would not permit
+it."
+
+"If the laws of his country were opposed to this divorce," said Mrs.
+Blanderocks, triumphantly, "all the more reason why he should be
+ashamed of living with this actress in such an open, defiant way."
+
+"The Church has nothing to do with divorces in this country," I said,
+"yet many of our best people are divorced."
+
+"The law permits it," said Mrs. Blanderocks curtly.
+
+"Who makes the law?" I asked, determined to get at the bottom of the
+thing if I could.
+
+"The people through the Legislature," was the prompt answer.
+
+"Well," I said, very timidly, not knowing but I was quite in the wrong,
+"it seems that the people of Russia not being able to make laws
+nevertheless recognize the separation of a man and his wife as proper,
+and permit them to take other husbands and wives without loss of
+standing."
+
+"A law's a law," said Sarah, sternly; "and a law should be sacred. The
+very idea of anybody pretending to be above the law like this man Gorky!
+I would like to know what would become of the holy institution of
+matrimony if it could be trifled with in such a fashion?"
+
+"You want Russia to be free from the rule of the Tsar, don't you?" I
+asked.
+
+"Certainly, he is a tyrant and an irresponsible weakling, unfit to
+govern a great people. Of course, we want Russia to be free. The people
+of Russia are entitled to be free, to govern themselves."
+
+"Do you think they ought to be allowed to make their own laws?" I asked.
+
+"Of course."
+
+"Then, why do you say that Gorky is not properly divorced from his first
+wife and married to his second? The people of Russia approve."
+
+"Margaret Grant!" cried Sarah, outraged and voicing the horror of the
+other members, "I sometimes wonder if you have any respect at all for
+the law. How can you speak as you do? If men and women could dispense
+with the law in that way what would become of society?"
+
+"But this state used to permit men and women to live together without
+any ceremony and so become man and wife," I said.
+
+"Well, we don't permit it now," retorted Sarah, grimly.
+
+"If they want to live together now," cried the voice from the corner,
+"they must pretend they don't, even if everybody knows they do."
+
+Some of the members laughed at that, but Mrs. Blanderocks thought that
+was going too far and said so in her coldest manner.
+
+"I see nothing funny in that. We cannot change the natures of men, but
+we can insist upon their hiding their baser conduct and the degraded
+portions of their lives from our view."
+
+"But," said I, "Gorky evidently considers this woman his wife, and had
+no idea that anybody would think otherwise."
+
+"The point is," said Sarah Warner, in exasperation, "and I think I voice
+the sentiments of this organization, that he was not legally divorced
+from his first wife and that, therefore, he cannot be legally married to
+this woman. A law is a law, no matter who makes it. The law is sacred
+and must not be tampered with."
+
+"How about the Supreme Court on divorces in Dakota?" demanded the voice
+from the corner.
+
+A dead silence fell on the meeting. Some of the members looked at each
+other and showed signs of hysterics. Mrs. Blanderocks flashed a
+withering glance at the corner, but rose to the occasion.
+
+"Ladies," she said in a solemn tone, "I deeply regret that this subject
+has been touched upon in a spirit of levity. It was my intention, at the
+proper time, to introduce a resolution of sympathy for those ladies who
+have been so summarily and I may say brutally unmarried by the unfeeling
+wretches who sit upon the bench of the Supreme Court. It is awful to
+think that our highly respected sisters, whose wealth alone should have
+protected them, have been told by the highest court in the land that
+they have been living in shame all this time, and that their children
+are not legitimate. Ladies, I call your attention to the fact that many
+of our own members are thus branded by those judges. It is infamous. It
+is more than infamous--it is a reason why women should sit on the
+judicial bench."
+
+"Yes," I said, "it seems impossible for men to comprehend the mental or
+emotional processes of women."
+
+"True, too true," murmured our President, giving me a look of gratitude.
+"I remember how the men of this country cried out against us a few
+years ago because they could not understand why we send flowers and
+tender letters to a poor, handsome negro who had first outraged and then
+murdered a woman."
+
+"Yes," I said, "and no doubt they will pretend not to understand our
+indignation against this man Gorky, who thinks the customs of his own
+country justify him his terrible conduct. But we must be careful how we
+word our condemnation of this man lest he should somehow learn of what
+our Supreme Court has so wickedly done and retort on us that these, our
+wealthiest and most respected citizens, not being legally divorced and
+hence not being legally married again, are no better than he and his
+so-called wife."
+
+The ladies looked at each other in consternation. Evidently the thought
+had not suggested itself to them. Mrs. X. Y. Z. Asterbilt (née Clewbel)
+rose and in a voice choked with emotion said:
+
+"Speaking for myself as well as for some of the other ladies, members of
+this organization, who are temporarily déclassée, so to speak, by this
+decree of the Supreme Court, I beg that you will do nothing to call
+undue attention to us, until we have arranged matters so that our wealth
+will enable us to have that legislation which is necessary to make us
+respectable women again."
+
+"Is it true," I asked, "that you have sent an invitation to Madame
+Andreieva to meet you to discuss the steps to be taken to reinstate
+yourselves?"
+
+"It is true, but the extraordinary creature returned word that as a lady
+of good standing in her own country she did not feel that she could
+afford to associate with women whom the courts of this country held to
+be living in shame."
+
+"Did you ever!" cried Mrs. Blanderocks. "But it shows us that we must be
+careful. Mrs. Grant, you have had experience in such matters, suppose
+you retire and draw up a set of resolutions that will not expose us to
+the ribald and unseemly comments of the light-minded."
+
+Of course I accepted the task, fully realizing its gravity, and
+following is the resolution I brought back with me:
+
+"_Whereas_, Maxim Gorky, recognized in the world of letters as a man of
+genius, and in the world at large as a man of great soul, high purpose
+and pure nature, having come to this country accompanied by a lady whom
+he considers and treats as his wife; and
+
+"_Whereas_, The wealthy, and therefore the better classes, tumbled all
+over themselves in order to exploit him as a lion; and
+
+"_Whereas_, He had not the wisdom and craft and sense of puritanical
+respectability to pretend that he did not know the lady he believed his
+wife, and to whom he believes himself united by a law higher than that
+of man; and
+
+"_Whereas_, He was guileless enough to believe he had come to a free
+country where purity of motive and of conduct would take precedence of
+hollow and rotten forms; and
+
+"_Whereas_, He did not know that the American people practise polygamy
+secretly, while condemning it in words, and that the United States
+Senate has been nearly two years in pretending to try to find a
+polygamist in their midst; and
+
+"_Whereas_, He was so injudicious as to come here with a defective
+divorce just at a time when our Supreme Court was making the divorce of
+some of us, the gilded favorites of fortune, defective; and
+
+"_Whereas_, He had the audacity to proclaim himself a Socialist, which
+is the same thing as saying that he is opposed to special privilege, and
+is in favor of the abolition of property in land and in the tools of
+labor--in other and plainer words, is against Us; and
+
+"_Whereas_, He is only a foreigner, anyhow, and no longer available as a
+toy and plaything for us; therefore be it
+
+"_Resolved_, That this man, Gorky, be used as a means of proclaiming our
+extraordinary virtue to the world at large, as a robber cries stop thief
+in order to direct attention from himself; that accordingly he be
+treated with the utmost outrageous discourtesy and hounded from hotel to
+hotel on the ground that such places by no chance harbor men and women
+unless they have passed through the matrimonial mill; that we withdraw
+our patronage from the revolution in Russia--not being seriously
+interested in it anyhow--and that we will show our contempt for
+revolutionary patriots by entertaining the rottenest grand duke in
+Russia if only he will come over to us, bringing his whole harem if he
+wish; that he is a reproach to us while he remains in this country, and
+that it is the sense of this great organization that he and the lady who
+is his wife in the highest sense shall be deported."
+
+The resolution was not passed.
+
+I have been expelled from the association.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+COMRADE.
+
+By MAXIM GORKY.
+
+Translated from the French translation by S. PERSKY, published in
+"L'Aurore," Paris.
+
+
+ALL in that city was strange, incomprehensible. Churches in great number
+pointed their many-tinted steeples toward the sky, in gleaming colors;
+but the walls and the chimneys of the factories rose still higher, and
+the temples were crushed between the massive façades of commercial
+houses, like marvelous flowers sprung up among the ruins, out of the
+dust. And when the bells called the faithful to prayer, their brazen
+sounds, sliding along the iron roofs, vanished, leaving no traces in the
+narrow gaps which separated the houses.
+
+They were always large, and sometimes beautiful, these dwellings.
+Deformed people, ciphers, ran about like gray mice in the tortuous
+streets from morning till evening; and their eyes, full of covetousness,
+looked for bread or for some distraction; other men placed at the
+crossways watched with a vigilant and ferocious air, that the weak
+should, without murmuring, submit themselves to the strong. The strong
+were the rich: everyone believed that money alone gives power and
+liberty. All wanted power because all were slaves. The luxury of the
+rich begot the envy and hate of the poor; no one knew any finer music
+than the ring of gold; that is why each was the enemy of his neighbor,
+and cruelty reigned mistress.
+
+Sometimes the sun shone over the city, but life therein was always wan,
+and the people like shadows. At night they lit a mass of joyous lights;
+and then famishing women went out into the streets to sell their
+caresses to the highest bidder. Everywhere floated an odor of victuals,
+and the sullen and voracious look of the people grew. Over the city
+hovered a groan of misery, stifled, without strength to make itself
+heard.
+
+Every one led an irksome, unquiet life; a general hostility was the
+rule. A few citizens only considered themselves just, but these were the
+most cruel, and their ferocity provoked that of the herd. All wanted to
+live; and no one knew or could follow freely the pathway of his desires;
+like an insatiable monster, the Present enveloped in its powerful and
+vigorous arms the man who marched toward the future, and in that slimy
+embrace sapped away his strength. Full of anguish and perplexity, the
+man paused, powerless before the hideous aspect of this life: with its
+thousands of eyes, infinitely sad in their expression, it looked into
+his heart, asking him for it knew not what,--and then the radiant images
+of the future died in his soul; a groan out of the powerlessness of the
+man mingled in the discordant chorus of lamentations and tears from poor
+human creatures tormented by life.
+
+Tedium and inquietude reigned everywhere, and sometimes terror. And the
+dull and somber city, the stone buildings atrociously lined one against
+the other, shutting in the temples, were for men a prison, rebuffing the
+rays of the sun. And the music of life was smothered by the cry of
+suffering and rage, by the whisper of dissimulated hate, by the
+threatening bark of cruelty, by the voluptuous cry of violence.
+
+In the sullen agitation caused by trial and suffering, in the feverish
+struggle of misery, in the vile slime of egoism, in the subsoils of the
+houses wherein vegetated Poverty, the creator of Riches, solitary
+dreamers full of faith in Man, strangers to all, prophets of seditions,
+moved about like sparks issued from some far-off hearthstone of justice.
+Secretly they brought into these wretched holes tiny fertile seeds of a
+doctrine simple and grand;--and sometimes rudely, with lightnings in
+their eyes, and sometimes mild and tender, they sowed this clear and
+burning truth in the sombre hearts of these slaves, transformed into
+mute, blind instruments by the strength of the rapacious, by the will of
+the cruel. And these sullen beings, these oppressed ones, listened
+without much belief to the music of the new words,--the music for which
+their hearts had long been waiting. Little by little they lifted up
+their heads, and tore the meshes of the web of lies wherewith their
+oppressors had enwound them. In their existence, made up of silent and
+contained rage, in their hearts envenomed by numberless wrongs, in their
+consciences encumbered by the dupings of the wisdom of the strong, in
+this dark and laborious life, all penetrated with the bitterness of
+humiliation, had resounded a simple word:
+
+Comrade.
+
+It was not a new word; they had heard it and pronounced it themselves;
+but until then it had seemed to them void of sense, like all other words
+dulled by usage, and which one may forget without losing anything. But
+now this word, strong and clear, had another sound; a soul was singing
+in it,--the facets of it shone brilliant as a diamond. The wretched
+accepted this word, and at first uttered it gently, cradling it in their
+hearts like a mother rocking her new-born child and admiring it. And the
+more they searched the luminous soul of the word, the more fascinating
+it seemed to them.
+
+"Comrade," said they.
+
+And they felt that this word had come to unite the whole world, to lift
+all men up to the summits of liberty and bind them with new ties, the
+strong ties of mutual respect, respect for the liberties of others in
+the name of one's own liberty.
+
+When this word had engraved itself upon the hearts of the slaves, they
+ceased to be slaves; and one day they announced their transformation to
+the city in this great human formula:
+
+I WILL NOT.
+
+Then life was suspended, for it is they who are the motor force of life,
+they and no other. The water supply stopped, the fire went out, the city
+was plunged in darkness. The masters began to tremble like children.
+Fear invaded the hearts of the oppressors. Suffocating in the fumes of
+their own dejection, disconcerted and terrified by the strength of the
+revolt, they dissimulated the rage which they felt against it.
+
+The phantom of Famine rose up before them, and their children wailed
+plaintively in the darkness. The houses and the temples, enveloped in
+shadow, melted into an inanimate chaos of iron and stone; a menacing
+silence filled the streets with a clamminess as of death; life ceased,
+for the force which created it had become conscious of itself; and
+enslaved humanity had found the magic and invincible word to express its
+will; it had enfranchised itself from the yoke; with its own eyes it had
+seen its might,--the might of the creator.
+
+These days were days of anguish to the rulers, to those who considered
+themselves the masters of life; each night was as long as thousands of
+nights, so thick was the gloom, so timidly shone the few fires scattered
+through the city. And then the monster city, created by the centuries,
+gorged with human blood, showed itself in all its shameful weakness; it
+was but a pitiable mass of stone and wood. The blind windows of the
+houses looked upon the street with a cold and sullen air, and out on the
+highway marched with valiant step the real masters of life. They, too,
+were hungry, more than the others perhaps; but they were used to it, and
+the suffering of their bodies was not so sharp as the suffering of the
+old masters of life; it did not extinguish the fire in their souls. They
+glowed with the consciousness of their own strength, the presentiment of
+victory sparkled in their eyes. They went about in the streets of the
+city which had been their narrow and sombre prison, wherein they had
+been overwhelmed with contempt, wherein their souls had been loaded with
+abuse, and they saw the great importance of their work, and thus was
+unveiled to them the sacred right they had to become the masters of
+life, its creators and its lawgivers.
+
+And the lifegiving word of union presented itself to them with a new
+face, with a blinding clearness:
+
+"Comrade."
+
+There among lying words it rang out boldly, as the joyous harbinger of
+the time to come, of a new life open to all in the future;--far or near?
+They felt that it depended upon them whether they advanced towards
+liberty or themselves deferred its coming.
+
+The prostitute who, but the evening before, was but a hungry beast,
+sadly waiting on the muddy pavement to be accosted by some one who would
+buy her caresses, the prostitute, too, heard this word, but was
+undecided whether to repeat it. A man the like of whom she had never
+seen till then approached her, laid his hand upon her shoulder and said
+to her in an affectionate tone, "Comrade." And she gave a little
+embarrassed smile, ready to cry with the joy her wounded heart
+experienced for the first time. Tears of pure gaiety shone in her eyes,
+which, the night before, had looked at the world with a stupid and
+insolent expression of a starving animal. In all the streets of the city
+the outcasts celebrated the triumph of their reunion with the great
+family of workers of the entire world; and the dead eyes of the houses
+looked on with an air more and more cold and menacing.
+
+The beggar to whom but the night before an obol was thrown, price of the
+compassion of the well-fed, the beggar also heard this word; and it was
+the first alms which aroused a feeling of gratitude in his poor heart,
+gnawed by misery.
+
+A coachman, a great big fellow whose patrons struck him that their blows
+might be transmitted to his thin-flanked, weary horse, this man imbruted
+by the noise of wheels upon the pavement, said, smiling, to a passer-by:
+"Well, Comrade!" He was frightened at his own words. He took the reins
+in his hands, ready to start, and looked at the passer-by, the joyous
+smile not yet effaced from his big face. The other cast a friendly
+glance at him and answered, shaking his head: "Thanks, comrade; I will
+go on foot; I am not going far."
+
+"Ah, the fine fellow!" exclaimed the coachman enthusiastically; he
+stirred in his seat, winking his eyes gaily, and started off somewhere
+with a great clatter.
+
+The people went in groups crowded together on the pavements, and the
+great word destined to unite the world burst out more and more often
+among them, like a spark: "Comrade." A policeman, bearded, fierce, and
+filled with the consciousness of his own importance, approached the
+crowd surrounding an old orator at the corner of a street, and, after
+having listened to the discourse, he said slowly: "Assemblages are
+interdicted ... disperse...." And after a moment's silence, lowering his
+eyes, he added, in a lower tone, "Comrades."
+
+The pride of young combatants was depicted in the faces of those who
+carried the word in their hearts, who had given it flesh and blood and
+the appeal to union; one felt that the strength they so generously
+poured into this living word was indestructible, inexhaustible.
+
+Here and there blind troops of armed men, dressed in gray, gathered and
+formed ranks in silence; it was the fury of the oppressors preparing to
+repulse the wave of justice.
+
+And in the narrow streets of the immense city, between the cold and
+silent walls raised by the hands of ignored creators, the noble belief
+in Man and in Fraternity grew and ripened.
+
+"Comrade."--Sometimes in one corner, sometimes in another, the fire
+burst out. Soon this fire would become the conflagration destined to
+enkindle the earth with the ardent sentiment of kinship, uniting all its
+peoples; destined to consume and reduce to ashes the rage, hate and
+cruelty by which we are mutilated; the conflagration which will embrace
+all hearts, melt them into one,--the heart of the world, the heart of
+beings noble and just;--into one united family of workers.
+
+In the streets of the dead city, created by slaves, in the streets of
+the city where cruelty reigned, faith in humanity and in victory over
+self and over the evil of the world grew and ripened. And in the vague
+chaos of a dull and troubled existence, a simple word, profound as the
+heart, shone like a star, like a light guiding toward the future:
+COMRADE.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+ALEXANDER BERKMAN.
+
+By E. G.
+
+ON the 18th of this month the workhouse at Hoboken, Pa., will open its
+iron gates for Alexander Berkman. One buried alive for fourteen years
+will emerge from his tomb. That was not the intention of those who
+indicted Berkman. In the kindness of their Christian hearts they saw to
+it that he be sentenced to twenty-one years in the penitentiary and one
+year in the workhouse, hoping that that would equal a death penalty,
+only with a slow, refined execution. To achieve the feat of sending a
+man to a gradual death, the authorities of Pittsburg at the command of
+Mammon trampled upon their much-beloved laws and the legality of court
+proceedings. These laws in Pennsylvania called for seven years
+imprisonment for the attempt to kill, but that did not satisfy the
+law-abiding citizen H. C. Frick. He saw to it that one indictment was
+multiplied into six. He knew full well that he would meet with no
+opposition from petrified injustice and the servile stupidity of the
+judge and jury before whom Alexander Berkman was tried.
+
+In looking over the events of 1892 and the causes that led up to the act
+of Alexander Berkman, one beholds Mammon seated upon a throne built of
+human bodies, without a trace of sympathy on its Gorgon brow for the
+creatures it controls. These victims, bent and worn, with the reflex of
+the glow of the steel and iron furnaces in their haggard faces, carry
+their sacrificial offerings to the ever-insatiable monster, capitalism.
+In its greed, however, it reaches out for more; it neither sees the
+gleam of hate in the sunken eyes of its slaves, nor can it hear the
+murmurs of discontent and rebellion coming forth from their heaving
+breasts. Yet, discontent continues until one day it raises its mighty
+voice and demands to be heard:
+
+Human conditions! higher pay! fewer hours in the inferno at Homestead,
+the stronghold of the "philanthropist" Carnegie!
+
+He was far away, however, enjoying a much needed rest from hard labor,
+in Scotland, his native country. Besides he knew he had left a worthy
+representative in H. C. Frick, who could take care that the voice of
+discontent was strangled in a fitting manner,--and Mr. Carnegie had
+judged rightly.
+
+Frick, who was quite experienced in the art of disposing of rebellious
+spirits (he had had a number of them shot in the coke regions in 1890),
+immediately issued an order for Pinkerton men, the vilest creatures in
+the human family, who are engaged in the trade of murder for $2 per day.
+
+The strikers declared that they would not permit these men to land, but
+money and power walk shrewd and cunning paths. The Pinkerton
+blood-hounds were packed into a boat and were to be smuggled into
+Homestead by way of water in the stillness of night. The amalgamated
+steel workers learned of this contemptible trick and prepared to meet
+the foe. They gathered by the shores of the Monongahela River armed with
+sticks and stones, but ere they had time for an attack a violent fire
+was opened from the boat that neared the shore, and within an hour
+eleven strikers lay dead from the bullets of Frick's hirelings.
+
+Every beast is satisfied when it has devoured its prey,--not so the
+human beast. After the killing of the strikers H. C. Frick had the
+families of the dead evicted from their homes, which had been sold to
+the workingmen on the instalment plan and at the exorbitant prices usual
+in such cases.
+
+Out of these homes the wives and children of the men struggling for a
+living wage were thrown into the street and left without shelter. There
+was one exception only. A woman who had given birth to a baby two days
+previous and who, regardless of her delicate condition, defended her
+home and succeeded in driving the sheriff from the house with a poker.
+
+Everyone stood aghast at such brutality, at such inhumanity to man, in
+this great free republic of ours. It seemed as if the cup of human
+endurance had been filled to the brim, as if out of the ranks of the
+outraged masses some one would rise to call those to account who had
+caused it all.
+
+And some one rose in mighty indignation against the horrors of wealth
+and power. It was Alexander Berkman!
+
+A youth with a vision of a grand and beautiful world based upon freedom
+and harmony, and with boundless sympathy for the suffering of the
+masses. One whose deep, sensitive nature could not endure the barbarisms
+of our times. Such was the personality of the man who staked his life as
+a protest against tyranny and iniquity; and such has Alexander Berkman
+remained all these long, dreary fourteen years.
+
+Nothing was left undone to crush the body and spirit of this man; but
+sorrow and suffering make for sacred force, and those who have never
+felt it will fail to realize how it is that Alexander Berkman will
+return to those who loved and esteemed him, to those whom he loved so
+well, and still loves so well,--the oppressed and down-trodden
+millions--with the same intense, sweet spirit and with a clearer and
+grander vision of a world of human justice and equality.
+
+
+
+
+UT SEMENTEM FECERIS, ITA METES.
+
+By VOLTAIRINE DE CLEYRE
+
+(To the Czar, on a woman, a political prisoner, being flogged to death
+in Siberia.)
+
+
+     _How many drops must gather to the skies
+       Before the cloud-burst comes, we may not know;
+       How hot the fires in under hells must glow
+     Ere the volcano's scalding lavas rise,
+       Can none say; but all wot the hour is sure!
+       Who dreams of vengeance has but to endure!
+     He may not say how many blows must fall,
+       How many lives be broken on the wheel,
+     How many corpses stiffen 'neath the pall,
+       How many martyrs fix the blood-red seal;
+     But certain is the harvest time of Hate!
+       And when weak moans, by an indignant world
+       Re-echoed, to a throne are backward hurled,
+     Who listens hears the mutterings of Fate!_
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE WHITE TERROR.
+
+_I.--The Flogging of a Student._
+
+(BY AN EYE-WITNESS--M. KIRILOV, OF THE "RUSS.")
+
+
+December 18th. Near the Gorbaty Bridge, Moscow. A group of soldiers of
+various arms and an officer. Great animation, jokes, cries,
+gesticulation, contented faces. A student has fallen into their hands.
+
+"Well, boys, make room," says the officer. "The performance begins!"
+
+"Take off your trousers," says the officer, turning to the student. The
+latter is pale, silent, and does not move.
+
+"Trousers off!" cries the officer, in rage; but the student, without a
+drop of blood in his face, whiter than the snow, does not move, but only
+looks around in silence with horrified eyes and meets everywhere the
+triumphant faces of his tormentors. He drops his head and remains silent
+as before.
+
+"Well, then, boys, we must assist our dear student; his hands, poor
+thing, are frost bitten and do not obey."
+
+The voice of the officer changes; it becomes sweet and smooth. He looks
+at the student with pleasure.
+
+"Take off his dear little trousers!" he orders his soldiers. The latter
+unbutton and tear down his trousers. The student does not resist. Then
+he is thrown on the ground.
+
+"Give him beans, boys!"
+
+Two powerfully-built soldiers step forward, holding whips in their
+hands.
+
+The flogging begins. It lasts a long time, accompanied by loud laughter,
+jokes and noise. The student is silent all the time and lies with his
+face buried in the snow. He is constantly being asked whether he feels
+allright, and is kicked with the boots on his head.
+
+"Halt!" cries the officer at last, when the whole body of the student
+has been covered with blood. The excited soldiers do not leave off at
+once, but continue for some time. At last they stop.
+
+"Please, sir, won't you allow us, too, to have a little game?" smilingly
+ask a couple of artillery soldiers, saluting the officer.
+
+"Well, have a go at him," says the officer kindly.
+
+The second shift gets to work, and turning up their sleeves, takes over
+the bloody whips and resumes the flogging of the student, who still, as
+before, is lying in the snow without uttering a word. Only his body
+still thrills instinctively as the soldiers get more and more excited
+and the blows become more and more frequent.
+
+"Sir, we, too, want some of the lark," impatiently interfered some of
+the dragoons, and having received the permission of the officer,
+substituted themselves for the artillery men and with new force and zeal
+began to flog the student, who still lay strictly as before, only his
+body scarcely moving.
+
+"Well, here you are, you got your higher education--all the three
+faculties!" somebody joked as the flogging at last stopped and the
+student lay motionless in the snow.
+
+But he was not flogged to death. He was taken to the other side of the
+river and there shot.
+
+
+_II.--Lieutenant Schmidt, of the Sevastopol Mutiny, after being
+captured._
+
+(From a letter received by Prof. Miliukov from a lady correspondent who
+saw Schmidt in the Fortress and had the tale from his own lips.)
+
+....He only remembers how the officers of the "Rostislavl" posted him
+naked, with a broken leg, between two sentries in their mess-room and
+approached him in turns, shaking their fists in his face and abusing him
+in the vilest terms. Schmidt's son, who, for some unaccountable reason,
+had been kept in fortress for two months, said to me: "I cannot tell you
+how they abused my father, the terms are unpronounceable." Schmidt
+himself spoke to me sobbingly of the painful treatment meted out to him
+by the officers.... For twenty-four hours the two of them, father and
+son, were kept stark naked and without food, under a fierce electric
+light, on the open deck. They lay together, pressing against each other
+so as to warm themselves, and everyone who passed looked at them, and
+those who wanted, abused them. When Schmidt, being wounded, asked for a
+drop of water, the senior officer shouted at him: "Silence, or I'll stop
+your gullet with my fist."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+PATERNALISTIC GOVERNMENT.
+
+By THEODORE SCHROEDER.
+
+
+HISTORY serves no purpose to those who cannot, or do not avail
+themselves of it as a means of learning helpful lessons, for present
+use. From a few sources not readily accessible to the masses, I have
+copied a partial summary of paternalistic legislation which even the
+most devout devotees to mass or ruling class wisdom would now decline to
+defend.
+
+It is helpful, perhaps, to look back to the persistent fallacious
+assumption that men can be made frugal and useful members of society by
+laws and edicts. Every thoughtful student feels sure that future
+generations will look upon our present efforts to regulate the
+self-regarding activities of humans with the same cynical leer as that
+which now flits over our faces as we read the following:--
+
+The earliest sumptuary law was passed 215 B. C., enacted that no woman
+should own more than half an ounce of gold or wear a dress of different
+colors, or ride in a carriage in the city or in any town or within a
+mile of it, unless on occasion of public sacrifices. This law was
+repealed in twenty years. In 181 B. C. a law was passed limiting the
+number of guests at entertainments. In 161 B. C. it was provided that at
+certain festivals named the expense of entertainments should not exceed
+100 asses, and on ten other days of each month should not exceed 10
+asses. Later on it was allowed that 200 asses, valued at about $300, be
+spent upon marriage days.
+
+A statute under Julian extended the privileges of extravagance on
+certain occasions to the equivalent of $10, and $50 upon marriage
+feasts. Under Tiberius, $100 was made the limit of expense for
+entertainments. Julius Cæsar proposed another law by which actual
+magistrates, or magistrates elect, should not dine abroad except at
+certain prescribed places.
+
+Sumptuary laws, that is to say, laws which profess to regulate minutely
+what people shall eat and drink, what guests they shall entertain, what
+clothes they shall wear, what armor they shall possess, what limit shall
+be put to their property, what expense they shall incur at their
+funerals, were considered by the Early and Middle Ages as absolutely
+necessary for the proper government of mankind.
+
+Tiberius issued an edict against people kissing each other when they met
+and against tavern keepers selling pastry. Lycurgus even prohibited
+finely decorated ceilings and doors. In England the statutes of
+laborers, reciting the pestilence and scarcity of servants, made it
+compulsory on every person who had no merchandise, craft or land on
+which to live, to serve at fixed wages, otherwise to be committed to
+gaol till he found sureties. At a latter day, all men between twelve and
+sixty not employed were compelled to hire themselves as servants in
+husbandry; and unmarried women between twelve and forty were also liable
+to be hired, otherwise to be imprisoned. All this, of course, was to
+compel people of modest wealth to remain among the laboring class purely
+for their own good. (?) But they were quite impartial in enforcing
+benefits, since the Star Chamber also assumed to fine persons for not
+accepting knighthood.
+
+Compulsion was also used at the time of the Reformation, to uphold the
+Protestant faith and keep people in the right way. Refusing to confess
+or receive the sacrament was first made subject to fine or imprisonment,
+and a second offense was a felony punishable by death, and involved
+forfeiture of land and goods. Those who, having no lawful excuse, failed
+to attend the parish church, in the time of Elizabeth, were fined twelve
+pence--at that time a considerable sum. This penalty was afterwards
+altered to twenty pounds a month, but those were exempted who did not
+obstinately refuse. The penalty on all above sixteen who neglected to go
+for a month was abjuration of the realm; and to return to the realm
+thereafter was felony. And two-thirds of the rent of the offender's
+lands might also be seized till he conformed.
+
+An ordinance of Edward III., in 1336, prohibited any man having more
+than two courses at any meal. Each mess was to have only two sorts of
+victuals, and it was prescribed how far one could mix sauce with his
+pottage, except on feast days, when three courses, at most, were
+allowable.
+
+The Licinian law limited the quantity of meat to be used. The Orcian law
+limited the expense of a private entertainment and the number of guests.
+And for like reasons, the censors degraded a senator because ten pounds
+weight of silver plate was found in his house. Julius Cæsar was almost
+as good a reformer as our modern Puritans. He restrained certain classes
+from using litters, embroidered robes and jewels; limited the extent of
+feasts; enabled bailiffs to break into the houses of rich citizens and
+snatch the forbidden meats from off the tables. And we are told that the
+markets swarmed with informers, who profited by proving the guilt of all
+who bought and sold there. So in Carthage a law was passed to restrain
+the exorbitant expenses of marriage feasts, it having been found that
+the great Hanno took occasion of his daughter's marriage to feast and
+corrupt the Senate and the populace, and gained them over to his
+designs.
+
+The Vhennic Court established by Charlemagne in Westphalia put every
+Saxon to death who broke his fast during Lent. James II. of Arragon, in
+1234, ordained that his subjects should not have more than two dishes,
+and each dressed in one way only, unless it was game of his own killing.
+
+The Statute of Diet of 1363 enjoined that servants of lords should have
+once a day flesh or fish, and remnants of milk, butter and cheese; and
+above all, ploughmen were to eat moderately. And the proclamations of
+Edward IV. and Henry VIII. used to restrain excess in eating and
+drinking. All previous statutes as to abstaining from meat and fasting
+were repealed in the time of Edward VI. by new enactments, and in order
+that fishermen might live, all persons were bound under penalty to eat
+fish on Fridays or Saturdays, or in Lent, the old and the sick excepted.
+The penalty in Queen Elizabeth's time was no less than three pounds or
+three months' imprisonment, but at the same time added that whoever
+preached or taught that eating of fish was necessary for the saving of
+the soul of man, or was the service of God, was to be punished as a
+spreader of false news. And care was taken to announce that the eating
+of fish was enforced not out of superstition, but solely out of respect
+to the increase of fishermen and mariners. The exemption of the sick
+from these penalties was abolished by James I., and justices were
+authorized to enter victualing houses and search and forfeit the meat
+found there. All these preposterous enactments were swept away in the
+reign of Victoria.
+
+Of all the petty subjects threatening the cognizance of the law, none
+seems to have given more trouble to the ancient and mediæval
+legislatures than that of dress. * * * Yet views of morality, of
+repressing luxury and vice, of benefiting manufacturers, of keeping all
+degrees of mankind in their proper places, have induced the legislature
+to interfere, where interference, in order to be thorough, would require
+to be as endless as it would be objectless.
+
+Solon prohibited women from going out of the town with more than three
+dresses. Zaleucus is said to have invented an ingenious method of
+circuitously putting down what he thought bad habits, namely, by
+prohibiting things with an exception, so that the exception should, in
+the guise of an exemption, really carry out the sting and operate as a
+deterrent. Thus he forbade a woman to have more than one maid, unless
+she was drunk; he forbade her to wear jewels or embroidered robes, or go
+abroad at night, except she was a prostitute; he forbade all but panders
+to wear gold rings or fine cloth. And it was said that he succeeded
+admirably in his legislation. The Spartans had such a contempt for
+cowards that those who fled in battle were compelled to wear a low
+dress of patches and shape, and, moreover, to wear a long beard half
+shaved, so that any one meeting them might give them a stroke. The
+Oppian law of Rome restricted women in their dress and extravagance, and
+the Roman knights had the privilege of wearing a gold ring. The ancient
+Babylonians held it to be indecent to wear a walking stick without an
+apple, a rose, or an eagle engraved on the top of it. The first Inca of
+Peru is said to have made himself popular by allowing his people to wear
+ear-rings--a distinction formerly confined to the royal family. By the
+code of China, the dress of the people was subject to minute regulation,
+and any transgression was punished by fifty blows of the bamboo. And he
+who omitted to go into mourning on the death of a relation, or laid it
+aside too soon, was similarly punished. Don Edward of Portugal, in 1434,
+passed a law to suppress luxury in dress and diet, and with his nobles
+set an example. In Florence a like law was passed in 1471. And in
+Venice, laws regulating nearly all the expenses of families, in table,
+clothes, gaming and traveling. A law of the Muscovites obliged the
+people to crop their beards and shorten their clothes. In Zurich a law
+prohibited all except strangers to use carriages, and in Basle no
+citizen or inhabitant was allowed to have a servant behind his carriage.
+About 1292, Philip the Fair, of France, by edict, ordered how many suits
+of clothes, and at what price, and how many dishes at table should be
+allowed, and that no woman should keep a cur.
+
+The Irish laws regulated the dress, and even its colors, according to
+the rank and station of the wearer. And the Brehon laws forbade men to
+wear brooches so long as to project and be dangerous to those passing
+near. In Scotland, a statute enacted that women should not come to Kirk
+or market with their faces covered, and that they should dress according
+to their estate. In the City of London, in the thirteenth century, women
+were not allowed to wear, in the highway or the market, a hood furred
+with other than lamb-skin or rabbit-skin. In the Middle Ages, it was not
+infrequent to compel prostitutes to wear a particular dress, so that
+they might not be mistaken for other women. And this was the law in the
+City of London, as appears from records of 1351 and 1382.
+
+The views and objects of English legislators as to the general subject
+of dress, however preposterous in our eyes, were grave and serious
+enough. They were so confident of their ground that it was recited that
+"wearing inordinate and excessive apparel was a displeasure to God, was
+an impoverishing of the realm and enriching other strange realms and
+countries, to the final destruction of the husbandry of the realm, and
+leading to robberies."
+
+The Statute of Diet and Apparel in 1363, and the later statutes,
+minutely fixed the proper dress for all classes according to their
+estate, and the price they were to pay; handicraftsmen were not to wear
+clothes above forty shillings, and their families were not to wear silk
+or velvet. And so with gentlemen and esquires, merchants, knights and
+clergy, according to graduations. Ploughmen were to wear a blanket and a
+linen girdle. No female belonging to the family of a servant in
+husbandry was to wear a girdle garnished with silver. Every person
+beneath a lord was to wear a jacket reaching to his knees, and none but
+a lord was to wear pikes to his shoes exceeding two inches. (1463.)
+Nobody but a member of the royal family was to wear cloth of gold or
+purple silk, and none under a knight to wear velvet, damask or satin, or
+foreign wool, or fur of sable. It is true, notwithstanding all these
+restrictions, that a license of the king enabled the licensee to wear
+anything. For one whose income was under twenty pounds, to wear silk in
+his night-cap was to incur three months' imprisonment or a fine of ten
+pounds a day. And all above the age of six, except ladies and gentlemen,
+were bound to wear on the Sabbath day a cap of knitted wool. These
+statutes of apparel were not repealed till the reign of James I.
+
+Sometimes, though rarely, a legislature has gone the length of suddenly
+compelling an entire change of dress among a people, for reasons at the
+time thought urgent.
+
+In China a law was passed to compel the Tartars to wear Chinese clothes,
+and to compel the Chinese to cut their hair, with a view to unite the
+two races. And it was said there were many who preferred martyrdom to
+obedience.
+
+So late as 1746, a statute was passed to punish with six months'
+imprisonment, and on a second offense with seven years' transportation,
+the Scottish Highlanders, men or boys, who wore their national costume
+or a tartan plaid, it being conceived to be closely associated with a
+rebellious disposition. After thirty-six years the statute was repealed.
+While the act was in force it was evaded by people carrying their
+clothes in a bag over their shoulders. The prohibition was hateful to
+all, as impeding their agility in scaling the craggy steeps of their
+native fastnesses. In 1748 the punishment assigned by the act of 1746
+was changed into compulsory service in the army.
+
+Plato says it is one of the unwritten laws of nature that a man shall
+not go naked into the market-place or wear woman's clothes. The Mosaic
+law forbade men to wear women's clothes, which was thought to be a mode
+of discountenancing the Assyrian rites of Venus. The early Christians,
+following a passage of St. Paul (1 Cor. xi.), treated the practice of
+men and women wearing each other's clothes as confounding the order of
+nature, and as liable to heavy censure of anathema.
+
+There was formerly rigorous punishment of persons poaching game with
+blackened faces. Those who hunted in forests with faces disguised were
+declared to be felons. And as disguises led to crime, and mummers often
+were pretenders, all who assumed disguise or visors as mummers, and
+attempted to enter houses or committed assaults in highways, were liable
+to be arrested and committed to prison for three months, without bail.
+
+The Mosaic law prohibited the practice of using alhenna, or putting an
+indelible color on the skin, as was done on occasions of mourning, or in
+resemblance of the dead, or in honor of some idol. And two fashions of
+wearing the beard and hair were prohibited, as has been supposed, on
+account of idolatrous association. Even Bacon said he wondered there was
+no penal law against painting the face.
+
+(_To be Continued._)
+
+
+
+
+LIBERTY IN COMMON LIFE.
+
+By BOLTON HALL.
+
+
+IT seems to me that none of us see how far-reaching freedom will be.
+
+The Socialists have abundantly shown that if only the wastes of
+production and distribution were saved, two or three hours' labor per
+day would produce all that we produce now. If, in addition to this
+saving, the land, including all the resources of nature, were opened to
+labor, so that all workers would use the best parts of the earth to the
+best advantage, wealth would be so abundant that interest would
+disappear.
+
+Even now, with increased production, and notwithstanding the
+restrictions on the issue of money and our crazy banking system,
+interest is decreasing so that we find it hard to get 4 per cent. here.
+
+Suppose to-day the mortgages and railroad bonds, which are forms of
+ownership of land, were taken out of the market, what interest could we
+get? Certainly not one per cent.
+
+Were the restrictions on production of the tariff, taxes on products of
+labor, patent monopolies, hindrances to the making of money through
+franchise privileges done away with, and above all were private
+appropriation of rent abolished, wealth would not be so abundant and so
+easy to obtain that it would not be worth anyone's while to keep account
+of what he had "lent" to another. With the disappearance, at once, of
+interest and of the fear of poverty the motive for accumulations of more
+than would be sufficient to provide against disability or old age will
+disappear, while such small but universal accumulations made available
+by a system of mutual banking will provide ample capital for all needed
+enterprises.
+
+Co-operation will spring up as a labor-saving device, and the great
+abilities of the trust managers will be turned to public service instead
+of public plunder.
+
+Henry George is wrong in thinking that the increased demand for capital
+due to free opportunities for labor would increase interest. If it did,
+it would perpetuate a form of slavery. He omits to notice that the very
+use of the capital would reproduce wealth and capital so much more
+abundantly that it would destroy the motive for accumulation.
+
+The time will come--it is even now at hand--when dollars and meals and
+goods will be given to those who ask these as freely as candies or water
+or cigars are offered to visitors. If I am wrong in this, then I am
+wasting my efforts, as far as sincere efforts can be wasted.
+
+If Socialism or Anarchism is needed to insure voluntary communism of
+goods, then it is for Socialism or Anarchism that we should work; and
+for me, if I could see, I would turn from single tax to either of them
+as readily as I would turn down hill if I found that up hill was the
+wrong road.
+
+At present, hardly any one favors these views--of course, not
+plutocrats, because the doctrine is dangerous; not Socialists, because
+they think that its words turn Socialists into land reformers; nor
+Anarchists, because they regard compulsory payment of a fair price for
+the land one uses as a form of tax; not even single taxers, as yet,
+because they are wedded to the theory of Henry George.
+
+My only fear, if there be room for fear, is that the new liberty and
+leisure will come too soon for the sordid people to make a wise use of
+it. Yet such a fear is like that of a man who should fear that his jaw
+would grind so hard as to destroy his teeth.
+
+The world is moved by one Spirit, which everlastingly adjusts action
+against reaction, so that all is and always must be well.
+
+Do not shy at truth for fear of its logical consequence.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+STATISTICS.
+
+By H. KELLY.
+
+(_Special Cable Despatch to "The Sun."_)
+
+
+"LONDON.--The result of the first organized census of the British Empire
+is issued in a Blue Book. It shows that the empire consists of an
+approximate area of 11,908,378 square miles, or more than one-fifth of
+the entire land area of the world.
+
+"The population is about 400,000,000, of whom 54,000,000 are whites. The
+population is roughly distributed as follows: In Asia, 300,000,000;
+Africa, 43,000,000; Europe, 42,000,000; America, 7,500,000, and
+Australasia, 5,000,000.
+
+"The most populous city after London is Calcutta. The highest
+proportion of married persons is in India, Natal, Cyprus and Canada. The
+lowest is in the West Indies. Depression in the birth rate is general
+almost everywhere, but is most remarkable in Australasia. The proportion
+of insane persons in the colonies is much below that in the United
+Kingdom. Insanity is markedly decreasing in India, despite
+consanguineous marriages. Indeed, the theory that such marriages produce
+mental unsoundness is little supported by these statistics."
+
+To those who read without preconceived notions, the figures given above
+show how history repeats itself. The British Empire is decaying at the
+centre, and the census just taken proves it conclusively. The proportion
+of insane in the colonies, even in poor famine-stricken India, is "much
+below" that in the United Kingdom. Striking as these figures on insanity
+are, they convey but a part of the truth as to the real condition of the
+people of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, as all reference to
+their material well-being (if we were Christians we would add and
+spiritual, for over one million people in these countries never heard of
+God) is carefully omitted. Charles Booth, author of that truly great
+work, "Life and Labor in London," seventeen volumes, estimates that 30
+per cent. of the population of the United Kingdom live in a state of
+poverty, and Seebohm Rowntree, author of "Poverty, A Study of Town
+Life," puts it at 27.84 per cent. Mr. Rowntree also states that an
+average of one person in five, or 20 per cent. of the population, die in
+some public institution, i. e., prison, poor-house, hospital or insane
+asylum. These statements are depressing enough as they are, but they
+become worse when we learn that the standard of living upon which they
+are based are those enjoyed--we use the word advisedly--by poor-house
+inmates. Think of this, ye Pharisees, Christian and otherwise, 30 per
+cent. of the population of the British Isles living under such
+conditions! These are not the idle statements of long-haired reformers
+or yellow journalists, but of two very estimable Christian gentlemen,
+both of them manufacturers and successful business men. They are
+different from the ordinary exploiter only in the sense of being honest
+and humane enough to recognize that something is radically wrong with
+modern civilization and make an earnest attempt to remedy it.
+
+In this connection it is worthy of note that when the proprietors of the
+London "Daily News" had a systematic canvas and investigation made into
+the housing conditions in London, some six or seven years ago, it was
+found that 900,000 people, one-fifth of the population, were living in
+violation of the law. This was the case notwithstanding that the law
+says 400 cubic feet of air space for each adult and 200 cubic feet for
+each child must be provided, whereas Professor Huxley, who at one time
+was a physician in the East End of London, said at least 800 cubic feet
+for an adult and 400 cubic feet for a child was absolutely necessary to
+keep the air in a fair state of purity.
+
+It was and is the proud boast of millions of people that they are
+co-inheritors of this glorious empire, an empire the greatest the world
+has ever seen: 400,000,000 souls and an area so vast that the sun never
+sets on all its parts at one time. Pete Curran, the Trade Unionist and
+Socialist, once remarked he knew parts of the empire upon which the sun
+never shone, and Pete knew.
+
+Glory and aggrandizement based upon injustice brings its own reward, and
+when a people subjugate and exploit another, they must inevitably pay
+the price of their own brutality and injustice. The handwriting is on
+the wall in the shape of the present census report. Decaying at the
+centre, the British Empire is rapidly going the way of the Persian,
+Greek and Roman Empires, and her name will be synonymous with injustice
+as theirs are. Nations no more than individuals can thrive, expand and
+develop their best faculties unless their lives are based upon freedom
+and justice. Not freedom to exploit a weaker person or people, not
+justice before the law which is a mockery and a sham, but freedom for
+each to live his own life in his own way, and justice to all in the
+shape of equal opportunity to the earth and all it may contain.
+
+This lesson applies equally to America, and if any of my countrymen are
+so blind as not to see it, they deserve pity rather than censure, and it
+is to be hoped their awakening will not long be delayed.
+
+
+
+
+GERHART HAUPTMANN WITH THE WEAVERS OF SILESIA.
+
+By MAX BAGINSKI.
+
+
+WHEN I look at the last engraving in the illustrated edition of
+"Hannele," at the Angel of Death with the impenetrable brow, over whom
+Hannele passes into the region of beauty, I have the consciousness, that
+that is Gerhart Hauptmann, such is the inexhaustible wealth of his inner
+world.
+
+The stress of the life effort and the certainty of death, groping forth
+from delicate intimacies, ripened the fineness and sweetness of this
+man's soul. The picture contains transitoriness, finiteness, yet also a
+vista of new formation, new land.
+
+Of Gerhart Hauptmann one can say, his art has given meaning to the idea
+of human love, which in this period is looked upon with suspicious eyes
+as a bad coin, a new impetus, the reality and symbolic depth of which
+grips the heart. Out of his books one can draw life more than
+literature. A strong soul-similarity with Tolstoi might be observed, I
+think, if Hauptmann were a fighting spirit.
+
+I met the poet among the weavers of the Eulengebirge, Silesia, in the
+districts of greatest human misery, February, 1891, in Langenbielau, the
+large Silesian weaving village. One evening, on my return from a
+journey, I was informed that a tall gentleman in black had inquired for
+me. The name of the stranger was Gerhart Hauptmann, who came to study
+the conditions of the weaving districts. The visitor had taken lodgings
+in the "Preussischen Hof," where I called on him the same evening, with
+joyous expectation. The name of Gerhart Hauptmann in those days seemed
+to contain a watchword, a battle call: not only against the unimportant
+thrones of literature at that time but also against social oppression,
+prejudices and moral crippling. Hauptmann's first drama, "Vor
+Sonnenaufgang," had just appeared and been produced by the Free Stage in
+Berlin; and had operated like an explosive. It was followed by a flood
+of vicious and vile criticism. The literary clique little imagined that
+the future held great success for such "stuff" both in book form and on
+the stage.
+
+This lamentable lack of judgment misled the various pot-boiler writers
+to attack the new tendency with the most repulsive arguments. One
+leading paper of those days wrote of Hauptmann as an individual of a
+pronounced criminal physiognomy, of whom one could expect nothing else
+but dirty, appalling things.
+
+Such literary highway assaults made one feel doubly happy over the fact,
+that together with Hauptmann were a few splendidly armed fighters, like
+the aged Fontane, with his great poise and fine exactness.
+
+The first impression of Hauptmann was that he was not a man of easy
+social carriage, rather discreet, almost shy, and uncommunicative. An
+absorbed, deep dreamer, yet a keen observer of the human all too human,
+not easily led astray, not Goethe, rather Hoelderlin.
+
+The guest room of the "Preussischen Hof" contained many empty benches.
+The keeper thereof had ample time to meditate over the mission of the
+strange gentleman, in the weaving districts. I learned the next morning
+that he had quite decided that Hauptmann was some government emissary,
+intrusted with examining the prevailing distress of the weavers. One
+thing, however, appeared suspicious, the man associated with the "Reds,"
+who, according to the government newspaper, only exaggerated the need
+and poverty to incite the people for their own political ends.
+
+Whether or not the misery of the weavers that winter had reached such a
+point as to warrant an official investigation, had been the topic of
+discussion for weeks. The State Attorney, too, had taken an active part
+in the matter. The criticism in the labor paper, "The Proletarian," of
+which I was the editor, that the exorbitant profit-making methods of the
+manufacturers, which left the workers nothing to live on, were met with
+a number of indictments against the paper on the following grounds: "It
+was indictable to incite the public at the moment when the prevailing
+poverty was in itself sufficient to arouse the people and cause danger;
+that this was criminal, and therefore punishable. The distress was
+thereby officially acknowledged; was that not sufficient? Why then hold
+the conditions up before the special attention of the people?"
+
+We mapped out a tour through the home-weaving settlements. At
+Langenbielau, the textile industry had to a large extent been carried on
+in mills and factories and at a higher wage. Misery was not so appalling
+and hopeless there, as in the huts of the home weavers.
+
+The following days unrolled a horrible picture before the eyes of the
+poet. The figures of Baumann and Ansorge from his play "The Weavers"
+became real.
+
+With mute accusation on their lips, they moved before the human eye in
+tangible shape; yet one longed to believe they were only phantoms. They
+lived, but how they lived was a burning shame to civilization. Huts,
+standing deep in the snow, like whitened sepulchres, and despair staring
+from every nook, in these days of paternal care, just as at the time of
+the famine that swept across the district in 1844.
+
+Strewn among the hills and valleys lay bits of industry that had been
+passed by technical progress, as so many damned, spooklike spots; and
+yet those, who vegetated, worked and gradually perished here, were
+compelled to compete with the great productive giants of steel and iron
+machinery.
+
+The poet entered these homes not with the spirit of a cool observer, nor
+as a samaritan,--he came as man to man, with no appearance of one
+stooping to poor Lazarus. Indeed, it seemed as though Hauptmann walked
+with a much steadier gait in the path of human misery, than on the road
+of conventionality.
+
+Steinseifersdorf, situated beyond Peterswaldau. A bare snow field,
+spread about huts of clay, shingles and branches, without a sign of
+life. Neither a cat, dog nor sparrow, not even chimney smoke, to
+indicate the activity of the inhabitants. Heated dwellings in this
+stretch of land are luxuries, difficult of achievement; and how is one
+to prepare a warm meal out of nothing?
+
+We attempted to enter one of the huts to the right; there was no path
+leading to it, so that we were compelled to work our way through the
+deep snow. Was it possible that human beings breathed within? The old
+weather-worn shanty looked as if the slightest breeze would tumble it
+over. The few wooden steps, leading to the entrance, creaked underneath
+our steps, and our knock was met with dead silence. We knocked again,
+and this time heard a faint step slowly moving toward the door; a heavy
+wooden bolt was moved aside, and we perceived a human face, with the
+expression of a wounded, frightened animal. Like a delinquent, caught at
+the offense, the human being at the door stared at the invaders. Not a
+ray of hope enlivened the dead expression. No doubt the man had long
+ceased to expect amelioration of his needs from his fellow beings. The
+figure was covered with rags, and what rags! Not the kind of rags, that
+tramps wear and which they throw off when luck strikes them, but eternal
+rags, that seemed to have grown to the skin, to have mingled with it so
+long that they had become part of it,--disgustingly filthy, but the only
+cover he had and that he could not throw away.
+
+The man, about fifty years of age, was silent and led us through a
+dirty, cold gray entry into a room. In front of the loom we observed the
+drooping figure of a woman, a cold oven, four dirty, wet walls, at one
+of them a wooden bunk also covered with rags that served as bedding;
+nothing else. The man murmured something to the woman, she rose; both
+had inflamed eyes, water dripping from them with the same monotony as
+from the walls.
+
+Hauptmann began to speak hesitatingly, depressed by the sight of such
+misery. He received a few harsh replies. The last piece of cloth had
+been delivered some time since; there was neither bread, flour,
+potatoes, coal nor wood in the house; in fact, no food or fuel of any
+sort. This was said in a subdued, fearful voice, as if they expected
+severe censure or punishment. Hauptmann gave the woman some money. The
+thought of going without leaving sufficient for a supply of food at
+least for the next few days, was agony.
+
+On the widening of the road stood the village inn. The guest room showed
+little comfort, the innkeeper looked worn and in bad spirits. No trade.
+Innkeepers of factory towns are better off. They can afford guest rooms
+of a higher order, since they enjoy the patronage of bookkeepers, clerks
+and teachers. In Steinseifersdorf one had to depend on the weavers, and
+that did not bring enough for a square meal, especially in the winter.
+The wife of the innkeeper assured us that the misery in Kaschbach, a
+neighboring village, was even greater, even more awful. It was getting
+late, so we decided to go there the following day.
+
+Our conversation on our ride homeward dwelt on the fate of these
+unfortunates, condemned by modern industrialism to a life of the
+Inferno. I asked Hauptmann what an effect an artistic, dramatic
+representation of such a fate could possibly have. He replied that his
+inclinations were more for summernight's dreams toward sunny vistas, but
+that an impelling inner force urged him to use this appalling want as an
+object of his art. As for the hoped-for effect, human beings are not
+insensible; even the most satisfied, the most comfortable or rich must
+be gripped in his innermost depths when pictures of such terrible human
+wretchedness are being unrolled before him. Every human being is related
+to another.
+
+My remark that the right of possession has the tendency to blind those
+who are part of it, Hauptmann would not accept as generally true. He was
+anxious to bring the sympathies of the wealthy into energetic activity;
+sympathies that would, of course, bring to the poor real relief from
+their hideous conditions. He added that the poverty of the masses had at
+times tortured him to such an extent that he was unable to partake of
+his meals, which were meager enough, especially during his student life
+in Zurich; yet he had felt ashamed of partaking of such a luxury as a
+cup of coffee even. I had to admit that I could not share his hopes of
+the influence of an artistic portrayal of the sufferings of the weavers
+upon the people of wealth. Self-satisfied virtue is hard to move. Rather
+did I believe that a great work of art, treating of the life of the
+masses, was bound to rouse their consciousness to their own conditions.
+
+At that time, I believe, Hauptmann had already completed his "Weavers."
+His journey into the weaving district was not to collect material for
+the structure of that tremendous play, rather than it was devoted to
+details, localities and landscapes. He had already drawn up the outline
+for his other play, "College Crampton," portraying a genial and joyous
+man, of whom narrowness and miserableness of surroundings make a
+caricature and who is finally wrecked.
+
+Langenbielau, after our journey through the Golgatha of poverty, seemed
+a place of relief. The mills, with the increasing noise of machines that
+dulls the ears and racks the nerves, are by no means an elevating sight,
+but they bring the workingmen together and awaken their feeling and
+understanding of solidarity and the necessity for concerted action.
+Here, in spite of sunken chests, great fatigue, poor nourishment, one
+felt the breeze of the struggling proletarian mind that indicated a new
+land of regeneration, beyond the misery of our times.
+
+For one of the evenings a gathering of the older weavers was arranged.
+Hauptmann had a plate set for each one. During the meal a lively
+discussion developed. There was one weaver, Mathias, very bony, and with
+a skin like parchment, very poor, but blessed with many children. He
+related of a bet he had won. The owner of the tavern where we were
+having our feast had expressed doubt as to the ability of Mathias to
+consume three pounds of pork at once. He volunteered to do it, if the
+meat would be paid for and a quantity of beer added to it. A neighbor
+was intrusted with the preparation of the roast. At the appointed hour
+Mathias appeared, together with two other men as witnesses of the
+contest. The prize eating began, when Mathias was confronted by an
+obstacle: Five children belonging to the neighbor surrounded the table,
+with their eyes widely opened at the unusual sight of a roast. Their
+little faces expressed great desire and their mouths began to water. The
+prize eater felt very uncomfortable before the longing look of the
+children. He imagined himself a hard-hearted guzzler, only concerned
+about his own stomach. He forgot the bet, cut up some of the meat and
+was about to place it before the children, when a howl of protest arose.
+This was not permitted, if he wanted to win he would have to eat the
+entire roast himself. Mathias submitted, but dropped his eyes in shame
+before the children. Time and again he involuntarily passed portions of
+meat to them, but his attempts were frustrated by renewed protests. He
+could not continue, however, until the little ones were taken out into
+the cold. There was no other place, since the only room was taken up by
+the parties concerned in the contest. They might have been put into the
+cold, dark garret, but that would have been too cruel and would have
+made Mathias unable to carry out the feat. The undertaking was
+finished, but the winner felt quite wretched; he was conscious of having
+committed a great sin against the simplest of human demands.
+
+The conversation turned to the uprising of the weavers in 1844. Many
+incidents of those days were related. Various legend-like and fantastic
+stories told. Also names of people of the neighborhood who had
+participated in that historic event.
+
+The entire affair was very informal and simple, and not an atom of the
+oppressive atmosphere one feels in the relations between the members of
+the upper and lower stations of life.
+
+The next morning we started for Kaschbach. The place looked even more
+dismal than the one we had visited the day previous. In one of the huts
+a weaver, with a swollen arm in a sling, led us into a corner of the
+room. On a bunk covered with straw and rags lay a woman with a little
+baby near her. Its body was covered with a terrible rash, perfectly
+bare, almost hidden within the floor rags. The shy father, himself in
+pain, stood near, the personification of helplessness. If only there
+were food in the house! The district physician? He would have been
+compelled to prescribe food, light, warmth and sanitation for every hut
+he visited, if he did not wish his science to prove a mockery. He could
+not do that, so he came but rarely. Humanitarianism, thus far your name
+is impotency! All that could be done was to leave money and hurry out
+into the air.
+
+The next abode might be considered pleasant compared with the previous
+one. Two elderly people, not so worn and wan, and not so ragged. The man
+was weaving, still having some work at times; his wife, very pleasant
+and amiable, was almost ready to praise the good fortune of their home.
+"We are better off than our neighbors," she said with some pride. She
+pointed to a freshly cut loaf of bread, to the fire in the oven, to a
+table and a real bed--a great fortune, indeed. The walls were covered
+with some colored prints, representing virtue, patience, endurance to
+the end. One picture showed the return of the prodigal son, one the
+ejection of Hagar from the house of Abraham. Our hostess could boast of
+the luxury of a coffee mill even, and, after she had ground and brewed
+the coffee, we were invited to partake of it, which we gratefully did.
+Local and general affairs were talked over; the man, quite talkative,
+but careful and reticent in his remarks, especially when religious and
+political questions were approached. His remarks were kept within
+careful lines so as not to offend. Hauptmann said afterwards that he had
+noticed such cautiousness in all weavers. No doubt it had grown out of
+the great poverty that often brought out diffidence and reticence toward
+strangers.
+
+Hauptmann sat on a low stool, and, while we were sipping our coffee, the
+woman petted him tenderly on the brow. "Yes, yes, young man, Want, the
+awfulness of Want, but we cannot complain." At our departure, she
+pointed to a hut nearby and said: "The people in there are nearly
+starved." It was not exaggerated. When we entered, we saw a woman in the
+dismal gray of the room, surrounded by a number of crying children. Two
+or three of the maturer girls, thin and pale and drawn out by the
+Procrustean bed of poverty, secretly wiped the last drops of tears from
+their suffering faces. Hunger reigned supreme within these walls. The
+woman, in the last stage of pregnancy, suffered the keenest under the
+lamentations of the younger children, to whom she could give no food.
+The husband had been gone two days on a begging tramp. He would surely
+bring home something, though it was very difficult to get anything in
+this neighborhood. One must tramp a long distance for a piece of bread.
+Yesterday they could still obtain a few potatoes, but to-day she had
+nothing more to give, nor did she know what to tell the children. She
+had implored the minister to let her have something to eat, if only a
+few morsels, but he had nothing himself, he said. The tightly pressed
+lips of the older girls trembled violently, every breath of the family
+was despair. Our presence had silenced the cries of the children with
+the frost-bitten faces, but when we left, they again would tear the
+heart of their mother, their weak little voices calling for bread.
+
+No one could expect such fatalism from these starving little ones, that
+they should coolly and philosophically analyse the "economic necessity"
+that condemned their parents to a desperate battle with hunger. The only
+thing that could perform miracles here was a coin. The poor woman did
+not dare to believe that she actually held one in her hand. That which
+was to secure these unfortunates relief from death, at the same moment
+fostered elsewhere conceit, corruption and extravagance, and is being
+used for the conversion of heathen to brotherly love. The terrible sight
+of this mother and her little ones conjured up the heartlessness and
+emptiness of all philanthropy and charity for dumb misery. Greatest of
+all social crimes, that makes the possibility of stilling the hunger of
+the little children dependent on money.
+
+One morning Hauptmann and I went on foot to Reichenbach, where I
+introduced him to an old weaver, a Socialist, who had participated in
+the co-operative scheme proposed by Bismarck. The old man had much of
+interest to relate of this venture, that had been very meagerly assisted
+by the government. He said that the association could have survived, had
+it not been for the conspiracy of the manufacturers, who had a large
+capital at their disposal. The result of this, for the co-operative
+movement, was the closing of the market. At one time all the weaving
+products sent to the Leipzig Fair had to be transported back; a
+clandestine but effective boycott had made the sale thereof impossible.
+With much more gusto he related the days of Lassalle's agitation--that
+had brought life into the still limbs of the masses, a great change had
+seemed to be at hand. The wife of our old friend, too, had hoped for the
+change; but now, she remarked somewhat resigned, "we old people would
+rejoice if we were confident that the young generation would live to
+bring about the change."
+
+In this house we met a widow with a thirteen-year-old daughter.
+Hauptmann found the child very striking. She had beautiful, soft,
+golden-blond hair, deep-set eyes and a very delicate, pale complexion. I
+learned later that he sent her occasional gifts. And when I read
+"Hannele" I could not rid myself of the thought that the vision of this
+child from Reichenbach must have haunted him when he created this drama.
+
+That was my last outing with Hauptmann in the textile regions. A few
+months later I visited him at his home, located in the woods, close to
+the edge of a mountain.
+
+Still later, when I was serving a term of imprisonment at the
+Schweidnitzer prison for my sins in exercising too much freedom of the
+press, I was overjoyed one morning by the news that Hauptmann had sent
+me a box of books. Through his kindness, Gottfried Keller, Konrad
+Ferdinand Meyer and other authors have illumined many dreary days of my
+cell life.
+
+All the books reached me safely but the "Weavers," which had just been
+published at that time, and that I could not get hold of, in spite of
+every effort. The inspector had strict orders to consider that book as
+contraband.
+
+Every time I went into the office to change one book for another, I saw
+the "Weavers" on the table. The temptation to shove the book under my
+jacket at an opportune moment was very great and trying, but
+unfortunately the State Attorney had instilled the idea into the head of
+the inspector that it was a very dangerous work; he never took his eyes
+from it.
+
+Gerhart Hauptmann remained to the Schweidnitzer prison administration
+the most dangerous, prohibited author.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+DISAPPOINTED ECONOMISTS.
+
+
+Teachers and economists represent the bees as models of diligence.
+Behold how these little hard workers gather the honey together! Not a
+sign of obstinacy. They never insist on a certain number of hours for
+their workday, nor do they crave time for leisure, meditation or rest.
+Indeed, they employ all their energies, so that the owner of the beehive
+shall gain high profits.
+
+No matter if they gather a thousandfold as much honey as they can
+consume, they never seek iniquity. Man takes all their wealth from them,
+and in the spring, in the beautiful month of May, when the flower cups
+begin to fill, the little hustlers resume their work again without
+complaint and without murmur.
+
+Probably some economists regret that workmen are not endowed by nature
+with such an instinct for work as would let them feel nothing else but
+the desire to accumulate wealth for others.
+
+It is too bad, indeed, that house builders, railroad workers, miners,
+garment workers and farmers are creatures with thinking faculties. That
+they should be able to analyze, to compare, to draw conclusions is
+really very unfortunate for the "Captains of Industry."
+
+Next to the bee, the Asiatic coolie is the favorite ideal of the
+every-day economist. In one respect he surpasses the bee--he does not
+destroy drones.
+
+How smoothly everything might run along in this world of material
+supremacy, if only the workers were made up of such a desirable mixture
+as the bees and coolies.
+
+Fortunately, Fate hath not willed it so.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+VITAL ART.
+
+ANNY MALI HICKS.
+
+
+IN order to estimate the value of any movement, whether social,
+economic, ethical or esthetic, it must be studied in its relation and
+attitude to general progress. Its effectiveness should be judged by what
+it contributes to the growth of the universal conscience. That "no man
+liveth unto himself alone" is never so true as now, because now it is
+more generally realized. Therefore, any expression which concerns itself
+solely with its own special field of action finds itself soon set aside,
+and presently becoming divorced from reality, ends as a sporadic type.
+Any expression, however, which responds to the larger life gains a
+vitality which insures its continuance.
+
+Thus, the effort to apply certain truths not new in themselves, is a
+tendency to work in harmony with progress. The effort to apply
+principle, however imperfectly expressed, is important, not because of
+its results, but because of the desire to relate theory and action in a
+conduct of life. Almost every type of expression is undergoing its phase
+of application. Esthetics have somewhat aligned themselves to the
+others, but at last there is a movement, known as the arts and crafts
+movement, more properly called applied esthetics, which is the effort to
+relate art to life. The old banality, "Art for Art's sake," is obsolete,
+and the vital meaning of art is in a more rational and beautiful
+expression of life, as it were, the continent art of living well.
+
+This is the ideal and educational aspect of applied esthetics. Within
+the limits of its exclusive circle and within the radius of its special
+activities there is a trend to contentment with the production of
+objects of "worth and virtue." The object of luxury, which in fact has
+no vital meaning to either the producer or consumer. Were the production
+of such things to be its only aim, it would soon defeat its own end. But
+this movement has in reality wider and more democratic ideals. Because
+of its power to stimulate self-expression and the creative impulses, its
+greatest and most vital influence is more social than artistic. It
+principally concerns itself with the desire of the worker to express in
+his work whatever impulse for beauty may be his. There is no surer way
+of feeling the pressure of present economic conditions. The value of
+applied esthetics is as a medicine to stir up social unrest and
+discontent. Its keynote is self-expression, and it is when men and women
+begin to think and act for themselves that they most keenly feel social
+and economic restrictions, and are made to suffer under them. But if
+suffering is necessary to growth, let us have it and have it over with
+by all means. No sane being will stand much of it without making an
+effort to get at its cause. It has been said that the most important
+part of progress is to make people think; it is vastly more important
+that they should feel. The average individual is not discontented with
+his surroundings, else he would go to work to change them. As a product
+of them he is benumbed by their mechanical influence, and consequently
+expresses himself within their limits. He is the mouthpiece of existing
+conditions, and, accordingly, acts in law-abiding fashion.
+
+The larger emotional life, or inner social impulse emanates from those
+pioneers who, living beyond existing conditions, are the dynamics of
+society. Through them life pushes onward. The inner impulse becomes
+public opinion, public opinion becomes custom, custom crystallizes into
+law. Now the fresh impulse is needed for new growth; where shall it be
+sought if not in the expression of the emotional life? What form shall
+the expression take unless it be the purest and most spontaneous form of
+art, which is without purpose other than the expression of an impulse?
+This alone fosters the growth of the emotions.
+
+Art, like justice, has many crimes committed in its name, and much
+called so that is merely a methodical and imitative performance. It is
+in no wise that spontaneous expression of life which, coming simply and
+directly as an impulse, takes a decorative or applied form. All the
+beginnings of art grew up in this way. In primitive peoples it is the
+first expression of emotional life, which comes after the material need
+is satisfied. The savage makes his spade or fish spear from the
+necessity of physical preservation. Thus from the joy of living he
+applies to it his feeling for beauty.
+
+The earliest forms of art were all applied. Stone carving was applied to
+architecture, thus colored stones, called mosaics, as wall decorations;
+from these to the fresco; from the fresco to the pictorial form of
+painting. To-day the final degeneration of art is in the easel picture,
+which as an object detached and disassociated from its surroundings,
+takes refuge in the story-telling phase to justify its _raison d'être_.
+But, alas for the easel picture! alas, also, for the usual illustration,
+without which most literature would be so difficult to understand. In
+each case the one is there to help out the other's deficiency. Two
+important expressions of art, in a state of insubordination. It is the
+opera over again, where music and drama keep up an undignified race for
+prominence. Supposing an illustration were decorative in character
+echoing in a minor manner the suggested theme, would that not be a
+fitting background for the story-telling art? The Greeks knew very well
+what they were about when they introduced the relatively subordinate but
+decoratively important chorus into their dramas. This as well expresses
+their sense of relative proportion as does their sculpture and
+architecture.
+
+What is decorative art, if not a sense of beauty applied to objects of
+use? That these need the emotional element as well as their element of
+service is as essential as the life breath in the body. It is the spark
+of divine fire which relates the actual to the ideal, resulting in the
+reality. It removes from our surroundings any influence which is solely
+mechanical. Applied art is alike because of its association with that
+which is necessary to life.
+
+The test is necessity, not alone the physical, but likewise the
+emotional necessity, for all sides of our nature must be developed if
+life is to have full meaning and come to its maturity. The influence of
+applied esthetics is more vital because it is unconsciously absorbed
+through constant association. Imagine surroundings where everything
+which did not have a distinct use were eliminated and where everything
+else was distinctly fitted to its use. If this were put into practice in
+the usual household, a certain simplicity would be the result, to say
+the least. Most things with which we surround ourselves are neither
+useful nor beautiful. They are either so absurdly over-ornamented as to
+have their usefulness completely impaired, or else they are the usual
+mechanical device equally complicated and hideous. Ornament is usually
+an anomaly, added to cover structural defect. If the relation of the
+parts to the whole is perfect, beauty is there. But being accustomed to
+the over-ornamented and wholly mechanical, we do not resent their
+presence. For what, indeed, is habit not responsible? Even such innocent
+objects as pictures hang on our walls until they are scarcely noticed by
+us. Why not change them to suit our moods? Why not, indeed? There are so
+many of them, in the first place--and one remembers the time and
+trouble, even the family dissension which it took to hang them. But no
+one cares much, no one is alive enough to care much--the economic
+struggle which deadens our other senses is responsible for this also.
+
+No unit of the social body can disentangle itself from existing
+conditions. Each is affected by all its influences. Some are more, some
+less, some are so much a part that they are not conscious. These last
+also suffer, but without knowing why. Vital education would show them.
+But the factory system pervades the school and art school as well as the
+factory.
+
+What if the underlying force of education were spontaneous expression,
+instead of the limited method or system? The cry of the teacher is
+always, "It is very well to be spontaneous, but we must deal with the
+child _en masse_." The remedy for that is simple, because there is no
+real necessity to deal with children _en masse_. It is so much easier to
+apply the same system to each varied unit of a mass than to discover and
+help the individual expression of each. The basis of vital art, of vital
+education, is self-expression; from it and through it comes
+self-control. Self-repression is as socially uneconomic as jails and
+standing armies. If, instead of building prisons where human life is
+entombed, libraries where literature moulds, museums where art becomes
+archaic, why not establish centers of education, where spontaneous
+expression is encouraged, and where the soul, mind, and hand are
+simultaneously developed.
+
+Think of a state where each individual working out from its own
+standpoint, truly without hypocrisy, would contribute his quota of
+individual life to the life of the whole. Pleasing himself in his work
+without fear. Then would come the true democracy, possible only under
+just economic conditions, where each has equal opportunity for
+self-expression. Then can the higher emotional life develop necessary to
+all human growth.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+KRISTOFER HANSTEEN.
+
+By VOLTAIRINE DE CLEYRE.
+
+
+"OF the earth, unearthly--"
+
+The sentence remained unfinished as I had written it two years and a
+half ago when Disease laid its hand on me, and all my MSS. ended in a
+dash. It was a description of Kristofer Hansteen, an explanation of his
+work in Norway. And now that I am ready to pick up the thread of life
+again, I read that he is dead--of the earth no more, he who hardly ever
+belonged to it. At this moment the most insistent memory I have of that
+delicate, half-aërial personality are the words: "When the doctors told
+me that I might perhaps not live longer than spring, I thought: 'If I
+die, what will become of Anarchism in Norway?'" He had no other idea of
+his meaning in life than this.
+
+Somewhere fluctuant in my memory runs broken music--you have heard
+it?--"an ineffectual angel, beating his luminous wings within the
+void,"--something like that,--words descriptive of Shelley--they haunt
+me whenever I would recall Kristofer Hansteen. Perhaps to those who had
+known him in his youth, before his body was consumed like a half-spent
+taper, he might have seemed less spirit-like; but when I met him, three
+years ago this coming August, his eyes were already burning with
+ethereal fires, the pallor of waste was on the high, fine forehead, the
+cough racked him constantly, and there was upon the whole being the
+unnameable evanescence of the autumn leaf; only--his autumn came in
+summer.
+
+The utter incapacity of the man before the common, practical
+requirements of life would have been irritating to ordinary individuals.
+The getting of a meal or the clothing of the body with reference to the
+weather, were things that he thought of vaguely, uncomfortably, only
+with forced attention. What he saw clearly, entranced by the vision, was
+the future--the free future. He had been touched by the wan wizard of
+Olive Schreiner's Dream of Wild Bees, and "the ideal was real to him."
+The things about him, other people's realities, were shadows--oppressive
+shadows, indeed, but they did not concern him deeply. It was the great
+currents of life he saw as real things, and among all the confusion of
+world-movements he could trace the shining stream that ran towards
+liberty; and with his hectic face and burning eyes he followed it, torn
+by the cough and parched by the fever.
+
+The Hansteens are a well-known family in Norway, clever and often
+eccentric, Kristofer's aunt, Aosta Hansteen, at the time of my visit an
+old lady over eighty, having fought many a battle for the equality of
+woman both in Norway and America. Artist, linguist, and literary woman
+of marked ability, but, after the manner of her cotemporaries, rather
+outlandish and even outrageous in her attacks on masculine prerogative,
+she is a target for satirists and wits, few of whom, however, approach
+her virility of intellect. Her father, Kristofer's grandfather, was an
+astronomer and mathematician. In his youth Kristofer had gone afoot
+through the "dals" of Norway, and when he took me through the art
+galleries of Kristiania he was a most interesting guide, through his
+actual acquaintance with the scenes and the characters of the dalesmen
+depicted. He knew the lights upon the snow and rocks, just what time of
+the year shone on the leaves, where the wood-paths wound, the dim
+glories of the mist upon the fjords, the mountain stairways in their
+craggy walls, and the veiled colors of the summer midnight. And he knew
+the development of Norwegian art life and literary life, as one who
+wanders always in those paths, mysteriously lit.
+
+Our hours of fraternization were few but memorable. He was a frequent
+visitor at the house of Olav Kringen, the editor of the daily Social
+Democrat, a big, kindly Norseman, who had remembered me from America,
+and who had defended me in his paper against the ridiculous charge in
+the ordinary press that I had come there to assassinate Kaiser Wilhelm.
+Through the efforts of Hansteen and the kindliness and largemindedness
+of Kringen and his Socialistic comrades, I spoke before the Socialistic
+League of Youth in their hall in Kristiania. The hall was crowded, over
+eight hundred being present, and there was some little money in excess
+of expenses, which was given to me. I shared it with Hansteen, and he
+looked up with a bright flash in his dark eyes: "Now," said he, "'Til
+Frihet' will come out one month sooner." "Til Frihet" (Towards Freedom)
+was his paper; and would you know how it came out? He set it up in his
+free moments, he did the mechanical work; and then, being too poor to
+pay for its delivery through the post, except the few copies that were
+sent abroad, he took it from house to house himself, over the hills of
+Kristiania!--he, a consumptive, the cough rending him!
+
+There was a driving rain the night I left the city; he wore no rubbers
+or gum-coat. I was in hopes that he might think the propaganda deserved
+that its one active worker should get a pair of rubbers, since he must
+carry papers through the rain. I reminded him that he should keep his
+feet dry; he only glanced at them as if they were no concern of his,
+and--"'Til Frihet' will come out one month sooner."
+
+It was in "Til Frihet" that he had been guilty of high treason. It
+happened once that King Oscar, in temporary retirement from public
+king-business, had left over to the Crown Prince the execution of
+certain matters, which according to the "Ground Law" of Norway could not
+be so left; whereupon Comrade Hansteen printed an editorial saying,
+"Oscar has broken the ground-law, and there is no more a King in
+Norway." For this he was charged with high treason, and to escape
+imprisonment he went to England, where he remained about a year among
+the London comrades. On his return, there was some threat of carrying
+out the prosecution, but, probably to avoid wider publication of the
+king's "treason," the matter was dropped. Previous to that Comrade
+Hansteen had had experience of prison life. In a May-day procession,
+ostensibly to include all labor reform or revolutionary parties, he,
+declaring that Anarchists should be given place too, marched, carrying a
+red flag. The chief of police directed a subordinate to take the flag
+away from him. Easily enough done, but not, as an evidence of unwilling
+submission, before he had struck the official in the face with his hand.
+That little hand, weak and delicate as a woman's! An ordinary man would
+have pushed it aside like a feather and thought no more of it; but the
+official paid tribute to the big will behind the puny flesh by
+sentencing him to seven months in prison.
+
+My ignorance of Norwegian prevents my giving any adequate idea of his
+work. I know he was the author of a little pamphlet, "Det frie samfund"
+(Free Society), and that he had translated and published one of
+Krapotkin's works (whether "The State" or "The Conquest of Bread," I do
+not now remember), which he had issued in a series of instalments,
+intended ultimately to be bound together. As I recall the deep
+earnestness of his face in speaking of the difficulties he had had in
+getting it out, and the unsolved difficulties still facing its
+completion, I find myself wanting to pray that he saw that precious
+labor finished. It was so much to him. And I prophecy that the time will
+come when young Norwegians will treasure up those sacrificial fragments
+as dearer than any richer and fuller literature. They are the heart's
+blood of a dying man--the harbinger of the anarchistic movement in
+Norway.
+
+I cannot say good-bye to him forever without a word concerning his
+personal existence, as incomprehensible to the practical as his social
+dreams perhaps. He had strong love of home and children; and once he
+said, the tone touched with melancholy: "It used to pain me to think
+that I should die and have no son; but now I am contented that I have no
+son." One knew it was the wrenching cough that made him "contented." A
+practical man would have rejoiced to be guiltless of transmitting the
+inheritance, but one could see the dreamer grieved. His eyes would grow
+humid looking at his little daughters; and indeed they were bright,
+beautiful children, though not like him. In his early wanderings he had
+met and loved a simple peasant woman, unlettered, but with sound and
+serviceable common sense, and with the beauty of perfect honesty shining
+in her big Norse-blue eyes. It was then and it is now a wonder to me how
+in that mystical brain of his, replete with abstractions,
+generalizations, idealizations, he placed his love for wife and
+children; strong and tender as it was, one could appreciate at once that
+he had no sense of the burden of practical life which his wife seemed to
+have taken up as naturally hers. The whole world of the imagination
+wherein he so constantly moved seemed entirely without her ken, yet this
+did not seem to trouble either. Nor did the fact that his unworldliness
+doubled her portion of responsibility seem to cause him to reflect that
+she was kept too busy, like Martha of old, to "choose that good part"
+which he had chosen. Thinking of it now, still with some sense of
+puzzlement, I believe his love for human creatures, and especially
+within the family relation, were of that deep, still, yearning kind we
+feel towards the woods and hills of home; the silent, unobtrusive
+presence fills us with rest and certainty, and we are all unease when we
+miss it; yet we take it for granted, and seldom dwell upon it in our
+active thoughts, or realize the part it plays in us; it belongs to the
+dark wells of being.
+
+Dear, falling star of the northland,--so you have gone out, and--it was
+not yet morning.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+FIFTY YEARS OF BAD LUCK.
+
+By SADAKICHI HARTMANN.
+
+
+EVERY occupant of the ramshackle, old-fashioned studio building on
+Broadway knew old Melville, the landscape painter, who had roughed life
+within its dilapidated walls for more than a score of years. In former
+years the studio building had been quite fashionable and respectable;
+there is hardly a painter of reputation in New York to-day who has not,
+once in his life, occupied a room on the top floor. But in these days of
+"modern improvements," of running water and steam heat, of elevators and
+electric lights, it has lost its standing and is inhabited by a rather
+precarious and suspicious clan of pseudo artists, mountebanks who
+vegetate on the outskirts of art; "buckeye painters," who turn out a
+dozen 20x30 canvases a day for the export trade to Africa and Australia;
+unscrupulous fabricators of Corots and Daubignys, picture drummers who
+make such rascality profitable, illustrators of advertising pamphlets,
+and so-called frescoe painters, who ornament ceilings with sentimental
+clouds, with two or three cupids thrown in according to the price they
+extort from ignorant parvenues.
+
+And yet, no matter on what by-roads these soldiers of fortune wandered
+to earn their dubious livelihood, they all respected the white-bearded
+tenant, in his shabby gray suit, a suit which he wore at all seasons,
+and which time seemed to have treated just as unkindly as the bent and
+emaciated form of its wearer. Old Melville gave offense to nobody, and
+always had a pleasant word for everybody, but, as he was not talkative,
+and the other tenants were too busy to bother an old man painting,
+nobody knew much about his mode of living, the standard of his art, or
+his past history.
+
+Very few had ever entered his studio--he had neither patrons nor
+intimate friends--and very likely they would not have enjoyed their
+visit. A peculiar gloomy atmosphere pervaded the room, almost sickening
+in its frugality, and as its skylight lay north, the sun never touched
+it. It had something chilly and uncanny about it even in summer. The
+floor was bare, furniture there was none, except an old worn-out kitchen
+table and chair, an easel and an old box which served as a bookcase for
+a few ragged unbound volumes. The comfort of a bed was an unknown luxury
+to him; he slept on the floor, on a mattress which in daytime was hidden
+with his scant wardrobe and cooking utensils in a corner, behind a gray
+faded curtain. His pictures, simple pieces of canvas with tattered
+edges, nailed to the four walls, leaving hardly an inch uncovered, were
+the only decoration and furnished a most peculiar wall paper, which
+heightened the dreariness of the room.
+
+There was after all a good deal of merit to old Melville's landscapes;
+on an average they were much better than many of those hung "on the
+line"; the only disagreeable quality was their sombreness of tone. He
+invariably got them hopelessly muddy in color, despite their resembling
+the color dreams of a young impressionist painter at the start. He
+worked at them so long until they became blurred and blotchy, dark like
+his life, a sad reflection of his unprofitable career.
+
+It was nearly thirty years ago that he had left his native town and had
+come to New York as a boy of sixteen. He already knew something of life
+then; at an early age he had been obliged to help to support his family,
+and had served an apprenticeship as printer and sign painter. In New
+York he determined to become an artist: a landscape painter, who would
+paint sunshine as had never been done before; but many years elapsed
+before he could pursue his ambition. Any amount of obstacles were put in
+his way. He had married and had children, and could only paint in
+leisure hours, all his other time being taken up in the endeavor to
+provide for his family, by inferior work, inferior decoration, etc. Not
+before years of incessant vicissitudes, heart-rending domestic troubles
+and sorrow, not before his poor wife had died of consumption--that awful
+day when he had to run about all day in the rain to borrow money enough
+to bury her!--and his children had been put in a charitable institution,
+he took up painting as a profession. Then the hard times, which are
+proverbial with struggling artists without means, began; only they were
+easier to bear, as he was suffering alone. In days of dispossess and
+starvation he had at least his art to console him, and he remained true
+to her in all those years of misery, and never degraded himself again to
+"pot boiling." In hours of despair, he also tried his hand at it, but
+simply "couldn't do it." Now and then he had a stroke of luck, a
+moderate success, but popularity and fame would not come. His pictures
+were steadily refused by the Academy. Every year he made a new effort,
+but in vain.
+
+One day, when one of his large pictures was exhibited in the show window
+of a fashionable art store, a rich collector stepped out of his carriage
+and, entering the store, asked, "How much do you want for the Inness you
+have in the window?" The picture dealer answered, "It is no Inness, but
+just as good a piece of work." "No Inness!" ejaculated the man who
+wanted to buy a name, "then I don't want it," and abruptly left the
+store. This event, trifling as it was, threw a pale halo over old
+Melville's whole life and gave him strength to overcome many a severe
+trial. He hoped on, persevering in his grim fight for existence, despite
+failures and humiliation.
+
+But the years passed by, and he still sat there in his studio, and in
+its emptiness, its walls covered with his dark and unsold pictures,
+whose tone seemed to grow darker with every year. He was one of those
+sensitive beings who continually suffer from the harsh realities of
+life, who are as naive as children, and therefore as easily
+disillusionized, and nevertheless cannot renounce their belief in the
+ideal. Not a day passed that he did not sit several hours before his
+easel, trying to paint sunshine as it really is. Nobody in this busy
+world, however, took notice of his efforts or comprehended the pathos of
+old Melville's life, those fifty years of bad luck. And yet such
+martyr-like devotion to art, such a glorious lifelong struggle against
+fate and circumstances, is so rare in modern times that one might expect
+the whole world to talk about it in astonished admiration.
+
+And how did he manage to get along all this time, these twenty-five
+years or more, since "pot boiling" had become an unpardonable crime to
+him? Now and then he borrowed a dollar or so, that lasted him for quite
+a while, as his wants were almost reduced to nothing. Of course he was
+always behind in the rent, but as he sometimes sold a sketch, he managed
+somehow to keep his studio. He did not eat more than once a day. "Too
+much eating is of no use," he consoled himself, and in this respect he
+had many colleagues in the fraternity of art, as more than one-half of
+our artists do not manage to get enough to eat, which fact may explain
+why many paint so insipidly.
+
+A few days before his sudden death, an old gentleman, a chance
+acquaintance, was talking with him about the muddy coloring of the
+pictures. Old Melville's eyes wandered over the four walls representing
+a life's work; at first he ardently argued in their favor, but finally
+gave in that they, perhaps, were a little bit too dark. "Why do you not
+take a studio where you can see real sunlight; there is one empty now
+with Southern exposure, right in this building." Old Melville shook his
+head, murmuring some excuses of "can't afford it," of "being used so
+long to this one," but his visitor insisted, "he would pay the rent and
+fix matters with the landlord." The good soul did not understand much
+about painting, about tones and values, but merely wanted to get the old
+man into a more cheerful room.
+
+It was difficult for old Melville to take leave of his studio, in which
+he had seen a quarter of a century roll by, which he had entered as a
+man in the best years of his life, and now left as an old man; but when
+he had moved into the new room, the walls of which were an agreeable
+gray, he exclaimed, "How nice and light!" After arranging his few
+earthly possessions, he brought out a new canvas, opened a side window,
+sat down once more before his easel, and gazed intently at the sunshine
+streaming in and playing on the newly painted and varnished floor.
+
+For years he had wielded the brush every day, but on this day he somehow
+could not paint; he could not find the right harmony. He at first
+attributed it to a cold which he had contracted, but later on, irritated
+and somewhat frightened, he mumbled to himself, "I fear I can't paint in
+this room." And thus he sat musing at his easel with the blank canvas
+before him, blank as once his youth had been, full of possibilities of a
+successful career, when suddenly an inspiration came upon him. He saw
+before him the orchard of his father's little Canadian farm, with the
+old apple trees in bloom, bathed in the sweet and subtle sunlight of
+spring, a scene that for years had lain hidden among the faint, almost
+forgotten memories of his childhood days, but now by some trick of
+memory was conjured up with appalling distinctiveness. This he wished to
+realize in paint, and should he perish in the effort!
+
+Feverishly he seized his palette and brushes, for hours and hours he
+painted--the sunlight had long vanished from his studio floor, a chill
+wind blew through the open window and played with his gray locks--and
+when the brush at last glided from his hand he had accomplished his
+lifelong aim--he had painted sunshine.
+
+Slowly he sank back in his chair, the arms hanging limp at his sides,
+and his chin falling on his chest, an attitude a painter might adopt
+gazing at a masterpiece he had just accomplished--in this case old
+Melville's painting hours were over for evermore, his eyes could no
+longer see the colors of this world. Like a soldier he had died at his
+post of duty, and serene happiness over this final victory lay on his
+features. In every life some ideal happiness is hidden, which may be
+found, and for which we should prospect all our days. Old Melville had
+attained his little bit of sunshine rather late in life, but he had
+called it his own, at least for however short a moment, while most of us
+others, whom life treats less scurvily, blinded by foolish and selfish
+desire, cannot even succeed in grasping material happiness, which
+crosses our roads quite often enough and stands at times right near us,
+without being recognized.
+
+And the fate of old Melville's pictures? Who knows if they may not some
+day, when their colors have mellowed, be discovered in some garret, and
+re-enter the art world in a more dignified manner? True enough, they
+will not set the world on fire, yet they may be at least appreciated as
+the sincere efforts of a man who loved his art above all else, and,
+despite deficiencies, had a keen understanding for nature and
+considerable ability to express it. Whatever their future may be, his
+work has not been in vain. It is the cruel law of human life that
+hundreds of men must drudge their whole lives away in order that one may
+succeed, not a bit better than they; in the same way in art, hundreds of
+talents must struggle and suffer in vain that one may reach the
+cloud-wrapped summit of popularity and fame. And that road is sure to
+lead over many corpses, and many of the nobler altruistic qualities of
+man have to be left far behind in the valley of unknown names.
+
+Life was brutal to you, old Melville! But this way or that way, what is
+the difference?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+There was a time when in the name of God and of true faith in Him men
+were destroyed, tortured, executed, beaten in scores and hundreds of
+thousands. We, from the height of our attainments, now look down upon
+the men who did these things.
+
+But we are wrong. Amongst us there are many such people, the difference
+lies only here--that those men of old did these things then in the name
+of God, and of His true service, whilst now those who commit the same
+evil amongst us do so in the name of "the people," "for the true service
+of the people."--_Leo Tolstoy._
+
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