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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Voyage of The First Hessian Army from
+Portsmouth to New York, 1776, by Albert Pfister and Johann Gottfried Seume
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Voyage of The First Hessian Army from Portsmouth to New York, 1776
+
+Author: Albert Pfister
+        Johann Gottfried Seume
+
+Release Date: November 10, 2008 [EBook #27230]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIRST HESSIAN ARMY, 1776 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Markus Brenner and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+                  Heartman’s Historical Series No. 3
+
+
+                              THE VOYAGE
+                                  OF
+
+                        The First Hessian Army
+
+                      FROM PORTSMOUTH TO NEW YORK
+                                 1776
+
+
+
+                One hundred and ten Copies printed for
+                  CHAS. FRED. HEARTMAN, New York City
+
+
+
+
+The following Historical Sketch is a translation from the German of A.
+Pfister. It was published some fifty years ago in a German periodical
+and is interesting enough to be reprinted in English as it contains
+hitherto very little known details of this voyage. At the end will be
+found an Extract from the Diary of the German Poet and Adventurer, J. G.
+Seume, a Hessian Soldier and Participator on the Voyage.
+
+January, 1915
+                                                       CH. F. H.
+
+
+                   Number ___ of 110 copies printed.
+                   Also six printed on Japan Vellum.
+
+
+The troops belonging to the first Hessian Division had as yet not all
+been assembled in the harbor of Portsmouth, for, on account of the lack
+of transport ships, General von Mirbach with his regiment and that of
+Commander Rall, a Knyphausen Company, and a part of the Commissariat
+still remained at Bremerlehe, when the fleet was ready and the wind
+often long in coming, was just then very favorable to leave the channel.
+Then a rather peculiar circumstance occurred to prevent the start.
+Heister, the Hessian Commander-in-Chief, refused to start, feeling bound
+by the land grave’s express orders to keep all his divisions together.
+The king became exceedingly impatient, for the delay set an incalculable
+amount at stake—at last the Hessian minister at London, General von
+Schlieffen, took upon himself the responsibility of this urgent matter,
+and Heister, with a spirit of true faithfulness to service, went over
+with his Hessian troop ships to the remaining squadron at anchor at St.
+Hellens in the immediate vicinity.
+
+The fleet as gathered here numbered 100 sailing vessels, among which
+were 2 men-of-war with 50 cannons, 4 frigates of 36 cannons, and 2
+fire-ships for the protection of the transports and provision ships.
+These vessels carried in all about 12,500 land troops, of which the 7400
+Hessians were distributed in 52 ships. William Hotham, their Commodore,
+was on the man-of-war Preston. When the ship captains had received from
+him the signaling directions and their sealed instructions (which may be
+opened only after a ship has sailed in order to learn its destination),
+he gave the signals to weigh anchor and to sail by means of a cannon
+shot and the displaying of a flag. This was on the evening of the 6th of
+May.
+
+Very soon an adverse and violent storm arose, the sea became turbulent
+and there was much seasickness. No one could stand upright in the
+cabins, everything was tossed about pell-mell and sailors fell overboard
+and could not be saved; yet the fleet by the evening of the 9th was
+sailing with calmer weather through the dangerous region of the Scilly
+Islands, where, over a mass of rocks and reefs a warning lighthouse
+stood. After sunset the last land was seen to disappear under the
+horizon, the promontory, Landsend. On the next day the cables, which
+usually are on the capstan, were coiled on deck; still greater waves,
+and more violent motions of the ship indicated that the vessels had
+reached the great ocean. Who may be the master of the ocean was made
+evident during the very next few days to the astonished soldiers, when a
+Danish and later two Swedish East Indian ships were passing through the
+fleet; these then lowered their flags and a sail of the middle mast, as
+soon as they were within the distance of a shot. This was the mark of
+esteem which every foreign ship on meeting an English man-of-war or
+squadron in the Atlantic Ocean was to render to it, as indicating the
+recognition of Great Britain’s sovereignty there.
+
+A perfect calm had set in; the great waves rose to an astonishing
+height, and, although at a time of wind and full sail, the vibrations of
+the ships are lessened by the quick forward motion, yet in calm the
+opposite is true, for the ships were heaving and pitching, so that there
+seemed to be danger of complete capsizing, or at any rate of the loss of
+the masts. In the darkness of night the foam sparkled on the ships and
+at times the lightning flashed and quivered on the waves. Several ships
+had already met with accidents, in getting badly damaged by running
+against each other, and in some the constant pumping out of water was
+made necessary. The ship Good Intent ran with its prow into the stern of
+the Claudina, on which there was a company of the regiment von
+Knyphausen under Lieutenant Baum, and to the great anguish and cry of
+the crew and troops made a great hole over the cabin. The ship
+Speedwell, on which there was Lieutenant-Colonel Block with the
+Grenadier-Company of the Prince Karl regiment drew so much water that it
+seemed doomed to sink. Accordingly signals of distress were hoisted, the
+Commodore signaled the fleet to halt and by means of several boats had
+the ship thoroughly investigated. It became evident that there was no
+immediate danger, and that, with constant use of the pumps, the
+Speedwell could continue the voyage.
+
+On the 20th of May a strong wind suddenly arose (simply good fresh air
+as the sailors said), but the water became rough, the waves struck over
+the decks, and all fires were ordered to be put out; porpoises made
+their appearance in great numbers, the sight of which was cheering
+especially to the officers who shot at them; little was it supposed by
+them then that these porpoises were but the forerunners of an
+approaching storm. On the 25th the whole sky became clouded over with
+dark and heavy clouds, the air became close and sultry, and the
+Commodore had shots fired frequently as a signal to prevent the
+scattering of the ships. The wind and waves became more violent from
+hour to hour during the night of the 25th to the 26th, and on Whitsunday
+the full force of the storm was felt. The Commodore gave the signal to
+draw in all sails except one and to remove the uppermost parts of the
+masts. The ships were being scattered far apart. In the cabins all
+articles, though tied fast, were broken loose and were thrown
+helter-skelter, the occupants likewise, many with bruised limbs, and
+there was no end to the spells of seasickness and of misery made
+ridiculous. The storm was ever growing worse. On the second day the last
+sail was drawn in, and the rudder bound fast, so that now the ship was
+left to its fate. The raging sea was playing with the gigantic
+structure of the ships as with a toy; sailors were swallowed up by the
+waters, others committed suicide and soldiers who ventured to go on deck
+fell down unconscious because of the force of the waves. Only one
+consolation remained, namely, the clarified atmosphere; but on the third
+day of Whitsuntide dark gloomy clouds and torrents of rain darkened the
+whole firmament, the winds seemed to be let loose, sounding like roaring
+thunder, all nature seemed to have united in bringing to young America a
+terrible funeral feast. While thousands are pleading here for the
+protection of Heaven a furious wrathful indignation rages in the
+American pulpit scattering its curses and, praying to God and the
+Savior, dedicates the fleet to destruction.
+
+With a loud and deafening roar the huge waves wash over the ships; the
+decks and every port-hole had to be made extra tight. The soldiers were
+lying in the lower compartments as if buried alive in coffins, gasping
+in the darkness after air and water; from moment to moment the most of
+them, quiet and depressed, expected to go out of this dark night into
+the eternal day of heaven. Still on the next day the storm was raging
+and the heavy sea also continued, and this threatened to break the ships
+to pieces; but the clouds broke, the great downfall of rain ceased, the
+air became clear, the wind subsided, and in the evening at 10 o’clock
+the storm had stopped entirely—only the seething waters were still
+roaring and placed the ships in even greater danger. It was not until
+the morning of the 30th that this violent sea had spent its fury; sound
+sleep reinvigorated exhausted nature; and when the soldiers and sailors
+awoke to the beautiful day and looked out upon the glittering, smooth,
+quiet sea, and saw how little by little the ships drew closer together,
+they each and everyone felt as if they had awakened to a new day of
+creation. The kitchen fires were again glowing, the kettles were
+steaming, the provisions, clothing and bed linen, all so thoroughly wet
+through, were dried, everywhere repairs were undertaken, the masts were
+again properly set up, and the sails spread; on the decks praises to God
+were sung with fervent feelings of gratitude in devout meetings of
+prayer.
+
+The religious, sympathetic feelings certainly prevail in the deeply
+rooted piety of our (Hessian) people. It was customary on all ships that
+as often as the weather and the motion of the vessel permitted it, a
+prayer meeting should be held every morning and every evening and a
+preaching service on Sundays. Though not obliged to attend, yet one
+could regularly see the soldierly religious congregation assembled,
+standing with uncovered heads and filled with devotion, drawn thither by
+the inner voice of conscience. If the sea were rough then one could hear
+the people from their resting places starting up religious hymns.
+Communion with God was necessary for the soul; more urgently did the
+present remind of eternity, and the very recent past give grounds for
+gratitude. The ordinary man had in lieu of other songs learned to sing
+his religious hymns at school, and he sang these even during his march
+against the enemy. It was not a book of epic poems that accompanied him
+on his expeditions, it was a small book of prayer, which even now is a
+chief constituent part of the small bookshops of the Hessian
+peasant-folk, so precious to him because of the divine power of its
+influence, to his mind a pure, old, genuine “Jesus wine.” This was the
+well known “Habermännchen,” the epic poem and the private chapel of the
+warrior as well as of the serving man. And not alone with the exalted
+spectacle of divine omnipotence on the furious or rapturous sea—but
+even in the camps and quarters the masses of soldiers did not neglect
+public worship any more than they neglected a simple military duty. So
+with the ancient fear of God of the patriarchs in their hearts the
+Hessian people landed on the soil of America.
+
+The dispersion of the fleet had obliged a halt of three days, during
+which time the frigates sailed in all directions, collecting the ships
+by means of cannon shots, yet this was not entirely successful; fifteen
+battered ships had opened their sealed orders and had sailed on ahead to
+Halifax, the goal designated therein. The contrary winds prevented the
+advance of the fleet. It appeared in great grandeur on the 4th of June;
+this was the birthday of King George III. In unusual splendor did the
+day shine, on all vessels the red English flag was waving, on all war
+ships and all frigates, twenty-one cannon shots resounded at noon and
+the transport ships were only too glad to follow with their joyful
+celebrations. But on the ship Unanimity an unfortunate pistol shot was
+fired in the morning. A captain of the life-guards, Count von der Lippe,
+offended one of his subordinates, Lieutenant Kleinschmidt, because he,
+though accidentally, had caused his dog to give a cry of pain, and with
+coarse words demanded an immediate pistol duel without witnesses. The
+lieutenant gave his opponent a mortal wound. The one was descended from
+a sovereign house, the other of humble civil origin, yet according to
+the ancient chivalrous views, which at all times prevail in the military
+profession, they were equals. The court-martial, also in consequence
+thereof, acquitted the lieutenant. This is the proceeding followed in
+accordance with all proper army regulations: the highest officer next to
+the count takes the lieutenant’s sword, places a sentinel over him, made
+a request, by means of a speaking-trumpet, of the commodore, whose ship
+fortunately was quite near, for a clever English surgeon (as the Hessian
+Army generally had but few well qualified army surgeons) and then takes
+a boat to the ship Elizabeth to make a report to the Lieutenant-General.
+Immediately a court-martial is ordered, Lieutenant Kleinschmidt, under
+arrest, is taken to the ship of the staff of the regiment, and the
+staff-surgeon-major and the chief staff-chaplain were sent to the count.
+The former could do nothing except to leave the dying man to the
+services of the latter. In prayer with the chaplain, during which time a
+religious service was being held on deck, the count departed this life.
+Thereupon the adjutants of the general took an inventory of the effects
+of the deceased, an autopsy was held to determine the cause of death,
+then, dressed in his military suit, placed into a hammock weighted down
+with stone, and sewed in white canvas, without any further formality,
+his body was consigned to the sea.
+
+Dense fogs had fallen; in order to keep the ships together frequent
+shots were fired from the commodore’s ship; the danger of knocking
+against one another was unavoidable. The ships, Happy Jeanette and
+Henrietta, because of the carelessness on the part of the former, ran
+against each other at a time when the winds were strong and the sails
+were set full, so that the latter very nearly capsized, and,
+hard-pressed by the former, could not again right itself. On all faces
+there was the picture of death; and panic arose. The soldiers of the
+regiment von Ditfurth, driven to despair, endeavored to leap upon the
+Jeanette and those of the regiment Prince Karl tried to save their lives
+on the Happy, and only with difficulty were they prevented from doing an
+act of foolhardiness which would have cost the lives of many. After
+repeated knocks the two ships were finally parted; in the Henrietta a
+great hole had been made—only one foot lower down and in a few minutes
+nothing more would have been seen of the ship. There were on this ship
+Captain von Malsburg, the Lieutenants von Ditfurth, von Malsburg, von
+Bardeleben, and Ensign von Schachten.
+
+A new drama took place soon after the 10th of June. A frigate brought
+the orders to set all ships and cannon in defensive condition; an East
+Indian ship had reported the proximity of many American privateers. One
+of these had even been captured. The Hessian officers thereupon set all
+cannon in order and arranged for the distribution of the men in the case
+of an attack. The commodore remained now in the middle of the fleet, a
+frigate had to stay at the head in his place, and the others had to be
+all the more active, everywhere in the fleet, as commodore’s messengers,
+to keep up the order and to search every strange vessel. Even the
+transport vessels received orders in case they should discover a strange
+vessel to display a red flag at the stern of the ship until the
+commodore by means of a similar signal has indicated that he has taken
+cognizance of the information. Almost to the very tops of the masts the
+guards on watch could be seen. More frequently than ever the stragglers
+now received the usual warning (always with a fine of money imposed),
+namely, several sharp cannon shots which struck close to them. The same
+was the case with those ships which sailed too fast in advance of the
+others. As soon as the commodore had given the signal by means of the
+flag-language, one could see the marines and the sailors on the
+men-of-war practice fully armed and equipped and with such great zeal
+carry on a naval battle exercise as certainly cannot be shown any better
+in a real battle. By means of bags of sand the decks were protected
+against cannon shot from the side; back of these, men with muskets; at
+different places the auxiliary troops; at the middle mast the chief
+sentry; between the masts a sort of pile structure for defense was built
+up to accommodate smaller cannon and soldiers; with uncommon dexterity
+the artillery was managed; and at last the sailors with lances and other
+like weapons hurried on deck to drill for defense in order to prevent
+the enemy from mounting the ship.
+
+With many a change of wind and weather, of calm and turbulent sea, of
+joyous or anxious feeling, the great sandbanks of New Foundland were
+reached on the 20th of June.
+
+A mighty sea of breakers indicates the location of these sandbanks; upon
+their precipitous rocky walls covered forty fathoms high by the sea, the
+restless ocean waves are beating and are with a like force repelled. The
+winds go howling over them; dense, cold fogs always cover these regions.
+In order to warm the ships against colliding, the drums, foghorns and
+ship bells were resounding day and night on all ships. In order to
+prevent their being separated too far from one another a cannon shot was
+fired every half hour on the commodore’s ship. Nevertheless many ships
+drifted from their course; fourteen of them were found by a fire ship
+and conducted to Halifax. For three or four days the ships remained in
+the vicinity of the sandbanks. The many phenomena seen there increased
+the astonishment of the ordinary man concerning the wonders of the sea,
+which had here appeared to him: the whale, swimming majestically; and
+the spongy mass polyps, scarcely with the organization of a living
+creature; multitudes of porpoises, which pursued with amusing leaps out
+of the water the course of the flying fish, and the latter then fell
+down upon the decks, where they found a more certain death; shoals of
+dolphins, which followed the ships with their glittering colors, and
+often were reached by the harpoon or other weapon thrown at them; in the
+dark night countless brilliant, fiery stripes, generated by a school of
+fishes swiftly passing through the waters; turtles, caught for the
+tables of the gentlemen; whole swarms of wild ducks; above all the
+enormous quantity of cod fish, which had caused several fleets of
+French, British and Norwegian fishing smacks to be gathered here, and
+now enriched the kitchens of the army fleet.
+
+On the 25th of June the sandbanks were left behind and from the damp,
+biting cold, against which even the protection of a fur mantle was of no
+avail, the expedition experienced a warm, beautiful day and soon again
+many changes of weather. The great number of whales now to be seen
+indicated the proximity of the coast of Nova Scotia. A green fir tree,
+which was floating on the waters, brought still more joyful tidings. The
+ever diminishing depth of the sea on July 3rd gave rise to the hope that
+yet before evening land would come into sight, but as heavy fogs and
+strong winds set in it became necessary to avoid the probable dangers by
+returning to the deeper ocean. Ever following a course of approaching
+and then leaving the coast, and experiencing another heavy thunder
+storm, which tore the sails to pieces, it was with indescribable joy
+that the coast of Nova Scotia came to view on the 7th at break of day.
+As soon as the anchoring place of Halifax was reached the commodore
+signaled to the fleet to gather and sail before the wind. Now those
+ships came along and rejoined the fleet which had become lost in the
+fogs and had anchored several days previously in the harbor. They
+greeted the commodore with fifteen shots and he replied with eleven.
+From these ships much information was gained, and especially did they
+bring joyful news about the ship Malaga, which had become totally lost
+to all appearances in the Whitsuntide storm, and which with all on
+board, a company of the life-guards, under Captain Waldenberg, had
+already been given up as lost. Its bowsprit was gone and it had suffered
+considerable damage too, but it had had the good fortune to bring to
+Halifax a French ship which was carrying munitions of war to the
+Americans. A reward of 2,000 pounds sterling had been granted to the
+commander and his troops—but in course of time this was paid out to the
+commanders of the English men-of-war. Having joined the great British
+fleet it had followed the commander in chief, General Howe, to the new
+rendezvous of the squadron and of the army.
+
+Howe had already begun his career with blunders and perplexities. He had
+been selected through an unfortunate vote conducted by his party and so
+was entrusted with an affair, the nature of which demanded, in the midst
+of the transactions of considerate love, the speediest progress of arms
+and the greatest decision of character. Instead of leaving Boston, the
+firebrand of the war, so important because of its location, either not
+at all, or at such an early time that the state of New York which was
+still chiefly loyal could be saved, he started for Halifax so
+inopportunely, that meanwhile the power of the Congress was made felt in
+New York, and prepared there the strongest defence; Howe finally made
+Rhode Island his destination, and changed his mind during the trip, and
+at last aimed for New York, when the commodore, William Hotham,
+collected before Halifax the previously given sealed orders from the
+several ship captains and had designated Rhode Island as the new
+destination, a frigate brought the again changed instruction to fix as
+rendezvous the lighthouse of Sandy Hook.
+
+The joy of immediate landing after so long a voyage, which had even
+become highly disagreeable towards the close, was now gone. The various
+changes as to their destination, the unfavorable weather, poor sailing
+vessels, which oftentimes had to be taken in tow by the war vessels, and
+the difficulty to keep together such a fleet, always in danger of
+hostile attack, all combined to lengthen the voyage to 100 days, which
+was even at that time very rare, and now could be of incalculable
+advantage to the cause of the Americans. With an unfavorable wind the
+fleet started; the eyes of everybody were directed to the green coast
+and the undulating hilly background. During the night the sharp glow of
+the Halifax lighthouse accompanied the troops, until, like a star
+gradually fading away, it at last disappeared from view.
+
+On the evening of the 8th of July the fleet halted. The ship Spring had,
+by means of a signal of distress and four cannon shots, indicated that
+it was in the greatest danger. All men-of-war approached it. They
+learned that the sailors had mutinied, whereupon these were arrested,
+and then exchanged for others. With a changeable wind the fleet
+continued, now tacking, now sailing. To one of the ships the
+threatening, gigantic cone of a water spout approached, yet it escaped
+the danger of being overcome by its great deluge of water; elsewhere the
+so-called St. Elmo’s Fire appeared at the tops of the masts, feared as
+an apparition of a warning spirit; then on the night of the 11th to the
+12th of July the sky and the ocean met, the spectacle of a most fearful
+thunder storm. The ships kept at a great distance from each other, drew
+in their sails, and while generally on the commodore’s ship the light
+signal was burning, now on all ships the lanterns could be seen unlit,
+vibrating in the deepest darkness; the clouds at night gave forth a most
+violent hailstorm; the terrible waves roared and piled themselves up
+into great fiery-looking mountains, the lightning flashed and quivered
+in the air, now and then splintering the top of a mast. With thunder on
+all sides and fearful in the expectation of the approaching storm, the
+soldiers sank down in silent resignation and the crew remained during
+the whole night on deck in anxious agitation and work. In the morning
+there arose a strong wind which tore to pieces the sails on several
+ships, but it also dispersed the storm clouds. Then, on the 14th, a calm
+set in, and from the ships there resounded the hymns of the Sunday
+services, but dense fog and continuous rains occurred and the vibrations
+of the ship became in the calm ever greater. All at once there was a
+great outcry in the fleet: Two ships, the Hartley (with Knyphausen
+soldiers under Captain von Biesenrod) and Lord Sandwich (on board of
+which was Colonel von Wurmb and a part of the life guards) could be seen
+colliding because of the great waves, causing each other considerable
+damage, and, thereupon, the ship Henrietta, with the Union, (upon which
+there was Colonel von Herringen and a section of the regiment of
+Losberg) could be seen likewise driven against each other. Alternately
+heaving and sinking the upper ship always appeared as if threatening
+destruction to the lower one, until the Union hoisted out a boat which,
+then, by means of a rope thrown over the bowsprit, pulled the Henrietta
+away. After a few agreeable days there followed on the 19th of July very
+stormy weather, the sea was in a most furious rage, sails ripped apart,
+but the ever agile activity of the sailors at the time of such
+accidents, was always ready with instant relief and reparation. As a
+spider that moves about as swiftly as the arrow in her web, so the
+sailors were going up and down the rope ladders of the masts and through
+the rigging, hanging only at their feet, tieing the tackle and binding
+the sails. Then there followed days and nights too hot to be endured,
+with heavy thunder storms; sleepless and famishing for a little fresh
+air, the soldiers came even in the night time on deck; the longing for
+the land grew hour by hour.
+
+This most tedious voyage had given full play to the development of
+diseases. The most careful cleanliness, the daily scrubbing of the
+decks, the frequent cleaning of the cabins and rooms, the washing and
+the disinfecting with steaming vinegar, the pumping in of fresh air, and
+the airing of the bedding on decks: all this belonged to the general
+health regimen, yet the effect of the restrained, often unnatural
+physical exercises, and improper food, was not to be suppressed. While
+to many a Hessian the ship became his first cradle, without granting
+unto him in its hasty course a place which he could call his birthplace,
+there were others, who, deceased, were buried at the bottom of the sea,
+the Ensign von Stedel of the Regiment von Donop, among the first
+victims. Scurvy was developed as a result of tainted humors, for which
+the drinking of sea water was used as a medicine, and also the chewing
+of tobacco, which the Hessians had learned from the sailors and later
+kept up as a habit in their own homes. The disease reigned supreme,
+however, and many individuals suffered for a long time yet after the
+disembarkation from paralyzed limbs, and some even died. There was a
+lack of the most necessary things. The food supplies provided for by the
+officers themselves were exhausted, even the rations of zwieback were
+cut down to only 17 loth (8½ oz.) a day. The water, which in the
+whole fleet had been stored in new oaken casks, became undrinkable and
+finally putrid. The beds of the soldiers were broken up in the storms,
+camp kettles and canteens were smashed, tents, clothing apparel, even
+the cartridges had been destroyed by the rats, which finally had even
+gnawed through the water casks; all of these troubles more or less were
+suffered by most of the transport ships.
+
+Meanwhile a much wished for wind filled the sails, and the ever more and
+more anxious, but daily disappointed hope, now at last to see New York,
+grew upon its wings; yet the wind on the 30th of July became so strong
+that the sails had to be drawn in, the rudders bound fast, and the ships
+left to the shattering blows of the waves, which roaringly dashed and
+resounded about the ships. As soon as the storm had subsided the
+commodore by means of the cannon shots gathered together the scattered
+fleet and gave instructions for a changed course in order to avoid being
+driven against the near coast, but, unfortunately, the ships came into a
+strong contrary current, the water again became high and turbulent, it
+rained and lightened incessantly, masts toppled over, as was the case on
+the Friendship which had on board 200 members of the Regiment Crown
+Prince, besides Colonel von Hachenberg. Sailors and ship carpenters
+found everywhere enough to do, until finally a favorable strong wind on
+the 4th of August fortunately blew the fleet out of the current. On the
+10th of August the fleet offered an excellent and very hopeful
+appearance as it, in a most speedy wind, with high towering sails, was
+cutting its course through the little waves. On the 11th, at the hour
+of noon the happy signals indicating the sight of land were to be seen.
+Soon the charming coast of Long Island came into the view of all and
+great shouts of joy were wafted across the waters towards it from this
+swimming city. Carefully did the fleet tack during the night because the
+water was becoming ever more shallow. On the next morning, the 12th of
+August, an English squadron of 24 vessels was seen from the ocean and
+this, after a few hours, united with the fleet, following the mutual
+greeting by means of a definite number of shots. Among the new arrivals
+was also Major General von Mirbach with the troops which also belonged
+to the first Hessian Division, and which did not take to the transport
+ships at Bremerlehe until four weeks after the embarkation of Heister,
+and then had waited for a favorable wind.
+
+Now the English flag was unfurled on all ships; Sandy Hook came into
+sight with its white lighthouse, immediately thereupon Staten Island,
+and a veritable painting spread itself out before the eyes of these
+newcomers, most charming after so many dangers had been encountered and
+after so long a denial of a glance on the beautiful smiling landscapes,
+teeming with inhabitants, exalted and majestic, the shores studded with
+troops, the tents of a friendly and a hostile camp, of a forest of masts
+of 500 ships, and the many hundred boats which so vigilantly were
+watching the hostile shores—here a belligerent power assembled, such
+as America had never seen before in order to have a combat, which in the
+destiny of the world gave its immeasurable decision.
+
+
+            _Extract from the Diary of the German Poet and
+              Adventurer, J. G. Seume, a Hessian Soldier
+                    and Participator on the Voyage_
+
+On the English transporter we were pressed and packed like salted
+herrings. To save room the deck, low as it was, had been partitioned
+off, and we lay instead of in hammocks, in these bunks, one row above
+the other. The deck was so low that a grown man could not stand upright,
+and the bunks not high enough to sit in. These bunks were intended to
+hold six men each but after four had entered, the remaining two could
+only find room by pressing in. The situation was, especially in warm
+weather, decidedly not cool: for one man to turn from one side to the
+other alone was absolutely impossible, and to lie on one’s back was an
+equal impossibility. The straightest way and the hardest edge were
+necessary. After having roasted and sweated sufficiently on one side,
+the man who had the place to the extreme right would call: round about
+turn! and all would simultaneously turn to the other side, then having
+received quantum sabis on this one the man to the left would give the
+same signal. The maintainance was on an equal scale. Today bacon and
+peas—peas and bacon tomorrow. Once in a while this menu was broken by
+porridge or peeled barley, and as an occasional great feast by pudding.
+This pudding was made of musty flour, half salt and half sweet water and
+of very ancient mutton suet. The bacon could have been from four to five
+years old, was black at both outer edges, became yellow a little farther
+on and was white only in the very centre. The salted beef was in a very
+similar condition. The biscuits were often full of worms which we had to
+swallow in lieu of butter or dripping if we did not want to reduce our
+scanty rations still more. Besides this they were so hard that we were
+forced to use canon balls in breaking them into eatable pieces. Usually
+our hunger did not allow us to soak them, and often enough we had not
+the necessary water to do so. We were told (and not without some
+probability of truth) that these biscuits were French, and that the
+English, during the Seven Years’ War had taken them from French ships.
+Since that time they had been stored in some magazine in Portsmouth and
+that they were now being used to feed the Germans who were to kill the
+French under Rochambeau and Lafayette in America—if God so wotted. But
+apparently God did not seem to fancy this idea much.
+
+The heavily sulphured water lay in deep corruption. After a barrel had
+been hoisted up and opened, the deck was pervaded by a conglomeration of
+very evil odours indeed. It was full of worms as long as a finger and
+had to be filtered through a cloth before it could be drunken. And even
+then it was dangerous to breathe above it. Rum and sometimes a little
+strong beer helped to make it somewhat more drinkable.
+
+Herded together in this manner, forced to breathe putrid air, to eat bad
+food and to drink foul water, these youths, old men, students, merchants
+and peasants, many of them but insufficiently clothed, were tossed about
+for months upon the Atlantic.
+
+Many of the sufferings undergone by us on this voyage were no doubt
+unavoidable, and many of the recruits were used to a hard
+life—nevertheless, many of the things they endured were the result of
+an intentional deficiency of care taking and of a great greed.
+
+What can be said of the British Quartermasters-Department which sent
+these people to sea without proper food and drink? What of the Duke of
+Brunswick who sent his subject to Canada without durable boots or
+stockings and without overcoats? Often enough have men borne a hard life
+cheerfully, because they knew the why and wherefore, but these poor
+fellows suffered on account of a quarrel which was not their own,
+suffered only that their masters might pay their debts or enjoy new
+pleasures.
+
+
+
+[Transcriber’s Note: The following correction was applied to the
+original text:
+
+p. 15: Habermänchen -> Habermännchen ]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Voyage of The First Hessian Army
+from Portsmouth to New York, 1776, by Albert Pfister and Johann Gottfried Seume
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Voyage of The First Hessian Army from
+Portsmouth to New York, 1776, by Albert Pfister and Johann Gottfried Seume
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Voyage of The First Hessian Army from Portsmouth to New York, 1776
+
+Author: Albert Pfister
+        Johann Gottfried Seume
+
+Release Date: November 10, 2008 [EBook #27230]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIRST HESSIAN ARMY, 1776 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Markus Brenner and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+                  Heartman's Historical Series No. 3
+
+
+                              THE VOYAGE
+                                  OF
+
+                        The First Hessian Army
+
+                      FROM PORTSMOUTH TO NEW YORK
+                                 1776
+
+
+
+                One hundred and ten Copies printed for
+                  CHAS. FRED. HEARTMAN, New York City
+
+
+
+
+The following Historical Sketch is a translation from the German of A.
+Pfister. It was published some fifty years ago in a German periodical
+and is interesting enough to be reprinted in English as it contains
+hitherto very little known details of this voyage. At the end will be
+found an Extract from the Diary of the German Poet and Adventurer, J.�G.
+Seume, a Hessian Soldier and Participator on the Voyage.
+
+January, 1915
+                                                       CH. F. H.
+
+
+                   Number ___ of 110 copies printed.
+                   Also six printed on Japan Vellum.
+
+
+The troops belonging to the first Hessian Division had as yet not all
+been assembled in the harbor of Portsmouth, for, on account of the lack
+of transport ships, General von Mirbach with his regiment and that of
+Commander Rall, a Knyphausen Company, and a part of the Commissariat
+still remained at Bremerlehe, when the fleet was ready and the wind
+often long in coming, was just then very favorable to leave the channel.
+Then a rather peculiar circumstance occurred to prevent the start.
+Heister, the Hessian Commander-in-Chief, refused to start, feeling bound
+by the land grave's express orders to keep all his divisions together.
+The king became exceedingly impatient, for the delay set an incalculable
+amount at stake--at last the Hessian minister at London, General von
+Schlieffen, took upon himself the responsibility of this urgent matter,
+and Heister, with a spirit of true faithfulness to service, went over
+with his Hessian troop ships to the remaining squadron at anchor at St.
+Hellens in the immediate vicinity.
+
+The fleet as gathered here numbered 100 sailing vessels, among which
+were 2 men-of-war with 50 cannons, 4 frigates of 36 cannons, and 2
+fire-ships for the protection of the transports and provision ships.
+These vessels carried in all about 12,500 land troops, of which the 7400
+Hessians were distributed in 52 ships. William Hotham, their Commodore,
+was on the man-of-war Preston. When the ship captains had received from
+him the signaling directions and their sealed instructions (which may be
+opened only after a ship has sailed in order to learn its destination),
+he gave the signals to weigh anchor and to sail by means of a cannon
+shot and the displaying of a flag. This was on the evening of the 6th of
+May.
+
+Very soon an adverse and violent storm arose, the sea became turbulent
+and there was much seasickness. No one could stand upright in the
+cabins, everything was tossed about pell-mell and sailors fell overboard
+and could not be saved; yet the fleet by the evening of the 9th was
+sailing with calmer weather through the dangerous region of the Scilly
+Islands, where, over a mass of rocks and reefs a warning lighthouse
+stood. After sunset the last land was seen to disappear under the
+horizon, the promontory, Landsend. On the next day the cables, which
+usually are on the capstan, were coiled on deck; still greater waves,
+and more violent motions of the ship indicated that the vessels had
+reached the great ocean. Who may be the master of the ocean was made
+evident during the very next few days to the astonished soldiers, when a
+Danish and later two Swedish East Indian ships were passing through the
+fleet; these then lowered their flags and a sail of the middle mast, as
+soon as they were within the distance of a shot. This was the mark of
+esteem which every foreign ship on meeting an English man-of-war or
+squadron in the Atlantic Ocean was to render to it, as indicating the
+recognition of Great Britain's sovereignty there.
+
+A perfect calm had set in; the great waves rose to an astonishing
+height, and, although at a time of wind and full sail, the vibrations of
+the ships are lessened by the quick forward motion, yet in calm the
+opposite is true, for the ships were heaving and pitching, so that there
+seemed to be danger of complete capsizing, or at any rate of the loss of
+the masts. In the darkness of night the foam sparkled on the ships and
+at times the lightning flashed and quivered on the waves. Several ships
+had already met with accidents, in getting badly damaged by running
+against each other, and in some the constant pumping out of water was
+made necessary. The ship Good Intent ran with its prow into the stern of
+the Claudina, on which there was a company of the regiment von
+Knyphausen under Lieutenant Baum, and to the great anguish and cry of
+the crew and troops made a great hole over the cabin. The ship
+Speedwell, on which there was Lieutenant-Colonel Block with the
+Grenadier-Company of the Prince Karl regiment drew so much water that it
+seemed doomed to sink. Accordingly signals of distress were hoisted, the
+Commodore signaled the fleet to halt and by means of several boats had
+the ship thoroughly investigated. It became evident that there was no
+immediate danger, and that, with constant use of the pumps, the
+Speedwell could continue the voyage.
+
+On the 20th of May a strong wind suddenly arose (simply good fresh air
+as the sailors said), but the water became rough, the waves struck over
+the decks, and all fires were ordered to be put out; porpoises made
+their appearance in great numbers, the sight of which was cheering
+especially to the officers who shot at them; little was it supposed by
+them then that these porpoises were but the forerunners of an
+approaching storm. On the 25th the whole sky became clouded over with
+dark and heavy clouds, the air became close and sultry, and the
+Commodore had shots fired frequently as a signal to prevent the
+scattering of the ships. The wind and waves became more violent from
+hour to hour during the night of the 25th to the 26th, and on Whitsunday
+the full force of the storm was felt. The Commodore gave the signal to
+draw in all sails except one and to remove the uppermost parts of the
+masts. The ships were being scattered far apart. In the cabins all
+articles, though tied fast, were broken loose and were thrown
+helter-skelter, the occupants likewise, many with bruised limbs, and
+there was no end to the spells of seasickness and of misery made
+ridiculous. The storm was ever growing worse. On the second day the last
+sail was drawn in, and the rudder bound fast, so that now the ship was
+left to its fate. The raging sea was playing with the gigantic
+structure of the ships as with a toy; sailors were swallowed up by the
+waters, others committed suicide and soldiers who ventured to go on deck
+fell down unconscious because of the force of the waves. Only one
+consolation remained, namely, the clarified atmosphere; but on the third
+day of Whitsuntide dark gloomy clouds and torrents of rain darkened the
+whole firmament, the winds seemed to be let loose, sounding like roaring
+thunder, all nature seemed to have united in bringing to young America a
+terrible funeral feast. While thousands are pleading here for the
+protection of Heaven a furious wrathful indignation rages in the
+American pulpit scattering its curses and, praying to God and the
+Savior, dedicates the fleet to destruction.
+
+With a loud and deafening roar the huge waves wash over the ships; the
+decks and every port-hole had to be made extra tight. The soldiers were
+lying in the lower compartments as if buried alive in coffins, gasping
+in the darkness after air and water; from moment to moment the most of
+them, quiet and depressed, expected to go out of this dark night into
+the eternal day of heaven. Still on the next day the storm was raging
+and the heavy sea also continued, and this threatened to break the ships
+to pieces; but the clouds broke, the great downfall of rain ceased, the
+air became clear, the wind subsided, and in the evening at 10 o'clock
+the storm had stopped entirely--only the seething waters were still
+roaring and placed the ships in even greater danger. It was not until
+the morning of the 30th that this violent sea had spent its fury; sound
+sleep reinvigorated exhausted nature; and when the soldiers and sailors
+awoke to the beautiful day and looked out upon the glittering, smooth,
+quiet sea, and saw how little by little the ships drew closer together,
+they each and everyone felt as if they had awakened to a new day of
+creation. The kitchen fires were again glowing, the kettles were
+steaming, the provisions, clothing and bed linen, all so thoroughly wet
+through, were dried, everywhere repairs were undertaken, the masts were
+again properly set up, and the sails spread; on the decks praises to God
+were sung with fervent feelings of gratitude in devout meetings of
+prayer.
+
+The religious, sympathetic feelings certainly prevail in the deeply
+rooted piety of our (Hessian) people. It was customary on all ships that
+as often as the weather and the motion of the vessel permitted it, a
+prayer meeting should be held every morning and every evening and a
+preaching service on Sundays. Though not obliged to attend, yet one
+could regularly see the soldierly religious congregation assembled,
+standing with uncovered heads and filled with devotion, drawn thither by
+the inner voice of conscience. If the sea were rough then one could hear
+the people from their resting places starting up religious hymns.
+Communion with God was necessary for the soul; more urgently did the
+present remind of eternity, and the very recent past give grounds for
+gratitude. The ordinary man had in lieu of other songs learned to sing
+his religious hymns at school, and he sang these even during his march
+against the enemy. It was not a book of epic poems that accompanied him
+on his expeditions, it was a small book of prayer, which even now is a
+chief constituent part of the small bookshops of the Hessian
+peasant-folk, so precious to him because of the divine power of its
+influence, to his mind a pure, old, genuine "Jesus wine." This was the
+well known "Haberm�nnchen," the epic poem and the private chapel of the
+warrior as well as of the serving man. And not alone with the exalted
+spectacle of divine omnipotence on the furious or rapturous sea--but
+even in the camps and quarters the masses of soldiers did not neglect
+public worship any more than they neglected a simple military duty. So
+with the ancient fear of God of the patriarchs in their hearts the
+Hessian people landed on the soil of America.
+
+The dispersion of the fleet had obliged a halt of three days, during
+which time the frigates sailed in all directions, collecting the ships
+by means of cannon shots, yet this was not entirely successful; fifteen
+battered ships had opened their sealed orders and had sailed on ahead to
+Halifax, the goal designated therein. The contrary winds prevented the
+advance of the fleet. It appeared in great grandeur on the 4th of June;
+this was the birthday of King George III. In unusual splendor did the
+day shine, on all vessels the red English flag was waving, on all war
+ships and all frigates, twenty-one cannon shots resounded at noon and
+the transport ships were only too glad to follow with their joyful
+celebrations. But on the ship Unanimity an unfortunate pistol shot was
+fired in the morning. A captain of the life-guards, Count von der Lippe,
+offended one of his subordinates, Lieutenant Kleinschmidt, because he,
+though accidentally, had caused his dog to give a cry of pain, and with
+coarse words demanded an immediate pistol duel without witnesses. The
+lieutenant gave his opponent a mortal wound. The one was descended from
+a sovereign house, the other of humble civil origin, yet according to
+the ancient chivalrous views, which at all times prevail in the military
+profession, they were equals. The court-martial, also in consequence
+thereof, acquitted the lieutenant. This is the proceeding followed in
+accordance with all proper army regulations: the highest officer next to
+the count takes the lieutenant's sword, places a sentinel over him, made
+a request, by means of a speaking-trumpet, of the commodore, whose ship
+fortunately was quite near, for a clever English surgeon (as the Hessian
+Army generally had but few well qualified army surgeons) and then takes
+a boat to the ship Elizabeth to make a report to the Lieutenant-General.
+Immediately a court-martial is ordered, Lieutenant Kleinschmidt, under
+arrest, is taken to the ship of the staff of the regiment, and the
+staff-surgeon-major and the chief staff-chaplain were sent to the count.
+The former could do nothing except to leave the dying man to the
+services of the latter. In prayer with the chaplain, during which time a
+religious service was being held on deck, the count departed this life.
+Thereupon the adjutants of the general took an inventory of the effects
+of the deceased, an autopsy was held to determine the cause of death,
+then, dressed in his military suit, placed into a hammock weighted down
+with stone, and sewed in white canvas, without any further formality,
+his body was consigned to the sea.
+
+Dense fogs had fallen; in order to keep the ships together frequent
+shots were fired from the commodore's ship; the danger of knocking
+against one another was unavoidable. The ships, Happy Jeanette and
+Henrietta, because of the carelessness on the part of the former, ran
+against each other at a time when the winds were strong and the sails
+were set full, so that the latter very nearly capsized, and,
+hard-pressed by the former, could not again right itself. On all faces
+there was the picture of death; and panic arose. The soldiers of the
+regiment von Ditfurth, driven to despair, endeavored to leap upon the
+Jeanette and those of the regiment Prince Karl tried to save their lives
+on the Happy, and only with difficulty were they prevented from doing an
+act of foolhardiness which would have cost the lives of many. After
+repeated knocks the two ships were finally parted; in the Henrietta a
+great hole had been made--only one foot lower down and in a few minutes
+nothing more would have been seen of the ship. There were on this ship
+Captain von Malsburg, the Lieutenants von Ditfurth, von Malsburg, von
+Bardeleben, and Ensign von Schachten.
+
+A new drama took place soon after the 10th of June. A frigate brought
+the orders to set all ships and cannon in defensive condition; an East
+Indian ship had reported the proximity of many American privateers. One
+of these had even been captured. The Hessian officers thereupon set all
+cannon in order and arranged for the distribution of the men in the case
+of an attack. The commodore remained now in the middle of the fleet, a
+frigate had to stay at the head in his place, and the others had to be
+all the more active, everywhere in the fleet, as commodore's messengers,
+to keep up the order and to search every strange vessel. Even the
+transport vessels received orders in case they should discover a strange
+vessel to display a red flag at the stern of the ship until the
+commodore by means of a similar signal has indicated that he has taken
+cognizance of the information. Almost to the very tops of the masts the
+guards on watch could be seen. More frequently than ever the stragglers
+now received the usual warning (always with a fine of money imposed),
+namely, several sharp cannon shots which struck close to them. The same
+was the case with those ships which sailed too fast in advance of the
+others. As soon as the commodore had given the signal by means of the
+flag-language, one could see the marines and the sailors on the
+men-of-war practice fully armed and equipped and with such great zeal
+carry on a naval battle exercise as certainly cannot be shown any better
+in a real battle. By means of bags of sand the decks were protected
+against cannon shot from the side; back of these, men with muskets; at
+different places the auxiliary troops; at the middle mast the chief
+sentry; between the masts a sort of pile structure for defense was built
+up to accommodate smaller cannon and soldiers; with uncommon dexterity
+the artillery was managed; and at last the sailors with lances and other
+like weapons hurried on deck to drill for defense in order to prevent
+the enemy from mounting the ship.
+
+With many a change of wind and weather, of calm and turbulent sea, of
+joyous or anxious feeling, the great sandbanks of New Foundland were
+reached on the 20th of June.
+
+A mighty sea of breakers indicates the location of these sandbanks; upon
+their precipitous rocky walls covered forty fathoms high by the sea, the
+restless ocean waves are beating and are with a like force repelled. The
+winds go howling over them; dense, cold fogs always cover these regions.
+In order to warm the ships against colliding, the drums, foghorns and
+ship bells were resounding day and night on all ships. In order to
+prevent their being separated too far from one another a cannon shot was
+fired every half hour on the commodore's ship. Nevertheless many ships
+drifted from their course; fourteen of them were found by a fire ship
+and conducted to Halifax. For three or four days the ships remained in
+the vicinity of the sandbanks. The many phenomena seen there increased
+the astonishment of the ordinary man concerning the wonders of the sea,
+which had here appeared to him: the whale, swimming majestically; and
+the spongy mass polyps, scarcely with the organization of a living
+creature; multitudes of porpoises, which pursued with amusing leaps out
+of the water the course of the flying fish, and the latter then fell
+down upon the decks, where they found a more certain death; shoals of
+dolphins, which followed the ships with their glittering colors, and
+often were reached by the harpoon or other weapon thrown at them; in the
+dark night countless brilliant, fiery stripes, generated by a school of
+fishes swiftly passing through the waters; turtles, caught for the
+tables of the gentlemen; whole swarms of wild ducks; above all the
+enormous quantity of cod fish, which had caused several fleets of
+French, British and Norwegian fishing smacks to be gathered here, and
+now enriched the kitchens of the army fleet.
+
+On the 25th of June the sandbanks were left behind and from the damp,
+biting cold, against which even the protection of a fur mantle was of no
+avail, the expedition experienced a warm, beautiful day and soon again
+many changes of weather. The great number of whales now to be seen
+indicated the proximity of the coast of Nova Scotia. A green fir tree,
+which was floating on the waters, brought still more joyful tidings. The
+ever diminishing depth of the sea on July 3rd gave rise to the hope that
+yet before evening land would come into sight, but as heavy fogs and
+strong winds set in it became necessary to avoid the probable dangers by
+returning to the deeper ocean. Ever following a course of approaching
+and then leaving the coast, and experiencing another heavy thunder
+storm, which tore the sails to pieces, it was with indescribable joy
+that the coast of Nova Scotia came to view on the 7th at break of day.
+As soon as the anchoring place of Halifax was reached the commodore
+signaled to the fleet to gather and sail before the wind. Now those
+ships came along and rejoined the fleet which had become lost in the
+fogs and had anchored several days previously in the harbor. They
+greeted the commodore with fifteen shots and he replied with eleven.
+From these ships much information was gained, and especially did they
+bring joyful news about the ship Malaga, which had become totally lost
+to all appearances in the Whitsuntide storm, and which with all on
+board, a company of the life-guards, under Captain Waldenberg, had
+already been given up as lost. Its bowsprit was gone and it had suffered
+considerable damage too, but it had had the good fortune to bring to
+Halifax a French ship which was carrying munitions of war to the
+Americans. A reward of 2,000 pounds sterling had been granted to the
+commander and his troops--but in course of time this was paid out to the
+commanders of the English men-of-war. Having joined the great British
+fleet it had followed the commander in chief, General Howe, to the new
+rendezvous of the squadron and of the army.
+
+Howe had already begun his career with blunders and perplexities. He had
+been selected through an unfortunate vote conducted by his party and so
+was entrusted with an affair, the nature of which demanded, in the midst
+of the transactions of considerate love, the speediest progress of arms
+and the greatest decision of character. Instead of leaving Boston, the
+firebrand of the war, so important because of its location, either not
+at all, or at such an early time that the state of New York which was
+still chiefly loyal could be saved, he started for Halifax so
+inopportunely, that meanwhile the power of the Congress was made felt in
+New York, and prepared there the strongest defence; Howe finally made
+Rhode Island his destination, and changed his mind during the trip, and
+at last aimed for New York, when the commodore, William Hotham,
+collected before Halifax the previously given sealed orders from the
+several ship captains and had designated Rhode Island as the new
+destination, a frigate brought the again changed instruction to fix as
+rendezvous the lighthouse of Sandy Hook.
+
+The joy of immediate landing after so long a voyage, which had even
+become highly disagreeable towards the close, was now gone. The various
+changes as to their destination, the unfavorable weather, poor sailing
+vessels, which oftentimes had to be taken in tow by the war vessels, and
+the difficulty to keep together such a fleet, always in danger of
+hostile attack, all combined to lengthen the voyage to 100 days, which
+was even at that time very rare, and now could be of incalculable
+advantage to the cause of the Americans. With an unfavorable wind the
+fleet started; the eyes of everybody were directed to the green coast
+and the undulating hilly background. During the night the sharp glow of
+the Halifax lighthouse accompanied the troops, until, like a star
+gradually fading away, it at last disappeared from view.
+
+On the evening of the 8th of July the fleet halted. The ship Spring had,
+by means of a signal of distress and four cannon shots, indicated that
+it was in the greatest danger. All men-of-war approached it. They
+learned that the sailors had mutinied, whereupon these were arrested,
+and then exchanged for others. With a changeable wind the fleet
+continued, now tacking, now sailing. To one of the ships the
+threatening, gigantic cone of a water spout approached, yet it escaped
+the danger of being overcome by its great deluge of water; elsewhere the
+so-called St. Elmo's Fire appeared at the tops of the masts, feared as
+an apparition of a warning spirit; then on the night of the 11th to the
+12th of July the sky and the ocean met, the spectacle of a most fearful
+thunder storm. The ships kept at a great distance from each other, drew
+in their sails, and while generally on the commodore's ship the light
+signal was burning, now on all ships the lanterns could be seen unlit,
+vibrating in the deepest darkness; the clouds at night gave forth a most
+violent hailstorm; the terrible waves roared and piled themselves up
+into great fiery-looking mountains, the lightning flashed and quivered
+in the air, now and then splintering the top of a mast. With thunder on
+all sides and fearful in the expectation of the approaching storm, the
+soldiers sank down in silent resignation and the crew remained during
+the whole night on deck in anxious agitation and work. In the morning
+there arose a strong wind which tore to pieces the sails on several
+ships, but it also dispersed the storm clouds. Then, on the 14th, a calm
+set in, and from the ships there resounded the hymns of the Sunday
+services, but dense fog and continuous rains occurred and the vibrations
+of the ship became in the calm ever greater. All at once there was a
+great outcry in the fleet: Two ships, the Hartley (with Knyphausen
+soldiers under Captain von Biesenrod) and Lord Sandwich (on board of
+which was Colonel von Wurmb and a part of the life guards) could be seen
+colliding because of the great waves, causing each other considerable
+damage, and, thereupon, the ship Henrietta, with the Union, (upon which
+there was Colonel von Herringen and a section of the regiment of
+Losberg) could be seen likewise driven against each other. Alternately
+heaving and sinking the upper ship always appeared as if threatening
+destruction to the lower one, until the Union hoisted out a boat which,
+then, by means of a rope thrown over the bowsprit, pulled the Henrietta
+away. After a few agreeable days there followed on the 19th of July very
+stormy weather, the sea was in a most furious rage, sails ripped apart,
+but the ever agile activity of the sailors at the time of such
+accidents, was always ready with instant relief and reparation. As a
+spider that moves about as swiftly as the arrow in her web, so the
+sailors were going up and down the rope ladders of the masts and through
+the rigging, hanging only at their feet, tieing the tackle and binding
+the sails. Then there followed days and nights too hot to be endured,
+with heavy thunder storms; sleepless and famishing for a little fresh
+air, the soldiers came even in the night time on deck; the longing for
+the land grew hour by hour.
+
+This most tedious voyage had given full play to the development of
+diseases. The most careful cleanliness, the daily scrubbing of the
+decks, the frequent cleaning of the cabins and rooms, the washing and
+the disinfecting with steaming vinegar, the pumping in of fresh air, and
+the airing of the bedding on decks: all this belonged to the general
+health regimen, yet the effect of the restrained, often unnatural
+physical exercises, and improper food, was not to be suppressed. While
+to many a Hessian the ship became his first cradle, without granting
+unto him in its hasty course a place which he could call his birthplace,
+there were others, who, deceased, were buried at the bottom of the sea,
+the Ensign von Stedel of the Regiment von Donop, among the first
+victims. Scurvy was developed as a result of tainted humors, for which
+the drinking of sea water was used as a medicine, and also the chewing
+of tobacco, which the Hessians had learned from the sailors and later
+kept up as a habit in their own homes. The disease reigned supreme,
+however, and many individuals suffered for a long time yet after the
+disembarkation from paralyzed limbs, and some even died. There was a
+lack of the most necessary things. The food supplies provided for by the
+officers themselves were exhausted, even the rations of zwieback were
+cut down to only 17 loth (8� oz.) a day. The water, which in the
+whole fleet had been stored in new oaken casks, became undrinkable and
+finally putrid. The beds of the soldiers were broken up in the storms,
+camp kettles and canteens were smashed, tents, clothing apparel, even
+the cartridges had been destroyed by the rats, which finally had even
+gnawed through the water casks; all of these troubles more or less were
+suffered by most of the transport ships.
+
+Meanwhile a much wished for wind filled the sails, and the ever more and
+more anxious, but daily disappointed hope, now at last to see New York,
+grew upon its wings; yet the wind on the 30th of July became so strong
+that the sails had to be drawn in, the rudders bound fast, and the ships
+left to the shattering blows of the waves, which roaringly dashed and
+resounded about the ships. As soon as the storm had subsided the
+commodore by means of the cannon shots gathered together the scattered
+fleet and gave instructions for a changed course in order to avoid being
+driven against the near coast, but, unfortunately, the ships came into a
+strong contrary current, the water again became high and turbulent, it
+rained and lightened incessantly, masts toppled over, as was the case on
+the Friendship which had on board 200 members of the Regiment Crown
+Prince, besides Colonel von Hachenberg. Sailors and ship carpenters
+found everywhere enough to do, until finally a favorable strong wind on
+the 4th of August fortunately blew the fleet out of the current. On the
+10th of August the fleet offered an excellent and very hopeful
+appearance as it, in a most speedy wind, with high towering sails, was
+cutting its course through the little waves. On the 11th, at the hour
+of noon the happy signals indicating the sight of land were to be seen.
+Soon the charming coast of Long Island came into the view of all and
+great shouts of joy were wafted across the waters towards it from this
+swimming city. Carefully did the fleet tack during the night because the
+water was becoming ever more shallow. On the next morning, the 12th of
+August, an English squadron of 24 vessels was seen from the ocean and
+this, after a few hours, united with the fleet, following the mutual
+greeting by means of a definite number of shots. Among the new arrivals
+was also Major General von Mirbach with the troops which also belonged
+to the first Hessian Division, and which did not take to the transport
+ships at Bremerlehe until four weeks after the embarkation of Heister,
+and then had waited for a favorable wind.
+
+Now the English flag was unfurled on all ships; Sandy Hook came into
+sight with its white lighthouse, immediately thereupon Staten Island,
+and a veritable painting spread itself out before the eyes of these
+newcomers, most charming after so many dangers had been encountered and
+after so long a denial of a glance on the beautiful smiling landscapes,
+teeming with inhabitants, exalted and majestic, the shores studded with
+troops, the tents of a friendly and a hostile camp, of a forest of masts
+of 500 ships, and the many hundred boats which so vigilantly were
+watching the hostile shores--here a belligerent power assembled, such
+as America had never seen before in order to have a combat, which in the
+destiny of the world gave its immeasurable decision.
+
+
+            _Extract from the Diary of the German Poet and
+              Adventurer, J.�G. Seume, a Hessian Soldier
+                    and Participator on the Voyage_
+
+On the English transporter we were pressed and packed like salted
+herrings. To save room the deck, low as it was, had been partitioned
+off, and we lay instead of in hammocks, in these bunks, one row above
+the other. The deck was so low that a grown man could not stand upright,
+and the bunks not high enough to sit in. These bunks were intended to
+hold six men each but after four had entered, the remaining two could
+only find room by pressing in. The situation was, especially in warm
+weather, decidedly not cool: for one man to turn from one side to the
+other alone was absolutely impossible, and to lie on one's back was an
+equal impossibility. The straightest way and the hardest edge were
+necessary. After having roasted and sweated sufficiently on one side,
+the man who had the place to the extreme right would call: round about
+turn! and all would simultaneously turn to the other side, then having
+received quantum sabis on this one the man to the left would give the
+same signal. The maintainance was on an equal scale. Today bacon and
+peas--peas and bacon tomorrow. Once in a while this menu was broken by
+porridge or peeled barley, and as an occasional great feast by pudding.
+This pudding was made of musty flour, half salt and half sweet water and
+of very ancient mutton suet. The bacon could have been from four to five
+years old, was black at both outer edges, became yellow a little farther
+on and was white only in the very centre. The salted beef was in a very
+similar condition. The biscuits were often full of worms which we had to
+swallow in lieu of butter or dripping if we did not want to reduce our
+scanty rations still more. Besides this they were so hard that we were
+forced to use canon balls in breaking them into eatable pieces. Usually
+our hunger did not allow us to soak them, and often enough we had not
+the necessary water to do so. We were told (and not without some
+probability of truth) that these biscuits were French, and that the
+English, during the Seven Years' War had taken them from French ships.
+Since that time they had been stored in some magazine in Portsmouth and
+that they were now being used to feed the Germans who were to kill the
+French under Rochambeau and Lafayette in America--if God so wotted. But
+apparently God did not seem to fancy this idea much.
+
+The heavily sulphured water lay in deep corruption. After a barrel had
+been hoisted up and opened, the deck was pervaded by a conglomeration of
+very evil odours indeed. It was full of worms as long as a finger and
+had to be filtered through a cloth before it could be drunken. And even
+then it was dangerous to breathe above it. Rum and sometimes a little
+strong beer helped to make it somewhat more drinkable.
+
+Herded together in this manner, forced to breathe putrid air, to eat bad
+food and to drink foul water, these youths, old men, students, merchants
+and peasants, many of them but insufficiently clothed, were tossed about
+for months upon the Atlantic.
+
+Many of the sufferings undergone by us on this voyage were no doubt
+unavoidable, and many of the recruits were used to a hard
+life--nevertheless, many of the things they endured were the result of
+an intentional deficiency of care taking and of a great greed.
+
+What can be said of the British Quartermasters-Department which sent
+these people to sea without proper food and drink? What of the Duke of
+Brunswick who sent his subject to Canada without durable boots or
+stockings and without overcoats? Often enough have men borne a hard life
+cheerfully, because they knew the why and wherefore, but these poor
+fellows suffered on account of a quarrel which was not their own,
+suffered only that their masters might pay their debts or enjoy new
+pleasures.
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's Note: The following correction was applied to the
+original text:
+
+p. 15: Haberm�nchen -> Haberm�nnchen ]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Voyage of The First Hessian Army
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Voyage of the First Hessian
+Army, by Albert Pfister
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Voyage of The First Hessian Army from
+Portsmouth to New York, 1776, by Albert Pfister and Johann Gottfried Seume
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Voyage of The First Hessian Army from Portsmouth to New York, 1776
+
+Author: Albert Pfister
+        Johann Gottfried Seume
+
+Release Date: November 10, 2008 [EBook #27230]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIRST HESSIAN ARMY, 1776 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Markus Brenner and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<!-- Omitted front matter from the printed book
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
+<h1>THE VOYAGE OF THE FIRST HESSIAN<br />
+ARMY FROM PORTSMOUTH<br />
+TO NEW YORK</h1>
+-->
+
+<p class="series">
+<!-- <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> -->
+Heartman&#8217;s Historical Series No. 3</p>
+
+<h1>
+<!-- <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> -->
+THE VOYAGE<br />
+OF<br />
+<span style="font-size: xx-large; line-height: 150%">The First Hessian Army</span><br />
+FROM PORTSMOUTH TO NEW YORK<br />
+1776</h1>
+
+<p class="publisher">One hundred and ten Copies printed for<br />
+CHAS. FRED. HEARTMAN, New York City</p>
+
+<!-- <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>[Blank Page]</p> -->
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>The following Historical Sketch is a translation
+from the German of A. Pfister. It was published
+some fifty years ago in a German periodical and is
+interesting enough to be reprinted in English as it
+contains hitherto very little known details of this
+voyage. At the end will be found an Extract from
+the Diary of the German Poet and Adventurer, J.&nbsp;G.
+Seume, a Hessian Soldier and Participator on the
+Voyage.</p>
+
+<p><small>
+January, 1915<br />
+<span class="smcap" style="float: right; padding-right: 2em">Ch. F. H.</span><br />
+</small></p>
+
+<p class="numbered"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
+Number ...... of 110 copies printed.<br />
+Also six printed on Japan Vellum.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>The troops belonging to the first Hessian Division
+had as yet not all been assembled in the harbor of
+Portsmouth, for, on account of the lack of transport
+ships, General von Mirbach with his regiment and
+that of Commander Rall, a Knyphausen Company,
+and a part of the Commissariat still remained at
+Bremerlehe, when the fleet was ready and the wind
+often long in coming, was just then very favorable to
+leave the channel. Then a rather peculiar circumstance
+occurred to prevent the start. Heister, the
+Hessian Commander-in-Chief, refused to start, feeling
+bound by the land grave&#8217;s express orders to keep
+all his divisions together. The king became exceedingly
+impatient, for the delay set an incalculable
+amount at stake&mdash;at last the Hessian minister at
+London, General von Schlieffen, took upon himself
+the responsibility of this urgent matter, and Heister,
+with a spirit of true faithfulness to service, went over
+with his Hessian troop ships to the remaining squadron
+at anchor at St. Hellens in the immediate vicinity.</p>
+
+<p>The fleet as gathered here numbered 100 sailing
+vessels, among which were 2 men-of-war with 50
+cannons, 4 frigates of 36 cannons, and 2 fire-ships for
+the protection of the transports and provision ships.
+These vessels carried in all about 12,500 land troops,
+of which the 7400 Hessians were distributed in 52
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>ships. William Hotham, their Commodore, was on
+the man-of-war Preston. When the ship captains
+had received from him the signaling directions and
+their sealed instructions (which may be opened only
+after a ship has sailed in order to learn its destination),
+he gave the signals to weigh anchor and to
+sail by means of a cannon shot and the displaying of
+a flag. This was on the evening of the 6th of May.</p>
+
+<p>Very soon an adverse and violent storm arose, the
+sea became turbulent and there was much seasickness.
+No one could stand upright in the cabins,
+everything was tossed about pell-mell and sailors fell
+overboard and could not be saved; yet the fleet by
+the evening of the 9th was sailing with calmer
+weather through the dangerous region of the Scilly
+Islands, where, over a mass of rocks and reefs a
+warning lighthouse stood. After sunset the last
+land was seen to disappear under the horizon, the
+promontory, Landsend. On the next day the cables,
+which usually are on the capstan, were coiled on
+deck; still greater waves, and more violent motions
+of the ship indicated that the vessels had reached the
+great ocean. Who may be the master of the ocean
+was made evident during the very next few days to
+the astonished soldiers, when a Danish and later two
+Swedish East Indian ships were passing through the
+fleet; these then lowered their flags and a sail of the
+middle mast, as soon as they were within the distance
+of a shot. This was the mark of esteem which every
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>foreign ship on meeting an English man-of-war or
+squadron in the Atlantic Ocean was to render to it,
+as indicating the recognition of Great Britain&#8217;s sovereignty
+there.</p>
+
+<p>A perfect calm had set in; the great waves rose to
+an astonishing height, and, although at a time of
+wind and full sail, the vibrations of the ships are
+lessened by the quick forward motion, yet in calm
+the opposite is true, for the ships were heaving and
+pitching, so that there seemed to be danger of complete
+capsizing, or at any rate of the loss of the masts.
+In the darkness of night the foam sparkled on the
+ships and at times the lightning flashed and quivered
+on the waves. Several ships had already met with
+accidents, in getting badly damaged by running
+against each other, and in some the constant pumping
+out of water was made necessary. The ship
+Good Intent ran with its prow into the stern of the
+Claudina, on which there was a company of the
+regiment von Knyphausen under Lieutenant Baum,
+and to the great anguish and cry of the crew and
+troops made a great hole over the cabin. The ship
+Speedwell, on which there was Lieutenant-Colonel
+Block with the Grenadier-Company of the Prince
+Karl regiment drew so much water that it seemed
+doomed to sink. Accordingly signals of distress
+were hoisted, the Commodore signaled the fleet to
+halt and by means of several boats had the ship
+thoroughly investigated. It became evident that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>there was no immediate danger, and that, with constant
+use of the pumps, the Speedwell could continue
+the voyage.</p>
+
+<p>On the 20th of May a strong wind suddenly arose
+(simply good fresh air as the sailors said), but the
+water became rough, the waves struck over the decks,
+and all fires were ordered to be put out; porpoises
+made their appearance in great numbers, the sight of
+which was cheering especially to the officers who shot
+at them; little was it supposed by them then that
+these porpoises were but the forerunners of an
+approaching storm. On the 25th the whole sky
+became clouded over with dark and heavy clouds,
+the air became close and sultry, and the Commodore
+had shots fired frequently as a signal to prevent the
+scattering of the ships. The wind and waves became
+more violent from hour to hour during the night of
+the 25th to the 26th, and on Whitsunday the full
+force of the storm was felt. The Commodore gave
+the signal to draw in all sails except one and to
+remove the uppermost parts of the masts. The
+ships were being scattered far apart. In the cabins
+all articles, though tied fast, were broken loose and
+were thrown helter-skelter, the occupants likewise,
+many with bruised limbs, and there was no end to the
+spells of seasickness and of misery made ridiculous.
+The storm was ever growing worse. On the second
+day the last sail was drawn in, and the rudder bound
+fast, so that now the ship was left to its fate. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>raging sea was playing with the gigantic structure of
+the ships as with a toy; sailors were swallowed up by
+the waters, others committed suicide and soldiers
+who ventured to go on deck fell down unconscious
+because of the force of the waves. Only one consolation
+remained, namely, the clarified atmosphere;
+but on the third day of Whitsuntide dark gloomy
+clouds and torrents of rain darkened the whole firmament,
+the winds seemed to be let loose, sounding like
+roaring thunder, all nature seemed to have united in
+bringing to young America a terrible funeral feast.
+While thousands are pleading here for the protection
+of Heaven a furious wrathful indignation rages in the
+American pulpit scattering its curses and, praying to
+God and the Savior, dedicates the fleet to destruction.</p>
+
+<p>With a loud and deafening roar the huge waves
+wash over the ships; the decks and every port-hole
+had to be made extra tight. The soldiers were lying
+in the lower compartments as if buried alive in coffins,
+gasping in the darkness after air and water;
+from moment to moment the most of them, quiet and
+depressed, expected to go out of this dark night into
+the eternal day of heaven. Still on the next day the
+storm was raging and the heavy sea also continued,
+and this threatened to break the ships to pieces; but
+the clouds broke, the great downfall of rain ceased,
+the air became clear, the wind subsided, and in the
+evening at 10 o&#8217;clock the storm had stopped entirely&mdash;only
+the seething waters were still roaring and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>placed the ships in even greater danger. It was not
+until the morning of the 30th that this violent sea had
+spent its fury; sound sleep reinvigorated exhausted
+nature; and when the soldiers and sailors awoke to
+the beautiful day and looked out upon the glittering,
+smooth, quiet sea, and saw how little by little the
+ships drew closer together, they each and everyone
+felt as if they had awakened to a new day of creation.
+The kitchen fires were again glowing, the kettles
+were steaming, the provisions, clothing and bed
+linen, all so thoroughly wet through, were dried,
+everywhere repairs were undertaken, the masts were
+again properly set up, and the sails spread; on the
+decks praises to God were sung with fervent feelings
+of gratitude in devout meetings of prayer.</p>
+
+<p>The religious, sympathetic feelings certainly prevail
+in the deeply rooted piety of our (Hessian)
+people. It was customary on all ships that as often
+as the weather and the motion of the vessel permitted
+it, a prayer meeting should be held every morning
+and every evening and a preaching service on Sundays.
+Though not obliged to attend, yet one could
+regularly see the soldierly religious congregation
+assembled, standing with uncovered heads and filled
+with devotion, drawn thither by the inner voice of
+conscience. If the sea were rough then one could
+hear the people from their resting places starting up
+religious hymns. Communion with God was necessary
+for the soul; more urgently did the present
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>remind of eternity, and the very recent past give
+grounds for gratitude. The ordinary man had in
+lieu of other songs learned to sing his religious hymns
+at school, and he sang these even during his march
+against the enemy. It was not a book of epic poems
+that accompanied him on his expeditions, it was a
+small book of prayer, which even now is a chief constituent
+part of the small bookshops of the Hessian
+peasant-folk, so precious to him because of the divine
+power of its influence, to his mind a pure, old, genuine
+&#8220;Jesus wine.&#8221; This was the well known &#8220;Haberm&auml;nnchen,&#8221;
+the epic poem and the private chapel of
+the warrior as well as of the serving man. And not
+alone with the exalted spectacle of divine omnipotence
+on the furious or rapturous sea&mdash;but even in
+the camps and quarters the masses of soldiers did not
+neglect public worship any more than they neglected
+a simple military duty. So with the ancient fear of
+God of the patriarchs in their hearts the Hessian
+people landed on the soil of America.</p>
+
+<p>The dispersion of the fleet had obliged a halt of
+three days, during which time the frigates sailed in all
+directions, collecting the ships by means of cannon
+shots, yet this was not entirely successful; fifteen
+battered ships had opened their sealed orders and
+had sailed on ahead to Halifax, the goal designated
+therein. The contrary winds prevented the advance
+of the fleet. It appeared in great grandeur on the
+4th of June; this was the birthday of King George III.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>In unusual splendor did the day shine, on all vessels
+the red English flag was waving, on all war ships and
+all frigates, twenty-one cannon shots resounded at
+noon and the transport ships were only too glad to
+follow with their joyful celebrations. But on the
+ship Unanimity an unfortunate pistol shot was fired
+in the morning. A captain of the life-guards, Count
+von der Lippe, offended one of his subordinates,
+Lieutenant Kleinschmidt, because he, though accidentally,
+had caused his dog to give a cry of pain, and
+with coarse words demanded an immediate pistol
+duel without witnesses. The lieutenant gave his opponent
+a mortal wound. The one was descended from
+a sovereign house, the other of humble civil origin,
+yet according to the ancient chivalrous views, which
+at all times prevail in the military profession, they
+were equals. The court-martial, also in consequence
+thereof, acquitted the lieutenant. This is the proceeding
+followed in accordance with all proper army
+regulations: the highest officer next to the count takes
+the lieutenant&#8217;s sword, places a sentinel over him,
+made a request, by means of a speaking-trumpet, of
+the commodore, whose ship fortunately was quite
+near, for a clever English surgeon (as the Hessian
+Army generally had but few well qualified army
+surgeons) and then takes a boat to the ship Elizabeth
+to make a report to the Lieutenant-General. Immediately
+a court-martial is ordered, Lieutenant
+Kleinschmidt, under arrest, is taken to the ship of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>the staff of the regiment, and the staff-surgeon-major
+and the chief staff-chaplain were sent to the count.
+The former could do nothing except to leave the
+dying man to the services of the latter. In prayer
+with the chaplain, during which time a religious service
+was being held on deck, the count departed this
+life. Thereupon the adjutants of the general took an
+inventory of the effects of the deceased, an autopsy
+was held to determine the cause of death, then,
+dressed in his military suit, placed into a hammock
+weighted down with stone, and sewed in white canvas,
+without any further formality, his body was
+consigned to the sea.</p>
+
+<p>Dense fogs had fallen; in order to keep the ships
+together frequent shots were fired from the commodore&#8217;s
+ship; the danger of knocking against one
+another was unavoidable. The ships, Happy Jeanette
+and Henrietta, because of the carelessness on the
+part of the former, ran against each other at a time
+when the winds were strong and the sails were set
+full, so that the latter very nearly capsized, and,
+hard-pressed by the former, could not again right
+itself. On all faces there was the picture of death;
+and panic arose. The soldiers of the regiment von
+Ditfurth, driven to despair, endeavored to leap upon
+the Jeanette and those of the regiment Prince Karl
+tried to save their lives on the Happy, and only with
+difficulty were they prevented from doing an act of
+foolhardiness which would have cost the lives of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>many. After repeated knocks the two ships were
+finally parted; in the Henrietta a great hole had been
+made&mdash;only one foot lower down and in a few minutes
+nothing more would have been seen of the ship.
+There were on this ship Captain von Malsburg, the
+Lieutenants von Ditfurth, von Malsburg, von
+Bardeleben, and Ensign von Schachten.</p>
+
+<p>A new drama took place soon after the 10th of
+June. A frigate brought the orders to set all ships
+and cannon in defensive condition; an East Indian
+ship had reported the proximity of many American
+privateers. One of these had even been captured.
+The Hessian officers thereupon set all cannon in order
+and arranged for the distribution of the men in the
+case of an attack. The commodore remained now
+in the middle of the fleet, a frigate had to stay at the
+head in his place, and the others had to be all the
+more active, everywhere in the fleet, as commodore&#8217;s
+messengers, to keep up the order and to search every
+strange vessel. Even the transport vessels received
+orders in case they should discover a strange vessel
+to display a red flag at the stern of the ship until the
+commodore by means of a similar signal has indicated
+that he has taken cognizance of the information.
+Almost to the very tops of the masts the guards on
+watch could be seen. More frequently than ever the
+stragglers now received the usual warning (always
+with a fine of money imposed), namely, several
+sharp cannon shots which struck close to them. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>same was the case with those ships which sailed too
+fast in advance of the others. As soon as the commodore
+had given the signal by means of the flag-language,
+one could see the marines and the sailors
+on the men-of-war practice fully armed and equipped
+and with such great zeal carry on a naval battle
+exercise as certainly cannot be shown any better in a
+real battle. By means of bags of sand the decks
+were protected against cannon shot from the side;
+back of these, men with muskets; at different places
+the auxiliary troops; at the middle mast the chief
+sentry; between the masts a sort of pile structure for
+defense was built up to accommodate smaller cannon
+and soldiers; with uncommon dexterity the artillery
+was managed; and at last the sailors with lances and
+other like weapons hurried on deck to drill for defense
+in order to prevent the enemy from mounting the
+ship.</p>
+
+<p>With many a change of wind and weather, of calm
+and turbulent sea, of joyous or anxious feeling, the
+great sandbanks of New Foundland were reached on
+the 20th of June.</p>
+
+<p>A mighty sea of breakers indicates the location of
+these sandbanks; upon their precipitous rocky walls
+covered forty fathoms high by the sea, the restless
+ocean waves are beating and are with a like force
+repelled. The winds go howling over them; dense,
+cold fogs always cover these regions. In order to
+warm the ships against colliding, the drums, foghorns
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>and ship bells were resounding day and night on all
+ships. In order to prevent their being separated
+too far from one another a cannon shot was fired
+every half hour on the commodore&#8217;s ship. Nevertheless
+many ships drifted from their course; fourteen
+of them were found by a fire ship and conducted
+to Halifax. For three or four days the ships remained
+in the vicinity of the sandbanks. The many
+phenomena seen there increased the astonishment of
+the ordinary man concerning the wonders of the sea,
+which had here appeared to him: the whale, swimming
+majestically; and the spongy mass polyps,
+scarcely with the organization of a living creature;
+multitudes of porpoises, which pursued with amusing
+leaps out of the water the course of the flying fish,
+and the latter then fell down upon the decks, where
+they found a more certain death; shoals of dolphins,
+which followed the ships with their glittering colors,
+and often were reached by the harpoon or other
+weapon thrown at them; in the dark night countless
+brilliant, fiery stripes, generated by a school of fishes
+swiftly passing through the waters; turtles, caught
+for the tables of the gentlemen; whole swarms of
+wild ducks; above all the enormous quantity of cod
+fish, which had caused several fleets of French,
+British and Norwegian fishing smacks to be gathered
+here, and now enriched the kitchens of the army
+fleet.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th of June the sandbanks were left
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>behind and from the damp, biting cold, against which
+even the protection of a fur mantle was of no avail,
+the expedition experienced a warm, beautiful day
+and soon again many changes of weather. The
+great number of whales now to be seen indicated the
+proximity of the coast of Nova Scotia. A green fir
+tree, which was floating on the waters, brought still
+more joyful tidings. The ever diminishing depth of
+the sea on July 3rd gave rise to the hope that yet
+before evening land would come into sight, but as
+heavy fogs and strong winds set in it became necessary
+to avoid the probable dangers by returning to
+the deeper ocean. Ever following a course of
+approaching and then leaving the coast, and experiencing
+another heavy thunder storm, which tore the
+sails to pieces, it was with indescribable joy that the
+coast of Nova Scotia came to view on the 7th at
+break of day. As soon as the anchoring place of
+Halifax was reached the commodore signaled to the
+fleet to gather and sail before the wind. Now those
+ships came along and rejoined the fleet which had
+become lost in the fogs and had anchored several
+days previously in the harbor. They greeted the
+commodore with fifteen shots and he replied with
+eleven. From these ships much information was
+gained, and especially did they bring joyful news
+about the ship Malaga, which had become totally
+lost to all appearances in the Whitsuntide storm, and
+which with all on board, a company of the life-guards,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>under Captain Waldenberg, had already been given
+up as lost. Its bowsprit was gone and it had suffered
+considerable damage too, but it had had the good
+fortune to bring to Halifax a French ship which was
+carrying munitions of war to the Americans. A
+reward of 2,000 pounds sterling had been granted to
+the commander and his troops&mdash;but in course of
+time this was paid out to the commanders of the
+English men-of-war. Having joined the great
+British fleet it had followed the commander in chief,
+General Howe, to the new rendezvous of the squadron
+and of the army.</p>
+
+<p>Howe had already begun his career with blunders
+and perplexities. He had been selected through an
+unfortunate vote conducted by his party and so
+was entrusted with an affair, the nature of which
+demanded, in the midst of the transactions of considerate
+love, the speediest progress of arms and the
+greatest decision of character. Instead of leaving
+Boston, the firebrand of the war, so important
+because of its location, either not at all, or at such
+an early time that the state of New York which was
+still chiefly loyal could be saved, he started for
+Halifax so inopportunely, that meanwhile the power
+of the Congress was made felt in New York, and
+prepared there the strongest defence; Howe finally
+made Rhode Island his destination, and changed his
+mind during the trip, and at last aimed for New
+York, when the commodore, William Hotham, collected
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>before Halifax the previously given sealed
+orders from the several ship captains and had designated
+Rhode Island as the new destination, a frigate
+brought the again changed instruction to fix as rendezvous
+the lighthouse of Sandy Hook.</p>
+
+<p>The joy of immediate landing after so long a voyage,
+which had even become highly disagreeable
+towards the close, was now gone. The various
+changes as to their destination, the unfavorable
+weather, poor sailing vessels, which oftentimes had
+to be taken in tow by the war vessels, and the difficulty
+to keep together such a fleet, always in danger
+of hostile attack, all combined to lengthen the voyage
+to 100 days, which was even at that time very
+rare, and now could be of incalculable advantage to
+the cause of the Americans. With an unfavorable
+wind the fleet started; the eyes of everybody were
+directed to the green coast and the undulating hilly
+background. During the night the sharp glow of
+the Halifax lighthouse accompanied the troops,
+until, like a star gradually fading away, it at last
+disappeared from view.</p>
+
+<p>On the evening of the 8th of July the fleet halted.
+The ship Spring had, by means of a signal of distress
+and four cannon shots, indicated that it was in the
+greatest danger. All men-of-war approached it.
+They learned that the sailors had mutinied, whereupon
+these were arrested, and then exchanged for
+others. With a changeable wind the fleet continued,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>now tacking, now sailing. To one of the ships the
+threatening, gigantic cone of a water spout approached,
+yet it escaped the danger of being overcome
+by its great deluge of water; elsewhere the so-called
+St. Elmo&#8217;s Fire appeared at the tops of the
+masts, feared as an apparition of a warning spirit;
+then on the night of the 11th to the 12th of July the
+sky and the ocean met, the spectacle of a most fearful
+thunder storm. The ships kept at a great distance
+from each other, drew in their sails, and while
+generally on the commodore&#8217;s ship the light signal
+was burning, now on all ships the lanterns could be
+seen unlit, vibrating in the deepest darkness; the
+clouds at night gave forth a most violent hailstorm;
+the terrible waves roared and piled themselves up
+into great fiery-looking mountains, the lightning
+flashed and quivered in the air, now and then splintering
+the top of a mast. With thunder on all sides and
+fearful in the expectation of the approaching storm,
+the soldiers sank down in silent resignation and the
+crew remained during the whole night on deck in
+anxious agitation and work. In the morning there
+arose a strong wind which tore to pieces the sails on
+several ships, but it also dispersed the storm clouds.
+Then, on the 14th, a calm set in, and from the ships
+there resounded the hymns of the Sunday services,
+but dense fog and continuous rains occurred and the
+vibrations of the ship became in the calm ever
+greater. All at once there was a great outcry in the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>fleet: Two ships, the Hartley (with Knyphausen
+soldiers under Captain von Biesenrod) and Lord
+Sandwich (on board of which was Colonel von
+Wurmb and a part of the life guards) could be seen
+colliding because of the great waves, causing each
+other considerable damage, and, thereupon, the ship
+Henrietta, with the Union, (upon which there was
+Colonel von Herringen and a section of the regiment
+of Losberg) could be seen likewise driven against
+each other. Alternately heaving and sinking the
+upper ship always appeared as if threatening destruction
+to the lower one, until the Union hoisted out a
+boat which, then, by means of a rope thrown over the
+bowsprit, pulled the Henrietta away. After a few
+agreeable days there followed on the 19th of July
+very stormy weather, the sea was in a most furious
+rage, sails ripped apart, but the ever agile activity of
+the sailors at the time of such accidents, was always
+ready with instant relief and reparation. As a spider
+that moves about as swiftly as the arrow in her web,
+so the sailors were going up and down the rope ladders
+of the masts and through the rigging, hanging
+only at their feet, tieing the tackle and binding the
+sails. Then there followed days and nights too hot to
+be endured, with heavy thunder storms; sleepless and
+famishing for a little fresh air, the soldiers came even
+in the night time on deck; the longing for the land
+grew hour by hour.</p>
+
+<p>This most tedious voyage had given full play to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>development of diseases. The most careful cleanliness,
+the daily scrubbing of the decks, the frequent
+cleaning of the cabins and rooms, the washing and
+the disinfecting with steaming vinegar, the pumping
+in of fresh air, and the airing of the bedding on decks:
+all this belonged to the general health regimen, yet
+the effect of the restrained, often unnatural physical
+exercises, and improper food, was not to be suppressed.
+While to many a Hessian the ship became
+his first cradle, without granting unto him in its
+hasty course a place which he could call his birthplace,
+there were others, who, deceased, were buried
+at the bottom of the sea, the Ensign von Stedel of the
+Regiment von Donop, among the first victims.
+Scurvy was developed as a result of tainted humors,
+for which the drinking of sea water was used as a
+medicine, and also the chewing of tobacco, which the
+Hessians had learned from the sailors and later kept
+up as a habit in their own homes. The disease
+reigned supreme, however, and many individuals
+suffered for a long time yet after the disembarkation
+from paralyzed limbs, and some even died. There
+was a lack of the most necessary things. The food
+supplies provided for by the officers themselves were
+exhausted, even the rations of zwieback were cut
+down to only 17 loth (8&frac12;&nbsp;oz.) a day. The water,
+which in the whole fleet had been stored in new oaken
+casks, became undrinkable and finally putrid. The
+beds of the soldiers were broken up in the storms,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>camp kettles and canteens were smashed, tents,
+clothing apparel, even the cartridges had been
+destroyed by the rats, which finally had even gnawed
+through the water casks; all of these troubles more
+or less were suffered by most of the transport ships.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile a much wished for wind filled the sails,
+and the ever more and more anxious, but daily disappointed
+hope, now at last to see New York, grew
+upon its wings; yet the wind on the 30th of July
+became so strong that the sails had to be drawn in,
+the rudders bound fast, and the ships left to the
+shattering blows of the waves, which roaringly
+dashed and resounded about the ships. As soon as
+the storm had subsided the commodore by means of
+the cannon shots gathered together the scattered
+fleet and gave instructions for a changed course in
+order to avoid being driven against the near coast,
+but, unfortunately, the ships came into a strong contrary
+current, the water again became high and turbulent,
+it rained and lightened incessantly, masts
+toppled over, as was the case on the Friendship which
+had on board 200 members of the Regiment Crown
+Prince, besides Colonel von Hachenberg. Sailors and
+ship carpenters found everywhere enough to do, until
+finally a favorable strong wind on the 4th of August
+fortunately blew the fleet out of the current. On the
+10th of August the fleet offered an excellent and very
+hopeful appearance as it, in a most speedy wind, with
+high towering sails, was cutting its course through the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>little waves. On the 11th, at the hour of noon the
+happy signals indicating the sight of land were to be
+seen. Soon the charming coast of Long Island came
+into the view of all and great shouts of joy were wafted
+across the waters towards it from this swimming city.
+Carefully did the fleet tack during the night because
+the water was becoming ever more shallow. On the
+next morning, the 12th of August, an English squadron
+of 24 vessels was seen from the ocean and this,
+after a few hours, united with the fleet, following
+the mutual greeting by means of a definite number
+of shots. Among the new arrivals was also Major
+General von Mirbach with the troops which also
+belonged to the first Hessian Division, and which
+did not take to the transport ships at Bremerlehe
+until four weeks after the embarkation of Heister,
+and then had waited for a favorable wind.</p>
+
+<p>Now the English flag was unfurled on all ships;
+Sandy Hook came into sight with its white lighthouse,
+immediately thereupon Staten Island, and a veritable
+painting spread itself out before the eyes of these
+newcomers, most charming after so many dangers had
+been encountered and after so long a denial of a glance
+on the beautiful smiling landscapes, teeming with
+inhabitants, exalted and majestic, the shores studded
+with troops, the tents of a friendly and a hostile camp,
+of a forest of masts of 500 ships, and the many hundred
+boats which so vigilantly were watching the
+hostile shores&mdash;here a belligerent power assembled,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>such as America had never seen before in order to
+have a combat, which in the destiny of the world
+gave its immeasurable decision.</p>
+
+
+<h2>Extract from the Diary of the German Poet and<br />
+Adventurer, J.&nbsp;G. Seume, a Hessian Soldier<br />
+and Participator on the Voyage</h2>
+
+<p>On the English transporter we were pressed and
+packed like salted herrings. To save room the deck,
+low as it was, had been partitioned off, and we lay
+instead of in hammocks, in these bunks, one row
+above the other. The deck was so low that a grown
+man could not stand upright, and the bunks not high
+enough to sit in. These bunks were intended to
+hold six men each but after four had entered, the
+remaining two could only find room by pressing in.
+The situation was, especially in warm weather,
+decidedly not cool: for one man to turn from one side
+to the other alone was absolutely impossible, and to
+lie on one&#8217;s back was an equal impossibility. The
+straightest way and the hardest edge were necessary.
+After having roasted and sweated sufficiently on one
+side, the man who had the place to the extreme right
+would call: round about turn! and all would simultaneously
+turn to the other side, then having received
+quantum sabis on this one the man to the left would
+give the same signal. The maintainance was on an
+equal scale. Today bacon and peas&mdash;peas and bacon
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>tomorrow. Once in a while this menu was broken
+by porridge or peeled barley, and as an occasional
+great feast by pudding. This pudding was made of
+musty flour, half salt and half sweet water and of
+very ancient mutton suet. The bacon could have
+been from four to five years old, was black at both
+outer edges, became yellow a little farther on and
+was white only in the very centre. The salted beef
+was in a very similar condition. The biscuits were
+often full of worms which we had to swallow in lieu
+of butter or dripping if we did not want to reduce
+our scanty rations still more. Besides this they
+were so hard that we were forced to use canon balls
+in breaking them into eatable pieces. Usually our
+hunger did not allow us to soak them, and often
+enough we had not the necessary water to do so.
+We were told (and not without some probability of
+truth) that these biscuits were French, and that the
+English, during the Seven Years&#8217; War had taken
+them from French ships. Since that time they had
+been stored in some magazine in Portsmouth and
+that they were now being used to feed the Germans
+who were to kill the French under Rochambeau and
+Lafayette in America&mdash;if God so wotted. But
+apparently God did not seem to fancy this idea much.</p>
+
+<p>The heavily sulphured water lay in deep corruption.
+After a barrel had been hoisted up and opened,
+the deck was pervaded by a conglomeration of very
+evil odours indeed. It was full of worms as long as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>a finger and had to be filtered through a cloth before
+it could be drunken. And even then it was dangerous
+to breathe above it. Rum and sometimes a
+little strong beer helped to make it somewhat more
+drinkable.</p>
+
+<p>Herded together in this manner, forced to breathe
+putrid air, to eat bad food and to drink foul water,
+these youths, old men, students, merchants and
+peasants, many of them but insufficiently clothed,
+were tossed about for months upon the Atlantic.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the sufferings undergone by us on this
+voyage were no doubt unavoidable, and many of the
+recruits were used to a hard life&mdash;nevertheless, many
+of the things they endured were the result of an
+intentional deficiency of care taking and of a great
+greed.</p>
+
+<p>What can be said of the British Quartermasters-Department
+which sent these people to sea without
+proper food and drink? What of the Duke of Brunswick
+who sent his subject to Canada without durable
+boots or stockings and without overcoats? Often
+enough have men borne a hard life cheerfully,
+because they knew the why and wherefore, but these
+poor fellows suffered on account of a quarrel which
+was not their own, suffered only that their masters
+might pay their debts or enjoy new pleasures.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="note">
+<p><strong>Transcriber&#8217;s Note:</strong> The following correction was applied to
+the original text:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#Page_15">p. 15</a>: Haberm&auml;nchen &rarr; Haberm&auml;nnchen</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Voyage of The First Hessian Army
+from Portsmouth to New York, 1776, by Albert Pfister and Johann Gottfried Seume
+
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+</pre>
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Voyage of The First Hessian Army from
+Portsmouth to New York, 1776, by Albert Pfister and Johann Gottfried Seume
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Voyage of The First Hessian Army from Portsmouth to New York, 1776
+
+Author: Albert Pfister
+        Johann Gottfried Seume
+
+Release Date: November 10, 2008 [EBook #27230]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIRST HESSIAN ARMY, 1776 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Markus Brenner and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+                  Heartman's Historical Series No. 3
+
+
+                              THE VOYAGE
+                                  OF
+
+                        The First Hessian Army
+
+                      FROM PORTSMOUTH TO NEW YORK
+                                 1776
+
+
+
+                One hundred and ten Copies printed for
+                  CHAS. FRED. HEARTMAN, New York City
+
+
+
+
+The following Historical Sketch is a translation from the German of A.
+Pfister. It was published some fifty years ago in a German periodical
+and is interesting enough to be reprinted in English as it contains
+hitherto very little known details of this voyage. At the end will be
+found an Extract from the Diary of the German Poet and Adventurer, J. G.
+Seume, a Hessian Soldier and Participator on the Voyage.
+
+January, 1915
+                                                       CH. F. H.
+
+
+                   Number ___ of 110 copies printed.
+                   Also six printed on Japan Vellum.
+
+
+The troops belonging to the first Hessian Division had as yet not all
+been assembled in the harbor of Portsmouth, for, on account of the lack
+of transport ships, General von Mirbach with his regiment and that of
+Commander Rall, a Knyphausen Company, and a part of the Commissariat
+still remained at Bremerlehe, when the fleet was ready and the wind
+often long in coming, was just then very favorable to leave the channel.
+Then a rather peculiar circumstance occurred to prevent the start.
+Heister, the Hessian Commander-in-Chief, refused to start, feeling bound
+by the land grave's express orders to keep all his divisions together.
+The king became exceedingly impatient, for the delay set an incalculable
+amount at stake--at last the Hessian minister at London, General von
+Schlieffen, took upon himself the responsibility of this urgent matter,
+and Heister, with a spirit of true faithfulness to service, went over
+with his Hessian troop ships to the remaining squadron at anchor at St.
+Hellens in the immediate vicinity.
+
+The fleet as gathered here numbered 100 sailing vessels, among which
+were 2 men-of-war with 50 cannons, 4 frigates of 36 cannons, and 2
+fire-ships for the protection of the transports and provision ships.
+These vessels carried in all about 12,500 land troops, of which the 7400
+Hessians were distributed in 52 ships. William Hotham, their Commodore,
+was on the man-of-war Preston. When the ship captains had received from
+him the signaling directions and their sealed instructions (which may be
+opened only after a ship has sailed in order to learn its destination),
+he gave the signals to weigh anchor and to sail by means of a cannon
+shot and the displaying of a flag. This was on the evening of the 6th of
+May.
+
+Very soon an adverse and violent storm arose, the sea became turbulent
+and there was much seasickness. No one could stand upright in the
+cabins, everything was tossed about pell-mell and sailors fell overboard
+and could not be saved; yet the fleet by the evening of the 9th was
+sailing with calmer weather through the dangerous region of the Scilly
+Islands, where, over a mass of rocks and reefs a warning lighthouse
+stood. After sunset the last land was seen to disappear under the
+horizon, the promontory, Landsend. On the next day the cables, which
+usually are on the capstan, were coiled on deck; still greater waves,
+and more violent motions of the ship indicated that the vessels had
+reached the great ocean. Who may be the master of the ocean was made
+evident during the very next few days to the astonished soldiers, when a
+Danish and later two Swedish East Indian ships were passing through the
+fleet; these then lowered their flags and a sail of the middle mast, as
+soon as they were within the distance of a shot. This was the mark of
+esteem which every foreign ship on meeting an English man-of-war or
+squadron in the Atlantic Ocean was to render to it, as indicating the
+recognition of Great Britain's sovereignty there.
+
+A perfect calm had set in; the great waves rose to an astonishing
+height, and, although at a time of wind and full sail, the vibrations of
+the ships are lessened by the quick forward motion, yet in calm the
+opposite is true, for the ships were heaving and pitching, so that there
+seemed to be danger of complete capsizing, or at any rate of the loss of
+the masts. In the darkness of night the foam sparkled on the ships and
+at times the lightning flashed and quivered on the waves. Several ships
+had already met with accidents, in getting badly damaged by running
+against each other, and in some the constant pumping out of water was
+made necessary. The ship Good Intent ran with its prow into the stern of
+the Claudina, on which there was a company of the regiment von
+Knyphausen under Lieutenant Baum, and to the great anguish and cry of
+the crew and troops made a great hole over the cabin. The ship
+Speedwell, on which there was Lieutenant-Colonel Block with the
+Grenadier-Company of the Prince Karl regiment drew so much water that it
+seemed doomed to sink. Accordingly signals of distress were hoisted, the
+Commodore signaled the fleet to halt and by means of several boats had
+the ship thoroughly investigated. It became evident that there was no
+immediate danger, and that, with constant use of the pumps, the
+Speedwell could continue the voyage.
+
+On the 20th of May a strong wind suddenly arose (simply good fresh air
+as the sailors said), but the water became rough, the waves struck over
+the decks, and all fires were ordered to be put out; porpoises made
+their appearance in great numbers, the sight of which was cheering
+especially to the officers who shot at them; little was it supposed by
+them then that these porpoises were but the forerunners of an
+approaching storm. On the 25th the whole sky became clouded over with
+dark and heavy clouds, the air became close and sultry, and the
+Commodore had shots fired frequently as a signal to prevent the
+scattering of the ships. The wind and waves became more violent from
+hour to hour during the night of the 25th to the 26th, and on Whitsunday
+the full force of the storm was felt. The Commodore gave the signal to
+draw in all sails except one and to remove the uppermost parts of the
+masts. The ships were being scattered far apart. In the cabins all
+articles, though tied fast, were broken loose and were thrown
+helter-skelter, the occupants likewise, many with bruised limbs, and
+there was no end to the spells of seasickness and of misery made
+ridiculous. The storm was ever growing worse. On the second day the last
+sail was drawn in, and the rudder bound fast, so that now the ship was
+left to its fate. The raging sea was playing with the gigantic
+structure of the ships as with a toy; sailors were swallowed up by the
+waters, others committed suicide and soldiers who ventured to go on deck
+fell down unconscious because of the force of the waves. Only one
+consolation remained, namely, the clarified atmosphere; but on the third
+day of Whitsuntide dark gloomy clouds and torrents of rain darkened the
+whole firmament, the winds seemed to be let loose, sounding like roaring
+thunder, all nature seemed to have united in bringing to young America a
+terrible funeral feast. While thousands are pleading here for the
+protection of Heaven a furious wrathful indignation rages in the
+American pulpit scattering its curses and, praying to God and the
+Savior, dedicates the fleet to destruction.
+
+With a loud and deafening roar the huge waves wash over the ships; the
+decks and every port-hole had to be made extra tight. The soldiers were
+lying in the lower compartments as if buried alive in coffins, gasping
+in the darkness after air and water; from moment to moment the most of
+them, quiet and depressed, expected to go out of this dark night into
+the eternal day of heaven. Still on the next day the storm was raging
+and the heavy sea also continued, and this threatened to break the ships
+to pieces; but the clouds broke, the great downfall of rain ceased, the
+air became clear, the wind subsided, and in the evening at 10 o'clock
+the storm had stopped entirely--only the seething waters were still
+roaring and placed the ships in even greater danger. It was not until
+the morning of the 30th that this violent sea had spent its fury; sound
+sleep reinvigorated exhausted nature; and when the soldiers and sailors
+awoke to the beautiful day and looked out upon the glittering, smooth,
+quiet sea, and saw how little by little the ships drew closer together,
+they each and everyone felt as if they had awakened to a new day of
+creation. The kitchen fires were again glowing, the kettles were
+steaming, the provisions, clothing and bed linen, all so thoroughly wet
+through, were dried, everywhere repairs were undertaken, the masts were
+again properly set up, and the sails spread; on the decks praises to God
+were sung with fervent feelings of gratitude in devout meetings of
+prayer.
+
+The religious, sympathetic feelings certainly prevail in the deeply
+rooted piety of our (Hessian) people. It was customary on all ships that
+as often as the weather and the motion of the vessel permitted it, a
+prayer meeting should be held every morning and every evening and a
+preaching service on Sundays. Though not obliged to attend, yet one
+could regularly see the soldierly religious congregation assembled,
+standing with uncovered heads and filled with devotion, drawn thither by
+the inner voice of conscience. If the sea were rough then one could hear
+the people from their resting places starting up religious hymns.
+Communion with God was necessary for the soul; more urgently did the
+present remind of eternity, and the very recent past give grounds for
+gratitude. The ordinary man had in lieu of other songs learned to sing
+his religious hymns at school, and he sang these even during his march
+against the enemy. It was not a book of epic poems that accompanied him
+on his expeditions, it was a small book of prayer, which even now is a
+chief constituent part of the small bookshops of the Hessian
+peasant-folk, so precious to him because of the divine power of its
+influence, to his mind a pure, old, genuine "Jesus wine." This was the
+well known "Habermaennchen," the epic poem and the private chapel of the
+warrior as well as of the serving man. And not alone with the exalted
+spectacle of divine omnipotence on the furious or rapturous sea--but
+even in the camps and quarters the masses of soldiers did not neglect
+public worship any more than they neglected a simple military duty. So
+with the ancient fear of God of the patriarchs in their hearts the
+Hessian people landed on the soil of America.
+
+The dispersion of the fleet had obliged a halt of three days, during
+which time the frigates sailed in all directions, collecting the ships
+by means of cannon shots, yet this was not entirely successful; fifteen
+battered ships had opened their sealed orders and had sailed on ahead to
+Halifax, the goal designated therein. The contrary winds prevented the
+advance of the fleet. It appeared in great grandeur on the 4th of June;
+this was the birthday of King George III. In unusual splendor did the
+day shine, on all vessels the red English flag was waving, on all war
+ships and all frigates, twenty-one cannon shots resounded at noon and
+the transport ships were only too glad to follow with their joyful
+celebrations. But on the ship Unanimity an unfortunate pistol shot was
+fired in the morning. A captain of the life-guards, Count von der Lippe,
+offended one of his subordinates, Lieutenant Kleinschmidt, because he,
+though accidentally, had caused his dog to give a cry of pain, and with
+coarse words demanded an immediate pistol duel without witnesses. The
+lieutenant gave his opponent a mortal wound. The one was descended from
+a sovereign house, the other of humble civil origin, yet according to
+the ancient chivalrous views, which at all times prevail in the military
+profession, they were equals. The court-martial, also in consequence
+thereof, acquitted the lieutenant. This is the proceeding followed in
+accordance with all proper army regulations: the highest officer next to
+the count takes the lieutenant's sword, places a sentinel over him, made
+a request, by means of a speaking-trumpet, of the commodore, whose ship
+fortunately was quite near, for a clever English surgeon (as the Hessian
+Army generally had but few well qualified army surgeons) and then takes
+a boat to the ship Elizabeth to make a report to the Lieutenant-General.
+Immediately a court-martial is ordered, Lieutenant Kleinschmidt, under
+arrest, is taken to the ship of the staff of the regiment, and the
+staff-surgeon-major and the chief staff-chaplain were sent to the count.
+The former could do nothing except to leave the dying man to the
+services of the latter. In prayer with the chaplain, during which time a
+religious service was being held on deck, the count departed this life.
+Thereupon the adjutants of the general took an inventory of the effects
+of the deceased, an autopsy was held to determine the cause of death,
+then, dressed in his military suit, placed into a hammock weighted down
+with stone, and sewed in white canvas, without any further formality,
+his body was consigned to the sea.
+
+Dense fogs had fallen; in order to keep the ships together frequent
+shots were fired from the commodore's ship; the danger of knocking
+against one another was unavoidable. The ships, Happy Jeanette and
+Henrietta, because of the carelessness on the part of the former, ran
+against each other at a time when the winds were strong and the sails
+were set full, so that the latter very nearly capsized, and,
+hard-pressed by the former, could not again right itself. On all faces
+there was the picture of death; and panic arose. The soldiers of the
+regiment von Ditfurth, driven to despair, endeavored to leap upon the
+Jeanette and those of the regiment Prince Karl tried to save their lives
+on the Happy, and only with difficulty were they prevented from doing an
+act of foolhardiness which would have cost the lives of many. After
+repeated knocks the two ships were finally parted; in the Henrietta a
+great hole had been made--only one foot lower down and in a few minutes
+nothing more would have been seen of the ship. There were on this ship
+Captain von Malsburg, the Lieutenants von Ditfurth, von Malsburg, von
+Bardeleben, and Ensign von Schachten.
+
+A new drama took place soon after the 10th of June. A frigate brought
+the orders to set all ships and cannon in defensive condition; an East
+Indian ship had reported the proximity of many American privateers. One
+of these had even been captured. The Hessian officers thereupon set all
+cannon in order and arranged for the distribution of the men in the case
+of an attack. The commodore remained now in the middle of the fleet, a
+frigate had to stay at the head in his place, and the others had to be
+all the more active, everywhere in the fleet, as commodore's messengers,
+to keep up the order and to search every strange vessel. Even the
+transport vessels received orders in case they should discover a strange
+vessel to display a red flag at the stern of the ship until the
+commodore by means of a similar signal has indicated that he has taken
+cognizance of the information. Almost to the very tops of the masts the
+guards on watch could be seen. More frequently than ever the stragglers
+now received the usual warning (always with a fine of money imposed),
+namely, several sharp cannon shots which struck close to them. The same
+was the case with those ships which sailed too fast in advance of the
+others. As soon as the commodore had given the signal by means of the
+flag-language, one could see the marines and the sailors on the
+men-of-war practice fully armed and equipped and with such great zeal
+carry on a naval battle exercise as certainly cannot be shown any better
+in a real battle. By means of bags of sand the decks were protected
+against cannon shot from the side; back of these, men with muskets; at
+different places the auxiliary troops; at the middle mast the chief
+sentry; between the masts a sort of pile structure for defense was built
+up to accommodate smaller cannon and soldiers; with uncommon dexterity
+the artillery was managed; and at last the sailors with lances and other
+like weapons hurried on deck to drill for defense in order to prevent
+the enemy from mounting the ship.
+
+With many a change of wind and weather, of calm and turbulent sea, of
+joyous or anxious feeling, the great sandbanks of New Foundland were
+reached on the 20th of June.
+
+A mighty sea of breakers indicates the location of these sandbanks; upon
+their precipitous rocky walls covered forty fathoms high by the sea, the
+restless ocean waves are beating and are with a like force repelled. The
+winds go howling over them; dense, cold fogs always cover these regions.
+In order to warm the ships against colliding, the drums, foghorns and
+ship bells were resounding day and night on all ships. In order to
+prevent their being separated too far from one another a cannon shot was
+fired every half hour on the commodore's ship. Nevertheless many ships
+drifted from their course; fourteen of them were found by a fire ship
+and conducted to Halifax. For three or four days the ships remained in
+the vicinity of the sandbanks. The many phenomena seen there increased
+the astonishment of the ordinary man concerning the wonders of the sea,
+which had here appeared to him: the whale, swimming majestically; and
+the spongy mass polyps, scarcely with the organization of a living
+creature; multitudes of porpoises, which pursued with amusing leaps out
+of the water the course of the flying fish, and the latter then fell
+down upon the decks, where they found a more certain death; shoals of
+dolphins, which followed the ships with their glittering colors, and
+often were reached by the harpoon or other weapon thrown at them; in the
+dark night countless brilliant, fiery stripes, generated by a school of
+fishes swiftly passing through the waters; turtles, caught for the
+tables of the gentlemen; whole swarms of wild ducks; above all the
+enormous quantity of cod fish, which had caused several fleets of
+French, British and Norwegian fishing smacks to be gathered here, and
+now enriched the kitchens of the army fleet.
+
+On the 25th of June the sandbanks were left behind and from the damp,
+biting cold, against which even the protection of a fur mantle was of no
+avail, the expedition experienced a warm, beautiful day and soon again
+many changes of weather. The great number of whales now to be seen
+indicated the proximity of the coast of Nova Scotia. A green fir tree,
+which was floating on the waters, brought still more joyful tidings. The
+ever diminishing depth of the sea on July 3rd gave rise to the hope that
+yet before evening land would come into sight, but as heavy fogs and
+strong winds set in it became necessary to avoid the probable dangers by
+returning to the deeper ocean. Ever following a course of approaching
+and then leaving the coast, and experiencing another heavy thunder
+storm, which tore the sails to pieces, it was with indescribable joy
+that the coast of Nova Scotia came to view on the 7th at break of day.
+As soon as the anchoring place of Halifax was reached the commodore
+signaled to the fleet to gather and sail before the wind. Now those
+ships came along and rejoined the fleet which had become lost in the
+fogs and had anchored several days previously in the harbor. They
+greeted the commodore with fifteen shots and he replied with eleven.
+From these ships much information was gained, and especially did they
+bring joyful news about the ship Malaga, which had become totally lost
+to all appearances in the Whitsuntide storm, and which with all on
+board, a company of the life-guards, under Captain Waldenberg, had
+already been given up as lost. Its bowsprit was gone and it had suffered
+considerable damage too, but it had had the good fortune to bring to
+Halifax a French ship which was carrying munitions of war to the
+Americans. A reward of 2,000 pounds sterling had been granted to the
+commander and his troops--but in course of time this was paid out to the
+commanders of the English men-of-war. Having joined the great British
+fleet it had followed the commander in chief, General Howe, to the new
+rendezvous of the squadron and of the army.
+
+Howe had already begun his career with blunders and perplexities. He had
+been selected through an unfortunate vote conducted by his party and so
+was entrusted with an affair, the nature of which demanded, in the midst
+of the transactions of considerate love, the speediest progress of arms
+and the greatest decision of character. Instead of leaving Boston, the
+firebrand of the war, so important because of its location, either not
+at all, or at such an early time that the state of New York which was
+still chiefly loyal could be saved, he started for Halifax so
+inopportunely, that meanwhile the power of the Congress was made felt in
+New York, and prepared there the strongest defence; Howe finally made
+Rhode Island his destination, and changed his mind during the trip, and
+at last aimed for New York, when the commodore, William Hotham,
+collected before Halifax the previously given sealed orders from the
+several ship captains and had designated Rhode Island as the new
+destination, a frigate brought the again changed instruction to fix as
+rendezvous the lighthouse of Sandy Hook.
+
+The joy of immediate landing after so long a voyage, which had even
+become highly disagreeable towards the close, was now gone. The various
+changes as to their destination, the unfavorable weather, poor sailing
+vessels, which oftentimes had to be taken in tow by the war vessels, and
+the difficulty to keep together such a fleet, always in danger of
+hostile attack, all combined to lengthen the voyage to 100 days, which
+was even at that time very rare, and now could be of incalculable
+advantage to the cause of the Americans. With an unfavorable wind the
+fleet started; the eyes of everybody were directed to the green coast
+and the undulating hilly background. During the night the sharp glow of
+the Halifax lighthouse accompanied the troops, until, like a star
+gradually fading away, it at last disappeared from view.
+
+On the evening of the 8th of July the fleet halted. The ship Spring had,
+by means of a signal of distress and four cannon shots, indicated that
+it was in the greatest danger. All men-of-war approached it. They
+learned that the sailors had mutinied, whereupon these were arrested,
+and then exchanged for others. With a changeable wind the fleet
+continued, now tacking, now sailing. To one of the ships the
+threatening, gigantic cone of a water spout approached, yet it escaped
+the danger of being overcome by its great deluge of water; elsewhere the
+so-called St. Elmo's Fire appeared at the tops of the masts, feared as
+an apparition of a warning spirit; then on the night of the 11th to the
+12th of July the sky and the ocean met, the spectacle of a most fearful
+thunder storm. The ships kept at a great distance from each other, drew
+in their sails, and while generally on the commodore's ship the light
+signal was burning, now on all ships the lanterns could be seen unlit,
+vibrating in the deepest darkness; the clouds at night gave forth a most
+violent hailstorm; the terrible waves roared and piled themselves up
+into great fiery-looking mountains, the lightning flashed and quivered
+in the air, now and then splintering the top of a mast. With thunder on
+all sides and fearful in the expectation of the approaching storm, the
+soldiers sank down in silent resignation and the crew remained during
+the whole night on deck in anxious agitation and work. In the morning
+there arose a strong wind which tore to pieces the sails on several
+ships, but it also dispersed the storm clouds. Then, on the 14th, a calm
+set in, and from the ships there resounded the hymns of the Sunday
+services, but dense fog and continuous rains occurred and the vibrations
+of the ship became in the calm ever greater. All at once there was a
+great outcry in the fleet: Two ships, the Hartley (with Knyphausen
+soldiers under Captain von Biesenrod) and Lord Sandwich (on board of
+which was Colonel von Wurmb and a part of the life guards) could be seen
+colliding because of the great waves, causing each other considerable
+damage, and, thereupon, the ship Henrietta, with the Union, (upon which
+there was Colonel von Herringen and a section of the regiment of
+Losberg) could be seen likewise driven against each other. Alternately
+heaving and sinking the upper ship always appeared as if threatening
+destruction to the lower one, until the Union hoisted out a boat which,
+then, by means of a rope thrown over the bowsprit, pulled the Henrietta
+away. After a few agreeable days there followed on the 19th of July very
+stormy weather, the sea was in a most furious rage, sails ripped apart,
+but the ever agile activity of the sailors at the time of such
+accidents, was always ready with instant relief and reparation. As a
+spider that moves about as swiftly as the arrow in her web, so the
+sailors were going up and down the rope ladders of the masts and through
+the rigging, hanging only at their feet, tieing the tackle and binding
+the sails. Then there followed days and nights too hot to be endured,
+with heavy thunder storms; sleepless and famishing for a little fresh
+air, the soldiers came even in the night time on deck; the longing for
+the land grew hour by hour.
+
+This most tedious voyage had given full play to the development of
+diseases. The most careful cleanliness, the daily scrubbing of the
+decks, the frequent cleaning of the cabins and rooms, the washing and
+the disinfecting with steaming vinegar, the pumping in of fresh air, and
+the airing of the bedding on decks: all this belonged to the general
+health regimen, yet the effect of the restrained, often unnatural
+physical exercises, and improper food, was not to be suppressed. While
+to many a Hessian the ship became his first cradle, without granting
+unto him in its hasty course a place which he could call his birthplace,
+there were others, who, deceased, were buried at the bottom of the sea,
+the Ensign von Stedel of the Regiment von Donop, among the first
+victims. Scurvy was developed as a result of tainted humors, for which
+the drinking of sea water was used as a medicine, and also the chewing
+of tobacco, which the Hessians had learned from the sailors and later
+kept up as a habit in their own homes. The disease reigned supreme,
+however, and many individuals suffered for a long time yet after the
+disembarkation from paralyzed limbs, and some even died. There was a
+lack of the most necessary things. The food supplies provided for by the
+officers themselves were exhausted, even the rations of zwieback were
+cut down to only 17 loth (8-1/2 oz.) a day. The water, which in the
+whole fleet had been stored in new oaken casks, became undrinkable and
+finally putrid. The beds of the soldiers were broken up in the storms,
+camp kettles and canteens were smashed, tents, clothing apparel, even
+the cartridges had been destroyed by the rats, which finally had even
+gnawed through the water casks; all of these troubles more or less were
+suffered by most of the transport ships.
+
+Meanwhile a much wished for wind filled the sails, and the ever more and
+more anxious, but daily disappointed hope, now at last to see New York,
+grew upon its wings; yet the wind on the 30th of July became so strong
+that the sails had to be drawn in, the rudders bound fast, and the ships
+left to the shattering blows of the waves, which roaringly dashed and
+resounded about the ships. As soon as the storm had subsided the
+commodore by means of the cannon shots gathered together the scattered
+fleet and gave instructions for a changed course in order to avoid being
+driven against the near coast, but, unfortunately, the ships came into a
+strong contrary current, the water again became high and turbulent, it
+rained and lightened incessantly, masts toppled over, as was the case on
+the Friendship which had on board 200 members of the Regiment Crown
+Prince, besides Colonel von Hachenberg. Sailors and ship carpenters
+found everywhere enough to do, until finally a favorable strong wind on
+the 4th of August fortunately blew the fleet out of the current. On the
+10th of August the fleet offered an excellent and very hopeful
+appearance as it, in a most speedy wind, with high towering sails, was
+cutting its course through the little waves. On the 11th, at the hour
+of noon the happy signals indicating the sight of land were to be seen.
+Soon the charming coast of Long Island came into the view of all and
+great shouts of joy were wafted across the waters towards it from this
+swimming city. Carefully did the fleet tack during the night because the
+water was becoming ever more shallow. On the next morning, the 12th of
+August, an English squadron of 24 vessels was seen from the ocean and
+this, after a few hours, united with the fleet, following the mutual
+greeting by means of a definite number of shots. Among the new arrivals
+was also Major General von Mirbach with the troops which also belonged
+to the first Hessian Division, and which did not take to the transport
+ships at Bremerlehe until four weeks after the embarkation of Heister,
+and then had waited for a favorable wind.
+
+Now the English flag was unfurled on all ships; Sandy Hook came into
+sight with its white lighthouse, immediately thereupon Staten Island,
+and a veritable painting spread itself out before the eyes of these
+newcomers, most charming after so many dangers had been encountered and
+after so long a denial of a glance on the beautiful smiling landscapes,
+teeming with inhabitants, exalted and majestic, the shores studded with
+troops, the tents of a friendly and a hostile camp, of a forest of masts
+of 500 ships, and the many hundred boats which so vigilantly were
+watching the hostile shores--here a belligerent power assembled, such
+as America had never seen before in order to have a combat, which in the
+destiny of the world gave its immeasurable decision.
+
+
+            _Extract from the Diary of the German Poet and
+              Adventurer, J. G. Seume, a Hessian Soldier
+                    and Participator on the Voyage_
+
+On the English transporter we were pressed and packed like salted
+herrings. To save room the deck, low as it was, had been partitioned
+off, and we lay instead of in hammocks, in these bunks, one row above
+the other. The deck was so low that a grown man could not stand upright,
+and the bunks not high enough to sit in. These bunks were intended to
+hold six men each but after four had entered, the remaining two could
+only find room by pressing in. The situation was, especially in warm
+weather, decidedly not cool: for one man to turn from one side to the
+other alone was absolutely impossible, and to lie on one's back was an
+equal impossibility. The straightest way and the hardest edge were
+necessary. After having roasted and sweated sufficiently on one side,
+the man who had the place to the extreme right would call: round about
+turn! and all would simultaneously turn to the other side, then having
+received quantum sabis on this one the man to the left would give the
+same signal. The maintainance was on an equal scale. Today bacon and
+peas--peas and bacon tomorrow. Once in a while this menu was broken by
+porridge or peeled barley, and as an occasional great feast by pudding.
+This pudding was made of musty flour, half salt and half sweet water and
+of very ancient mutton suet. The bacon could have been from four to five
+years old, was black at both outer edges, became yellow a little farther
+on and was white only in the very centre. The salted beef was in a very
+similar condition. The biscuits were often full of worms which we had to
+swallow in lieu of butter or dripping if we did not want to reduce our
+scanty rations still more. Besides this they were so hard that we were
+forced to use canon balls in breaking them into eatable pieces. Usually
+our hunger did not allow us to soak them, and often enough we had not
+the necessary water to do so. We were told (and not without some
+probability of truth) that these biscuits were French, and that the
+English, during the Seven Years' War had taken them from French ships.
+Since that time they had been stored in some magazine in Portsmouth and
+that they were now being used to feed the Germans who were to kill the
+French under Rochambeau and Lafayette in America--if God so wotted. But
+apparently God did not seem to fancy this idea much.
+
+The heavily sulphured water lay in deep corruption. After a barrel had
+been hoisted up and opened, the deck was pervaded by a conglomeration of
+very evil odours indeed. It was full of worms as long as a finger and
+had to be filtered through a cloth before it could be drunken. And even
+then it was dangerous to breathe above it. Rum and sometimes a little
+strong beer helped to make it somewhat more drinkable.
+
+Herded together in this manner, forced to breathe putrid air, to eat bad
+food and to drink foul water, these youths, old men, students, merchants
+and peasants, many of them but insufficiently clothed, were tossed about
+for months upon the Atlantic.
+
+Many of the sufferings undergone by us on this voyage were no doubt
+unavoidable, and many of the recruits were used to a hard
+life--nevertheless, many of the things they endured were the result of
+an intentional deficiency of care taking and of a great greed.
+
+What can be said of the British Quartermasters-Department which sent
+these people to sea without proper food and drink? What of the Duke of
+Brunswick who sent his subject to Canada without durable boots or
+stockings and without overcoats? Often enough have men borne a hard life
+cheerfully, because they knew the why and wherefore, but these poor
+fellows suffered on account of a quarrel which was not their own,
+suffered only that their masters might pay their debts or enjoy new
+pleasures.
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's Note: The following correction was applied to the
+original text:
+
+p. 15: Habermaenchen -> Habermaennchen ]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Voyage of The First Hessian Army
+from Portsmouth to New York, 1776, by Albert Pfister and Johann Gottfried Seume
+
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