diff options
Diffstat (limited to '27173-8.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 27173-8.txt | 1528 |
1 files changed, 1528 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/27173-8.txt b/27173-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..357d3ca --- /dev/null +++ b/27173-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1528 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Account of the expedition to Carthagena, +with explanatory notes and observations, by Sir Charles Knowles + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: An Account of the expedition to Carthagena, with explanatory notes and observations + +Author: Sir Charles Knowles + +Release Date: November 6, 2008 [EBook #27173] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EXPEDITION TO CARTHAGENA *** + + + + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + + + + + +AN +ACCOUNT +OF THE +EXPEDITION +TO +_CARTHAGENA, &c._ + +[Price One Shilling.] + +See the Plan of the City and Harbour of +_Carthagena_, published in the _LONDON_ +MAGAZINE for _April_ 1740; which will +serve to give the Readers of this Pamphlet +a clearer Idea of its Contents. + + + + +AN + +ACCOUNT + +OF THE + +EXPEDITION + +TO + +CARTHAGENA, + +WITH + +EXPLANATORY NOTES + +AND + +OBSERVATIONS. + + + +THE THIRD EDITION. + + +_Ubi per socordiam vires, tempus, ingenium defluxere, naturę +infirmitas accusatur: suam quique culpam actores ad negotia +transferunt._ SALLUST. + + + +_LONDON:_ +Printed for M. COOPER, at the _Globe_ in +_Pater-noster-Row_. + +MDCCXLIII. + + + + +Transcriber's Note: Minor typographical errors have been corrected +without note. Dialect spellings, contractions and discrepancies have +been retained. The footnotes are lettered from A to I, K to T and V to +Z. Subsequent footnotes repeat the lettering sequence, beginning with +an A. + + + + +ACCOUNT + +OF THE + +EXPEDITION + +TO + +_CARTHAGENA, &c._ + + +It having been resolved in a general Council of War, held at _Spanish_ +Town, to prevent, if possible, the _French_ Fleet joining the Enemy +before any Expedition should be undertaken by Land: the _Wolf_ Sloop, +Captain _Dandridge_, was dispatched up to _Port Louis_, to observe if +the Fleet was in that Port: And on the 22d of _January_, which was the +soonest the Fleet could be got ready for the Sea, Sir _Chaloner Ogle_ +and his Division sailed out of _Port Royal_ Harbour; and two Days after +Mr. _Lestock_ and his Division; and on the _Monday_ following the +Admiral with the rest of the Squadron (leaving behind him the +_Falmouth_ and _Litchfield_ to bring up the Transports;) but the Land +Breeze failing, and a great Swell rolling down, obliged them to anchor +at the _Keys_ (where the _Augusta_ drove ashore, and beat off her +Rudder, and great part of her Keel.) On the 28th the Admiral weighed +Anchor, and plied up to Windward, and the 31st joined Sir _Chaloner +Ogle_ and Mr. _Lestock_ with their Divisions off _Port Morant_, and the +Day following was joined by the _Falmouth_, _Litchfield_, and +Transports. _February_ the 7th the Fleet made Cape _Tiberoon_ on the +Island _Hispaniola_, and off there was joined by the _Cumberland_, +Captain _Stewart_, from _Lisbon_, (who had been separated from the +Fleet in the Storm the 1st of _November_) and the next Day the _Wolf_ +Sloop came into the Fleet[_A_] and brought with her a _French_ Sloop. +The 13th the Fleet anchored at the Isle of _Vache_, about two Leagues +to the Westward of _Port Louis_, where they stayed but four Days, +having gained Intelligence the _French_ Fleet was divided, and sailed +(the Marquis _D'Antin_ and twelve Sail being gone for _Old France_, and +Mr. _Rochefieulle_ and six Sail for _Petit Guavas_) upon which the +Fleet went and anchored in _Tiberoon_, _Donna Maria_, and _Irish_ Bays, +to Wood and Water; and on the 25th sailed from thence, when the +_Weymouth_, _Experiment_, and _Spence_ Sloop, were dispatched ahead +over to _Carthagena_, to sound _Punta Canoa_ Bay, for the safer +anchoring the Fleet, which arrived there the 5th of _March_ in the +Evening; and three Days after the same Ships, together with the +_Dunkirk_, were ordered by the Admiral down off _Boccachica_, to sound +and see if the Fleet might safely anchor there, and how near Ships +might come to batter the Forts of _St. Philip_ and _St. Jago_; and so +soon as the Admiral had received the Reports from the Commanders of +these Ships, a Council of War was held, wherein it was resolved to send +three eighty Gun Ships, the _Norfolk_, Captain _Graves_, the +_Shrewsbury_, Captain _Townsend_, and the _Russell_, Captain _Norris_, +to batter the Forts abovementioned; the _Princess Amelia_, Captain +_Hemmington_, to fire against the Fascine Battery, and the +_Litchfield_, Captain _Cleveland_, against the little Battery of +_Chamba_; (but these two last the Enemy had abandoned) and accordingly +the 9th in the Morning they weighed Anchor from _Punta Canoa_ Bay, +together with Sir _Chaloner Ogle_, and the rest of his Division, (he +being to command the Attack) and about two Hours afterwards, the +Admiral and the rest of the Fleet got under sail: At Noon the +_Norfolk_, _Russell_, and _Shrewsbury_ began to cannonade the Forts, +and in about three Hours time drove the Enemy from their Guns, and +obliged them to abandon their Forts[_B_]: Immediately on this Sir +_Chaloner Ogle_ made the Signal for landing the Troops, which was +repeated by the Admiral, who was just come to an Anchor, (a little to +the Eastward) and about five o'clock in the Evening, a Body of Troops +were landed without Opposition; but the General not thinking the Body +sufficient, (he landing with them) embarked again in the Boats, and +sent for more[_C_]. About eight o'Clock they landed again, and went and +took Possession of the Forts of _St. Philip_ and _St. Jago_, and about +nine the Bomb-ketches were carried in Shore, and began to play on the +Castle of _Boccachica_. The three next Days were spent in landing the +remainder of the Forces, the Baggage, _&c._[_D_] and by the 16th all +the Cannon, Mortars, and Ordnance Stores were landed[_E_]. But the +principal Engineer not arriving till the 15th, no Spot was pitched upon +for raising a Battery[_F_] against the Enemy, so that the clearing a +few Bushes away down by the Water Side, for to pitch their Tents, was +all the material Work the Army did for near a Week; and the Enemy was +contented to let them be pretty quiet, only now and then firing a Shot, +until they opened a Bomb-Battery of four Mortars and some Royals on the +17th[_G_], and then the Fascine Battery on the _Barradera_ Side annoyed +them greatly, and particularly the Camp, so that they were obliged to +remove it several Paces off. + +[_H_]This being represented to the Admiral, Orders were given for all +Boats of the Squadron to be ready at Midnight (manned and armed) to go +to surprize the _Barradera_ Battery, and the Command given to Captain +_Boscawen_[_I_], in which they happily succeeded, spiked up all the +Guns; burnt the Carriages, Platforms, and Guard-house; destroyed the +Magazine, and took several Prisoners[_K_]. The next Morning, as soon as +it was Day, the Enemy from _Boccachica_ began to fire warmly at the +Bomb-Battery, (as if they were angry at what happened the Night before) +though without doing them any particular Damage; and as they were +sensible of the Usefulness and advantageous Situation of this Battery, +they set busily about repairing some Part of it, and on the 20th had +built up some Embrazures and mounted two Guns, and fired them on the +Bomb-Battery again, which the Admiral observing, ordered the _Rippon_, +a sixty Gun ship, to go and anchor as near it, as possible, and keep +firing on it to prevent the Enemy's working on it any farther[_L_], so +that all the next Day the Army was in a State of Tranquillity, and on +_Sunday_ the 22d their grand Battery of twenty Guns being finished, +about eight o'Clock in the Morning began to play very briskly on the +Castle, as did the Bomb-Battery, and thirty or forty Cohorns and Royals +planted on the Platform behind the Cannon[_M_], which the Enemy +returned as briskly from the Castle, the four Ships[_N_] (Don _Blass_'s +in particular) _St. Joseph_'s, and some few Guns from the _Barradera_, +so that the Work was warm on both Sides. On the 23d the _Boyne_, +_Suffolk_, _Tilbury_, _Prince Frederick_, and _Hampton Court_, were +ordered in against _Boccachica_ to cannonade[_O_]; but the _Boyne_ +having anchored so far to Leeward, as to lie exposed to the whole Fire +of the Enemy's Ships, and _St. Joseph_'s Battery, was much shattered, +and ordered off again that Night. The _Prince Frederick_ and _Hampton +Court_, sharing the Fire of the Enemy, that had been employed against +the _Boyne_, were also much shattered by Morning, when they were +likewise ordered to come off; the former having lost her Captain, and +both many Men killed and wounded. The _Suffolk_ and _Tilbury_ happening +to anchor well to the Northward, lay battering till the next Evening +(and with some Success, particularly against the Breach) when the +Admiral sent Orders for them to draw off. The Army now began to look on +the Breach as accessible, but the Guns in the _Barradera_ Battery, +being able to annoy them in their Attack, a Representation thereof was +made to the Admiral, who immediately directed the _Princess Amelia_, +_Litchfield_, and _Shoreham_, to go in, and anchor as nigh it as +possible, and sent the Boats of the Squadron again mann'd and arm'd, +under the Command of Captain _Watson_ to destroy it[_P_], which they +did effectually, and with scarce any Opposition; the greatest part of +the Guns in _Boccachica_ Castle being now dismounted, the Army thought +proper to entertain the Enemy's Ships, by widening five or six +Embrazures of their Battery, and playing some Guns on them, which the +Ships as civilly returned, 'till Night closed in, and firing ceased on +both Sides[_Q_]. The 25th in the Morning it was discovered, the Enemy +had been throwing up some Fascine Works on the Ramparts; however as +they had not moved away any Rubbish from the Breach, it was resolved +this Evening to attack it by Storm[_R_], and accordingly soon after +Sun-set a Body of Troops marched up and mounted the Breach +undiscovered, and quietly took Possession of the Castle, the Enemy +flying out at the Gate so soon as they saw the Troops on the Ramparts, +and heard their Huzza's. Those aboard their Ships were in the utmost +Consternation at such a sudden and successful Event, and with all +precipitate Surprize betook themselves to their Boats, setting Fire to +one of their Ships, and sinking two others. At the same time the Attack +was to be made on the Castle, (in order to divide the Enemy's Forces) +the Admiral had given Orders for the Attack of the Castle of _St. +Joseph_ by Boats, and sent them away under the Command of Captain +_Knowles_, who took Possession of it about ten a Clock at Night, the +Enemy abandoning it after firing some Guns: The Boats afterwards went +and took Possession of the _Galicia_, the _Spanish_ Admiral's Ship, and +then went to Work on cutting the Boom[_S_], and moving the _Galicia_ +out of the Channel; and next Morning the Admiral in the _Princess +Caroline_, the _Worcester_, and some other Ships sailed into the +Harbour of _Carthagena_, and the whole Fleet and Transports continued +to sail and warp in as fast as conveniently they could. The Enemy +seeing the Admiral and several Ships got into the Harbour, began to +expect a Visit at _Castillo Grande_ soon, and as _Mancinilla_ Fort lay +opposite to it within Gun-shot, and was not capable of making any great +Defence, they thought proper to destroy it, lest we should take +Possession of it, and so batter the Castle. On the 28th the Admiral +being informed of two small Batteries that guarded the _Passa +Cavallos_[_T_], sent the _Weymouth_ and _Cruiser_ Sloop to demolish +them, and take all the Imbarkations and Canoes that were there; and +disposed the Fire-ships and small Frigates round the Harbour, to guard +every Pass and Creek, in order to cut off any Supplies going to the +Town. On the 30th the Rear-Admiral and several Ships turned up the +Harbour, and anchored a small Distance from _Castillo Grande_, where +the Enemy made a Shew of preparing to receive them;[_V_] and in order +to stop the Fleet here, had sunk seven Ships across the Channel, and +moored two of their Men of War, the _Conquestodore_ of sixty six Guns, +and the _Dragon_ of sixty. The 31st early in the Morning, Captain +_Knowles_ observed the enemy's two Men of War sunk, and not perceiving +any Men in the Castle went and acquainted Sir _Chaloner Ogle_, that it +was his Opinion the Enemy had abandoned _Castillo Grande_, who +immediately ordered him to weigh Anchor, and run in with his Ship, and +fire on it, which he did; and the Castle making no return, he sent his +Boats ashore, and took Possession of it, and hoisted the _English_ +Flag: And on the Admiral's receiving Intelligence, he ordered a proper +Number of Forces to garison it[_W_]. The next Day Captain _Griffin_, +and Captain _Rentone_, were sent to see if it was possible to get past +the Enemy's Ships they had sunk, and finding the _Conquestodore_'s +Stern afloat, the _Burford_ warped up, and cut the Stern Moorings, and +hove her round, which opened a fair Channel, and the Bomb-Ketches, and +two twenty Gun Ships went through. By this Time the Admiral, and +greatest Part of the Squadron, were come up the Harbour. Mr. _Lestock_ +and his Division was left at _Boccachica_, with Orders to reimbark the +Forces, and Cannon as fast as possible. The second in the Morning the +Bomb-Ketches began to play on the Town, and some of the Guns of +_Castillo Grande_, that were cleared, fired on a _French_ Ship that lay +up at the Head of the Harbour[_X_], upon which the Enemy set fire to +her, and she burned the greatest Part of the Day. Next Day the +_Weymouth_ getting through the Channel, the Town began to fire on her, +but without doing any material Damage. Great Part of the Transports +with the Troops being now come up the Harbour, this Night the +_Weymouth_, the three Fire-ships, and the _Cruiser_ Sloop, being +designed by the Admiral to cover the landing of the Forces, warped over +on the other Side the Harbour undiscovered by the Enemy, who in the +Morning, to shew their Resentment, gave them a Salvo of what Cannon +fronted that Way; (but firing through the Bushes did no Execution) the +_Cruiser_ Sloop drawing but little Water, warped up a Creek, and a +Party of the Enemy from a Breast-work they had thrown up, fired smartly +on her with their Musketry, but were quickly dislodged, a brisk fire, +chiefly with Grape Shot, having been kept all Night to scour the Woods. +About 5 o'Clock next Morning, being the 5th, the Forces were +landed[_Y_], and in their marching up from the Waterside had a small +Skirmish with some of the Enemy's Troops that had made a Lodgment in +the Woods, whom they soon put to Flight; and about a Mile further were +attacked a second Time, but the Enemy as soon shewed their Backs again. +Finding the Country open hereabouts, the Army did not chuse to make any +further Advances, so they pitched on a Place for encamping, and the +Evening sent a Party up to _La Papa_ to take Possession of that, if the +Enemy had abandoned it[_Z_]. In the mean while all possible Dispatch +was made in landing the Baggage, Provision, Cannon, Ammunition, +_&c._[_A_] which the Enemy surprisingly suffered, notwithstanding the +landing Place was within reach of the Guns of _St. Lazare_; yet they +fired but seldom, for it appeared afterwards their Attention was more +towards their own Safety, (or 'tis certain they might have done a great +deal of Mischief;) for whilst the Army were employed, and getting their +things ashore, the Enemy were as busy in making a Fascine Battery of +four Pieces of Cannon on the Brow of the Hill, and carrying on a Trench +(or Line) round the Foot of the Castle, which they completed in a very +short Time[_B_], quicker than the Army could make a Battery only for +three Mortars, and throw up a small Breast-work for their Advance +Guards. But no Care was yet taken to cut off the Communication between +Town and Country[_C_]. Complaints now began to be made, that the Number +of Sick was greatly increased in the Camp; upon which the Admiral +immediately supplied them with a Detachment of Lord _James Cavendish_ +and Colonel _Bland_'s Regiments, that had remained aboard the Ships as +part of their Compliments, and a Body of such _Americans_ as were fit +for Duty[_D_]. Upon this Reinforcement, and the Apprehensions of the +rainy Seasons, which were daily expected, on the eighth in the +Afternoon a Land Council of War was held [_E_], wherein it was resolved +to attack the Castle and Trenches of _St. Lazare_, (without first +raising a Battery to make a Breach) and to this Resolution the Engineer +joined in Opinion[_F_]. Accordingly on the ninth in the Morning between +three and four o'Clock the Attack was made, and maintained very +resolutely on both Sides till between six and seven, when the Enemy +obliged the Forces to retreat after a considerable Loss of Officers and +Men[_G_]. After the Miscarriage of this Scheme (which was the occasion +of the Town's not being taken) the Army sickened surprisingly fast, and +those that were killed being esteemed the Flower of the Flock, the +General declared he was no longer in a Condition to defend himself, +much more to carry on a Siege against the Place, and hoped, if the +Admiral (who had ordered the _Weymouth_ to erect a Bomb-Battery, which +was finished and played in two Days) expected any Thing to be done, he +would order some Ships in to cannonade the Town[_H_], otherwise desired +these Things might be considered in a general Council of War, of Sea +and Land Officers, and accordingly on the 15th a Council of War was +held, who came to a Resolution (upon the General's Representation of +the bad State of the Army)[_I_], to have the Cannon and Forces +reimbarked with all convenient Speed, and the 17th in the Night the +Troops were accordingly[_K_] taken off the Shore. + +Nothing remained now but to get the Fleet and Transports ready for Sea, +and to demolish the Castles and Fortifications already taken, which +last was effectually done by blowing them up, and by the 12th of _May_ +the whole Fleet and Forces had taken leave of _Carthagena_. + + + + +APPENDIX. + + +In order more fully and clearly to form a Judgment of the foregoing +Expedition, it may not be improper to subjoin this Narrative of the +Enemy's Situation, Strength, and Disposition at _Carthagena_, as the +Fleet and Forces found them on their Arrival there: And in order to +carry it on agreeable to the Advances that were made, begin with a +_Disposition_ of _Punta Canoa_ Bay, where the Fleet first anchored. +This Bay is about five Miles to the North West of the City of +_Carthagena_, but not an extraordinary good anchoring Place, as the +Water is shoal a great Way off the Shore, and the Coast pretty strait, +that Ships are not much sheltered with the Point of Land, from the +Violence of the Breezes that generally blow. In the Bottom of this Bay +is an Entrance into the great Lake of _Jesea_, (called the _Boquilla_) +where the Enemy had a small Fascine Battery of four Pieces of Cannon, +and kept a Guard; but upon the Fleet's Arrival, (and during the Time +they continued to lie there) a considerable Number of the Enemy's +Forces, both Horse and Foot, kept constantly there, expecting a +Descent. The next Place of Note was the _Cruizes_, where the Enemy kept +a Guard ordinarily of a hundred Men: This Place is about half Way from +the _Boquilla_ to the Town, and guards a narrow Creek or Pass from the +Town to the Lake, called _Passa de Juan D'Ingola_, through which +Supplies come in Canoes from the other Side of the Lake to the Town: As +for the City itself, Nature has fortified that against any Attempt by +Sea, the Water shoaling near a League off, and the Shore being +plentifully bounded with Rocks; besides, the Sea is very seldom smooth, +so that it is difficult at all Times landing. However, as the Enemy +knew the Bravery of those they had to deal with, they began to wall +this Side of the Town, and make a Ravelin in the Middle, there being +already a strong Bastion at each End. _Bocca Grande_ being the next +Place the Enemy suspected an Attempt might be designed, had posted two +of their Men of War, the _Conquestodore_ of sixty six Guns, and the +_Dragon_ of sixty to guard it, and began two Fascine Batteries, one on +each Point of the Entrance. This Passage, called _Bocca Grande_, was +formerly the principal Entrance into the Harbour, but by Storms, and +the Force of the Sea, a Bank was thrown up, which quite closed the +Entrance, and then it was called _Bocca Serrada_; but as strange +Revolutions are frequent in these Countries, within these few Years +this Passage has broke out again, and there is now nine or ten Foot +Water in it. About three Miles below this, on the Island of _Terra +Bomba_, was a small Fort of four Guns, called _Battery de Chamba_; and +half a Mile further, a Fascine Battery of twelve Guns, (both of these +the Enemy had abandoned.) The next Places of Defence were the Forts of +_St. Philip_ and _St. Jago_, one of seven Guns, the other of fifteen, +which served as Redoubts to the Castle of _Boccachica_. One of these +Forts was built on the Rock _Ponti_ landed on, and probably to prevent +any one's landing there again, (especially so easily as he did.) The +Castle of _Boccachica_ was the Enemy's chief Dependance, as it guarded +the Entrance into the Harbour. It is a regular Square, with four +Bastions well built, and was capable of making a stout Defence if well +garisoned, and would have been much stronger had the Glacis and +Counterscarp been finished. There was mounted in it eighty two Guns, +and three Mortars, and the Enemy had cleared three or four hundred +Yards of the Woods round it, to prevent Approaches being made +undiscovered, (as _Ponti_ did in 1697.) On the other Side the Harbour's +Mouth was a Fascine Battery of fifteen Guns, called the _Barradera_; +and in a small Bay a back of that, another Battery of four Guns; and +facing the Entrance of the Harbour, on a small flat Island, stood _St. +Joseph_'s Fort of twenty one Guns: From this Fort to _Boccachica_ +Castle a Boom and Cables were fixed across, fastened with three large +Anchors at each End; and just within the Boom was moored in a Line four +Men of War, the _Galicia_ of sixty six Guns, (aboard which was the +Admiral Don _Blass D'Leso_,) the _Africa_ and _St. Carlos_, each of +sixty six Guns, and the _St. Philip_ of seventy Guns, which spread the +Width of the Harbour's Mouth, that there was not room for a Ship either +to pass a head or a stern of them, so that it was impossible for +shipping to force an Entrance into the Harbour; and had the Enemy here +made a Defence equal to the admirable Disposition they had formed, it +must have been a difficult Task for the Fleet to have got in, even +after _Boccachica_ Castle was taken. About four or five Miles from +hence is a Creek, or Passage, that parts the Grand _Baru_ from the Main +called _Passa Cavallos_, through which there is Water enough for small +Vessels: This Pass the Enemy had defended with two Fascine Batteries, +one of eight Guns, the other of four, as well to protect their own +Imbarkations that come this Way with Provisions from _Tolu_, and the +River _Sina_, as to prevent any Attempts being made this Way. The next +place of Defence was _Castillo Grande_, which is about eight Miles up +the Harbour. This Castle is a regular Square with four Bastions, strong +and well built, and defended to the Land by a wet Ditch and Glacis +proper, and one Face towards the Sea has a Raveline, and a double Line +of Guns. This Castle can mount sixty one Guns, though there was but +fifty seven in it. Opposite to this was a Horse-shoe Battery of twelve +Guns, called _Mancinilla_; and in the Middle between these two Forts is +a large Shoal with not above two or three Foot Water on it, which +divides the Channel into two: In each of these Passages were Ships sunk +across, to prevent, if possible, the Fleet's getting by; for that Part +of the Harbour above these Castles is a perfect Bason, and seems rather +like one Harbour within another, so that if some of the Ships could not +have got past to have covered the Troops landing (where they did) they +must have marched several Miles, and been greatly exposed; besides, it +would have been excessively difficult transporting the Cannon, neither +could the Bomb-Ketches have got near enough this Way to have diverted +the Town; so that the Intent of this Disposition was exceeding good, +had it been effectually executed, (but Fear made the Enemy work in too +much Hurry.) Near three Miles further up the Harbour, on two flat sandy +Islands, or Keys, stands the famous City of _Carthagena_, and _Himani_, +called its Suburbs, which are both irregular Figures, but well +fortified to the Land with strong Bastions at proper Distances, and +Lakes and Morasses running round them; and the Water at the Head of the +Harbour shoal so far off, that Ships cannot come near enough to do any +material Execution with their Guns, which adds much to its Strength. + + * * * * * + +About a Quarter of a Mile from the Gate of _Himani_, on a pretty high +Eminence, stands the Castle (or Redoubt) of _St. Lazare_, which in +itself is but trifling, but its Situation very advantageous, and by +some new Works lately thrown up much strengthened. This Redoubt +overlooks all the Town, but has a Brow of a Hill (about four hundred +Yards from it) that overlooks it as much, and entirely commands it, +where would have been a proper Place to have raised a Battery, which +the Enemy full well knew, for they constantly kept a Guard there, to +observe the Army's Motions. As it was this famous Castle put an End to +the Siege of _Carthagena_, a particular Description of it may not be +unwelcome. + + * * * * * + +The Hill it stands on is about fifty or sixty Foot high, naturally +steep, but made more so by the Earth out of the Trenches and Lines +being thrown over the Brow. The Castle is a Square of about fifty Foot, +with three Demi-Bastions, two Guns in each Face, one in each Flank, and +three in each Curtain. When the Army first landed, there was no +material Works about the Castle, but a Fascine Battery, of five Guns at +the North End of the Hill, facing the Brow of the commanding Hill +abovementioned; but whilst they were encamping, _&c._ the Enemy cut +Lines round the Foot of the Castle, and erected another Fascine-Battery +on the South Brow of the Hill, and brought four Guns out of the North +Battery, and mounted in this, as it commanded the Ascent of the Hill +best; these Lines ran in Traverses, and communicated from Battery to +Battery, and were a better Defence, and much stronger, than all the +other Works together. After the Attack, the Enemy being able to judge +where their Foible lay, mounted two Guns in the Lines, against the +angular Point of one of the Bastions (which was not defended) where the +Troops ascended the Hill, and to the South Part of the Hill lengthened +their Lines, and made a Stair-case up the Hill, to the Fascine-Battery, +and a Breast-work cross the Road, from the Foot of the Hill down to the +Water-side, which effectually blocked themselves up, and was a Security +against the Army's making a second Attack, and coming at them the right +Way, as they might have done at first, had they taken the Guide's +Advice. The Side next the Town is quite defenceless, and the Way into +the Castle up a Ladder, on that Side, which draws up, like a Bridge. + + * * * * * + +From the several Examinations of Deserters it appeared, the Number of +the Enemy did not exceed four thousand, (regular Forces, Seamen, +Militia, Blacks, and Indians included) and daily Experience convinced +us of the Goodness of their Engineers, Bombardiers, and Gunners, as +Desertion and Cowardice convinced us of the Badness of others. + +Having given an Account of the Enemy's Situation and Strength, it may +likewise be necessary to relate some Account of the State of the Army, +and what pretty Instruments and Materials they were furnished withal. +That the whole Body of the Troops, that came from _England_ (unless two +Regiments) were raw, new raised, undisciplined Men, is a Fact known to +every one; and the greatest Part of the Officers commanding them, +either young Gentlemen whose Quality or Interest entitled them to +Preferment, or abandoned Wretches of the Town, whose Prostitution had +made them useful on some dirty Occasion, and by Way of Reward were +provided for in the Army; but both these Sorts of Gentlemen had never +seen any Services, consequently, knew not properly how to act, or +command; so that the worthy old experienced Officers, who had served +long and well, underwent a continual Hardship, in teaching and +disciplining a young raw Army, at a Time when they were on Service, and +every one ought to have been Masters of their Trade, instead of having +it to learn; and thus, by more frequently exposing themselves, most of +them were knocked on the Head. As for the _American_ Troops, they were +in general many Degrees worse, but the Officers in particular, who were +composed of Blacksmiths, Taylors, Shoemakers, and all the Banditti that +Country affords, insomuch, that the other Parts of the Army held them +in scorn. And for Engineers, Bombardiers, and Gunners, worse never bore +the Name, or could be picked out of all _Europe_. + + * * * * * + +Amongst the ten Engineers, there was but one who ever saw a Siege (and +that was the simple Siege of _Gibraltar_) and he was killed at +_Boccachica_, in the midst of his own defenceless Works; so that the +rest may justly have been said to be left without a Head. As for the +Bombardiers and Gunners, the Colonel commanding the Train was in his +grand Climacterick, and consequently very unfit to be sent upon this +Expedition; but he, poor Gentleman, was soon dispatched (thanks to the +Ignorance of the Engineers) and his Successor took care to render +himself as unfit for Duty, by Excess of Drinking, as Old Age rendered +the other; and as to Inferiors of both Sorts, Bombardiers and +Cannoneers, many of them were Country Fellows, who told the General +they were provided for in the Train for voting for Mr. ---- and Mr. +such a one, _&c._ Out of these few that were good, by constant +Attendance and Duty's falling hard few were left, and indeed they had +not many Opportunities of shewing their Abilities, the Materials they +were provided withal being mostly bad; for two thirds of the +Bomb-Shells either broke short in the Air, or their Fusees went out, +and they never broke at all; nor were there one in three of the +Grenadoes would burst; the Shells were so thick, and the Cavity so +small, they would not hold Powder sufficient to crack them; nay, so +little Care was taken in providing and packing up proper Materials for +a Train of Artillery, that out of eight Pieces of +Battering-Cannon-Principals, one was found defective and unserviceable, +and the Expedition had like to have set forward, without a Plank or +Joist for Platforms for the Guns, or any Bill-Hooks to cut Fascines and +clear the Ground, had not Lord _Cathcart_ been informed these Things +were wanting, and wrote timely to have them supplied before the Fleet +sailed, which lay then at _St. Hellens_. + + * * * * * + +Upon the whole, the Service that has been performed best demonstrates +the Goodness of this Army: How much it has suffered, as well as the +Reputation of the Nation, by the Death of Lord _Cathcart_, the End of +the Expedition must resolve. + +Thus much may be said in Behalf of the common Soldiers, though they +were raw and undisciplined, they wanted not for Courage and Resolution +becoming _Englishmen_. + +_FINIS._ + + * * * * * + +Footnotes + + +[_A_] When Captain _Dandridge_, of the _Wolf_, came into the Fleet, he +acquainted the Admiral, that the Marquis _D'Antin_ and twelve Ships of +War were then in _Port Louis_, which was the Reason the Admiral pursued +his Course up to the Isle of _Vache_, where when the Fleet arrived, a +_French_ Officer coming on board the _Weymouth_, told, the Marquis +_D'Antin_ was gone Home: Upon the Admiral's being informed of this, he +sent Captain _Knowles_ up in the _Spence_ Sloop to reconnoitre, who +returned with Answer, that there was but one Ship of War in _Port +Louis_, and that the rest were all light Merchant Ships; however the +Admiral chose to be more certain, and having an Opportunity of sending +an Answer to the _French_ Officer's Message, the next Day sent Captain +_Knowles_ and Captain _Boscawen_ ashore to the Governor, who being +politely received, and satisfied with their Remarks, returned in the +Evening to the Admiral, and confirmed the foregoing Observation, who, +without loss of Time, carried the Fleet where they could best and +speediest be watered. + +[_B_] This Success was obtained by the Loss only of six Men aboard the +_Norfolk_ and _Russell_, but the _Shrewsbury_'s Cable being shot +(before her other Anchor could be veered aground) she met with worse +Luck: She drove so far as to open the whole Fire of the Castle of +_Boccachica_, four of the Enemy's Ships of sixty and seventy Guns, that +were moored athwart the Harbour's Mouth, the Battery of St. _Joseph_, +and two Fascine Batteries, that were on the _Barradera_ Side; all this +Fire she lay singly exposed to till dark, when she took the Benefit of +the Land-Wind, and ran off, being greatly shattered in her Hull, Masts, +and Rigging, and a great many Men killed and wounded. + +[_C_] It was a Body of eight hundred Grenadiers that first landed, who, +during the Time that more Troops were sent for (which was upwards of +two Hours before they came) were kept in the Boats, within twenty Yards +of the Shore, and so closely crouded, scarce one Man could have used +his Arms, that had they had any Enemy to have dealt with, but dastardly +_Spaniards_, they must and would have been cut all to pieces. + +[_D_] During the first three Days the Troops were ashore, they were +employed in no one Thing, no not so much as to clear the Ground for +their Encampment, but kept under Arms Night and Day (where, by the Heat +of the Sun, on a white burning Sand, they were scorched to Death, and +by the Inclemency of the Dews in the Night, they got Colds, so that +many of them fell sick) whereas had they been instantly employed to +have encamped and opened Ground in the Woods for that Purpose, they +would have been shaded by the Trees, freed from the burning Heat of the +Sand, and many of them preserved from the Enemy's Shot, that missed our +Battery. + +[_E_] In the first Place it must be observed, that there never was +Application made what particular Ordnance, Stores, _&c._ to land, or +any Scheme formed what Sort of Cannon might be necessary, or what +Quantity of Stores wanting, but the whole was landed, and a +considerable Part lost by being washed off the Beach by the Sea, and +several Carriages broke to pieces by the Enemy's Shot, and the rest +left in Heaps in the utmost Confusion; notwithstanding there were near +five hundred Seamen appointed for this Purpose; but those Officers, +whose Business it was to have formed an Artillery Park (though God +knows they called this so) and disposed of the Stores in a regular +Manner and Order, were---- + +[_F_] Such was the Knowledge of the Sub-Engineers, that not one of them +knew where to chuse out a Spot of Ground for raising a Battery, neither +had they prepared Fascines, Pickets, or any Materials, till their +Principal arrived (and after he had pitched on a Place, he made a +Demand of thirty thousand Fascines of twelve Foot long, twenty thousand +of nine Foot long, and forty thousand Pickets, whereas one thousand +five hundred Fascines built the Battery) who, _Vauban_ like, would not +begin to work, till all his Materials were on the Spot; and then, with +five hundred Seamen, two or three hundred Blacks, and as many Soldiers +as the General could spare for Pioneers, he was ten Days erecting a +Battery; and when it was done, it was parallel to neither Face nor +Curtain of the Fortification, and the Breach was made in the angular +Point of the Bastion, neither was there any safe Communication with it, +for no Trench was ever cut, or proposed, only a Path through the Woods, +and that almost in a strait Line; so that every Shot enfiladed it, and +killed twenty times the Number of Men going to and from the Battery, +that were killed every where else during the Siege; nor would the +Engineer be prevailed on (any more than the General) to cut off the +Communication from the Town to _Boccachica_ (by which they might have +prevented the Enemy from receiving any Succours by Land, seen all their +Motions in the Harbour, and hindered any Incursions from the Castle) +notwithstanding the Admiral frequently solicited the General and wrote +to him to have it done. + +[_G_] This Thing, called a Bomb-Battery, was also a Mark of the Genius +and Understanding of the Engineers. It was a Platform, laid behind a +small rising Rock, open on all Sides, no Communication to it, either by +Trench, Epaulment, or any Security whatsoever, that the Enemy saw every +Man (from the Castle) that went in, or out, as they were obliged to +pass over high Ground, to come at the Battery, and then it lay quite +exposed to the _Barradera_ Battery; so that the Shot fired from thence +passed in at one End, and out at the other; and if they did no +Execution there, were sure to do some in the Camp. And as to the +Usefulness of it, and the Service that was performed by the excellent +bombardiers, every idle Spectator was a Judge; though it was oftentimes +observed, by Order, that not six Shells out of forty had done +Execution, and that, on the contrary, scarce one of forty of the +Enemy's ever missed. + +[_H_] The Camp (it has been observed before) was pitched on a low Sand, +but being sheltered (as a direct Object) from the _Barradera_ Battery, +by the Rock that _St. Philip_ stood on, could not be seen, but lying in +the Line of Direction of the Shot fired from thence, at the famous +Bomb-Battery, was sure to be flanked by every Shot, which missed that, +and though it might be prudent to try Movings, on this Occasion, yet it +was a bad Example to the Soldiers, especially when the Chiefs moved off +first, and the Thing was done without regular and publick Orders; +besides the Time it took up at that Conjuncture (when more material +Works were in Hand, and the Army lessening every Day by Sickness, which +was not to be regained.) Whereas had the Encampment been formed at +first, a few Yards up in the Woods, none of the Enemy's Guns could have +been brought to bear on it, nor indeed would they have been able to +have discovered where it was; besides the great Advantage of Men's +being cool, and particularly after working; but, as it was placed, +instead of a cool Retreat, to retire to Rest, after being heated by the +warm Labour, their Tents were a hotter. + +[_I_] The following Captains were also ordered upon this Expedition, +vix. Capt. _Watson_, _Coates_, _Lawrence_, _Coleby_, and _Laws_, and +all the Barges and Pinnaces of the Fleet. They went away from their +Ships about Midnight, and rowed pretty far to Leeward, to avoid being +seen, or the Noise of their Oars heard, and proposed landing in a small +sandy Bay, behind the _Barradera_ Battery, into which was a narrow +Channel, between two Reefs of Rocks, and a four Gun Battery on the +Strand, facing the Channel (both unknown to every Person there) which, +so soon as some of the Boats had got into the Channel, began to fire on +them; but the brave Tars landed, and rushed in at the Embrazures, and +took Possession of the Battery, before the Enemy could fire a second +Time. This firing alarmed the _Barradera_ Battery, and the Enemy turned +three Pieces of Canon on the Platform, which they fired with Grape +Shot, so soon as the Seamen advanced; but notwithstanding that, and the +Difficulties and Badness of the Road (which was through a Morass, and +where but one Man could walk abreast, and full of Stumps of Mangroves +each a Foot or more high, the Seamen attacked it; and, after a smart +though short Resistance, carried it, took nine Prisoners, spiked up +fifteen Guns (from eighteen to twenty four Pounders) burned the +Carriages, Platforms, Guard-houses, and Magazine; and it may with +Justice be allowed (from the many Difficulties that attended this +Action, in Regard to the advantageous Situation of the _Barradera_ +Battery, the Boats being surprised with a four Gun Battery, just as +they were going to land, and no Person acquainted with the Place) as +bold and surprising an Enterprise, as is to be met with; and the +Consternation it put the Enemy in seems to confirm this Opinion; for +although _Boccachica_ Castle, and the Enemy's four Ships, were not more +than Musket Shot off, yet neither they, nor _St. Joseph_'s (which was +still nearer) ever fired a Shot. So that it seems as if they could not +believe the Thing, though they saw all in Flames. For this gallant +Action the Admiral rewarded every common Man with a Dollar apiece. + +[_K_] The Success of this Action may be said to have given the Army +both Spirits and Pleasure (_pro tempore_) as it freed them from the +greatest Annoyance of their Camp, and gave them an Opportunity of +working quietly on their Battery. + +[_L_] Because the Enemy made such quick Dispatch in repairing some Part +of the _Barradera_ Battery, mounting and firing some Pieces again, the +Army began to reflect, and say, the Battery was not effectually +destroyed, though hundreds of Men were seen constantly at work, and +Boats with Cannon, Stores, and Fascines, passing and repassing hourly, +both from _Boccachica_ and the Ships: But the Truth was, the Army was +not accustomed to work in that brisk Manner: No! Working was no Part of +their Trade. However, when the sixty Gun Ship went in against the +Battery, that the Enemy was obliged to bring their Guns to fire at her, +the Army cooled in their Resentments, and all was well, while the Enemy +was quiet. + +[_M_] This grand Affair having taken up near a Fortnight in raising, +and many more Men employed to work, than was necessary (for there were +five hundred Seamen, between two and three hundred Blacks, besides as +many Pioneers as could be spared out of the Army) much Execution may be +expected therefrom: But alas! the Engineers would by no Means outdo +themselves; the Battery was constructed in a Wood! and no more Ground +was cleared, than a Space necessary for so stupendous a Building (lest +the Enemy should see the Army!). For so great Caution was used, that +before the Wood in the Front of the Battery was cut down, it was a +Doubt, whether any Guns could be brought to bear on the Castle; and as +it was, no Guns could be brought to play on the Enemy's Shipping, +although it was expected they would instantly fire on the Battery, and +be capable of doing it the greatest Damage; (which they did) and had +not an Epaulment been thrown up at the East End, every Shot from the +Ships must have raked the Battery, and destroyed Numbers of Men. The +Army allowed the Tars behaved gallantly; for it must be remarked, they +had Seamen to fight the Guns in the Battery, as well as help to build +it. Whether the Engineers proposed to batter the angular Point of the +Bastion in Breach is Matter of Doubt, at the first laying out of their +Battery; (but infinite Reasons may be assigned for the Absurdity, +besides that great one, of having the Fire of two Flanks to destroy, +instead of one) however it is generally believed, it was Hap-hazard; +for the most impartial Judges in the Navy and Army agree, if the Enemy +had cut down eighty or an hundred Paces of the Woods further round the +Castle, the Undertaking would have been so difficult, as to have +shocked the Science of all the Engineers, if not quite disheartened +them, from so daring an Enterprise. + +[_N_] The Position the Enemy had lain their Ships in, was beyond all +Doubt the most advantageous, could be formed by Man; both for opposing +any Attempt, that might be made by Shipping on the Entrance into the +Harbour; or annoy any Battery, that could be raised ashore; and as they +found no Battery against them, they failed not to play as briskly (as +_Spaniards_ will do when there is no body to hurt them) and did ten +times more Damage than the Castle. + +[_O_] These Ships were ordered to cannonade purely to oblige the +General, who, because the Enemy's Ships fired at his Battery, desired +the Admiral would send Ships to cannonade the Castle, though there was +a Battery of twenty Guns to fire against five or six (for that was all +the Castle could bring to bear on the Battery) so they had their Masts +and Yards shot to pieces, and Numbers of Men killed and wounded, +without doing any other Damage than beating down the Rubbish; (which +the Battery would have done in half the Time, as being twice as near) +for they could not come to hurt the Enemy's Ships, nor did it divert +their Ships from firing at the Battery. + +[_P_] So soon as the Enemy saw the Boats coming to Land, and these +Ships come to an Anchor close to the Battery, they deserted it, and +spiked up the Guns; but Captain _Watson_, and Captain _Coates_ marched +into it, and ripped up the Platforms, burned them and the Carriages, +and effectually demolished the Battery: The Enemy fired at them from +their Shipping, but with-out much Damage. + +[_Q_] It may be remarked as something extraordinary, that although the +Army thought the Breach just practicable, they should entirely cease +firing, the Night before they intended the Attack; as it is a sort of +an established Rule in all regular Sieges, to keep firing in the Night, +to prevent the Enemy's removing the Rubbish, that is beat down in the +Day, which the Enemy would certainly have done, if they had been +sufficiently strong; for they began that Night a Counter-Battery of +Fascines on the Ramparts, in order to have disputed it longer, which if +they had had Time to have finished, and Numbers to have carried on both +Works together, (_viz._) moving the Rubbish from the Foot of the +Breach, and compleating these Counter-Batteries, they would have +rendered the Attack as difficult as from the Beginning. + +[_R_] The Army having sent in the Night to reconnoitre the Breach, and +judging it surmountable, resolved this Evening to attack it, and after +having made their necessary Dispositions, sent off to acquaint the +Admiral with their Design, and that so soon as three Shells should be +thrown in the Evening by way of Signal, the Battery should begin to +fire warmly, till the Soldiers were almost at the Foot of the Breach, +and then to cease, and they rush in, which had the desired Effect; for +on the Battery's playing, the Enemy retired off their Ramparts, except +only one Centinel, and he hid himself behind some Fascines; that the +Troops mounted the Breach undiscovered, and were actually huzzaing on +the Ramparts, and hoisting the _English_ Flag, before the Enemy were +apprised of them; who made the best of their Way out of their Castle +Gate, excepting two, who were taken Prisoners; so that there was not a +Musket fired in Opposition, nor a Gun from any of the Enemy's Ships, +which is both astonishing and remarkable, as their Broadsides lay to +the Castle, and the Admiral (Don _Blass_) was aboard. But such was the +Panick they were in, that happy was he that could get first into a Boat +to save himself: (and the Don did not look behind him). Each Ship was +scuttled ready for sinking, and had a large square Plug in the Hole; +but the _St. Philip_'s People not readily getting them out, set fire to +her; the _Africa_ and _St. Carlos_ were sunk, as it was intended the +_Galicia_ should also, in order to prevent any Ship's getting through +the Channel, which (had the Scheme been effected) would have rendered +it difficult to pass, if practicable at all, without weighing some one +or other of the Ships. This Victory (it will readily be allowed) gave +the Army a great Share of Spirits, as it freed them from Hardships +(modern Gentlemen Soldiers are not used to) and gave them Possession of +an Island (as well as the Castle) in which the Enemy could not come to +disturb them, especially while they had got a Fleet of Ships of War to +attend on them; for, to their great Glory be it spoken, they could not +venture to move along Shore without Men of War to attend on them, as +they marched, and the constant Cry was, _Why don't you come to our +Assistance?_ Nay, so great a Liking had they to the Sea, that they +could not find their Way into the Castle, after the Breach was made, +without a Sea Pilot to conduct them; and what is worth Notice is, he +was a _Spaniard_, and a Prisoner; but the General imagined, he might be +as good a Pilot by Land, as by Sea, and so sent to the Admiral, to +desire he might shew the Troops the Way into the Castle. + +[_S_] The Admiral's Scheme for Attacking _St. Joseph_'s had drawn all +the Attention of the Enemy that Way; for so soon as they saw the Boats +going to Land, their Ships began to fire pretty briskly, and _St. +Joseph_'s Battery fired also; but as the Bushes prevented their seeing +the Men, they did but little Harm. The Enemy sent several large Boats +full of Men from their Ships into the Battery, which is pretty plain +they did not expect _Boccachica_ would have been attacked at that Time, +or consequently they would not have sent them there. (Wherefore it is +evident, this Scheme facilitated the Army's becoming Masters of +_Boccachica_, and put an End to the Dispute sooner than was expected, +or could possibly have happened, had any Nation but pusillanimous +_Spaniards_ had the Defence of it; for had the Place been defended +equal to its Strength and excellent Disposition, both of the Ships and +Batteries, it would have been a difficult Task for the Fleet and Army +both to have rendered themselves Masters of it.) But so soon as they +saw the Castle taken, they made the best of their Way off, in what +Boats they could get, and abandoned St. _Joseph_'s likewise, leaving +only one drunken Man behind (who was to have blown it up) so soon as +the Boats had got Possession. Captain _Coates_ was left to command this +Fort, and the Captains _Knowles_ and _Watson_ went aboard the +_Galicia_, where they found the Captain of her, and about sixty Men, +whom they took Prisoners, and carried aboard of the Admiral, the rest +of the Crew having run away with the Boats, and prevented their +escaping and sinking their Ship, as was intended. + +[_T_] _Passa Cavallos_ is a Creek, that parts the grand _Baru_ from the +Main, through which the Supplies of Provisions that come from _Tolu_ +and _Sina_ must pass; and here the Enemy had erected two small +Batteries, one of four Guns, the other of eight, which were demolished +by the _Weymouth_ and _Cruiser_. The latter was sent up the Creek, to +bring away five or six _Sina_ Hulks (Vessels so called, as being dug +out of one solid Tree, and big enough ordinarily to carry twenty Tuns) +that lay there, which were very useful to the Fleet in watering. + +[_V_] Between _Castillo Grande_ and _Mancinilla_ Fort is a large +Channel, that goes up as it were into another Harbour or large Bason; +in the Middle of the Channel is a Shoal, that divides it into two +Channels; on each Side the Shoal the Enemy had moored Ships, and sunk +them; and in the Channel next the Castle had moored two sixty Gun +Ships, the _Conquestodore_ and _Dragon_, and untiled their Houses in +the Castle, as if intended to defend it; but observing the Boats +sounding, and well knowing how near the Ships could lay their +Broadsides against it, they certainly judged right in abandoning it, +and sinking their Ships, as they must have lost many Men in defending +them, and those that had happened to have been left, after the Castle +and Ships had been taken, must have submitted to have been Prisoners; +for there was no Way of their escaping, either by Land or Water; and as +their Numbers were not great, it was best collecting them in one Body, +and at one Place, to make an Effort. + +[_W_] Though this Castle was capable of making a pretty good Defence, +yet the above Reasons justify the Enemy in abandoning it. There was in +the Castle fifty seven Guns, which the Enemy had spiked up, and the +Powder they had thrown into the Cistern of Water, and spoiled, but most +of the Guns were got clear again, and the Castle was garisoned with one +hundred regular Troops, and about fifty Seamen. + +[_X_] This _French_ Ship had been supplying the Enemy with Ammunition, +and had not had Time to get away, before the Place was invested; and +during the Siege of _Boccachica_ Castle, had been used as an Hospital +Ship, to receive the Enemy's wounded, and served to carry them to Town, +or fetch Ammunition, or Stores, from the Castle, as Occasion required, +and, to prevent her being destroyed by the _English_, the Enemy chose +rather to burn her. + +[_Y_] All the Boats of the Fleet having been ordered to hold themselves +in Readiness for landing the Forces, each respective Transport was to +shew a Signal Light at Midnight, where the Boats went and received the +several Regiments according as directed, and from thence went and +rendezvoused aboard the _Weymouth_ till dawn of Day; and after her +scouring the Woods briskly with Grape-Shot, _&c._ at half an Hour past +four o'Clock in the Morning they were landed at a Place called +_Gratia_, formerly a Country House hired by the _South-Sea_ Factors, +and one _Mac Pherson_, who had also been in that Company's Service, and +was well acquainted with the Country, was their Guide. But, as +throughout the whole, Things were done without Order or Method, so they +went on still; for notwithstanding the Army had been apprised of the +Enemy's having made Lodgments along the Road, yet they landed without a +Grenado Shell, or a Field-Piece, and were likewise told, the Road was +even and able to sustain the Weight of the heaviest Cannon. However, +Providence continued to favour them better than their own Prudence +could have guided, and happily they were landed with the Loss only of +one Man, and two or three wounded, although some Parties of the Enemy +attacked them twice: At which Time the Ships proved of great Service, +as they could see every Motion the Enemy made, and fired among them +very successfully; for no sooner did they attempt to make a Stand and +draw up, than the Shot dispersed them, and swept off Numbers; so that +if the Army had vouchsafed to have pushed their Success, it is a +general received Opinion (even amongst themselves now) they might have +rendered themselves Masters of the Castle of _St. Lazare_ that Day +(even without Field-Pieces) for the whole Force of the Town was out +against them (as they were told by some Prisoners they took and some +Deserters) and very impolitically divided into several Bodies; and in +the Panick they were in, and each Party running different Ways, it +would have been no difficult Task, to have rendered themselves Masters +of that small Redoubt, if not succeeded in forcing the City Gates; for +what had they to do, but to follow the Enemy close at their Heels, and +slaughter them? Before they had got into the Town, the other must; for +when they were mixed in a Body amongst their Enemy, the Town dared not +venture to have fired, for fear of killing their own People; but +instead of making Use of any of these Advantages, they contented +themselves in taking Possession of the Ground the Enemy had left them +Masters of, and there posted their Advanced Guards, and retired with +the main Body behind _La Papa_ to encamp; and here almost as many Days +were spent in forming an Encampment, as at _Boccachica_. + +[_Z_] _La Papa_ is a Convent, which stands on the Top of the highest +Hill, near _Carthagena_, and was a most advantageous Part for observing +the Enemy's Motions, as it overlooked the Town and Country for many +Leagues round about. + +[_A_] Though it might have been expected from the Loss and Destruction +of Ordnance Stores at _Boccachica_, more Care would have been taken +here, yet, instead of that, the worthy Officer of the Train doubled his +Neglect, and Things were in much more Disorder and Confusion than they +were there, notwithstanding here was Choice of Ground to pitch upon for +an Artillery Park; but it was too much Trouble and Labour to move the +Stores from the Place where they were first put down in, at landing, +and required more Attendance than could be spared from the Bottle (and +it is a well known Proverb, _When the Shepherd's away, the Flock will +stray_,) so that out of two or three hundred Men, that were appointed +to attend this Service, it was well if thirty were found at Work. + +[_B_] When the Army landed, there were scarce any Works worth Notice +round the Castle of _St. Lazare_, but a Fascine Battery of five Guns\ +on the North Side of the Hill (which was built the Year before, when +Admiral _Vernan_ bombarded the Town) and was of no Service, but in Case +of Approaches being made that Way. But as the Enemy saw the Army +(disposed to Rest rather than Work) go on slowly, they took Occasion to +improve their Time, and with unwearied Diligence set to Work, and in +three Days Time completed a four Gun Battery, and entrenched themselves +in Lines round about the Foot of the Castle, which were stronger, and +of much more Importance, than the Castle itself, and drew those Guns +off the Fascine Battery on the North Port, and mounted them in this new +Battery, and saluted the Army frequently with them, whilst they were +working on their Bomb-Battery and Lodgment for their Advanced Guards. + +[_C_] It has been remarked, that neither General nor Engineer could be +prevailed on to cut off the Communication, notwithstanding the Admiral +represented the Necessity thereof, as the most sure Means to distress +the Enemy, and had sent the _Dunkirk_ to anchor off the _Boguilla_, to +prevent any Embarkation bringing Supplies by Water, as he had done the +_Falmouth_ at the grand _Baru_, on the Outside of _Passa Cavallos_ +(before the taking of _Boccachica_) which effectually prevented any +Refreshments coming to the Enemy from _Tolu_, and the River _Sina_, +their principal Markets; yet nothing was of Weight enough for its being +done here, although so very easy, and the Army were complaining +heavily, for want of Refreshments, and yet suffered Supplies daily to +go into the Town. The _Boguilla_ is the Mouth of the Lake (behind +_Carthagena_) that opens into the Sea, where the Enemy kept a Guard of +about an hundred Men, and was the only Way possibly they had left for +Supplies to come to them; and though fresh Provisions were scarce in +the Camp, and would have been exceedingly beneficial to the Sick, yet +so little Pains did the Army care to take to get it, that when the +General was acquainted, that a Drove of three or four hundred Head of +Oxen were going along the Strand, he did not dispatch a Party to +intercept them, or endeavour to cut them off, not in three Hours after +he had been informed of the Thing, and then the Cattle were going into +the Town. But so far were the Army from being disposed to cut off the +Communication on that Side, that they were continually forming Ideas of +the Enemy's coming that Way to attack them, and that they were actually +raising Batteries on some of the Islands in the Lake, to drive them out +of the Camp, and could not be convinced to the contrary, till the +Admiral ordered a large Canoe to be carried over Land, and launched +into the Lake, which was manned and armed, and an Officer of the +_Weymouth_ and a Land Officer sent in her round the Lake, to +reconnoitre; upon whose Return, those dreadful Apprehensions were +dissipated. + +[_D_] From the first Sight of the _American_ troops they were despised, +and as many of them were _Irish_, (suspected Papists) were never +employed till now; but as Sickness encreased amongst the others (and +hourly Attacks expected from the Enemy) it was thought expedient to +have them ashore; and though it is most certain, there was scarce one +but knew what Opinion had been conceived of them, nay indeed told them, +that had not the Fellows been better than they were taken for, it was +enough to have exasperated them to have deserted. The other Soldiers of +Lord _James Cavendish_ and Col. _Bland_'s Regiments were as good Troops +as any on the Expedition; and after this Reinforcement, it was expected +the Communication would have been immediately cut off; (as it had been +suggested Numbers could not be spared before) but so far from that, +that the Army still complained, that they had not Men enough to relieve +their Guards; and indeed, according to the Number they mounted, +_Marlborough_'s Army would scarce have been sufficient; for the Advance +Guard consisted of five hundred Men, the Picket eight hundred, besides +several other Out-Guards of one hundred, and some fifty; whereas the +Enemy had but one Guard (that faced this Way) without their Work, and +that of seven Men only. Thus were the poor Wretches harassed. + +[_E_] When the Council of War met, several of the general Officers and +Colonels dissented from this Resolution, as judging it too rash an +Undertaking, without a proper Breach being made first, or at least +before the Place had been well reconnoitred; but in order to solve this +last Difficulty, there were several Deserters that offered to go as +Guides, and three of the most intelligent were pitched upon. + +[_F_] The principal Engineer being killed at _Boccachica_, his +Successor (being none of the most knowing in the Science) did not chuse +any Works should be taken in Hand, as they would expose his Ignorance; +so chearfully gave into that Opinion. + +[_G_] After the Majority of the Council of War had determined on the +Attack, a proper Time was now the Question, as to which the Deserters +informed them, about two o'Clock in the Morning would be the best Time; +for the Guards from the Town that nightly patroled round the Foot of +the Hill would by that Time be returned and gone to their respective +Homes; because as Duty went hard (their Numbers being but it was +customary for them, as soon as they had performed their Rout, to go to +Bed;) and further observed, that when a _Spaniard_ has laid himself +down to sleep, it is no easy Task to raise him to fight; but these +Arguments were of no Force to the General; just before Day was his +Time; accordingly, about four o'Clock in the Morning the Attack began, +and a Party of Grenadiers, along with Colonel _Grant_, entered the +Trenches at the Foot of the Castle; but not being sustained, were cut +off, and Colonel _Grant_ shot through the Body. After this, instead of +rushing in, Sword in Hand, and mingling with the Enemy in the Trenches, +a full Stop was made, and the Men stood firing in Plotoons; those that +had Room, and could wheel off for others, did, but the greatest Part +stood and fired all their Ammunition away, while the Enemy (as it was +now Day-light, and they could take Aim) were mowing them down, like +Grass, with their Cannon, Musketry, and Grenadoes; notwithstanding +which, the Troops faced them like Lions, and wanted but to have been +led on, or told what they were to have done, and they certainly would +have taken the Place. But, instead of that, from the most excellent +Disposition that was made, no Officer attempted to lead them on, and +the Grenado Shells, that should have been in the Front, and distributed +among the Soldiers, were in Boxes in the Rear; nor was there one Length +of lighted Match among them. The Woolpacks and Scaling Ladders were +also in the Rear. But when Colonel _Grant_ entered the Trenches, such +Call was made for them, that some few were carried up the Hill; however +as he, poor Gentleman, fell, no body else tried to make Use of them; +and so amongst other Things they were left for the Enemy. As this +Scheme was but badly formed from the Beginning, (and indeed may be +properly called the General's own Scheme) so it as unfortunately ended; +for the Admiral not being acquainted with this Resolution of the +Council of War, (either by Letter or Message) had not an Opportunity of +acting in Conjunction with them, and assisting them with a Body of +Seamen, as it is evident he would have done; for as soon as he was +acquainted the Fort was attacked, and got up and saw the Troops at a +Stand, the Instant a Signal could be seen, (at Dawn of Day) he made one +for all the Boats in the Fleet manned and armed, and sent them with +orders to follow the General's Directions; but it was too late; before +they got ashore, the Troops were returned from the Attack. + +Various are the Accounts of the Loss sustained in this Action; but it +is generally believed, there were upwards of one hundred Men killed, +and near two hundred wounded, thirty of whom were taken Prisoners, +Numbers of Arms, Colours, Drums, Woolpacks, Grenadoes, Pick-axes, +Shovels, Scaling Ladders, _&c._ were left behind in the Retreat, which +the Enemy arrogantly diverted themselves withal, for some Time, on the +Top of the Hill, taking Care to let the Army see them. + +As when Faults are committed, the first Thing sought after is an +Excuse; so, not succeeding in this Attack, the Army now fell to blaming +the Guides, saying, they had led them the wrong Way; the Guides again +say, the Army would not follow them the Way they would have led them; +but had Reason alone been their Guide, sure they should have attacked +the Castle on the weakest Side; (for they all knew one Side was +defenceless) whereas they attacked it on the strongest Side, where the +Hill was most difficult of Access; and when they found themselves +repulsed, and at a Loss what to do, the speedier they had made their +Retreat, the smaller had been their Loss. + +[_H_] The Admiral had sent several Officers in to sound, and try if +Ships might come near enough to batter, who all gave it, as their +Opinions, that there could not more than three Ships possibly anchor at +the upper End of the Harbour; and if they were laid but in a Foot Water +more than they drew, they would not be in a Point-Blank-Shot, and +consequently could do no material Execution; however, to convince the +General, that Ships could be of no manner of Service to him, the +Admiral caused the _Galicia_ (one of the _Spanish_ Ships) to be fitted +proper for battering, by forming, between each Port, Merlons (or Cases) +of six Foot thick, and filled with rammed Earth or Sand, and sent her +in to cannonade the Town; but it was soon found, she could not come +hear enough to do any Service; for the enemy had demolished her so, in +two or three Hours, that she would have sunk in half an Hour more, if +she had not been drawn off; and it may be established as a general +Rule, for Ships to go by, that unless they can come within half a +Musket or Pistol Shot of a Fortification, it will have the Advantage of +them, for the further you lye off, the more Guns they can bring to bear +against you; whereas, when you go so near, there can no more Guns annoy +you, than are mounted within the Length of your Ship; and the +Difference of Briskness in firing, betwixt a Ship and a Fort, is so +great, besides the Odds in Number of Guns, that it is impossible to +withstand a Ship long. After this Experiment the _Galicia_ was burned. + +[_I_] After the famous Battle of _St. Lazare_, the Troops sickened very +fast, insomuch, that by Account delivered in (and the General's Report) +between _Thursday_ Morning and _Friday_ Night, they had dwindled away +from 6645 to 3200, and 1200 of these were _Americans_, and not esteemed +fit for Service. + +[_K_] When the Council of War agreed to the Forces being embarked, the +General urged, that they might come off in the Night, lest the Enemy +should make a Sortie, so that the Boats were ordered ashore about nine +o'Clock, and from the Apprehensions they were in of the Enemy's being +at their Heels, many of them left their Baggage, and Numbers of them +their Tents and Arms, which the Enemy came the next Morning and picked +up. The Tents they pitched upon _St. Lazare_ Hill, and other Places, +where they might best be seen, and by a Flag of Truce that had Occasion +to pass the next Day, about Exchange of Prisoners, they failed not to +express their Astonishment at the precipitate Retreat of the Army. Thus +ended this famous Expedition, that was the greatest and most expensive +that ever entered the _American_ Seas, and which _Europe_ gazed on with +Admiration and Attention. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of An Account of the expedition to +Carthagena, with explanatory notes and observations, by Sir Charles Knowles + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EXPEDITION TO CARTHAGENA *** + +***** This file should be named 27173-8.txt or 27173-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/7/1/7/27173/ + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |