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diff --git a/27127.txt b/27127.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f8299da --- /dev/null +++ b/27127.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8756 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 + Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the + islands and their peoples, their history and records of + the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books + and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial + and religious conditions of those islands from their + earliest relations with European nations to the close of + the nineteenth century, Volume XXVI, 1636 + +Author: Various + +Editor: Emma Helen Blair + +Release Date: November 2, 2008 [EBook #27127] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1493-1898 *** + + + + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ + + + + + + + + + + + The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 + + Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and + their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, + as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the + political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those + islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the + close of the nineteenth century, + + Volume XXVI, 1636 + + + + Edited and annotated by Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson + with historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord + Bourne. + + + + + +CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVI + + + Preface 9 + Documents of 1636 + + The nuns of St. Clare at Manila. Miguel Perez, O.S.F., and + others; Manila, 1635-36 19 + Relation of 1635-36. [Unsigned; Manila?]; June 31 + Letters to Felipe IV. Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera; Manila, + June 30 60 + Letter to Father Felipe de Cardenas. Cristobal de Lara, S.J.; + Manila, July 3 265 + Letter to Felipe IV. Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera, Cavite, + July 11 269 + Hospitals and hospital contributions. Sebastian Hurtado de + Corcuera, and others; Manila, July-August 291 + + Bibliographical Data 315 + + + + + +ILLUSTRATIONS + + + View of city of Manila; photographic facsimile of engraving in + Valentyn's _Oud en Nieuw Oost Indien_ (Dordrecht and Amsterdam, + 1724), i, p. 154; from copy in library of Wisconsin State + Historical Society 33 + View of Malacca; photographic facsimile of engraving in _Recueil + des voiages ... de la Compagnie des Indes orientales_ (Amsterdam, + 1725); from copy in library of Wisconsin State Historical + Society 45 + Map of Molucca Islands; photographic facsimile of map in Bellin's + _Petit atlas maritime_ (Paris, 1764), iii, no. 68; from copy in + library of Wisconsin State Historical Society 229 + View of the city of Macao; photographic facsimile of engraving in + _Recueil des voiages Comp. Indes Orient. Pais-Bas_ (Amsterdam, + 1725), v, facing p. 208; from copy in the library of Wisconsin + State Historical Society 275 + + + + + + + +PREFACE + + +The scope of the present volume is confined to the year 1636, but +enough of interest occurs within that time--thanks to the overflowing +energy of the new governor, Corcuera, who promptly reorganizes all +departments of the government; his controversies with the archbishop +and the friars; and the difficulties and dissensions which affect +the orders themselves. The greater part of this volume is occupied +by Corcuera's report for the first year of his governorship. + +The nuns of St. Clare ask (probably in 1635) for certain favors from +the royal treasury; and their agent avails himself of this opportunity +to ask favors for his own order, the Franciscan Recollects. The nuns +themselves write to the king (June 30, 1636), through their abbess, +Ana de Christo, informing him of their progress and growth in the +Philippines, and other matters. They have founded a convent of +their order at Macao; and have built a house at Manila for their +residence. They complain that Governor Corcuera has driven the +Franciscans from the administration of the royal hospital, and coerced +the archbishop--the story of whose ill-treatment by the governor +they briefly repeat, asking the king to grant the prelate redress +therefor. They also ask that their confessor may have a cell at the +hospital, which is near them; and complain that their convent is +much injured by the walls and buildings that are being erected about +it--some of these arbitrarily ordered by the governor, who ignores +the needs and comfort of the nuns. They close with another appeal +for royal aid to finish the building of their convent, and thanks +for the king's effort to secure the canonization of their foundress. + +A relation for the year 1635-36 describes the arrival at Manila +of Governor Corcuera, and narrates his controversies with the +archbishop. The account is more detailed and circumstantial than that +of Diaz (given in Vol. XXV); and the two constitute an interesting +chapter, not only of ecclesiastical history but of human nature. The +friars finally send secret envoys to the king, to inform him of +their troubles. News comes from Japon of renewed persecutions of +Christians there, and of the apostasy of the Jesuit provincial for +that kingdom--who has even, it is said, married a heathen woman. At +the end of this document is added a copy of a pasquinade which appeared +at that time in Manila, lampooning the governor and his adherents. + +A group of letters from Corcuera (June 30, 1636) constitute his first +annual report to the home government. + +Ecclesiastical affairs engross a large part of this document, as would +be expected from the recent occurrence of Corcuera's controversy +with the archbishop. The governor's account of this affair will be +found especially interesting when compared with those presented, in +Vol. XXV, from Jesuit and Recollect sources. We have given more space +to this episode than usual--partly because this contention between the +civil and ecclesiastical authorities is, although but one of many, a +typical and important one; and partly because it affords a favorable +opportunity to view such an episode from the different standpoints +of that time in Manila--a necessary mental process for obtaining +a correct knowledge, not only of this affair, but of all others in +which the like elements of human nature are concerned. The resemblance +of Corcuera's account to that by "a citizen of Manila" is more than +casual, and incidentally throws considerable light on the situation +(as well as on social conditions in Manila). It contains attested +copies of the various documents connected with the controversy. + +Another section is devoted to an account of the governor's +difficulties with the religious orders in "subduing the religious to +the understanding that your Majesty alone is their natural seignior; +and the seignior of the said islands." He claims that the Dominicans +are most active of the orders in opposing the government, while +certain proceedings of the Franciscans have scandalized the Spanish +colony. The Augustinians are in need of reform, as their proceedings +are unscrupulous and selfish, and they are trying to usurp the royal +authority among the Indians. Corcuera advises that a coadjutor be +appointed for the aged archbishop Guerrero, and that hereafter no +more friars be made bishops in the islands. The orders have brought +over more religious than the government had allowed them, to which +the governor objects; he also recommends that those who do come +should be procured from Mexico, to save unnecessary expense in their +transportation, and that seculars be preferred to friars. Moreover, +this will provide occupation for the theological students in the +Mexican colleges, who now are set aside, in ecclesiastical appointments +there, for the friars. The governor appeals to the king for support +in his contest with the friars. In another letter, he recounts the +annoyances which he has experienced with the Dominicans, and asks +for the king's orders therein. Still another is devoted to the recent +difficulties in the Franciscan order, wherein the Observantines have +been trying to oust the discalced friars; Corcuera asks the king +to interpose his influence with the heads of the order in Spain to +check these schemes, and to restrain the arrogance of these friars +in the islands. In a brief letter regarding the Mexican trade of the +islands, the governor urges that the government double the amount +of this trade allowed to the islands. Considerable attention is +given to the Chinese who come to the islands; Corcuera describes +their present location and status, and proposes further imposts on +them in order to replenish the Philippine treasury. He relates the +controversy between the Dominicans and Jesuits over the salary paid to +the Santa Cruz cura from the Parian fund, and his settlement of the +case. Corcuera also proposes the names of several persons from whom +may be chosen a protector for the Chinese residents, and announces +that he has made a temporary appointment for this office. He states +the action that he has taken in regard to certain vacant encomiendas; +and asks that these rewards be more strictly assigned, and that the +large encomiendas be divided into smaller ones. + +Another part of this first report of Corcuera concerns administrative +and financial matters. He complains that the royal treasury has been +recruited, and afterward depleted, by illegal and unjust means; +and that its poor creditors have been shamefully treated by royal +officials. He urges that vacancies in the post of governor be filled +by persons appointed and sent to the islands before such emergency +arises; and that these be sent from Europe, and not from Nueva +Espana. To this is appended a full and itemized account of pay-warrants +which have been drawn from the royal treasury during the past year, +but were commuted to one-third of their face value, as a "voluntary +contribution" to his Majesty's impoverished treasury. This is followed +by another list, showing what sums were paid out of the treasury +during 1632-35. Much light is thus thrown on the peculiar financial +methods of the royal officials, and the general administration of +the colony's affairs. Corcuera relates the manner in which he has +reorganized the military forces of the colony--doing all in his power +to save expenses and to supply deficiencies. He has enrolled several +companies of Pampango Indians, who will make good soldiers, and cost +much less than do the Spaniards. Soon after his arrival, he revises +both the civil and military pay-rolls and other costs of government, +making all changes that he considers necessary for greater economy +and efficiency. He sends the king a copy of the new regulations thus +made, with a statement of all salaried offices and paid employments, +and the amounts paid in each formerly and now. From these data is +deduced the statement that the amount saved to his Majesty's estate +is nearly forty-two thousand pesos a year. + +Cristobal de Lara, a Jesuit, writes (July 3) to a friend in Europe; +he describes the hardships and perils of missionary life in the +islands, and mentions various friends. A week later, Corcuera, having +received various royal decrees, sends to the king a statement of what +he has done or intends to do in regard to the matters mentioned in +the decrees. In several of these, he takes pains to mention that +he had done what was required, even before receiving the royal +command. Corcuera personally attends to the lading of the Acapulco +galleons; he remonstrates against the order that they shall sail +by June 1 of each year, explaining that the middle of July is the +proper time; and asks that the commanders of the galleons be given +disciplinary authority over their men while in the port of Acapulco. He +has forbidden the Portuguese of Macao to trade with the Philippines; +and advises that the occupation of Formosa be abandoned. Corcuera +has formed and armed companies of natives to resist the Moro pirates, +and has done much to improve the efficiency of both his military and +naval forces. He complains that the friars are disobedient and unruly, +but commends the obedience and good-will of the secular clergy. The +natives of the islands cannot endure the burdens imposed upon them +by the construction of ships; and the governor asks that vessels may +be sent thither from Peru, to meet this difficulty. + +A group of papers regarding the hospitals of Manila is dated +July-August, 1636. Governor Corcuera writes to the king regarding the +conduct of these institutions. The expenses therein are too great; +and Corcuera has levied an assessment on the pay of the officers +and soldiers, to aid the hospital fund. He finds mismanagement in +the royal hospitals, and dismisses from their charge the Franciscan +brothers who have administered their affairs. He recommends that +they be placed in the care of the hospital order of St. John of God, +and of secular officials. He has established a hospital at Cavite, +supported mainly by assessments on the sailors and workmen there; +and a convalescent ward in the hospital for Spaniards at Manila. Then +follow the comments on Corcuera's suggestions, made by the royal +Council, approving some, and criticising others; the act issued by +the governor for the establishment of the aforesaid convalescent ward, +to which he assigns an encomienda of Indians; and a statement of the +amounts contributed for the hospital fund by each of the companies +and garrisons in the islands, with official attestations, etc. + +The Editors + +May, 1905. + + + + + + + +DOCUMENTS OF 1636 + + + The nuns of St. Clare at Manila. Miguel Perez, O.S.F., and others; + 1635-36. + Relation of 1635-36. [Unsigned; Manila?]; June. + Letters to Felipe IV. Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera; June 30. + Letter to Father Felipe de Cardenas. Cristobal de Lara, S.J.; + July 3. + Letter to Felipe IV. Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera; July 11. + Hospitals and hospital contributions. Sebastian Hurtado de + Corcuera, and others; July-August. + + + +Sources: All but two of these documents are obtained from MSS. in +the Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla. The second and fourth are +from MSS. in the Academia Real de la Historia, Madrid. + +Translations: The first, third, and sixth are translated by James +A. Robertson; the second and fourth, by Robert W. Haight; the fifth, +by Emma Helen Blair. + + + + + + +THE NUNS OF ST. CLARE AT MANILA + + +_Petition of their procurator_ + + +Sire: + + +Fray Miguel Perez, discalced Recollect of the Order of St. Francis, +procurator and vicar for the nuns of the convent of St. Clare of +the city of Manila, in virtue of the authority which he holds from +the said convent (which he presents) says that, as is apparent from +the said authority, Captain Gaspar Mendez and other devout persons, +who have served and serve your Majesty in military affairs in the +Philipinas Islands, have done the same to the said convent for the +building of it and of the church, by giving them seven thousand ducados +in warrants for what your Majesty owes them from their pay. That has +served as an aid in their building. Having petitioned your Majesty to +grant favor to the said convent by ordering the royal officials to +pay the said warrants, by a decree of the Council of April sixteen +(which he presents), it was decreed that he should present the +warrants and declare whence they proceeded. As he has declared in +the same memorial that they proceed from the pay of soldiers, those +warrants, as they are unnecessary here, have not been brought. Hence, +since that money is to be used for a work so holy, he is confident +that your Majesty will grant them the favor whom they entreat, and +which they will receive as a special kindness from your Majesty. + +Further, he says that your Majesty has ordered the viceroy of Nueva +Spana and the royal officials there that, in consideration of the +poverty which the discalced Recollect fathers in Philipinas profess +in accordance with their rule (as they cannot possess incomes), there +be given to them annually from the royal treasury what is necessary +for their sackcloth, medicines, breviaries, missals, and other things, +as is now given to them every year. The said order has a procurator in +Mexico who is urging that those articles be sent every year. Inasmuch +as the nuns of the said convent of St. Clare have no income, because +they profess the first rule of St. Clare, and in their case is found +the same cause and reason [for the royal bounty] as in the discalced +fathers, and some others, they petition your Majesty to have the +royal officials of Mexico give them annually what is necessary for +sackcloth, breviaries, missals, wine, and oil; and that also the +governor of Philipinas be ordered to give to the said convents the +medicines that may be needed, from the royal hospital which your +Majesty has in the city of Manila. Thereby will they receive a very +generous alms, and your Majesty, as patron (as is the case) of that +convent, ought to concede them that favor, since they are so poor. + +[_Endorsed:_ "June 13, 636. Have the warrants here mentioned paid +in the subsidy allotted to those sisters, and let it be paid in +their sacristy and place. In regard to the alms that they request, +have the governor notified to aid those nuns with all manner of care +and attention; and, as they are so needy, to aid them with goods and +spare articles that shall not be taken from his Majesty's treasury." "I +received the authorization. + + +Fray Miguel Peres Corvera"] + + + +_Petition of the abbess_ + +Sire: + +The abbess and nuns of the convent of St. Clare of the city of Manila +declare that his Majesty, King Don Phelipe Second, ordered that +convent to be founded, and your Majesty is patron of it. That convent, +following the rule of the glorious St. Francis, has no income, but is +sustained by the alms given to it by devout persons. Benefactors of +the said convent--among them Captain Gaspar Mendes, treasurer of the +said convent--have given certain pay-warrants which amount to about +six or seven thousand pesos, in order that with it the said nuns may +attend to some necessary works in the said house (and especially in the +church), of which they are greatly in need. In consideration of that, +the said abbess petitions and beseeches your Majesty, since this is so +proper a work, to order the governor and royal officials to pay the +said warrants above mentioned, for the said purpose; and those nuns +will receive that as a special alms from your Majesty's royal hand. + +[_Endorsed:_ "April 16, 636. Let her present the warrants of which +she speaks, and let her declare whence they proceed."] + + + +Don Juan Grau, who is the person who is attending to this matter, +declares that, according to the knowledge of it which he possesses, +these warrants have not been sent to him; and that those which are +cited in the memorial were given by soldiers from their pay, and by +other persons which proceed from the same source. They have done it in +their zeal to see so holy a work progress, as the need of those nuns +is so great, and their institute so poor, since they cannot possess +incomes. Consequently, they live solely on the alms given to them by +devout persons. + + +Don Juan Grau y Monfalcon + + + +_Letter from the nuns_ + +Sire: + +His Catholic Majesty the king our sovereign, your Majesty's father +(who is in the enjoyment of Paradise), gave us permission to come here +to found a convent of the first rule of our mother St. Clare in these +islands. Upon our arrival at this city we founded a convent, and have +continued to receive in it the daughters of citizens, conquistadors, +and old settlers, many of them very poor. By that method, God our Lord +has aided them with so perfect an estate as is that of the religious +life. We, as founders, rear these girls and teach them to observe +and follow our rule, so that, if we nuns who come from Espana pass +away, they may teach the same to, and cause it to be observed by, +those who shall take the habit hereafter. God has been pleased to +cause all those who have taken the habit to flourish in virtue--so +greatly that they furnish an example to the old nuns--who are now +all daughters of our mother St. Geronima, whom they follow closely, +imitating her in devotion and penances. We inform your Majesty of this, +as we have heard that you will rejoice greatly, as one who knows and +has information of the great results that God has obtained from our +coming, and which He is continuing to obtain through the new foundation +[we refer to those of our number] who went to train nuns, who left this +convent for that purpose to go to the city of Macan--which belongs to +the crown of Portugal, at the entrance and mainland of China--where +there are at present many nuns of especial devotion who have taken +our habit, which had had no convent there any more than at this place. + +As soon as we arrived, our holy mother undertook the building of a +convent, where we might live with modesty and humility, and with the +aid of alms which were given to us by some citizens; and orphan nuns +sent what they possessed. We have been building a house and church +near the wall which overlooks the river of this city--in the part +that appeared the most remote from trade and very secluded, and with +no other view than that of the heavens. In front of it is the street +in the middle of which is the royal hospital of the Spaniards, which +has been administered since its foundation by the religious of our +seraphic father St. Francis. There the religious who is vicar of this +convent, who administers to us the holy sacraments, had a cell. From +the alms given us we provide for his support. Lately, Governor Don +Sevastian Hurtado de Corcuera, without cause or reason for it, drove +the religious from the said hospital by force and violence and the +arms of soldiers, to the contempt of our sacred order, saying that he +prefers to have it administered by a secular priest, whom he brought +with him as his chaplain. This prohibition, as it is not befitting +the service of God and your Majesty, has cost great suffering to the +archbishop of these islands, grief to all this Christian community, and +wonder to the heathen Chinese--who even among themselves respect those +whom they call "bonzes," who are the same as archbishops among us. + +The governor, joining to the matter of the hospital other +reasons--unworthy that he should assign them because he did not act +upon them--had enough power, with only one auditor who is in this +royal Audiencia, to take away from the archbishop his temporalities, +banish him from the kingdoms, and condemn him to a fine of two +thousand ducados. The governor took charge of the execution of the +banishment, one night, with a large body of infantry with matches +lighted. The orders and their superiors came out to attend their +prelate, who was clad in his pontifical robes. While he had the most +holy sacrament in his hands, it happened that the chief constable of +the court, one Bartolome Thenorio, tried to take it away from him, +and used so much force that he wounded the finger of a discalced +religious of St. Augustine (who was aiding the archbishop to hold the +monstrance) against the foot of the monstrance, drawing blood from his +hand. The archbishop fell to the ground, as did the lunette of the +monstrance. When the governor (who was in the street in disguise) +learned of it, he sent infantry to drive out forcibly all the +religious, with orders to leave the archbishop all alone. They were +not to allow him to take food or drink. Thus did they, dragging away +the religious, upon whom the vilest men in the world laid hands, since +now they could. Finally the archbishop, having been arrested, sent +the most holy sacrament to the church next day; and, having decreed +a suspension of religious functions, allowed himself to embark and +was taken by twenty-five soldiers and an adjutant to an island called +Mariveles, seven leguas from the city. The soldiers were ordered not +to allow him to place on the vessel either bed, food, or drink. No +one was to talk to him there, or give him anything to eat. This +was moderated afterward. He was detained there twenty-seven days, +and he returned after that with a party of soldiers who asked for +him--as your Majesty will learn more minutely from the relations that +will be sent of everything, and from that one which the governor will +send. According to what we believe, his relation will not be the most +authentic, but that which, he thinks, can accomplish for him most, +for the discharge of so heavy a responsibility as God will have +placed upon him, for the time when he shall go to give account to +Him. Will your Majesty look carefully into this cause, as a father, +patron, and defender of the Church, so that in the future others may +not take this as a precedent, and a greater evil befall us--if it be +that an evil greater than this has [ever] occurred. It may [again] +occur, under the sole pretext that it is service to your Majesty, and +that alone must be accomplished--which is the governor's sole excuse, +and the pretext that they give for the evil deed. The Church remains +very much dejected, the orders and inhabitants very disconsolate, +and the Indians wretched; and every estate of the people of these +islands is afflicted over the new administration of the governor--all +through anxiety of acquiring for your Majesty; so that in a short +time it will all be drained, and there will be no more to drain, +and this Christian Church will be ruined. The governor seems to be +striving for its ruin rather than its advancement. It is a matter +that demands a speedy remedy, as your Majesty will learn by letters +and relations from well-intentioned persons, which will be sent +secretly. For neither the Audiencia, nor the city, nor anyone else +dare send openly, because of their fear of the governor's harshness; +and, from the Council, certain agents usually send the governors +the original letters written from this place, in which account of +government matters is given. Of this we inform your Majesty, although +in brief and succinctly, because of our desire that God may send us +protection and consolation through the wise decisions of your Majesty. + +Because of the governor having removed the religious from the hospital, +it became necessary for our vicar to retire to the convent of our +father [St. Francis]; which is quite distant from here. On account +of the difficulties caused by the excessive heat, and the severity +of the rains during the rainy season, he cannot come at all hours +to confess us and to administer the holy sacraments as we need, +especially at night. What is worse is, that the governor is building +a ward at the hospital, on the side that faces our convent--which +he says is for convalescents. It is so high that because of its so +close proximity to the convent, we think that one will be able to +see the beds of the nuns in our infirmary and dormitory. That is a +thing that ought to be carefully considered. But the governor has only +thought about proceeding with his own purpose, leaving us surrounded +on streets without any exits; for one that was near the wall--by which +the parents and relatives of the nuns came, and which served for the +use of the convent--has been taken by the governor for the building, +thereby doing us much damage. For many structures are now being built +about us, and that by the most prominent people in the city. + +In another part, the passage-way inside the wall--which was a street +for passengers, and of service to the convent--has been closed by +the governor by placing against it, and across our very threshold, +another building, which he is having erected as lodgings for the +cavalry and as stables, so that the company that he has organized +may keep their horses. + +Accordingly, we humbly beseech your Majesty to be pleased to have the +hospital returned to the religious of our order, as it has always been +[in their charge], and that a cell be given therein to our vicar. By +so doing, God our Lord will be greatly served, and the poor aided +spiritually and corporally. After those religious left, the nuns +were very disconsolate for lack of ministers to attend to them. The +secular priest appointed for them thinks that he has fulfilled his duty +by saying mass. We trust that your Majesty, through your Christian +zeal, will furnish relief to so pious causes as these we mention, +at the first opportunity. Will your Majesty order that the street be +left free, from the place where we have our porter's lodge to the +wall--without [permitting] any hospital building or windows--as an +enclosure for the convent and for its guard; so that if there should +be no place for the father-vicar to live, a low dwelling may be made +for him, and for the men who serve in the convent--making a gate at +the wall for [receiving] the food for the convent. + +The poverty of our order and rule is well known to your Majesty. The +lack of comfort in which we live is very great, as we are without +sufficient funds to finish the house and church, and the citizens +are so needy that they cannot help us with the alms that we +need--[although] they do not a little in aiding us with what is +necessary for our ordinary support. Some devout people have given us +as alms some pay warrants and other debts owed to them by the royal +treasury. These amount to about twelve thousand pesos, and we could +finish the work with that sum. We entreat your Majesty to be pleased +to have your royal decree promulgated, ordering the governor to pay us +up to the said sum of twelve thousand pesos in the certified warrants +which we have. That will constitute a very great blessing and be an +alms which your Majesty will bestow upon this convent. + +We also petition your Majesty to be pleased to show us favor by +having us given alms of sackcloth, oil, an apothecary-shop in the +royal hospital, wine for the masses, and wheat or flour for bread for +the support of the nuns--as is done with the orders of the discalced +religious; for we have no other protection or security besides that +of your Majesty, which is everlasting. [_In the margin_: "Observe +this matter, and give a copy of this section to Licentiate Leon, so +that he may make a report of it, when the matter is considered." "It +was given."] + +We thank your Majesty for the favors that you have shown this convent +and the nuns in it, in having so thoroughly taken in your charge +the beatification and canonization of our holy mother Geronima +de la Assumpcion, whereby we, her daughters, hope to behold such +a day as that of her canonization. We keep her body, with all the +veneration and line of succession that is possible to us; and every +day God works new miracles by her. The nuns, in and out of the choir, +in all their prayers, discipline, and fasting, make special mention +of your Majesty, and of the queen our mistress. We beseech God our +Lord to preserve your Majesty in health, peace, and quiet, with your +kingdoms, for the protection of Christendom and of the Church, and for +happy victories against the heretics and enemies of the Church. This +convent will supplicate this from God constantly, as it has ever done, +according to our obligation. + +May God preserve the Catholic person of your Majesty, as we, these +humble nuns, desire, with increase of greater kingdoms. May He +prosper the succession to them, so that, by means of it, all heathen +kingdoms may come to the true knowledge of the holy faith. Manila, +June 30, 1636. + + +Ana de Christo, abbess. +Sister Magdalena de Christo, vicar. +Sister Maria de los Angeles + + +[_In the margin_: "Have the governor notified concerning the complaint +of these nuns, and the injury that they say has been done them in his +having shut their street; and in the view that their apartments have +which opens toward the cells, stables, and lodgings, which are near +their house; and of the other things that they mention--so that no +injury or discomfort may be caused to them in any manner. Also say +that, if the warrants which they say that they possess are certified +they shall be paid in the value that shall belong to them and at the +proper time. And since it is the usage to write to this convent, +let it be done, advising them of what is ordered, and saying that +care will always be taken of everything that pertains to them; and +that we esteem their commendation of their Majesties to God, which +they shall continue."] + +[_Endorsed_: "Seen, and decreed within. June 16, 638."] + + + + + + +RELATION OF 1635-36 + +_Relation of events in the city of Manila from the year 1635 until +the month of June, 1636_ + + +On the twenty-third of June, 1635, the ships from Castilla arrived at +the port of Capite, in which came Don Sevastian Hurtado de [C]orquera, +knight of the Habit of Alcantara, as governor and captain-general +for his Majesty. On the twenty-fourth of the said month and year, on +St. John's day, about four o'clock in the afternoon, he entered Manila +to take possession of the government--first taking the customary oath, +on entering through the gate of the Bagungaiabar, [1] which is one +of the chief gates of this city, accompanied by the city government +and the cabildo, with the rest of the citizens who escorted him, +until he reached the buildings of the palace, where he was received +with much pomp, as arranged by the regimiento of this city. A few days +after his arrival he reviewed all of the Spanish infantry in the camp +(together with the rest that he brought in his company), where he made +sweeping changes, leaving the four captains in the camp. He named as +sargento-mayor of the regiment Don Pedro de Corquera, his nephew; and +to the man who had held that office he gave the governorship of Ermosa +Island. He likewise appointed, as captain and governor of his company, +Alferez Don Juan Francisco de Corquera, his nephew. He immediately +decided that the ships (which were ready to make the voyage) should +not go to Castilla, saying that it was not expedient for them to go; +and thus it came about, for no one dared to oppose him. + +At this time occurred an event which, as it was the beginning of +everything which has taken place, must be remembered. An artilleryman +had a slave girl whom he had brought from Yndia, saying that he was +going to marry her, as he had taken her while she was a maiden. But +she became angry and left the house, going to that of Juan de Aller, +a kinsman of Dona Maria de Franzia, wife of Don Pedro de Corquera, whom +she asked to buy her. The sargento-mayor besought the captain-general +to negotiate with the said artilleryman. He had the latter called, +and asked him whether he wished to sell her. He answered that he +did not keep her for sale, and the matter was left thus for several +days. Then he was again asked to sell her, and answered resolutely +that he did not wish to sell her, as he was keeping her in order to +marry her. Thereupon it was ordered that he be placed in the stocks, +and he was ill-treated. The man cried out that they were unjustly +trying to take his slave from him; and order was given that he be +taken into the house of Pedro Guerrero, and there punished as if he +were mad. There he was so ill-treated that they would have driven him +mad if he was not, until he saw fit to cease his obstinacy in regard +to the slave woman--although he refused to receive the money which he +was ordered to take from the said house, and immediately determined +on a rash plan. On the eighth of August, which was Sunday, at three +o'clock in the afternoon, the governor was going to the residence +of the Society, to see the comedy which the fathers there were +presenting; and with him was riding Dona Maria de Franzia, the wife +of his nephew the sargento-mayor, in a coach, having the slave woman +behind. When they arrived at the corner of the Augustinian church, +the artilleryman came out to meet them; and, seizing the slave woman +by the arm, struck her with a dagger so that she died straightway, +and he retired again into the said convent of St. Augustine. The +news was conveyed to the governor, who had already gone into the +Society's house; and he sent an adjutant and a captain of his guard, +together with the sargento-mayor, and some soldiers, with an order +to surround the church and bring out the guilty man, and take him to +the headquarters of the guard. This was done accordingly; but, as the +religious had hidden him, the soldiers were unable to find him. The +convent was left surrounded with soldiers, who remained there two +days, so that if the artilleryman came out they could get him and +bring him back; and likewise the soldiers were ordered not to allow +any religious to enter or leave, or any food to be brought in to them, +under penalty of death--on which account the religious found themselves +in very hard straits. On the third day the guard was withdrawn, and +on the fourteenth of the said month a decree was published promising +[reward] to whoever should discover where the guilty man was--if he +were a person of quality, an office as sergeant or standard-bearer, +according to his position; or, if he were not such a person, three +hundred pesos and permission to go to Espana. On the twenty-seventh +of this month, a negro belonging to the said convent gave information +that the guilty man was in a cell therein. The governor sent Adjutant +Don Juan de Frias and Alferez Don Diego de Herrero with soldiers, +giving them the order to take away the man, even though the religious +tried to hinder him. This they did, and could not be resisted; and +as a reward for taking him out, a post of sergeant was given to the +adjutant, and a military command to the alferez. + +Having taken him out, they brought him the next day to confession, +and on the following day sentenced him to death. The most illustrious +lord archbishop, Don Fray Fernando Guerrero, learning of this, made a +formal demand for the prisoner on behalf of the church; but they were +rebellious, and refused to surrender him. On the sixth of September of +this said year the most illustrious archbishop sent a requisition to +General Molina, who was the judge of this case, directing him to send +back the prisoner, but to no effect; on the contrary, that very day +the gallows was erected in front of the Augustinian convent, so that +the execution would be in sight of the house. When the archbishop saw +this contumacious act, he sent to notify the judge again, at seven +o'clock at night, to send back the prisoner under penalty of major +excommunication, _latae sententiae_. Seeing that he would not do so, +at eleven o'clock at night the archbishop sent another requisition +and notification to General Molina, and from there to the palace to +notify the said governor--who ordered the churchmen who went to do +this to be arrested, and taken to the guardhouse until morning. On +this said day of the said month, four companies marched out with the +prisoner. Fresh notifications were sent that, if he were not returned +to the church within one hour, suspension of religious functions would +be imposed, and heavy pecuniary penalties for the Holy Crusade. All +this did not suffice to keep them from continuing the work; and, the +time set having expired, the interdict was declared when the prisoner +arrived at the corner of the plaza. The night before the bells +had rung for the interdict, and the sound of the bells struck the +Christians with fear. But none of this was sufficient, for at about +twelve o'clock in the morning, they finished hanging him--so close +to the sacred place that the ladder was placed on a level with the +portico, in such manner that it could not help being in the sacred +place. They took him away after hanging him, and threw the body +at the door of the convent, which is at the gate of the church of +St. Augustine. They rapped upon the door, and, as it was not opened, +they left the body there; it remained without burial for two days, +until the brothers of holy La Misericordia buried it in the cemetery +of the cathedral church, so that the body would not be corrupted and +become a disgusting object. The interdict lasted two or three days, +and was raised on the day of St. Nicholas of Tolentino, at about ten +o'clock in the morning. As Don Pedro de Monroy was provisor at the +time, and the one who pronounced the excommunications, the governor +decided to seize him and send him by ship to Machan, [_i.e.,_ Macao] +or to Ermossa Island; but, becoming aware of this intention, he found +a place of safety, to escape from this severe action. An order was +given at all the gates that; if he should go out or enter them, he +should be arrested. But a few days ago he was sent out of the gate +which is called Santo Domingo, in the habit of a friar. When the guard +who recognized him would have seized him, two Franciscan religious, +who were with him, defended him and gave him an opportunity to enter +the Dominican convent. When the governor learned this, irritated +because his order of arrest had not proved effectual, he ordered the +soldiers to be arrested who constituted the guard, and would have +had them garrote the alferez Don Francisco de Rivera, who was in +command at that gate, because they had not killed a friar and taken +prisoner Don Pedro de Monroy. The said governor sent immediately to +the convent of Santo Domingo to have them deliver the said provisor, +and to say that, if they did not do so, he would go in person and take +him away. To this father Fray Domingo Gonzalez, the provincial, and +commissary of the Holy Office, answered that it was not the provisor +who was there, but Don Pedro de Monroy, adviser of the Holy Office, +which was not situated there; and, as such, he had kept him busy with +matters pertaining to that holy tribunal, as might be seen by these +disagreements which existed between the two heads [of government]. + +The most illustrious lord archbishop decided to call a council of the +most grave and learned men of all the religious orders, in order to +determine what was expedient. When he sent to ask the fathers of the +Society, they refused to go. After this, seeing that things were going +from bad to worse, it was necessary to call another assembly of the +religious orders; and when the said fathers were summoned it was not +possible for them to go. Thereupon, seeing that they were separating +themselves from the affairs of the church, the lord archbishop ordered +that they be notified of an act by which they were deprived of the +right of preaching in all the churches subject to his jurisdiction. The +said fathers, by virtue of a brief which they claim to have from +his Holiness, answered that they could preach without permission, +and _contradicente episcopo_. Without showing the said brief, they +appointed a judge-conservator for the most illustrious archbishop, +who was Don Fabian de Santillan y Avelanes, the schoolmaster of +the cathedral. The latter notified his most illustrious Lordship +that he must revoke the said act within two hours, under penalty of +major excommunication and four thousand Castilian ducados. The lord +archbishop went before the royal Audiencia with a plea of fuerza, +to declare whether the appointment made had been made legally and +justly, as it had been presented before no judge, as is provided by +law. The next day several religious, who were the attorneys of his +illustrious Lordship in the royal Audiencia, having come together +there, [Father] Badilla of the Society took up the case, and through +the continuance given him to inform himself of his rights, the other +religious, who were acting on behalf of the lord archbishop, could do +nothing until the next day, when they pleaded for him. During that +time the said archbishop was posted as excommunicated, the notices +being fixed on the doors of the churches of this city, by order +of the judge-conservator. These notices remained posted until the +twenty-fourth of January, because the royal Audiencia declared that +fuerza had not been committed [by the judge-conservator]. At the end of +this time, which was a period of more than three months, it was decided +to absolve his most illustrious Lordship. The governor went to his +house, on St. Polycarp's day; and together they went to the cathedral, +and made their peace. But meantime, in the proceedings against him, +he had been condemned, by formal act of the judge-conservator, to pay +another four thousand ducados; and the government of the archbishopric +was to be taken from him for four years. All this was declared null +by the lawyers, who said that the judge and the fathers of the Society +had thus incurred the penalties of the law. + +Considering the differences which every day arose, the councils +decided that it was necessary to send a despatch to his Majesty +secretly, remitting all the documents--although there was no more in +the affair than as the proverb goes, the fear of a cat scalded with +cold water. The governor began to suspect this, and left an order +at all the gates to arrest father Fray Francisco Pindo and father +Fray Domingo Collado, of the Dominican order; for he thought that, +being persons who were not well disposed to him, it would be they who +would carry the despatches. But his shrewd schemes were frustrated, [2] +and, when no one was thinking about it, a cha[m]pan had left with two +religious--one a Dominican and the other a Recollect of St. Augustine, +named father Fray Nicolas de Tolentino and father Fray Graviel de +Porto Carrero--and a few sailors. These went to the island of Cayo, +where they provided themselves with everything necessary for their +support, without anyone hindering them. On New Year's day they sailed +in the direction of Malaca, as was afterwards learned with certainty, +because they arrived a short time after at Machan. They arrived at +so favorable an opportunity that within a few days they embarked on +an English ship that was about to leave for Yndia, saying that they +were leaving on business of the Holy Office. May God grant them a +good voyage on this occasion. + +A ship has come from Machan and brought news that there had been a +great persecution in the kingdom of Japon and the martyrdom of many +Catholic religious. It is also said that Father Christoval Ferreira, +the provincial at that time for the Society of Jesus in that kingdom, +had apostatized; and that he not only had recanted, but had married +a heathen woman, and that the wife of the said Portuguese father had +given birth to a child. Moreover, he had betrayed [to the authorities] +the few other religious who had remained there. Such things as these, +and worse, persons who abandon our holy faith usually do. The emperor +of Japon has ordered that no friar or other religious should enter +[that country], and has promised great rewards to those who should +learn of their entrance into his kingdom, and inform him thereof; +and he threatens severe punishment to those who do not do so. + +During these troubles [in the diocese] Don Francisco Valdes resigned +the archdeaconry of this cathedral; and the governor, by virtue of the +royal patronage, appointed as archdeacon Don Andres Arias Giron, and +sent to the most illustrious archbishop to obtain his collation. The +latter answered that Master Don Andres Arias was under visitation; +and that he had exiled and excommunicated him for sufficient causes, +and could not give him possession. When he learned of this, Master +Don Andres Arias Giron presented himself with a plea of fuerza before +the royal Audiencia; and the governor ordered that his illustrious +Lordship be notified that, without fail, he should put Don Andres in +possession. He therefore called a council of religious, and all said +that he should not in conscience comply. + +On Friday, the ninth of May, at seven o'clock at night, a royal +decree was issued that within an hour from the viewing of the said +royal decree Don Andres should be put in possession, on pain of the +archbishop being exiled from the kingdoms, and paying two thousand +Castilian ducados. Thereupon his most illustrious Lordship answered +that he would obey the said decree, as in the name of his king and +lord; but as for its fulfilment, there were reasons why he could +not accede to this, that the man was under visitation, and [the +ecclesiastical authorities] must not be hindered. At eight o'clock +at night, seeing that they were going on with the execution of the +decree, and had declared him exiled, fearing some further severity, he +sent for the most holy sacrament to the convent of St. Francis; and, +dressed in his pontifical robes, holding the elements in his hands, +in front of his episcopal chair, with all possible propriety, he +approached an altar, and there remained, waiting for the conclusion of +what had been begun. At ten o'clock at night the captain of artillery +and Alguazil-mayor Tenorio, with Adjutant Don Diego de Herrera, +and thirty musketeers, entered the archiepiscopal dwelling. At this +juncture an interdict was declared; on that night, therefore, the +confusions, disorders, and turbulence were greater than ever before +seen. Guards were posted above and below [the archbishop's house] +on all the street corners, so that no one could enter or go out; +and having found the lord archbishop in the aforesaid state, and +attended by many religious of all orders, word thereof was given to +the governor. He sent an order that all the religious and secular +priests who remained with his most illustrious Lordship should be sent +away. Although this was not executed, because it was not mentioned +in the warrant, the court-alguazil went to the palace to learn the +intention of the governor. The latter rectified the order anew; +and the said alguazil-mayor, coming to the archiepiscopal building, +executed it, directing the religious and secular priests to depart +from the house. As they did not do so, he commanded the soldiers to +obey him, under penalty of three doses of rope; [3] and to take the +religious out, dragging them, or in any way they could. This they +did, maltreating them and giving them rude pushes, tearing their +habits. They left two religious with his most illustrious Lordship, +to aid him to bear the imprisonment. The alguazil-mayor came to take +them away, and hurt one of them with the rays on the lunette, owing +to the force which he applied; for the religious were clinging to the +archbishop, whom they caused to fall to the floor, with the most holy +sacrament. It was only by great good fortune that he did not lose his +grasp upon it at this time. In this confusion a soldier drew his sword, +and threw himself upon it, intending to kill himself--saying that the +man who had seen the most holy sacrament upon the ground was no longer +fit to live. He lay there, wounded, and thus they took him prisoner, +and were about to garrote him; this, however, they did not do, but +sent him to exile at Samboanga. The archbishop was left alone with +the soldiers of the guard, and several of them, as good Christians, +remained on their knees before the most holy sacrament, shocked and +weeping to see that among Catholics such things could take place. At +this juncture the bishop of Camarines told his most illustrious +Lordship that the governor said that if he wished to eat he must +abandon the holy sacrament, and that if he did not do so nothing was +to be given to him; and that these were the orders he had given to +the said adjutant, under pain of death. Thereupon the lord archbishop +answered, with much courage, that he was prepared to die with the +most holy sacrament in his hands, rather than do anything that would +be an offense against it. Thereupon they left him without a servant, +to the great indignation and sorrow of many soldiers, the governor +remaining as hard and obdurate as if he had not been a Christian. + +At one o'clock at night there came a new order that the soldiers should +drive from the streets the religious, who had been upon their knees +with candles in their hands, worshiping the Lord of heaven and earth, +since the time when they had been driven from His presence. They +were driven away, by dragging them and tearing their garments; and +the cassock and cross were taken from the cross-bearer of his most +illustrious Lordship. He cried out to God, begging for mercy--a thing +which melted the hearts of all the city, so that nothing was heard +of but "Mercy!" accompanied by the tears and apprehensions of the +faithful. After this was done, at two o'clock at night there came +another order, that the friars should be made to go back to their +convents, which they had not done. The governor sent the sargento-mayor +to tell them to go back, and not cause any more disturbance. To this +they answered that they had left their convents determined to die +for God, and that whether they died there or in Japon was all one; +that they would not leave that place, because they were in front +of the most holy sacrament; and, if it should fall from the hands +of the lord archbishop, the soldiers must not approach to raise it, +as this was not lawful, but they themselves must do so, as priests. + +The sargento-mayor went away with this answer; and as the governor was +at the corner of Santa Potenziana, on the square of the archiepiscopal +buildings, in disguise, he heard all that occurred. He sent another +order, commanding, in the name of his Majesty, that the religious +should retire to their convents; and that, if they did not do so, +they would be dragged thither. Seeing his accursed intention, they +thought it best to let themselves be taken away by the soldiers, +but with much sadness and weeping. The Franciscan friars remained in +their portico, to be near the house of the lord archbishop, so that +they might watch what passed. The governor himself came personally, +and made them retire and go within their convent. + +The very next day, which was the eve of Espiritu Santo, his illustrious +Lordship, finding that the governor's obstinacy was continuing +and that he was being abandoned (for no one was allowed to enter), +and that he had had nothing to eat for twenty-four hours, and that +all this was in preparation for placing him on shipboard, sent to +call the guardian of the Franciscans, and entrusted to him the most +holy sacrament, which was taken to his convent with great ceremony, +and there deposited. At this time the archbishop was allowed to make +appointments of persons to govern his archbishopric. He appointed the +father reader Fray Francisco de Paula, of the Order of St. Dominic, +and the father reader and definitor Fray Pedro de Santo Thomas, of +the discalced Augustinians, ordering them not to raise the interdict +and suspension of religious functions, or absolve the governor, +Auditor Marcos Capata, and Don Andres Giron, as he reserved their +absolution to himself. Thereupon at eleven o'clock in the morning +the court-alguazil came with a carriage, and his illustrious Lordship +alone was placed in it, all the religious accompanying it with tears +at seeing such cruelty and severity. When they had come to the gate +known as Puerta de los Almazenes, [4] the archbishop alighted, and +again excommunicated all those who had caused his exile, and cursed +the city; and throwing stones at it, and shaking the dust from his +feet, he directed his steps to the water to board a champan. This was +provided with sixteen arquebusiers, and the said adjutant; but they +did not allow any of his servants to embark, nor consent that any +provision of food be placed aboard for the voyage. When he begged for +his cross, the said alguazil-mayor answered that there was no cross for +him. Thereupon he embarked, and although many religious desired to take +leave of him, they were not allowed to come. Thus they conveyed him +to the island of Maribelis, distant from this city some seven leguas, +more or less. Although many private citizens of this city made urgent +request to go in their boats to the champan, they were not allowed +to do so; for it was seen that they were carrying provisions for the +archbishop, being moved to pity by the cruelty with which they were +using him, for one would not expect infidels to do worse. + +In this island he was kept prisoner, without being allowed to +communicate or to write letters, his treatment being such as might +be expected from dispositions so obstinate. On the eleventh of +this month of May the said governor appointed the said bishop of +Camarines to govern the archbishopric, contrary to [the law of] God +and with no permission, saying that the lord archbishop was a decayed +limb. The said bishop accepted the appointment, acting contrary to +[decrees of] the Council of Trent, and incurring its penalties. He +absolved the said governor, Auditor Capata, and Don Andres Giron: and +gave the last-named the collation for the archdeaconry, raising the +interdict imposed by the legitimate prelate. Those in the cathedral +and the fathers of the Society, who were followed by other churches, +besides the convents of St. Dominic, St. Francis, and the discalced +Augustinians, at once replied that they would observe the suspension +imposed on them, because they knew that a governor [of the diocese] +could not raise the interdict, or do anything of what he had done; for +he was suspended, interdicted, excommunicated, and under discipline, +for having exercised the pontifical office, raised the interdict, +and absolved the excommunicated--all this being reserved to the +lord archbishop, as was declared by all the learned men of this +city. Although the cathedral, the church of the Society, and the +Observantine convent of St. Augustine said mass, no one went to hear +it; but on the contrary the Catholics were scandalized that these +people should do such things through fear of the governor--things which +caused great scandal, and which it would take a long time to tell. [I +omit them] mainly because most of them are better left unsaid, because +of the cruelty involved in them, rather than told in a relation. + +On the twentieth of May there came an order from the lord archbishop, +at the petition of religious and holy persons, that the suspension +should be raised for a fortnight, so that the feast of Corpus Christi, +which was on the twenty-second of the said month, might be celebrated; +and when the said period of time was past, he imposed the interdict +as before--although it was not observed except by the Dominicans, +the Franciscans, and the discalced Augustinians. The governors of the +archbishopric and of the islands respectively gave to the fathers of +the Society [the curacy of] Chiapo, which they demanded, as belonging +to the archiepiscopal court. It was donated to the lord archbishop +by the Franciscan fathers, on condition that it should be conferred +upon no-one, but should remain for the maintenance of the poor and of +secular priests; and that, in case it were given to any other order, +the condition and donation should not be valid which had been made +to the said lord archbishop, and accordingly it should revert again +to the said Franciscan fathers, as it was before. But the fathers +of the Society would listen to none of this, drawn on by ambition; +nor would the governor, who allowed them to demand what they wished. + +A few days after this, on the fourth of June, the royal decree was +revoked; and father Fray Domingo Gonzalez, the Dominican provincial, +and other dignitaries, went to the lord archbishop, and asked him +not to change anything which had been done by the said bishop of +Camarines. The lord archbishop would not consent to this, as it was all +void, and opposed to conscience. But on the prayer and supplication of +grave religious, who besought his permission for this until his Majesty +should send a remedy sufficient for so many evils as had occurred, +his illustrious Lordship thereupon consented to this; and he entered +this city on the sixth of June, amid the general rejoicing of all, +for thereby the church was freed from schism and the administration of +an excommunicated bishop. In short, in order to remove greater evils +things remain thus, without anything being changed; we hope that God +our Lord and his Majesty will redress this, and that persons will be +sent to punish the guilty according to their crimes. + + + + + +PASQUIN QUE SE PUSSO A LA PUERTA DEL GOUERNOR DE MANILA +DON SEUASTIAN VRTADO DE CORQUERA + + + Quien la yglesia vitupera--Corcuera + y quien la Birtud maltrata--Capata + y quien se cisca de miedo--Ledo + segun esso llorar Puedo + yglesia tu triste suerte + Pues Bienen a darte muerte + Corcuera Capata y Ledo + + Quien la birtud a dejado--Collado + quien obliga a tal traycion--ambizion + y quien sigue tal de miedo--Pinedo [5] + de que an labrado rezelo + vna orca como aman + do rabiando moriran + Collado ambicion Pinedo + + quien apresta desatinos--tiatinos + en que encubren excesos--en quesos + pues de quesos que se espera--cera + no entiendo aquesta quimera + mas si es cosa de ynteres + quemarlos a todos tres + tiatinos quesos y cera + + quien dixo el vien por el mal--vn probinzial + quien la fe dixo sin tino--vn tiatino + y quien su ser tubo en poco--vn cojo + pues a llorar me prouoco + viendo vn tiatino casado + y que fue Por su pecado + probinzial tiatino y cojo + + Arcidiano sin razon--Jiron + obispo con poco estudio--Camudio + excomulgado notorio--tenorio + Bien merezen Purgatorio + de ynfierno estos tres amigos + Pues son de Dios enemigos + Jiron Camudio y tenorio + + A quien aorco de vn madero--vn artio + en que razon se fundaua--Por la esclaua + que le quita el omizido--la uida + ynjustamte. Perdida + fue pero ya me lamento + que perdiese en vn momento + artillero esclaua y vida + + quien bio Pagar de los frutos--tributos + y quien aorcando Peros--yeros + quien dar yco a las mulatas--natas + todas estas papanatas + an de uenir a parar + en que el diablo a de lleuar + tributos yeros y natas + + No ay para tanta malizia--Justizia + ni pa tantos agrauios--labios + ni para tantas locuras--Curas + todas estas desuenturas + los Cristianos Padezemos + Pues que ya sin fuerca bemos + Justicia labios y curas + + Que resulta en conclusion--Resoluzion + y destas cosas no buenas--Penas + y de tanto descontento--tormento + No en bano yo me lamento + Viendo la yglesia sinzera + a ques otra por corquera + Pasion penas y tormento. + + + + + + +PASQUINADE AFFIXED TO THE DOOR OF THE GOVERNOR OF MANILA, +DON SEVASTIAN VRTADO DE CORQUERA [6] + + + Who vituperates the Church?--Corcuera. + Who abuses Virtue?--Capata. + Who soils himself through fear?--Ledo. + Therefore, I can weep + Thy sad fate, O, Church! + For they come to deal thee death-- + Corcuera, Capata, and Ledo. + + Who has abandoned Virtue?--Collado. + What leads him to such treason?--Ambition. + Who imitates that one through fear?--Pinedo. + Hence I fear that they have prepared + A gallows as did Aman, [7] + On which raging will die-- + Collado, Ambition, Pinedo. + + Who are preparing lawless acts?--The Theatines [_i.e._, Jesuits]. + Wherein do they hide their violations of law?--In cheeses. + Therefore, what can be expected from cheeses?--Wax. [8] + I do not understand such an extravagant idea; + But if it is a question of profit, + It would be best to burn them all three-- + Theatines, cheeses, and wax. + + Who said "Good" instead of "Bad"?--A provincial. + Who explained the faith without discretion?--A Theatine. + And who set little value on his own existence?--A cripple. + Therefore am I moved to tears + To see a Theatine who is married; + And who was, because of his sin-- + Provincial, Theatine, and cripple. + + Archdeacon with no right--Jiron. + A bishop with little learning--Camudio. + A notorious excommunicate--Tenorio. + Right well they deserve the Purgatory + Of Hell, these three friends; + For they are the enemies of God-- + Jiron, Camudio, and Tenorio. + + Who was hanged from a beam?--An artilleryman. + On what was that action based?--On the slave-girl. + Of what did the homicide deprive him?--His life. + Unjustly lost + It was; but still I lament + That he should lose in one moment-- + That artilleryman--his slave-girl and his life. + + He who thought to pay from his profits--tributes; + And he who in hanging dogs saw--fetters; + And he who caused the mulatto women to bear--daughters: + All these simpletons + Must come to a halt; + Because the devil will carry off-- + Tributes, fetters, and daughters. [9] + + For so great malice, there is no--justice; + Nor for so many injuries--words; + Nor for so many follies--cures. [10] + All these misfortunes, + We Christians must suffer; + For powerless we see-- + Justice, words, and cures. + + What results finally?--Resolution. + And from these evil things?--Punishments. + And from so great discontent?--Torment. + Not in vain do I lament, + Seeing the sincere [11] Church + Become otherwise because of Corcuera-- + Suffering, punishments, and torment. + + + + + + +LETTERS FROM GOVERNOR HURTADO DE CORCUERA + + +_Ecclesiastical_ + +Most potent Sir: + +Although I have related to the tribunal of the holy Inquisition +of Mexico the disorders that have happened in this city this year +which were caused by the fathers of St. Dominic, and helped and +strengthened by the father commissary of the Holy Office, Fray +Francisco de Herrera--who has endeavored to avenge his passions and +those of his religious through the authority of so holy a tribunal, +but overstepping the manner of procedure and prudence that that holy +tribunal has in all its actions--yet I have thought it best to have +recourse to your Highness as to the supreme authority, so that you +with the ruling hand may apply an efficacious remedy to the said +disorders. Therefore, I shall give your Highness an account of them +in this letter, in detail, although briefly. + +The archbishop of Manila and the three orders of St. Dominic, +St. Francis, and St. Augustine, were united against me. They went +about holding meetings, as they thought by that method to avenge +themselves for the injuries which they imagined that they had received +because they were not granted whatever they wished or what suited +their whims. They were convened in an assembly, where they must +have discussed nothing else than their own restless notions and the +disturbance of the community and opposition to the government. For +that reason, the bishop of Nueva Segovia, Don Fray Diego Duarte, +with the ecclesiastical cabildo, all the clergy, and the fathers +of the Society of Jesus, refused to attend the said meeting. The +archbishop and the three orders were very angry that the fathers +of the Society did not attend, although they took no notice of the +fact that the bishop of Nueva Segovia, the ecclesiastical cabildo, +and the clergy (who also were notified to attend the meeting) were +likewise absent; and they made their anger evident, since the first +topic that was discussed in the said meeting was [a plan to unite] +and conspire against the fathers of the Society. They issued a +decree against them (which I enclose herewith) [12] in which they +disfellowshipped them from the other orders, and commanded that no one +should go to their houses, or to feasts or other public ceremonies; +that those of the Society should not be admitted into their convents +for these functions; that they should not be allowed to preach in +the cathedral, or in any other place outside their own houses; and +other things like this. They all show the aversion and even hatred +which they have for the fathers of the Society. That decree was a +cause for great scandal throughout this community. It was approved +and signed by the said father commissary, Fray Francisco de Herrera, +thus making himself a party to all the quarrels and disturbances +that resulted from the said decree. Consequently, he could ill be +a dispassionate judge. The fathers of the Society were silent, and +overlooked such things, coming from that source. Some days afterward, +the archbishop, in accordance with the decision of the said meeting, +had the fathers of the Society notified of an act, ordering them, +under penalty of major excommunication, _late sentencie_, and a fine +of four thousand Castilian ducados, not to preach outside of their +houses throughout his archbishopric, not even in the barracks and +guardhouses. The fathers of the Society tried to procure means of +peace, but none of them succeeded. Seeing that there was no hope of +peace, and recognizing the injury that the archbishop was doing them +at the instigation of the three orders and the father commissary, +they were forced to speak out against the archbishop through their +judge-conservator, Don Fabian de Santillan y Gavilanes, schoolmaster +of this holy church and a person of good standing in this city. The +three orders, especially that of St. Dominic, took this cause against +the fathers of the Society as their own--although it did not concern +them, but was, on the contrary, in favor of all. The fathers of the +Society were defending what the orders were defending, since they were +defending their privileges and immunities, which are common to all +the mendicant orders. But the orders did not think of this, nor that +they were putting out both their eyes (as says the proverb) in order +to put out one of the Society. The aversion and hatred that they show +against the fathers of the Society is incredible, doing them all the +ill turns possible in all things, and talking maliciously of them. The +orders had recourse by a plea of fuerza to the royal Audiencia, which +declared that the judge-conservator had not employed it, and that he +was legally appointed. Thereupon, seeing that they had no means by +which to embarrass the judge-conservator, they tried to make use of the +authority of the Inquisition, the fathers of St. Dominic threatening +the judge-conservator with it. Those fathers spread the report that +they would seize him, and get even with him. At this juncture the +father commissary summoned him, and such was the aspect of affairs +that the said judge asked the said commissary for a testimony that he +had not been summoned for anything that could prejudice his person, in +order that he might not be left with any stain. The judge-conservator +had made complaint against the provisor, Don Pedro de Monroy, for +having declared that neither Luther nor Calvin, nor any other heretics, +did so much harm as did the members of the Society. That was a calumny +and insult, the remedy for which the judge thought concerned him. The +father commissary entered the lists, and asked for that cause. The +judge sent him the original complaint, reserving the testimony, to +present it to the holy tribunal of Mexico. The said father commissary +asked for the testimony, and it was also sent him. The purpose of the +father commissary seems to have been to deprive him of all the papers, +as your Highness will see from the following. + +At this juncture the archbishop held a meeting with the religious of +the three orders of St. Dominic, St. Francis, and St. Augustine. There +under title of a protest, an insulting defamatory libel was made, +according to report, not only against the Society of Jesus, +but also against the judge-conservator himself, because he was +judge-conservator; and against the royal Audiencia, because it had +declared his appointment legitimate. The judge-conservator brought +force to bear against the archbishop in order to make him hand over +the protest, but the latter steadfastly refused to do so, or to show +it. Finally, although the archbishop agreed to deliver it, he could +not do so, because he had given it to father Fray Diego Collado, +of the Order of St. Dominic. The latter kept possession of it, in +such wise that it could never be recovered from him; and it is even +said (although I am not sure of this) that the said paper had been +delivered to the father commissary in order to secure it, so that +he might keep it with the papers of the Inquisition. For, as the +judge was urging the archbishop, the father commissary entangled the +affair by ordering the judge, with censures, to relinquish the cause, +and cease to ask for the said protest, and to hand over the papers +that had been made in this matter. The judge, seeing the malice of +the father commissary in preventing his jurisdiction, and taking from +him all the papers, continued to defend himself--and asking the father +commissary not to hinder his proceedings, since the trial of the said +protest or defamatory libel belonged to him, as it was an insult to +the Society, to the judge himself, and to the royal Audiencia, and +as it was a matter that concerned the principal cause. A thousand +notifications were served on the judge, and all of them by means of +different Dominican fathers, and with great noise and disturbance--a +matter which caused much comment, that one commissary should have +so many different secretaries, some of them being lay brothers, +others priests, and others very young; and that they should disturb +the community with their passions, under the mantle of the Inquisition. + +The said defamatory protest or libel was authenticated by a royal +clerk named Diego de Rueda. The judge-conservator arrested him. The +father commissary went to ask for him, with censures, as he declared +that the clerk was a familiar of the Holy Office. The judge replied +that he had arrested the clerk to get his confession, because of +the said protest which he had authenticated; that he had already +taken that confession, and needed him no longer; and that the father +commissary should ask me for him, for I had arrested him. The father +commissary replied that he was not satisfied with that reply, and that +the clerk should be given to him. But the judge answered by producing +proof that he did not hold the clerk prisoner, and could not hand +him over. Thereupon, it appears that the father commissary calmed +himself, and turned upon me in good earnest. At the earliest light +he sent a youthful and somewhat impudent friar to me, to notify me of +the act--which I enclose herewith [13] so that your Highness may see +whether this is the way to treat one who occupies such a post as I, +and whom his Majesty has delegated in his place. Considering that the +cause pertained to me, because that clerk had committed an offense in +the exercise of his duty, and that the father commissary was exceeding +his commission--and still more did he whom the father commissary sent +to notify me so discourteously and impudently--I took the act from +his hands, and sent him to his superior of the convent at the port +of Cavite, with orders to keep him there and reduce him to order, as +I did not wish him to excite the community, as the friars were doing. + +The fathers of St. Dominic took opportunity from this occurrence to +utter blasphemies against me, and to declare me excommunicated for +preventing the exercise of the Holy Office (as if the preservation of +the royal jurisdiction would be a hindrance to that holy tribunal, +which only undertakes what concerns it)--saying that I was deposed, +and was not governor, nor could I be governor. They declared that the +senior auditor should immediately assume the government, arrest me, +and send me to a fort. They confirmed this by the father commissary +bringing from Cavite father Fray Francisco Pinelo--an eloquent man, +and a bold preacher in the pulpit--whom he caused to preach in his +convent in this city on the second Sunday in Advent. At the beginning +of his sermon, he proceeded to read a bull, translated into Romance. He +declared that it was issued by Pius V, and that his Holiness ordered +therein that whoever should prevent the exercise of the Holy Office +should be infamous, and incapacitated from holding office. This he +said with such words and manner, and at such a time, that it had the +effect of pointing me out with the finger; and it was seen clearly +that everything was said for me, and that he was censuring me as +infamous, and saying that I was not governor. In order that your +Highness may see the freedom of these friars, and how they treat him +who is in the place of king--and this under cover of the Inquisition, +using the authority of so holy and upright a tribunal to avenge their +passions in matters that do not concern the Inquisition; and they +cannot see that to support it I have a sword at my side with which +to fight to the death in defense of this holy tribunal, as I have +done for twenty-five years in your Highness's service against the +enemies of the faith--in this same sermon, a thousand things were +said against me calling me Herod; and against the royal Audiencia +because it declared, contrary to the will of the father commissary, +that the judge-conservator was legal. Aspersions were uttered against +the fathers of the Society, censuring them as heretics; and against +the judge himself, calling him a London canon, besides a thousand +other impudent speeches in the same manner. Other preachers of his +order have followed the same style of preaching, and they have been +imitated by the Recollect fathers of St. Augustine--who style those +of the Society hypocrites and heretics; and they utter innumerable +satires on them in the pulpits, making the pulpit a lectureship of +vengeance, although it is the place that belongs to Christ for the +preaching of His holy word. How could the father commissary remedy +these disorderly acts, since he was at the head of them, and since +they were by his order, as can be understood from the above? + +In this manner did they disturb and stir up the people, and even +excited them to revolt--so that if I had not had arms in my hands, +and the garrison which is here at my order, beyond question a greater +calamity would have been feared; and I fear one, if your Highness +do not take it in hand, and make a beginning in correcting such acts +of boldness. I will add that I had given orders at the gates of the +city that the said cleric Don Pedro de Monroy was not to be allowed +to enter, as he was a seditious man, and in union with the friars +he was exciting innumerable rumors and disputes in this city; and in +the time of Governor Don Alonso Faxardo he was declared exiled from +the kingdoms, and the temporalities had been taken away from him, +because of a riot that he caused. It happened on November 21 of the +past year, that he, clad as a Franciscan friar, together with another +of the same order as his companion, attempted to enter a gate at the +Ave Marias. The commandant, who recognized him, laid hold of him, +and ordered the soldiers to take their weapons in order to prevent +his entrance, and to obey their orders. But so many Dominican friars +(who were prepared for that emergency), charged down upon them and +defended the said cleric with their fists and with violence; and +forcing my guardhouse, they placed him within the city, in spite of the +soldiers, who had no opportunity to use their weapons. That appears +from a legal investigation which they made in their exoneration, +for I was intending to punish them for not having kept my order. I +was angry, as was natural, at that lawless act and the boldness of +the friars. I advised their superior of it; but he answered that +that friar had entered the city because he had been summoned by the +Inquisition and its commissary. For, even for such an outrage, which +would have been worthy of punishment in any other, those friars take +as a cloak such a holy institution as is the Inquisition--as if it +were not proper to advise me, and not to force my guardhouse, even +though it were a matter for the Inquisition. For it is certain that +in all that pertains to that holy tribunal, the father commissary +must find in me all protection and aid. But I was told nothing +except that the force and violence was practiced of which I have +given an account. It is to be presumed that it was not a matter that +pertained to so holy and righteous a tribunal; but to say that it +was a matter of the Inquisition was only a pretext and excuse for an +act of boldness like that. And in order that your Highness may see +more clearly what I state, the viceroy of Nueva Espana, the marquis +de Cerralbo, sent a surgeon named Don Garcia to this country for his +crimes. He came, condemned to serve for eight years at the will of the +governor, without pay. But as I had need of him to go in the fleet of +galleons that I was despatching to the forts of Terrenate, I tried to +have him prepare for that service. He took refuge in the convent of +St. Dominic, where the fathers aided and protected him. One of them, +named Fray Francisco de Paula, told me that among the multitude of +my affairs that were to be treated by the Inquisition was the fact +that I was trying to send the said Francisco Garcia in the fleet, +as its surgeon, since he was a familiar of the Holy Office. I had not +known that before, and I think that it is not so, since the viceroy, +in the presence of the tribunal of the holy Inquisition of Mexico, +condemned him and sent him here; or else his cause was such that, +even though he was a familiar of the Holy Office, that holy tribunal +did not think it advisable to prevent the punishment imposed by the +viceroy. And although the tribunal of Mexico, notwithstanding its +so great power, refused to prevent that punishment, a friar tries +to prevent it here and opposes me, the governor, and protects even +a criminal from me--not so much to protect him, as to turn upon and +oppose me. In truth, Sir, this is a grievous thing, namely, that in +whatever desires or whims these friars have, and for whomever they +wish to be aided and protected for them against the governor, they +immediately find a path by way of the Inquisition. + +Those fathers gave the final touch to those annoyances by taking +from me, to my great vexation, a goodly number of sailors and some +soldiers, who had received their pay in order to make the voyage +in the said fleet of galleons to Terrenate. One of two friars of +St. Dominic fled with them in a boat and went by way of Macajar to +India, in order to go to Espana with serious complaints, as I am told, +for your Highness. However, the path that they are taking is very apt +to lead them into the hands of the Dutch or of the many other enemies +who infest the seas of Yndia. It is said, and I regard it as certain, +that that was the plan of the father commissary of the Holy Office; +and at least he concurred in and had a part in it. Let your Highness +consider the boldness and freedom of those friars in recklessly +entering a matter which is so to the disservice of your Highness; +and it is a kind of treason to take away the people who are in your +service, and who have been already paid to go in the royal fleet. + +Many other things of this sort and of this same kind could be related +to your Highness, and all need the same remedy. It is one which +I think efficacious for the prevention of greater damages, namely, +that your Highness distinctly order the holy Inquisition of Mexico to +appoint no friar of any order as their commissary in these islands, +but some secular, since this function belongs to such. By that means +many troubles would be avoided, and greater disorders, which may be +feared if the friars act as commissaries, would be obviated; and we +shall have the peace that is desired among your people. I entreat your +Highness to be pleased to consider this matter, and how necessary is +what I represent for the exercise of so holy a tribunal, and for your +Highness's service; for I shall not assure you that the islands will +be free from any confusion or insurrection unless reform is given, and +it is at least certain that we shall never have peace [otherwise]. And +since this holy tribunal always brings peace to the kingdoms where +it is just, will your Highness do this for me, and grant this request? + +I petition the above from you in consideration of the above mentioned +causes; and because my uncle, the inquisitor, Don Pedro Hurtado +de Gabiria--who served for thirty years in the Inquisition of the +Canarias, Granada, and Lograno, and in the royal Council as fiscal +and inquisitor--having reared me until I was old enough to go to +serve your Highness in the States of Flandes, in the course of his +training taught me to obey, to venerate, and to respect so holy a +tribunal. And wherever I have been since then, when your Highness +sent me from the States of Flandes to Piru, and thence to govern +the kingdom of Tierra Firme at Panama, the Inquisitions of the said +Piru and Cartaxena, and (when I passed through Mexico) that of Nueva +Espana, have shown me, for my great respect, courtesy, and submission, +many honors and favors for which I shall always be grateful--as also +to your Highness, from whom I hope for greater honors. May our Lord +preserve your Highness in your grandeur. Manila, the last of June, +1636. Sire, your vassal kisses your Majesty's feet. + + +Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera + + +[The letter is followed by the appended documents:] + +[The act of October 9, 1635, directed against the Society of Jesus, +which will be found in the "Letter written by a citizen of Manila," +Vol. XXV, pp. 216-219. In the present document, the act is followed +by the following:] + +Collated with the original records which are in possession of his +Excellency, and which I attest. Manila, October ten, one thousand +six hundred and thirty-five. + +The bachelor Joan Fulgencio, notary. + +This copy was collated with the copy of the original which is +authenticated by the bachelor, Joan Fulgencio, notary of the archbishop +of these islands, Don Fray Hernando Guerrero, which is in possession +of Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera, governor and captain-general +of these islands. At his order I drew this copy. Manila, October +seventeen, one thousand six hundred and thirty-five; witnesses being +Simon Delgado, and Alferez Pedro de Arexita. In testimony of truth, +I sealed and signed it. + + +Andres Martin del Arroyo, +notary of the royal crown. + + +We, the undersigned notaries, attest that Andres Martin del Arroyo, +by whom this testimony appears to be signed and sealed, is a royal +notary; and, as such, entire faith and credit has been and is given, +in and out of court, to the writings, acts, and other papers, which +have passed, and pass, before him. So that that may be evident, we +give the present. Manila, June eighteen, one thousand six hundred +and thirty-six. + + +Augusto de Valenzuelo, notary-public. +Francisco de Rueda, royal notary. +Sebastian Damas, notary of the assembly. + + +[The order presented to the governor by the commissary of the +Inquisition, Francisco de Herrera, November 26, 1635, and already +presented in Vol. XXV, pp. 243-244, follows. In the present document, +it is followed by the attestation of the notary, Andres del Arroyo +(dated April 26, 1636), who made the present copy from the original +presented to the governor by the commissary. Following his attestation +is one by the three notaries, Baptista de Espinosa, Alonso Baeza del +Rio, and Francisco de Casares, attesting the copy of Arroyo.] + + +In the city of Manila, April two, one thousand six hundred and +thirty-six, Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera, knight of the Order +of Alcantara, member of his Majesty's Council, his governor and +captain-general of these Philipinas Islands, and president of the +royal Audiencia therein, declared that Licentiate Manuel Suarez de +Olivera entered a complaint against Alferez Don Francisco de Rivera, +the corporal of the soldiers of the guard at the gate of Santo Domingo, +for having allowed Licentiate Don Pedro de Monrroy to enter this +city, contrary to the order of his Lordship; and because it appeared +that the said Don Pedro, accompanied by other persons and disguised +in the habit of a Franciscan friar, entered through the said gate, +although the said corporal recognized and stopped him and obstructed +his entrance, calling the guard. But the said Don Pedro forced his way +through the guard violently, and entered the convent of St. Dominic, +of this city. For that reason the said corporal and the soldiers with +him were not condemned. And in order that his Majesty may know what +happened in this matter, and order his pleasure, the governor ordered +Juan Soriano, notary-public, before whom the said complaint was made, +to give two or three authorized copies of it. Thus did he enact and +order, and he affixed his signature. + + +Before me: +Francisco de Ortega + + +_Head of the process._ In the city of Manila, November twenty-one, +one thousand six hundred and thirty-five, Licentiate Manuel Suarez +de Olivera, auditor-general of war, declared that it had come to +his notice that although the governor and captain-general of these +islands had ordered that no corporal at the gates of the city should +allow Licentiate Don Pedro de Monrroy to enter this city, Alferez Don +Francisco de Rivera, corporal at the gate of Santo Domingo, with three +soldiers had allowed him to enter into the said city contrary to the +said order. In order that he might chastise the aforesaid corporal +and the others who appeared to be guilty, the auditor ordered the said +complaint to be entered, with a process according to military usage, +and that the witnesses should be examined according to the tenor of +it. Thus did he enact, and he affixed his signature. + + +Licentiate Manuel Suarez de Olivera + +Before me: +Juan Soriano, notary-public. + + +Then the said investigation passed to the said auditor-general, who +caused Domingo de Ayamonte, who has been alferez and is a soldier +of the company of the master-of-camp, to appear before him. I, the +present notary, received from him the oath in due form of law before +God our Lord, and with the sign of the cross; and under that obligation +he promised to tell the truth. Being questioned, in accordance with +the head of the process, he declared that he was a witness of what +occurred. He declared that in regard to the said order contained in +the head of the process, he did not know it, and that he had not stood +guard in this city or in any other place, as he had but lately come +from the island of Hermosa. What this witness saw was, that while he +was seated outside the gate of Santo Domingo he heard a noise on the +part of the wall inside the city, and that some person was calling +out to the guard. Upon going to see who was calling, and hastening to +take part in whatever might arise, he found that the one calling was +Alferez Don Francisco de Rivera, the corporal; and that the friars of +St. Dominic and three of St. Francis were leading him a lively dance, +dealing him many knocks and blows with their fists. After the noise +had subsided, this witness asked what the matter was; and some soldiers +whom he does not know told him that they had the order mentioned in the +said head of the process, and that the said Don Pedro had entered clad +as a religious of St. Francis. This witness knows nothing else, nor +what soldiers were at the gate; for, as he has but recently arrived, +he knows no one. He declared this to be the truth, on the oath that +he has taken, and affirmed and ratified it, and declared that he is +fifty years old and competent to be a witness. He did not affix his +signature, as he could not write. The said auditor-general signed it. + + +Licentiate Manuel Simrez de Olivera + +Before me: +Juan Soriano + + +In the city of Manila, on the said day, November twenty-one, one +thousand six hundred and thirty-five, the said auditor-general caused +Pedro Gutierrez, a soldier of the company of the master-of-camp, to +appear before him for the said proof. I, the present notary, received +from him the oath in due form of law, before God our Lord and with the +sign of the cross; and under that obligation he promised to tell the +truth. Being questioned, in accordance with the head of the process, +he declared that what he knows and what passes is as follows: On +this the said day, after nightfall, and while the witness was on +guard with the corporal, Alferez Don Francisco de Rivera, at the +gate of Santo Domingo of this said city; at that time there were two +Dominican religious outside the gate and two others on the inside--lay +brothers of the said order; and at the same time a small champan, with +three other religious of St. Francis, arrived. Having disembarked, +they asked for a jug of water; and answer was given them to enter the +city and drink. While they were entering the city by the said gate, +the said alferez and corporal thought that one of the said Franciscans +was walking somewhat as if he wished to be unknown. Recognizing him, he +began to call out to the guard and to lay hold of the Franciscan. The +witness, having hastened, saw many religious who were fighting the +said corporal and the other soldiers with their fists. They did that +with this witness, for they gave him many blows and tore his jerkin +and shirt from him, showering many insulting words upon this witness +and the others. At this juncture he heard the said corporal say that +Don Pedro de Monrroy was one of the said friars who was clad in the +habit of St. Francis. This witness knows that the order contained +in the said head of the process was given to him and the others at +the said gate, so that they might not allow the said Don Pedro de +Monrroy to enter thereby. This witness saw that two of the three +Franciscan religious who came in the said small champan, and entered +this city, tried to go out, and that one of them was left inside. All +the above is the truth, on the oath that he has taken. He affirmed +and ratified his deposition, and declared that he is forty years +of age and competent to be a witness. He signed the above, together +with the said auditor-general. Further this witness who has made his +deposition declares that he saw that a crowd of Dominican friars came +out, by a little bridge which extends to the guardhouse, and joined +the others whom he had mentioned; and these latter are the ones who +maltreated the said corporal and the other soldiers. He affirmed +that, etc. This witness believes that even if they had had many more +soldiers, they could not have resisted the said religious, because of +the great force with which they defended the said Don Pedro de Monrroy. + + +Licentiate Don Manuel Suarez Olivera +Pedro Gutierrez + +Before me: +Juan Soriano, notary-public. + + +In the city of Manila, on the said day, November twenty-one, one +thousand six hundred and thirty-five, the said auditor of war caused +Manuel de Campos, a soldier of the company of the master-of-camp, to +appear before him for the said investigation. I, the present notary, +received from him the oath in due form of law, before God our Lord, +and with the sign of the cross; and under that obligation he promised +to tell the truth. Being questioned as to the tenor of the process, +this witness declared that what he knows and what occurred is +as follows: He knows that the order contained in the head of the +process was given at the gate of Santo Domingo. On the above date, +after nightfall, as he was at his post, and with orders from Alferez +Don Francisco de Rivera, the corporal at the said gate, there were +at that time, outside the said gate three Dominican religious and +one secular, and inside one Dominican lay brother. At that juncture +came a small champan with three religious of St. Francis aboard, +who joined those others who were outside; and all together began to +enter by the said gate--the two Franciscans, and one muffled in his +mantle. The said commandant came up and looked sharply at the one +who was muffled up in the said mantle, saying to him, "I pray you, +Father, to uncover." The latter answered, "He who meddles in this +is a base villain;" and, lowering his head, the said commandant +recognized the said Pedro de Monrroy. Seizing him, he called out, +"Ho, the guard!" This witness hastened to him, and laid hold of the +friar whom the said corporal had seized. At that same instant, the +father guardian of Dilao gave him a blow; while many other friars, +who were behind the gate which leads to the convent, charged down upon +the said corporal and this witness, and dealt them many blows--dragging +them even to the doors of the church, and saying many insulting words +to them, telling them that they were excommunicated rogues, who were +committing a very great outrage against the Church. Things were in +that condition when the said corporal ordered that witness to go to +report to the sargento-mayor; and he did so. The above is the truth, +on the oath that he has taken. He affirmed all the above, and declared +that he is thirty years old, and competent to be a witness. He signed +it, together with the said auditor-general: + + +Licentiate Manuel Suarez de Olivera, master-of-camp. +Juan Soriano, notary-public. + + +In the said city of Manila, November twenty-one, one thousand six +hundred and thirty-five, the said auditor-general caused a [certain] +man arrested for this complaint to appear before him, in order that +he might take his deposition. I, the present notary, received the +oath from him in due form of law, before God our Lord and with the +sign of the cross and under that obligation he promised to tell the +truth. Being questioned, he stated and declared the following. Being +asked his name, his age, and his calling and why he is arrested, +he stated and declared that his name is Don Francisco de Rivera y +Oseguera; that he is a soldier of the company of Don Lorenzo de Olaso; +that he is twenty-nine years old; and that the reason for his arrest +was that, having entered this day to guard the Parian, this deponent +went as corporal to guard the gate of Santo Domingo, with orders not +to allow Don Pedro de Monrroy to enter by the said gate. While he was +at the said gate, and three Dominican religious were outside of it, +and inside it one, at that juncture arrived a small champan, with +three religious of St. Francis. They and the others started to enter +the said gate, all with their faces covered. In the midst of them +was a Franciscan friar muffled in his mantle. On that account this +deponent was mistrustful, and going to him said: "I pray you, Father, +to uncover." Thereupon the father shrank further within his mantle, +but the deponent, going nearer, recognized that it was Don Pedro de +Monrroy, who was disguised as a Franciscan friar; and this deponent, +grappling with him, called out for the guard. Thereupon, one of the +said religious attacked the said Don Francisco, and shoved him about, +and struck him. And after the said [Franciscans] came many other +Dominican religious, who came out of their convent (which is near +the guardhouse); and they began to drag this deponent and the other +soldiers to the door of the church. That made the soldiers let go +of the said Don Pedro de Monroy; for, even had there been many more +soldiers, the religious would have taken him away, as there were many +of them, and they came headlong to the encounter. He had a report of +all the above made to the sargento-mayor. This, and naught else, is the +cause of his arrest; and this is his answer. This deponent being asked +whether he saw the disembarkation of the said Don Pedro de Monrroy +from the champan, and whether he knew that he was coming disguised as +a Franciscan friar before he entered the gate, he declared that he did +not know it, as night had already fallen; for if he had known it before +his arrival at the said gate, he would have prevented his entrance +or have shut the gate, and have tried with all his might to obey the +order given him. And he would have done that, had not the said friars +hastened to him. He stated that he recognized the said Don Pedro de +Monrroy only as he was about to enter the said gate in the guardhouse, +after which succeeded the aforesaid incidents. This is his response. + +Being asked whether he knows the gravity of the offense which he +commits who breaks any military order, this deponent declared that +he knew it; but that he kept the said order to the utmost, and no +more, because the emergency that he has related occurred. This is +his response. + +Being asked whether he knows and recognizes that the said religious +were aided by any secular persons in getting the said Don Pedro de +Monroy inside the gate, he declared that he had not seen or recognized +any secular persons except the said soldiers, his companions, who +aided him, and the said religious. This is his response. + +Other questions were asked and brought forward touching the matter; +but to all he answered that which he has declared as above, under +obligation of the oath that he has sworn. He affixed his signature, +together with the auditor-general. + + +Licentiate Manuel Suarez de Olivera +Don Francisco de Rivera y Oseguera + +Before me: +Juan Soriano, notary-public. + + +[The following is contained in the documents enclosed, in another +letter of like date with the above letter (also by Corcuera to the +king, and which will be given, _post_), and gives details omitted by +the present document.] + +_Act._ In the city of Manila, November twenty-two, one thousand +six hundred and thirty-five, Licentiate Manuel Suarez de Olivera, +auditor-general of the war department of this royal camp, declared that +it is advisable, for the greater justification of this complaint, to +make investigation among the persons who were about the guardhouse at +the gate of Santo Domingo of this city, in order to ascertain and find +out more fully what happened last night at the said gate, by examining +more of the witnesses who were present or who knew something of the +aforesaid; and that the present notary should record the results +as a testimony in this cause, so that it might be apparent for all +time. Thus did he enact and order, and he signed the same. + + +Licentiate Manuel Suarez de Olivera + +Before me: +Juan Soriano + + +_Testimony._ In fulfilment of the above act, I, Juan Soriano, +notary-public, one of the registered notaries of this city of Manila, +in the Filipinas Islands, for the king our lord, attest and assert +truthfully to those who may see these presents that on this day of +the above date, at the hour of ten in the morning or thereabout, I, +in company with the said auditor-general, went to the gate of Santo +Domingo of this said city, where there is generally a guardhouse of +soldiers. I made an investigation among the persons near the said +gate, and asked them whether any of them were present at what is +contained in these records, and which happened at this gate last +night, which is reckoned the twenty-first of this month. No one was +found who could tell me anything about the aforesaid; and I gave the +present because of what is contained in the commandment of the said +auditor-general. Given in the city of Manila, November twenty-two, +one thousand six hundred and thirty-five. Witness, the said constable, +Francisco Gutierrez. I seal it in testimony of the truth, + +Juan Soriano, notary-public. + + + +_Act of accusation and proof_. In the city of Manila, November +twenty-two, one thousand six hundred and thirty-five, [14] Licentiate +Manuel Suarez de Olivera, auditor-general of the war department of +this royal camp, declared that having examined this complaint and +the verbal process and investigation of it, he would charge--and he +did charge--the said alferez Don Francisco de Rivera with what has +resulted against him from the said verbal process; and that he would +immediately receive--and he did receive--this suit and complaint and +the parties to it, for proof within the time-limit of the two days +next following, common to the said parties, with all responsibility of +publication and direction, and all the rest, with citation. Within that +time, they may prove and investigate whatever is expedient for them, +and be cited in due form for sentence. Thus did he enact and order, +and he signed the same; and the witnesses of the verbal process shall +be notified before the said auditor-general, etc. + + +Licentiate Manuel Suarez de Olivera + +Before me: +Juan Soriano, notary-public. + + + + +_Notification_. In the city of Manila, November twenty-two, one +thousand six hundred and thirty-five, I gave notice of the above +act of proof, according to its contents, to Alferez Don Francisco de +Rivera, in his own person. He declared that he has no more proof to +give than what he has given already; for, when the affair occurred, +there were no other witnesses than the soldiers his companions, who +have told and sworn the truth of what occurred. He gave the above as +his reply, and I attest the same. + +Juan Soriano, notary-public. + + + +_Ratification_. In the city of Manila, November twenty-two, one +thousand six hundred and thirty-five, the said auditor of war caused +Pedro Gutierrez, a soldier of the company of the master-of-camp, +to appear before himself. I, the present notary, received an oath +from him in due form of law, before God our Lord and with the +sign of the cross. He promised to tell the truth, and, under that +obligation, his testimony and the deposition that he made last night, +the twenty-first of this month, before Licentiate Manuel Suarez de +Olivera, auditor-general of war, and before me, the present notary, +having been read and shown to him, he, having understood and read +it word for word, declared that all therein contained, exactly as it +is written and testified, was declared and asserted by him; and that +the signature at the foot is in the hand and writing of this witness, +and he recognizes it as such. If necessary, he again declares it in +this plenary act, and he affirms and ratifies it in every point. He +affixes his signature, and declares that he is forty years old, +and competent to act as a witness. It is signed by the said auditor, + + +Licentiate Suarez +Pedro Gutierrez + +Before me: +Juan Soriano + + +[A like declaration is received from the soldier Martin de Campos.] + +_Act._ In the city of Manila, November twenty-five, one thousand +six hundred and thirty-five, Licentiate Manuel Suarez de Olivera, +auditor-general of the war department of this royal camp, having +examined this complaint which he made officially, for the royal justice +of war, against Alferez Don Francisco de Rivera, in regard to his +allowing Don Pedro de Monrroy to enter the gate of Santo Domingo of +this city, while he was corporal at it, in violation of his orders +from the governor and captain-general, Don Sebastian Hurtado de +Corcuera, to the effect that he was not to allow him to enter this +city, etc., said that in consideration of what had been recounted by +the investigation of this cause, the said alferez was not guilty in +regard to the said entrance. On the contrary, he had done everything +in accordance with his obligation to keep the said order. The auditor +said that he declared--and he did so declare--the said alferez to be +free and acquitted from the said charge; and said that he had done +what his duty demanded in the fulfilment of his order, as a faithful +soldier. By this act so did he enact, and he signed the same. + + +Licentiate Manuel Suarez de Olivera + +Before me: +Juan Soriano, notary-public. + +Remission in testimony of truth. +Juan Soriano, notary-public. + +Fees gratis. + + +[An attestation of the authenticity of all matters that pass before +Juan Soriano, dated November 29, 1635, [15] and signed by three +notaries, follows.] + +Sire: + +Justice in this country was in the worst [possible] condition, because +no one looked to your Majesty for it, and some of your vassals were +committing outrages on others without fear of God or respect for your +Majesty's officials. There was great license and looseness of life, +in both men and women. That has been corrected by exiling some of the +men, and arresting others; and by rebuking and threatening the women +of quality, and sheltering others of less standing, in the seminary +of Santa Potenciana, until they are sought in marriage from that +house. I have done that with despatch, considering only the service +of God and of your Majesty. By that means many of the laymen have been +restrained, as well as many of the ecclesiastical estate and regulars, +who likewise have caused scandal in this direction. Two men have been +punished by hanging--one for having stolen the monstrance of the most +holy sacrament; and the other for the murder of a slave girl whom he +had owned, and whom the archbishop had caused to be sold because he +was living with her in illicit relations. In order that he might not be +deprived of her, he declared that he would marry her, although he had +said the year before that he had been married in Nueva Espana. The +slave girl said that she preferred to belong to another than to +be his wife. The slave girl going carelessly behind her mistress's +carriage, that man, deliberately and very securely, approached her +by stealth; and, embracing her from behind, he stabbed and killed +her treacherously. He took refuge in the convent of St. Augustine, +where neither the master-of-camp nor the sargento-mayor could find +him. But a few days after that, when the affair had died down somewhat, +because of the reward offered to my adjutant of the camp, the latter +found him and took him from the convent. I referred the cause to the +general of artillery, as the man was his subordinate, so that he might +try it in the first instance. The general condemned him to death. He +appealed to his commander-in-chief; but the auditor-general returned +the cause, saying that it had no appeal, as he was convinced of the +man's treachery and perfidy. Thereupon the general of artillery set +about the execution of the sentence of death. The archbishop of this +church excommunicated the general of artillery; and his provisor, +one Don Pedro de Monrroy, a restless man, and a friend of revolution, +sent twice to excommunicate me. But I gave them no opportunity to +notify me at all. They declared interdicts and the cessation of divine +services. The sentence was executed, and the dead man was returned to +the door of the church. I wrote to the archbishop with all courtesy, +entreating him to be pleased to have the churches opened and not +to leave this community without mass and consolation on a day such +as the nativity of our Lady; and that, as justice was already done, +there was nothing else to do. The archbishop called a meeting of the +religious of all the orders. They thinking in this way to avenge +themselves for insults that they imagined they had received--the +fathers of St. Dominic because I did not allow them to place benches +in the principal chapel of their church when the royal Audiencia was +present, for other persons, and on matters touching the communal funds +[of the Sangleys]; those of St. Francis, because of the hospitals; and +those of St. Augustine, because of what I had already written--carried +the torch into that meeting, making a political argument from the +fact that the archbishop and I were at swords' points. Accordingly, +they were of the opinion that the censures should be raised under no +circumstances, and they talked very unbecomingly of my person. Only +the fathers of the Society defended the royal jurisdiction, being +followed by one of the Franciscans. They showed clearly that the +execution that had been performed was a good thing, as the murder had +clearly been a treacherous one. Therefore the other religious gave +them cause for merit by uttering insults toward them; and from that +instant took so great an aversion to them that it was the beginning +of the disturbances that happened afterward. I went twice and thrice +to request the archbishop to raise the interdict and the cessation +of mass, but he was so far from doing it that he even refused to +answer my letters. So I left him; but afterward, for certain reasons +or at the request of others, he raised the censures and interdict, +and absolved the general of artillery _ad cautelam_--for the latter +did not consider himself as excommunicated, nor did learned men even +consider him as such. That was very evident; for, having appealed to +the bishop of Camarines, the sentence was in his favor, and he was +absolved from the pecuniary fines imposed by the archbishop. + +Thereupon that tempest was quieted. The principal instigator of it +had been the provisor, Don Pedro de Monrroy, and its fomentors were +the religious of St. Dominic, St. Francis, and St. Augustine. I, +recognizing the naturally turbulent spirit of the said provisor, +thought that we would be involved in other storms soon, unless +something were done to prevent it, and some scheme found so that he +might not be provisor. For that purpose, I wrote the archbishop to +observe a decree of your Majesty in which you order, in the time of +Don Juan Nino de Tabora, that provisors be lettered, and that, since +this man was not so, the office be given to another who was, thereby +obeying your Majesty's orders. He did not answer me, but called a +meeting of the religious of the three orders. All decided not to remove +the provisor, and, in good Romance, not to obey the royal decree, but +to oppose it--as they said, even to the death, if necessary. In order +that your Majesty may see for whom the archbishop and religious made +so great a pledge, Don Pedro de Monrroy is a secular priest, who does +not possess, as your Majesty orders, the education that provisors must +necessarily have (since he possesses no degree in any faculty); still +more, it is apparent to this whole community that his house is a public +gaming-house for all this city, where the gambling is so extravagant, +and men lose their possessions so recklessly and preposterously that +I am obliged to correct it efficaciously by forbidding all persons, +under penalty of fines, from going to play in his house. He is a +secular priest who says mass throughout the year, except now and then; +and is, finally, a restless fellow and one who likes [to stir up] +revolutions. In the time of Governor Don Alonso Faxardo, he was the +cause of a great disturbance in the community, by excommunicating the +auditors. He was sentenced to exile from the kingdoms for that reason +and the temporalities were taken from him, as your Majesty will see +by the enclosed testimony of the royal decree that was despatched for +that purpose. But since justice in these islands is in the charge of +protectors, the said decree, at the request of certain persons, was +not executed. Although I might execute it, in order to cut the root of +the disturbances, I did not do so, in order to obviate difficulties +and murmurs in a community so small. Therefore, seeing that there +was no other way that was milder, I offered the said provisor the +chaplaincy-in-chief and vicariate of the island of Hermosa--as will +appear by my letter and his reply, which I enclose herewith for your +Majesty. [16] That was with the intent of getting him away from Manila, +so that he might not embroil us. But that offer which I made to the +said provisor aroused innumerable disputes. The archbishop declared +that I was the violator of the ecclesiastical immunity. He immediately +convoked a meeting of the religious, the ecclesiastical cabildo, +and other seculars. The seculars, and the bishop of Nueva Segovia, +Don Fray Diego Duarte, excused themselves--the fathers of the Society +of Jesus, in very courteous terms, also begging to be excused from +attending meetings where nothing else was discussed save opposition to +the government. The archbishop and the members of the orders were so +angry because the fathers of the Society did not attend that meeting +(not taking into consideration at all that the bishop of Nueva Segovia +and the ecclesiastical cabildo did not attend, either), that they +turned against the said fathers of the Society. The first thing done +in the said meeting was to enact an act which I enclose herewith. [17] +In it they are separated from the other orders, and the latter were +prohibited from admitting the Jesuits into their convents for feasts +or other ceremonies. The other orders were not to go to the convent of +the Society for public ceremonies or for feasts; while those fathers +could not preach in the cathedral, or in any other churches outside of +their house, throughout this archbishopric--which was equal to exiling +them from its territories. To such a height did passion--not to say +the hate of the archbishop and orders--rise against the Society of +Jesus, that one must pass by what was determined against them in the +said meeting, in which all that was done was to discuss the government +and royal jurisdiction. + +The archbishop and the religious seeing that the fathers of the +Society were not disturbed--for which object the former were +striving--because of the resolution made in the said meeting, the +archbishop, twenty days later, sent a notary with a notification to +the superiors of the Society, ordering that they should not preach +outside their house, not even in the plazas and the guardhouses, +under penalty of major excommunication, _late sentencie_, and a fine +of four thousand ducados for the Holy Crusade--a thing which greatly +scandalized all this community. The fathers of the Society answered +with moderation that they would obey whatever was not contrary to the +privileges and immunities given them by the Roman pontiffs; but that, +since the tenor of this act was hostile to those rights, and manifest +injuries were being caused to the Society--first, because all of them +had been deprived of the preaching, without other fault than having +defended the royal jurisdiction, and the truth; second, in ordering +this with [penalty of] excommunication and pecuniary fines; third, +by prohibiting them from giving instruction, even in the plazas +and guardhouses--they were obliged to appoint a judge-conservator; +for although they had tried all means of peace they had succeeded in +none, or in finding any method by which peace could be secured. On +the contrary, they were notified of another act on the part of the +archbishop, on the third day after, ordering them not to instruct +certain Indians, of whom they had legitimate control by provisions of +two former prelates and of the royal patronage. From that they feared +new notifications and insults, and therefore they appointed their +judge-conservator on the second of November, of the past year 1635. He +was a dignitary of this holy church, one Don Fabian de Santillan y +Gavilanes, a qualified person of this country, and son of a treasurer +of the royal exchequer. The judge-conservator ordered the archbishop +to take back the acts made against the Society of Jesus, as they were +a manifest injury. The archbishop had recourse to the royal Audiencia +with a plea of fuerza. The acts were requested, and the fathers of the +Society went to maintain their just claims, as did those of the other +orders on the part of the archbishop. For, although what the Society +was defending was in favor of all the other orders, they did not think +of that. On the contrary, they preferred to lose two eyes, in order +as the saying is, to tear one from the Society--against whom the fear +and aversion which they cherish is remarkable, as they show by word +and deed. They do the Society ill turns whenever possible. After the +secretary had made a report of the cause, those of the Society brought +forward the arguments in favor of their side; they proved also that a +manifest injury had been done them in the decrees of the archbishop, +and that the judge-conservator was legally appointed. The religious, +who had gone on the archbishop's behalf, had nothing to say, and asked +for another day in which to state their case. The following day was +granted them. They summoned many more religious, and six of them were +heard in the archbishop's behalf. Those of the Society replied to +what the others opposed to them, but those of the opposing side did +not satisfactorily answer those of the Society. Thereupon, the royal +Audiencia declared that the judge-conservator had not employed fuerza, +and that he was legally appointed. Therefore, the latter continued +to press the archbishop with censures, in order to make him withdraw +the acts issued against the Society. The archbishop did so; but, +when the matter was in a condition to be disposed of and finished in a +few days, it was discovered that the archbishop and some of the three +said orders of St. Dominic, St. Francis, and St. Augustine, had held +a conference, and had drawn up a defamatory libel under the title +of a protest. They had included in it, according to public report, +not only those of the Society, but also the judge-conservator himself, +and the royal Audiencia, because they had passed judgment contrary to +their will. That protest or libel was authenticated by a royal notary +named Diego de Rueda, who is also a familiar of the Holy Office. The +judge-conservator arrested him, and with the aid that he requested, +the commissary of the Holy Office--who here is a Dominican father, +named Fray Francisco de Herrera--went to ask the said judge-conservator +for his familiar, the said notary. The judge-conservator answered that +he had already taken his deposition, and had no further need of him; +but that they should demand him from me, for he had been arrested by my +order. I answered that he had been delinquent in the exercise of his +duty, for having authenticated, as royal notary, a defamatory libel; +and that the punishment therefor pertained to the royal jurisdiction. + +The father commissary sent two young and impudent friars to me, to +notify me of the act which I enclose herewith for your Majesty, and +laid his orders on me as imperiously as if he were the supreme tribunal +of the Inquisition. I, on the contrary, before the completion of the +notification, took the act from the hands of his agent with mildness, +and sent him to the port of Cavite, charging his superior there to +keep him in that place and treat him well. This I did purposely, +because it is not proper for a youthful friar to talk with so great +freedom to the representative of your Majesty--especially in a cause +which is so peculiar to the royal jurisdiction as is this offense, +which concerns the office of a notary. + +On that account, the fathers of St. Domingo took occasion to utter +blasphemies against me. They declared that I was excommunicated +for hindering the service of the Inquisition; that I was deposed, +that I was not governor; that I could not act as governor; that +the senior auditor was to assume the government immediately; that +he was to imprison me and lock me up in a fort. In confirmation of +what they were saying throughout the city, they brought a friar from +Cavite, named Fray Francisco Pinelo, whom, being bold, eloquent, +and satirical in the pulpit (as is well known in this community), +they caused to preach the second Sunday in Advent. He read a bull +in the pulpit, which was said to be by Pius Fifth, and which was in +Romance. Therein the pontiff orders that he who should prevent the +exercise of the Holy Office should be infamous and incapacitated +from office, etc. That he declared in such a tone and manner that +it was clearly seen that it was all for the governor, and that he +was censuring me as infamous. In order that your Majesty may see the +license of the friars in this country, and how they treat those who +exercise this office--and this under protection of the Inquisition, +hiding under the authority of so holy a tribunal, to avenge their +passions in things which, truly, neither belong to the Inquisition +nor are at all connected with it--in that same sermon, innumerable +other things and satires were uttered against me and against the +royal Audiencia for having declared, contrary to the pleasure of the +friars, that the judge-conservator was not employing fuerza against +the fathers of the Society, censuring them as heretics; and against +the judge-conservator himself, calling him a canon of London. They +have made use of this style of preaching in many sermons throughout +this time. The Recollect fathers of St. Augustine imitated him, and +I am told that this is no new thing; for whatever the governors do +that is displeasing to them they immediately take into the pulpits, +thus making the pulpit the professorship of vengeance, while it +is the seat of Christ for the preaching of His holy word. The +disorder that has always existed in this regard is very great, and +the matter demands an efficacious remedy. What occurs to me is, for +your Majesty to send a decree to the governor, ordering that, when the +said orders preach in this manner, he shall advise their provincial, +so that the latter may deprive them of the privilege of preaching, +and exile them from Manila to whatever place shall be deemed best; +and that, if the provincial shall not do so, then your Majesty should +immediately take away the temporalities from all of such order, +and should order the royal officials not to pay them anything, not +even the stipends for the instruction. For that nothing more should +be necessary than for the governor to order it. That decree should +be sent, but with restrictions, so that it may be a check on them; +for your Majesty has sent many decrees to the provincials, charging +them not to preach whatever they please against the governors, but +they do not obey them. Your Majesty will see the importance of this +matter, because those friars stir up and disquiet the country by +these actions and sermons, and arouse hatred toward the governors. + +The fathers of St. Dominic left no stone unturned. They drew up a +paper, in which they spoke very discourteously of my person; and +with it they presented a petition to the dean of this cathedral +church--who, inasmuch as the archbishop had been excommunicated by +the judge-conservator, was acting as provisor and vicar-general +in it--asking him to declare and publish me in the lists as +excommunicated. The dean, who is a prudent and aged man, was very +far from doing so. Of a truth, Sire, I cannot fail to represent to +your Majesty, in regard to this point, how great is the resulting +inconvenience that any ordinary at all can declare your Majesty's +governors and viceroys excommunicated. And that would be a great +embarrassment and cause for disturbance for a community; for, if the +governor were declared excommunicated, the discontented would take the +opportunity to release themselves from his obedience, and to excite +a revolt against their legitimate king and lord. There is not lacking +one who says that the bishops and ordinaries cannot do this, since the +viceroys and governors enjoy the royal privileges, and that no other +than the pope himself can excommunicate kings. If this is so, will +your Majesty be pleased to declare it, for such a declaration would +be very advisable; or order what should be done in this particular. + +Among these things there occurred another very regrettable +incident. Don Pedro de Monroy, who was now no longer provisor, +left the city; and fearing that, if he returned hither, he would +embroil the matter more, as was his custom, I gave orders at the +gates of the city that, if he attempted to enter it, he was not +to be allowed to do so. But on the twenty-first of last November, +the said Don Pedro de Monroy, clad as a Franciscan friar, in the +company of two other Franciscan friars, attempted to enter by a gate +near the convent of Santo Domingo. A number of religious came out +of the convent to receive him. He who was stationed at the gate as +commander recognized him, seized him, and cried out to his soldiers to +take their weapons and prevent his entrance. But there were so many +Dominican friars who attacked the soldiers, and defended Don Pedro +with their fists, that the soldiers could not use their weapons or +prevent the entrance. Thus, by forcing their way into the guardhouse, +the friars, brought him into the city. I felt the resentment in +this matter that was natural, and I ordered the corporal and the +soldiers to be arrested. Being about to punish them for not having +obeyed their orders, they exculpated themselves very thoroughly in +the investigation made by the auditor-general, but the violence of +the religious gave the soldiers no opportunity to do more. Consider, +your Majesty, what liberties these are to be taken from religious; +and who can endure them? I wrote to their vicar-provincial, but he +answered coolly that his religious had not done any such thing, as +they are obedient, and that he had information to the contrary. The +father vicar-provincial adds that Don Pedro [de] Monrroy entered +the city in response to the summons of the Inquisition. This word +"Inquisition" is the motto and cry of the fathers of the Order of +St. Dominic in these islands, for whatever they wish to do. Your +Majesty will have seen from the aforesaid what ill use they make of +the authority of the Inquisition--so much so, that I assert that +with it they disturb and excite the community, which would not be +safe if your Majesty did not have so many soldiers here. Therefore, +since it is advisable to preserve peace here, will your Majesty be +pleased to order the supreme tribunal of the Inquisition to order +the tribunal of Mexico to appoint, as commissaries, not friars but +seculars, since there are so many seculars who are able to act in +that capacity, and since it is an office that properly belongs to the +ecclesiastical estate. Affairs will then run more smoothly, and there +will be more harmony; and I do not expect peace until that be done, +and until these lawless acts be checked. + +The judge-conservator went on with his commission, urging the +archbishop with censures in order to make him hand over the protest +or libel which had been made; but the religious gained possession, +by force, of the will of the archbishop, and although he desired to +surrender the paper, they did not allow him to do so. He gave it to +Fray Diego Collado, of the Order of St. Dominic, who secured such +possession of that paper that afterward the archbishop himself was +unable to obtain it, notwithstanding his efforts. + +All was now confusion in the community, and the friars made innumerable +evil and vile reports against the fathers of the Society (who bore +these attacks in silence), whenever they had an opportunity. They +preached innumerable satires against the same fathers of the +Society, and against the judge-conservator, saying that these were +bringing in innumerable innovations--all for the purpose of causing +a disturbance. As the preservation of peace pertains to me, I one +day summoned the superiors of the orders of St. Dominic, St. Francis, +St. Augustine, and of the Recollects, and the father commissary of the +Holy Office, in your Majesty's name, and by a duly-executed decree of +the royal Audiencia. The father commissary refused to come, and sent +no excuse. The superiors were told that they were to keep their friars +still, so that they might not go about disquieting the community. In +regard to those who were most to blame in this--namely, Fray Francisco +de Paula and Fray Sebastian de Oquendo of the Order of St. Dominic, +and Fray Alonso de Carvajal and Fray Alonso de Ochoa, of the Order of +St. Augustine--their superiors were ordered, in your Majesty's name, +to cause them to leave the city for some time. But they would by no +means obey, for at this time the friars do not recognize your Majesty; +and, in order to avoid other troubles, I had to overlook this, and +let things go. + +At that time I was attending to the despatch to Maluco of the galleons +which were to go with the reenforcements. The religious of St. Dominic +even allured a pilot whom I had honored and favored, and whom I had +chosen to go in the almiranta, so that he should desert with some +of them by way of India. I learned of it, and was obliged to arrest +him, and to leave orders at the gates not to allow either of the two +religious of the Order of St. Dominic, namely, Fray Francisco Pinello +and Fray Diego Collado, who were the two implicated in this flight, +to leave the city. Therefore, because of this order, they began to +assert that I was incurring innumerable excommunications. They do not +stop to consider that I have this city and these islands in charge, +and that, accordingly, I must conserve them, and look out for them, +and issue the advisable military orders that I esteem necessary; and +that I could not prevent that damage except by not permitting those +religious to leave the walls. In another manner, some other religious +incited a goodly number of sailors, who, having received their pay to +go to Maluco, fled in a boat called "champan," and laid their course +toward India. With them was a secular named Don Francisco Montero, +who had been expelled from the religious estate--a restless man, +who had been deprived some few months before of the chaplaincy of +the seminary of Santa Potenciana, as he was not suitable for that +post and served it ill. There was also a Recollect Franciscan friar, +named Fray Nicolas de Tolentino, who was angered because his order had +not elected him provincial, as he wished; and there was also a friar +of St. Dominic. They are said to be about to go to Espana, with the +intention of complaining of me to the supreme Inquisition. But the +road followed is apt to take them into the hands of the Dutch, or to +shipwreck. But in case any such complaint should be carried to Espana, +I am informing your Majesty of everything. I also do so that your +Majesty may see to what lengths these friars go, and how necessary it +is to check them, so that they may not cause similar desertions--which +appear outrages, and which are so, to the disservice of your Majesty, +as it takes from us the men who should attend to the royal service +in the royal fleet. + +While affairs were in this condition, and the archbishop refused +to give me the protest or libel which was asked from him, and the +judge-conservator would not desist from requesting it, as I judged +that it was of service to our Lord and to your Majesty for me to +interpose my authority and settle affairs, I called a meeting of +the four best lawyers in Manila, among whom was the fiscal of this +royal Audiencia. To that meeting I summoned the father provincial and +father rector of the Society, and the judge-conservator himself. The +lawyers read the opinions, over which they had studied for several +days. All agreed that the judge-conservator could remove a suspension +that he had imposed on the archbishop as a means of getting the +said protest or libel from him; as they said that such suspension +was condemnatory. [18] For the same reason they said that he could +moderate or completely abrogate the pecuniary fines. The fathers +of the Society, although they were the ones offended, charitably +took the archbishop's part, and favored the opinion of the lawyers, +and desired that the archbishop come safely out of the affair. The +judge-conservator alone was somewhat harsh, and appeared to agree to +nothing of this. But I asked, entreated, and persuaded him, so that he +had to agree to it and absolve the archbishop from everything. Thus +was the affair completely ended, on January twenty-eight. I went +in my coach and took the archbishop to his cathedral. A huge crowd +of people assembled there, and there was much rejoicing in the +community because of the conclusion of those suits, and because it +is believed that your Majesty will consider it well done and to your +royal service. However, I am ever on the watch for new disturbances, +as the archbishop is naturally inclined to such. Sire, I do not know +that the prelates who are clamoring at Madrid are the ones needed here +in these islands. Not even for this archbishopric is it advisable +that the archbishop be a religious; but he should be some learned +secular of exemplary life--one of the many whom your Majesty has in +your kingdoms. And I say the same also even for the other bishopries, +in so far as that might be possible. For the harmony that should reign +in these islands, it is of the highest importance that the prelates +be seculars instead of friars; for these latter side with the others +and throw everything into confusion, and oppose the governor to the +best of their ability. With secular prelates, things will go better, +and great harmony will reign. I have reported these litigations so +minutely that your Majesty may know the exact truth--if any of the +parties should write or go there, and try to deviate from the truth +in their relation. May our Lord preserve your Majesty's royal person, +as is necessary to Christendom. Manila, the last of June, 1636. Sire, +your vassal kisses your Majesty's feet. + + +Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera + + +[The present document is accompanied by the following documents:] + +[The act enacted against the Society of Jesus by the archbishop +and orders on October 9, 1635, _q.v._ Vol. XXV, pp. 216-219 (and +the notarial attestations, _ante_, pp. 72, 73); the letter from the +governor to Pedro de Monroy, of October 8, 1635, _q.v.,_ Vol. XXV, +pp. 207-208; the reply of the provisor, _q.v., ut supra_, pp. 209-210; +the letter from the archbishop to the governor, October 9, 1635, +_q.v., ut supra_, p. 221; the governor's reply to the archbishop, +_q.v., ut supra_, pp. 221-223 (followed here by notarial attestation +of the present copy, made at Cavite, June 26, 1636).] + +Don Felipe, by the grace of God, king of Castilla, Leon, Aragon, the +two Cicilias, Jerusalem, Portugal, Navarra, Granada, Toledo, Valencia, +Galicia, Mallorca, Sevilla, Cerdena, Cordoba, Corcega, Murcia, Jaen, +the Algarbes, Algeciras, Gibraltar, the Canarias Islands, the East +and West Indias, the islands and mainland of the Ocean Sea; archduke +of Austria: duke of Borgona, Bramonte, and Milan; count of Axpurg, +Flandes, Tirol, Barcelona, Vizcaya, and Molina, etc.: Inasmuch as +Don Pedro de Monrroy proceeded, when provisor of the archbishopric +of Manila, against Licentiate Don Francisco de Saavedra Valderrama, +auditor of my royal Audiencia and Chancilleria established in the city +of Manila, of my Filipinas Islands, on the ground that he had taken the +notary, De Vega [_i.e._, Diego?] Soto from the church, where he had +taken refuge because of the criminal suit that was being prosecuted +against him for the falsehoods and theft with which he is charged in +regard to the silver lacking in the wreck of the ship "Sant Nicolas +de Tolentino" (he being the notary of that ship), it was ordered +that he be restored to the church under penalty of certain fines and +censures. Notwithstanding that he appealed in due time and form, and +threatened the royal aid against fuerza, and Licentiate Marcos Zapata +de Galvez, my fiscal in the said Audiencia (who took part in the cause +because of what pertains to my royal jurisdiction), did the same, +the person aforesaid [_i.e._, Pedro de Monroy] continued to prosecute +the said suit, with greater penalties and censures. Therefore, the +said my fiscal presented himself in the said my Audiencia in the +said appeal from fuerza. Having examined the acts in the matter, it +was decreed by an act, on the seventh of the present month and year +of the date of this my letter, that the said provisor was declared +to have employed fuerza, and he was ordered to recall and repeal his +acts; and the aforesaid [provisor] must freely allow the said appeals +before the superior judge, who should annul all that had been done and +enacted in prejudice of those appeals. He was to raise and remove the +censures and interdicts which had been laid, and absolve those who had +been excommunicated. Although he ought, in accordance with law, to obey +and observe the tenor of the aforesaid decree, not only did he not do +so, but on the contrary, adding fuerza to fuerza, he excommunicated +Auditor Don Alvaro de Mesa y Lugo, auditor of the said my Audiencia, +with new fines and censures. Therefore, at the petition of the said +my fiscal, my first and second letters were issued and despatched by +the said my Audiencia as royal decrees, ordering that the tenor of the +said act should be observed and kept, under penalty of a fine of two +thousand Castilian ducados and deprivation of the temporalities, and +of being exiled from my kingdoms. Although he was notified, he always +remained rebellious and obstinate against fulfilling it. Therefore, +it was declared by a third letter and royal decree, which was issued +and despatched on the eighth of the said month and year, that he +had incurred the said fine of the two thousand Castilian ducados, +exile from my kingdoms, deprivation from all the temporalities that he +possesses and enjoys, and exclusion from them. As the said Don Pedro +de Monrroy has absented and hidden himself, its execution has not been +entirely carried out in regard to expelling him from the country. It +is advisable to make the necessary efforts, both that the aforesaid +decree may be made public in the said city, and that what has been +enacted may be executed. Therefore, the matter having been examined +by the president and auditors in the said my royal Audiencia, it was +resolved that I ought to order this my letter and royal decree to +be issued. By it I order and command that it be proclaimed publicly +in the city of Manila, in its public places, that all its citizens, +residents, and inhabitants shall consider the said Don Pedro de +Monrroy as exiled from my kingdoms; and, as such, that they treat +him both in regard to any offices or dignities in which he may be +serving, and in all other things regulated by law, as a rebel to my +royal mandates; and they shall not receive or conceal him in their +houses, or in any other place, nor shall they aid or protect him, +so that he may be hidden--under penalty of a fine of two thousand +Castilian ducados for my royal-exchequer, to which I shall consider +as immediately condemned whomsoever shall do the contrary. Further, +they shall be proceeded against by the whole rigor of the law, as +against receivers and concealers of persons exiled from my kingdoms, +and declared as such. I request and charge the superiors of the +orders of this city, and outside the city, and other ecclesiastical +person not to admit him into the city under any consideration, with +warning that I shall consider myself disserved if such be done, and +if more can be done in law, it is ordered to be provided as the most +advisable remedy, inasmuch as it is thus fitting for my service, and +my authority, protection, defense, and the conservation of my royal +jurisdiction. Given at Manila, September twenty-five, one thousand +six hundred and twenty-three. + + +Don Alonso Faxardo de Tenza +Doctor Don Alvaro de Mesa y Lugo +Licentiate Don Juan de Saavedra Valderrama + + +I, Pedro Munoz de Herrera, who exercise the office of notary of the +assembly of the royal Audiencia and Chancilleria of these Filipinas +Islands, caused this to be written by order of the king our sovereign, +by the resolution of the president and auditors of that body. + + +Don Juan Sarmiento +Chancellor of Don Juan Sarmiento [19] + + +This copy is collated with the original royal decree, which is in +the possession of Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera, governor and +captain-general of these Philipinas Islands. By order of his Lordship, +I drew this copy at Manila, October seventeen, one thousand six hundred +and thirty-five. Witnesses, Simon Delgado and the accountant, Juan +Bautista de Zubiaga. In testimony of truth, I sealed and signed it. + + +Andres Martin de Arroyo, +notary of the royal crown. + + +We, the undersigned notaries of the king our sovereign, attest that +Andres Martin del Arroyo, by whom this copy appears to be sealed and +signed, is such royal notary as he has called himself therein. To +the writings and acts that have passed, and pass, before him, entire +credit has been and is given, in and out of court. So that this may +appear, we affix our signatures. Given at Manila, June eighteen, +one thousand six hundred and thirty-six. + + +Augustin de Valenzuela, notary-public. +Francisco de Rueda, royal notary. +Sebastian Damas, notary of the assembly. + + +[The act of the commissary of the Inquisition, dated November 26, 1635, +presented to the governor and concerning the libelous protest issued +by the archbishop and religious (_q.v._, Vol. XXV, pp. 243-244); and +the records of the trial and acquittal of Francisco de Rivera _q.v., +ante_, pp. 73-86, taken in part from the present document) follow.] + +_Act, and head of the process for Captain Juan Dominguez, the +pilot._ In the port of Cavite, December twenty-two, one thousand +six hundred and thirty-five, General Don Andres Pacheco de Tholedo, +lieutenant-governor and captain-general, castellan and chief justice +in this said fort for his Majesty, declared that inasmuch as it has +come to his notice that Captain Juan Dominguez, who is captain of +a company of marine infantry and pilot-in-chief of these islands, +has attempted to absent himself from them, and to go in a champan to +the kingdoms of Castilla by way of Yndia, without permission of the +governor, of all which the said judge has been advised by certain +papers without signature that were given to him, and by other +circumstantial evidence that he has had: In order that the said +crime may be punished, in accordance with the military ordinances, +he ordered that an official investigation be made by the department +of royal justice, according to military usage and procedure, and that +the witnesses be examined in accordance with the tenor of this act and +head of the process. Thus did he enact, and he affixed his signature. + + +Don Andres Pacheco de Tholedo + +Before me: +Agustin de Balencuela, notary-public. + + +_Testimony._ In the port of Cavite, December twenty-two, one thousand +six-hundred and thirty-five, the said judge summoned before him, +for the said investigation, the chief gunner, Daniel Alvarez, an +inhabitant of this said port. The oath was taken from him in due form +of law, before God our Lord and with the sign of the cross, under which +obligation he promised to tell the truth. Being questioned according +to the tenor of the act and the head of the process, of this other +part, this witness declared that he knows Captain Juan Dominguez, and +that what he knows and what occurred is as follows: About twenty days +or so ago, Bartolome Martin, an artilleryman, and both a countryman +and a friend of this witness, said that Captain Juan Dominguez had +communicated with him, and asked him whether he would like to go to +Espana by way of Yndia; and, if so, that he would take him also; for +he, together with ten or twelve others who were sailors, was going +to take a friar of St. Dominic to Yndia. The latter was going to take +papers and despatches from the archbishop and the orders in the city +of Manila; and they were giving the said Juan Dominguez four thousand +pesos for this enterprise. The said Bartolome Martin replied to him: +"Captain Juan Dominguez, I am equipped to go to Terrenate, to serve +in my post as artilleryman under General Don Guillermo Somante. On my +return from the voyage, I think that I shall go to Espana, the same +way by which I came. Therefore, I do not care to go." This is what +this witness knows, and what he has heard. It is the truth, under +obligation of the oath that he has taken, by which he affirmed and +ratified it. He declared that he was competent to act as a witness, +and that he is forty years old. He affixed his signature, and the +said judge signed it. + + +Daniel Alvarez + +[A rubric, apparently that of the said judge, is at the foot.] + +Before me: +Agustin de Valencuela, notary-public. + + +Then the said judge immediately summoned Bartolome Martin, an +artilleryman, to appear before him for the said investigation, on the +said day, month, and year. From him was taken an oath in due form of +law before God and with the sign of the cross, under which obligation +he promised to tell the truth. Being questioned in accordance with +the said act and head of the process, this witness declared that he +knows Captain Juan Dominguez; and that about twenty days or so ago, +he called to this witness and told him to come to see him, as he had +some business to talk over with him. Thereupon this witness went to +his house that night, and found him there with Christobal Romero and +other persons. This witness waited until they had gone, and then asked +the said captain what he wished from him. He replied that he had made +arrangements with the fathers of St. Domingo and some other persons +(whose names he did not declare) to go in a champan from here to +Malaca, and from Malaca to Goa, in order to take some letters from +the archbishop and orders of the city of Manila to Espana, written +against the governor and captain-general of these islands about +the affairs of the judge-conservator. He was to take two friars of +St. Domingo in the said champan, who were giving him more than four +thousand pesos for that enterprise. He asked the witness whether he +did not wish to leave so wretched a country, since the governor was +acting so harshly toward the men of his calling, whose wages he had +cut down. This witness answered that he did not wish to go with him; +and that he was not a deserter, nor in debt, nor was there anything +else that should lead him to absent himself. He said that he was now +about to go to Terrenate, and that opportunity would not be lacking +for him to go to Espana on his return; and then he would not have +to go secretly and at such a risk, which might cost him dear. And he +went to recount the occurrence, just as it had happened, to the chief +gunner Daniel Alvarez (who cites him in his deposition), as they are +friends. This is what occurred and is the truth, on the oath that +he has taken, on which he affirmed and ratified it. He said that he +was competent to act as a witness, and that he is thirty-one years +old. He affixed his signature, and the said judge signed it. + + +Bartolome Martin + +[The rubric of the said judge appears at the foot.] + +Before me: +Agustin de Valencuela, notary-public. + + +Then immediately on the said day, month, and year, the said +judge summoned Jose Martin de Barcelona before him for the said +investigation. An oath was received from him in due form of law, before +God our Lord and with the sign of the cross, under which obligation +he promised to tell the truth. Being questioned in accordance with the +tenor of the said act, he declared that he knows the said captain Juan +Dominguez; and although it is true that this witness stated that the +said captain Juan Dominguez was not to go to Terrenate, he did not +say that because he thought that he was going to Yndia, but because +it was reported that the royal officials were going to arrest him for +a sum of pesos which he owes to the royal treasury. He understands or +knows nothing else than what he has declared, and that is the truth, +on his oath, on which he affirmed and ratified his statements. He +declared that he is competent to act as a witness, and that he is +forty-four years old. He affixed his signature to the same, and the +said judge signed it. + + +Jose Martin de Barcelona + +[A rubric is seen at the bottom, which is that generally used by the +said judge.] + +Before me: +Agustin de Valencuela, notary-public. + + +Thereupon, immediately on the said day, month, and year, the said +judge summoned Cosme Chacon, an artilleryman, before him for the said +investigation. An oath was taken from him in due form of law, before +God our Lord and with the sign of the cross, under which obligation he +promised to tell the truth. Being questioned according to the tenor +of the said act and the head of the process, he declared that what +he knows is, that it was said publicly and openly in that port, four +or five days ago, or thereabout, that certain persons of the port had +told the said judge that Captain Juan Dominguez was trying to absent +himself and go to Espana by way of Yndia, for which they had given the +judge a letter. This witness has spoken about this same matter, and +has no further information than what he has given. He was asked by the +said judge whether, some four or five days ago, when the chief gunner +of the fort at this port arrested him because he would not attend +to the duties of his post, the witness said that the chief gunner's +command over him would soon end. He declared that the words contained +in the above question are true, but that his meaning in saying them +was that his post of artilleryman would soon be exchanged for that +of soldier (which is the employment that this witness professes), +and that he made the aforesaid remark with no other meaning. This is +his answer, and he declared that it is entirely true, on his oath, +by which he affirmed and ratified his statement. He declared that he +is competent to act as a witness; that he is twenty-seven years old; +and that he does not know how to sign the above. The said judge signed +it. [At the foot appears the rubric of the judge.] + +Agustin de Valencuela, notary-public. + +Collated with the original, which is in the archives of my office, and +I refer to it. At the order of General Don Andres Pacheco de Toledo, +lieutenant-governor and captain-general, castellan, commandant and +justice of this port, I give the present in Cavite, April twenty-five, +one thousand six hundred and thirty-six. Witnesses, Agustin de +Carranca, Christobal de Molina, and Captain Juan Despinosa. In +testimony of the truth, I seal it. + +Agustin de Valencuela, notary-public. + + + + +_Letter written by Bartolome Dominguez to Juan Romero_ + +Dear comrade: + +I trust that this letter will find your Grace in the enjoyment of as +good health as I wish for myself. Mine is good, and at your Grace's +service. In regard to my return, your Grace must know that, when I +parted from your Grace in Manila, I did not have any such thought; +nor did I know of it until I reached Cavite, when Estacio talked with +me. Seeing myself so out of favor and my brother dead, I resolved to +return, on account of those changes. We went in a small champan--ten +men and one friar--to a distance eight leguas from Maribeles. There +we found a large champan and two religious. We all embarked, and went +to a district belonging to the fathers, to deck the champan over. We +have provisions for two years; powder and balls, muskets, and two small +pieces of bronze artillery [_esmeriles_]. They give each of us three +hundred pesos and our expenses to Espana. Esteves has your Grace's new +doublet; and your Grace can get it [from him]. Francisco Cachata owes +[me] three pesos and Bartolo two--all to be used in saying masses for +my brother. Juan de Palacios owes me four pesos, which he may spend in +his mess; and my silver spoon and mirror. Will your Grace get them? and +they are to be used in saying masses for my brother. Will your Grace +tell him that if he shall bring any cloth, he must do his best for +his soul. The three mantas of Pedro Castaneda must be paid for, +according to what is right. Tell Senora Juana that I beg her pardon +for not having gone to say goodbye to her uncle and aunt, and give +her my regards. And will your Grace tell Captain Juan Dominguez, when +he comes from Terrenate, that I send him my regards. Now I shall say +nothing further except that may God preserve your Grace for many years, +and take you to your home; and, if I reach there first, I shall say +that you are well. Given on this new year's. From your Grace's comrade, + +Bartolome Dominguez + +The address of this letter reads: "To my comrade, Juan Romero (may +our Lord preserve him!) at the house of Juana Munoz, next to the +Society, Cavite." + +Collated with the copy of the report and letter which are in possession +of Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera y Mendoca. At the order of his +Lordship I drew this copy, which is a true and faithful copy. Witnesses +at its copying, correction, and collation were the accountant Juan +Bautista de Cubiaga, Agustin de Reguen, and Juan de Palma, who were +present. In testimony of truth, I sealed and signed it. + +Andres Martin de Arroyo, royal notary. + +[The notarial attestation of the validity of documents drawn up before +the above notary, dated Manila, May 8, 1636, and signed by Agustin +de Valencuela, Alfonso Baeza del Rio, and Francisco de la Torre, +follows.] [20] + +[_In the margin_: "That during the eleven months while he has been in +that government he has done no other thing than to establish the royal +jurisdiction and patronage, and subdue the religious to [understand] +that his Majesty is their natural seignior and the seignior of those +islands; and he relates the mischievous proceedings of the religious +of St. Francis, St. Augustine, and St. Dominic."] + +Sire: + +One would believe that your Majesty (may God preserve you) has sent +me not to govern your Filipinas Islands, but to conquer them from +the religious of St. Dominic, St. Francis, and St. Augustine; for +in the eleven months since my arrival here, I have had no other +thing to do than to establish the jurisdiction of your Majesty +and your royal patronage, and to subdue the said religious to the +understanding that your Majesty alone is their natural seignior, +as well as the seignior of the said islands. And hitherto they have +succeeded in and obtained whatever they desired, either because they +have governed the governors, or the governor through fear of their +so insolent preaching, or on account of their demands and threats, +has never refused them anything. And if, in the course of the year, +they have resorted to these measures at the time of the despatch of the +galleons to Nueva Espana, the governors have granted their petitions, +just or unjust--either that the religious might write well of their +government, or so that they might not write ill of it. I am convinced +that they will always write ill of me, because I am ever striving to +regulate the service of God and that of your Majesty. As that is a +labor in which both services may be free from self-interest and worldly +ends, I shall not resent that they write to your Majesty whatever they +like; for, since you are so just and so Catholic a sovereign, I cannot +believe or expect that you will condemn me without a hearing. Therefore +I petition your Majesty to be pleased to have your secretaries send +a copy of my letters to your vassals, both regular ecclesiastics and +seculars, of what I shall write concerning them; for they will find +therein no deceit or falsehood (and it is impossible to deceive God +and one's natural sovereign). Also they will find neither hate, love, +nor passion, but only kind desires for correcting the faults of my +neighbors, and those of the subjects of your Majesty whom you have +given to me by your favor, so that I might maintain peace and justice +among them, and keep them in the fear of God and that of your royal +person. I also petition your Majesty to be pleased to have the said +secretaries send me the letters, or copies of the letters, that they +shall write, so that we may, on both sides, verify the truth here, +and, having verified it, advise your Majesty. + +[_In the margin_: "That the Order of St. Dominic generally opposes +the government, while that of St. Francis has given great scandal to +those islands, by the provincial chapter that was held."] + +The Order of St. Dominic has grown old in opposing the government for +many years. The Order of St. Francis has opposed it from the time of +the provincial chapter held by a commissary, Fray Juan de Gabiria, +an Observantine, in which he deprived the discalced fathers of all +the definitorships, elected Observantine provincial and guardians, +and removed the discalced provincial; and against the will of +your Majesty and your royal decrees tried to convert the discalced +fathers into Observantines, under the protection of Don Juan Cereco +Salamanca. Because he removed a guardian of Manila, Fray Jose Forte, +for causes which the ex-provincial ought to have discovered, this +order caused the greatest scandal in the community that has been seen +here. As it did not happen in my time, I am only obliged to inform +your Majesty of it, but not of the disorders committed. [_Decreed in +the margin_: "In the Council, December 12, 1637. That the secretary +request the commissary-general of the Indias to report what happened +in this matter. Let examination be made to discover whether there +are any papers or letters that concern this matter."] + +[_In the margin_: "The provincials of St. Francis, past and present, +are coming to relate what they have done."] + +I have decreed that the provincials, past and present, and the +commissary himself, go to report to your Majesty and to their superiors +what they have done; and your Majesty will there give orders as to +which they must be--discalced, as hitherto, or Observantines. [_Decreed +in the margin_: "See above. If these religious come, have this +section brought."] + +[_In the margin_: "That the Order of St. Augustine is in need of +reform; he mentions the causes for it."] + +The Order of St. Augustine--of the Recollects, in particular (although +they came here, Sire, to reform the others), it is seen and understood, +have as great need of reformation as the first--refused to obey his +Holiness or your Majesty's decrees. In regard to the alternation [21] +that the creoles asked, various remarks are made on this matter, and +the blame is cast on Don Juan Cereco de Salamanca. This order recognize +the injury and injustice that they are doing to the creoles, and they +know that I am not ignorant of any defects and imperfections, however +serious. They have recognized in me that I shall not distort justice +for anyone, and they have consequently composed themselves--quite +early desisting from counseling the archbishop as the others did, +and being reconciled, and returning to unite with the Order of the +Society, withdrawing from the union which they and the other orders had +formed against those fathers. Their present provincial is a discreet, +honorable, and upright man, so that the order is better regulated. The +most efficient remedy that your Majesty can adopt is, not to grant them +any more religious for eight years, or permission to them to travel; +for besides the fact that there are many of them here, and so many +do not die as are reported to your Majesty, last year there came +with your Majesty's permission sixteen or eighteen of the Order of +St. Augustine, and thus was spent by your Majesty as many thousands +of pesos. They brought still more, as many as twenty-eight--either +with the money that was left over (for your Majesty gives them +too large a sum), or with the money sent them by their order from +here. And, as they are contented with nothing, where one religious +formerly served there are now two or three; and where two served, +there are now four or five. I will tell your Majesty the troubles and +disadvantages arising from this condition of affairs: the first is, +to oppose the alcalde-mayor and your Majesty's justice in every way; +the second, to cause more instruction, so that your Majesty may spend +more in stipends, which they have obtained from the government, by +the requests and presents that they have made to my predecessors; +the third, to make greater slaves of the poor Indians by being +the merchants of their rice and cloth, taking by force from them, +at the price that they choose, whatever the Indians possess; and +fourth, when an assessment [_repartimiento_] of rice, linen, wine, +and other things is made for your Majesty's magazines, and for your +royal service, they offer opposition not only to the alcalde-mayor, +but also to the government, bewailing the poverty of the Indians--so +that the latter may have more left of which these religious can skin +and deprive them. These missionaries, Sire, do not undertake only the +teaching of the doctrines and the administration of the sacraments; +but they are attempting to rule everything. They tell the Indians, +publicly and privately, that there is no other king or pope than +themselves; and they make their fiscals give to an Indian, and even +to his wife, fifty lashes for any childish or foolish act. I shall be +satisfied if your Majesty's name has the fourth part of the sovereignty +and lordship that these fathers have among these Indians. Sometimes +they tell the alcaldes-mayor that their provincials in Manila, and +they in the missions, ought to be obeyed. The above and many other +lawless acts which I have discovered here among these orders have +made me disconsolate; and I confess to your Majesty that I would +serve you more willingly in any of your armies as a soldier than +here as governor. If your Majesty do not have the goodness to have +this effectively remedied, this colony will go to ruin, because +of the multitude of allied friars. The ecclesiastical cabildo and +the Society of Jesus recognize your Majesty as sovereign, and obey +you, and at the same time prove by all their actions their love for +your service--for all of which your Majesty can honor them and show +them favor, if you are so minded. [_Decreed in the margin_: "Let the +governor cause to be exactly observed, the alternation which does not +allow that there be more religious in any mission district than those +who shall be necessary for it according to the royal patronage. Let +the others occupy themselves in instruction and in preaching, for +which they were sent. Let no more religious be given them for the +period mentioned by the governor. If they are asked for, let a report +of this letter be made."] + +[_In the margin_: "That bishops should be sent to those islands who +are secular priests, but not friars, because of the troubles that +arise from their uniting with the orders and opposing the governor; +and he asks that the presiding archbishop be sent a coadjutor, as he +is now very old and incapacitated."] + +Most of the ministers of instruction think only of acquiring and +amassing money, in order thereby to solicit your Majesty in that +court to give them these bishoprics. Surely, your Majesty is not +well served thereby; and you should send a secular bishop, or at +least an archbishop, so that the religious should not unite with +him to oppose your Majesty's governors. And, if it please you, will +you send a coadjutor for Don Fray Hernando Guerrero, archbishop of +these islands, who is now so old that he is past eighty years of age, +and his hands and head shake. Leaving his lack of learning out of +the question, your Majesty can consider what the [ecclesiastical] +government will be by having peace. In order that your Majesty may +establish a thing so to your service, I will give that coadjutor two +thousand pesos annually from my own salary. If he should assume the +archbishopric during my term, I shall arrange so as to leave that +sum to him as an income, besides the four thousand pesos that the +archbishop receives--so that the two thousand may not be paid from +your Majesty's royal treasury, from your royal incomes, or from +those of your vassals. By that means the archbishopric will have +an income of more than six thousand pesos, and its incumbent can +get along excellently on that. Will your Majesty kindly send such +a coadjutor for the succor of these islands and the consolation and +protection of the clergy, from among the so many virtuous and erudite +and moral seculars in that royal court. Should such an archbishop +have a bishop _in partibus_, in order to go to confirm and to visit, +your Majesty can very well dispense with the three other bishops +of Cibu, Nueva Segovia, and Camarines, for they are in fact of but +little use and service in their bishoprics. [_Decreed in the margin_: +"Touching the matter that the archbishopric be given to a secular, +when that post falls vacant, let this section be referred to. In +regard to giving a coadjutor to the archbishop, have his letters +collected, and what other letters treat of his health, age, capacity, +and method of procedure. The secretary, Don Gabriel de Ocana y Alarcon, +shall make a secret investigation of what occurs in this matter. In +regard to the offer of the two thousand pesos which the governor +offers from his salary, no steps will be taken at present; but have +the governor notified to explain the means by which the sum that he +mentions can be obtained without detriment to the royal treasury or +to his Majesty's vassals, so that if it be a measure proper to adopt, +it may be carried out. In regard to abolishing those bishoprics, let +there be brought, for the better settlement of the matter, a report +of the data concerning their erection, their respective distances +[from Manila], and whatever else concerns this matter, and of what +shall be found in the secretary's office."] + +[_In the margin_: "That the orders of St. Dominic and St. Francis +have sent more religious than those granted to them."] + +The Order of St. Dominic having been granted sixteen religious by your +Majesty, at a cost of a like number of thousands of pesos, brought +twenty-six in all, at a cost of as many thousands of pesos. The Order +of St. Francis brought sixteen, although your Majesty granted them +twelve. Thus, Sire, your Majesty spent forty-eight thousand pesos +in bringing those seventy religious, and established nearly as many +rivals to your governor, in order that they might oppose him in +everything. The diocesan authorities of Camarines have given me a +memorandum, to the effect that in that bishopric alone six stipends +can be saved, and a like number of guardianias, as they are very +near one another, and two can be administered as one. The religious +do not deserve this, but, although there may be thirty Indians in one +district, and another district lies but one-half or three-quarters of +a legua away, they want another mission; and as I say, they are rarely +willing to live alone. Their prelates foster such ideas by saying that +the lax conduct of one is avoided by giving him an associate. Happy +would I count myself, Sire, if I could see myself at your Majesty's +feet, informing you of part of what takes place here, since I could +not do so entirely. [_Decreed in the margin_: "In regard to this +section and the following ones, let the governor be answered not to +consent to the erection of new missions that are not according to the +royal patronage; and let him try, with the consent of the archbishop, +to unite some with others. In those which shall be newly established, +he shall also endeavor to introduce secular clergy, if he find them +capable and sufficient. And whenever anyone shall again discuss the +question whether it is advisable to deprive the religious of the +missions and appoint seculars to them, reference shall be made to +this section."] + +[_In the margin_: "That the orders can obtain religious from those +in Mexico, or creoles, without going to so great expense as to convey +them from Espana."] + +It also appears that these orders can obtain religious from Mexico, +without causing so great expense to your Majesty's treasury--creoles, +or at least those who have gone thither from Espana, who are more +habituated to a hot climate, and will not enter suddenly so great a +change of climate as that of these islands; and even were there none +of this change, it would be well for them. Your Majesty ought also, +in justice, to favor the ecclesiastical estate, so that, if there are +benefices and missions, these may be given to it. For almost all such +are in the possession of the religious; and the seculars who are now +studying in the colleges, from whose number some very good candidates +graduate, have nothing to which to aspire. It is a shame that there +is nothing in which to occupy them. They do not cause any expense to +your Majesty in a journey hither, nor in their studies, and are more +easily reduced to reason; while the friar is one with his community, +and no one denies that the religious outside his convent would die as +a fish out of water. I entreat your Majesty to be pleased to believe +me that I do not inform you of all these things from hate, passion, +or ill-will; but only from my desire that your Majesty's service may be +uppermost. Your Majesty will never have a true report concerning these +islands, if your disinterested governors do not give it--for which +reason, since this country is so far away, no relief can he furnished +in matters that need it so greatly. For my part, I shall ever endeavor +to comply with the obligations under which your Majesty has placed me, +together with those which I have as a Christian, and those which I owe +to my lineage. I shall do my uttermost, and that will be something; but +if your Majesty will aid me by means of some ordinances and mandates, +there will remain nothing for me to do. May our Lord preserve your +Majesty's Catholic person, as is necessary to Christendom. Manila, +the last of June, 1636. Sire, your Majesty's vassal kisses your feet, + +Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera [22] + +[_Endorsed_: "Read and decreed within. December 12, 637."] + +Sire: + +The Order of St. Dominic and the other orders having so disturbed +me and the community with the affairs of the archbishop, Don Fray +Hernando Guerrero, as I have related to your Majesty in other letters, +Fray Diego Collado, who brought twenty-six religious of the said Order +of St. Dominic last year with your Majesty's order and permission, +presented to me certain letters from his general. He says that he +presented them in the royal Council of the Indias, who ordered that +these be returned to him, granting him the said permission to bring +the religious; although it appears that it was under the leadership +of another, the nephew of the said Fray Diego Collado, as the latter +was sick. I consulted as to the matter with the Audiencia, and with +other learned men. In accordance with their opinions (which I have +in writing), although I have no decree from your Majesty ordering me +to help him, I did aid him, at his petition, so that the provincial +of this province should obey the letters of his general. In those +letters the general orders, under penalty of major excommunication, +that the provincial should deliver the government of five houses and +one hospital of the Chinese to the said Fray Diego Collado, without +making any excuse or delay, so that he might form therewith a separate +congregation for the purpose of the propagation of the faith. [23] +Having, as I declare to your Majesty, consulted on and examined the +matter, and as this division cannot harm your Majesty or the royal +patronage, I deemed it advisable to grant him the aid in accordance +with the opinions aforesaid. Those fathers, therefore, divided into +two bodies, and the moods and restlessness in which they were keeping +the said archbishop subsided, and in fact have died away; and they +are allowing me to live and govern in peace. Until now, I have been +unable to have peace during these ten months, by whatever means I +have sought and striven. May God grant that it last, and that those +fathers content themselves with governing within their gates, and do +not endeavor to govern and manage your Majesty's governors--which +they attempted to do the second or third day after I was received +as such in these islands. One Fray Sebastian de Oquendo, a restless +and impudent friar, and extravagant in his speech, came to give me +his opinion, and to counsel me as to what persons were suitable for +alcaldes-mayor and captains of the districts where those religious +have their missions--praising some, and speaking evil of others; +and endeavoring to make me believe that what he told me was the only +thing that was advisable for your Majesty's service. He continued to +do that twice more within one week, until I asked him who had told +him that I needed his counsel and opinion to execute and carry out +your Majesty's service, which was in my charge. Thereupon, he talked +no more to me, but he has spoken evil things of the government in +the pulpit at various times--and so scandalously that it obliged the +Audiencia and its president to request his superior to cause him to +leave the city for a season, together with Fray Francisco de Paula, +another restless preacher, and a disturber of the peace and quiet and +of the minds of your Majesty's vassals. The superior refused to accede +to this request; accordingly, those fathers are always overbold and +impudent in the pulpits. Unless your Majesty have the goodness to +command that this be corrected, those of the province and those of +this new congregation will have recourse to your Majesty, in order +to lodge their complaints--those of the province declaring that your +Majesty's patronage is not being observed, and that the aid given +to Fray Diego de Collado is contrary to the royal patronage. This +is the first time that has been seen in these islands, that the +friars have defended the royal patronage, for they are through and +through opposed to the said royal patronage. If your Majesty would be +pleased to see it quite plainly, the royal patronage rules that the +provincials shall propose two or three persons as priors and guardians, +and that the government, representing your Majesty, shall appoint one +of these. By decrees sent to my predecessor, Don Juan Nino de Tabora, +in the year twenty-nine, your Majesty once more ordered that this be +ordained by your royal Council of the Indias. But, notwithstanding +what pertains to the patronage and what your Majesty orders, +the religious have refused to do this, or to obey you. They offer +certain cool excuses, and, although they see that that decree is +executed in Piru and Nueva Espana, they refuse to obey in anything +which pertains to the patronage, and which your Majesty orders by a +special decree, unless it suits them very well to obey it. And since +your Majesty has now sent an obedient governor, and one who does what +he is ordered, he is the most evil man in all the world; and they +parade him in their pulpits, attempting to ascertain and publish +what belongs to God alone alone--[asking] whether the continence +of the governor and his endeavor not to furnish a bad example, is +the virtue of chastity, or the fault of nature. These things, Sire, +are taught here in the pulpits by the Dominican friars. The guardian +of St. Francis said publicly in the pulpit of the cathedral church +(because the computer of accounts had presented an account against him) +that he would show a balance due against the king of Espana--talking +in this so discourteous manner of his natural lord, as if he were +English, French, or of any other nation; and charging your Majesty +with the fact that Fray Francisco Jimenez had gained Oran for you, +and that another Franciscan friar had quieted and pacified Nueva +Espana. From these things, he drew up results against your Majesty +in the pulpit. He said of the accountant, Juan Bautista de Cubiaga, +a Vizcayan (who is so well known that no one can be ignorant of his +birth, and of the great fidelity and disinterestedness with which +he serves your Majesty), that he was a Gascon devil, besides other +very insolent words--although the said friar is a Mallorcan or a +native of Cerdena [_i.e._, Sardinia], which one could presume to be +a more barbarous place than Espana. This is preached in the pulpits, +and is winked at; for these religious are exciting and stirring up +the community at any opportunity, and in order to avoid scandals, +the mildest course possible is being taken. These religious, Sire, +are very numerous, and must be trying to excite all these islands. They +show humility only when the hostile Indians go to sack their missions; +and then they come to ask for soldiers, and to set forth many things in +favor of the honor of God, and the service of your Majesty. For both, +with all humility I entreat your Majesty to be pleased to order these +excesses to be corrected, or to give me orders for what I am to do +in like cases. + +Will your Majesty command that the question be considered whether +it will suit your Majesty to order the approval of what has been +done, or to take such action as may be most expedient for your royal +service--on account of the advantages arising from the separation of +this Order of St. Dominic into two factions, and for that reason, +their becoming subject to your Majesty's orders. I shall obey you +with my breast to the earth, as I ought to do, and as I have done for +twenty-six years past. May our Lord preserve your Majesty's Catholic +person, as is necessary to Christendom. Manila, the last of June, +1636. Sire, your vassal kisses your Majesty's feet. + +Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera + + +Sire: + +Six months before my arrival here, the fathers of St. Francis had +held a chapter. It was illegal, without question. Fray Francisco de +Gabiria, an Observantine friar, came to them as visitor. He began his +commission and visit by depriving all the definitors of the province +of their offices, and appointed new definitors from the Observantine +friars and others who took the habit in this country and belong to +the Observantine faction. He continued [this course] by removing +the guardians and appointing others who belonged to his following, +until they had more than sufficient votes to hold a chapter. The +commissary-visitor took the opportunity to do all this, because the +legitimate definitors had deprived a friar, one Jose Fonte, of his +guardiania. That religious was guardian of the convent of Manila, and +a prime favorite of Don Juan Cereco, former governor _ad interim_. The +legal definitors deprived him of the guardiania. Upon the coming of +the father commissary, Fray Jose Fonte complained and requested his +guardiania, although the matter had no appeal. The said Don Juan Cereco +also lodged a complaint, because his favorite and adviser had been +deprived of his guardiania. The commissary, who saw that the occasion +was so opportune for his purposes, overrode the province and body of +definitors, and on account of the above, deprived the high officials +[of his order] of their offices. Sire, nothing is hidden from us in +this land. In this case, one might tell your Majesty many things, +but I shall relate only two. First, the father commissary offered to +the father provincial and his definitors one of the greatest insults +that have been known in your Majesty's kingdoms. For Fray Jose Fonte, +as is the general opinion of the community, is a rather free-and-easy +religious; and the reason why the father provincial deprived him +of his guardiania--although he had, as was true, the said Don Juan +Cereco so strongly on his side--was doubtless because his mode of life +and his government of the convent were such that he could under no +consideration be endured. Your Majesty can have no doubt of this, for +it is proved beyond question by the loud murmuring of the community +at the lack of devotion displayed by that religious. Therefore, +your Majesty will reflect whether the removal of a provincial and +the whole body of definitors, in order to reinstate this man, is an +affront worthy of consideration. Second, I assert that his chapter was +illegal, and that beyond question; for the father commissary-general, +Fray Francisco de Ocana, sent a very necessary letter of obedience +throughout the provinces of the Indias, which has, among its other +sections, one of the following tenor: + +"_Item_: We ordain that the fathers commissaries-general and the +fathers commissaries-visitors shall render sentences in the causes and +processes that shall be brought to trial [_i.e._, in the tribunals of +the order], one week before the provincial chapters; and on the actual +day of the chapter-meeting these shall be pronounced and made known, +in the manner generally used by the order--so that the matter may +be apparent to those members capable of voting who assemble from the +said province; and so that the electors in the chapter may enjoy the +liberty that is proper. Whatever shall be done in any other manner, +now and henceforth, we annul and revoke it." + +The father commissary-visitor sentenced and deprived of their offices +the father provincial and his definitors immediately, in the first +month of his visit, and five months before the week assigned by the +father commissary-general, Fray Francisco de Ocana. Therefore, since +the law is so clear, and in the Romance tongue, there is scant need +of lawyers to judge that the manner in which Father Gabiria performed +his commission is null and void. I was informed of these things, +upon my arrival at the islands, by fathers of all the orders as +well as by other persons of the city. I ordered the ex-provincial +to come privately and talk with me. I asked him why these orders +were issued and such things done, and promised to aid him in your +Majesty's name if he wished to demand his justice. He replied to me +that he saw that all things were in a very lamentable condition, +but that he did not dare plead anything; for very great scandals +would arise, and the superiors of his order would take it ill, and +severely punish those who had written and reported it Therefore, he +had resolved to be patient and to await their reply. The chief end +of all this [scheming] was the capitular election, and because the +father-commissary was trying to obtain the government of the province; +and although it was founded and continued by discalced friars, to make +it Observantine. Your Majesty has ordered that no Observantine friars +may come to this country, but that all who come be discalced. Beyond +question, it is not at all fitting for Observantines to come; for +so long as there shall be Observantine and discalced friars, there +can be no peace; and most serious troubles will result, both to the +order itself and to the natives under its charge. Will your Majesty +be pleased to order the father commissary-general to check these +proceedings, and to prevent these scandals which have occurred so +often among his friars; and that he obey your Majesty's decree not to +send Observantine friars. For, notwithstanding your Majesty's order, +they come here clad in the habit of discalced friars; and on their +arrival at the province, their sole aim is to turn it topsy-turvy. + +Thinking that the troubles of this order could be obviated, I requested +the provincial to send that friar, Fray Jose Fonte, to Terrenate to +take charge of your Majesty's hospital there (a post so honorable +that the provincial himself exercised it before being provincial)--in +order to get him away from here, and prevent the discalced religious +from being ill treated and from being afflicted in mind; and so that +the provincial could better discharge the duties of his government +and denounce the invalid acts that had been committed. Although I +told the provincial that it was advisable for your Majesty's service +to have that religious leave here, for which I would be answerable +to him, he refused to do so, excusing him as being a definitor. And +although I told the provincial that, since he could not obey what was +suggested to him in your Majesty's name as fitting to your service, +no other religious nor any supplies of his would go to Terrenate in +your Majesty's galleons, he gave himself no concern about it. Those +friars, as I have written your Majesty in other letters, do not +reckon themselves your vassals, and do not think that they have to +obey you as such. Consequently, it is advisable, as your Majesty can +do so, to have the matter examined, so that a suitable remedy may +be applied. May our Lord preserve your Majesty's Catholic person, +as is necessary to Christendom. Manila, the last of June, 1636. Sire, +your vassal kisses your Majesty's feet. + +Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera + +[_Endorsed_: "December 22, 637. Have the father commissary-general +investigate the points of this letter, and file what he reports with +the letters treating of this matter and the orders of the Council, +and take all to the fiscal." + +"The fiscal declares that the decrees and orders issued in regard to +this matter must, as was ordered by the Council, be filed with this +letter and the report of the father commissary-general. That done, +let it all be delivered to him, so that he may answer. Madrid, July +first, 638." + +"No other papers than those which are brought are found in the +secretary's office treating of this matter, or of what the governor +says." + +"The fiscal declares that the royal decrees and orders concerning +this matter should be commanded to be observed, and that the father +provincial of this order be commanded to apply the necessary correction +so that these scandals may cease, and that information must be given to +the Council of what shall be done--endeavoring to see to it that there +are no scandals or excesses, which are a great injury to souls. Madrid, +December 9, 1638." + +"December 10, 638. Let the decrees that have been issued regarding +this matter be observed. Write to the father commissary-general that +it is expected from his care and attention that he will so manage that +all things may have the desirable harmony and suitable regulation. He +shall advise the Council of what occurs, and of the information that +is expected. Write to the governor that he have all manner of care +in this matter, so that the harmony and quiet of those religious may +be attained."] + + +_Commerce_ + +[_In the margin_: "[He asks] that, in addition to the permission given +for the embarcation of cloth and silver, permission be given for two +hundred and fifty thousand pesos more; for if they are prevented +from sending more than the amount conceded, the royal treasury is +defrauded out of a great sum, through the smuggling that takes place."] + +Sire: + +Your Majesty's orders are not obeyed strictly in the Indias, either for +want of honest officials, or because your vassals would be ruined if +your orders were executed strictly and to the letter. One of the most +essential ordinances is that of the permission that your Majesty has +been pleased to give to your vassals of these Filipinas Islands for +[exporting] two hundred and fifty thousand pesos in cloth, and the +provision that the proceeds therefrom shall not amount to more than +five hundred thousand pesos of silver. It neither has been nor is +observed; for if the officials were strict in not allowing more to +be exported than your Majesty's ordinance states, then the merchants +would do it privately, and as they could find means, and outside +of the town; and there would be no remedy for it. The same takes +place at the return of the [investment in] silver; and after that +the truth could not be ascertained. This trouble can be obviated if +your Majesty would be pleased to grant the vassals of these islands +the favor to permit them to [send exports] of two hundred and fifty +thousand pesos more. For as the people are increasing in number, and +are becoming richer, they cannot be maintained, because of the very +heavy expenses that vanity causes, unless they can export a greater +quantity of merchandise than your Majesty has permitted them to. By +that means they cheat your royal duties, and also by not paying the +freight-charges in your galleons, although those payments are the +backbone of your Majesty's treasury. By those funds the said islands +are sustained, as are also the soldiers and sailors, and the galleons +and other ordinary expenses--a great sum. I petition your Majesty +to be pleased to have this matter examined in your royal Council; +and to order me to execute what is most fitting for your service, as +far as may be possible. But since I am but one man in this region, +I have no one to aid me, and I shall not be able to carry out my +wishes. Another means occurs to me, namely, for your Majesty to +be pleased to grant tacit permission to your governor that, for +all the goods exported over and above the amount permitted, he may +strike a bargain with the said inhabitants, and oblige them to pay +here all the duties and freight-charges that they would pay if such +cloth were registered. This measure has one great drawback--namely, +whether your Majesty can find vassals who will serve you as governors, +whose consciences are so well regulated that they will serve you as +is just. Therefore, Sire, I think it better, in order to obviate +so great a loss as your Majesty suffers in your royal treasury, +for you to be pleased to grant permission for the two hundred and +fifty thousand pesos, whether to ecclesiastics or to laymen; and to +order, under severe penalties of life or of loss of office in your +royal service, that it be executed or observed inviolate. Account +must also be rendered to your Majesty in this matter, in which there +is so much corruption in all the Indias and in these islands--with +flagrant violation of law, since it has obliged me to go in person +to perform the duty of a royal official by lading the vessels myself, +and not permitting any consignment outside the register. The governors +cannot always do that personally, because of the many occupations +and responsibilities imposed by government. In consequence, they +are forced to entrust it to your Majesty's vassals, on whom the +same penalties are laid and executed as are laid by your Majesty +on your said governors. I discharge my conscience, and am awaiting +the resolution that your Majesty may be pleased to take in this +matter. May our Lord preserve your Catholic person in its greatness, +as is necessary to Christendom. Manila, June last, one thousand six +hundred and thirty-six. Sire, your Majesty's vassal kisses your feet. + + +Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera + + +[_Endorsed_: "June 17, 1638. Let there be no innovation."] + + +_Chinese_ + +[_In the margin_: "He says that the pagan Indians pay annually, for the +general license given them, permitting them to live in those islands, +nine pesos less one real; and that they live in a place called the +Parian, from which they went out. And having brought them back to it, +they asked permission to go to live in other places; and it was given +them, by their paying ten pesos."] + +Sire: + +The heathen Chinese who live in these islands and come to trade with +the vassals of your Majesty, pay annually nine pesos less one real +for the general license which is given them for permission to live +in your Majesty's lands, and by way of recognition. They live in a +place which has been built for them near the Manila walls, called in +their language "the Parian." Many of them have gone to live outside +in the stock-farms and gardens of the inhabitants, and in other parts, +because of their convenience, without permission of the government. At +petition of the city, I ordered an edict to be issued, ordering +that all of these Chinese should return to live in their Parian, +and most of them did so. Afterward, they asked with many requests +and petitions to be allowed to return to live at their posts. That +favor was permitted them, on condition of the payment of ten pesos +two reals in place of the nine pesos less one real for their general +licenses, and, in addition to this, the half-annats for the favor--the +even ten pesos being for your Majesty's treasury, and the two reals +for the printing of the said licenses, and for the judge, notary, +chief constable, and other officials in the matter of the licenses, +who issue them and collect the silver, in which your Majesty has a +profit of nine reals from each one of those licenses. Those people +have no room in their own land; and when they come in their ships to +bring their merchandise to this city, many come who remain. In order +that that number may not increase so much, it is ordered that they +be returned in the same ships, after giving them the good usage and +treatment that is shown them at present. They are so contented that, +with but a message sent them by their alcalde-mayor [requesting] +that they aid his Majesty with [a grant of] four thousand pesos for +the erection of a bulwark which has been begun, to be built in the +port of Cavite, they gave that sum very willingly, without making any +opposition, and offered whatever else remained in their [communal] +fund. For these reasons and for others, especially for the favors +and kind treatment that are accorded them, I am obliged to petition +your Majesty to be pleased to grant me permission, so that, setting +before them skilfully and discreetly the necessities of your Majesty +for maintaining the fortifications of the port and of this city, +all the remainder of the said licenses may be paid at the rate +of ten pesos two reals apiece. This will increase your Majesty's +revenues by eighteen or twenty thousand pesos, and this additional +income will remain in your royal treasury. I will assure to your +Majesty, with the signatures of many theologians and the opinions +of learned jurists, your [peace of] conscience and mine; and also +by managing it with so much mildness that they themselves will ask +it. That has been done by the four or five thousand Chinese who now +pay it. By means of this aid and others which are being arranged, +I preserve the authority of your Majesty, and free your conscience; +and, provided that no one steals anything from your royal revenues, +the support of these islands will be arranged for, without any help +from Nueva Espana beyond the proceeds of the merchandise carried by +the galleons. But by following this plan I have no need of anything +else except that your Majesty be pleased to grant me permission to +do this. May our Lord preserve your Majesty's Catholic person, as is +necessary to Christendom. Manila, the last of June, one thousand six +hundred and thirty-six. Your vassal kisses your Majesty's feet. + + +Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera + + +[_Endorsed_: "The governor of Filipinas to his Majesty, June 30, +1636. Revenue matters. June 10, 1638." + +"Let this matter be looked up, and see whether anything has been +enacted concerning it; and take it to the fiscal, with whatever +notices there are concerning it." + +"Nothing has been enacted." + +"The fiscal declares that it is written in this letter that there are +four or five thousand Chinese who are now paying this duty, and that +it can be increased to eighteen or twenty thousand pesos of income, +while the additional sum that will be paid by each one will not amount +to more than nine reals. That cannot be, except by admitting into the +Filipinas Islands as many more thousand Chinese, as they say, as will +amount to pesos. That will be running great risk, as is well known, +especially in islands so remote and so sparsely settled. And if before, +when there were so few Chinese, so careful provisions were made to +have them remain shut up within their Parian, so that they could not +make any changes in the condition of those islands, one would think +that not without danger can this be changed, with the people who come +in the ships, which they are commencing to do there. Besides that, +to raise the impost on his own authority, without having informed +the Council thereof until after it was executed, is a matter that +furnishes a very bad example; and since the amount concerned is so +small as thirty-six thousand reals (at nine reals apiece, on the +four thousand pesos [_sic; sc._ Chinese] who he says are there), +it is not desirable to risk for that sum the government--which, it +has been found by experience, is without danger--and to expose it to +the possibility of danger. Therefore he petitions that it be ordered +that no innovation be made. Madrid, June 30, 1638." + +"July 28, 1638. Have the governor informed that, considering all +the circumstances that he sets forth in his letter, the measure +for benefiting the imposts for the royal treasury does not appear +improper; but that it will be necessary to consider very carefully +how this increase of duties may be attempted and obtained. For in +order to obtain that increase we cannot risk the commerce, which +must be considered with the coming of the Chinese, as it conduces to +the benefit of those islands; nor also the security of the country, +if their numbers be greatly multiplied. For it seems that this will +be necessary, if the money were to increase to so great a sum as +he mentions. Have the matter entrusted to the governor himself and +to the Audiencia, so that, after weighing the advantages of this +measure with the advantages which might occur in its execution, +and considering all the above, the decision which shall be most to +his Majesty's service and that of his royal Audiencia may be made; +and that they shall report whatever they do to the Council. Have the +Audiencia notified to the same effect."] + + +Sire: + +A communal fund was established in the Parian or alcaiceria of the +Chinese, who are called Sangleys, in the time of Don Alonso Faxardo +de Tenca, and with your approbation given April 8, 1622. Each +Sangley pays into it three tostons annually, in two payments. The +ministers of justice of the said Parian are paid from that fund, +as are those who live there to administer the holy sacraments, in +case that some [of the Sangleys] are converted--namely, two fathers +of St. Dominic. That fund also takes care of the works that your +Majesty needs; and the requisite sum is furnished from it for the +payment of the laborers, so that they may go willingly, and so that +no other assessment need be made. With the consent of the Sangleys, +Don Juan Nino de Tabora assigned from this communal fund a salary for +a minister to administer the holy sacraments to the Chinese living in +the town of Santa Cruz, on the other side of the river, which is in +charge of the fathers of the Society of Jesus; for the said Don Juan +Nino deemed that necessary. But at his death, and when an attempt was +made to collect that stipend belonging to the minister of Santa Cruz, +the fathers of St. Dominic refused to pay it, but on the contrary +went to law about it with him. And as if they were a party in this, +they brought a very strenuous suit against him, before my predecessor, +Don Juan Cereco Salamanca, who gave sentence in favor of the fathers +of the Society. That sentence was appealed to the royal Audiencia, +and although Don Juan Cereso judged, and rightly, that there was in +this matter no appeal to the Audiencia, as it was purely a point of +government, he did not dare to prevent the appeal, but allowed it +to pass. Upon my arrival at this island, I found this suit in the +stage of petition; and, esteeming it to belong to the government, +I suspended the suit, and ordered that the sentence and decree of +Don Juan Nino de Tabora be carried out. The fathers of St. Dominic +were angry at that, but surely without any reason, as it was none +of their business--although they had so possessed themselves of +the communal fund of the Parian, and so controlled it, that in the +fourteen years since it was established, they have used it to get +more than one hundred thousand pesos from it for matters peculiar +to their order. That has been an excess and irregularity that the +governors should not have allowed, as is apparent from the accounts +which I ordered the accountant Juan Bautista de Cubiaga to audit on +this occasion. The Sangleys of Santa Cruz and of the jurisdiction +of Tondo, seeing how small was the benefit that they derived from +the communal fund of the Parian, and that it was converted only +to the welfare of the Sangleys of the Parian and of the fathers of +St. Dominic, petitioned me to be allowed to have a separate communal +fund in Tondo. Considering that they were asking for justice, for Don +Alonso Faxardo, who established the said fund, declared May 4, 1622, +that whenever the said Sangleys thought that they could not endure +the said fund, and whenever they should oppose it and petition that it +be not continued or kept up, it would be proper to have it cease--in +conformity with that, I, seeing that a number of the Sangleys of the +villages of Santa Cruz and Tondo were opposing (and rightfully, as +the fund of the Parian was of no use to them) the payment by them, +as by the others, of three tostons annually for each person, and +that they were asking for a separate fund for Tondo, which should +be entrusted to the alcalde-mayor, I granted it to them. I was also +influenced by the service which the Sangleys of Santa Cruz offered +to perform for your Majesty, as I shall immediately relate--namely, +that the alcalde-mayor of Tondo should be paid from this fund, and +thus the salary paid him from the royal treasury would be saved; +while in the works that offered, your Majesty would be better served +by having two communal funds--one in the Parian, and the other in +Tondo. Therefore will your Majesty be pleased to confirm this action +accordingly, for it is beneficial to the royal treasury. May our +Lord preserve the Catholic person of your Majesty, as is necessary +to Christendom. Manila, the last of June, 1636. Your vassal kisses +your Majesty's feet. + +Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera + +[_Endorsed:_ "Manila. Government matters. 1636." + +"June ten, six hundred and thirty-eight." + +"Ascertain whether anything has been written about this matter by +the previous governors, and take it to the fiscal to be examined, +together with what advices there are concerning this." + +"It does not appear that the governors have written anything about +this." + +"The fiscal declares that since there are interested parties in this +separation of the communal fund (namely, the Chinese of the Parian +and those of Tondo), and since there is a suit pending between the +two orders of St. Dominic and the Society, he cannot decide upon this +matter until the parties have been heard in court, and the dispute +between them settled according to law, especially if the facts are +not evident by other authentic papers in this case which justify it, +besides only this letter of the governor. Consequently, he opposes +the approval that is requested, until he can examine in greater detail +the things mentioned here by a more thorough knowledge of the cause, +after the parties have been cited in court. Madrid, June 30, 1638." + +"July 24, 638. The new governor who shall go [to the islands] shall, +together with the Audiencia, investigate the matter."] + +[_In the margin:_ "He proposes names for protector of the Chinese; +and in the meantime, Doctor Luis Arias de Mora is appointed, to whom +are assigned two hundred pesos in addition to the eight hundred that +he receives as a salary, so that he may exercise his duties as the +archbishop's counselor jointly with this office."] + + +Sire: + +Your Majesty has ordered that your fiscal shall not be protector of +the Chinese who live near the city, and that six persons be proposed +so that your Majesty may choose according to your pleasure. All the +time while I have been in this government, the said Chinese have been +without a protector. Thus I have had the care and task of administering +justice to them; and, although they have an alcalde-mayor, they +are satisfied only with what rulings the government makes. This +royal Audiencia has only three advocates--or four, counting Doctor +Ledo, who is at present serving as your Majesty's fiscal. I have +appointed Doctor Luis Arias de Mora, who is the senior, and a person +of excellent abilities, to attend to this matter until your Majesty +shall order otherwise. Licentiate Nicolas Antonio de Omana is also a +good person, as is Licentiate Manuel Suarez de Olibera, who is serving +as auditor-general and my assessor. I have assigned two hundred pesos +additional salary to the eight hundred of the protectorship to Don +Luis Arias de Mora; for, in addition to exercising this office, he is +the archbishop's counselor. Therefore he despatches and performs what +pertains to him in ecclesiastical matters, without meddling with the +royal patronage and jurisdiction of your Majesty, as the archbishop has +tried to do hitherto. By that means I think that the archbishop will +be quiet, and we shall be able to live in peace. Doctor Luis Arias is +a person who merits honor from your Majesty by giving him this charge, +in which he will be excellently employed. May our Lord preserve your +Majesty's Catholic person, as is necessary to Christendom. Manila, +the last of June, 1636. Sire, your vassal kisses your Majesty's feet. + +Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera + +[_Endorsed:_ "January 8, 637. Have him notified to observe the +ordinance of November 22, 636, so that he may avoid new expenses of +the treasury, and that no more salary be given than what is ordered."] + + +_Encomiendas_ + +Sire: + +Your Majesty has ordered that when persons who have been given +encomiendas, and who have served in the islands, leave them, their +encomiendas fall vacant, in order that they may be given to the most +deserving who remain. Some persons have been able to negotiate and to +obtain from your Majesty the favor and grace of being able to enjoy +them for ten years, even though they live in Nueva Espana. Such are +the adelantado Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, whose services and those +of his father well deserve that honor and reward from your Majesty; +also Don Fernando de Silva, of the Order of Santiago, who, because of +the death of Don Alonso Faxardo, governed these islands with general +approbation, and has served your Majesty for many years in the States +of Flandes with the same approbation. Besides these, there are three +others to whom your Majesty has granted the same favor, namely: Don +Andres Perez Franco, who, although he has served for many years, and +well, in the States of Flandes and in these islands, as he occupied +good positions, took away from them one hundred thousand pesos, +which is sufficient pay and remuneration for a soldier; besides that, +the marquis of Cerralbo has given him a post in Nueva Espana in the +castle and government of Vera Cruz. There are two other encomenderos: +Don Fernando Centeno, who also took one hundred and fifty thousand +pesos from here, and who also has been occupied and busied in the best +posts of Nueva Espana by the same viceroy; and Esteban de Alcacar, +who took two hundred thousand pesos from here, to whom your Majesty +had granted, as a reward, the government of Terrenate, but which he +refused. As regards the services of Don Fernando Centeno, the soldiers +speak of him with but scant respect. He was condemned to lose his head, +for having refused to fight under Don Geronimo de Silva, on an occasion +when they let the Dutch enemy escape, although the Spaniards could have +punished their boldness; and also on other occasions, it is said that +they did not proceed as honorable soldiers. I cannot attest to your +Majesty what I have not seen, but the above is his reputation here. But +granting that, and that one is occupied and the other does not admit +of so honorable a post, it renders those who have served well, and are +here at present, very disconsolate to see the former rewarded and very +rich, and the latter poor and with no reward. And determining to inform +your Majesty of all these reasons, and obeying the general decree by +which no one may enjoy an encomienda if he leave these islands, and +another special decree issued very recently, in which your Majesty +is pleased to order some of the largest encomiendas to be assigned +to the royal treasury, in order to give the religious the wine and +oil which you have been pleased to grant them as a favor, so that +it may not be necessary to take it from your royal treasury as has +been done hitherto--I gave orders to the royal officials to place the +proceeds of the three said encomiendas in the royal treasury, until, +after your Majesty were informed of all the reasons which I present +from here, you might order what is most advisable and is your pleasure. + +I petition your Majesty to be pleased to order that these consequences +be not allowed; for with them, all those who should have ordinary +favor with the viceroys of Nueva Espana, will take measures to obtain +rewards there, seeking to enjoy at the same time those grants which +they have here also in encomiendas, and will solicit that favor +from your Majesty through third persons. This is to the injury and +disappointment of those who remain here, as I say above; and others +will not be encouraged to come here, when they see beforehand the great +troubles that they will undergo before they can merit and obtain some +[reward] for living in so uncertain a country. + +Some of the encomiendas here are very large, having incomes of from +one to four thousand pesos. If your Majesty be pleased to give me +permission, so that they may be reduced to five hundred pesos, by +dividing these among those who best deserve them, and are poorest, all +will be rewarded and paid; and there will be much to give, and also +to place in your Majesty's royal treasury. The services [rendered] +in these regions, Sire, are not so arduous that this should not be a +good and sufficient reward, although those who are from Flandes know +better how to exaggerate them. I shall await your Majesty's order, +for I have not learned in so many years aught else than to obey. May +our Lord preserve your Majesty's Catholic person, as is necessary to +Christendom. Manila, the last of June, 1636. Your vassal kisses your +Majesty's feet. + +Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera + + +_Administrative and financial_ + +Sire: + +Your Majesty has conceded to your viceroys of Nueva Espana authority, +in the case of deaths and vacancies in this government, to send +commissions to those who are to have charge of military matters; +and until the arrival of the regularly-appointed governor you order +them to send another governor from Mexico. That has been done twice +by the marquis de Cerralbo--once with Don Fernando de Silva, of the +Habit of Santiago, because of the death of Don Alonso Faxardo; and +[the other time] with Don Juan Cerezo de Salamanca, because of the +death of Don Juan Nino de Tabora. Your Majesty is greatly disserved in +all of the things that I shall now mention. First, when the Audiencia +was governing the [royal] estate, your Majesty's royal treasury was +pledged to more than eighty or one hundred thousand pesos, which they +obtained by a forced loan from the inhabitants, by placing soldiers +of the guard in their houses, quartering these on them until they lent +this money; and the officials spent the money in paying warrants that +were ordered to be issued to please the soldiers and sailors. It has +been the custom to order those warrants to be despatched so that they +might be paid when there should be any money. + +As for those poor men, they have not been paid in one, three, ten, +or fifteen years. They sell their warrants during such times for +the fourth, fifth, or sixth part of their face value; and many have +been paid at one hundred pesos for one thousand. The warrants are +bought by the servants of the auditors, royal officials, governors, +and other ministers, and to them is paid the face value. Thus the +poor soldiers are so unjustly dispossessed of [the rewards for] their +hardships; and on this account is your Majesty's royal treasury so +pledged. In the term of Don Juan Cerezo de Salamanca, more than one +hundred thousand odd pesos had been paid in this kind of warrants. Your +Majesty having issued a decree, in the time of Don Juan Nino de Tabora, +ordering such warrants to be paid at the third of their face value, +he began to do so one year with twelve thousand pesos, that he set +apart for that purpose. The said Don Juan Cerezo did not pursue the +custom, as he declared that the said Don Juan Nino had exceeded +the bounds in the execution of your Majesty's decree. Although +this charge was brought against him in the residencia, it was not +proved that he had actually paid that sum during his term. It is, +however, clear to me, outside of judgment, that his own secretary, +while he was judge and collector of the licenses of the Sangleys, who +should have deposited that money in your Majesty's royal treasury, +deposited a great sum of it in this kind of warrants; and so that +it might not be proved judicially, the owners went to receive the +money from the royal officials; and while they were there, and almost +before their eyes, the said secretary again took it. And perhaps it +happened that a soldier, having collected it, would say that he did +not wish to return it, whereupon the secretary would give ten pesos +for the transaction, and thus obtained his purpose. Although I was so +sure and convinced of this truth, nevertheless, as it was not proved +entirely in the residencia, I did not wish to render sentence on +this point, but instead to send it to your Majesty's royal Council; +for I confess, Sire, that if I had committed that outrage, as I have +investigated it, I would be of the opinion that your Majesty would +not be fulfilling your duty, as a just king, if you did not order +me to be beheaded. After my arrival at these islands, I immediately +set about executing your Majesty's decrees. I ordered, by an act, +that all those persons to whom your Majesty owed money should come +to ask the third of it, the other two-thirds being commuted, so that +they could ask it at no future time. All have done it and up to date +we have paid in warrants of this kind the amount that your Majesty, +if so inclined, can have examined from the enclosed certification, as +well as what we have saved from the two-thirds that have been commuted. + +Returning, Sire, to the trouble that arises from having the persons +whom the viceroy sends from Mexico in your Majesty's name to govern _ad +interim_, there is no one who does not take back one or two hundred +thousand pesos, as agents for the said inhabitants of Mexico. That +is very much to the damage and prejudice of this city, for how can +the goods of the inhabitants here go, and how can they make any +profit on them, if the goods of those Mexicans, which are carried +under charge of the commander and almirante and the other officials +(the creatures of the governor), are to be sold first? And since +those governors only come for one or two years, they do not exercise +justice, correct disorder, preserve the authority and jurisdiction +of your Majesty, or undertake any other thing than living in peace; +being the protectors of all, and good merchants, in order to return +very rich; complaining loudly of the hardships that they experienced +in coming to serve your Majesty; boasting of the many risks to their +lives, and the many expenses paid from their own property; and giving +the ignorant crowd to understand that your Majesty is under great +obligations to them. All this, Sire, will cease, if your Majesty +will send six gentlemen of thoroughly good abilities, soldiers of +Flandes, to act as substitutes and who shall have commissions for +the future succession to the government, through the death or absence +[of the governor]. Such men can bring their commissions, sealed, from +your Majesty, and should not come from Mexico. They can be employed +here as follows: the first in the fort of this city; the second in +that of Cavite, and in the government of the said port; the third +in Terrenate; the fourth in the island of Hermosa; the fifth in the +office of master-of-camp; the sixth as commander of the artillery, +in the office of sargento-mayor, and as governor and chief justice +of the Parian, or alcalde-mayor of Tondo. Encomiendas could be given +to all of them, as these fall vacant, if they prove to render the +services and possess the qualities that are requisite; and they could +be changed about in these offices, whenever advisable, so that they +might become experienced in the [various] departments. Whenever one +of these should assume the government because of the death of the +regularly-appointed governor, such should receive the same pay as he; +and, if during his absence, that which he should be receiving. I bind +myself to provide for all of them, so that they may be contented. I +entreat your Majesty to make this resolution, for it is expedient +for your royal service. All who should come should be knights of +the military orders; so that both the vassals who have rendered +homage, and the heathen and other inhabitants, may learn respect and +veneration for the persons whom your Majesty assigns to succeed in +the government. Your Majesty has many vassals who are soldiers, of the +above excellences and qualifications, who would come very willingly if +they were given such positions and hopes. If that happens in my time, +they will be so well established that many who have served your Majesty +well would desire it. The extraordinary expenses incurred by the royal +Audiencia and the greed for the wealth of Mexico will be avoided; +and the greed of both must oblige them to be honest and to govern well. + +When the residencia is taken from the governors they give it as if +they had been imitating Moses or Joshua in their government. For as +nearly all the citizens of these islands have come from Nueva Espana to +serve for reasons of justice; and as there are others who do not wish +that the present governor should note them as men who swear against +the past governor, as he would think that they will do the same with +him at his residencia; or so that the governor might not complain of +them as having evil tongues; to tell the truth here is a great sin. No +one is willing that the governor, when his residencia is taken, should +impute any fault to him, or obtain any testimony as to the reason why +he came here as an exile. Many other disadvantages arise, that cannot +be written. In short, Sire, most people swear falsely; and those who +do not, hide themselves, or retire in order not to testify. There are +theologians who counsel them that they may deny the truth under oath, +in order not to do wrong. This condition ought to be closely examined, +and would be remedied by those commissions. Such persons should come +from Madrid, and the persons who have to govern should live here. + +I petition your Majesty to be pleased to have this matter examined +in your royal Council, for it is very important for your service. I +discharge my conscience of what is in my care, by advising your Majesty +of it. May our Lord preserve your Catholic person, as is necessary +to Christendom. Manila, the last of June, one thousand six hundred +and thirty-six. Your vassal kisses the feet of your Majesty. + +Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera + + +Manila, April 11, 1636. Juan Bautista de Cubiaga, auditor of accounts +and results [_resultas_] of these islands, in whose possession are +the pay-checks of the general accounts of the royal treasury, shall +certify at the foot of this decree the sum of pesos that have been +paid from the royal treasury from the first of July, six hundred +and thirty-five, to the last of June, six hundred and thirty-six, +to various persons for pay-checks that the royal treasury owes them +as pay for serving your Majesty, and for other reasons, by virtue of +my decrees regarding the one-third, the owners voluntarily commuting +to his Majesty the other two-thirds, in consideration of the needs +and debt of the royal estate in these said islands. The certification +shall be set forth in detail with the greatest clearness, together with +the amount of the two-thirds of which a gift is made to his Majesty. + + +Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera +Francisco de Ortega + + +In fulfilment of the above decree of Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera +y Mendoza, governor and captain-general of these Filipinas Islands, +and president of the royal Audiencia herein, I, Juan Bautista de +Cubiaga, auditor of accounts and results of the royal treasury in the +islands, certify that among the original pay-checks for credits on +the general accounts of the royal treasury for the year one thousand +six hundred and thirty-five, when the treasury was in charge of the +royal official judges--namely, the accountant, Martin Ruiz de Salazar; +the factor, Ynigo de Villarreal; and the treasurer, Don Baltasar +Ruiz de Escalona--there appear those which will be stated here below, +as having been paid to various persons to whom the royal estate owed +them, as pay and daily wages, for services performed for his Majesty +in various posts of sea, war, etc. [These were paid] up to one-third +of their face value, by virtue of the decrees of the said governor--the +other two-thirds having been given voluntarily, as a favor and proof of +devotion to his Majesty, because of the obligations that were resting +upon his royal treasury in these islands, as appears by the memoranda +that each person presented, asking that they be paid in this manner, +as is set down as in the said pay-checks. Those paid, their numbers +in the files [_legajos_] of each department, together with the names +of each person, the amount of the principal which was owing them, +that of the third which was paid them, and that of the two-thirds +which was commuted, are as follows: + +[A marginal note reads as follows: "Certification of the auditor of +accounts that the two-thirds commuted by the owners of the pay-checks, +amount to + + pesos tomins granos + + 4,295 0 6 + 9,923 2 5 + 12,523 5 3 + 4,912 1 1 + 3,095 1 6 + ------ -- -- + 34,150 1 9"] + + + +Factory Department [24] + + +Number Amount Due to Amount Amount +of pay- of pay- paid commuted +check check + + P t g P t g P t g + +35 56 1 11 Juan Talag, an Indian 14 5 11 31 3 0 +36 32 0 0 Juan Talag, an Indian 10 5 4 21 2 8 +3[7] 12 5 4 Juan Talag, an Indian 4 1 9 8 3 1 +38 56 0 0 Juan Talag, an Indian 18 5 4 31 2 8 +39 131 3 5 Juan Talag, an Indian 45 6 5 91 5 0 +41 423 2 8 7 Indians 141 11 11 423 2 8 [sic] +45 336 0 0 9 Indians 112 0 0 224 0 0 +51 414 4 1[sic] Pablo de la Oliva + (paid one-half) 231 2 0 231 2 0 +57 340 2 4 Don Juan Sarapi 113 3 5 226 6 11 +62 33 5 2 Cintay, a Sangley 11 1 11 22 4 0 + ----------- + 1,330 0 6 + + + +Pay of the Infantry of Manila + +Number Amount Due to Amount Amount +of pay- of pay- paid commuted +check check + + P t g P t g P t g + + 76 149 7 3 Alferez Andres de Aguiar 49 7 9 99 7 6 + 77 280 5 9 Simon Sanchez 93 4 7 187 1 2 + 78 117 5 9 Juan de Mendoza 39 1 11 78 3 10 + 79 316 5 3 Domingo de Herrera 105 4 5 211 0 10 + 80 224 6 4 Alfonso Rosario 74 7 5 149 6 11 + 81 257 0 5 Antonio Gonzalez 85 5 5 171 3 0 + 82 370 0 0 Antonio Gonzalez 123 2 8 246 5 4 + 84 373 5 2 Antonio Gomez 124 4 4 249 0 10 + 88 219 0 9 Alferez Luis de Villarreal 73 0 3 146 0 6 + 89 129 2 5 Bartolome Martin 64 0 9 128 1 8 + 90 292 6 4 Juan de Orgaz 97 4 9 195 1 7 + 91 96 0 8 Pedro Ponce 32 0 2 64 0 6 + 92 280 3 0 Juan Gomez Flores 93 3 8 186 7 4 + 96 77 3 1 Juan Navarro 25 6 4 51 4 9 + 97 43 3 0 Francisco Rodriguez Caballos 15 6 4 31 4 8 + 98 70 0 10 Manuel Vicente 23 2 7 46 6 3 +103 360 0 10 Juan Martin Roldan 320 7 4 39 0 9 +108 72 2 4 Juan Galo 24 0 9 48 1 7 +115 48 6 11 Fray Francisco Mexias 16 2 3 32 4 8 +116 35 0 0 Jose Perez de Nava 11 5 4 23 2 8 +118 263 6 1 Jeronimo Enriquez 87 7 4 175 6 9 +120 435 0 8 Captain Juan Ruiz Barrientos 145 0 2 290 0 6 +124 167 4 10 Julio Alonso 55 6 11 111 5 11 + + Said pay of the Infantry of Manila R[esult?] 4,295 0 6 + +126 505 1 8 Francisco de Leixas 168 3 2 336 6 6 +136 294 7 4 Don Juan Dolosit 98 2 5 196 4 11 +138 221 4 2 Captain Pedro de la Mata 73 6 8 147 5 6 + + + +Pay of the Infantry of Maluco + +Number Amount Due to Amount Amount +of pay- of pay- paid commuted +check check + + P t g P t g P t g + + 110 206 5 8 Alferez Juan de Montalvo 68 7 2 137 6 6 + 111 593 3 8 Alferez Juan Palomo Holgado 197 6 6 395 5 2 + 112 136 4 2 Alferez Juan de Santiago 45 0 4 91 0 2 + 114 396 2 0 Alferez Diego Nabon, a Pampango 132 0 8 264 1 4 + 115 200 0 0 Captain Juan de Mora 66 5 4 133 2 8 + 116 112 0 0 Geronimo de Atienca 37 2 8 74 5 4 + 117 510 0 0 Alferez Alonso Rosario Tenorio 170 0 0 340 0 0 + 118 184 0 3 Alferez Pedro Melendez Marques 61 2 9 122 5 6 + 119 1,535 0 0 Captain Alonso Serrano 511 4 0 1,023 4 0 + 120 1,663 0 0 Captain Don Esteban de Comosa + y Losada 554 2 8 1,708 5 4 + 121 193 3 3 Captain Don Alonso de Duenas 64 3 9 128 7 6 + 122 1,222 4 0 Captain Don Juan Garcia 407 4 0 815 0 0 + 123 110 4 4 Alonso Umali 36 6 9 73 5 7 + 124 54 6 11 Alferez Pablo Garcia 18 2 3 36 4 8 + 125 354 2 9 Alferez Baltazar de Reyes 118 11 0 236 1 10 + 126 209 0 0 Captain Rodrigo de Cossa 69 5 4 139 2 8 + 127 100 2 5 Sisto Ruiz 33 3 5 66 7 0 + 129 212 5 9 Alferez Martin Lasangan 70 7 1 141 6 8 + 131 158 7 1 Alferez Pablo Lili 52 7 8 105 7 5 + 132 217 5 4 Alferez Pablo Malanson 72 4 5 145 0 11 + 133 679 0 11 Alferez Alonso Rosario 226 2 11 452 6 0 + 134 313 4 10 Alonso Maigal 104 4 3 209 0 7 + 135 51 5 1 Agustin Ansay 17 1 8 34 3 5 + 136 189 2 7 Lucas Cavasag 63 0 10 126 1 9 + 137 329 4 4 Francisco Dumagui 109 6 8 219 5 5 + 138 553 2 7 Alferez Cristobal Jaron 184 4 2 368 6 5 + 139 348 0 0 Sergeant Nicolas Ciap 116 0 2 232 0 5 + 140 303 3 4 Alonso Mangohat 101 1 1 202 2 3 + 141 397 6 7 Alferez Juan Tubil 132 4 10 265 1 9 + 142 388 6 2 Miguel Cabalit 129 5 4 259 0 10 + 143 452 7 6 Alferez Diego Pilata 150 7 10 301 7 8 + 144 848 5 1 Alferez Agustin Lalung 282 7 0 848 5 1 [sic] + 145 211 3 6 Andres Naguit 70 3 10 140 7 8 + 146 400 0 0 Diego Ruiz Galazzo 133 2 8 266 5 4 + 147 622 5 3 Don Gaspar Dugui 207 4 5 415 0 10 + 148 203 0 0 Don Nicolas Manuel 67 5 4 135 2 8 + 149 694 6 2 Andres Balu, a Pampango 231 4 8 463 1 6 + 150 250 3 1 Mateo Bela 83 3 8 166 7 5 + 151 1,575 0 11 Juan Tambing 525 1 3 1,050 0 0 + 152 318 2 6 Ygnacio Maudain 106 0 10 212 1 8 + 153 300 1 9 Juan de Vergara 100 0 7 200 1 2 + 155 100 0 0 Francisco de Linares 33 2 8 66 5 4 + 156 100 0 11 Juan Lauglaug 33 2 11 66 6 0 + 157 141 0 7 Agustin Niri 47 0 2 94 0 5 + 158 44 0 10 Pedro Benguit 14 5 10 29 3 0 + 159 390 4 4 Agustin Tauding 130 1 5 260 2 11 + 160 58 1 9 Pedro de Mora Salcedo 19 3 3 38 6 6 + 168 393 2 1 Miguel Suboc 131 0 8 262 1 5 + 177 1,004 6 1 Captain Juan Campal 334 7 4 669 6 9 + 178 1,494 4 5 Captain Diego Bosog 498 1 5 996 3 0 + 189 783 6 0 Francisco Quico 261 2 0 522 4 0 + 180 219 0 6 Don Nicolas Banguit 73 0 2 146 0 4 + 181 115 3 6 Don Lucas Lapor 38 3 10 76 7 8 + 182 2,061 6 4 Don Marcos Puyat 687 2 1 1,374 4 3 + 184 152 2 3 Captain Lazaro de Torres 50 6 1 101 4 2 + 185 254 0 10 Nicolas Rosario 84 5 10 163 3 0 + 186 47 5 5 Don Angel Manalit 15 7 1 31 6 4 + 187 547 5 1 Alferez Agustin Banal 182 4 4 365 0 9 + 188 384 3 11 Juan Pay, a Pampango 128 1 0 253 2 1 + 189 155 2 7 Francisco de Mendoza 51 6 2 103 4 5 + 190 648 6 11 Lorenzo Soler 216 2 3 432 4 8 + 191 176 3 9 Bernabe de Aguiar 58 6 7 117 5 2 + 192 648 4 9 Matheo de Vila 216 1 7 432 3 2 + 193 319 0 1 Antonio Viscayno 106 2 8 212 5 5 + 194 171 0 4 Simon Ronquilo 57 0 1 114 0 3 + 195 399 3 8 Alferez Damian Dalisay 133 1 2 266 2 6 + 199 920 4 6 Captain Juan Gonzalez Melon 306 6 10 613 5 8 + 200 414 5 3 Domingo Mangonay 138 1 9 276 3 6 + + + +_Ordinary Salaries_ + +Number Amount Due to Amount Amount +of pay- of pay- paid commuted +check check + + P t g P t g P t g + + 59 569 6 10 Juan de Olea 189 7 7 379 7 3 + 60 1,019 1 3 Domingo Guimarano 339 5 9 679 3 6 + 90 66 7 10 Captain Cristobal Franco 22 2 7 44 5 3 + 91 622 7 8 Jorge Fernandez Grella 207 5 2 415 2 6 + + + +_Department of Day Wages_ + +Number Amount Due to Amount Amount +of pay- of pay- paid commuted +check check + + P t g P t g P t g + + 33 175 6 0 Cristobal Ramas, calker 58 4 8 117 1 4 + 36 2,033 7 2 The natives of La Hermita 677 7 8 1,355 7 6 + 44 118 5 6 Julian de Norona 38 1 10 76 3 6 + 45 505 2 2 Julian de Norona 168 3 4 336 6 10 + + + +_Extraordinary_ + +Number Amount Due to Amount Amount +of pay- of pay- paid commuted +check check + + P t g P t g P t g + + 16 666 5 4 The Indians of the village + of Taguin 222 1 9 444 3 7 + 17 500 4 0 The Society of Jesus 166 6 8 333 5 4 + + + +_Sea of Manila and Maluco_ + +Number Amount Due to Amount Amount +of pay- of pay- paid commuted +check check + + P t g P t g P t g + + 51 199 4 11 Mateo Mejias 66 4 0 133 0 11 + 52 476 2 8 Some Indians 158 6 2 317 4 6 + 54 339 4 10 Francisco de Esquivel 113 1 7 226 3 3 + 57 67 0 4 Four Indians 22 2 9 44 5 7 + 58 111 0 0 Juan Flores Merino 37 0 0 74 0 0 + 63 201 6 2 Sebastian Salvador 67 2 0 134 4 2 + 66 536 7 10 Jacinto Col 178 7 11 357 7 11 + 68 617 4 8 Pedro Nunez 205 6 10 411 5 10 + 74 233 7 0 Domingo Macabata 77 7 8 155 7 4 + + + +_Salaries of Alcaldes-mayor_ + +Number Amount Due to Amount Amount +of pay- of pay- paid commuted +check check + + P t g P t g P t g + + 23 97 0 0 Captain Francisco Sebastian + Flores 32 2 8 64 5 4 + 24 350 6 11 Domingo de Urieto 116 6 7 233 7 4 + 26 87 7 0 Captain Geronimo Nunez 29 4 4 58 4 8 + 27 53 0 0 Don Christobal de Valderrama 17 5 4 35 2 8 + ----- -- -- + 4,912 7 7 + + + +_Pay-checks for the year 1636_ + +Amount Due to Amount Amount +of pay- paid commuted +check + + P t g P t g P t g + +100 0 4 Juan de Valdimeso 33 2 9 66 5 7 +303 2 6 Domingo Vilang, an Indian 101 0 10 202 1 8 +109 5 11 Juan del Orduy 36 4 7 73 1 0 +126 7 2 Juan del Orduy 42 2 0 84 0 10 + 91 7 10 Sargento-mayor Andres + de Yllesoa 30 5 3 61 2 7 + 80 5 4 The said Yllesoa 26 7 1 53 6 3 +138 0 11 Don Andres Arquerra 46 1 7 92 3 6 +127 6 1 Juan Gomez Serrano 42 0 8 85 1 5 +791 5 5 Don Pedro Tusiaya 263 7 1 527 6 0 + 97 1 6 Don Francisco de Agis 32 3 2 64 6 0 +305 0 0 Don Miguel de Aguit 101 6 8 203 5 0 +137 0 3 Manuel Simon 41 4 0 95 0 3 +333 3 11 Pedro de Sisaua 111 1 3 222 2 6 +610 0 0 Various Indians 203 0 0 407 0 0 +128 6 0 Andres de Mesa 42 7 6 85 6 8 + 81 6 7 Don Julio Limbout 27 2 2 54 6 5 +131 3 3 Andres Dimbla 43 6 5 87 4 10 +207 7 5 Luis de Alcazar 69 2 5 138 5 0 +156 6 9 Alferez Simon Cornejo 52 2 3 104 0 5 + 76 3 8 Don Alonso Mocangos 158 6 6 317 5 2 + 99 4 10 Alferez Esteban de Aldaco 33 1 7 66 3 3 + ----- -- -- + 3,095 1 6 + + +The above is evident, and appears from the pay-checks above referred +to, in each of which is the decree of the governor, by virtue of which +the owners voluntarily commuted two-thirds of the face of each one, +and I refer to it. In order that it may be apparent, and in obedience +to the order of the said governor to that effect, I certify this in +Manila, June five, one thousand six hundred and thirty-six. + +Juan Bautista de Cubiaga + +We, the undersigned notaries, certify and attest that Juan Bautista +de Cubiaga, whose rubric and name appear to be appended to this +certification, is the auditor of accounts and results of the royal +estate of these Filipinas Islands. As such, entire faith and credit +are to be given to his certification, in and out of court. Manila, +June thirteen, one thousand six hundred and thirty-six + + +Augustin de Valencuela, notary-public. +Andres Martin Del Arroyo, royal notary. +Juan Serrano, notary-public. + + + +_The governor's decree._ The official judges of the royal estate of +his Majesty shall certify at the foot of this decree the amount in +pesos which they have paid from the royal treasury under their charge +from the year six hundred and thirty-two until June twenty-four of the +past year, six hundred and thirty-five, on the old pay-checks for pay, +salary, or for other purposes, which were owed to various persons; +and which, by virtue of their powers and transfers, were paid in +entirety by virtue of a decree of the government, to extraordinary +persons. [This is to be given] summarily, each year by itself; and +[must show] the sum that is distributed each year. Given at Manila, +February ten, one thousand six hundred and thirty-six. + + +Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera +Francisco de Ortega + + + +_The reply of the royal officials._ The official judges of the royal +estate say that the general books, and the old pay-checks which have +been paid by decree of the governors during the time to which your +Lordship refers in your order, have been delivered to the auditing +department of the exchequer; and that there is no reason for the +compilation of such a report by them. They petition your Lordship +to be pleased to refer the matter to the auditor of accounts, as +he has possession of all the said papers. Manila, February sixteen, +one thousand six hundred and thirty-six. + +Ynigo de Vlllareal +Don Baltasar Ruiz de Escalona + + +Manila, February twenty-three, one thousand six hundred and +thirty-six. Let the auditor [_contador_] Juan Bautista de Cubiaga, +auditor of accounts and results in these islands, give the +certification that is asked for by the decree of February ten of +this year. At the foot of that decree is the rubric of Governor Don +Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera. + +Ortega + +[_Marginal note:_ "Certification of the auditor of accounts and +amounts--102 thousand 596 pesos, 1 tomin, 8 granos paid in pay-checks +with the authority of the owners."] + + +In obedience to the above decree of Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera, +governor and captain-general of these Filipinas Islands, and president +of the royal Audiencia herein, I, Juan Bautista de Cubiaga, auditor +of accounts and results of the royal estate of these said islands, +certify that it appears from the original pay-checks which are in my +possession belonging to the general accounts of the royal treasury +of this city of Manila, for the period between years one thousand +six hundred and thirty-two and the end of one thousand six hundred +and thirty-five, that the official judges of this royal estate have +paid from the said royal treasury a number of pay-checks that were +legitimately owing to persons who were serving in the pay of his +Majesty, and for other reasons, to other extraordinary persons, by +virtue of authorities, cessions, and transfers made to them by the +real owners to collect them from the said royal treasury--and who did +collect them--and to satisfy with them certain balances of accounts +and results that persons who received posts in these islands owed to +his Majesty for various reasons. The pay-checks that here appear to +have been paid to such persons by virtue of authorities, cessions, +and transfers made to them by the real owners, are as follows: + + +Year of 1632 + +Pay-check number fifty-two, for seven hundred and fifty pesos, +owed to the natives of the village of Candaba, for the value of one +thousand two hundred fanegas of rice, which they gave as a bandala +in the year one thousand six hundred and fifteen. It was collected by +father Fray Francisco de Figueroa, procurator-general of the Order of +St. Augustine, by their authorization, on August thirty, one thousand +six hundred and thirty-two, by decree of the royal Audiencia which +was governing _ad interim_. [25] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750 pesos + + + +_Pay of the Infantry of Terrenate_ + +Number Amount Due to Expiration +of pay- of pay- of service +check check Paid to Date of payment + + P t g + + 200 0 0 Pedro Roso, a soldier June 26, 1620 + Captain Alonso Garcia Romero February 18 + + Without decree of government. + + 4 100 0 0 Alonso Barrientos July 17, 1620 + Adjutant Alonso Perez Manzan March 15 + + By decree of Juan Nino de Tabora, and by the advice of + the royal officials to pay with this sum and others + a balance of 1,000 pesos owed by said adjutant to + the royal estate. [26] + + 5 200 0 0 Antonio de Asnar March 10, 1620 + Adjutant Alonso Perez Manzan March 15 + + _Idem_. + + 7 614 0 10 Juan Pablos de Cisneros April 2, 1631 + Admiral Don Francisco Esguerra June 4 + + By authority and decree of Juan Nino de Tabora, + to satisfy claims due the royal treasury by + Esguerra. Reported by the royal officials. + + 14 1,640 5 3 Captain Francisco Melendez Marquez April 30, 1621 + Juan de Santa Cruz, superintendent of + the royal magazines in Manila August 17 + + By decree of the governor, to satisfy claims of the + magazines for a quantity of Castilian wine taken in + exchange for work and repair that he made in them + for his house. + +17-25 1,339 3 6 Nine persons At various dates + Captain Luis Alonso de Roa August 25 + + By authority and transfer of the owners, and by decree + of the government and report of the royal officials, + as a partial payment of a sum of money charged against + Captain Luis de Contreras, ex-overseer of Pintados. + + 28 50 0 0 Alonso Perez, a soldier March 18, 1626 + Captain Francisco de Rebolledo September 27 + + By order of the royal Audiencia. + + 29 100 0 0 Juan Sevillano a soldier February 1, 1625 + Francisco Ruiz, steward of the + royal hospital September 27 + + By authority from Juan de Santa Cruz, superintendent + of the royal magazines, executor of Juan Sevillano, + without government decree. + +40-43 793 5 9 Captain Don Pedro Taroc + Juan Aucan, a Sangley December 11 + + Collects 517 pesos, 4 tomins by order of the governor, + to pay for 60 licenses for 60 Sangleys. + + 7-8 380 4 6 Antonio Caraballo, a soldier June 5, 1628 + Adjutant Alonso Perez Manzano March 15 + + With authority and transfers of the executors, and + paid by virtue of an order of Juan Nino de Tabora, + by the advice of the royal officials, in order to + pay claims of the treasury of 1,000 pesos against him. + + Domingo Fernandez, artilleryman + (both deceased) December 14, 1617 + + 63 345 5 6 The executors of Juan Gonzalez de + Carate, deceased artilleryman December 3, 1625 + Captain Luis Alonso de Roa August 25 + + By decree of Juan Nino de Tabora, and report of the + royal officials as partial payment of a sum of money + charged against Captain Luis de Contreras, overseer + of Oton, as heir of the bondsman of the said overseer. + + 69 468 5 0 Francisco de la Fuente December 31, 1629 + Captain Gonzalez de Francia September 3 + + To pay a charge resulting from the visit. + + 74 96 2 8 Juan Antonio Tello, a soldier October 10, 1620 + Alferez Pedro Ruiz Suarez + + By order of the royal Audiencia to pay the balance + remaining to him in his residencia as corregidor of + Calamianes and Ybalon. + +122 222 5 5 The executors of Pascual de Aguilar, + deceased January 22, 1622 + Francisco Gomez, of the exchequer December 22 + + By decree of the royal Audiencia, paid 103 pesos, + 4 tomins, to pay general licenses granted to Sangleys. + + + +_Pay of Seamen_ + +Number Amount Due to Expiration +of pay- of pay- of service +check check Paid to Date of payment + + P t g + + 24 300 Francisco Sanchez, sailor November 20, 1630 + Captain Luis Alonso de Roa August 25 + + By order of Juan Nino de Tabora and report of the + royal officials,as partial payment of the sum of money + charged against Captain Luis de Contreras, overseer + of Oton, as heir of the bondsman of the said overseer. + + + +_Year of 1633_ + +_Pay of the Infantry of Manila_ + +Number Amount Due to Expiration +of pay- of pay- of service +check check Paid to Date of payment + + P t g + + 6 325 2 3 The executors of Pedro de la Mata, + deceased October 1, 1628 + Father Fray Diego de Toro, O.P. January 19 + + Paid by decree of royal Audiencia for payment of a + number of licenses for Sangleys. + +123 343 0 7 Bartolome de Arana, deceased June 20, 1631 + General Fernando de Ayala, his executor December 17 + + By decree of Juan Cerezo de Salamanca, as partial + payment for charge [_resulta_] of 600 pesos against + him for a bond that he gave to the royal treasury. + +124 240 3 11 Agustin de la Cruz, soldier October 5, 1628 + General Fernando de Ayala December 17 + + _Idem_. + + + +_War--Maluco_ + +Number Amount Due to Expiration +of pay- of pay- of service +check check Paid to Date of payment + + P t g + + 10 300 0 0 Alferez Rodrigo de Orozco June 25, 1624 + Dona Cathalina de Santillan July 19 + + With authority from Orozco, and by decree of the + royal Audiencia. + + 12 147 4 9 Francisco Rodriguez, a soldier December 31, 1632 + Pedro de Cuellar August 2 + + With authority from Rodriguez and by decree of the + royal Audiencia. + + 14 1,741 5 3 Captain Luis Martin, a Pampango May 10, 1623 + The castellan, Gonzalo Ronquillo September 30 + + With authority from Martin, and by decree of Juan + Cerezo de Salamanca. + + 41 1,134 0 0 Garcia de Melo, a calker March 6, 1633 + Don Pedro de Almonte December 30 + + Collects 600 pesos with authority from Melo, and by + decree of Juan Cerezo de Salamanca. + + 46 862 0 3 Marcos Hernandez, a soldier August 17, 1621 + Captain Juan Nicolas January 3, 1634 + + Collects 410 pesos with authority from Hernandez, + in payment of a charge against him [_i.e._, Nicolas] + because he had received more pay than was due him; + and without any decree. + + 47 400 0 0 Captain Nicolas Maniris February 1, 1631 + Captain Juan Nicolas + + Collects 197 pesos for the same purpose as above. + +5, 8 567 5 0 Various Sangleys At various dates + The Sangleys February 17 + + By decree of the Audiencia, for the payment of 66 + licenses, there being collected 497 pesos, 4 tomins, + 6 granos. + + 22 457 7 0 Fifteen Sangley stonecutters of the + island of Hermosa May 9, 1629 + Fray Francisco de Acosta, procurator- + general Order of St. Dominic September 17 + + With authority and transfer from the Sangleys, and + by decree of Governor Don Juan Cerezo de Salamanca. + + + +_Year of 1634_ + +_Extraordinary_ + +Number Amount Due to Expiration +of pay- of pay- of service +check check Paid to Date of payment + + P t g + + 13 750 5 4 The natives of the village of + Bang-bang in the province of Panay 1601 + Procurator-general of the Order of + St. Augustine August 1 + + For the two-thirds of the cost of the church built + in 1601 for the said village, which two-thirds are + due from the king. The procurator collects 650 pesos, + 4 tomins. Paid by decree of Governor Juan Cerezo do + Salamanca, and with authority from the debtors. + + 15 333 2 8 The Indians of the village of + San Miguel 1627 + Procurator-general of the + Society of Jesus September 18 + + They ought to have had 533 pesos, 2 tomins, 8 granos + (two-thirds of the sum which they were taxed for + the stone house built for the minister of the said + village, and which his Majesty was to pay). Collected + with authority and transfer of the Indians, and by + decree of the governor. + + 18 300 The Indians of the village of Magaldan + Procurator-general of the Order of + St. Dominic September 14 + + Due for the third of the church built in the said + village by permission of Governor Juan de Silva, + and which the king was to pay. With authority and + transfer of the Indians, and by decree of the governor. + + + +_Department of Day Wages_ + +Number Amount Due to Expiration +of pay- of pay- of service +check check Paid to Date of payment + + P t g + + 60 114 1 0 Francisco, slave to Diego Fernandez + Torralva June 30, 1618 + Diego Lopez Saavedra, executor of + Torralva December 9 + + Due for daily wages on royal works. Collected to pay + a charge against Pedro de Valdes. Without decree by + the government. + + + +_Department of Ordinary Salaries_ + +Number Amount Due to Expiration +of pay- of pay- of service +check check Paid to Date of payment + + P t g + +48-49 2,765 4 11 Licentiate Andres de Alcazar, former auditor + of the royal Audiencia of Manila July 2, 1622 + Alferez Juan de Mirabal Cedeno June 18 + + With authority and transfer from the heirs of the + said auditor, and by decree of Governor Juan Cerezo + de Salamanca. + + + +_War--Manila_ + +Number Amount Due to Expiration +of pay- of pay- of service +check check Paid to Date of payment + + P t g + + 7 1,410 5 5 Captain Payo, a sailor 1631 + Dona Ana Arias Giron January 18 + + Collects 410 pesos, with Payo's authority, by virtue + of a decree of Governor Juan Cerezo de Salamanca. + + 16 119 1 5 Pascual de Aguilar, deceased January 22,1626 + The castellan, Gonzalo Ronquillo February 6 + + By decree of the above governor, to pay certain bonds + that he owed to the royal treasury. + + 71 729 3 0 Juan Francisco de Medina At various dates + 73 Alferez Juan Hurtado + 72 Juan Bernal Jaimes + Juan Dias de Yecla, clerk of the + exchequer May 30 + + By decree of the above government. + + 84 503 5 3 Pablo de Cervantes December 12, 1626 + Captain Pedro de Almonte June 19 + + _Idem._ + +103 356 5 0 Alferez Juan Martin de Vargas October 8, 1630 + Captain Antonio de Lezama, nephew of + the factor of the royal estate July 6 + + _Idem._ + + 94 272 4 0 Sergeant Juan Perez de Aramburo November 5, 1625 + Alexandro Lopez, procurator-general of + the Society of Jesus June 30 + + _Idem._ + +118 1,457 3 0 Pascual Rodriguez At various dates +119 Pablo de la Ossa +120 Andres Diaz + Juan de Santa Cruz, superintendent of + the royal magazines at Manila. August 14 + + To pay for a quantity of mantas taken from said + magazines. + +158 100 0 0 Jose Vidal September 26, 1634 + Captain Juan Pimentel September 26 + + By decree of the governor. + +168 203 0 3 Sergeant Diego de Orozco February 12, 1634 + Diego de Vargas Cordero October 10 + + With authority and transfer from Orozco, and by decree + of the governor, to pay a charge resulting against + him in the visit. + +170-176 1,481 3 1 Various soldiers At various dates + Guillermo Chalon October 12 + + With authority from the soldiers, to be used as a + partial payment of the balance in the account for the + fitting of the ship "Trinidad," which sailed from + Nueva Espana in 1625. By decree of the governor, + and report of the royal officials. + +203 933 0 9 Captain Juan de Baquedano November 6, 1633 + Fray Alonso Hidalgo procurator-general + of the Order of St. Dominic, his + executor December 9 + + Collects 250 pesos, by decree of the governor. + + + +_Pay of the infantry of Terrenate_ + +Number Amount Due to Expiration +of pay- of pay- of service +check check Paid to Date of payment + + P t g + 2 300 0 0 Adjutant Juan Heredia Ormentegui March 20, 1628 + Captain Silvestre de Aybar January 11 + + Collects 100 pesos, with authority of Heredia, and + by decree of the governor. + +7-23 8,995 0 0 Various soldiers At various dates + The castellan, Gonzalo Ronquillo February 6 + + With authority from the soldiers, and by decree of + the governor and visitor, in order to pay charges + resulting against himself and uncle, in the visit. + + 24 416 4 11 Mattheo Sangal, a Pampango soldier February 22, 1620 + General Antonio Carreno de Valdez February 13 + + Collects 215 pesos, by decree of the governor. + + 27 240 0 0 Captain Juan Garcia March 12, 1620 + Captain Francisco Hernandez March 4 + + Collects 40 pesos on account, by virtue of a decree. + + 28 857 0 0 Captain Gonzalo Portillo February 24, 1634 + Himself March 11 + + Paid to him so that he might go to Caraga, where + he had received an appointment as chief accountant, + that money being necessary to him, and because he had + to take his wife and family. By decree of the governor. + + 30 462 0 3 Marcos Hernandez August 17, 1621 + Sargento-mayor Melchor de Cortaza March 27 + + With authority and transfer from Hernandez, and by + decree of the governor, to pay for the articles given + from the royal magazines. + + 32 100 0 0 Andres Panganiban April 26, 1626 + Francisco Pangan March 30 + + Collects 47 pesos, 9 granos, to pay a charge made + against him in the visit. + + 36 4,923 0 0 Juan de Ulex Usategui + Captain Juan Sarmiento April 13 + + Collects 3,748 pesos, by decree of the governor, in + order to pay the charge resulting against Sarmiento in + the visit. The sum due was given to Usategui as alms by + various soldiers of Terrenate from the pay owed them. + + 41 435 6 1 Alferez Nicolas Cavil March 11, 1631 + Captain Jose de Naveda May 17 + + Collects 248 pesos, 4 tomins, 8 granos, by decree of + the governor, to pay a charge [_resulta_] that he owed. + + 42 175 2 6 Juan Bacol, an Indian May 21, 1634 + + By decree of the governor. + + 43 190 3 0 Alferez Matheo Noque February 29, 1628 + Juan Diaz de Yela May 30 + + _Idem._ + + 45 706 5 8 Alferez Luis Patil February 15, 1633 + Vicente de los Reyes May 30 + + _Idem._ + + 56 1,145 5 3 Captain Pedro Cid February 19, 1620 + 57 His wife, as the guardian of his + children June 30 + + Collects 155 pesos, by decree of the governor. + + 63 302 6 6 Alferez Juan Cabal November 23, 1619 + Juan Diaz de Yela July 1 + + By decree of the governor. + +68-71 934 0 0 Four soldiers At various dates + Juan de Santa Cruz August 14 + + By decree. + + 72 201 4 11 Matheo Sacal February 22, 1620 + General Antonio Carreno de Valdes August 18 + + By decree of the governor. + + 76 100 0 0 Adjutant Juan Sevillano + Alferez Juan de Almansa August 26 + + With authority from Sevillano, and by decree of + the governor. + + 84 835 4 2 Two soldiers At various dates + 85 Miguel de Villareal September 11 + + By decree of the governor, to pay a balance that + Villarreal owed to his Majesty. + +91-94 1,303 4 5 Four soldiers At various dates + Captain Geronimo de Fuente Cortes October 5 + + By decree of the governor, to pay a charge [_resulta_] + which he owed his Majesty. + +102-104 458 4 10 Three soldiers At various dates + Diego de Vargas Cordero October 10 + + By decree of the governor, to pay certain charges + that he owed to his Majesty. + +105-111 2,715 5 10 Seven soldiers At various dates + Guillermo Chalon November 12 + + By decree of the governor, and report of the royal + officials, to pay the balance of the fitting out [of + the ship "Trinidad"] of the year 1625, which came to + these islands. + +112-114 749 7 10 Three soldiers At various dates + Dona Ana de Cardona + + By decree of the governor, to pay the sum owed the + royal treasury by her husband. + +126 150 0 0 Francisco Lopez February 8, 1609 + Procurator-general of the Order of + St. Dominic November 3 + + By decree of the governor. + +127 556 6 6 Geronimo de Lamonte January 23, 1632 + Captain Pedro de Rojas November 3 + + _Idem._ + +129 100 4 5 Alferez Juan Carreno de Quiroz + Captain Juan de Olaez November 8 + + _Idem._ + +130 187 1 5 Alferez Nicolas Cahil March 14, 1631 + Alferez Francisco de Torres November 18 + + Collects 185 pesos, by decree of the governor. + +132 200 0 0 Pedro de Salinas January 26, 1624 + Procurator-general of the Society of + Jesus November 28 + + Collects 100 pesos, by decree of the governor. + + + +_Pay of the Seamen_ + +Number Amount Due to Expiration +of pay- of pay- of service +check check Paid to Date of payment + + P t g + + 35 650 2 9 Two sailors At different dates + 36 Esteban Farfan May 31 + + By decree of the governor. + + 46 352 5 8 Bartoleme Pacheco March 16, 1616 + Mario Geronimo, his heir June 12 + + _Idem._ + + 62 529 6 7 The heirs and executors of Juan Perez + de Olea April 22, 1631 + Lorenzo de Victoria July 3 + + _Idem._ + + 73 680 0 0 Juan Zamorano + 74 Francisco Reinoso + Juan de Santa Cruz August 14 + + By decree of the royal Audiencia, and report of the + royal officials. + + 95 271 1 4 Juan Diaz January 2, 1620 + Fray Geronimo de Belen, of the Order + of St. Dominic October 6 + + By decree of the governor, with authority to pay a + charge due the royal treasury from some poor Sangleys. + + 96 894 6 8 Two sailors At different dates + 97 Guillermo Galon + + To pay the balance of accounts owing from the fitting + up of the ship above referred to. + + 98 152 5 8 The heirs of Bartholeme Pacheco, calker March 16, 1616 + Alferez Juan Garcia October 25 + + By decree of the governor. + +110 691 1 9 Jose Hernandez July 3, 1633 + Licentiate Pedro Tagama December 12 + + Collects 350 pesos, by authority and decree of the + governor. + + + + +_Year of 1635_ + + +_Factory Department_ + +Number Amount Due to Expiration +of pay- of pay- of service +check check Paid to Date of payment + + P t g + + 15 60 0 0 Antonio Perez, an Indian ropemaker August 31, 1617 + Felipe Dalo April 18 + + Collects 42 pesos, 2 tomins, 6 granos, with authority, + to pay a charge resulting against him in the visit. + + + +_War--Manila_ + +Number Amount Due to Expiration +of pay- of pay- of service +check check Paid to Date of payment + + P t g + + 11 371 5 0 Manuel Pacheco January 22, 1635 + Archbishop Fray Fernando do Guerrero February 9 + + With authority and transfer. + + 12 173 3 4 Francisco Rodriguez January 24, 1635 + _Idem_ February 9 + + _Idem._ + +15 302 4 3 Alferez Alonso Ruiz November 2, 1634 + Captain Garcia de Cuadros February 17 + + By decree of the governor. + +30 180 5 7 Juan Vidal November 19, 1629 + Gonzalo Teran + + Collects 100 pesos, by decree of the governor. + +36 467 6 11 Hernando Diaz de la Pena November 31, 1628 + Melchor Perez March 31 + + Collects 200 pesos, with authority and transfer, + and by decree of the governor. + + 37 269 7 4 Juan de Oria November 18, 1629 + Captain Francisco Lopez March 26 + + Collects 150 pesos, by authority and decree of the + governor. + + 47 131 2 1 Alferez Francisco de Albornos September 25, 1634 + Blas de Raselez May 11 + + With authority and transfer, and by decree of the + governor. + + 62 63 3 6 Bartholome de Espinosa June 14, 1627 + Captain Luis Alonso de Roa June 16 + + With authority, to satisfy the charges resulting from + the visit. + +64-67 1,066 2 5 Four soldiers At various dates + Alonso de Roa + Juan de Olaez + Captain Luis June 16 + + To satisfy the charges resulting from the visit. + +66 329 3 4 Alferez Diego de Vargas September 18, 1633 +[_sic_] Alferez Francisco Beltran June 20 + + To satisfy the charges resulting from the visit. By + authority and decree of the governor. + + 71 277 4 5 Alferez Domingo Perez November 2, 1634 + Captain Alonso Tello de Guzman June 22 + + With authority and transfer, and by decree of the + governor. + + 75 267 6 11 Hernando Diaz de la Pena November 1, 1628 + Melchor Perez + + _Idem._ + +111-113 846 7 0 Three soldiers At various dates + Dona Cathalina de Gaona + + With authority and transfer, and by decree of the + governor, to pay the charges resulting against her + husband in the visit, to the treasurer, Juan Ruiz + de Escalona. + + + +_War--Maluco_ + +Number Amount Due to Expiration +of pay- of pay- of service +check check Paid to Date of payment + + P t g + + 1 372 6 5 Andres Perez February 25, 1633 + Dona Francisca Samaniego January 10 + + Collects 200 pesos, with authority of Perez, and by + decree of the governor. + + 6 638 6 6 Alferez Rodriguez de Orozco February 19, 1625 + Lope de Sosa January 22 + + Collects 300 pesos, by authority and decree of the + governor. + + 10 411 0 3 Luis Latao, an Indian May 14, 1623 + Archbishop Fray Hernando Guerrero February 9 + + By decree of the governor, to pay a debt and balance + owed to his Majesty by the archbishop's nephew, Captain + Gabriel Velasquez, of whom the archbishop was executor. + +11, 12 145 2 3 Two soldiers At different dates + _Idem_ February 9 + + _Idem._ + + 13 193 2 0 Alferez Manuel Lorenzo September 12, 1633 + Agustin Angel de Carvajal February 17 + + By decree of the governor. + +15, 16 428 4 0 Two soldiers At different dates + Dona Ysabel de Guerra February 27 + + With authority and transfer, to pay a charge that + she owed to the royal treasury. + + 21 779 2 0 Alferez Esteban de Espinosa December 20, 1634 + Pedro de Almonte March 9 + + By decree of the governor. + +23 250 0 0 Alferez Geronimo Soman March 23, 1628 + Procurator of the Society of Jesus March 27 + + Collects 100 pesos, by authority and decree of the + governor. + +24-27 1,472 0 0 Four soldier At various dates + Bartholome Gonzalez Guerra March 30 + + With authority of the owners, and by decree of the + governor, to pay the balance of an account which he + owed for the fitting up of a ship. + + 32 200 0 0 Alferez Alonso Vaez February 8, 1633 + Juan de Santisteban Bracamonte April 28 + + Collects 62 pesos, 4 tomins, by decree of the governor. + +41, 47 137 4 0 _Idem_ February 8, 1633 + Captain Francisco de Atienza March 26 + + The balance of the 200 pesos above. By decree of + the governor. + + 42 200 0 0 Alferez Diego Duarte March 5, 1633 + _Idem_ March 26 + + By decree of the governor. + + 48 283 7 4 Lucas Capata April 29, 1634 + Juan Colmenares July 5 + + _Idem._ + + 50 300 Juan de Heredia January 20, 1623 + Juan Nicolas December 23, 1622 + The executors of Juan de Orguelles June 15 + + With authority, and by decree of the governor, to + pay a charge resulting against Orguelles. + +43 10,621 1 5 Various soldiers At various dates +pay- Captain Luis Alonso de Roa June 16 +checks + By decree of the visitor, to pay charges that his + father owed for bonds, and which resulted against + him in the visit. + + 96 900 0 0 Seven soldiers At various dates + Hipolito Centellas June 22 + + Collects 200 pesos, by authority and decree of the + governor. + + 97 800 0 0 Two soldiers At various dates + 98 Hernando Zerrudo June 22 + + With authority from the soldiers, and by decree of + the governor, to pay the charges [_resultas_] that + he owed his Majesty. + +99- 1,412 1 11 Various soldiers At various dates +103 The factor, Matheo de Heredia June 22 + + With authority and transfers, and by decree of the + governor, to pay the charges resulting against him + in the visit. + +103- 1,417 2 0 Three soldiers At various dates +105 Dona Magdalena de Gaona, wife of the June 22 + treasurer, Silvestre de Aibar + + By decree of the governor, to pay the charges resulting + against the treasurer in the visit. + +162- 2,304 4 7 Various soldiers At various dates +176 Dona Cathalina de Gaona, widow of the + treasurer, Juan Ruiz de Escalona + + By decree of the governor, to pay the charges resulting + against the treasurer in the visit. + + + +_Department of Day Wages_ + +Number Amount Due to Expiration +of pay- of pay- of service +check check Paid to Date of payment + + P t g + + 4 1,445 6 0 Amgui and Tachaucho, and other Sangleys July 30, 1633 + 5 February 9 + + For services on royal works. Collected by decree of + the governor to pay general licenses for 1635. + + + +_Extraordinary_ + +Number Amount Due to Expiration +of pay- of pay- of service +check check Paid to Date of payment + + P t g + +2 1,129 3 4 The natives of Estero de Lobo, in 1618 + Cagayan + Procurator-general of the Order of March 3 + St. Dominic + + The amount (one-third) to be paid by his Majesty in + the building of their church. Collects 207 pesos, + with authority, and by decree of the governor, to + pay 24 Sangley licenses. + +33-43 5,117 7 3 Eleven sailors At various dates + Admiral Luis Alonso de Roa June 16 + + With authority and transfer from the sailors, to + pay the charges resulting against him in the visit, + and which he owed his Majesty. + +44 341 1 9 Jose Hernandez, a sailor July, 1633 + Licentiate Pedro Cegavia June 22 + + By authority and decree of the governor. + +45-47 1,921 5 9 Three sailors At various dates + Hernando Cerrido, constable of the + royal Audiencia + + With authority and transfer from the soldiers, and + by decree of the governor, to pay charges resulting + against him in the visit. + + + +_Department of Ordinary Salaries_ + +Number Amount Due to Expiration +of pay- of pay- of service +check check Paid to Date of payment + + P t g + +11 20,000 0 0 The property of deceased persons for 1624 + loans made to royal treasury + Alferez Juan de Mirabal Cedeno June 22 + + Borrowed from the property of Licentiate Andres de + Alcaraz, former auditor of the royal Audiencia. Repaid + on account, 14,476 pesos, by decree of the governor, + and with authority and transfer from the heirs of + the said auditor. + + + +_Salaries of Alcaldes-mayor_ + +Number Amount Due to Expiration +of pay- of pay- of service +check check Paid to Date of payment + + P t g + +18 111 3 8 Alferez Francisco de los Rios Coronel, December 6, 1629 + ex-corregidor of Catanduanes + Juan de Colmenar June 5 + + With authority, and by decree of the governor. + + +Accordingly, all the aforesaid is obvious, and appears from the +said pay-checks, whose originals remain in my possession, to which I +refer. In order that it might be on record, I certify it at the order +of the said governor and captain-general, Don Sebastian Hurtado de +Corcuera y Mendoza. Manila, April 15, one thousand six hundred and +thirty-six. Amount 102,596 pesos, 1 tomin, 8 granos. + +Juan Bautista de Cubiaga + +We, the undersigned notaries, certify that Juan Bautista de Cubiaga, +whose mark and name appear at the end of this certification of eleven +pages, is auditor of accounts and results of the royal estate of the +Filipinas Islands, as he styles himself. To the certifications and +papers of these and other records that he has despatched, touching +the said his office, entire faith and credit has been, and is, given, +in and out of court. In order that such may be obvious, we signed +this in Manila, April thirty, one thousand six hundred and thirty-six. + + +Alfonso Baeza del Rio, royal notary. +Francisco de la Torre, notary of the royal crown. +Andres Martin del Arroyo, notary of the royal crown. + + + +_Reduction of expenses_ + +Sire: + +In my endeavor to be a good steward of your Majesty's estate, having +noticed and considered the many expenses and the lack of profit that +you encounter in these islands, solely in order to maintain in them +the Catholic religion, I have thought it advisable to reduce some of +the expenses--as your Majesty will please to have examined by means +of the orders for the said reduction, and which your Majesty will +please approve or censure, according as you judge it most for the +good of your service. My only desire is that God will not ask account +from me for doing it badly, and for unjustly causing expense to your +Majesty. Although I desire to render your Majesty so just an account, +I could not fear it so much as the first, if I gave it as many others +of us who serve you do. + +I thought it advisable to save the pay of six hundred pesos per year, +which a captain receives for serving [as such] in the company that he +raised in Mexico; and although my officers are careful to station and +retire the guards, and serve as those of the master-of-camp, I see +to it that they do it well, and that they are not derelict in their +duty. I have given the same orders to the governor and sargento-mayor +of the forts of Terrenate, who also have command of two companies; +the governor and sargento-mayor of the island of Hermosa, of two other +companies; the warden of Camboaga [_i.e._, Zamboanga], of another; +and the alcaldes-mayor of Oton, Cibu, Nueva Segovia, and Caraga, who +have a company together, and command their men in the forts in the +above-named islands. Also in this army, from now on, a captain will +have command of another company, and will receive the pay of the chief +guard of the Parian, which will be paid from the communal fund of the +Chinese, and his pay will be saved to the treasury of your Majesty. The +captains who will serve without pay from your Majesty's royal treasury +will thus amount to eleven; and hence a great sum of money will be +saved by the end of the year, as well as the [expense for] the post +of sargento-mayor of this army, which is held by my nephew, Don Pedro +Hurtado de Corcuera--who serves without pay, together with a company +of thirty horsemen, whom I thought to be very expedient for your +Majesty's service, for the following reasons. First, just as I caused +and ordered the raising of four companies among the citizens of this +city, in the infantry, in order that they might exercise themselves +in the squadrons, and be ready for any emergencies that may arise, +I also had two companies of fifty horse apiece raised--one made up of +the nobility of the city, who can keep horses, and the other of the +overseers of the royal stockyards--all armed with spears. In order that +the above horsemen might have someone to instruct and exercise them, +this company of thirty horsemen was enlisted. The actual officers in +it are captain, alferez, and lieutenant. It would be very advisable +to raise the number to fifty, if that would be agreeable to your +Majesty; for besides being necessary for the guard of the coast, and +to keep these nations--the Chinese, Japanese, and Indians--in check, +they patrol the city nightly, and shut and open the city gates, +on horseback. For that reason the poor infantrymen are excused from +patrol duty, and from locking the gates, and thus from going about +almost every night knee-deep in water, from which many diseases +and deaths ensued; that has been avoided by this means. Experience +has demonstrated, also, how useful and profitable these cavalrymen +may be when stationed as a troop among the artillery on a campaign, +for skirmishing--for which they are greatly esteemed in the Flandes +army; and, at the very least, the sight of them strikes terror in +those present, and the noise made by them in those absent. Will your +Majesty be pleased to approve and confirm this company of cavalrymen, +and grant permission that it consist of fifty soldiers. Notwithstanding +the savings and the reductions, of which I inform your Majesty, not +only is there no expense incurred in this company but there is even +a saving of money for the following reasons. In recent times there +have been eight companies of infantry for the guard of the city; but +immediately upon my arrival, I reduced them to six. When I sent the +reenforcements to Terrenate--for two hundred Spaniards went there in +three companies, and one hundred Pampangos (who are as good and as +faithful here as are the Burgundians in Flandes)--and the guard of +the city remained in four companies, seeing that it was impossible +to cover the posts and to stand guard with so few men, I ordered +two hundred Pampangos to be enrolled into two companies, so that now +there are the six hundred necessary guardsmen. The Pampangos are in +place of the two hundred Spaniards who went [to Terrenate]. Seeing +that the said Spaniards are lacking, there is nothing but to appeal +to the Pampangos; they are being instructed, and are managing their +arms in a manner that makes me very well satisfied with them. Both +the captains and other officers, and the soldiers, receive half the +pay of the Spaniards. Thus the two companies of Pampangos cause your +Majesty an expense of ten thousand pesos, and that of the cavalry +seven thousand, making a total of seventeen thousand pesos. The +two infantry companies which were here before caused an expense of +twenty-two thousand pesos or thereabouts; so, if the former expense +was this amount, and that of the Pampangos and the cavalry now is +seventeen thousand, there is an annual saving of five thousand pesos +to your Majesty. There are thirty more soldiers than before. Will +your Majesty please have this approved and look favorably upon it; +and believe that I am spending your Majesty's revenue with great +care, and that I can have no scruple of conscience in what I am +doing. Your Majesty will learn the truth of this by experience, in a +short time. May our Lord preserve the Catholic person of your Majesty, +as is necessary to Christendom. Manila, the last of June, 1636. Sire, +your vassal kisses your Majesty's feet. + +Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera + + + +_Revision of pay and rations made September 4, 1635_ + +Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera, knight of the Order of Alcantara, +member of his Majesty's Council, member of the Council of War in the +States of Flandes, governor and captain-general of these Filipinas +Islands, and president of the royal Audiencia, resident in the city +of Manila: + +From the discovery of these islands until now there has been no +instruction or fixed order given by his Majesty in regard to the +pay and rations which have been and ought to be given to many of the +persons who have served and who shall serve in his service in various +posts of the sea and in other employments, both in this city of Manila +and along the coast and in the port of Cavite, in the shipyards for +the construction of ships which are built for the royal service in the +provinces of these islands, in the presidios of the islands, and in the +voyages to and from Nueva Espana, Terrenate, the island of Hermosa, +Macan, India, and other places; but the governors my predecessors, +and the councils of the treasury, made some regulations, by virtue +of decrees from his Majesty (as the matter was referred to them, +so that they could decide on what was best). Some of the wages paid +were thus very greatly increased, thereby causing, from that time +until the present, a heavy burden and debt on the royal estate. So +heavy has been this burden that the royal estate has come to so low +an ebb by reason of some salaries that are especially excessive, that +it is obliged to demand loans quite ordinarily from the inhabitants +of this said city; and, because of the heavy loans that have been +made for many years, it has been impossible to free itself from its +many debts. Now therefore, on account of all these considerations, +and because the matter has been examined and considered attentively, +as well as the little profit of the royal patrimony in these islands +(or rather its many expenses) because of the constant reenforcements +of men, money, ammunition, food, and other things that must be sent +to the presidios of the islands (which, being many and so distant and +separated from one another), meet a much greater cost and expense than +his Majesty is told--in especial the great cost of the preparation +and equipment of the two ships sent annually to Nueva Espana for the +usual reenforcement of men and the other things that maintain this +land; and almost the chief reason for which those ships sail and +are sent seems not to be for reenforcements, but only to carry and +to bring back the goods of the inhabitants and merchants of Manila, +in which they traffic to the extent that is well known, and to so +much greater a sum than his Majesty has permitted, at so great an +expense to the royal estate, and little or no profit from the duties +and freights that they owe), it is advisable to revise and adjust some +of the posts and wages and rations, to abolish some and add others, +and to create some new ones which are obligatory and necessary for +the service of his Majesty. Therefore, and because it is advisable, +according to the present condition of matters, and in order to relieve +the said royal treasury and to help it as far as may be possible +(as his Majesty commands by various decrees), and in order to attend +better to what is obligatory and necessary, and to see that the royal +treasury be not pledged so deeply as it has been hitherto and is now, +he ordered by a decision communicated and conferred over with persons +zealous for his Majesty's service--and he did so order--the official +judges of the royal estate of these islands, and all the other persons +who administer the royal revenues, both in the royal treasuries of the +garrisons at Terrenate and the island of Hermosa, under the titles of +accountants, factors, and royal officials, and in the other provinces +(whence they come to this royal treasury of Manila to report what has +entered into their possession)--each one in so far as it concerns him, +or can concern him--to give the necessary orders in his Majesty's +name, so that from the first of the month of October next of this +present year, and thenceforth, all shall understand what is to be +paid and given to the persons who shall serve his Majesty in the +posts mentioned in this order, and which will be mentioned in every +case. That sum is that which they are to receive as their proper pay; +and it must be observed and kept in the following form. + +The assayer and weigher of the royal treasury of this city shall +serve for two hundred and fifty pesos per annum, without any ration. + +The executor of the royal estate shall receive one hundred and fifty +pesos per annum, without any ration. + +The keeper of the provisions in the royal magazines of this city shall +receive a salary of three hundred pesos per annum, without any ration. + +The keeper of the provisions in the royal magazines of the port +of Cavite shall receive a salary of three hundred pesos per annum, +without any ration. + +The keeper of the royal magazines, provisions, arms, and ammunition +for the forts of Terrenate shall receive a salary of three hundred +pesos per annum, without any ration. + +The keeper of the provisions, arms, and ammunition for the presidio +of the island of Hermosa shall receive three hundred pesos per annum, +without any ration. + +The keeper of the provisions, arms, and ammunition for the port +of Yloylo shall receive a salary of three hundred pesos per annum, +without any ration. + +The clerk of the royal magazines of this city shall receive one +hundred and fifty pesos per annum, without any ration. + +The shore-master of the port of Cavite and of all the naval dock-yards +there shall receive a salary of six hundred pesos per annum, without +any ration. + +The overseer at the royal works of all the day-laborers and assistants +at the said port of Cavite shall receive a salary of six hundred +pesos per annum, without any ration. + +The artillery founder of this city shall receive a salary of five +hundred pesos per annum, without any ration or anything else. + +The shipbuilder and the master-workman of the works at the port +of Cavite shall receive a salary of six hundred pesos per annum, +without any ration. + +The manager of the powder that is made for his Majesty on the other +side of the river shall receive a salary of four hundred pesos per +annum, without anything else. + +The manager of the rigging which is made in the province of Balayan +for his Majesty shall receive a salary of two hundred and fifty pesos +per annum, without any ration. + +The castellan of the fort of Santiago in this city of Manila shall +receive a salary of six hundred pesos per annum, and shall hold +the place by virtue of regular appointment. He who exercises that +office _ad interim_ shall receive one-half that sum as his Majesty +has ordered. + +The lieutenant of the said fort of Santiago in this city, who has +hitherto been appointed at a salary of four hundred and twenty pesos, +is now removed and discharged; for there is no need of him in the +said fort, since there is an alferez and a sergeant. + +There shall be two infantry adjutants in the forts of Terrenate. One +shall receive a salary of three hundred and sixty pesos per annum, +while the other shall receive ninety-six pesos per annum--the pay of +a simple soldier. They shall receive nothing else. + +All the Pampango soldiers who serve in the forts of Terrenate shall +receive annual pay at the rate of forty-eight pesos of eight reals +apiece. They shall be in two companies, which shall be under the +command of the master-of-camp and his sargento-mayor, each of whom +shall receive a salary of two hundred and fifty pesos per annum. + +The two alferezes of the said Pampango nation shall receive an annual +pay of one hundred and fifty pesos apiece. + +Each of the sergeants of the said [Pampango] nation shall receive an +annual pay of one hundred and twenty pesos. + +There shall not be an artillery captain in the forts of Terrenate, +for that place is abolished. + +The surgeon of the royal hospital for the said forts of Terrenate shall +receive a salary of six hundred pesos per annum, without any ration. + +The field captain of the said forts shall receive an annual pay of +one hundred and fifty pesos, without anything else. + +The military notary of the said forts, who has hitherto received a +salary of two hundred pesos per annum, shall not receive that sum +from the said day and thenceforth; and the accountant of the said +forts shall under no consideration pay it to him. + +The four substitutes [_entretenimientos_], who were reduced to their +[opportunities for] advantage in the said forts of Terrenate, shall +be given nothing by way of additional pay or allowances; and they +shall not be paid in advance from the said day and thenceforth by +the accountant of those forts. + +The infantry adjutants of the presidios in the provinces of Cibu, Oton, +Cagayan, Caraga, and Cambuanga, shall serve as simple soldiers for the +annual pay of ninety-six pesos--the same as the simple soldier--without +anything else. + +The field _borrechel_ (which means the field captain and borrechel +in one) shall serve for an annual pay of one hundred and fifty pesos, +without anything else. + +The military notary, who has been hitherto stationed in this city, +with an annual salary of two hundred pesos, shall not receive that sum, +and the royal officials shall not pay it to him. + +The head drummer shall be paid at the rate of one hundred and twenty +pesos per annum--the pay of a musketeer. + +The chief gunners--in this city of Manila, he of the fort of Santiago +in this city, and those of the port of Cavite, the island of Hermosa, +and Terrenate--shall receive annual salaries at the rate of two +hundred and fifty pesos. + +The apothecary of the royal hospital in this said city of Manila shall +receive an annual salary of two hundred pesos, without any ration. + +The galley captains of this city of Manila, the port of Cavite, +the island of Hermosa, and Terrenate, shall be abolished; for the +duties of galley captain shall be performed by the master of the +galley. The latter shall receive the royal revenue, and shall give +account of it. He shall give bonds to the satisfaction of the royal +official judges. He shall receive an annual pay of two hundred and +fifty pesos, and, when afloat, the ration which shall pertain to him +in addition to the pay; but, when not afloat, he shall not receive +anything in addition to the pay. + +The boatswains of the said galleys shall receive an annual pay of two +hundred pesos without ration, when in port, and when they are afloat +their ordinary ration, as aforesaid. + +The boatswains' mates of the said galleys shall receive when ashore an +annual pay of one hundred and fifty pesos, and thirty gantas of rice +[per month], which must be given them on account of their pay; and, +when afloat, the said one hundred and fifty pesos and the ordinary +ration, as aforesaid. + +The guards of the said galleys of this city, Terrenate, and the island +of Hermosa shall be abolished, as they are unnecessary. + +The corporals of the said galleys are removed and abolished, for they +are unnecessary. + +The captain of the said galleys shall receive an annual pay of two +hundred pesos, without any ration; when afloat, he shall be given his +ordinary ration as an officer of said galley, in addition to his pay. + +The pilots who sail on any voyage from these islands shall receive +an annual pay of five hundred pesos, besides their ordinary ration, +which shall be given them from port to port, wherever they may be +anchored; but while not afloat they shall receive only two hundred +pesos as an allowance, and nothing else. + +The mates of his Majesty's ships shall receive an annual pay of two +hundred and fifty pesos, besides the ordinary ration, when afloat, +and during any voyage; but when not afloat, even though they be +employed on the ships which are to sail on any voyage whatever, they +shall receive one hundred and fifty pesos per year, and their ration +of thirty gantas of cleaned rice per month, as do the other sailors, +and it shall be charged to the account of their pay. + +The second mates of the said ships shall receive an annual pay of +two hundred pesos when afloat, and their ordinary ration; but in the +interval when they are not afloat, even though employed in the ships +that are to sail, they shall receive one hundred and fifty pesos +per year, and the ordinary ration of the sailor, of thirty gantas of +cleaned rice per month, at the account of their pay, as aforesaid. + +All the sailors who are employed and shall be employed on the Cavite +coast, and anywhere else, shall receive pay at the rate of one hundred +and fifty pesos per year, and thirty gantas of cleaned rice apiece +per month. The rice shall be charged to the account of their pay, +as aforesaid. When afloat they shall receive the said one hundred +and fifty pesos, and in addition the ration that has been given +them hitherto. + +The Spanish common seamen who are employed anywhere shall receive +pay of one hundred pesos per year, and the thirty gantas of rice +per month on account of their pay, as aforesaid. When afloat they +shall receive their ordinary ration, as do the rest of the sailors, +in addition to their pay. + +The Indian common seamen who are employed anywhere shall receive +forty-eight pesos per year, and fifteen gantas of cleaned rice per +month on the account of their pay, as aforesaid; and when afloat, +the said pay, and in addition the ordinary ration which has hitherto +been given them. + +The Spanish carpenters, both those who work in the port of Cavite, +and those who work at shipbuilding in other places, shall receive an +annual pay of two hundred and fifty pesos, and no more, without any +ration while on shore; but when afloat, the said pay, and in addition +the ordinary ration, as hitherto. + +The chief calker who shall be employed in any place shall receive +an annual pay of three hundred pesos, without any ration; but when +afloat, the said pay, and in addition his ordinary ration, as hitherto. + +The Spanish calkers shall receive two hundred and fifty pesos per +year, without ration while in port; but when afloat, the said pay +and in addition their ordinary ration, as hitherto. + +The Spanish coopers shall receive each two hundred and fifty pesos per +annum, without anything else; but if afloat, their ordinary ration, +as hitherto. + +The Indian coopers shall receive an annual pay of sixty pesos per +year, and fifteen gantas of cleaned rice per month; and afloat, +their ration in addition to the said pay. + +The diver in the port of Cabite shall receive two hundred pesos per +year, and a ration of thirty gantas of cleaned rice per month, which +shall be charged to the account of his pay; and afloat, the ordinary +ration, as hitherto. + +The Spanish boss of the rope-factory at the port of Cabite shall +receive an annual pay of one hundred and fifty pesos, and thirty +gantas of cleaned rice per month, which shall be paid on the account +of his wages. + +The two Indian artisans in the rope-factory shall receive fifty-four +pesos per year apiece, and fifteen gantas of cleaned rice per month, +on the account of their pay. + +The Spanish boss of the smithy at the port of Cabite shall receive +an annual pay of four hundred pesos, without any ration. + +The Indian smiths at the said port of Cabite and in the foundry and +arsenal of this camp shall receive--the boss, one hundred pesos per +year, and fifty gantas of cleaned rice per month; and the others, +the pay that they are receiving. The latter shall all receive fifteen +gantas of cleaned rice per month, which shall be charged to the +account of their pay. + +The Sangley champan men, and sailors in the champans that belong to +his Majesty in any place, shall receive the pay in money that has +hitherto been given them, and in addition fifteen gantas of cleaned +rice per month, instead of the twenty gantas that have been given them, +besides their pay. + +The Sangley carpenters and sawyers who are actually working in the +port of Cabite and other places shall receive the pay in money that +has hitherto been given them; and in addition, fifteen gantas of +cleaned rice per month instead of the twenty. + +The sawyers of _brazas_ [27] shall receive four reals for each _braza_ +one braza long and one vara wide, but nothing else. However, if they +prefer rice on their account, it shall be given them at its market +price to his Majesty. + +The Sangley smiths who work on the Cabite shore and in other places +shall receive the pay in money that has been given them hitherto; +and, in addition, fifteen gantas of cleaned rice instead of twenty. + +The Sangley calkers who ordinarily work at the royal works in Cabite +and other places shall receive five pesos per month, and, in addition, +fifteen gantas of cleaned rice. + +The Indians who are employed to row in the sentinel boat at Mariveles, +shall receive one peso in money and fifteen gantas of cleaned rice +per month. + +The Lascars who are employed in any capacity in Cabite, either on sea +or on land, shall receive--the two bosses one hundred and fifty pesos +per year, and in addition fifteen gantas of cleaned rice per month; +while the others shall receive the pay that they receive at present, +and they shall be given in addition fifteen gantas of cleaned rice +per month, apiece. + +The other two sub-bosses of the Lascars shall receive one hundred +and twenty pesos per year, and fifteen gantas of cleaned rice per +month. All the others shall receive the pay that they received before, +and fifteen gantas of cleaned rice per month, besides their pay. + +There shall be twenty musketeers in each one of the companies of this +city and in the companies of the other presidios outside the city, +but no more. They shall be paid at the rate of two pesos per month, +one for additional pay for the musket; but no more, inasmuch as each +one has been reduced four reals. + +The acting sergeants of the company of this said city of Manila, and +the others in the presidios outside it, shall receive an increase of +two pesos per month, in addition to the ten pesos that they received +before, because of the severe labor that they have to perform. + +Likewise, the corporals of all the companies in this said city, +and outside it, shall receive an increase of one peso per month, +as additional pay, besides what they were receiving before. + +There shall be no shield-bearers to any company of this said city, +or in the other presidios; and consequently, they shall not be paid +at his Majesty's account. But the captains shall have them at their +own cost, and the captains shall not go without them, nor station +the guards without the said page. + +The commander of the ships which are despatched annually to Nueva +Espana shall receive a salary of three thousand pesos per annum, +besides the usual ration while sailing from port to port--even though +he anchor at any other port in the islands, if he reach it in distress, +even though it be not the legitimate port whence he sailed. + +The admiral of the said ships shall receive an annual salary of two +thousand pesos, and the usual ration while sailing from port to port, +in the same manner as the commander. + +The notaries of the said ships which sail to Nueva Espana, or on any +other voyage, shall receive one hundred and fifty pesos per year, +with the usual ration, as hitherto, while sailing from port to port. + +The stewards of the said ships, and those making any other voyages from +these islands, shall receive one hundred and fifty pesos per year, +besides the usual ration, while sailing in the same manner as above; +but when they reach land their pay or ration shall not run on. + +The guards of the water on the said ships, and those making other +voyages, shall receive one hundred and fifty pesos per year, and +their ration while sailing in the above manner. + +The office of the controllership of the royal exchequer must be held +by such a person as that office requires. For in that office, not only +is he under obligation to examine and review the transactions in all +the other offices--the paymaster's, the factor's and the chief office +[of the exchequer]--but it is instituted from their beginning, and +must keep an equal number of books, which must agree with them and be +made as they. He exercises the duties of the paymaster, of the factor, +and of the chief official of the said exchequer, in order that the +despatches made in the said offices may be collated and compared +with the duplicates which he shall have made at that same time in +his office of the controllership. Finding that they conform, those +pay-checks and payments will be despatched more properly. He shall be +given two clerks to help him, at a salary of ninety-six pesos per year, +without anything else. He who shall exercise the said duties of the +controllership shall receive two hundred and fifty pesos per year, +without anything else. + +In the pay-office of the infantry, in the accountancy of the treasury, +there shall be a chief official, who shall receive three hundred +pesos per year, but nothing else. This is the same sum that he has +received and is receiving in the said office. + +In the said pay-office and accountancy, there shall be a subordinate +official with an annual salary of two hundred and fifty pesos, +without anything else, which is the sum that he has been receiving. + +There shall be two clerks in the said office, so that they may +become experienced in the management and handling of papers; they +shall succeed to the others who shall be employed in the other higher +places; and they shall work there and aid them, because of the press +of matters there, as I have been informed. Each of those clerks shall +receive one hundred and fifty pesos per year, without ration. + +In addition to the chief clerk and the sub-clerk at present employed +in the office of the factor of the exchequer, at the pay that they +receive, there shall be another clerk; so that he may help them, and so +that he may become experienced in the office for the future. He shall +receive a salary of one hundred and fifty pesos, without anything else. + +In the chief office of the exchequer, there shall be, in addition +to the chief clerk and the other sub-clerk, who shall receive the +salaries that they have been receiving, another clerk to help them, +and to render himself useful in the office. He shall receive one +hundred and fifty pesos, but nothing else. The said clerks in any of +the said offices shall be Spaniards. + +No powder shall be wasted in salutes for the commandants of the +presidios when they enter or when they go out of them, with a fleet +or without it, or any other things, in any of the redoubts and forts +of this city or in the others outside it--except on the day of the +Resurrection and on Corpus Christi. It shall be done with moderation +on those days. If they wish to fire salutes on the days of the patron +saints of the city of Manila and other places in these islands, it +shall be at their own cost; and they shall pay his Majesty for the +powder and other things that are used. + +Furthermore, after the said day the standard-bearers of the alferezes +of all the companies of this city, and of those outside the city, +shall receive only the half of what they now receive. They were +receiving ninety-six pesos of eight reals, the half of which is +forty-eight pesos; and they shall receive that sum, and nothing else. + +Furthermore, the standard-bearers of the companies of the Pampango +nation shall only receive, from the said day and thenceforth, the +half of the sum paid to a soldier of that nation, and no more, and +the pages of the said nation shall be dismissed. + +All the above shall be observed and obeyed and executed, without any +violation of it by any other meaning and interpretation that might be +given to it in any circumstance, under penalty of being punished as +disobedient to the royal commands, so long as there is no change made +in them by his Majesty, by myself, or by any other person in his royal +name. The said royal officials, in order that they may so understand +it, shall enter this order in the royal books, and shall despatch the +necessary orders to the places where that is advisable. The royal +officials are to note that the salaries and other payments made in +this city, in any manner, must be authorized and paid by decree of +the government, as is ordered to them; and not in any other manner, +by issuing pay-checks and payments in form. The auditor of accounts +shall also take note of this order, so that, in accordance with +it, the payments that shall have been made shall be placed in the +accounts of the royal estate that he shall audit which shall have been +administered not only by the said royal official judges, but by those +of Terrenate and the island of Hermosa, and by the alcaldes-mayor, +overseers, ship-masters, and all others who in any manner have to do +with his Majesty's revenues, and in no other manner. Given in Manila, +September four, one thousand six hundred and thirty-five. + + +Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera + +By order of the governor: +Francisco de Ortega + + + +Also, from the said day and thenceforth, the common seamen who shall +come in the ships from Castilla, who shall not be necessary and +indispensable in the port of Cavite, shall be dismissed. The same +shall be done in the ships that sail to Terrenate and the island of +Hermosa, when they shall have returned to Manila. The pay of the said +common seamen shall not run any longer than the day on which they pass +muster after they shall have anchored. If the said galleons shall be +needed for the voyage, they shall determine what common seamen shall +be necessary, a fortnight before the ships sail. + +Furthermore, the clerk of the magazines at the said port of Cavite +shall not receive, from the said day and thenceforth, a greater +sum than one hundred and fifty pesos of eight reals per year, and +nothing else. + + +Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera + + +From the said day, the first of October, and thenceforth, all the +artillerymen of this city, the port of Cavite, and all the others +in all places outside this said city, shall receive one hundred and +seventy pesos of eight reals per annum, and no more; and the sum of +two hundred pesos that they received before shall cease. + +All the corporals of all the companies outside of this city shall +receive and enjoy the same pay and additional pay as those of this +presidio of Manila, and no more. + +The corporals from the nobility, [28] who have been in the forts of +Terrenate hitherto, and who have received more pay than the other +corporals of the companies, shall be dropped and removed, as they +are unnecessary. + +Furthermore, all the companies which shall be serving in the said forts +shall each receive thirty ordinary escudos of ten reals, the same as +is received by the companies of this presidio; and they shall cease +to receive the thirty ducados of eleven reals which they had before. + +The corporals of the companies of the Pampangos throughout these +islands shall receive and enjoy no additional pay for their office. + +The pay of captain, alferez, and sergeant of the Pampango nation shall +be understood to be, for all those who serve in these islands, the +amount that is assigned in the articles of this revision, and no more. + + +Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera + + +Collated with the original act and revision of pay and rations made by +the governor and captain-general, Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera +y Mendoca, who sent it to the official judges of the royal estate of +these islands so that it might be put in force. I obtained it from +them, in order to set it down in his Majesty's books in this auditing +department of the royal exchequer, and to make these copies. Then I +returned it to them and they have it now. Given in Manila, June four, +one thousand six hundred and thirty-six. + + +Juan Bautista de Cubiaga + + +Juan Bautista de Cubiaga, auditor of accounts and results of the +royal estate of these Philipinas Islands, shall certify at the end +of this decree the salaries and wages, and the rations, that have +been paid from the royal treasury and magazines to the persons who +have served in any naval or military post, or in any other capacity, +both in this city of Manila and outside of it, and in its presidios, +in former times and until June twenty-five, one thousand six hundred +and thirty-five, when I assumed the government of the islands. He +shall also make a copy, signed with his name, from the revision which +I made general, in the month of September of the said year, of the +paid positions in which certain wages and rations that they enjoyed +were lessened and reduced, because they were so large. He shall do +it all distinctly and clearly, so that the saving that has been made +for his Majesty's royal estate may be seen, in order that it might +be evident in his royal Council. Given in Manila, May twenty-four, +one thousand six hundred and thirty-six. + + +Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera + + + +In fulfilment of the order given by the above decree of Don Sebastian +Hurtado de Corcuera, governor and captain-general of these Philipinas +Islands, and president of the royal Audiencia herein, I, Juan Baptista +de Cubiaga, auditor of accounts and results of the royal estate of +these islands, certify that it appears from various books, warrants, +and other papers in this royal exchequer that are in my charge, that +the various posts necessary to his Majesty's service, both in this +city of Manila, and outside of it, and in the presidios, received +the salaries which will be stated below, and which were assigned by +councils of the treasury, called by the president and auditors and +the fiscal and royal officials, in former years and up to June, one +thousand six hundred and thirty-five. In accordance with the general +revision which the said governor made on September four, one thousand +six hundred and thirty-five, there has been saved for his Majesty, +from the pay and rations enumerated therein--which are the amounts now +paid, and those which they formerly received and which were given to +those who were employed in the said posts--what appears in each item +of the following. + + + +_Saved for his Majesty annually_ + + + Money Cleaned rice Rice in + the husk + (gantas) (fanegas) + +The assayer and weigher of the royal treasury received +four hundred pesos and one hundred fanegas of rice in +the husk per year. His pay was reduced by one hundred +and fifty pesos and the hundred fanegas of rice + 150 p. 0 100 + +The executor of the royal estate received one hundred +and fifty pesos per year, and thirty gantas of cleaned +rice per month. His pay was reduced by only the ration + 0 365[_sic_] 0 + +The keeper of the provisions and ammunition in +the royal magazines of Manila received six hundred +pesos and one hundred fanegas of rice in the husk +per year. He shall receive three hundred pesos only, +his pay being reduced by three hundred pesos and the +said ration 300 p. 0 100 + +Another keeper, he of the royal magazines of Cavite, +received three hundred pesos per year, and sixty gantas +of cleaned rice per month. His pay was reduced only +by the ration 0 720 0 + +One person has held the above two places, with a +substitute at his own cost, from the year one thousand +six hundred and twenty-eight until the present time, +at the salary of eight hundred pesos and the said +ration. It was badly administered because of the vast +number of papers that that keeper made, and one cannot +hope to see the end of his accounts. + +The keeper of the magazines and the paymaster of +Terrenate received five hundred pesos per year and +one ganta of rice daily. His pay was reduced by two +hundred pesos and the ganta of rice + 200 p. 365 0 + +The keeper of provisions and ammunition in the +magazines of the island of Hermosa received a salary +of five hundred pesos per year and thirty gantas +of rice per month as a ration. His pay was reduced +by two hundred pesos and the ration, and he shall +receive three hundred pesos 200 p. 365 0 + +The keeper of provisions and ammunition in the port +of Yloylo has quite generally been the purveyor and +alcalde-mayor of Pintados, who received seven hundred +pesos per year for both places, having everything +under his own charge. The amount saved in all three +is one hundred and eighty pesos from the three per +cent of the six thousand tributes which his Majesty +owns in the said purveyorship of Panay and Oton + 180 p. 0 0 + +The clerk of the royal magazines of Manila received +one hundred and fifty pesos and forty-eight fanegas +of rice in the husk per year. The revision deprived +him of only the rice 0 0 48 + +The shore-master of Cavite received six hundred pesos +per year, and one hundred and twenty gantas of cleaned +rice per month. The revision deprived him of only +the rice 0 1,440 0 + +The overseer of the royal works on the Cavite shore +received eight hundred pesos per year. The said +revision deprived him of two hundred pesos + 200 p. 0 0 + +The artillery founder of this city received seven +hundred pesos and thirty-six fanegas of rice in +the husk per year. At present he receives only five +hundred pesos, for the revision deprived him of two +hundred pesos and the rice 200 p. 0 36 + +The shipbuilder and master-workman of the royal works +at the port of Cavite received six hundred pesos per +year, and one hundred and twenty gantas of cleaned +rice per month. He now receives six hundred pesos, +but the ration has been taken from him + 0 1,440 0 + +The manager of the powder-house received a salary of +five hundred pesos [per year]. One hundred pesos were +taken from him 100 p. 0 0 + +The manager of the rigging which is made in Balayan +received a salary of two hundred pesos and forty-eight +fanegas of rice in the husk--all worth two hundred +and seventy-two pesos. He now receives two hundred +and fifty pesos, thus saving twenty-two pesos + 22 p. 0 0 + +The castellan of the fort of Santiago in Manila +received a salary of eight hundred pesos per year. Now, +if regularly appointed, he shall receive six hundred +pesos; and, if appointed _ad interim_, the half of +that sum. He who now holds that post, being appointed +_ad interim_, shall receive four hundred pesos; but +when one is regularly appointed, he shall be reduced +by two hundred pesos 200 p. 0 0 + +The lieutenant of the said fort of Santiago was ordered +to be entirely cashiered, as he had a company of +infantry in the fort with an alferez and sergeant. This +post was again created, because it was advisable that +the fort should not be without it; and it was given +to Alferez Antonio Ysquierdo with two hundred and +forty pesos per year. If a captain should hold it, +he shall receive three hundred pesos. He who held +this post before received four hundred and twenty +pesos. One hundred and twenty pesos are saved + 120 p. 0 0 + +Furthermore, two hundred and forty pesos are saved +which were taken from the alferez when the post of +lieutenant was again created 240 p. 0 0 + +There are two adjutants of the sargento-mayor in +the forts of Terrenate, who receive four hundred and +twelve pesos four tomins apiece, per year. Now one +of them shall receive three hundred and sixty pesos +per year, and the other ninety-six pesos, a total of +four hundred and fifty-six pesos. The revision saves +three hundred and sixty-nine pesos + 369 p. 0 0 + +There are two infantry companies of the Pampango +nation in the said forts of Terrenate, which formerly +had two hundred soldiers, counting the captains +and other officers, or one hundred and ninety-four +simple soldiers. They received formerly seventy-two +pesos apiece per year. Now and henceforth they +shall receive forty-eight pesos per year apiece, +the revision depriving them of twenty-four pesos +apiece. That makes a total saving of four thousand +six hundred and fifty-six pesos for the one hundred +and ninety-four soldiers 4,656 p. 0 0 + +The two captains of those two companies received two +hundred and eighty-eight pesos per year--a total +of five hundred and seventy-six pesos. They shall +now receive two hundred and fifty pesos apiece, or +a total of five hundred pesos, making a saving of +seventy-six pesos 76 p. 0 0 + +The two alferezes of the two companies of the +Pampango nation received one hundred and ninety-two +pesos per year apiece, a total of three hundred and +eighty-four. Now they receive one hundred and fifty +pesos apiece, a saving of eighty-four pesos + 84 p. 0 0 + +The two sergeants of the said nation received +one hundred and forty-four pesos apiece. Now they +receive one hundred and twenty apiece, a saving of +forty-eight pesos 48 p. 0 0 + +There was an artillery captain in the said forts of +Terrenate, who received four hundred and eighty pesos +per year. This post has been entirely suppressed + 480 p. 0 0 + +The surgeon of the hospital of Terrenate received six +hundred pesos per year and two rations which amounted +to forty-eight maravedis daily. He was deprived of +only the ration, which is worth sixty-four pesos +three tomins three granos 64 p. 3t. 3g. 0 0 + +The field captain of the said forts of Terrenate +received three hundred and thirty pesos per year. Now +he receives one hundred and fifty pesos, thus saving +one hundred and eighty 180 p. 0 0 + +The military notary of the said forts received two +hundred pesos per year. That pay is abolished entirely + 200 p. 0 0 + +There were four substitutes [_entretenimientos_] +in the forts of Terrenate. They were reduced to +opportunities for profit, of various amounts, in order +to distribute that money among half-pay alferezes. Each +substituteship was worth four hundred and fifty pesos, +or a total of one thousand eight hundred pesos. This +was abolished entirely 1,800 p. 0 0 + +In this camp of Manila, in its presidios, and in +those of Cibu, Oton, Cagayan, Caraga, and Camboanga, +there are five adjutants of the sargentos-mayor. Each +received one hundred and eighty pesos. Now they receive +ninety-six pesos apiece, thus saving eighty-four +pesos on each one, or a total for the five of four +hundred and twenty pesos 420 p. 0 0 + +There was a field captain in this city of Manila, +who received one hundred and eighty pesos per year, +and a field borrachel who received ninety-six pesos +per year. One person shall serve in these two posts +for one hundred and fifty pesos, thus saving one +hundred and twenty-six pesos 126 p. 0 0 + +The post of the military notary, which was paid two +hundred pesos per year, has been entirely abolished +and taken from the person who exercised it in this +city of Manila 200 p. 0 0 + +The chief drummer of this camp of Manila received +one hundred and twenty pesos per year. He receives +the same now, and has been reduced in nothing + 0 0 0 + +The chief gunners of the artillery--in this city of +Manila, he of the fort of Santiago in this city, +and those of Cavite, the island of Hermosa, and +Terrenate--each received three hundred pesos per +year. Now each one receives two hundred and fifty +pesos, thus saving two hundred and fifty pesos on +all five 250 p. 0 0 + +The apothecary of the royal hospital of Manila received +two hundred pesos per year, and his ration. That +was reduced only by four reals per day, and a total +worth one hundred and eighty-two and one-half pesos +was thus taken from him 182 p. 4t. 0 0 + +There are generally six galleys in the city of +Manila, the port of Cavite, the island of Hermosa, +and Terrenate--each galley with its captain, those of +Manila, Cavite, and the island of Hermosa, receiving +three hundred and fifty pesos, and their necessary +ration; and the other two of Terrenate, five hundred +and sixty-seven and one-half pesos per year, with the +said ration. It amounted in all to two thousand six +hundred and fifty-five pesos per year. Those posts +have been entirely abolished, because the masters of +the said galleys are to serve in them + 2,655 p. 0 0 + +Each of the said six galleys had its own master, +with a salary of two hundred and fifty pesos per +year and fifty pesos for a ration, a total of three +hundred pesos. Now they receive the two hundred and +fifty pesos, but no ration if anchored; while if +they are afloat the ration that they received per +year is diminished by half for all of them, as it +is not certainly known when they are to navigate, or +when they will leave or enter from port to port. Thus +there is a saving here of one hundred and fifty pesos, +which is the half of three hundred + 150 p. 0 0 + +The said six galleys had six boatswains, who received +two hundred pesos apiece per year, besides fifty +pesos for two rations. Now they receive two hundred +pesos--without the ration when anchored; while, if +afloat, the ordinary ration. Three hundred pesos are +saved, and by the difference for the time when they +are afloat, the half of that sum is saved, namely, +one hundred and fifty pesos 150 p. 0 0 + +The said six galleys have six boatswains' mates, +who received pay of one hundred and eighty pesos, +and thirty-seven pesos four tomins for two rations, in +all two hundred and seventeen and one-half pesos. Now +they receive one hundred and fifty pesos, and the +ration when afloat. Thus there is a saving of four +hundred and five pesos, and the ration for all the +time while they are at anchor, namely, forty-five pesos + 450 p. 0 0 + +Six guards on the said galleys received an annual +pay of one hundred and eighty pesos apiece, besides +two rations, a total of two hundred and thirty pesos +apiece. Those posts were entirely abolished, as they +are not necessary. They are worth one thousand three +hundred and eighty pesos 1,380 p. 0 0 + +The corporals of the said galleys received an annual +pay of one hundred and twenty pesos apiece formerly, +and two necessary rations additional. Those posts +were entirely abolished, as they are unnecessary. The +total amount is one thousand and twenty pesos + 1,020 p. 0 0 + +The chaplain of the said galleys received the same +pay, and there is nothing in money saved on it, +except twenty-five pesos, which is the half of the +fifty, the value of the ration of an officer when +afloat. Because it is not known how long this one +will be afloat, that ration is cut in two + 25 p. 0 0 + +There are usually ten or twelve pilots and +assistants in the voyages to Nueva Espana, the +island of Hermosa, and Terrenate. When afloat they +all formerly received pay at the rate of six hundred +pesos per year; and, while ashore, two hundred pesos +for allowance. Sometimes those voyages last a year, +or fourteen or fifteen months, and at the very least +nine months; and one is commuted by the other. [29] +The said pilots shall now receive five hundred pesos +while afloat, besides their ration as before, and +ashore the same allowance. One hundred pesos is saved +from each one and in all ten pilots one thousand pesos + 1,000 p. 0 0 + +A like number of mates sail on the said voyages in +the said ships. They received three hundred pesos +apiece, and their ordinary ration. Now they receive +two hundred and fifty pesos apiece while afloat, and +there is a saving of fifty pesos on each one. This +item follows the same rule as the above item, and +the total saving is five hundred pesos + 500 p. 0 0 + +There are a like number of second mates in the said +voyages and on the same ships. They formerly received +two hundred pesos, and their ordinary ration while +afloat and ashore. Now they receive the same when +afloat only; and, when in the port, one hundred and +fifty pesos and no more, for the ration is charged to +their pay. Fifty pesos are saved on each one. They +receive, besides the ration for all the time while +they are anchored; for although the ship is not always +sailing, still they live on it, in case that any storms +arise, for there are neither more nor less storms +than when they are sailing. Consequently, nothing is +saved in what concerns the ration, and there is only +a saving of money, which amounts to five hundred pesos + 500 p. 0 0 + +There are about five hundred seamen--more rather than +less--who sail in the same voyages and on the ships +for Castula, the island of Hermosa, Terrenate, and +other places--where journeys are made in champans, +which carry merchandise by way of the provinces to +the royal magazines of Manila, and Cavite, and along +all the river and its port, and in the port and river +of Yloylo, and to the presidios; as well as in the +vessels that carry the money for reenforcement of those +places and those that go to the provinces in order +to bring back the bandalas [30] of products. They +formerly received one hundred and fifty pesos per +year apiece, and one ganta of cleaned rice daily as +a ration. Now they receive the same one hundred and +fifty pesos per year; and the ration is charged to +the account of their pay, except when afloat. Those +seamen who are generally sailing in all parts number +about two hundred. They have the same storms above +mentioned, and their voyages last at times one year, +or more or less. Thus it is considered that nothing +is saved on those two hundred. On the remaining three +hundred, the said ration of one ganta daily is saved +entirely. That saving amounts to one hundred and nine +thousand five hundred gantas 0 109,500 0 + +The Spanish common seamen who serve in the said parts +formerly received one hundred pesos, and the same +ration [as the sailors]. Now they receive the same +when afloat, but when ashore the ration is charged +to the account of their pay. The saving is so small +that no mention is made of it + 0 0 0 + +In the same voyages and ships, and in the presidios, +port of Cavite, port of Yloylo, the royal magazines +of Manila, and Cavite, his Majesty's champans, +and in various other parts, there are usually two +hundred Indian common seamen. They formerly received +forty-eight pesos per year, and fifteen gantas of +cleaned rice per month. Now they receive the same pay +and ration while afloat, but while at anchor only +the pay, and the ration is charged to the account +of the pay. It is considered that one hundred common +seamen are always on voyages; and since these last, +as has been said above, a year more or less, it is +not thought that there should be any other course +with them. With the other hundred, however, there +is a saving of all the rations, which amount to one +thousand five hundred gantas 0 1,500 0 + +Along the said shores and in the said ships, there +are generally six Spanish carpenters, who formerly +received three hundred pesos and their ordinary +ration. Now they receive two hundred and fifty pesos +apiece besides their ration while afloat, and while +anchored. Fifty pesos are all that is saved from each +one, making a total of three hundred pesos + 300 p. 0 0 + +The chief calker who is generally at the port of +Cavite formerly received three hundred pesos, and +his ordinary ration of two gantas of cleaned rice +daily. Now he receives the same pay, but the revision +deprives him of the ration, which amounts to seven +hundred and thirty gantas 0 730 0 + +There are seven Spanish calkers in the said ports +and along the shore. They formerly received three +hundred pesos per year, and one ganta of cleaned rice +daily. Now they receive two hundred and fifty pesos, +and the same ration when afloat; but if not afloat +they do not receive that ration. By the difference in +this, as above stated, the saving in this particular +is one-half of the ration, which amounts to one +thousand two hundred and seventy-seven gantas, +besides the three hundred and fifty pesos in reals, +reckoning fifty pesos from each of the seven + 350 p. 1,277 0 + +There are seven Spanish coopers in the said places, +who receive the said pay and ration, and who have +been reduced to the same figures as the calkers. The +same amount is saved as in the case of the calkers +in the preceding item 350 p. 1,277 0 + +There are generally four Indian coopers in the said +ports, who received sixty pesos per year apiece, and +one-half ganta of cleaned rice daily. Now they receive +the same pay and ration, while afloat; but when not +afloat, they do not receive the ration. Nothing is +saved in money; and in case that they go on voyages, +there is saved in this one-half of the four rations, +which amount to three hundred and sixty-five gantas +of cleaned rice 0 365 0 + +The diver at the port of Cavite received three +hundred pesos per year, and two gantas of cleaned rice +daily. Now by the revision he receives two hundred +pesos, and one-half the ration. One hundred pesos +are saved and three hundred and sixty-five gantas + 100 p. 365 0 + +The Spanish rope-master of Cavite formerly received +the same pay and rations as now; and nothing has been +saved in this regard by the revision + 0 0 0 + +Two Indian artisans in the rope-factory of Cavite +formerly received fifty-four pesos per year, and one +ganta of rice per day. Now by the revision they receive +the same pay, and the half of the ration. Between +the two, three hundred and sixty-five gantas are saved + 0 365 0 + +The Spanish master-smith at Cavite formerly received +four hundred pesos per year, and thirty gantas of +cleaned rice per month. Now he receives the same pay +without the ration, which was taken from him by the +revision. The saving amounts to three hundred and +sixty-five gantas 0 365 0 + +The Indian smiths who serve in the smithies of Cavite, +the artillery foundry, and the arsenal of this city +of Manila generally number one hundred, more rather +than less. The boss received one hundred and twenty +pesos per year, and sixty gantas of cleaned rice per +month. The rest received various sums, and thirty +gantas of rice per month. Now the boss receives one +hundred pesos, and the others the same pay as before, +but the ration that is given them must be on the +account of their pay, and is fifteen gantas to each +one--boss and all. Twenty pesos are saved on the boss, +besides seven hundred and thirty gantas of rice, +and thirty-six thousand five hundred gantas from the +one hundred Indians. 20 p. 730 0 + + 0 36,500 0 + +The Sangley sailors and champan hands on his Majesty's +champans that carry the food and products that are +transported and bought in the islands, taking these to +the ports where they are needed (and there are about +one hundred and sixty Sangleys with their bosses), +all received various wages. They receive the same now, +except that the twenty gantas of cleaned rice which +was given to each one as a monthly ration has been +reduced by five, and each one is now given fifteen +gantas. That reduction amounts to sixty gantas apiece +per year, and the total for all one hundred and sixty +Sangleys is nine thousand six hundred gantas + 0 9,600 0 + +The Sangley carpenters and sawyers who were actually +working in Cavite and other places received sixty-eight +and one-half pesos apiece [per year], and twenty +gantas of cleaned rice per month. Now they receive +the same pay, and fifteen gantas. Five gantas per +month have been taken from each one by the revision, +or sixty per year. There being fifty Sangleys among +those workmen, three thousand gantas are saved annually + 0 3,000 0 + +The Sangley sawyers of brazas received the same +pay formerly as now, and nothing has been saved on +this item 0 0 0 + +Thirty Sangley smiths who worked on the Cavite shore, +and in other places, received various wages, and +twenty gantas of cleaned rice apiece per month. Now +they receive the same pay, and fifteen gantas. By +the revision five gantas per month have been taken +from each one, or sixty per year. From all the thirty +Sangleys one thousand eight hundred gantas are saved + 0 1,800 0 + +Fourteen Sangley calkers who were ordinarily employed +on the royal works of Cavite and in other places +received five pesos five tomins and twenty gantas +of cleaned rice per month. Now they receive the same +pay and fifteen gantas. Each one has been deprived of +five gantas per month, or sixty gantas per year. The +reduction from all fourteen amounts to eight hundred +and forty gantas. Besides that, each one's pay has +been decreased by five reals per month, which for all +fourteen amounts to one hundred and five pesos per year + 105 p. 840 0 + +The twenty Indians who served as rowers in the +sentinel-boat of Mariveles were formerly paid one peso +per month and one hundred fanegas of cleaned rice, +or four thousand eight hundred gantas per year for +all. Now they receive the same money, and fifteen +gantas of cleaned rice apiece, or for all twenty, +three thousand six hundred gantas per year. One +thousand two hundred gantas are saved + 0 1,200 0 + +The two bosses of the hundred and thirty Lascars, +natives of India, who serve as sailors, common seamen, +and in other capacities, received formerly two hundred +and forty pesos per year, and thirty gantas of cleaned +rice per month. Now they receive one hundred and +fifty pesos per year, and fifteen gantas of rice per +month. One hundred and eighty pesos and three hundred +and sixty-five gantas of cleaned rice are saved on +the two bosses 180 p. 365 0 + +Two other bosses of the Lascars received one hundred +and twenty pesos per year and thirty gantas of cleaned +rice. Now they receive the same pay and fifteen +gantas. On the two, three hundred and sixty-five +gantas are saved 0 365 0 + +The other one hundred and twenty-six Lascars received +various wages, and thirty gantas of cleaned rice +per month. Now they receive the same pay, but, by the +revision, the ration of each one was reduced by fifteen +gantas per month, or one hundred and eighty gantas +per year; and that of all, by twenty-two thousand +six hundred and eighty gantas of cleaned rice, which +is saved 0 22,680 0 + +_Increase_. There are twenty-four companies, or two +more or less, in all the camp of Manila and in its +presidios and those of Terrenate. They are generally +divided into different bodies in order that they may +be sent to different parts as occasion demands. Each +company has its own sergeant, and they have all +received an increase of twenty-four pesos per year +over their former pay, because of their arduous +duties. That increase amounts to five hundred and +seventy-six pesos of common gold + 576 p. 0 0 + +_Increase_. There ought to be ninety-six corporals in +all the said companies, each company of one hundred +men having four, but since there are no companies +that contain that number, the number is adjusted at +ninety corporals. Each one has received an increase +of twelve pesos per year, in addition to the sum +that he formerly received, because of their arduous +duties. That increase amounts to one thousand and +eighty pesos 1,080 p. 0 0 + +There were a like number of shield-bearers in the +twenty-four companies, who received ninety-six pesos +per year apiece. They were entirely abolished by the +revision, and the captains shall keep them at their +own cost. That saves two thousand three hundred and +four pesos 2,304 p. 0 0 + +The commander of the ships which are despatched +annually to Nueva Espana received three thousand +Castilian ducados per year. Now he receives by +the revision three thousand pesos, thus saving one +thousand one hundred and twenty-five pesos. In regard +to rations, he receives the same now as then + 1,125 p. 0 0 + +The admiral of the said ships received two thousand +Castilian ducados per year. Now he receives two +thousand pesos, thus saving seven hundred and fifty +pesos. In regard to rations, he receives the same +now as then 750 p. 0 0 + +One hundred pesos per year have been reduced by the +revision from the two hundred pesos that each of the +two notaries of the said ships formerly received + 100 p. 0 0 + +A like sum has been taken from the pay of the two +stewards, in the same manner 100 p. 0 0 + +A like sum has been reduced from the pay of the +water-guards, in the same way + 100 p. 0 0 + +The two notaries and the two stewards of the ships +that make the voyage to Terrenate and one notary +and one steward of the ship that sails to the island +of Hermosa, have been reduced for like sums in the +same way 300 p. 0 0 + +_Increase_. In the office of the controllership, +two clerks were added with pay of ninety-six pesos +per year, a total of one hundred and ninety-two pesos + 192 p. 0 0 + +The places of chief clerk and second clerk of the +pay-office, of which the revision makes mention, +have neither been increased nor diminished. + +_Increase_. In the said pay-office, two more clerks +were added, with one hundred and fifty pesos apiece +per year 300 p. 0 0 + +_Increase_. In the said office of the factor, another +clerk was added to the force, with a salary of one +hundred and fifty pesos per year + 150 p. 0 0 + +_Increase_. The chief office was given another clerk +at the same and aforesaid pay 150 p. 0 0 + +The powder that has been wasted in Manila and in the +outside presidios in firing salutes to the persons who +govern the provinces, and on festal days, as appears +by the different accounts of the administration of the +royal estate, is considerable; and inasmuch as this +cannot be regulated with certainty, it is diminished +by eight hundred pesos per year, for according to +the revision, powder must not be so used in the future + 800 p. 0 0 + +The standard-bearers of all the companies of these +islands and the Molucas (who, as we have said above, +are twenty-four in number) received ninety-six pesos +apiece per year. According to the revision, they have +been cut down by the half. The half that is saved +amounts to one thousand one hundred and fifty-two pesos + 1,152 p. 0 0 + +Of five standard-bearers of five infantry companies +of the Pampango nation (who are in Terrenate, the +island of Hermosa, Cagayan, and Camboanga) those of +Terrenate received seventy-two pesos apiece per year; +and the others, forty-eight apiece. Now they receive +the half of those sums, and one hundred and forty-four +pesos are saved 144 p. 0 0 + +Of the five shieldbearers of the said five companies, +two received seventy-two pesos apiece, and the +others forty-eight. They have all been abolished, +and the amount saved in this is two hundred and +eighty-eight pesos 288 p. 0 0 + +_Increase_. The clerk of the royal magazines of +Cavite received one hundred and forty pesos per year, +and a ration of forty-eight fanegas of rice in the +husk. Now he receives one hundred and fifty pesos, +but the ration has been taken away + 10 p. 0 0 + +There are about one hundred artillerymen--more +rather than less--in this city of Manila, the fort +of Santiago, the port of Cavite, the fort of Oton, +Cagayan, the island of Hermosa, Cibu, Caraga, +Camboanga, and the Malucas Islands. Each of them +formerly received two hundred pesos per year. The +revision now gives them one hundred and seventy pesos, +and each one has been decreased by thirty pesos. The +saving in this item amounts to three thousand pesos + 3,000 p. 0 0 + +In the reduction of the additional pay of the corporals +from the nobility in the forts of Terrenate--who +received thirty pesos of additional pay per year, +besides the ordinary pay--and who are six in number and +belong to the six companies in the said forts, the sum +saved amounts to one hundred and eighty pesos per year + 180 p. 0 0 + +The said six companies in the said forts received +thirty Castilian ducados to distribute among those +who received additional pay. Now and henceforth, in +accordance with the revision, they receive thirty +escudos of ten-real pieces. Three pesos six reals +are saved on each company; and in all six, twenty-two +and one-half pesos per month; and per year + 273 p. 0 0 + +Each of eight corporals of the Pampango nation, +for the two Pampango companies who serve in the said +forts of Terrenate, receives one peso per month as +additional pay. That amounts to ninety-six pesos per +year for the eight 96 p. 0 0 + +There are infantry of the Pampango nation in the +island of Hermosa, Camboanga, Cagayan, Oton, Cibu, and +Caraga. Among them are three captains, who received +two hundred and eighty-eight pesos per year apiece; +and three alferezes, who received one hundred and +ninety-two pesos per year apiece. The total sum +of those salaries is one thousand four hundred and +forty pesos. Now the captains receive two hundred and +fifty pesos, and the alferezes one hundred and fifty; +or a total for all six of one thousand two hundred +pesos. Two hundred and forty pesos are saved annually + 240 p. 0 0 + + + +_General summary of the amounts saved for his Majesty in these islands +in certain salaries_ + + + Pesos Tomins Granos Cleaned rice + (gantas) + 450 0 0 + 1,080 0 0 1,085 + 951 0 0 3,650 + 5,788 3 3 109,500 + 2,978 4 0 3,507 + 3,405 0 0 2,737 + 951 0 0 3,650 + + 3,925 0 0 49,830 + 500 0 0 4,205 + 650 0 0 23,045 + 450 0 0 ------- + 20 0 0 197,519 + 235 0 0 + 2,304 0 0 Rice in the + husk (fanegas) + 2,475 0 0 + 2,384 0 0 200 + 3,789 4 0 84 + ------ -- -- 48 + 31,435 3 3 --- + 332 + + Increases of pay (pesos) + 1,656 + 792 + 10 + ----- + 2,458 + + + pesos tomins granos + + +Consequently, according to the revision of salaries +and rations made by the governor--which, exactly copied +from the original, accompanies this certification--it +appears that the amount annually saved for his Majesty +is thirty-one thousand four hundred and thirty-five +pesos three tomins and three granos, + 31,435 3 3 + +in reals; one hundred and ninety-seven thousand five +hundred and nineteen gantas of cleaned rice, which +is appraised at one-half real per ganta (about the +usual price in the market), and hence is equivalent +to twelve thousand three hundred and forty-four pesos +seven tomins and six granos; 12,344 7 6 + +and three hundred and thirty-two fanegas of rice +in the husk, of forty-eight gantas to the fanega, +valued at twelve reals per fanega, and thus worth +four hundred and ninety-eight pesos. 498 0 0 + +That gives a total of forty-four thousand two hundred +and seventy-eight pesos two tomins and nine granos. + 44,278 2 9 + +Subtracting from that sum two thousand four hundred +and fifty-eight pesos 2,458 0 0 + +for some places that the governor created anew, as the +said revision declares, the remainder is forty-one +thousand eight hundred and twenty pesos two tomins +and nine granos. 41,820 2 9 + +That is the amount that is saved for his Majesty +annually, in deducting it from the former pay and +rations attached to the positions cited by the said +revision. Of those posts, and of all others that his +Majesty has sustained and sustains in these Filipinas +Islands, there is a full account in this auditing +department of the royal exchequer which is in my +charge. And now, so that it might be apparent to his +Majesty in his royal Council of the Yndias, and in any +other place, I attest the same, referring to various +books, accounts, and other papers of the said office, +where it appears, in fulfilment of the command given +by the said decree of the governor and captain-general, +Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera. Manila, June twelve, +one thousand six hundred and thirty-six. + + +Juan Baptista de Cubiaga + + + +[_Tribute from Negro slaves_] + +Sire: + + +With the approval of your royal Audiencia, it has been decreed that +the negro slaves of the Indians shall pay tribute to your Majesty, +in the same manner as it is paid by their masters and by the Indian +slaves whom these hold, who are of their own countrymen and people. No +one has opposed it, except that the religious of St. Dominic, +St. Francis, and St. Augustine say that this is a new imposition, +and that it cannot be collected. They do so, because there is nothing +else in which they can oppose the government. These Indians, Sire, +formerly cultivated their lands, and they served the Spaniards for +what the latter chose to pay them, on the ships and in other kinds +of service; but now, as they have become slothful and do not render +these services, they purchase these negro slaves and use them for +making money--with which gains they pay their tributes and support +themselves. It stands to reason that since the Indian slaves of these +people pay the tribute as their masters do, the negro slaves should +do the same. Your Majesty will be pleased to command that this matter +be considered, and to give me such orders as shall be most expedient +for the service of your Majesty--whose Catholic person may our Lord +preserve in your greatness, as Christendom has need. Manila, June 30, +in the year 1636. Sire, your vassal kisses your Majesty's feet. + + +Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera + + +[_Endorsed_: "Governor of Philipinas; to his Majesty, June 30, 1636; +no. 14; government."] + +[_Endorsed_: "December 16, 1637. Tell him that his zeal and solicitude +for the profit of his Majesty's treasury are appreciated; but that +this measure seems to be an innovation, and not quite in accordance +with law. Accordingly the religious are not without reason for +opposing it. Tell him that if any difficulties arise from this, +and it shall not be established and current with the consent of all, +he shall avoid levying this impost, and shall render account to the +Council of what he shall have done."] + + + + + +LETTER FROM FATHER CRISTOBAL DE LARA TO FATHER FELIPE DE CARDENAS + + +_Pax Christi vobiscum_ + +I consider it unnecessary to tell you of the pleasure, joy, and +satisfaction which the letter of Brother Felipe gave me; for certainly +this would be great, considering the desire which I already had to +know about the brother as well as the other pupils and companions, +and likewise because of the love and good-will which I have always +borne towards Brother Felipe--who I am satisfied will repay it, and +will not forget me in his holy prayers. By means of them I hope for +much fervor of spirit and courage in pursuing the way of our Lord, +that I may not be faint-hearted in the continual hardship and toil in +which I trust in our Lord soon to find myself, with the conversion of +these heathen--so wide-spread and far extended, and in so great need of +laborers and workers. This increases our labor, so that our sufferings +are very great--a prolonged martyrdom in which the sons of the Society +pass their lives, exposed to innumerable fatigues, which are incredible +even when seen. I believe, indeed, that you in Europe have no idea +of this apostolic life; for of late years the missionary fathers have +gone about through these mountains alone, poor and half-naked, having +nothing to eat or drink, without shelter or entertainment, on account +of the ferocity of the enemy in Mindanao. These latter came forth this +year with intent to kill all the fathers that should fall into their +hands, on account of a vow which they made to their false god Mahoma +that, if he would give them health, they would pursue the fathers who +are teaching a religion different from their own. Sano, their infamous +king, complied with this vow, and brought out his army of cruel savages +to attack the villages of the Society. They wrought havoc worse than +can be told, sparing no one. When they learned that the fathers had +fled to the mountains, they sent out dogs to capture them and get +them in their power--in the meantime burning houses and churches and +outraging the images. They overtook the good father Juan del Carpio, +[31] whom they cut into pieces and killed with inhuman and unheard-of +cruelty. Before this they had captured our good old man and father, +Domingo Vilanzio, [32] a holy man who died from the ill-treatment +which they inflicted upon him. In short, without detailing at length +the glorious ministries of the Society in Filipinas, suffice it to +say that fathers who have been through it all affirm that Paraguai +[33] was but matter for jest compared with this; for the Society has +no field more glorious, nor more to the honor of our Lord. This is +well seen through the marvelous events which his Majesty has brought +about through us, without which it would be impossible for so small +a number of fathers to accomplish so much and not suffer a thousand +deaths in so many hardships as they have endured. In short, my brother, +it is there that we shall look to go, and die a thousand times in +the quest, working day and night. But comfort shall not fail us, to +refresh us in these labors, for this is only a little rice and water, +and what they are seeking most to accomplish in Espana--namely, that +the cross of our Lord should be raised up here through these labors, +and all with the greatest pleasure in the world for poor me. What I +should have lost if I had remained there, etc. + +Our Lord will repay the brother for his kindness in giving us news +of the province, and of the fellow-novices and the fathers whom we +know. Certainly there is no pleasure, for us who are here, to compare +with our joy in knowing about our fathers and brothers, who are ever +present in our hearts. + +Brother Diego Ponze has acted in a very despicable manner. I never +have confidence in persons like him. + +I have good news of Brother Celerio, his companion, which pleases me +much. I had written to Brother Diego de Mendizabal before I received +the clause in the letter from the brother. To all the fellow-novices +who are there, a thousand million greetings, to each one separately +and to all in common; and let them commend me to our Lord. I was +much pleased at the good news of all which was given me by Brother +Juan de Alcala. I am writing to several persons, and it will make +me glad [to know] that all continue in the growth that I desire, +both in virtue and in learning, etc. + +Not to take more space, I leave unsaid many things--especially +concerning Japan, where the persecution is progressing cruelly and +fiercely. May our Lord check this, and protect my brother Felipe as +I desire, etc. Filipinas; Manila, July 3, 1636. + +From the humble servant of my brother, + + +Cristoval de Lara + + +I beg my brother to let Brother Christoval de Escamilla and Brother +Manuel de Frias consider this as their own; and to them I send most +cordial greetings. + + + + + +LETTER FROM CORCUERA TO FELIPE IV + + +Sire: + +1. I am at this port of Cavite, lading the two galleons belonging to +your Majesty that carry the merchandise which you have been pleased +to grant and permit to the citizens for their navigation and trade +to Nueva Espana. These two ships will carry this year a greater +registered cargo than formerly the ten galleons for five years +carried. The usual amount registered was from three hundred or four +hundred to five hundred chests of silks, stuffs, and cloths [_bienzos_] +(which here they call _mantheria_); but now I have laden the capitana, +and the registration exceeds a thousand chests, while the almiranta, +which has a larger hold, will probably carry one thousand two hundred +chests. The royal duties which belong to your Majesty will amount to +three per cent; the freight charges and further duties at the port of +Acapulco will come to six hundred thousand or seven hundred thousand +pesos. Accordingly, if your Majesty's viceroy will send me even the +proceeds of the said royal dues alone, I shall be able, in the four +years' [service] that I have offered your Majesty, to relieve this +your royal treasury of more than three hundred thousand pesos of +debts, and to maintain these islands with what can be obtained from +them--a thing which your Majesty has so desired, and which you have +so often charged so many governors to do. If God grants me life, +that I may employ it wholly in the service of your Majesty, and in +efforts to increase your royal estate, I will not content myself +with that, but more and more will send you all the cloves from the +Malucas Islands which can be procured in trade at your forts in +Therrenatte. Thence I will send the spice to the port of Acapulco, +to be sent to Espana to your Majesty--or to be sold there, and the +proceeds sent to Espana. I have also decided to purchase all the wax +that comes from the encomiendas of your Majesty's vassals, and place +it with [the products of] your royal encomiendas, to be sent on your +Majesty's account to Nueva Espana, so that the proceeds of the wax may +be sent to your Majesty with that from the cloves. [_Marginal note_: +"Inform him of the receipt of his letter, and say that we hope that +he will always do what he can to increase the royal estate; and that +he shall endeavor to secure, by all proper and convenient methods, +the relief of the royal treasury."] + +2. I was occupied in this service on the morning of St. Peter's day, +being engaged in celebrating a fiesta to the blessed sacrament, +and giving thanks to God for the favor that He has shown to your +Majesty in bringing to this port, at the same time and hour, your +two galleons which I sent with the relief to Therrenatte--of which +affair I will give account to your Majesty in another letter. There +were two other ships, small ones, which the viceroy, the Marques de +Cadereyta, sent to these islands with the usual succor, because last +year he had not sent galleons which could carry it. In other letters +I have told your Majesty of his reasons of convenience. By these +ships I received the decrees which your Majesty has been pleased +to command me to issue. In the first, you command me to charge the +archbishop, the bishops, the provincials of the religious orders, +and all classes of ecclesiastics and virtuous people to commend to God +your Majesty's monarchy, and that they should banish the vices which +among your vassals are so displeasing to our Lord; and the same order +is laid upon the governors, alcaldes, and higher magistrates of these +provinces. This mandate of your Majesty shall be obeyed, Sire, with +all promptness, and with the carefulness which so important a matter +demands--that not only for the time, but continually, this care may be +maintained. And as the beginning has been made by the benefit received +on St. Peter's day from the fiesta of the blessed sacrament, I shall +endeavor to secure the regular observance of this fiesta every year, +forever, so that what your Majesty desires may on that occasion be +implored from God. This decree is dated at Madrid, June 28, in the +year 1635. [_Marginal note_: "Write that this is approved."] + +3. With this decree comes another, in which your Majesty commands +that I make secret inquiries, and carry out the directions in the +said decree regarding the Frenchmen who have come to these islands +and are living in them, and regarding their property. This I shall +promptly execute, according to the tenor of the decree, and with such +discretion and proper measures as shall be possible. [_Marginal note_: +"Seen; tell him to carry out the commands of the decree."] + +[4.] In another decree, dated at Madrid, March 4 of the same year, +your Majesty is pleased to command that when I send the galleons +to Nueva Espana, they shall be in command of a trustworthy person, +and that other persons of similar ability shall go with the ships, +so that in case of [the commander's] death these persons shall bring +them back [to these islands]. This very arrangement I had made before +I saw your Majesty's decree, for which honor and favor I kiss your +Majesty's feet a thousand times. In another letter I have entreated +your Majesty that you will be pleased to command your viceroy of Nueva +Espana to allow the commander and admiral who conduct thither the +galleons from these islands to exercise authority and jurisdiction +in the port of Acapulco (so long as they are not on the land) to +punish their seamen and soldiers, and that the warden of the port +shall not interfere with them by endeavoring to have such delinquents +punished on shore; for they have always had some men under them who +have ability, and have served well, and are very competent--who yet, +from the time when the said galleons cast anchor, neither respect nor +obey as they should, during the entire time while they remain in port, +the said commander and admiral, since they think that those officers +cannot punish them until they set sail for the return voyage. This +is a great hindrance to the service of your Majesty; and since you +have been generously pleased to grant to your governors authority +to send future successors for the said offices, may your Majesty be +also pleased to grant me this favor which I now entreat, in behalf +of their authority and due respect and proper government. [_Marginal +notes_: "Bring hither the orders already given on this subject, and a +statement of what is customary in other ports, especially in that of +Bera Cruz." "They are here." "Let the governor's request be granted, +with the conditions that he mentions; and write to the viceroy that +this seems to be the general practice, to judge from precedents found +here, and that he is to issue the necessary orders for the execution +of the above--unless he finds difficulties in the way which oblige him +to do otherwise. Then, when the men on the ships commit any excesses +on shore, let a case be made against them, and then referred to the +commander and admiral."] + +5. In another decree from Madrid, dated May 4 of the same year, +your Majesty commands, that in order to prevent the frauds which +hitherto have been committed on the ships which sail with merchandise +to Nueva Espana, I shall, since this port is so near, sometimes +go to examine and direct the lading, or entrust this duty to some +careful person. Before the said decree arrived, I came (as I have +informed your Majesty in another letter) to the said port to serve +as a royal official; and I have already laden the capitana--which +is an undertaking of so much importance that the governor who does +not attend to it in person, but entrusts it to some one else whom he +supposes to be trustworthy, does not comply with the dictates of his +conscience or with the obligations of his office. Notwithstanding +that your Majesty has royal officials to whom this task pertains, +I have thanked God that I had begun to render this service to your +Majesty before I could know your wishes, and whether you had commanded +such action. Now that I know what you desire, I will carry it out +more expeditiously; for here in the Yndias I need only to show the +orders of your Majesty, in order to defend myself from the jealousy +and complaints of your vassals, and with these they respect and obey +me better. I follow my natural inclination in obeying, as a Christian +and a loyal vassal, the orders and commands which your Majesty shall +be pleased to give me. [_Marginal note_: "Seen."] + +6. In another decree, dated May 4 of the same year, your Majesty +commands that, on account of the losses which have resulted therefrom, +I shall not allow the trade and commerce of the Portuguese with +these islands, so that the Chinese trade may not be broken off. I +shall obey this very punctually, according to its tenor. Judging +that this very thing which your Majesty commands was best, I had, +before receiving the decree, sent advices to the city of Macan that +they must not send any merchandise to these islands; and that only one +ship could come from Macan, which should bring some anchors, muskets, +and arquebuses, of which these islands are in great need. Although +when I came here I found three of their ships in the port, this year +only one has come; and hereafter this commerce will be dispensed with, +inasmuch as it will not be expedient to send [to Macan] for anything +save what the Chinese cannot bring--such as anchors and firearms, +which often get broken. But in everything which shall not be expedient +for your Majesty's service I shall prevent the Portuguese from coming +to this port, or to any other, to trade with the Castilians. With the +welcome and kind treatment which has been shown to the said Chinese +thirty-three of their little ships have come this year, and have +brought so great a quantity of merchandise that your Majesty's vassals +have not for many years past seen stuffs so cheap. This has been caused +by receiving them hospitably, treating them well, and despatching their +affairs graciously and promptly; and by not allowing the officers of +justice or those of the treasury to molest them, or to take from them +a thread of silk. With this shipment of goods; these your vassals have +no need whatever of the trade with the Portuguese; and the customs +duties of six per cent which the Chinese pay have amounted this year +to more than fifty thousand pesos. [_Marginal note_: "Seen. Tell him +to execute the decree, since he knows how expedient it is."] + +7. In another decree, dated Madrid, December 4, 1634, your Majesty +commands your viceroys and governors that, on account of the +inconveniences resulting from the vacant see, and as the ecclesiastical +cabildos manage some affairs contrary to law and to the service of +God and your Majesty, in order to check them such measures shall +be taken as shall be most expedient for your royal service in these +islands. Thus far, Sire, the vacant [archiepiscopal] see has not been +governed by the ecclesiastical cabildo, but by the bishop of Cibu, +or by the bishop who has been longest in office; accordingly such +irregular proceedings have not occurred here. Moreover, the religious +orders and their members avoid these evils, obeying your Majesty and +your governors, as also do the ecclesiastics of the cabildo of this +holy church who are your very obedient chaplains. They cannot fail to +be such, for they live on what your Majesty furnishes them from your +royal treasury; and they perform what has thus far been required from +them which pertains to your royal service--especially in commending +your Majesty to God in their prayers at the beginning and the end +of mass, as well as our lady the queen, and our prince and the royal +children. They have done this very willingly, although it is something +which had not been done before, even among the religious orders--which +surprises me, and seems a very unusual thing. In all respects and in +every way, I will observe and follow what your Majesty is pleased to +command. [_Marginal note_: "This is well."] + +8. In another decree, dated at San Martin, December 21, 1634, your +Majesty commands that I shall not go beyond the decrees in regard to +the resignations of saleable offices, in which it is commanded that +the third part of the price of such office be placed in the royal +treasury. What your Majesty commands shall be fulfilled and carried +out. [_Marginal note_: "Let this decree be brought. Tell him that +his course is approved, and he shall act accordingly."] + +9. In another decree, dated Madrid, January 30, 635, your Majesty +commands that I continue in the efforts made by my predecessor, Don +Juan Nino de Tabora, and the plans that he had formed to expel the +Dutch enemy from the island of Hermosa, and to unite the forces of +Yndia with those of these islands. This latter undertaking, Sire, +is very difficult; and the former is no slight thing. For if the +enemy were at that time commencing their fortifications, these are by +this time completed and very well defended; and unless your Majesty +send here a thousand Spanish soldiers, I have not the force in these +islands to drive out the Dutch from Hermosa. The Portuguese of Macan +desire that this be done, because the enemy inflicts damage on them +in the voyage to Xapon. But the fact that the enemy maintain a post +there does not at all embarrass or hinder the crown of Castilla; for +the Chinese do not fail to come in twenty-four hours to the forts of +your Majesty that are on this side the sea, bringing the necessary +merchandise and supplies. That island, Sire, is of very little use +to your Majesty, and it serves only to consume a large part of the +revenues; for the Indians of the said island are [too] ferocious to be +reduced to our holy Catholic faith, and it only serves to keep occupied +there two hundred and twenty Spaniards, and a company of Indians from +Nueva Segovia, and several vessels. But as it is so injurious to the +reputation of honorable soldiers to abandon the posts which others will +seize, I am--notwithstanding that, as a soldier, I have considered +the little or no importance of that post--maintaining and aiding it +with thirty thousand pesos a year, until your Majesty shall command +what may please you. As for joining our forces with those of Yndia, +Don Juan de Silva, in the time when he was governor, maintained the +forces of these islands in a very flourishing condition; for he was +able to build and assemble ten powerful galleons and two pataches, +with which he undertook to join the viceroy of Yndia to destroy the +Dutch and drive them from these seas. Although he set out, he did not +find any preparation on the part of the said viceroy; and by waiting +for it he lost an excellent opportunity when the enemy had left their +station. It is said that he died from grief at having spent so much +and achieved so little result; and that this was the cause for the +islands having fallen into so great poverty, and for your Majesty's +royal treasury being so embarrassed. For the governors to equip armed +fleets is a very difficult enterprise; for from that time until the +present people have been bewailing the heavy costs, and regretting +the ruin of the Indians who perished in the shipyards. If this colony +is preserved in its present condition, not displaying our weakness to +the enemies, but rather giving them and all the neighboring peoples to +understand, even with a few ships, that your Majesty is lord of these +seas--except of the strait of Sincapura, where the Dutch keep all their +forces--no little will be accomplished--even if your Majesty do not, +as I said above, send one thousand Spanish soldiers. I do not mention +the money, for neither can your Majesty send it; and I am planning here +how to economize and to maintain myself with the royal duties, a few +encomiendas, and the licenses of the Sangleys for the eight hundred +thousand pesos which are spent in these islands. [_Marginal note_: +"Bring the decree which gave rise to this paragraph, and the plan of +Hermosa Island, and whatever has been written about this matter."] + +10. In another decree, dated Madrid, January 30, 35, your Majesty +commands that these ships shall sail from here so that they will +reach Acapulco December first. Your Majesty gave me the same orders +last year by another decree that they should leave this port, +without fail, by June first. Having called a council of all the +pilots, both chiefs and subordinates, they affirm and assert that +the said ships cannot leave until the twelfth or fifteenth of July, +because the vendabals--the winds with which they must sail--do not +begin until that time, nor are they strong until the early days of +August; and the ships waste the said fifteen days in sailing the +eighty leguas which they have to make among the islands to reach +the Embocadero of San Bernardino. For at times when they have sailed +earlier they have been detained, before they could leave the channel, +one or two months, in which time they have consumed a large part of +the supplies for the voyage; and as a result, many of the men have +died, from the hardships of the voyage or from want of food. For all +these and many other reasons, I entreat that your Majesty will be +pleased to believe that I shall not waste time in these despatches, +as best suits the service of your Majesty and the benefit of your +vassals. I have spared the viceroys of Mexico from sending flour, oil, +fodder, and a thousand other things for the equipment of the soldiers, +of which there is no lack there--as how I am informing the viceroy, +the Marques de Cadereyta, in the memoranda which I am sending him. By +this your Majesty has been saved a great part of your revenue, as well +as by the galleons not being repaired in Acapulco; for the viceroy +did nothing more to them after the necessary repairs from the calkers +and carpenters who went on the ships. In a little more than a month, +they could be again sent to sea; and they did not spend, at most, more +than five months in going from here, three in returning, and one in +the port. [_Marginal note_: "Tell him that those ships are to depart +at the time which shall seem most seasonable, since the orders do not +intend that they shall set out with evident loss and risk at the time +which has been fixed. While matters remain as they are, therefore, +he shall make such arrangements as are most expedient."] + +11. In another decree, dated Madrid, November 29, 634, your Majesty +commands that a report be made of the vacancies which there are in the +dignities, canonries, raciones, and medias-raciones. Don Juan Cereso +de Salamanca, during the time while he governed after the death of +Don Juan Nino de Tabora, promoted the following persons. The post, of +schoolmaster was given to the canon Don Francisco de Valdes. Because +Don Alonso de Campos, appointed by your Majesty, remained in Espana, +his canonry was given to Don Gregorio Descalona, a racionero; and +his racion was given to Pedro Diaz de Ribera. By the death of Don +Garcia de Leon, who was archdeacon by your Majesty's appointment, +his office was given to the cantor Brizeno; and his cantorship was +given to Don Francisco de Valdes, the schoolmaster. The schoolmaster's +office was conferred upon the canon Don Gregorio Descalona; and his +canonry was given to Pedro Diaz de Ribera, racionero, his racion to +Diego Ramirez de Alcantara, a medio-racionero, and his medio-racion to +Pedro Flavio. By the death of the said archdeacon, Don Juan Brizeno, +the archdeaconry was given to Don Francisco de Valdes, cantor; his +cantorship, to Thomas de Guimarano, treasurer; and his treasurership, +to Don Juan de Olasso. By the death of the said Guimarano, the +cantorship was given to Don Gregorio de Escalona, schoolmaster; +his post as schoolmaster to Don Fabian de Santillan, canon; and his +canonry, to Don Pedro de Quesada. On account of the resignation of +the archdeaconry by Don Francisco de Valdes (in which post I found +him serving), I presented to the said dignity of archdeacon Master +Don Andres Arias Xiron; he is a cleric of thoroughly satisfactory +character, and good parts, and is now filling that post. Of all this +I have given account to your Majesty in another letter; you will +command according to your pleasure, in regard to all the aforesaid +persons. It will give me pleasure to inform your Majesty very soon +of the vacancies which you are to fill without presentation of names +by this government; but I shall always exercise the care which I +ought in the execution and fulfilment of this decree, according to +my obligation. [_Marginal note_: "In the memorial."] + +12. In another decree, dated Madrid, February 16, 635, your Majesty +gives command on account of the information sent you by Don Juan +Cereso Salamanca that the trade with Xapon had been spoiled by the +indiscretion of certain religious. I promise your Majesty that the +religious orders have done you a great service in this respect, +especially that of St. Dominic. Although they have so many times +been told of what your Majesty has seen fit to command by various +decrees, they have been unwilling to obey. About a month ago, their +provincial sent a champan belonging to the said order, with three +of their religious; one of these was among the most prominent of +their members, and he has greatly disturbed the peace of this colony +since he arrived in it. They went with a Japanese priest. It was +not enough with these religious to show them your Majesty's decrees, +nor to threaten them that an account of their proceedings should be +given to you, and that the favors which they usually demand gratis +from the government would be withheld from them. [I told them this] +in order to induce them to cease following their own pleasure in this +matter, [which they do] without heeding that your Majesty is spending +so great an amount of your income in bringing them to these islands +for the reduction of the Indians to our holy Catholic faith. But +for this they do less than is right, although they have in these +islands, without going far away to seek them, so many on whom they +can exercise the charity of their office. I assure your Majesty, with +all truthfulness, that I do nothing in your service in which I earn +more merit than in tolerating and enduring some of these religious +orders. I will endeavor, as discreetly and diligently as possible, that +this and other decrees of your Majesty relative to this matter shall be +observed. [_Marginal note_: "Tell him to deal with the religious orders +with great moderation, in making them observe what is commanded."] + +13. In regard to the deficiency of Spanish soldiers, it is because +so many have died, on account of the unhealthy climate and the great +heat, not because so many permissions for going away have been given as +your Majesty has been informed. For in these galleons no Spaniard is +going, unless he is married and going to live with his wife, as your +Majesty has ordered in other royal decrees; or else, if they are not +married, they have given bonds, satisfactory to the royal officials, +for two thousand or four thousand pesos that they will return to +this country; and even the seamen and artisans on the galleons have +given bonds for the same, in greater or less sums. [_Marginal note_: +"Tell him to observe the decrees and orders that have been issued in +regard to this and to endeavor to prevent frauds in their execution."] + +14. In another decree, dated Madrid, February 16, 635, your Majesty +commands that I take measures to check the raids which the Joloan, +Camucon, and Bornean Indians make, so that they shall not injure the +settlements in these islands, plundering them and carrying the people +into captivity--of which the Audiencia has given an account to your +Majesty. For many years, Sire, nothing has been done to stop this, +save to waste your Majesty's incomes; for, after the mischief had +been already done, vessels sailed from here with troops who were +untrained, poorly equipped, and with no relish for fighting. Then, +after all the expense had been made, the Indians who are subject to us +were left plundered and captive; and the enemy remained victorious, +and still more daring and insolent. The only measure which I, +but recently arrived, could take for the remedy of this evil was to +order all the alcaldes-mayor to raise companies of Indians, exempting +the captains, alferezes, and sergeants from tributes and personal +services, and equipping them with firearms, pikes, and lances. As +a result, this year only one village has been plundered--and that +because the alcalde-mayor could not arrive in time; and the only +damage they did was to capture a religious of St. Francis and some +few Indians. The fort which has been erected near La Caldera, that +of Camboanga, which is in the very territory of those Indians, holds +them somewhat in check. I wish to become freed somewhat from so many +necessary demands upon my attention as this government requires, and +see to the completion of a galley which I have begun, in order to try +whether I can at one blow make an end of these enemies, and thus carry +out what your Majesty is pleased to command. But these [Moros] are a +people who, if they encounter any resistance, no matter how small, +betake themselves in flight through the mountains, with which they +are so well acquainted; while the Spaniards cannot follow them on +account of the great heat, and the many difficulties of the journey; +and our peaceful Indians, when they have not the Spaniards near them, +are timid and accomplish nothing. Consequently, the whole enterprise +has some share of hindrances and difficulties; but I will try, so far +as it lies in my power, to accomplish it, and so that your Majesty +may not have occasion to command this another time. [Marginal note: +"This is well."] + +15. In another decree, dated Madrid, February 21, 635, your Majesty +commands that the shipyards be supplied with timbers, planks, +and all that is necessary for the repairing and equipment of the +galleons, because your Majesty has understood that there is a lack +of these materials and of the provisions necessary for the royal +storehouses. Your Majesty was correctly informed of this; but for +the past year efforts have been made to remedy these deficiencies, +by building flat-bottomed boats for transporting the said timbers, +and having as many as possible of the latter cut. With this, the +galleons which go to Castilla have been put in very good order, +and there is sufficient lumber left for the necessary and usual +repairs which continually have to be made in this port. As for the +provisions for the storehouses, not only have the necessary supplies +been lacking, but there are no storehouses in which to place them. I +shall therefore begin two buildings: one a storehouse at this port, +inside the castle of San Phelipe; and another as lodgings for the +infantry company which forms the garrison. Hitherto the soldiers +of that company have lived outside the said castle, as they had no +quarters--some of them in wretched cabins built by their own hands. In +the same manner, Sire, or very little better, the rest of the troops +were lodged in Manila. As I have written to your Majesty in other +letters, I am building them a chapel, where the dead may be buried +and the sacraments administered to them; also a barracks, where they +can live comfortably. I am endeavoring that [the expense of] this +may be met by donations and gratuitous services, and not from the +royal treasury of your Majesty. I have ordered that a large house, +in which the governors were lodged when they came to this port, be +set aside for a royal hospital. I have had it repaired, and two wings +added; and thus medical treatment can be given in it to the seamen, +the convicts on your Majesty's galleys, the carpenters and calkers, and +some sixty-six slaves of the crown. It was said that your Majesty has +also carpenters ashore, besides petty court officers, and the Lascars +and Moros who serve in mooring the vessels and for all the extra labor +that is needed ashore; and hitherto they have had no hospital, and it +was necessary to take them to Manila for treatment. [_Marginal note_: +"Ascertain what provision has been made for this in other regions. As +for the buildings for parish church, hospital, and barracks for +soldiers, this is explained by another letter from the governor. As +for the shipbuilding, what he says is approved."] + +16. In a decree dated Madrid, February 16, 635, your Majesty commands +that I exercise care to see that the religious shall not go to Japon +for the present, because the king of that country has so tightly +closed the door to the Catholics. [_Marginal note_: "Seen."] + +17. He has commanded this, with very rigorous penalties of death and +confiscation of property, that no vassal of his shall for ten years +leave his kingdom, in any kind of vessel, so that religious may not +go in their ships; he thus checks the trade with the Chinese also, +so that they may not carry religious. Only the Dutch maintain commerce +with Japon, from which has resulted great loss to these your Majesty's +islands--for they bring from Xapon much silver; copper and tin, for +casting artillery; wheat; and many other products and conveniences +which are very necessary for the said islands. Then the barter of the +silks, fine Castilian cloths, and Spanish leather made from deerskin, +which were carried there from these islands--all this is so cut off +that it seems as if no way could be found to restore the trade unless +God in His mercy shall open one in the course of time. [_Marginal +note_: "Seen."] + +18. Don Pedro de Quiroga y Maya, whom your Majesty has been pleased +to send to Mexico to take the residencia of the Marques de Cerralbo; +sends me a certified copy of a section in the instructions which your +Majesty gave him, in which your Majesty has commanded me, by one of +your royal decrees that, in order to stop the illegal transportation to +Nueva Espana of more merchandise than is permitted to the citizens, +the ships shall be built thus: the almiranta, of four hundred to +five hundred toneladas' burden; and the capitana, of five hundred +to six hundred toneladas. These decrees, Sire, have not come to my +hands thus far, further than a copy which the said royal visitor +sends me, issued in the term of Don Juan Nino de Tabora. This shall +be very punctually obeyed in the future construction of the ships; +but it is necessary to make the present voyage with the galleons +that are already built. I must remind your Majesty that the islands +are at the end of their resources, as far as the Indians in them are +concerned; for it is they who bring the timber from the forests for +the said shipbuilding. I have thought of an expedient for this, in +order not to complete the destruction of the Indians; it is, to ask +the viceroys of your Majesty in Nueva Espana and Piru to send vessels +here. Every two years, let the viceroy of Piru send to Nueva Espana a +ship with the permission which your Majesty has given, one of those +which the viceroy the Conde de Chinchon caused to be built in the +time when I served your Majesty there; they were of three hundred +to four hundred toneladas' burden, and carried twelve, fourteen, +or sixteen pieces of artillery. The cost of these will be paid here, +on the account of this royal treasury. With this, and with rebuilding +the galleons that are here, and repairing them every year, may be +remedied the loss in the shipyards, and the destruction and ruin of +the Indians. It is no light burden to maintain the laborers who cut +the timber for the repairs every year. Will your Majesty be pleased to +command the said viceroys to do what I have proposed; and thus in the +course of time the ships will come to be of the burden and lading that +your Majesty requires. Meanwhile, until the matter is arranged, the +galleons will go from here to Nueva Espana every two years, each with +two registers--one for the previous sailing, and one for the present +year--as they go now. In the year when they go, they will bring back +the half of the silver for the proceeds [from the merchandise sent]; +and in the following year, when they do not have to go, the rest of the +money will be brought in the ship which will be sent from Piru. I hope +that your Majesty will approve this, and give such commands as are +most expedient for your royal service, in order that these vassals +who are so poor may be encouraged, and the merchandise that they +export may bring in good returns when nothing goes unregistered, +and that the Indians may be saved from ruin. [_Marginal note_: +"Let there be no innovation in this matter which he proposes, and +follow the orders which have been issued in regard to the building +of ships; and tell him that, as he has been commanded, he shall make +no innovations without first consulting the government in regard to +the matter, so that orders may be given him to be put into execution."] + +May our Lord guard the Catholic person of your Majesty, as Christendom +has need. At Cavite, July 11, 636. Sire, your vassal kisses your +Majesty's feet. + + +Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera + + + + + +THE HOSPITALS AND HOSPITAL CONTRIBUTIONS + + +_Letter to the king from Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera_ + + +Sire: + + +1. Your Majesty was pleased to entrust to my predecessor, Don Juan +Nino de Tabora, as he was the person who had the matter in hand, +the regulation of the comfort of the hospitals, the care of treating +the sick, both soldiers and citizens, and the administration of the +revenues of the said hospitals, so that the expenditures would be +well employed and your Majesty's treasury have some relief. + +[_In the margin_: "That the purpose in having established the +convalescent ward is approved."] + +2. The first thing which I heard on my arrival in this government +was this [matter of the hospitals], in which I have found that your +Majesty spends more money than you ought to spend; and, in the endeavor +to apply a suitable remedy, I ordered the royal officials to note on +their pay-rolls that the soldiers must give two reals from each month's +pay, and the sailors four--as is done in the States of Flandes with the +royal hospital of your Majesty's army, where the soldiers give one real +from each month's pay, and the officers, higher and lower, according +to their pay. This amounts to more than seven thousand pesos per year, +as your Majesty will have seen by the certifications which I enclose. + +3. The religious of the Order of St. Francis--to whose brothers the +government and several of your Majesty's decrees have entrusted for +some years back the duty of nurses in these hospitals, and to their +religious priests that of chaplains therein--have both [brothers and +priests] contrived to make an ill use of the orders of your Majesty +and of the government; for besides the comforts that are brought from +Castilla at so heavy an expense to the treasury of your Majesty, such +as wines, raisins, almonds, and quince preserves, and other things +which are not found here, and are indispensable for the hospitals--and +although these things and the medicines were delivered to the steward +and apothecary, the said officials did what the religious ordered +them; and, to keep the devotees of religion contented, dispersed +and spent many of those things outside of the hospitals. I made the +steward whom I found in the hospital of the Spaniards settle his +accounts, which were in very bad condition; but it will cost him his +property. I appointed a new steward to whom all the aforesaid articles +which came from Nueva Espana were delivered, on his responsibility +and account. This man asked for the keys to the pantries, in order +to keep them, but the religious refused; consequently, I was obliged +to issue strict order that the keys be given up. The provincial of +that order gave way to anger, saying that the taking the keys of the +pantries to keep them was to his discredit. With the devotion which +I have always had toward that order, and my love for its religious, I +requested the said provincial to charge himself with, or have given to +some religious, the said articles, with the obligation to give account +of his expense at the end of the year to the person whom I should +order to do that. He replied that I could not do that, according to +his rule; nor could he subject himself to give account of anything; +the steward, however, continues to exercise his duty and care. + +[_In the margin_: "Having dismissed the discalced religious from the +hospital, although it is thought that in this he will have desired +the greater service of his Majesty and the convenient regulation of +the matter, he might, before executing it, and before having made this +innovation, have given some notice of it, as he has been notified to +do in other points. Let him do that from now henceforth. In regard to +the condition of the edifice and the other matters, let him advise +immediately; and of the manner in which the hospital is governed, +and what has been the practical result of the change, without making +any alteration in the state in which this despatch shall find it, +and without going any farther."] + +4. Various decrees of their Majesties, your holy father and your +prudent grandfather, order that a convalescent ward be made in the +royal hospital of the Spaniards. Since my predecessors did not carry +out this plan, I began it with two thousand pesos, of which a governor +of the Sangleys of the Parian made your Majesty a gracious gift. It was +advisable to have this ward pass through certain small cells which the +brothers and religious chaplain had in the said hospital. I courteously +requested the provincial to withdraw them to his convent while the said +ward was being built; but he refused to do so. I again requested him +to remove the most holy sacrament--which was deposited in a ward under +the principal one of the infirmary and exposed to indecency, because +the filth and water from the sick, fell from above--to a place above, +where mass was said to the said sick. He also refused to do that; on +the other hand, he went to the archbishop, who began a suit before the +ordinary. Although the royal Audiencia (the said archbishop refusing +to give the regimental chaplain-in-chief permission to administer +the holy sacraments to the soldiers and others, and refusing to +give it, and [the chaplain] having appealed to royal aid from the +fuerza), declared that he should do what I had asked, the archbishop, +nevertheless, refused to give the said permission--until that, after +he had been exiled from these kingdoms for having refused to obey +the decrees of your Majesty (as I shall recount in another letter), +the bishop of Camarines, who came by act of the royal Audiencia to +govern during his absence, granted to the said chaplain-in-chief +the said permission to administer the sacraments. For these and many +other reasons, of which I shall give your Majesty an account, I made +the said religious leave the royal hospital of the Spaniards, and the +regimental chaplain-in-chief ministers to the sick for the present, +until a chapel is finished (which I ordered to be built in which to +bury the soldiers), and quarters [for them], at the expense of their +pay, which they have graciously given, without any expense to the +treasury of your Majesty. And when the said chaplain-in-chief shall +go to exercise his duty in the said chapel, another chaplain shall be +appointed for the said royal hospital. Sire, the reasons which have +existed for changing the religious of this hospital are those which +your Majesty will please have examined in the papers which I herewith +enclose. At the same time, I petition your Majesty, with all humility, +to be pleased to grant permission to the brothers of [St.] John of +God to come to serve in these hospitals in place of the same discalced +religious, and at their own petition--because of the disorderly acts +that the brothers must have committed in visiting private houses in the +city in the quality of surgeons, and in methods from which, they tell +me, proceeded the relaxation of the order, as well as other things that +deserve correction. For many reasons concerning the service of God and +of your Majesty, it has been, and is, advisable that these hospitals +be administered by the brothers of [St.] John of God, and that the +Order of St. Francis attend to their ministries and the observance +of their rule. In case that your Majesty finds it unadvisable that +the said brothers of [St.] John of God come to these islands, will +you be pleased to have the holy sacraments administered by seculars, +the revenue put in charge of laymen, and several of the very aged +alferezes, who have served long enough and now cannot bear arms, act +as nurses--as they are doing at present with great willingness and +promptness, in order not to lose the accommodations of the hospital by +negligence and poor service. Only the said hospitals of this city and +of the port of Cavite I have withdrawn from the power of the religious +of St. Francis of this city, for the reasons aforesaid, and because +of the opposition which the religious have made to your Majesty's +governor, in their desire to make themselves lords and masters of your +royal hospitals; since neither by reason of their rule, nor by their +own will, nor by anything else can they be proprietors. There was no +hospital at the port of Cavite; but on account of the donations which +some persons have given to your Majesty, I have ordered a house to +be prepared where the governors lived when they went to that port, +and an excellent hospital has been made there. In it five hundred +sailors, three or four hundred convicts belonging to the galleys, +slaves of your Majesty, the common seamen of the galleons, and the +calkers and carpenters of the said port--in all two thousand odd +persons--receive medical treatment. Since this hospital has been +created anew (for a barracks which was used for a hospital has fallen), +the religious do not claim it in ownership, as they do the hospital of +this city. The alms given by the sailors for the said hospital amount +to three thousand pesos per year. With what the calkers, carpenters, +and other workmen who receive pay will give, and a small cattle-farm +that it owns, with some more that can be obtained from some encomienda +when it falls vacant, the said hospital will be sustained without any +expense to your Majesty's treasury. And in order that that of Manila +may do the same, an excellent cattle-farm costing eight thousand pesos +has been bought at the advice of the treasury council with the money +contributed for it. With those ranches that it had, and the three +pesos per year from each soldier, and an encomienda of one thousand +three hundred tributes which has been granted to the convalescent ward +in the name of your Majesty, in virtue of your royal decree despatched +to Governor Gomez Perez Das marinas (and I petition your Majesty to be +pleased to confirm to it the encomienda of the village of Macabebe, +in the province of Pampanga)--with all the above and other things +which I shall endeavor to secure for it, I shall relieve your Majesty's +royal treasury from expense. The expense which I have made in only the +said hospital in ten months, without its being possible to avoid it, +amounts in money to seven thousand pesos for the aforesaid, and more +than that amount in kind. Since your Majesty has so many encomiendas +here, it is right that we relieve the treasury of this expense; and we +shall put to rights many things which I confess to your Majesty have +never been regulated until now. With it the hospitals of the natives, +that of Los Banos, that of Camarines, and others, I have left to the +religious until your Majesty orders what is your pleasure. But it is +not advisable that they should administer them, but the brothers of +[St.] John of God, or secular priests and lay stewards. This is the +truth, as I assure your Majesty as your vassal and minister, whereby +I discharge my conscience of all that shall be placed on it; and, +if opportunity offer, I shall give a detailed account and one to the +royal Council of the Yndias. May our Lord preserve the Catholic person +of your Majesty, as is necessary to Christendom. Manila, the last of +June, 1636. + +Sire, your Majesty's vassal kisses your feet, + + +Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera + + +_Comments of the Council_ + +In regard to the deductions [from their pay] that are levied on the +soldiers and sailors, since it is with their good-will, as is supposed, +his having introduced this plan is approved. + +Since that aid amounts to seven thousand pesos annually, and since not +only the soldiers are treated in the hospital, but other citizens; +if this is so, it seems that it will be necessary that the cost of +the hospital be not entirely charged to the soldiers, but that the +others contribute their share, whereby the deductions [from the pay] +of the soldiers will be less and less felt. + +That in regard to passing to the Yndias it has not been considered +as very advisable that the brothers of [St.] John of God go; but that +in its general aspect the matter is being considered, and he will be +advised of what shall be resolved. + +That in regard to placing alferezes on half-pay as nurses, it is not +advisable; nor do such men proceed with the charity that is necessary, +and that such ministry requires. + +That in regard to the hospital which has been established in Cavite, +by taking the house of the governor, it is not approved, and that +is another innovation of which he must give account; for, although +the work is good in itself, it has the inconvenience that when the +governors go to that port, they have no house in which to lodge, and +that they will have a motive for building one. Consequently, he shall +not go ahead with that undertaking. To apply some encomienda for that +hospital of Cavite appears advisable, and he is permitted to assign it +an encomienda of about five hundred ducados of income. Let him advise +of what he does in this, and whether the quantity is sufficient, in +respect to the expense, and considering the aids which he mentions +in his letter, which will be made voluntarily by the contributors. + +In regard to the cattle-farm which has been bought for the hospital of +Manila with the money from the gifts, see whether the royal officials +or any other persons write of this; and, if they do not write, have +him told that if it is money donated as a gift to his Majesty, that +expenditure is not approved; for he was not authorized to make it, +and has rather exceeded his authority, and it will be necessary to +restore the money to his Majesty. But if it is a gift made as an alms +by citizens, that will be well; and it is expected that he will have +it administered as is advisable. + +Let information be asked separately on all the points of this letter +from the archbishop, Audiencia, royal officials, and the superior of +the Order of St. Francis. + +Write to the governor not to make any innovation. + + +_Governor's act regarding convalescent ward_ + +Don Sebastian Urtado de Corcuera, knight of the Habit of Alcantara, +governor and captain-general of these Philipinas Islands and president +of the royal Audiencia herein, etc. Inasmuch as by a clause of a letter +from his Majesty dated San Martin de la Vega, April twenty-nine, one +thousand five hundred and seventy-seven, directed to the governor of +these islands, it is ordered that, as it is so fitting and necessary, +as he has been informed, a convalescent ward be established where +the poor soldiers who served in these islands may be cared for and +entertained when convalescing after having left their treatment in +the hospital; and that he shall maintain and supply it by assigning +one thousand Indians as an aid to the support of the hospital, or as +shall seem best to him. That, as is well known, has not been done; +and no effort has been made to fulfil the royal will in so many +years, although this enterprise is so useful to the community. On +the contrary, it has been the cause of many wrongs, as experience +demonstrates; for, by not having had the said convalescent ward, +so many soldiers, sailors, and other poor wretches have died by +reason of lacking care and comfort when they recover from their +illness. And great disorders have been and are caused with such +sick when they leave the said hospital with little health and +strength--some returning to their own houses, and some to those of +others, where because of the little or no comfort, and the poor and +injurious food, with wine, tobacco, buyo, and other similar things, +and the continual temptations to associate with women of evil life, +they relapse, so that their sickness has no cure. These having been +examined by me and certified to me, in order to check these evils, +and to comply with what his Majesty ordered so many years ago but +which has not been done, and as it is so pious a work in itself, +and for the service of our Lord and the good of the community: +I have resolved to establish a convalescent ward near the royal +hospital for the Spaniards of this city of Manila. And [it shall be] +incorporated with the same [hospital] because there is no other place +where it can be established--so that in it may be treated, entertained, +and entirely cured, the sick of the hospital. These, without leaving +the hospital, may pass from the sick wards to the convalescent ward, +where they will be treated and entertained as well as possible from +the proceeds of one thousand two hundred tributes of encomienda, +which I have assigned and given to the said ward in his Majesty's +name in the province of Pampanga, in the encomienda of Macabebe, +which became vacant because of the end and death of Don Nicolas de +Rivera, who possessed it for the last generation. The building of the +said room and ward has been begun for more than two months; and the +foundations are laid in some parts by order of Captain Santiago de +Gastelu, citizen and regidor of this city. I entrust its work to him, +as he is a competent person. He has represented to me that, in order +that he may continue the work to the completion that is required, and +with the divisions and pantries that are necessary for its service, +it is advisable that he tear down a small old house, with some cells, +that are built close to the said work in the said hospital. There +live the discalced fathers of St. Francis, who have attended and +attend to the hospital. The men cannot continue further with the work +because the said old work is in the way, and because it is necessary +to make the foundations alike all over. As the said religious are +there, he could not begin to tear it down; while there was no place +where the said religious could be accommodated in the said hospital +because of its small capacity; nor was there room for the physician, +surgeon, barber, steward, and apothecary, who are the persons who +must live within. And likewise the house where the apothecary-shop +is located, and where the apothecary and steward live, he must tear +down in order to proceed with the said work. Likewise he must do +the same and tear down the church of the hospital in order to make +there a low living-room and an infirmary, where the soldiers of the +Pampanga nation who fall sick in this camp of Manila may be treated +and cared for, as they have no other place for it. A church is not +necessary in the said hospital, because another one for the infantry +is being built, as quickly as possible, next to the royal palace in +the Plaza de Armas, where all those who die in the said hospital will +be carried for burial. To say mass, confess, and console the sick +in the hospital, they will be attended by the regimental chaplain, +to whom it properly belongs. His Majesty has assigned a special pay +for that here. Consequently, the said religious can be dispensed +with and are not necessary, since they neither confess those who +go there, nor attend to anything else that is important. Therefore, +the father-provincial of the Order of St. Francis shall withdraw the +religious (both priests and lay-brothers) who are in the said hospital; +and shall take them to his convent, since it is within the walls of the +city, and is capacious enough for them and for many others. There they +will live with all comfort, care, and shelter, as is fitting, as it is +advisable for the service of God and the welfare of the community that +the work and quarters be continued where the said convalescents and +soldiers of the Pampanga nation may be treated. By this act he ordered +the said Captain Santiago de Gastelu that the work be immediately +proceeded with, tearing down the said room and church and all else +that seemed necessary for the said purpose, as quickly as possible, +since he has been given money for the said work and building. In order +that the aforesaid might be done, the said captain Santiago de Gastelu +shall be notified. By this act, accordingly, he issued this command, +and signed it. The government secretary, or another public or royal +notary, will notify the aforesaid, and the said father provincial, +so that what is ordered by this act may be fulfilled. Manila, March +five, one thousand six hundred and thirty-six. + + +Sevastian Hurtado de Corcuera +Francisco de Ortega + + +_Notification_. In the city of Manila, on the eighth day of the month +of March, one thousand six hundred and thirty-six, I, the notary, +read and notified the order and act of this paper, as is contained +therein, to Captain Santiago de Gastelu, regidor of this city, in +his own person. He said that he heard it; and I attest the same. + + +Alonso Mendez de Almada, +royal notary of mines and registers. + + +_Notification_. In the town of San Pa[b]lo, on the tenth of March, one +thousand six hundred and thirty-six, I, the notary, read and notified +the said act and order of this paper, as is contained therein, to +father Fray Jeronimo del Espiritu Santo, provincial of the order of +the discalced religious of St. Francis of these islands. He said that +he heard it, and that he would talk with the said governor concerning +the matter. I attest the same, witnesses being Alferez Diego Salgado +Colmenero and Matheo Mexia. + + +Alonso Men[d]ez de Almada, +royal notary of mines and registers. + + +Collated with the originals, which are in possession of Don Sebastian +Hurtado de Corcuera, governor and captain-general of these islands +and president of the royal Audiencia herein, and to which I refer. In +order that this might be evident, I gave the present, authorizing it +in public form at his petition, and gave it the authentication which +takes the place of law. As witnesses at its examination, copying, +correcting, and collation were Simon Delgado, Jhoan Correa, and +Francisco Gomez, here present. + +In testimony of law, I have affixed my seal: + + +Augustin de Valenzuela, notary-public. + + +In the public service; fees dispensed with; I attest it. + +We, the undersigned notaries, certify that Agustin de Valenzuela, +before whom passed this authorization, and who signed and sealed +this copy, is notary-public of the port of Cavite; and as such, +entire faith and credit have been and are given, in and out of court, +to the acts, copies, and other despatches which have passed and pass +before him. In order that this might be evident, we gave the present, +July five, one thousand six hundred and thirty-six. + + +Alonso Baeza del Rio, notary-public. +Alonso Mendez de Almada, +notary-public and clerk of registers. + + +_Money deducted from pay of soldiers and sailors as alms for the +hospital_ + +We, the official judges of the royal treasury of these Filipinas +Islands for the king our sovereign, certify that, by virtue of an order +of the governor and captain-general, Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera, +there has been and is deducted from [the pay of] the soldiers of this +camp, in the settling of their accounts that has been made and is +being made from the first of July of the past year of one thousand six +hundred and thirty-five and thereafter, for the balancing of accounts +of the service of his Majesty in various parts and presidios of these +said islands, from each soldier, that which will be stated hereafter, +of what they had to contribute as an aid in the expense and support of +the sick in the royal hospital of this city of Manila. And, according +to what it has been possible to ascertain with greater certainty, the +said contributions from all the soldiers of this said camp, and in the +forts and presidios of these islands, will amount to the following sum. + + +In the city of Manila and its camp + + +In this said city of Manila and its camp, there are at present four +companies of Spanish infantry, of which two belong to (and have that +title) the said governor and captain-general, and the master-of-camp, +Don Lorenco de Olaso. + + +From [the pay of] the captains of the other two +companies, the deduction is made at the rate of one +peso per month apiece--which amounts annually to +twenty-four pesos 24 pesos + +From the four sergeants of the said companies, at +the rate of two reals per month apiece--which amounts +annually to twelve pesos 12 pesos + +The company of the said governor has ninety-two +effective soldiers, and four posts below the +commissioned officers--which, at the rate of two +reals per month apiece, amounts annually to two +hundred and eighty-eight pesos 288 pesos + +The company of the said master-of-camp, Don Lorenco +de Olaso, has one hundred and seven soldiers, and +four posts below the commissioned officers--which, +at the rate of two reals per month apiece, amounts +annually to three hundred and thirty-three pesos 333 pesos + +The company of Captain Don Juan Francisco Hurtado +de Corcuera has ninety-eight soldiers and four posts +below the commissioned officers--which, at the rate +of two reals per month apiece, amounts annually to +three hundred and six pesos 306 pesos + +The company of Captain Don Juan de Frias has also +ninety-one effective soldiers and four posts below +the commissioned officers--which, at the rate of +two reals per month apiece, amounts annually to two +hundred and eighty-five pesos 285 pesos + +The company of mounted arquebusiers of the captain +and sargento-mayor, Don Pedro Hurtado de Corcuera, +has thirty soldiers, one lieutenant, one alferez, +and one trumpeter--which, at the rate of one peso +per month from the said captain, four reals from the +lieutenant, four from the alferez, and two from the +trumpeter and from each soldier, amounts annually to +one hundred and seventeen pesos 117 pesos + +From two adjutants of the sargento-mayor of this camp, +at the rate of two reals per month--which amounts +annually to eighteen pesos 18 pesos + +From the head drummer of this camp, at the rate of two +reals per month--which amounts annually to three pesos 3 pesos + +From the twelve soldiers of the guard of the +said governor, at the rate of two reals per month +apiece--which amounts annually to thirty-six pesos 36 pesos + +Castle of Santiago in this said city + +In the said castle of Santiago there is an effective +garrison of one drummer, one lieutenant, and twenty-two +soldiers--which, at the rate of two reals per month +apiece, amounts annually to seventy-two pesos 72 pesos + +Fort San Felipe at the port of Cavite + +In the said fort San Felipe, there is one company of +Spanish infantry, with one captain, one alferez, +one sergeant, four minor posts, and seventy +soldiers--which, at the rate of one peso per month +from the said captain, four reals from the alferez, +two from the sergeant, minor posts, and said soldiers, +amounts annually to two hundred and forty-three pesos 243 pesos + +Presidio of Zibu + +In the city of Zibu is a garrison of one company, +with one captain, one alferez, one sergeant, four +minor posts; and according to what we have been able to +ascertain with greatest certainty, about fifty soldiers +in the said company--which, at the rate of one peso +from the said captain, four reals from the alferez, and +two from the sergeant, minor posts, and said soldiers, +amounts annually to one hundred and eighty-three pesos 183 pesos + +Presidio of Zamboanga + +In the presidio of San Jose of Zamboanga, there are +three companies, with three captains, three alferezes, +one sergeant, four minor posts, and two hundred and +ten soldiers in all three companies--seventy in each +one, according to the surest information that we +have been able to obtain. At the said rate of one +peso per month from each captain, four reals from +each alferez, and two reals from the sergeant, each +minor post, and each soldier, it amounts annually to +seven hundred and twenty-nine pesos 729 pesos + +Presidio of Oton + +In the fort of Nuestra Senora de la Rossario, the +presidio of Oton, is a garrison of one company of +Spanish infantry, with one captain, one alferez, +one sergeant, four minor posts, and fifty soldiers, +or thereabout. At the rate of one peso from the said +captain, four reals from the alferez, and two from the +sergeant, the minor posts, and the said soldiers, it +amounts annually to one hundred and eighty-three pesos 183 pesos + +Presidio of Cagayan + +In the fort San Francisco at the city of Segovia, +the presidio of Cagayan, is a garrison of one Spanish +infantry company with one captain, one alferez, one +sergeant, four minor posts, and about eighty soldiers +or so--which, at the said rate from each one, namely, +one peso per month from the said captain, four reals +from the alferez, two from the sergeant, and each +of the minor posts and the said soldiers, amounts in +one year to two hundred and seventy-three pesos 273 pesos + +Presidio of Caraga + +In the fort of San Joseph of Tanga, the presidio +of Caraga, is a garrison of one company of Spanish +infantry, with one captain, one alferez, one sergeant, +four minor posts, and forty-five soldiers--which, at +the rate of one peso per month from the said captain, +four reals from the alferez, and two from the sergeant, +minor posts, and said soldiers, amounts annually to +one hundred and sixty-eight pesos 168 pesos + +Presidio and fort of the island of Hermosa + +In the presidio San Salvador of the island of Hermosa, +there are three companies of Spanish infantry, with two +captains (for the third is commanded by the castellan +and governor of the said presidio), three alferezes, +three sergeants, two minor posts, and one hundred +and eighty soldiers among all the companies, in the +proportion of sixty men to each company, which is the +most authentic information that we have been able to +discover and ascertain. At the rate of one peso per +month from each captain, four reals from each alferez, +two from each sergeant, minor post, and soldier, it +amounts annually to six hundred and twenty-seven pesos 627 pesos + +In the said presidio there are two adjutants of the +sargento-mayor, one with the pay of a musketeer, +and the other with two hundred and forty pesos per +[_illegible in MS._: year?], which at the rate of +two reals per month from the one who serves as a +soldier, and six from the other, amounts annually to +twelve pesos 12 pesos + +Forts of Terrenate + +In the forts of Terrenate there are six companies +of Spanish infantry, with two which are to come in +the reenforcements which are next expected. For them +there are five captains (for the sixth company is +commanded by the governor of the said forts), six +alferezes, six sergeants, twenty-four minor posts, +and four hundred and eighty soldiers in all, in the +proportion of eighty soldiers to each company, which +is the ordinary number. At the rate of one peso per +month from each captain, four reals from each alferez, +and two reals from each sergeant, minor post, and +soldier, this amounts annually to one thousand six +hundred and twenty-six pesos 1,626 pesos + +In the said forts are two adjutants of the +sargento-mayor--one with the pay of a soldier, and the +other with twenty-five ducados per month--which, at +the rate of two reals per month from him who serves +in the post of soldier, and six from the other, +amounts annually to twelve pesos 12 pesos + + +Consequently, all together the said contributions amount annually to +five thousand five hundred and seventy-four pesos, which is the sum +found among the said infantry in the balances and settlements of the +accounts; it is levied on them when their pay is given to them, and +when warrants are issued for what his Majesty owes them for the time +while they have served in these islands in the military posts. This +is the most authentic account which it has been possible to get, +for many soldiers are generally sick in this city and other places; +and consequently, there is usually more or less expense, of little +consideration. And so that this may be evident, at the order of the +governor and captain-general, Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera, +we attest the same in Manila, June twenty, one thousand six hundred +and thirty-six. + + +(In triplicate.) + +Hinigo de Villareal +Balthazar Ruiz de Escalona + + +We, the undersigned notaries, attest that Inigo de Villa Real and +Don Balthazar Ruiz de Escalona, by whom this certification is signed, +are factor and treasurer, the official judges of the royal treasury +of these Philipinas Islands; and entire faith and credit has been and +is given to them, in and out of court, to the certifications, acts, +and other despatches which they as such royal official judges have +given and give. Manila, June twenty-three, one thousand six hundred +and thirty-six. + + +Francisco de la Torre, notary-public. +Alonso Baeza Del Rio, notary-public. +Augustin de Valenzuela, notary-public. + + +I, Martin Ruiz de Salazar, accountant of the royal treasury in these +Philipinas Islands for the king our sovereign, and senior royal +official judge in these islands, certify that it is evident and +appears by his Majesty's books of the royal accountancy that are in +my charge, that there is charged to the accounts of the pay of the +captains, officers, soldiers, sailors, pilots, and common seamen who +serve his Majesty in the company of the seamen which is stationed +in this port of Cavite and in other parts of these islands, three +thousand one hundred and twenty-nine pesos of common gold, in the +list where the account of it is kept for the time that they serve; +and what is granted and paid by them for the contributions of the +hospital for one year reckoned from the first of July, one thousand +six hundred and thirty-five, until now (the date for deducting the +amount from them, when their accounts are concluded and balanced) is +at the rate of eight reals from the captain, four from the alferez, +two from the sergeant, a like sum from each non-commissioned officer, +and four reals from each marine soldier, a like sum from the pilot, +and the same from the common seamen. This has been done in virtue of +an order of Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera, knight of the military +Order of Alcantara, governor and captain-general of these islands, and +president of the royal Audiencia herein, under date of August sixteen +of the said year one thousand six hundred and thirty-five. And in +order that this may be evident wherever required. I give the present. + +Cavite, June thirty, one thousand six hundred and thirty-six. + + +Martin Ruiz de Salazar + + +We, the undersigned notaries, attest that Martin Ruiz de Salazar, +by whom the certification of this other part appears to be signed, +is accountant and official judge of the royal treasury of these +islands. Entire faith and credit has been given, in court and out, +to the certifications and other despatches signed in his name. In +order that that may be evident, we give the present in Cavite, July +twelve, one thousand six hundred and thirty-six. + + +Alonso Mendez de Almada, +royal notary and clerk of registers. +Augustin de Valenzuela, notary-public. +Alonso Baeza del Rio, notary-public. + + + + + + + +BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DATA + + +The following documents are obtained from MSS. in the Archivo general +de Indias, Sevilla: + +1. _The nuns of St. Clare._--"Simancas--Secular; Audiencia de +Filipinas; cartas y expedientes de personas eclesiasticos de Filipinas; +anos 1609 a 1644; est. 68, caj. 1, leg. 43." + +2. _Letters to Felipe IV from Corcuera._--"Simancas--Secular; Audiencia +de Filipinas; cartas y espedientes del gobernador de Filipinas vistos +en el Consejo; anos 1629 a 1639; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 8." + +3. _Letter from Corcuera,_ July 11.--The same as No. 2. + +4. _Hospitals and hospital contributions._--The same as No. 2. + +The following documents are obtained from MSS. in the Academia Real +de la Historia, Madrid; they are in "Papeles de los Jesuitas:" + +5. _Relation of 1635-36._--In "tomo 119, n deg.. 16." + +6. _Letter from Lara._--In "tomo 119, n deg.. 19." + + + + + + + + + + + +NOTES + + +[1] Apparently referring to the gate (now Puerta Real) at the southern +end of the city which opens toward Bagumbayan, a district between +Manila and Ermita. Through this gate were made the formal entrances +of governors and archbishops previous to 1762, when the city was +taken by the English; after that time, these entrances were made by +the Puerta del Parian, at the north-eastern part of the wall. + +[2] Spanish, _mas boluesele el sueno del perro_; literally, "a dog's +sleep fell on him." + +[3] Spanish, _tres tratos de cuerda_; referring to punishment by +suspending the delinquent by his hands, which are tied behind his back. + +[4] _i.e._, "gate of the magazines," or royal storehouses. The +northernmost gate of the city, not far east of the fort of Santiago, +and opening toward the Pasig River. + +[5] So in the manuscript, probably a transcriber's error; but it +evidently refers to the Dominican Pinelo. + +[6] The Editors are indebted to Rev. T. C. Middleton, O.S.A., of +Villanova College, and father Fray Juan but no Mateos, of the same +order, of the Escorial, but now (May, 1905) at Villanova, for valuable +help in the translation of this pasquinade. As much of the subject +matter of the lampoon is local tit-tat, and as many of the meanings +(although they would be perfectly apparent to the Manila populace) +are purposely veiled, assurance cannot be given that the present +interpretation is correct in every detail. There are also evident +plays upon words and phrases, which can only be guessed at. Hence, +the original is given partly for that reason. + +The poetical form in which this pasquinade is written dates from an +early period in Castile. Cervantes has a poem of this class in Chapter +xxvii of the first part of Don Quijote; while Lope de Vega has also +employed it. The second, fourth, and sixth lines form a sort of echo +to the first, third, and fifth lines (the six lines being, however, +written as three in the pasquinade). See Clemencin's edition of Don +Quijote (Madrid, 1894), iii, pp. 7-9. + +[7] See the book of Esther. This is the Hamah of the King James Bible. + +[8] Father Fray Juan Mateos says of this passage: "The author seems +to use the word 'quesos' [cheeses], alluding to 'casos' [cases] +(a practical question of moral theology). I imagine that the text +refers to the accusation made against those fathers of being casuists +or adapters of the moral doctrine to their own convenience. From the +context, one can deduce that 'cera' [wax] is used in the meaning of +'dinero' [money], and the meaning in that case might be, that the +Jesuits were trying to get money by fitting up the consciences of +men with moral doctrines easy of fulfilment." + +[9] This is a very obscure stanza, although the allusions were +doubtless well understood in Manila. The second line might be +translated "And who in hanging apples, saw tares;" although the +translation as given above is to be preferred. + +[10] There is evidently a play on the word "cura," which may mean +either "cures," or "priests" [_i.e_.,"cures"]. The meaning of the +last line seems to refer to the ecclesiastical term. + +[11] This may be another play on words, for "sinzera" may be the +adjective "sincere" or the two words "sin zera," "waxless," and +hence in this last meaning, an allusion to the third line of the +third stanza. + +[12] This has been already given in Vol. XXV, pp. 216-219. + +[13] See this paper in Vol. XXV, pp. 243-244. + +[14] Continuing from this point, the present document resumes. It is +probable that the part omitted in the present document was originally +a portion of it; but, being written on a loose sheet of paper, has +suffered the fate common to many documents and portions of documents +in Spanish archives, and been lost. + +[15] One of our two copies of this attestation bears date July 29, +1635, and the other November 19, 1635. We have adopted the date above, +as being more probably the correct one, errors in the transcripts +being due to the poor writing of the original. + +[16] See these letters in Vol. XXV, pp. 207-208, 209-210. + +[17] See _ante_, p. 61, note 12. + +[18] Spanish, _condenatoria_; but the word _comminatoria_ is employed +in a similar expression in the "Letter from a citizen of Manila." + +[19] So in our transcript, but evidently an error of the transcriber. + +[20] As the reader will observe, this letter from Corcuera is, in part, +almost the same as that preceding; but it contains a considerable +quantity of matter (including several appended documents) which is +not found elsewhere, and is for that reason presented here. It is +probably one of the letters sent, either partly or wholly in duplicate, +by other routes to Spain, so that at least one set of the despatches +might reach the home government. + +[21] Here used in a technical sense--the option or right to take action +or enjoy an advantage alternately with others, as in appointments to +ecclesiastical benefices, etc.; the creoles evidently demanding to +share those appointments with the clergy brought over from Spain. + +[22] Several of the matters discussed in the above letter are answered +by the following royal decree: + +The King. To Don Sevastian Hurtado de Corcuera, knight of the Order of +Alcantara, my governor and captain-general of the Philipinas Islands, +and president of my royal Audiencia therein. Your letter of June 30, +636, on ecclesiastical matters has been examined in my royal Council of +the Indias, and reply is now made to you. You say that the religious +of the Order of St. Augustine need correction, since they had not +obeyed the bulls of his Holiness nor the decrees which have been +issued in regard to the alternation; and that it was expedient not +to allow them any more religious for eight years. Because they have +many religious, as well as on account of the reasons that you bring +forward for that, it has seemed best to me to charge you that you +shall cause the decree for the alternation to be punctually executed, +without allowing any more religious in each mission than the number +which, conformably to my royal patronage, shall be enough for its +needs; and that the rest of them occupy themselves in missions and +preaching for which they were sent there. As for what you wrote me +about the advanced age of the archbishop of those islands--who is so +old that his hands and head tremble, and that it would be desirable +to give him a coadjutor, and that you would arrange for giving him +two thousand pesos of income besides the four thousand which the said +archbishop receives, without drawing it from my royal treasury or from +my vassals--I charge you to make known to me the measure or means by +which that sum could be obtained without loss to my royal exchequer +or my vassals, so that I may consent to your carrying it out if it be +worthy of acceptance. In order that the religious of St. Dominic and +of the other orders who are laboring in those islands may live with +the concord and good example which is proper, and that they may not +appropriate more Indian villages than those which are allowed them by +my decrees, you shall not permit them to select any new ones beyond +what shall be conformable to my patronage; and you shall, with the +agreement of the archbishop, endeavor to unite some of the villages +to others; and in those which are newly established you shall make +the same effort, by introducing secular priests when you find them +intelligent and competent. Madrid, September 2, 1638. + +I the King + +Countersigned by Don Gabriel de Ocana y Alarcon, and signed by the +Council. (Conserved in Archivo Historico Nacional, in the Cedulario +Indico, tomo 39, folio 225b.) + +[23] _Para el efecto de propaganda fide_: evidently an allusion to the +Congregation of the Propaganda (vol. xxi, p. 164, note 40), and may +be freely rendered, "for carrying on the work of the [Congregation +for the] propagation of the faith"--Collado's friars being assigned +to mission work only. + +[24] Expenses incurred either directly under the factor--one of the +royal officials--or in the trading ports established by the Spaniards. + +[25] The above shows the form in which the accounts from this point +are entered. For the sake of greater condensation, we have reduced +the balance of the document to the following tabular form. + +[26] From this and many other entries in these tables, it appears +that much of the money reported as paid from the royal treasury never +really left it, but that accounts were simply canceled. The benefit of +these transactions would accrue to the purchaser of the pay-check, for +he bought at a discount from the original holder; and, until the law +whereby all the creditors of the royal treasury made a _voluntary gift_ +to the king of two-thirds of the account was enforced by Corcuera, he +could use the pay-check at its face value, thus making immense profits, +or canceling his debts to the royal treasury at small cost to himself. + +[27] Probably planks one braza long. + +[28] Spanish, _de guzmanes_; _i.e._, young men from noble families, +who served as midshipmen in the navy, or as cadets in the army. + +[29] That is, what is saved on a short voyage is consumed by extra +expense on a long one; and the expenses average about the same, +one year with another. + +[30] That is, the repartimientos or amounts assessed on each district +for the royal service, in rice, oil, and other products. + +[31] Juan del Carpio was born at Rio Frio, Spain, in 1583. While a +youth, he met in Spain Alonso Humanes, who was going with missionaries +to the Philippines, and offered himself for that work. Humanes took +him to Mexico, where Carpio entered (1604) the Jesuit order; completing +there his education, he went to the Philippines in 1615. His missionary +labors were carried on among the Visayans, during eighteen years. He +was murdered by the Moro pirates, December 3, 1634. See account of +his life in Murillo Velarde's _Historia_, fol. 70 verso, 71. + +[32] Juan Domingo Bilancio--thus Murillo Velarde (_Hist. de +Philipinas_, fol. 64); but Retana and Pastells (in Combes's _Hist. de +Mindanao_, cols. 740, 741) give the name as Juan Bautista Vilancio--was +born in the kingdom of Naples, about 1573. Before attaining his +majority, he entered the Jesuit order, and came to Manila in 1602, +spending the rest of his life in the Philippine missions. He was +captured by the Moro pirates in 1632, who demanded a heavy ransom +for him. This was raised in the following year, but he died in +captivity before the money reached him. His name (apparently Vilanci) +is given a Spanish form by all these writers; and he is not mentioned +by Sommervogel. + +[33] The Paraguay missions, among the most famous of the Society of +Jesus, and an offshoot of those of Brazil, were founded in 1588. The +reductions formed from the converts early in the seventeenth century, +formed what has been called "the republic of Paraguay." There the +religious instructed them not only in religion, but in various trades +and industries, the products of their work being communal. The great +prosperity of the reductions was arrested (1631-32) by the heathen +tribes of Brazil, whereupon the Christian Indians abandoned them and +founded new missions at the Grand Rapids of the Parana River. In 1656 +there were said to have been more than twenty towns all civilized, +each containing 5,000 or 6,000 Indians, and many other towns partly +civilized. Each reduction was governed by two priests. After the +expulsion the missions declined rapidly. See _Jesuit Relations_ +(Cleveland reissue), xii, p. 276. + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1493-1898 *** + +***** This file should be named 27127.txt or 27127.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/7/1/2/27127/ + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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