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diff --git a/27112-8.txt b/27112-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f68ffaf --- /dev/null +++ b/27112-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3730 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Children's Books and Their Illustrators, by Gleeson White + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Children's Books and Their Illustrators + +Author: Gleeson White + +Other: The International Studio + +Release Date: November 1, 2008 [EBook #27112] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHILDREN'S BOOKS AND ILLUSTRATORS *** + + + + +Produced by Colin Bell, Joseph Cooper, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + +Price 50 Cents + +_Special_ WINTER NUMBER _of_ + +THE INTERNATIONAL STUDIO + +_CHILDREN'S BOOKS AND THEIR ILLUSTRATORS._ + +_By_ GLEESON WHITE + +[Illustration] + +THE INTERNATIONAL STUDIO =John Lane=, 140 Fifth Avenue, _New York_ + + + + +Scribner's New Books for the Young + + + =Mrs. Burnett's + famous + Juveniles= + + =With all the original + Illustrations by Reginald B. Birch. + 5 vols. Each 12mo $1.25.= + +A writer in the _Boston Post_ has said of Mrs. Burnett: "She has a +beauty of imagination and a spiritual insight into the meditations of +childhood which are within the grasp of no other writer for +children,"--and these five volumes would indeed be difficult to match in +child literature. The new edition is from new plates, with all the +original illustrations by Reginald B. Birch, is bound in a handsome new +cover. "Little Lord Fauntleroy," "Two Little Pilgrims' Progress," +"Piccino and Other Child Stories," "Giovanni and the Other," "Sara +Crewe," and "Little Saint Elizabeth and other Stories" (in one volume). + + + =Three New + Volumes by + G. A. Henty= + + =Illustrated by Walter + Paget and W. A. Margetson. + Each 12mo $1.50=. + +It would be a bitter year for the boys if Mr. Henty were to fail them +with a fresh assortment of his enthralling tales of adventure, for, as +the London _Academy_ has said, in this kind of story telling, "he stands +in the very first rank." "With Frederick the Great" is a tale of the +Seven Years' War, and has twelve full-page illustrations by Wal. Paget; +"A March on London" details some stirring scenes of the times when Wat +Tyler's motley crew took possession of that city, and the illustrations +are drawn by W. A. Margetson, while Wal. Paget has supplied the pictures +for "With Moore at Corunna," in which the boy hero serves through the +Peninsular War. (Each 12mo, $1.50.) + + + =Will Shakespeare's + Little Lad + by Imogen Clarke= + + =With 8 full-page Illustrations + by Reginald B. Birch. + 12mo $1.50.= + +"The author has caught the true spirit of Shakespeare's time, and paints +his home surroundings with a loving, tender grace," says the Boston +_Herald_. + + + =An Old-Field School Girl by Marion Harland= + +(Illustrated, 12mo, $1.25.) "As pretty a story for girls as has been +published in a long time," says the _Buffalo Express_, and the _Chicago +Tribune_ is even more appreciative: "Compared with the average books of +its class 'An Old-Field School Girl,' becomes a classic." + + + =Lullaby Land= + + =Verses by Eugene Field + With 200 fanciful + Illustrations by Charles Robinson. + (Uniform with Stevenson's + "A Child's Garden") 12mo $1.50.= + +"A collection of those dearly loved 'Songs of Childhood' by Eugene +Field, which have touched many hearts, both old and young, and will +continue to do so as long as little children remain the joy of our +homes. It was a happy thought of the publisher to choose another such +child lover and sympathizer as Kenneth Grahame to write the Preface to +the new edition, and Charles Robinson to make the many quaint and most +amusing illustrations."--_The Evangelist._ + + + =With Crockett + and Bowie by + Kirk Munroe= + + =With 8 full-page + Illustrations by Victor S. Perard. + 12mo $1.50.= + +This "Tale of Texas; or, Fighting for the Lone Star Flag," completes the +author's _White Conqueror Series_. The Minneapolis _Tribune_ says: "It +is a breezy and invigorating tale. The characters, although drawn from +real life, are surrounded by an atmosphere of romance and adventure +which gives them the added fascination of being creatures of fiction, +and yet there is no straining for effect." + + + =The Naval + Cadet= + + =With 6 full-page Illustrations + by William Rainey, R. I. + Crown 8vo $1.25.= + +A Story of Adventure on Land and Sea, by GORDON STABLES. A stirring tale +of seafaring and sea-fighting on the coasts of Africa, South America, +Australia, New Guinea, etc., closing with a dramatic picture of the +combat between the Chinese and Japanese fleets at Yalu. + + + =The Stevenson + Song Book= + + =With decorative borders. + 4to $2.00.= + +In this large and handsome quarto, twenty of the most lyrical poems from +Robert Louis Stevenson's "Child's Garden of Verse", have been set to +music by such composers as Reginald DeKoven, Arthur Foote, C. W. +Chadwick, Dr. C. Villers Stanford, etc. The volume is uniform with and a +fitting companion to the popular "Field-De-Koven Song Book." + + + =Twelve Naval + Captains by + Molly Elliot Seawell= + + =With 12 full-page portraits. + 12mo $1.25.= + +Miss Seawell here tells the notable exploits of twelve heroes of our +early navy: John Paul Jones, Richard Dale, William Bainbridge, Richard +Somers, Edward Preble, Thomas Truxton, Stephen Decatur, James Lawrance, +Isaac Hull, O. H. Perry, Charles Stewart, Thomas Macdonough. The book is +illustrated attractively and makes a stirring and thrilling volume. + + + =The Knights + of the Round + Table= + + =With 25 Illustrations + by S. R. Benliegh. + 12mo $1.50.= + +"King Arthur's Knights and their connection with the mystic Grail is +here the subject of Mr. William Henry Frost's translation into child +language. Many volumes have been prepared telling these wonderful +legendary stories to young people, but few are so admirably written as +this work," says the _Boston Advertiser_. + + + =The Last + Cruise of the + Mohawk by + W. J. Henderson= + + =Illustrated by + Harry C. Edwards. + 12mo $1.25.= + +The _Observer_ says: "This is an exciting story that boys of today will +appreciate thoroughly and devour greedily," and the _Rochester Democrat_ +calls it "an interesting and thrilling story." + + + =The King of + the Broncos + by Charles + F. Lummis= + + =Illustrated by + Victor S. Perard. + 12mo $1.25.= + +The title story and the other Tales of New Mexico, which Mr. Lummis has +here supplied for the younger generation, have all his usual +fascination. He knows how to tell his thrilling stories in a way that is +irresistible? to boy readers. + + + =The Border + Wars of + New England= + + =With 58 Illustrations and map. + 12mo $1.25.= + +Mr. Samuel Adams Drake is an expert at making history real and vital to +children. The _Boston Advertiser_ says: "This is not a school book, yet +it is exceedingly well adapted to use in schools, and at the same time +will enrich and adorn the library of every American who is so fortunate +or so judicious as to place it on his shelves." + + + =The Golden + Galleon by + Robert + Leighton= + + =With 8 full-page Illustrations + by William Rainey, R. I. + 12mo $1.50.= + +"A narrative of the adventures of Master Gilbert O'Glander, and of how +in the year 1591 he fought under the gallant Sir Richard Grenville in +the great sea-fight off Flores, on board Her Majesty's ship, _The +Revenge_." The New York _Observer_ has said: "Mr. Leighton as a writer +for boys needs no praise as his books place him in the front rank." + + + =Lords of the + World= + + =With 12 full-page + Illustrations by Ralph Peacock. + 12mo. $1.00.= + +A Story of the Fall of Carthage and Corinth. By ALFRED J. CHURCH. In his +own special field the author has few rivals. He has a capacity for +making antiquity assume reality which is fascinating in the extreme. + + + =Adventures in + Toyland= + + =With 8 colored plates and 72 other + Illustrations by Alice B. Woodward. + Square 8vo. $2.00.= + +By EDITH KING HALL. A clever and fascinating volume which will surely +take a high place among this season's "juveniles." + + CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 153-157 Fifth Ave, N.Y. + +[Illustration: "THE HEIR TO FAIRY-LAND" FROM A WATER-COLOUR BY ROBERT +HALLS] + + + + +THE INTERNATIONAL + +STUDIO + +SPECIAL WINTER-NUMBER 1897-8 + + + + +CHILDREN'S BOOKS AND THEIR ILLUSTRATORS. BY GLEESON WHITE. + + +[Illustration: THE "MONKEY-BOOK" A FAVOURITE IN THE NURSERY + +(_By permission of James H. Stone, Esq., J.P._)] + +There are some themes that by their very wealth of suggestion appal the +most ready writer. The emotions which they arouse, the mass of pleasant +anecdote they recall, the ghosts of far-off delights they summon, are +either too obvious to be worth the trouble of description or too +evanescent to be expressed in dull prose. Swift, we are told (perhaps a +little too frequently), could write beautifully of a broomstick; which +may strike a common person as a marvel of dexterity. After a while, the +journalist is apt to find that it is the perfect theme which proves to +be the hardest to treat adequately. Clothe a broomstick with fancies, +even of the flimsiest tissue paper, and you get something more or less +like a fairy-king's sceptre; but take the Pompadour's fan, or the +haunting effect of twilight over the meadows, and all you can do in +words seems but to hide its original beauties. We know that Mr. Austin +Dobson was able to add graceful wreaths even to the fan of the +Pompadour, and that another writer is able to impart to the misty +twilight not only the eerie fantasies it shows the careless observer, +but also a host of others that only a poet feels, and that only a poet +knows how to prison within his cage of printed syllables. Indeed, of the +theme of the present discourse has not the wonder-working Robert Louis +Stevenson sung of "Picture Books in Winter" and "The Land of Story +Books," so truly and clearly that it is dangerous for lesser folk to +attempt essays in their praise? All that artists have done to amuse the +august monarch "King Baby" (who, pictured by Mr. Robert Halls, is fitly +enthroned here by way of frontispiece) during the playtime of his +immaturity is too big a subject for our space, and can but be indicated +in rough outline here. + +[Illustration: "ROBINSON CRUSOE." THE WRECK FROM AN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY +CHAP-BOOK] + +Luckily, a serious study of the evolution of the child's book already +exists. Since the bulk of this number was in type, I lighted by chance +upon "The Child and his Book," by Mrs. E. M. Field, a most admirable +volume which traces its subject from times before the Norman conquest to +this century. Therein we find full accounts of MSS. designed for +teaching purposes, of early printed manuals, and of the mass of +literature intended to impress "the Fear of the Lord and of the +Broomstick." Did space allow, the present chronicle might be enlivened +with many an excerpt which she has culled from out-of-the-way sources. +But the temptation to quote must be controlled. It is only fair to add +that in that work there is a very excellent chapter to "Some +Illustrators of Children's Books," although its main purpose is the text +of the books. One branch has found its specialist and its exhaustive +monograph, in Mr. Andrew Tuer's sumptuous volumes devoted to "The Horn +Book." + +[Illustration: "CRUSOE AND XURY ESCAPING" FROM AN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY +CHAP-BOOK] + +Perhaps there is no pleasure the modern "grown-up" person envies the +youngsters of the hour as he envies them the shoals of delightful books +which publishers prepare for the Christmas tables of lucky children. If +he be old enough to remember Mrs. Trimmer's "History of the Robins," +"The Fairchild Family," or that Poly-technically inspired romance, the +"Swiss Family Robinson," he feels that a certain half-hearted approval +of more dreary volumes is possibly due to the glamour which middle age +casts upon the past. It is said that even Barbauld's "Evenings at Home" +and "Sandford and Merton" (the anecdotes only, I imagine) have been +found toothsome dainties by unjaded youthful appetites; but when he +compares these with the books of the last twenty years, he wishes he +could become a child again to enjoy their sweets to the full. + +[Illustration: _"CRUSOE SETS SAIL ON HIS EVENTFUL VOYAGE" FROM AN +EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CHAP-BOOK_] + +Now nine-tenths of this improvement is due to artist and publisher; +although it is obvious that illustrations imply something to illustrate, +and, as a rule (not by any means without exception), the better the text +the better the pictures. Years before good picture-books there were good +stories, and these, whether they be the classics of the nursery, the +laureates of its rhyme, the unknown author of its sagas, the born +story-tellers--whether they date from prehistoric cave-dwellers, or are +of our own age, like Charles Kingsley or Lewis Carroll--supply the text +to spur on the artist to his best achievements. + +[Illustration: "THE TRUE TALE OF ROBIN HOOD." FROM AN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY +CHAP-BOOK] + +It is mainly a labour of love to infuse pictures intended for childish +eyes with qualities that pertain to art. We like to believe that Walter +Crane, Caldecott, Kate Greenaway and the rest receive ample appreciation +from the small people. That they do in some cases is certain; but it is +also quite as evident that the veriest daub, if its subject be +attractive, is enjoyed no less thoroughly. There are prigs of course, +the children of the "prignorant," who babble of Botticelli, and profess +to disdain any picture not conceived with "high art" mannerism. Yet even +these will forget their pretence, and roar over a _Comic Cuts_ found on +the seat of a railway carriage, or stand delighted before some +unspeakable poster of a melodrama. It is well to face the plain fact +that the most popular illustrated books which please the children are +not always those which satisfy the critical adult. As a rule it is the +"grown-ups" who buy; therefore with no wish to be-little the advance in +nursery taste, one must own that at present its improvement is chiefly +owing to the active energies of those who give, and is only passively +tolerated by those who accept. Children awaking to the marvel that +recreates a familiar object by a few lines and blotches on a piece of +paper, are not unduly exigent. Their own primitive diagrams, like a +badly drawn Euclidean problem, satisfy their idea of studies from the +life. Their schemes of colour are limited to harmonies in crimson lake, +cobalt and gamboge, their skies are very blue, their grass arsenically +green, and their perspective as erratic as that of the Chinese. + +[Illustration: "TWO CHILDREN IN THE WOOD." FROM AN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY +CHAP-BOOK] + +[Illustration: "SIR RICHARD WHITTINGTON." FROM AN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY +CHAP-BOOK] + +In fact, unpopular though it may be to project such a theory, one +fancies that the real educational power of the picture-book is upon the +elders, and thus, that it undoubtedly helps to raise the standard of +domestic taste in art. But, on the other hand, whether his art is +adequately appreciated or not, what an unprejudiced and wholly +spontaneous acclaim awaits the artist who gives his best to the little +ones! They do not place his work in portfolios or locked glass cases; +they thumb it to death, surely the happiest of all fates for any printed +book. To see his volumes worn out by too eager votaries; what could an +author or artist wish for more? The extraordinary devotion to a volume +of natural history, which after generations of use has become more like +a mop-head than a book, may be seen in the reproduction of a +"monkey-book" here illustrated; this curious result being caused by +sheer affectionate thumbing of its leaves, until the dog-ears and +rumpled pages turned the cube to a globular mass, since flattened by +being packed away. So children love picture-books, not as bibliophiles +would consider wisely, but too well. + +[Illustration: "AN AMERICAN MAN AND WOMAN IN THEIR PROPER HABITS." +ILLUSTRATION FROM "A MUSEUM FOR YOUNG GENTLEMEN AND LADIES" (S. CROWDER. +1790)] + +To delight one of the least of these, to add a new joy to the crowded +miracles of childhood, were no less worth doing than to leave a Sistine +Chapel to astound a somewhat bored procession of tourists, or to have +written a classic that sells by thousands and is possessed unread by all +save an infinitesimal percentage of its owners. + +When Randolph Caldecott died, a minor poet, unconsciously paraphrasing +Garrick's epitaph, wrote: "For loss of him the laughter of the children +will grow less." I quote the line from memory, perhaps incorrectly; if +so, its author will, I feel sure, forgive the unintentional mangling. +Did the laughter of the children grow less? Happily one can be quite +sure it did not. So long as any inept draughtsman can scrawl a few lines +which they accept as a symbol of an engine, an elephant or a pussy cat, +so long will the great army of invaders who are our predestined +conquerors be content to laugh anew at the request of any one, be he +good or mediocre, who caters for them. + +It is a pleasant and yet a saddening thought to remember that we were +once recruits of this omnipotent army that wins always our lands and our +treasures. Now, when grown up, whether we are millionaires or paupers, +they have taken fortress by fortress with the treasures therein, our +picture-books of one sort are theirs, and one must yield presently to +the babies as they grow up, even our criticism, for they will make their +own standards of worth and unworthiness despite all our efforts to +control their verdict. + +If we are conscious of being "up-to-date" in 1900, we may be quite sure +that by 1925 we shall be ousted by a newer generation, and by 2000 +forgotten. Long before even that, the children we now try to amuse or to +educate, to defend at all costs, or to pray for as we never prayed +before--they will be the masters. It is, then, not an ignoble thing to +do one's very best to give our coming rulers a taste of the kingdom of +art, to let them unconsciously discover that there is something outside +common facts, intangible and not to be reduced to any rule, which may be +a lasting pleasure to those who care to study it. + +It is evident, as one glances back over the centuries, that the child +occupies a new place in the world to-day. Excepting possibly certain +royal infants, we do not find that great artists of the past addressed +themselves to children. Are there any children's books illustrated by +Dürer, Burgmair, Altdorfer, Jost Amman, or the little masters of +Germany? Among the Florentine woodcuts do we find any designed for +children? Did Rembrandt etch for them, or Jacob Beham prepare plates for +their amusement? So far as I have searched, no single instance has +rewarded me. It is true that the _naļveté_ of much early work tempts +one to believe that it was designed for babies. But the context shows +that it was the unlettered adult, not the juvenile, who was addressed. +As the designs, obviously prepared for children, begin to appear, they +are almost entirely educational and by no means the work of the best +artists of the period. Even when they come to be numerous, their object +is seldom to amuse; they are didactic, and as a rule convey solemn +warnings. The idea of a draughtsman of note setting himself deliberately +to please a child would have been inconceivable not so many years ago. +To be seen and not heard was the utmost demanded of the little ones even +as late as the beginning of this century, when illustrated books +designed especially for their instruction were not infrequent. + +[Illustration: "THE WALLS OF BABYLON." ILLUSTRATION FROM "A MUSEUM FOR +YOUNG GENTLEMEN AND LADIES" (S. CROWDER. 1790)] + +As Mr. Theodore Watts-Dunton pointed out in his charming essay, "The New +Hero," which appeared in the _English Illustrated Magazine_ (Dec. 1883), +the child was neglected even by the art of literature until Shakespeare +furnished portraits at once vivid, engaging, and true in Arthur and in +Mamillus. In the same essay he goes on to say of the child--the new +hero: + +"And in art, painters and designers are vying with the poets and with +each other in accommodating their work to his well-known matter-of-fact +tastes and love of simple directness. Having discovered that the New +Hero's ideal of pictorial representation is of that high dramatic and +businesslike kind exemplified in the Bayeux tapestry, Mr. Caldecott, Mr. +Walter Crane, Miss Kate Greenaway, Miss Dorothy Tennant, have each tried +to surpass the other in appealing to the New Hero's love of real +business in art--treating him, indeed, as though he were Hoteļ, the +Japanese god of enjoyment--giving him as much colour, as much dramatic +action, and as little perspective as is possible to man's finite +capacity in this line. Some generous art critics have even gone so far +indeed as to credit an entire artistic movement, that of pre-Raphaelism, +with a benevolent desire to accommodate art to the New Hero's peculiar +ideas upon perspective. But this is a 'soft impeachment' born of that +loving kindness for which art-critics have always been famous." + +[Illustration: "MERCURY AND THE WOODMAN." ILLUSTRATION FROM "BEWICK'S +SELECT FABLES." BY THOMAS BEWICK (1784)] + +[Illustration: "THE BROTHER AND SISTER." ILLUSTRATION FROM "BEWICK'S +SELECT FABLES." BY THOMAS BEWICK (1784)] + +[Illustration: "LITTLE ANTHONY." ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE LOOKING-GLASS OF +THE MIND." BY THOMAS BEWICK (1792)] + +[Illustration: "LITTLE ADOLPHUS." ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE LOOKING-GLASS +OF THE MIND." BY THOMAS BEWICK (1792)] + +It would be out of place here to project any theory to account for this +more recent homage paid to children, but it is quite certain that a +similar number of THE STUDIO could scarce have been compiled a century +ago, for there was practically no material for it. In fact the tastes of +children as a factor to be considered in life are well-nigh as modern as +steam or the electric light, and far less ancient than printing with +movable types, which of itself seems the second great event in the +history of humanity, the use of fire being the first. + +To leave generalities and come to particulars, as we dip into the stores +of earlier centuries the broadsheets reveal almost nothing _intended_ +for children--the many Robin Hood ballads, for example, are decidedly +meant for grown-up people; and so in the eighteenth century we find its +chap-books of "Guy, Earl of Warwick," "Sir Bevis, of Southampton," +"Valentine and Orson," are still addressed to the adult; while it is +more than doubtful whether even the earliest editions in chap-book form +of "Tom Thumb," and "Whittington" and the rest, now the property of the +nursery, were really published for little ones. That they were the +"light reading" of adults, the equivalent of to-day's _Ally Sloper_ or +the penny dreadful, is much more probable. No doubt children who came +across them had a surreptitious treat, even as urchins of both sexes now +pounce with avidity upon stray copies of the ultra-popular and so-called +comic papers. But you could not call _Ally Sloper_, that Punchinello of +the Victorian era--who has received the honour of an elaborate article +in the _Nineteenth Century_--a child's hero, nor is his humour of a sort +always that childhood should understand--"Unsweetened Gin," the +"Broker's Man," and similar subjects, for example. It is quite possible +that respectable people did not care for their babies to read the +chap-books of the eighteenth century any more than they like them now to +study "halfpenny comics"; and that they were, in short, kitchen +literature, and not infantile. Even if the intellectual standard of +those days was on a par in both domains, it does not prove that the +reading of the kitchen and nursery was interchangeable. + +Before noticing any pictures in detail from old sources or new, it is +well to explain that as a rule only those showing some attempt to adapt +the drawing to a child's taste have been selected. Mere dull transcripts +of facts please children no less; but here space forbids their +inclusion. Otherwise nearly all modern illustration would come into our +scope. + +A search through the famous Roxburghe collection of broadsheets +discovered nothing that could be fairly regarded as a child's +publication. The chap-books of the eighteenth century have been +adequately discussed in Mr. John Ashton's admirable monograph, and from +them a few "cuts" are here reproduced. Of course, if one takes the +standard of education of these days as the test, many of those curious +publications would appear to be addressed to intelligence of the most +juvenile sort. Yet the themes as a rule show unmistakably that children +of a larger growth were catered for, as, for instance, "Joseph and his +Brethren," "The Holy Disciple," "The Wandering Jew," and those earlier +pamphlets which are reprints or new versions of books printed by Wynkyn +de Worde, Pynson, and others of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth +centuries. + +[Illustration: _Henry quitting School._ + +ILLUSTRATION FROM "SKETCHES OF JUVENILE CHARACTERS" (E. WALLIS. 1818)] + +In one, "The Witch of the Woodlands," appears a picture of little people +dancing in a fairy ring, which might be supposed at first sight to be an +illustration of a nursery tale, but the text describing a Witch's +Sabbath, rapidly dispels the idea. Nor does a version of the popular +Faust legend--"Dr. John Faustus"--appear to be edifying for young +people. This and "Friar Bacon" are of the class which lingered the +longest--the magical and oracular literature. Even to-day it is quite +possible that dream-books and prophetical pamphlets enjoy a large sale; +but a few years ago many were to be found in the catalogues of +publishers who catered for the million. It is not very long ago that the +Company of Stationers omitted hieroglyphics of coming events from its +almanacs. Many fairy stories which to-day are repeated for the amusement +of children were regarded as part of this literature--the traditional +folk-lore which often enough survives many changes of the religious +faith of a nation, and outlasts much civilisation. Others were +originally political satires, or social pasquinades; indeed not a few +nursery rhymes mask allusions to important historical incidents. The +chap-book form of publication is well adapted for the preservation of +half-discredited beliefs, of charms and prophecies, incantations and +cures. + +In "Valentine and Orson," of which a fragment is extant of a version +printed by Wynkyn de Worde, we have unquestionably the real fairy story. +This class of story, however, was not addressed directly to children +until within the last hundred years. That many of the cuts used in these +chap-books afterwards found their way into little coarsely printed +duodecimos of eight or sixteen pages designed for children is no doubt a +fact. Indeed the wanderings of these blocks, and the various uses to +which they were applied, is far too vast a theme to touch upon here. For +this peripatetic habit of old wood-cuts was not even confined to the +land of their production; after doing duty in one country, they were +ready for fresh service in another. Often in the chap-books we meet with +the same block as an illustration of totally different scenes. + +[Illustration: TITLE-PAGE OF "THE PATHS OF LEARNING" (HARRIS AND SON. +1820)] + +[Illustration: PAGE FROM "THE PATHS OF LEARNING" (HARRIS AND SON. 1820)] + +The cut for the title-page of Robin Hood is a fair example of its kind. +The Norfolk gentleman's "Last Will and Testament" turns out to be a +rambling rhymed version of the Two Children in the Wood. In the first of +its illustrations we see the dying parents commending their babes to the +cruel world. The next is a subject taken from these lines: + + "Away then went these prity babes rejoycing at that tide, + Rejoycing with a merry mind they should on cock-horse ride." + +And in the last, here reproduced, we see them when + + "Their prity lips with blackberries were all besmeared and dyed, + And when they saw the darksome night, they sat them down and cried." + +But here it is more probable that it was the tragedy which attracted +readers, as the _Police News_ attracts to-day, and that it became a +child's favourite by the accident of the robins burying the babes. + +The example from the "History of Sir Richard Whittington" needs no +comment. + +A very condensed version of "Robinson Crusoe" has blocks of distinct, if +archaic, interest. The three here given show a certain sense of +decorative treatment (probably the result of the artist's inability to +be realistic), which is distinctly amusing. One might select hundreds of +woodcuts of this type, but those here reproduced will serve as well as a +thousand to indicate their general style. + +Some few of these books have contributed to later nursery folk-lore, as, +for example, the well known "Jack Horner," which is an extract from a +coarse account of the adventures of a dwarf. + +One quality that is shared by all these earlier pictures is their +artlessness and often their absolute ugliness. Quaint is the highest +adjective that fits them. In books of the later period not a few blocks +of earlier date and of really fine design reappear; but in the +chap-books quite 'prentice hands would seem to have been employed, and +the result therefore is only interesting for its age and rarity. So far +these pictures need no comment, they foreshadow nothing and are derived +from nothing, so far as their design is concerned. Such interest as they +have is quite unconcerned with art in any way; they are not even +sufficiently misdirected to act as warnings, but are merely clumsy. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "GERMAN POPULAR STORIES." BY G. +CRUIKSHANK (CHARLES TILT. 1824)] + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "GERMAN POPULAR STORIES." BY G. +CRUIKSHANK (CHARLES TILT. 1824)] + +Children's books, as every collector knows, are among the most +short-lived of all volumes. This is more especially true of those with +illustrations, for their extra attractiveness serves but to degrade a +comely book into a dog-eared and untidy thing, with leaves sere and +yellow, and with no autumnal grace to mellow their decay. Long before +this period, however, the nursery artist has marked them for his own, +and with crimson lake and Prussian blue stained their pictures in all +too permanent pigments, that in some cases resist every chemical the +amateur applies with the vain hope of effacing the superfluous colour. + +Of course the disappearance of the vast majority of books for children +(dating from 1760 to 1830, and even later) is no loss to art, although +among them are some few which are interesting as the 'prentice work of +illustrators who became famous. But these are the exceptions. Thanks to +the kindness of Mr. James Stone, of Birmingham, who has a large and most +interesting collection of the most ephemeral of all sorts--the little +penny and twopenny pamphlets--it has been possible to refer at first +hand to hundreds, of them. Yet, despite their interest as curiosities, +their art need not detain us here. The pictures are mostly trivial or +dull, and look like the products of very poorly equipped draughtsmen and +cheap engravers. Some, in pamphlet shape, contain nursery rhymes and +little stories, others are devoted to the alphabet and arithmetic. +Amongst them are many printed on card, shaped like the cover of a +bank-book. These were called battledores, but as Mr. Tuer has dealt with +this class in "The Horn Book" so thoroughly, it would be mere waste of +time to discuss them here. + +Mr. Elkin Mathews also permitted me to run through his interesting +collection, and among them were many noted elsewhere in these pages, but +the rest, so far as the pictures are concerned, do not call for detailed +notice. They do, indeed, contain pictures of children--but mere +"factual" scenes, as a rule--without any real fun or real imagination. +Those who wish to look up early examples will find a large and +entertaining variety among "The Pearson Collection" in the National Art +Library at South Kensington Museum. + +Turning to quite another class, we find "A Museum for Young Gentlemen +and Ladies" (Collins: Salisbury), a typical volume of its kind. Its +preface begins: "I am very much concerned when I see young gentlemen of +fortune and quality so wholly set upon pleasure and diversions.... The +greater part of our British youth lose their figure and grow out of +fashion by the time they are twenty-five. As soon as the natural gaiety +and amiableness of the young man wears off they have nothing left to +recommend, but _lie by_ the rest of their lives among the lumber and +refuse of their species"--a promising start for a moral lecture, which +goes on to implore those who are in the flower of their youth to "labour +at those accomplishments which may set off their persons when their +bloom is gone." + +The compensations for old age appear to be, according to this author, a +little knowledge of grammar, history, astronomy, geography, weights and +measures, the seven wonders of the world, burning mountains, and dying +words of great men. But its delightful text must not detain us here. A +series of "cuts" of national costumes with which it is embellished +deserves to be described in detail. _An American Man and Woman in their +proper habits_, reproduced on page 6, will give a better idea of their +style than any words. The blocks evidently date many years earlier than +the thirteenth edition here referred to, which is about 1790. Indeed, +those of the Seven Wonders are distinctly interesting. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE LITTLE PRINCESS." BY J. C. +HORSLEY, R.A. (JOSEPH CUNDALL. 1843)] + +[Illustration: + + I had a little Nut-tree, + Nothing would it bear, + But a silver nutmeg + And a golden pear. + + The King of Spain's daughter, came to visit me,-- + And all because of my little Nut-tree. + +ILLUSTRATION FROM "CHILD'S PLAY." BY E. V. B. (NOW PUBLISHED BY SAMPSON +LOW)] + +Here and there we meet with one interesting as art. "An Ancestral +History of King Arthur" (H. Roberts, Blue Boar, Holborn, 1782), shown in +the Pearson collection at South Kensington, has an admirable +frontispiece; and one or two others would be worth reproduction did +space permit. + +Although the dates overlap, the next division of the subject may be +taken as ranging from the publication of "Goody Two Shoes--otherwise +called Mrs. Margaret Two-shoes"--to the "Bewick Books." Of the latter +the most interesting is unquestionably "A Pretty Book of Pictures for +Little Masters and Misses, or Tommy Trip's History of Beasts and Birds," +with a familiar description of each in verse and prose, to which is +prefixed "A History of Little Tom Trip himself, of his dog Towler, and +of Coryleg the great giant," written for John Newbery, the philanthropic +bookseller of St. Paul's Churchyard. "The fifteenth edition embellished +with charming engravings upon wood, from the original blocks engraved by +Thomas Bewick for T. Saint of Newcastle in 1779"--to quote the full +title from the edition reprinted by Edwin Pearson in 1867. This edition +contains a preface tracing the history of the blocks, which are said to +be Bewick's first efforts to depict beasts and birds, undertaken at the +request of the New castle printer, to illustrate a new edition of +"Tommy Trip." As at this time copyright was unknown, and Newcastle or +Glasgow pirated a London success (as New York did but lately), we must +not be surprised to find that the text is said to be a reprint of a +"Newbery" publication. But as Saint was called the Newbery of the North, +possibly the Bewick edition was authorised. One or two of the rhymes +which have been attributed to Oliver Goldsmith deserve quotation. +Appended to a cut of _The Bison_ we find the following delightful lines: + + "The Bison, tho' neither + Engaging nor young, + Like a flatt'rer can lick you + To death with his tongue." + +The astounding legend of the bison's long tongue, with which he captures +a man who has ventured too close, is dilated upon in the accompanying +prose. That Goldsmith used "teeth" when he meant "tusks" solely for the +sake of rhyme is a depressing fact made clear by the next verse: + + "The elephant with trunk and teeth + Threatens his foe with instant death, + And should these not his ends avail + His crushing feet will seldom fail." + +Nor are the rhymes as they stand peculiarly happy; certainly in the +following example it requires an effort to make "throw" and "now" pair +off harmoniously. + + "The fierce, fell tiger will, they say, + Seize any man that's in the way, + And o'er his back the victim throw, + As you your satchel may do now." + +Yet one more deserves to be remembered if but for its decorative +spelling: + + "The cuccoo comes to chear the spring, + And early every morn does sing; + The nightingale, secure and snug, + The evening charms with Jug, jug, jug." + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE HONEY STEW" BY HARRISON WEIR +(JEREMIAH HOW. 1846)] + +But these doggerel rhymes are not quite representative of the book, as +the well-known "Three children sliding on the ice upon a summer's day" +appears herein. The "cuts" are distinctively notable, especially the +Crocodile (which contradicts the letterpress, that says "it turns about +with difficulty"), the Chameleon, the Bison, and the Tiger. + +Bewick's "Select Fables of Ęsop and others" (Newcastle: T. Saint, 1784) +deserves fuller notice, but Ęsop, though a not unpopular book for +children, is hardly a children's book. With "The Looking Glass for the +Mind" (1792) we have the adaptation of a popular French work, "L'Ami des +Enfans" (1749), with cuts by Bewick, which, if not equal to his best, +are more interesting from our point of view, as they are obviously +designed for young people. The letterpress is full of "useful lessons +for my youthful readers," with morals provokingly insisted upon. + +"Goody Two Shoes" was also published by Newbery of St. Paul's +Churchyard--the pioneer of children's literature. His business--which +afterwards became Messrs. Griffith and Farran--has been the subject of +several monographs and magazine articles by Mr. Charles Welsh, a former +partner of that firm. The two monographs were privately printed for +issue to members of the Sette of Odde Volumes. The first of these is +entitled "On some Books for Children of the last century, with a few +words on the philanthropic publisher of St. Paul's Churchyard. A paper +read at a meeting of the Sette of Odde Volumes, Friday, January 8, +1886." Herein we find a very sympathetic account of John Newbery and +gossip of the clever and distinguished men who assisted him in the +production of children's books, of which Charles Knight said, "There is +nothing more remarkable in them than their originality. There have been +attempts to imitate its simplicity, its homeliness; great authors have +tried their hands at imitating its clever adaptation to the youthful +intellect, but they have failed"--a verdict which, if true of authors +when Charles Knight uttered it, is hardly true of the present time. +After Goldsmith, Charles Lamb, to whom "Goody Two Shoes" is now +attributed, was, perhaps, the most famous contributor to Newbery's +publications; his "Beauty and the Beast" and "Prince Dorus" have been +republished in facsimile lately by Messrs. Field and Tuer. From the +_London Chronicle_, December 19 to January 1, 1765, Mr. Welsh reprinted +the following advertisement: + +[Illustration: "BLUE BEARD." ILLUSTRATION FROM "COMIC NURSERY TALES." BY +A. CROWQUILL (G. ROUTLEDGE. 1845)] + +[Illustration: "ROBINSON CRUSOE." ILLUSTRATION FROM "COMIC NURSERY +TALES." BY A. CROWQUILL (G. ROUTLEDGE. 1845)] + +"The Philosophers, Politicians, Necromancers, and the learned in every +faculty are desired to observe that on January 1, being New Year's Day +(oh that we may all lead new lives!), Mr. Newbery intends to publish the +following important volumes, bound and gilt, and hereby invites all his +little friends who are good to call for them at the Bible and Sun in St. +Paul's Churchyard, but those who are naughty to have none." The paper +read by Mr. Welsh scarcely fulfils the whole promise of its title, for +in place of giving anecdotes of Newbery he refers his listeners to his +own volume, "A Bookseller of the Last Century," for fuller details; but +what he said in praise of the excellent printing and binding of +Newbery's books is well merited. They are, nearly all, comely +productions, some with really artistic illustrations, and all marked +with care and intelligence which had not hitherto been bestowed on +publications intended for juveniles. It is true that most are +distinguished for "calculating morality" as the _Athenęum_ called it, in +re-estimating their merits nearly a century later. It was a period when +the advantages of dull moralising were over-prized, when people +professed to believe that you could admonish children to a state of +perfection which, in their didactic addresses to the small folk, they +professed to obey themselves. It was, not to put too fine a point on it, +an age of solemn hypocrisy, not perhaps so insincere in intention as in +phrase; but, all the same, it repels the more tolerant mood of to-day. +Whether or not it be wise to confess to the same frailties and let +children know the weaknesses of their elders, it is certainly more +honest; and the danger is now rather lest the undue humility of +experience should lead children to believe that they are better than +their fathers. Probably the honest sympathy now shown to childish ideals +is not likely to be misinterpreted, for children are often shrewd +judges, and can detect the false from the true, in morals if not in art. + +By 1800 literature for children had become an established fact. Large +numbers of publications were ostentatiously addressed to their +amusement; but nearly all hid a bitter if wholesome powder in a very +small portion of jam. Books of educational purport, like "A Father's +Legacy to his Daughter," with reprints of classics that are heavily +weighted with morals--Dr. Johnson's "Rasselas" and "Ęsop's Fables," for +instance--are in the majority. "Robinson Crusoe" is indeed among them, +and Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress," both, be it noted, books annexed by +the young, not designed for them. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "ROBINSON CRUSOE." BY CHARLES KEENE +(JAMES BURNS. 1847)] + +The titles of a few odd books which possess more than usually +interesting features may be jotted down. Of these, "Little Thumb and the +Ogre" (R. Dutton, 1788), with illustrations by William Blake, is easily +first in interest, if not in other respects. Others include "The Cries +of London" (1775), "Sindbad the Sailor" (Newbery, 1798), "Valentine and +Orson" (Mary Rhynd, Clerkenwell, 1804), "Fun at the Fair" (with spirited +cuts printed in red), and Watts's "Divine and Moral Songs," and "An +Abridged New Testament," with still more effective designs also in red +(Lumsden, Glasgow), "Gulliver's Travels" (greatly abridged, 1815), +"Mother Gum" (1805), "Anecdotes of a Little Family" (1795), "Mirth +without Mischief," "King Pippin," "The Daisy" (cautionary stories in +verse), and the "Cowslip," its companion (with delightfully prim little +rhymes that have been reprinted lately). The thirty illustrations in +each are by Samuel Williams, an artist who yet awaits his due +appreciation. A large number of classics of their kind, "The Adventures +of Philip Quarll," "Gulliver's Travels," Blake's "Songs of Innocence," +Charles Lamb's "Stories from Shakespeare," Mrs. Sherwood's "Henry and +his Bearer," and a host of other religious stories, cannot even be +enumerated. But even were it possible to compile a full list of +children's books, it would be of little service, for the popular books +are in no danger of being forgotten, and the unpopular, as a rule, have +vanished out of existence, and except by pure accident could not be +found for love or money. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "COMIC NURSERY TALES" (G. ROUTLEDGE. +1846)] + +With the publications of Newbery and Harris, early in the nineteenth +century, we encounter examples more nearly typical of the child's book +as we regard it to-day. Among them Harris's "Cabinet" is noticeable. +The first four volumes, "The Butterfly's Ball," "The Peacock at Home," +"The Lion's Masquerade," and "The Elephant's Ball," were reprinted a few +years ago, with the original illustrations by Mulready carefully +reproduced. A coloured series of sixty-two books, priced at one shilling +and sixpence each (Harris), was extremely popular. + +With the "Paths of Learning strewed with Flowers, or English Grammar +Illustrated" (1820), we encounter a work not without elegance. Its +designs, as we see by the examples reproduced on page 9, are the obvious +prototype of Miss Greenaway, the model that inspired her to those dainty +trifles which conquered even so stern a critic of modern illustration as +Mr. Ruskin. On its cover--a forbidding wrapper devoid of ornament--and +repeated within a wreath of roses inside, this preamble occurs: "The +purpose of this little book is to obviate the reluctance children evince +to the irksome and insipid task of learning the names and meanings of +the component parts of grammar. Our intention is to entwine roses with +instruction, and however humble our endeavour may appear, let it be +recollected that the efforts of a Mouse set the Lion free from his +toils." This oddly phrased explanation is typical of the affected +geniality of the governess. Indeed, it might have been penned by an +assistant to Miss Pinkerton, "the Semiramis of Hammersmith"; if not by +that friend of Dr. Johnson, the correspondent of Mrs. Chapone herself, +in a moment of gracious effort to bring her intellect down to the level +of her pupils. + +To us, this hollow gaiety sounds almost cruel. In those days children +were always regarded as if, to quote Mark Twain, "every one being born +with an equal amount of original sin, the pressure on the square inch +must needs be greater in a baby." Poor little original sinners, how very +scurvily the world of books and picture-makers treated you less than a +century ago! Life for you then was a perpetual reformatory, a place +beset with penalties, and echoing with reproofs. Even the literature +planned to amuse your leisure was stuck full of maxims and morals; the +most piquant story was but a prelude to an awful warning; pictures of +animals, places, and rivers failed to conceal undisguised lessons. The +one impression that is left by a study of these books is the lack of +confidence in their own dignity which papas and mammas betrayed in the +early Victorian era. This seems past all doubt when you realise that the +common effort of all these pictures and prose is to glorify the +impeccable parent, and teach his or her offspring to grovel silently +before the stern law-givers who ruled the home. + +[Illustration: TITLE-PAGE FROM "THE SCOURING OF THE WHITE HORSE." BY +RICHARD DOYLE (MACMILLAN AND CO. 1858)] + +Of course it was not really so, literature had but lately come to a +great middle class who had not learned to be easy; and as worthy folk +who talked colloquially wrote in stilted parody of Dr. Johnson's stately +periods, so the uncouth address in print to the populace of the nursery +was doubtless forgotten in daily intercourse. But the conventions were +preserved, and honest fun or full-bodied romance that loves to depict +gnomes and hob-goblins, giants and dwarfs in a world of adventure and +mystery, was unpopular. Children's books were illustrated entirely by +the wonders of the creation, or the still greater wonders of so-called +polite society. Never in them, except introduced purposely as an "awful +example," do you meet an untidy, careless, normal child. Even the +beggars are prim, and the beasts and birds distinctly genteel in their +habits. Fairyland was shut to the little ones, who were turned out of +their own domain. It seems quite likely that this continued until the +German _märchen_ (the literary products of Germany were much in favour +at this period) reopened the wonderland of the other world about the +time that Charles Dickens helped to throw the door still wider. +Discovering that the child possessed the right to be amused, the +imagination of poets and artists addressed itself at last to the most +appreciative of all audiences, a world of newcomers, with insatiable +appetites for wonders real and imaginary. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION (REDUCED) FROM "MISUNDERSTOOD" BY GEORGE DU +MAURIER (RICHARD BENTLEY AND SON. 1874)] + +But for many years before the Victorian period folklore was left to the +peasants, or at least kept out of reach of children of the higher +classes. No doubt old nurses prattled it to their charges, perhaps +weak-minded mothers occasionally repeated the ancient legends, but the +printing-press set its face against fancy, and offered facts in its +stead. In the list of sixty-two books before mentioned, if we except a +few nursery jingles such as "Mother Hubbard" and "Cock Robin," we find +but two real fairy stories, "Cinderella," "Puss-in-Boots," and three +old-world narratives of adventure, "Whittington and His Cat," "The Seven +Champions of Christendom," and "Valentine and Orson." The rest are +"Peter Piper's Practical Principles of Plain and Perfect Pronunciation," +"The Monthly Monitor," "Tommy Trip's Museum of Beasts," "The +Perambulations of a Mouse," and so on, with a few things like "The House +that Jack Built," and "A, Apple Pie," that are but daily facts put into +story shape. Now it is clear that the artists inspired by fifty of these +had no chance of displaying their imagination, and every opportunity of +pointing a moral; and it is painful to be obliged to own that they +succeeded beyond belief in their efforts to be dull. Of like sort are "A +Visit to the Bazaar" (Harris, 1814), and "The Dandies' Ball" (1820). + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE PRINCESS AND THE GOBLIN." +(STRAHAN. 1871. NOW PUBLISHED BY BLACKIE AND SON)] + +Nor must we forget a work very popular at this period, "Keeper in +Search of His Master," although its illustrations are not its chief +point. + +According to a very interesting preface Mr. Andrew Tuer contributed to +"The Leadenhall Series of Reprints of Forgotten Books for Children in +1813," "Dame Wiggins of Lee" was first issued by A. K. Newman and Co. of +the Minerva Press. This book is perhaps better known than any of its +date owing to Mr. Ruskin's reprint with additional verses by himself, +and new designs by Miss Kate Greenaway supplementing the original cuts, +which were re-engraved in facsimile by Mr. Hooper. Mr. Tuer attributes +the design of these latter to R. Stennet (or Sinnet?), who illustrated +also "Deborah Dent and her Donkey" and "Madame Figs' Gala." Newman +issued many of these books, in conjunction with Messrs. Dean and Mundy, +the direct ancestors of the firm of Dean and Son, still flourishing, and +still engaged in providing cheap and attractive books for children. "The +Gaping Wide-mouthed Waddling Frog" is another book of about this period, +which Mr. Tuer included in his reprints. Among the many illustrated +volumes which bear the imprint of A. K. Newman, and Dean and Mundy, are +"A, Apple Pie," "Aldiborontiphoskyphorniostikos," "The House that Jack +Built," "The Parent's Offering for a Good Child" (a very pompous and +irritating series of dialogues), and others that are even more directly +educational. In all these the engravings are in fairly correct outline, +coloured with four to six washes of showy crimson lake, ultramarine, +pale green, pale sepia, and gamboge. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "GUTTA PERCHA WILLIE." BY ARTHUR HUGHES +(STRAHAN. 1870. NOW PUBLISHED BY BLACKIE AND SON)] + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "AT THE BACK OF THE NORTH WIND." BY +ARTHUR HUGHES (STRAHAN. 1869. NOW PUBLISHED BY BLACKIE AND SON)] + +Even the dreary text need not have made the illustrators quite so dull, +as we know that Randolph Caldecott would have made an illustrated +"Bradshaw" amusing; but most of his earlier predecessors show no less +power in making anything they touched "un-funny." Nor as art do their +pictures interest you any more than as anecdotes. + +Of course the cost of coloured engravings prohibited their lavish use. +All were tinted by hand, sometimes with the help of stencil plates, but +more often by brush. The print colourers, we are told, lived chiefly in +the Pentonville district, or in some of the poorer streets near +Leicester Square. A few survivors are still to be found; but the +introduction first of lithography, and later of photographic processes, +has killed the industry, and even the most fanatical apostle of the old +crafts cannot wish the "hand-painter" back again. The outlines were +either cut on wood, as in the early days of printing until the present, +or else engraved on metal. In each case all colour was painted +afterwards, and in scarce a single instance (not even in the Rowlandson +caricatures or patriotic pieces) is there any attempt to obtain an +harmonious scheme such as is often found in the tinted mezzo-tints of +the same period. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "AT THE BACK OF THE NORTH WIND." BY +ARTHUR HUGHES (STRAHAN. 1869. NOW PUBLISHED BY BLACKIE AND SON)] + +Of works primarily intended for little people, an "Hieroglyphical Bible" +for the amusement and instruction of the younger generation (1814) may +be noted. This was a mixture of picture-puns and broken words, after the +fashion of the dreary puzzles still published in snippet weeklies. It is +a melancholy attempt to turn Bible texts to picture puzzles, a book +permitted by the unco' guid to children on wet Sunday afternoons, as +some younger members of large families, whose elder brothers' books yet +lingered forty or even fifty years after publication, are able to +endorse with vivid and depressed remembrance. Foxe's "Book of Martyrs" +and Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress" are of the same type, and calculated +to fill a nervous child with grim terrors, not lightened by Watts's +"Divine and Moral Songs," that gloated on the dreadful hell to which +sinful children were doomed, "with devils in darkness, fire and chains." +But this painful side of the subject is not to be discussed here. +Luckily the artists--except in the "grown-up" books referred +to--disdained to enforce the terrors of Dr. Watts, and pictured less +horrible themes. + +With Cruikshank we encounter almost the first glimpse of the modern +ideal. His "Grimm's Fairy Tales" are delightful in themselves, and +marvellous in comparison with all before, and no little after. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE LITTLE WONDER HORN." BY J. MAHONEY +(H. S. KING AND CO. 1872. GRIFFITH AND FARRAN. 1887)] + +These famous illustrations to the first selection of Grimm's "German +Popular Stories" appeared in 1824, followed by a second series in 1826. +Coming across this work after many days spent in hunting up children's +books of the period, the designs flashed upon one as masterpieces, and +for the first time seemed to justify the great popularity of Cruikshank. +For their vigour and brilliant invention, their _diablerie_ and true +local colour, are amazing when contrasted with what had been previously. +Wearied of the excessive eulogy bestowed upon Cruikshank's illustrations +to Dickens, and unable to accept the artist as an illustrator of real +characters in fiction, when he studies his elfish and other-worldly +personages, the most grudging critic must needs yield a full tribute of +praise. The volumes (published by Charles Tilt, of 82 Fleet Street) are +extremely rare; for many years past the sale-room has recorded fancy +prices for all Cruikshank's illustrations, so that a lover of modern art +has been jealous to note the amount paid for by many extremely poor +pictures by this artist, when even original drawings for the +masterpieces by later illustrators went for a song. In Mr. Temple +Scott's indispensable "Book Sales of 1896" we find the two volumes +(1823-6) fetched £12 12_s._ + +[Illustration: "IN NOOKS WITH BOOKS" AN AUTO-LITHOGRAPH BY R. ANNING +BELL.] + +These must not be confounded with Cruikshank's "Fairy Library" +(1847-64), a series of small books in paper wrappers, now exceedingly +rare, which are more distinctly prepared for juvenile readers. The +illustrations to these do not rise above the level of their day, as did +the earlier ones. But this is owing largely to the fact that the +standard had risen far above its old average in the thirty years that +had elapsed. Amid the mass of volumes illustrated by Cruikshank +comparatively few are for juveniles; some of these are: "Grimm's Gammer +Grethel"; "Peter Schlemihl" (1824); "Christmas Recreation" (1825); "Hans +of Iceland" (1825); "German Popular Stories" (1823); "Robinson Crusoe" +(1831); "The Brownies" (1870); "Loblie-by-the-Fire" (1874); "Tom Thumb" +(1830); and "John Gilpin" (1828). + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "SPEAKING LIKENESSES." BY ARTHUR HUGHES +(MACMILLAN AND CO. 1874)] + +The works of Richard Doyle (1824-1883) enjoy in a lesser degree the sort +of inflated popularity which has gathered around those of Cruikshank. +With much spirit and pleasant invention, Doyle lacked academic skill, +and often betrays considerable weakness, not merely in composition, but +in invention. Yet the qualities which won him reputation are by no means +despicable. He evidently felt the charm of fairyland, and peopled it +with droll little folk who are neither too human nor too unreal to be +attractive. He joined the staff of _Punch_ when but nineteen, and soon, +by his political cartoons, and his famous "Manners and Customs of y^e +English drawn from y^e Quick," became an established favourite. His +design for the cover of _Punch_ is one of his happiest inventions. So +highly has he been esteemed that the National Gallery possesses one of +his pictures, _The Triumphant Entry; a Fairy Pageant_. Children's books +with his illustrations are numerous; perhaps the most important are "The +Enchanted Crow" (1871), "Feast of Dwarfs" (1871), "Fortune's Favourite" +(1871), "The Fairy Ring" (1845), "In Fairyland" (1870), "Merry Pictures" +(1857), "Princess Nobody" (1884), "Mark Lemon's Fairy Tales" (1868), "A +Juvenile Calendar" (1855), "Fairy Tales from all Nations" (1849), "Snow +White and Rosy Red" (1871), Ruskin's "The King of the Golden River" +(1884), Hughes's "Scouring of the White Horse" (1859), "Jack the Giant +Killer" (1888), "Home for the Holidays" (1887), "The Whyte Fairy Book" +(1893). The three last are, of course, posthumous publications. + +Still confining ourselves to the pre-Victorian period, although the +works in question were popular several decades later, we find "Sandford +and Merton" (first published in 1783, and constantly reprinted), "The +Swiss Family Robinson," the beginning of "Peter Parley's Annals," and a +vast number of other books with the same pseudonym appended, and a host +of didactic works, a large number of which contained pictures of animals +and other natural objects, more or less well drawn. But the pictures in +these are not of any great consequence, merely reflecting the average +taste of the day, and very seldom designed from a child's point of view. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "UNDINE." BY SIR JOHN TENNIEL (JAMES +BURNS. 1845)] + +This very inadequate sketch of the books before 1837 is not curtailed +for want of material, but because, despite the enormous amount, very few +show attempts to please the child; to warn, to exhort, or to educate are +their chief aims. Occasionally a Bewick or an artist of real power is +met with, but the bulk is not only dull, but of small artistic value. +That the artist's name is rarely given must not be taken as a sign that +only inept draughtsmen were employed, for in works of real importance up +to and even beyond this date we often find his share ignored. After a +time the engraver claims to be considered, and by degrees the designer +is also recognised; yet for the most part illustration was looked upon +merely as "jam" to conceal the pill. The old Puritan conception of art +as vanity had something to do with this, no doubt; for adults often +demand that their children shall obey a sterner rule of life than that +which they accept themselves. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "ELLIOTT'S NURSERY RHYMES" BY W. J. +WIEGAND (NOVELLO, 1870)] + +Before passing on, it is as well to summarise this preamble and to +discover how far children's books had improved when her Majesty came to +the throne. The old woodcut, rough and ill-drawn, had been succeeded by +the masterpieces of Bewick, and the respectable if dull achievements of +his followers. In the better class of books were excellent designs by +artists of some repute fairly well engraved. Colouring by hand, in a +primitive fashion, was applied to these prints and to impressions from +copperplates. A certain prettiness was the highest aim of most of the +latter, and very few were designed only to amuse a child. It seems as if +all concerned were bent on unbending themselves, careful to offer grains +of truth to young minds with an occasional terrible falsity of their +attitude; indeed, its satire and profound analysis make it superfluous +to reopen the subject. As one might expect, the literature, "genteel" +and dull, naturally desired pictures in the same key. The art of even +the better class of children's books was satisfied if it succeeded in +being "genteel," or, as Miss Limpenny would say, "cumeelfo." Its ideal +reached no higher, and sometimes stopped very far below that modest +standard. This is the best (with the few exceptions already noted) one +can say of pre-Victorian illustration for children. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "ELLIOTT'S NURSERY RHYMES" BY H. STACY +MARKS, R.A. (NOVELLO. 1870)] + +If there is one opinion deeply rooted in the minds of the comparatively +few Britons who care for art, it is a distrust of "The Cole Gang of +South Kensington;" and yet if there be one fact which confronts any +student of the present revival of the applied arts, it is that sooner or +later you come to its first experiments inspired or actually undertaken +by Sir Henry Cole. Under the pseudonym of "Felix Summerley" we find that +the originator of a hundred revivals of the applied arts, projected and +issued a series of children's books which even to-day are decidedly +worth praise. It is the fashion to trace everything to Mr. William +Morris, but in illustrations for children as in a hundred others "Felix +Summerley" was setting the ball rolling when Morris and the members of +the famous firm were schoolboys. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE WATER BABIES" BY SIR R. NOEL PATON +(MACMILLAN AND CO. 1863)] + +To quote from his own words: "During this period (_i.e._, about 1844), +my young children becoming numerous, their wants induced me to publish a +rather long series of books, which constituted 'Summerley's Home +Treasury,' and I had the great pleasure of obtaining the welcome +assistance of some of the first artists of the time in illustrating +them--Mulready, R.A., Cope, R.A., Horsley, R.A., Redgrave, R.A., +Webster, R.A., Linnell and his three sons, John, James, and William, H. +J. Townsend, and others.... The preparation of these books gave me +practical knowledge in the technicalities of the arts of type-printing, +lithography, copper and steel-plate engraving and printing, and +bookbinding in all its varieties in metal, wood, leather, &c." + +Copies of the books in question appear to be very rare. It is doubtful +if the omnivorous British Museum has swallowed a complete set; certainly +at the Art Library of South Kensington Museum, where, if anywhere, we +might expect to find Sir Henry Cole completely represented, many gaps +occur. + +How far Mr. Joseph Cundall, the publisher, should be awarded a share of +the credit for the enterprise is not apparent, but his publications and +writings, together with the books issued later by Cundall and Addey, are +all marked with the new spirit, which so far as one can discover was +working in many minds at this time, and manifested itself most +conspicuously through the Pre-Raphaelites and their allies. This all +took place, it must be remembered, long before 1851. We forget often +that if that exhibition has any important place in the art history of +Great Britain, it does but prove that much preliminary work had been +already accomplished. You cannot exhibit what does not exist; you cannot +even call into being "exhibition specimens" at a few months notice, if +something of the same sort, worked for ordinary commerce, has not +already been in progress for years previously. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE ROYAL UMBRELLA." BY LINLEY +SAMBOURNE (GRIFFITH AND FARRAN. 1880)] + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "ON A PINCUSHION." BY WILLIAM DE MORGAN +(SEELEY, JACKSON AND HALLIDAY. 1877)] + +Almost every book referred to has been examined anew for the purposes of +this article. As a whole they might fail to impress a critic not +peculiarly interested in the matter. But if he tries to project himself +to the period that produced them, and realises fully the enormous +importance of first efforts, he will not estimate grudgingly their +intrinsic value, but be inclined to credit them with the good things +they never dreamed of, as well as those they tried to realise and often +failed to achieve. Here, without any prejudice for or against the South +Kensington movement, it is but common justice to record Sir Henry Cole's +share in the improvement of children's books; and later on his efforts +on behalf of process engraving must also not be forgotten. + +To return to the books in question, some extracts from the original +prospectus, which speaks of them as "purposed to cultivate the +Affections, Fancy, Imagination, and Taste of Children," are worth +quotation: + +"The character of most children's books published during the last +quarter of a century, is fairly typified in the name of Peter Parley, +which the writers of some hundreds of them have assumed. The books +themselves have been addressed after a narrow fashion, almost entirely +to the cultivation of the understanding of children. The many tales sung +or said from time to time immemorial, which appealed to the other, and +certainly not less important elements of a little child's mind, its +fancy, imagination, sympathies, affections, are almost all gone out of +memory, and are scarcely to be obtained. 'Little Red Riding Hood,' and +other fairy tales hallowed to children's use, are now turned into +ribaldry as satires for men; as for the creation of a new fairy tale or +touching ballad, such a thing is unheard of. That the influence of all +this is hurtful to children, the conductor of this series firmly +believes. He has practical experience of it every day in his own family, +and he doubts not that there are many others who entertain the same +opinions as himself. He purposes at least to give some evidence of his +belief, and to produce a series of works, the character of which may be +briefly described as anti-Peter Parleyism. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE NECKLACE OF PRINCESS FIORIMONDE." +BY WALTER CRANE (MACMILLAN AND CO. 1880)] + +"Some will be new works, some new combinations of old materials, and +some reprints carefully cleared of impurities, without deterioration to +the points of the story. All will be illustrated, but not after the +usual fashion of children's books, in which it seems to be assumed that +the lowest kind of art is good enough to give first impressions to a +child. In the present series, though the statement may perhaps excite a +smile, the illustrations will be selected from the works of Raffaelle, +Titian, Hans Holbein, and other old masters. Some of the best modern +artists have kindly promised their aid in creating a taste for beauty in +little children." Did space permit, a selection from the reviews of the +chief literary papers that welcomed the new venture would be +instructive. There we should find that even the most cautious critic, +always "hedging" and playing for safety, felt compelled to accord a +certain amount of praise to the new enterprise. + +It is true that "Felix Summerley" created only one type of the modern +book. Possibly the "stories turned into satires" to which he alludes are +the entirely amusing volumes by F. H. Bayley, the author of "A New Tale +of a Tub." As it happened that these volumes were my delight as a small +boy, possibly I am unduly fond of them; but it seems to me that their +humour--_ą la_ Ingoldsby, it is true--and their exuberantly comic +drawings, reveal the first glimpses of lighter literature addressed +specially to children, that long after found its masterpieces in the +"Crane" and "Greenaway" and "Caldecott" Toy Books, in "Alice in +Wonderland," and in a dozen other treasured volumes, which are now +classics. The chief claim for the Home Treasury series to be considered +as the advance guard of our present sumptuous volumes, rests not so much +upon the quality of their designs or the brightness of their literature. +Their chief importance is that in each of them we find for the first +time that the externals of a child's book are most carefully considered. +Its type is well chosen, the proportions of its page are evidently +studied, its binding, even its end-papers, show that some one person was +doing his best to attain perfection. It is this conscious effort, +whatever it actually realised, which distinguishes the result from all +before. + +It is evident that the series--the Home Treasury--took itself seriously. +Its purpose was Art with a capital A--a discovery, be it noted, of this +period. Sir Henry Cole, in a footnote to the very page whence the +quotation above was extracted, discusses the first use of "Art" as an +adjective denoting the _Fine_ Arts. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "HOUSEHOLD STORIES FROM GRIMM." BY +WALTER CRANE (MACMILLAN AND CO. 1882)] + +Here it is more than ever difficult to keep to the thread of this +discourse. All that South Kensington did and failed to do, the ęsthetic +movement of the eighties, the new gospel of artistic salvation by +Liberty fabrics and De Morgan tiles, the erratic changes of fashion in +taste, the collapse of Gothic architecture, the triumph of Queen Anne, +and the Arts and Crafts movement of the nineties--in short, all the +story of Art in the last fifty years, from the new Law Courts to the +Tate Gallery, from Felix Summerley to a Hollyer photograph, from the +introduction of glyptography to the pictures in the _Daily Chronicle_, +demand notice. But the door must be shut on the turbulent throng, and +only children's books allowed to pass through. + +The publications by "Felix Summerley," according to the list in "Fifty +Years of Public Work," by Sir Henry Cole, K.C.B. (Bell, 1884), include: +"Holbein's Bible Events," eight pictures, coloured by Mr. Linnell's +sons, 4_s._ 6_d._; "Raffaelle's Bible Events," six pictures from the +Loggia, drawn on stone by Mr. Linnell's children and coloured by them, +5_s._ 6_d._; "Albert Dürer's Bible Events," six pictures from Dürer's +"Small Passion," coloured by the brothers Linnell; "Traditional Nursery +Songs," containing eight pictures; "The Beggars coming to Town," by C. +W. Cope, R.A.; "By, O my Baby!" by R. Redgrave, R.A.; "Mother Hubbard," +by T. Webster, R.A.; "1, 2, 3, 4, 5," "Sleepy Head," "Up in a Basket," +"Cat asleep by the Fire," by John Linnell, 4_s._ 6_d._, coloured; "The +Ballad of Sir Hornbook," by Thos. Love Peacock, with eight pictures by +H. Corbould, coloured, 4_s._ 6_d._ (A book with the same title, also +described as a "grammatico-allegorical ballad," was published by N. +Haites in 1818.) "Chevy Chase," with music and four pictures by +Frederick Tayler, President of the Water-Colour Society, coloured, 4_s._ +6_d._; "Puck's Reports to Oberon"; Four new Faėry Tales: "The Sisters," +"Golden Locks," "Grumble and Cherry," "Arts and Arms," by C. A. Cole, +with six pictures by J. H. Townsend, R. Redgrave, R.A., J. C. Horsley, +R.A., C. W. Cope, R.A., and F. Tayler; "Little Red Riding Hood," with +four pictures by Thos. Webster, coloured, 3_s._ 6_d._; "Beauty and the +Beast," with four pictures by J. C. Horsley, R.A., coloured, 3_s._ +6_d._; "Jack and the Bean Stalk," with four pictures by C. W. Cope, +R.A., coloured, 3_s._ 6_d._; "Cinderella," with four pictures by E. H. +Wehnert, coloured, 3_s._ 6_d._; "Jack the Giant Killer," with four +pictures by C. W. Cope, coloured, 3_s._ 6_d._; "The Home Treasury +Primer," printed in colours, with drawing on zinc, by W. Mulready, R.A.; +"Alphabets of Quadrupeds," selected from the works of Paul Potter, Karl +du Jardin, Teniers, Stoop, Rembrandt, &c., and drawn from nature; "The +Pleasant History of Reynard the Fox," with forty of the fifty-seven +etchings made by Everdingen in 1752, coloured, 31_s._ 6_d._; "A Century +of Fables," with pictures by the old masters. + +To this list should be added--if it is not by "Felix Summerley," it is +evidently conceived by the same spirit and published also by +Cundall--"Gammer Gurton's Garland," by Ambrose Merton, with +illustrations by T. Webster and others. This was also issued as a series +of sixpenny books, of which Mr. Elkin Mathews owns a nearly complete +set, in their original covers of gold and coloured paper. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "A WONDER BOOK FOR GIRLS AND BOYS." + +BY WALTER CRANE (OSGOOD, MCILVAINE AND CO. 1892)] + +It would be very easy to over-estimate the intrinsic merit of these +books, but when you consider them as pioneers it would be hard to +over-rate the importance of the new departure. To enlist the talent of +the most popular artists of the period, and produce volumes printed in +the best style of the Chiswick Press, with bindings and end-papers +specially designed, and the whole "get up" of the book carefully +considered, was certainly a bold innovation in the early forties. That +it failed to be a profitable venture one may deduce from the fact that +the "Felix Summerley" series did not run to many volumes, and that the +firm who published them, after several changes, seems to have expired, +or more possibly was incorporated with some other venture. The books +themselves are forgotten by most booksellers to-day, as I have +discovered from many fruitless demands for copies. + +The little square pamphlets by F. H. Bayley, to which allusion has +already been made, include "Blue Beard;" "Robinson Crusoe," and "Red +Riding Hood," all published about 1845-6. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE QUEEN OF THE PIRATE ISLE." BY KATE +GREENAWAY (EDMUND EVANS. 1887)] + +Whether "The Sleeping Beauty," then announced as in preparation, was +published, I do not know. Their rhyming chronicle in the style of the +"Ingoldsby Legends" is neatly turned, and the topical allusions, +although out of date now, are not sufficiently frequent to make it +unintelligible. The pictures (possibly by Alfred Crowquill) are +conceived in a spirit of burlesque, and are full of ingenious conceits +and no little grim vigour. The design of Robinson Crusoe roosting in a +tree-- + + And so he climbs up a very tall tree, + And fixes himself to his comfort and glee, + Hung up from the end of a branch by his breech, + Quite out of all mischievous quadrupeds' reach. + A position not perfectly easy 't is true, + But yet at the same time consoling and new-- + +reproduced on p. 13, shows the wilder humour of the illustrations. +Another of Blue Beard, and one of the wolf suffering from undigested +grandmother, are also given. They need no comment, except to note that +in the originals, printed on a coloured tint with the high lights left +white, the ferocity of Blue Beard is greatly heightened. The wolf, "as +he lay there brimful of grandmother and guilt," is one of the best of +the smaller pictures in the text. + +Other noteworthy books which appeared about this date are Mrs. Felix +Summerley's "Mother's Primer," illustrated by W. M[ulready?], Longmans, +1843; "Little Princess," by Mrs. John Slater, 1843, with six charming +lithographs by J. C. Horsley, R.A. (one of which is reproduced on p. +11); the "Honey Stew," of the Countess Bertha Jeremiah How, 1846, with +coloured plates by Harrison Weir; "Early Days of English Princes," with +capital illustrations by John Franklin; and a series of Pleasant Books +for Young Children, 6_d._ plain and 1_s._ coloured, published by Cundall +and Addey. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "LITTLE FOLKS" BY KATE GREENAWAY +(CASSELL AND CO.)] + +In 1846 appeared a translation of De La Motte Fouqué's romances, +"Undine" being illustrated by John Tenniel, jun., and the following +volumes by J. Franklin, H. C. Selous, and other artists. The Tenniel +designs, as the frontispiece reproduced on p. 20 shows clearly, are +interesting both in themselves and as the earliest published work of the +famous _Punch_ cartoonist. The strong German influence they show is also +apparent in nearly all the decorations. "The Juvenile Verse and Picture +Book" (1848), also contains designs by Tenniel, and others by W. B. +Scott and Sir John Gilbert. The ideal they established is maintained +more or less closely for a long period. "Songs for Children" (W. S. Orr, +1850); "Young England's Little Library" (1851); Mrs. S. C. Hall's +"Number One," with pictures by John Absolon (1854); "Stories about +Dogs," with "plates by Thomas Landseer" (Bogue, _c._ 1850); "The Three +Bears," illustrated by Absolon and Harrison Weir (Addey and Co., no +date); "Nursery Poetry" (Bell and Daldy, 1859), may be noted as typical +examples of this period. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE PIED PIPER OF HAMELIN" BY KATE +GREENAWAY (EDMUND EVANS)] + +In "Granny's Story Box" (Piper, Stephenson, and Spence, about 1855), a +most delicious collection of fairy tales illustrated by J. Knight, we +find the author in his preface protesting against the opinion of a +supposititious old lady who "thought all fairy tales were abolished +years ago by Peter Parley and the _Penny Magazine_." These fanciful +stories deserve to be republished, for they are not old-fashioned, even +if their pictures are. + +To what date certain delightfully printed little volumes, issued by +Tabart and Co., 157 Bond Street, may be ascribed I know not--probably +some years before the time we are considering, but they must not be +overlooked. The title of one, "Mince Pies for Christmas," suggests that +it is not very far before, for the legend of Christmas festivities had +not long been revived for popular use. + +"The Little Lychetts," by the author of "John Halifax," illustrated by +Henry Warren, President of the New Society of Painters in Water-Colours +(now the R.I.) is remarkable for the extremely uncomely type of children +it depicts; yet that its charm is still vivid, despite its "severe" +illustrations, you have but to lend it to a child to be convinced +quickly. + +"Jack's Holiday," by Albert Smith (undated), suggests a new field of +research which might lead us astray, as Smith's humour is more often +addressed primarily to adults. Indeed, the effort to make this chronicle +even representative, much less exhaustive, breaks down in the fifties, +when so much good yet not very exhilarating material is to be found in +every publisher's list. John Leech in "The Silver Swan" of Mdme. de +Chatelaine; Charles Keene in "The Adventures of Dick Bolero" (Darton, no +date), and "Robinson Crusoe" (drawn upon for illustration here), and +others of the _Punch_ artists, should find their works duly catalogued +even in this hasty sketch; but space compels scant justice to many +artists of the period, yet if the most popular are left unnoticed such +omission will more easily right itself to any reader interested in the +subject. + +Many show influences of the Gothic revival which was then in the air, +but only those which have some idea of book decoration as opposed to +inserted pictures. For a certain "formal" ornamentation of the page was +in fashion in the "forties" and "fifties," even as it is to-day. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "CAPE TOWN DICKY" BY ALICE HAVERS (C. +W. FAULKNER AND CO.)] + +To the artists named as representative of this period one must not +forget to add Mr. Birket Foster, who devoted many of his felicitous +studies of English pastoral life to the adornment of children's books. +But speaking broadly of the period from the Queen's Accession to 1865, +except that the subjects are of a sort supposed to appeal to young +minds, their conception differs in no way from the work of the same +artists in ordinary literature. The vignettes of scenery have childish +instead of grown-up figures in the foregrounds; the historical or +legendary figures are as seriously depicted in the one class of books as +in the other. Humour is conspicuous by its absence--or, to be more +accurate, the humour is more often in the accompanying anecdote than in +the picture. Probably if the authorship of hundreds of the illustrations +of "Peter Parley's Annuals" and other books of this period could be +traced, artists as famous as Charles Keene might be found to have +contributed. But, owing to the mediocre wood-engraving employed, or to +the poor printing, the pictures are singularly unattractive. As a rule, +they are unsigned and appear to be often mere pot-boilers--some no doubt +intentionally disowned by the designer--others the work of 'prentice +hands who afterwards became famous. Above all they are, essentially, +illustrations to children's books only because they chanced to be +printed therein, and have sometimes done duty in "grown-up" books first. +Hence, whatever their artistic merits, they do not appeal to a student +of our present subject. They are accidentally present in books for +children, but essentially they belong to ordinary illustrations. + +Indeed, speaking generally, the time between "Felix Summerley" and +_Walter Crane_, which saw two Great Exhibitions and witnessed many +advances in popular illustration, was too much occupied with catering +for adults to be specially interested in juveniles. Hence, +notwithstanding the names of "illustrious illustrators" to be found on +their title-pages, no great injustice will be done if we leave this +period and pass on to that which succeeded it. For the Great Exhibition +fostered the idea that a smattering of knowledge of a thousand and one +subjects was good. Hence the chastened gaiety of its mildly technical +science, its popular manuals by Dr. Dionysius Lardner, and its return in +another form to the earlier ideal that amusement should be combined with +instruction. All sorts of attempts were initiated to make Astronomy +palatable to babies, Botany an amusing game for children, Conchology a +parlour pastime, and so on through the alphabet of sciences down to +Zoology, which is never out of favour with little ones, even if its +pictures be accompanied by a dull encylopędia of fact. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE WHITE SWANS" BY ALICE HAVERS (_By +permission of Mr. Albert Hildesheimer_)] + +Therefore, except so far as the work of certain illustrators, hereafter +noticed, touches this period, we may leave it; not because it is +unworthy of most serious attention, for in Sir John Gilbert, Birket +Foster, Harrison Weir, and the rest, we have men to reckon with whenever +a chronicle of English illustration is in question, but only because +they did not often feel disposed to make their work merely amusing. In +saying this it is not suggested that they should have tried to be always +humorous or archaic, still less to bring down their talent to the +supposed level of a child; but only to record the fact that they did +not. For instance, Sir John Gilbert's spirited compositions to a "Boy's +Book of Ballads" (Bell and Daldy) as you see them mixed with other of +the master's work in the reference scrap-books of the publishers, do not +at once separate themselves from the rest as "juvenile" pictures. + +Nor as we approach the year 1855 (of the "Music Master"), and 1857 (when +the famous edition of Tennyson's Poems began a series of superbly +illustrated books), do we find any immediate change in the illustration +of children's books. The solitary example of Sir Edward Burne-Jones's +efforts in this direction, in the frontispiece and title-page to +Maclaren's "The Fairy Family" (Longmans, 1857), does not affect this +statement. But soon after, as the school of Walker and Pinwell became +popular, there is a change in books of all sorts, and Millais and Arthur +Hughes, two of the three illustrators of the notable "Music Master," +come into our list of children's artists. At this point the attempt to +weave a chronicle of children's books somewhat in the date of their +publication must give way to a desultory notice of the most prominent +illustrators. For we have come to the beginning of to-day rather than +the end of yesterday, and can regard the "sixties" onwards as part of +the present. + +It is true that the Millais of the wonderful designs to "The Parables" +more often drew pictures of children than of children's pet themes, but +all the same they are entirely lovable, and appeal equally to children +of all ages. But his work in this field is scanty; nearly all will be +found in "Little Songs for me to Sing" (Cassell), or in "Lilliput Levee" +(1867), and these latter had appeared previously in _Good Words_. Of +Arthur Hughes's work we will speak later. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE RED FAIRY BOOK." BY LANCELOT SPEED +(LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.)] + +Another artist whose work bulks large in our subject--Arthur Boyd +Houghton--soon appears in sight, and whether he depicted babies at play +as in "Home Thoughts and Home Scenes," a book of thirty-five pictures of +little people, or imagined the scenes of stories dear to them in "The +Arabian Nights," or books like "Ernie Elton" or "The Boy Pilgrims," +written especially for them, in each he succeeded in winning their +hearts, as every one must admit who chanced in childhood to possess his +work. So much has been printed lately of the artist and his work, that +here a bare reference will suffice. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE RED FAIRY BOOK." BY LANCELOT SPEED +(LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.)] + +Arthur Hughes, whose work belongs to many of the periods touched upon in +this rambling chronicle, may be called _the_ children's +"black-and-white" artist of the "sixties" (taking the date broadly as +comprising the earlier "seventies" also), even as Walter Crane is their +"limner in colours." His work is evidently conceived with the serious +make-believe that is the very essence of a child's imagination. He seems +to put down on paper the very spirit of fancy. Whether as an artist he +is fully entitled to the rank some of his admirers (of whom I am one) +would claim, is a question not worth raising here--the future will +settle that for us. But as a children's illustrator he is surely +illustrator-in-chief to the Queen of the Fairies, and to a whole +generation of readers of "Tom Brown's Schooldays" also. His +contributions to "Good Words for the Young" would alone entitle him to +high eminence. In addition to these, which include many stories perhaps +better known in book form, such as: "The Boy in Grey" (H. Kingsley), +George Macdonald's "At the Back of the North Wind," "The Princess and +the Goblin," "Ranald Bannerman's Boyhood," "Gutta-Percha Willie" (these +four were published by Strahan, and now may be obtained in reprints +issued by Messrs. Blackie), and "Lilliput Lectures" (a book of essays +for children by Matthew Browne), we find him as sole illustrator of +Christina Rossetti's "Sing Song," "Five Days' Entertainment at Wentworth +Grange," "Dealings with the Fairies," by George Macdonald (a very scarce +volume nowadays), and the chief contributor to the first illustrated +edition of "Tom Brown's Schooldays." In Novello's "National Nursery +Rhymes" are also several of his designs. + +This list, which occupies so small a space, represents several hundred +designs, all treated in a manner which is decorative (although it +eschews the Dürer line), but marked by strong "colour." Indeed, Mr. +Hughes's technique is all his own, and if hard pressed one might own +that in certain respects it is not impeccable. But if his textures are +not sufficiently differentiated, or even if his drawing appears careless +at times--both charges not to be admitted without vigorous +protest--granting the opponent's view for the moment, it would be +impossible to find the same peculiar tenderness and naļve fancy in the +work of any other artist. His invention seems inexhaustible and his +composition singularly fertile: he can create "bogeys" as well as +"fairies." + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE RED FAIRY BOOK." BY LANCELOT SPEED +(LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.)] + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "DOWN THE SNOW STAIRS." BY GORDON +BROWNE (BLACKIE AND SON)] + +It is true that his children are related to the sexless idealised race +of Sir Edward Burne-Jones's heroes and heroines; they are purged of +earthy taint, and idealised perhaps a shade too far. They adopt +attitudes graceful if not realistic, they have always a grave serenity +of expression; and yet withal they endear themselves in a way wholly +their own. It is strange that a period which has bestowed so much +appreciation on the work of the artists of "the sixties" has seen no +knight-errant with "Arthur Hughes" inscribed on his banner--no +exhibition of his black-and-white work, no craze in auction-rooms for +first editions of books he illustrated. He has, however, a steady if +limited band of very faithful devotees, and perhaps--so inconsistent are +we all--they love his work all the better because the blast of +popularity has not trumpeted its merits to all and sundry. + +Three artists, often coupled together--Walter Crane, Randolph Caldecott, +and Kate Greenaway--have really little in common, except that they all +designed books for children which were published about the same period. +For Walter Crane is the serious apostle of art for the nursery, who +strove to beautify its ideal, to decorate its legends with a real +knowledge of architecture and costume, and to "mount" the fairy stories +with a certain archęological splendour, as Sir Henry Irving has set +himself to mount Shakespearean drama. Caldecott was a fine literary +artist, who was able to express himself with rare facility in pictures +in place of words, so that his comments upon a simple text reveal +endless subtleties of thought. Indeed, he continued to make a fairly +logical sequence of incidents out of the famous nonsense paragraph +invented to confound mnemonics by its absolute irrelevancy. Miss +Greenaway's charm lies in the fact that she first recognised quaintness +in what had been considered merely "old fashion," and continued to +infuse it with a glamour that made it appear picturesque. Had she +dressed her figures in contemporary costume most probably her work would +have taken its place with the average, and never obtained more than +common popularity. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "ROBINSON CRUSOE" BY GORDON BROWNE + +(BLACKIE AND SON)] + +But Mr. Walter Crane is almost unique in his profound sympathy with the +fantasies he imagines. There is no trace of make-believe in his designs. +On the contrary, he makes the old legends become vital, not because of +the personalities he bestows on his heroes and fairy princesses--his +people move often in a rapt ecstasy--but because the adjuncts of his +_mise-en-scčnes_ are realised intimately. His prince is much more the +typical hero than any particular person; his fair ladies might exchange +places, and few would notice the difference; but when it comes to the +environment, the real incidents of the story, then no one has more fully +grasped both the dramatic force and the local colour. If his people are +not peculiarly alive, they are in harmony with the re-edified cities and +woods that sprang up under his pencil. He does not bestow the hoary +touch of antiquity on his medięval buildings; they are all new and +comely, in better taste probably than the actual buildings, but not more +idealised than are his people. He is the true artist of fairyland, +because he recognises its practical possibilities, and yet does not lose +the glamour which was never on sea or land. No artist could give more +cultured notions of fairyland. In his work the vulgar glories of a +pantomime are replaced by well-conceived splendour; the tawdry adjuncts +of a throne-room, as represented in a theatre, are ignored. Temples and +palaces of the early Renaissance, filled with graceful--perhaps a shade +too suave--figures, embody all the charm of the impossible country, with +none of the sordid drawbacks that are common to real life. In modern +dress, as in his pictures to many of Mrs. Molesworth's stories, there is +a certain unlikeness to life as we know it, which does not detract from +the effect of the design; but while this is perhaps distracting in +stories of contemporary life, it is a very real advantage in those of +folk-lore, which have no actual date, and are therefore unafraid of +anachronisms of any kind. The spirit of his work is, as it should be, +intensely serious, yet the conceits which are showered upon it exactly +harmonise with the mood of most of the stories that have attracted his +pencil. Grimm's "Household Stories," as he pictured them, are a lasting +joy. The "Bluebeard" and "Jack and the Beanstalk" toy books, the +"Princess Belle Etoile," and a dozen others are nursery classics, and +classics also of the other nursery where children of a larger growth +take their pleasure. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "ROBINSON CRUSOE." BY WILL PAGET. +(CASSELL AND CO.)] + +Without a shade of disrespect towards all the other artists represented +in this special number, had it been devoted solely to Mr. Walter Crane's +designs, it would have been as interesting in every respect. There is +probably not a single illustrator here mentioned who would not endorse +such a statement. For as a maker of children's books, no one ever +attempted the task he fulfilled so gaily, and no one since has beaten +him on his own ground. Even Mr. Howard Pyle, his most worthy rival, has +given us no wealth of colour-prints. So that the famous toy books still +retain their well-merited position as the most delightful books for the +nursery and the studio, equally beloved by babies and artists. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "ENGLISH FAIRY TALES" BY J. D. BATTEN +(DAVID NUTT)] + +Although a complete iconography of Mr. Walter Crane's work has not yet +been made, the following list of such of his children's books as I have +been able to trace may be worth printing for the benefit of those who +have not access to the British Museum; where, by the way, many are not +included in that section of its catalogue devoted to "Crane, Walter." + +[Illustration: "SO LIGHT OF FOOT, SO LIGHT OF SPIRIT." BY CHARLES +ROBINSON] + +The famous series of toy books by Walter Crane include: "The Railroad A +B C," "The Farmyard A B C," "Sing a Song of Sixpence," "The Waddling +Frog," "The Old Courtier," "Multiplication in Verse," "Chattering Jack," +"How Jessie was Lost," "Grammar in Rhyme," "Annie and Jack in London," +"One, Two, Buckle my Shoe," "The Fairy Ship," "Adventures of Puffy," +"This Little Pig went to Market," "King Luckieboy's Party," "Noah's Ark +Alphabet," "My Mother," "The Forty Thieves," "The Three Bears," +"Cinderella," "Valentine and Orson," "Puss in Boots," "Old Mother +Hubbard," "The Absurd A B C," "Little Red Riding Hood," "Jack and +the Beanstalk," "Blue Beard," "Baby's Own Alphabet," "The Sleeping +Beauty." All these were published at sixpence. A larger series at one +shilling includes: "The Frog Prince," "Goody Two Shoes," "Beauty and the +Beast," "Alphabet of Old Friends," "The Yellow Dwarf," "Aladdin," "The +Hind in the Wood," and "Princess Belle Etoile." All these were published +from 1873 onwards by Routledge, and printed in colours by Edmund Evans. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "ENGLISH FAIRY TALES." BY J. D. BATTEN +(DAVID NUTT)] + +A small quarto series Routledge published at five shillings includes: +"The Baby's Opera," "The Baby's Bouquet," "The Baby's Own Ęsop." Another +and larger quarto, "Flora's Feast" (1889), and "Queen Summer" (1891), +were both published by Cassells, who issued also "Legends for Lionel" +(1887). "Pan Pipes," an oblong folio with music was issued by Routledge. +Messrs. Marcus Ward produced "Slate and Pencilvania," "Pothooks and +Perseverance," "Romance of the Three Rs," "Little Queen Anne" (1885-6), +Hawthorne's "A Wonder Book," first published in America, is a quarto +volume with elaborate designs in colour; and "The Golden Primer" (1884), +two vols., by Professor Meiklejohn (Blackwood) is, like all the above, +in colour. + +Of a series of stories by Mrs. Molesworth the following volumes are +illustrated by Mr. Crane:--"A Christmas Posy" (1888), "Carrots" (1876), +"A Christmas Child" (1886), "Christmas-tree Land" (1884), "The Cuckoo +Clock" (1877), "Four Winds Farm" (1887), "Grandmother Dear" (1878), +"Herr Baby" (1881), "Little Miss Peggy" (1887), "The Rectory Children" +(1889), "Rosy" (1882), "The Tapestry Room" (1879), "Tell me a Story," +"Two Little Waifs," "Us" (1885), and "Children of the Castle" (1890). +Earlier in date are "Stories from Memel" (1864), "Stories of Old," +"Children's Sayings" (1861), two series, "Poor Match" (1861), "The Merry +Heart," with eight coloured plates (Cassell); "King Gab's Story Bag" +(Cassell), "Magic of Kindness" (1869), "Queen of the Tournament," +"History of Poor Match," "Our Uncle's Old Home" (1872), "Sunny Days" +(1871), "The Turtle Dove's Nest" (1890). Later come "The Necklace of +Princess Fiorimonde" (1880), the famous edition of Grimm's "Household +Stories" (1882), both published by Macmillan, and C. C. Harrison's "Folk +and Fairy Tales" (1885), "The Happy Prince" (Nutt, 1888). Of these the +"Grimm" and "Fiorimonde" are perhaps two of the most important +illustrated books noted in these pages. + +Randolph Caldecott founded a school that still retains fresh hold of the +British public. But with all respect to his most loyal disciple, Mr. +Hugh Thomson, one doubts if any successor has equalled the master in the +peculiar subtlety of his pictured comment upon the bare text. You have +but to turn to any of his toy books to see that at times each word, +almost each syllable, inspired its own picture; and that the artist not +only conceived the scene which the text called into being, but each +successive step before and after the reported incident itself. In "The +House that Jack Built," "This is the Rat that Ate the Malt" supplies a +subject for five pictures. First the owner carrying in the malt, next +the rat driven away by the man, then the rat peeping up into the +deserted room, next the rat studying a placard upside down inscribed +"four measures of malt," and finally, the gorged animal sitting upon an +empty measure. So "This is the Cat that Killed the Rat" is expanded into +five pictures. The dog has four, the cat three, and the rest of the +story is amplified with its secondary incidents duly sought and +depicted. This literary expression is possibly the most marked +characteristic of a facile and able draughtsman. He studied his subject +as no one else ever studied it--he must have played with it, dreamed of +it, worried it night and day, until he knew it ten times better than its +author. Then he portrayed it simply and with irresistible vigour, with a +fine economy of line and colour; when colour is added, it is mainly as a +gay convention, and not closely imitative of nature. The sixteen toy +books which bear his name are too well known to make a list of their +titles necessary. A few other children's books--"What the Blackbird +Said" (Routledge, 1881), "Jackanapes," "Lob-lie-by-the-Fire," "Daddy +Darwin's Dovecot," all by Mrs. Ewing (S.P.C.K.), "Baron Bruno" +(Macmillan), "Some of Ęsop's Fables" (Macmillan), and one or two others, +are of secondary importance from our point of view here. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE WONDER CLOCK." BY HOWARD PYLE +(HARPER AND BROTHERS)] + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE WONDER CLOCK." BY HOWARD PYLE +(HARPER AND BROTHERS)] + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE WONDER CLOCK." BY HOWARD PYLE +(HARPER AND BROTHERS. 1894)] + +It is no overt dispraise to say of Miss Kate Greenaway that few artists +made so great a reputation in so small a field. Inspired by the +children's books of 1820 (as a reference to a design, "Paths of +Learning," reproduced on p. 9 will show), and with a curious naļvety +that was even more unconcerned in its dramatic effect than were the +"missal marge" pictures of the illuminators, by her simple presentation +of the childishness of childhood she won all hearts. Her little people +are the _beau-idéal_ of nursery propriety--clean, good-tempered, happy +small gentlefolk. For, though they assume peasants' garb, they never +betray boorish manners. Their very abandon is only that of nice little +people in play-hours, and in their wildest play the penalties that await +torn knickerbockers or soiled frocks are not absent from their minds. +Whether they really interested children as they delighted their elders +is a moot point. The verdict of many modern children is unanimous in +praise, and possibly because they represented the ideal every properly +educated child is supposed to cherish. The slight taint of priggishness +which occasionally is there did not reveal itself to a child's eye. Miss +Greenaway's art, however, is not one to analyse but to enjoy. That she +is a most careful and painstaking worker is a fact, but one that would +not in itself suffice to arouse one's praise. The absence of effort +which makes her work look happy and without effort is not its least +charm. Her gay yet "cultured" colour, her appreciation of green chairs +and formal gardens, all came at the right time. The houses by a Norman +Shaw found a Morris and a Liberty ready with furniture and fabrics, and +all sorts of manufacturers devoting themselves to the production of +pleasant objects, to fill them; and for its drawing-room tables Miss +Greenaway produced books that were in the same key. But as the +architecture and the fittings, at their best, proved to be no passing +whim, but the germ of a style, so her illustration is not a trifling +sport, but a very real, if small, item in the history of the evolution +of picture-books. Good taste is the prominent feature of her work, and +good taste, if out of fashion for a time, always returns, and is +treasured by future generations, no matter whether it be in accord with +the expression of the hour or distinctly archaic. Time is a very +stringent critic, and much that passed as tolerably good taste when it +fell in with the fashion, looks hopelessly vulgar when the tide of +popularity has retreated. Miss Greenaway's work appears as refined ten +years after its "boom," as it did when it was at the flood. That in +itself is perhaps an evidence of its lasting power; for ten or a dozen +years impart a certain shabby and worn aspect that has no flavour of the +antique as a saving virtue to atone for its shortcomings. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE WONDER CLOCK." BY HOWARD PYLE. +(HARPER AND BROTHERS)] + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE WONDER CLOCK." BY HOWARD PYLE. +(HARPER AND BROTHERS)] + +It seems almost superfluous to give a list of the principal books by +Miss Kate Greenaway, yet for the convenience of collectors the names of +the most noteworthy volumes may be set down. Those with coloured plates +are: "A, Apple Pie" (1886), "Alphabet" (1885), "Almanacs" (from 1882 +yearly), "Birthday Book" (1880), "Book of Games" (1889), "A Day in a +Child's Life" (1885), "King Pepito" (1889), "Language of Flowers" +(1884), "Little Ann" (1883), "Marigold Garden" (1885), "Mavor's Spelling +Book" (1885), "Mother Goose" (1886), "The Pied Piper of Hamelin" (1889), +"Painting Books" (1879 and 1885), "Queen Victoria's Jubilee Garland" +(1887), "Queen of the Pirate Isle" (1886), "Under the Window" (1879). +Others with black-and-white illustrations include "Child of the +Parsonage" (1874), "Fairy Gifts" (1875), "Seven Birthdays" (1876), +"Starlight Stories" (1877), "Topo" (1878), "Dame Wiggins of Lee" (Allen, +1885), "Stories from the Eddas" (1883). + +Many designs, some in colour, are to be found in volumes of _Little +Folks_, _Little Wideawake_, _Every Girl's Magazine_, _Girl's Own Paper_, +and elsewhere. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "CHILDREN'S SINGING GAMES" BY WINIFRED +SMITH (DAVID NUTT. 1894)] + +The art of Miss Greenaway is part of the legend of the ęsthetic craze, +and while its storks and sunflowers have faded, and some of its +eccentricities are forgotten, the quaint little pictures on Christmas +cards, in toy books, and elsewhere, are safely installed as items of the +art product of the century. Indeed, many a popular Royal Academy picture +is likely to be forgotten before the illustrations from her hand. +_Bric-ą-brac_ they were, but more than that, for they gave infinite +pleasure to thousands of children of all ages, and if they do not rise +up and call her blessed, they retain a very warm memory of one who gave +them so much innocent pleasure. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "UNDINE" BY HEYWOOD SUMNER (CHAPMAN AND +HALL)] + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE RED FAIRY BOOK" BY L. SPEED +(LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO. 1895)] + +Sir John Tenniel's illustrations, beginning as they do with "Undine" +(1845), already mentioned, include others in volumes for young people +that need not be quoted. But with his designs for "Alice in Wonderland" +(Macmillan, 1866), and "Through the Looking Glass" (1872), we touch +_the_ two most notable children's books of the century. To say less +would be inadequate and to say more needless. For every one knows the +incomparable inventions which "Lewis Carroll" imagined and Sir John +Tenniel depicted. They are veritable classics, of which, as it is too +late to praise them, no more need be said. + +Certain coloured picture books by J. E. Rogers were greeted with +extravagant eulogy at the time they appeared "in the seventies." "Worthy +to be hung at the Academy beside the best pictures of Millais or +Sandys," one fatuous critic observed. Looking over their pages again, it +seems strange that their very weak drawing and crude colour could have +satisfied people familiar with Mr. Walter Crane's masterly work in a not +dissimiliar style. "Ridicula Rediviva" and "Mores Ridiculi" (both +Macmillan), were illustrations of nursery rhymes. To "The Fairy Book" +(1870), a selection of old stories re-told by the author of "John +Halifax," Mr. Rogers contributed many full pages in colour, and also to +Mr. F. C. Burnand's "Present Pastimes of Merrie England" (1872). They +are interesting as documents, but not as art; for their lack of academic +knowledge is not counterbalanced by peculiar "feeling" or ingenious +conceit. They are merely attempts to do again what Mr. H. S. Marks had +done better previously. It seems ungrateful to condemn books that but +for renewed acquaintance might have kept the glamour of the past; and +yet, realising how much feeble effort has been praised since it was +"only for children," it is impossible to keep silence when the truth is +so evident. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "KATAWAMPUS" BY ARCHIE MACGREGOR (DAVID +NUTT)] + +Alfred Crowquill most probably contributed all the pictures to "Robinson +Crusoe," "Blue Beard," and "Red Riding Hood" told in rhyme by F. W. N. +Bayley, which have been noticed among his books of the "forties." One of +the full pages, which appear to be lithographs, is clearly signed. He +also illustrated the adventures of "Master Tyll Owlglass," an edition of +"Baron Munchausen," "Picture Fables," "The Careless Chicken," "Funny +Leaves for the Younger Branches," "Laugh and Grow Thin," and a host of +other volumes. Yet the pictures in these, amusing as they are in their +way, do not seem likely to attract an audience again at any future time. + +E. V. B., initials which stand for the Hon. Mrs. Boyle, are found on +many volumes of the past twenty-five years which have enjoyed a special +reputation. Certainly her drawings, if at times showing much of the +amateur, have also a curious "quality," which accounts for the very high +praise they have won from critics of some standing. "The Story without +an End," "Child's Play" (1858), "The New Child's Play," "The Magic +Valley," "Andersen Fairy Tales" (Low, 1882), "Beauty and the Beast" (a +quarto with colour-prints by Leighton Bros.), are the most important. +Looking at them dispassionately now, there is yet a trace of some of the +charm that provoked applause a little more than they deserve. + +In British art this curious fascination exerted by the amateur is always +confronting us. The work of E. V. B. has great qualities, yet any pupil +of a board school would draw better. Nevertheless it pleases more than +academic technique of high merit that lacks just that one quality which, +for want of a better word, we call "culture." In the designs by Louisa, +Marchioness of Waterford, one encounters genius with absolutely +faltering technique; and many who know how rare is the slightest touch +of genius, forgive the equally important mastery of material which must +accompany it to produce work of lasting value. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE SLEEPING BEAUTY." BY R. ANNING +BELL (DENT AND CO.)] + +Mr. H. S. Marks designed two nursery books for Messrs. Routledge, and +contributed to many others, including J. W. Elliott's "National Nursery +Rhymes" (Novello), whence our illustration has been taken. Two series of +picture books containing medięval figures with gold background, by J. +Moyr Smith, if somewhat lacking in the qualities which appeal to +children, may have played a good part in educating them to admire +conventional flat treatment, with a decorative purpose that was unusual +in the "seventies," when most of them appeared. + +In later years, Miss Alice Havers in "The White Swans," and "Cape Town +Dicky" (Hildesheimer), and many lady artists of less conspicuous +ability, have done a quantity of graceful and elaborate pictures _of_ +children rather than _for_ children. The art of this later period shows +better drawing, better colour, better composition than had been the +popular average before; but it generally lacks humour, and a certain +vivacity of expression which children appreciate. + +In the "sixties" and "seventies" were many illustrators of children's +books who left no great mark except on the memories of those who were +young enough at the time to enjoy their work thoroughly, if not very +critically. Among these may be placed William Brunton, who illustrated +several of the Right Hon. G. Knatchbull-Hugessen's fairy stories, "Tales +at Tea Time" for instance, and was frequent among the illustrators of +Hood's Annuals. Charles H. Ross (at one time editor of _Judy_) and +creator of "Ally Sloper," the British Punchinello, produced at least one +memorable book for children. "Queens and Kings and other Things," a +folio volume printed in gold and colour, with nonsense rhymes and +pictures, almost as funny as those of Edward Lear himself. "The Boy +Crusoe," and many other books of somewhat ephemeral character are his, +and Routledge's "Every Boy's Magazine" contains many of his designs. +Just as these pages are being corrected the news of his death is +announced. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "FAIRY GIFTS." BY H. GRANVILLE FELL +(DENT AND CO.)] + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "A BOOK OF NURSERY SONGS AND RHYMES" BY +MARY J. NEWILL (METHUEN AND CO. 1895)] + +Others, like George Du Maurier, so rarely touched the subject that they +can hardly be regarded as wholly belonging to our theme. Yet +"Misunderstood," by Florence Montgomery (1879), illustrated by Du +Maurier, is too popular to leave unnoticed. Mr. A. W. Bayes, who has +deservedly won fame in other fields, illustrated "Andersen's Tales" +(Warne, 1865), probably his earliest work, as a contemporary review +speaks of the admirable designs "by an artist whose name is new to us." + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE ELF-ERRANT" BY W. E. F. BRITTEN +(LAWRENCE AND BULLEN. 1895)] + +It is a matter for surprise and regret that Mr. Howard Pyle's +illustrated books are not as well known in England as they deserve to +be. And this is the more vexing when you find that any one with artistic +sympathy is completely converted to be a staunch admirer of Mr. Pyle's +work by a sight of "The Wonder Clock," a portly quarto, published by +Harper Brothers in 1894. It seems to be the only book conceived in +purely Düreresque line, which can be placed in rivalry with Mr. Walter +Crane's illustrated "Grimm," and wise people will be only too delighted +to admire both without attempting to compare them. Mr. Pyle is evidently +influenced by Dürer--with a strong trace of Rossetti--but he carries +both influences easily, and betrays a strong personality throughout all +the designs. The "Merry Adventures of Robin Hood" and "Otto of the +Silver Hand" are two others of about the same period, and the delightful +volume collected from _Harper's Young People_ for the most part, +entitled "Pepper and Salt," may be placed with them. All the +illustrations to these are in pure line, and have the appearance of +being drawn not greatly in excess of the reproduced size. Of all these +books Mr. Howard Pyle is author as well as illustrator. + +Of late he has changed his manner in line, showing at times, especially +in "Twilight Land" (Osgood, McIlvaine, 1896), the influence of Vierge, +but even in that book the frontispiece and many other designs keep to +his earlier manner. + +In "The Garden behind the Moon" (issued in London by Messrs. Lawrence +and Bullen) the chief drawings are entirely in wash, and yet are +singularly decorative in their effect. The "Story of Jack Bannister's +Fortunes" shows the artist's "colonial" style, "Men of Iron," "A Modern +Aladdin," Oliver Wendell Holmes' "One-Horse Shay," are other fairly +recent volumes. His illustrations have not been confined to his own +stories as "In the Valley," by Harold Frederic, "Stops of Various +Quills" (poems by W. D. Howells), go to prove. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "SINBAD THE SAILOR" BY WILLIAM STRANG +(LAWRENCE AND BULLEN. 1896)] + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "ALI BABA" BY J. B. CLARK (LAWRENCE AND +BULLEN. 1896)] + +It is strange that Mr. Heywood Sumner, who, as his notable "Fitzroy +Pictures" would alone suffice to prove, is peculiarly well equipped for +the illustration of children's books, has done but few, and of these +none are in colour. "Cinderella" (1882), rhymes by H. S. Leigh, set to +music by J. Farmer, contains very pleasant decoration by Mr. Sumner. +Next comes "Sintram" (1883), a notable edition of De la Motte Fouqué's +romance, followed by "Undine" (in 1885). With a book on the "Parables," +by A.L.O.E., published about 1884; "The Besom Maker" (1880), a volume of +country ditties with the old music, and "Jacob and the Raven," with +thirty-nine illustrations (Allen, 1896), the best example of his later +manner, and a book which all admirers of the more severe order of +"decorative illustration" will do well to preserve, the list is +complete. Whether a certain austerity of line has made publishers timid, +or whether the artist has declined commissions, the fact remains that +the literature of the nursery has not yet had its full share from Mr. +Heywood Sumner. Luckily, if its shelves are the less full, its walls are +gayer by the many Fitzroy pictures he has made so effectively, which +readers of THE STUDIO have seen reproduced from time to time in these +pages. + +Mr. H. J. Ford's work occupies so much space in the library of a modern +child, that it seems less necessary to discuss it at length here, for he +is found either alone or co-operating with Mr. Jacomb Hood and Mr. +Lancelot Speed, in each of the nine volumes of fairy tales and true +stories (Blue, Red, Green, Yellow, Pink, and the rest), edited by Mr. +Andrew Lang, and published by Longmans. More than that, at the Fine Art +Society in May 1895, Mr. Ford exhibited seventy-one original drawings, +chiefly those for the "Yellow Fairy Book," so that his work is not only +familiar to the inmates of the nursery, but to modern critics who +disdain mere printed pictures and care for nothing but autograph work. +Certainly his designs have often lost much by their great reduction, for +many of the originals were almost as large as four of these pages. His +work is full of imagination, full of detail; perhaps at times a little +overcrowded, to the extent of confusion. But children are not averse +from a picture that requires much careful inspection to reveal all its +story; and Mr. Ford's accessories all help to reiterate the main theme. +As these eight volumes have an average of 100 pictures in each, and Mr. +Ford has designed the majority, it is evident that, although his work is +almost entirely confined to one series, it takes a very prominent place +in current juvenile literature. That he must by this time have +established his position as a prime favourite with the small people goes +without saying. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE FLAME FLOWER." BY J. F. SULLIVAN +(DENT AND CO. 1896)] + +Mr. Leslie Brooke has also a long catalogue of notable work in this +class. For since Mr. Walter Crane ceased to illustrate the long series +of Mrs. Molesworth's stories, he has carried on the record. "Sheila's +Mystery," "The Carved Lions," "Mary," "My New Home," "Nurse Heathcote's +Story," "The Girls and I," "The Oriel Window," and "Miss Mouse and her +Boys" (all Macmillan), are the titles of these books to which he has +contributed. A very charming frontispiece and title to John Oliver +Hobbs' "Prince Toto," which appeared in "The Parade," must not be +forgotten. The most fanciful of his designs are undoubtedly the hundred +illustrations to Mr. Andrew Lang's delightful collection of "Nursery +Rhymes," just published by F. Warne & Co. These reveal a store of humour +that the less boisterous fun of Mrs. Molesworth had denied him the +opportunity of expressing. + +Mr. C. E. Brock, whose delightful compositions, somewhat in the "Hugh +Thomson" manner, embellish several volumes of Messrs. Macmillan's +Cranford series, has illustrated also "The Parachute," and "English +Fairy and Folk Tales," by E. S. Hartland (1893), and also supplied two +pictures to that most fascinating volume prized by all lovers of +children, "W. V., Her Book," by W. Canton. Perhaps "Westward Ho!" should +also be included in this list, for whatever its first intentions, it has +long been annexed by bolder spirits in the nursery. + +A. B. Frost, by his cosmopolitan fun, "understanded of all people," has +probably aroused more hearty laughs by his inimitable books than even +Caldecott himself. "Stuff and Nonsense," and "The Bull Calf," T. B. +Aldrich's "Story of a Bad Boy," and many another volume of American +origin, that is now familiar to every Briton with a sense of humour, are +the most widely known. It is needless to praise the literally inimitable +humour of the tragic series "Our Cat took Rat Poison." In Lewis +Carroll's "Rhyme? and Reason?" (1883), Mr. Frost shared with Henry +Holiday the task of illustrating a larger edition of the book first +published under the title of "Phantasmagoria" (1869); he illustrated +also "A Tangled Tale" (1886), by the same author, and this is perhaps +the only volume of British origin of which he is sole artist. Mr. Henry +Holiday was responsible for the classic pictures to "The Hunting of the +Snark" by Lewis Carroll (1876). + +Mr. R. Anning Bell does not appear to have illustrated many books for +children. Of these, the two which introduced Mr. Dent's "Banbury Cross" +series are no doubt the best known. In fact, to describe "Jack the Giant +Killer" and the "Sleeping Beauty" in these pages would be an insult to +"subscribers from the first." A story, "White Poppies," by May Kendall, +which ran through _Sylvia's Journal_, is a little too grown-up to be +included; nor can the "Heroines of the Poets," which appeared in the +same place, be dragged in to augment the scanty list, any more than the +"Midsummer Night's Dream" or "Keats's Poems." It is singular that the +fancy of Mr. Anning Bell, which seems exactly calculated to attract a +child and its parent at the same time, has not been more frequently +requisitioned for this purpose. In the two "Banbury Cross" volumes there +is evidence of real sympathy with the text, which is by no means as +usual in pictures to fairy tales as it should be; and a delightfully +harmonious sense of decoration rare in any book, and still more rare in +those expressly designed for small people. + +[Illustration: + + For them I'd climb, 'most all the Time + And never tear no Clothes! + +ILLUSTRATION FROM "RED APPLE AND SILVER BELLS." BY ALICE B. WOODWARD. +(BLACKIE AND SON. 1897)] + +The amazing number of Mr. Gordon Browne's illustrations leaves a +would-be iconographer appalled. So many thousand designs--and all so +good--deserve a lengthened and exhaustive eulogy. But space absolutely +forbids it, and as a large number cater for older children than most of +the books here noticed, on that ground one may be forgiven the +inadequate notice. If an illustrator deserved to attract the attention +of collectors it is surely this one, and so fertile has he been that a +complete set of all his work would take no little time to get together. +Here are the titles of a few jotted at random: "Bonnie Prince Charlie," +"For Freedom's Cause," "St. George for England," "Orange and Green," +"With Clive in India," "With Wolfe in Canada," "True to the Old Flag," +"By Sheer Pluck," "Held Fast for England," "For Name and Fame," "With +Lee in Virginia," "Facing Death," "Devon Boys," "Nat the Naturalist," +"Bunyip Land," "The Lion of St. Mark," "Under Drake's Flag," "The Golden +Magnet," "The Log of the Flying Fish," "In the King's Name," "Margery +Merton's Girlhood," "Down the Snow Stairs," "Stories of Old Renown," +"Seven Wise Scholars," "Chirp and Chatter," "Gulliver's Travels," +"Robinson Crusoe," "Hetty Gray," "A Golden Age," "Muir Fenwick's +Failure," "Winnie's Secret" (all so far are published by Blackie and +Son). "National Nursery Rhymes," "Fairy Tales from Grimm," "Sintram, and +Undine," "Sweetheart Travellers," "Five, Ten and Fifteen," "Gilly +Flower," "Prince Boohoo," "A Sister's Bye-hours," "Jim," and "A Flock of +Four," are all published by Gardner, Darton & Co., and "Effie," by +Griffith & Farran. When one realises that not a few of these books +contain a hundred illustrations, and that the list is almost entirely +from two publishers' catalogues, some idea of the fecundity of Mr. +Gordon Browne's output is gained. But only a vague idea, as his +"Shakespeare," with hundreds of drawings and a whole host of other +books, cannot be even mentioned. It is sufficient to name but one--say +the example from "Robinson Crusoe" (Blackie), reproduced on page 32--to +realise Mr. Gordon Browne's vivid and picturesque interpretation of +fact, or "Down the Snow Stairs" (Blackie), also illustrated, with a +grotesque owl-like creature, to find that in pure fantasy his exuberant +imagination is no less equal to the task. In "Chirp and Chatter" +(Blackie), fifty-four illustrations of animals masquerading as human +show delicious humour. At times his technique appears somewhat hasty, +but, as a rule, the method he adopts is as good as the composition he +depicts. He is in his own way the leader of juvenile illustration of the +non-Dürer school. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "KATAWAMPUS." BY ARCHIE MACGREGOR. +(DAVID NUTT)] + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "TO TELL THE KING THE SKY IS FALLING." +BY ALICE WOODWARD (BLACKIE AND SON. 1896)] + +Mr. Harry Furniss's coloured toy-books--"Romps"--are too well known to +need description, and many another juvenile volume owes its attraction +to his facile pencil. Of these, the two later "Lewis Caroll's"--"Sylvia +and Bruno," and "Sylvia and Bruno, Concluded," are perhaps most +important. As a curious narrative, "Travels in the Interior" (of a human +body) must not be forgotten. It certainly called forth much ingenuity on +the part of the artist. In "Romps," and in all his work for children, +there is an irrepressible sense of movement and of exuberant vitality in +his figures; but, all the same, they are more like Fred Walker's idyllic +youngsters having romps than like real everyday children. + +Mr. Linley Sambourne's most ingenious pen has been all too seldom +employed on children's books. Indeed, one that comes first to memory, +the "New Sandford and Merton" (1872), is hardly entitled to be classed +among them, but the travesty of the somewhat pedantic narrative, +interspersed with fairly amusing anecdotes, that Thomas Day published in +1783, is superb. No matter how familiar it may be, it is simply +impossible to avoid laughing anew at the smug little Harry, the +sanctimonious tutor, or the naughty Tommy, as Mr. Sambourne has realised +them. The "Anecdotes of the Crocodile" and "The Presumptuous Dentist" +are no less good. The way he has turned a prosaic hat-rack into an +instrument of torture would alone mark Mr. Sambourne as a comic +draughtsman of the highest type. Nothing he has done in political +cartoons seems so likely to live as these burlesques. A little known +book, "The Royal Umbrella" (1888), which contains the delightful "Cat +Gardeners" here reproduced, and the very well-known edition of Charles +Kingsley's "Water Babies" (1886), are two other volumes which well +display his moods of less unrestrained humour. "The Real Robinson +Crusoe" (1893) and Lord Brabourne's (Knatchbull-Hugessen's) "Friends and +Foes of Fairyland" (1886), well-nigh exhaust the list of his efforts in +this direction. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "RUSSIAN FAIRY TALES" BY C. M. GERE +(LAWRENCE AND BULLEN. 1893)] + +[Illustration: THE SINGING LESSON No. 1. FROM THE ORIGINAL DRAWING BY A. +NOBODY] + +Prince of all foreign illustrators for babyland is M. Boutet de Monvel, +whose works deserve an exhaustive monograph. Although comparatively few +of his books are really well known in England, "Little Folks" contains a +goodly number of his designs. La Fontaine's "Fables" (an English edition +of which is published by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge) +is (so far as I have discovered) the only important volume reprinted +with English text. Possibly his "Jeanne d'Arc" ought not to be named +among children's books, yet the exquisite drawing of its children and +the unique splendour the artist has imparted to simple colour-printing, +endear it to little ones no less than adults. But it would be absurd to +suppose that readers of THE STUDIO do not know this masterpiece of its +class, a book no artistic household can possibly afford to be +without. Earlier books by M. de Monvel, which show him in his most +engaging mood (the mood in the illustration from "Little Folks" here +reproduced), are "Vieilles Chansons et Rondes," by Ch. M. Widor, "La +Civilité Puérile et Honnźte," and "Chansons de France pour les Petits +Franēais." Despite their entirely different characterisation of the +child, and a much stronger grasp of the principles of decorative +composition, these delightful designs are more nearly akin to those of +Miss Kate Greenaway than are any others published in Europe or America. +Yet M. de Monvel is not only absolutely French in his types and costumes +but in the movement and expression of his serious little people, who +play with a certain demure gaiety that those who have watched French +children in the Gardens of the Luxembourg or Tuileries, or a French +seaside resort, know to be absolutely truthful. For the Gallic _bébé_ +certainly seems less "rampageous" than the English urchin. A certain +daintiness of movement and timidity in the boys especially adds a grace +of its own to the games of French children which is not without its +peculiar charm. This is singularly well caught in M. de Monvel's +delicious drawings, where naļvely symmetrical arrangement and a most +admirable simplicity of colour are combined. Indeed, of all non-English +artists who address the little people, he alone has the inmost secret of +combining realistic drawing with sumptuous effects in conventional +decoration. + +[Illustration: THE SINGING LESSON--No. 2. FROM THE ORIGINAL DRAWING BY +A. NOBODY] + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "ADVENTURES IN TOY LAND" BY ALICE B. +WOODWARD (BLACKIE AND SON. 1897)] + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "PRINCE BOOHOO" BY GORDON BROWNE +(GARDNER, DARTON AND CO. 1897)] + +The work of the Danish illustrator, Lorenz Froelich, is almost as +familiar in English as in Continental nurseries, yet his name is often +absent from the title-pages of books containing his drawings. Perhaps +those attributed to him formally that are most likely to be known by +British readers are in "When I was a Little Girl" and "Nine Years Old" +(Macmillan), but, unless memory is treacherous, one remembers toy-books +in colours (published by Messrs. Nelson and others), that were obviously +from his designs. A little known French book, "Le Royaume des +Gourmands," exhibits the artist in a more fanciful aspect, where he +makes a far better show than in some of his ultra-pretty realistic +studies. Other French volumes, "Histoire d'un Bouchée de Pain," "Lili ą +la Campagne," "La Journée de Mademoiselle Lili," and the "Alphabet de +Mademoiselle Lili," may possibly be the original sources whence the +blocks were borrowed and adapted to English text. But the veteran +illustrator has done far too large a number of designs to be catalogued +here. For grace and truth, and at times real mastery of his material, no +notice of children's artists could abstain from placing him very high in +their ranks. + +Oscar Pletsch is another artist--presumably a German--whose work has +been widely republished in England. In many respects it resembles that +of Froelich, and is almost entirely devoted to the daily life of the +inmates of the nursery, with their tiny festivals and brief tragedies. +It would seem to appeal more to children than their elders, because the +realistic transcript of their doings by his hand often lacks the touch +of pathos, or of grown-up humour that finds favour with adults. + +The mass of children's toy-books published by Messrs. Dean, Darton, +Routledge, Warne, Marcus Ward, Isbister, Hildesheimer and many others +cannot be considered exhaustively, if only from the fact that the names +of the designers are frequently omitted. Probably Messrs. Kronheim & +Co., and other colour-printers, often supplied pictures designed by +their own staff. Mr. Edmund Evans, to whom is due a very large share of +the success of the Crane, Caldecott, and Kate Greenaway (Routledge) +books, more frequently reproduced the work of artists whose names were +considered sufficiently important to be given upon the books themselves. +A few others of Routledge's toy-books besides those mentioned are worth +naming. Mr. H.S. Marks, R.A., designed two early numbers of their +shilling series: "Nursery Rhymes" and "Nursery Songs;" and to J. D. +Watson may be attributed the "Cinderella" in the same series. Other +sixpenny and shilling illustrated books were by C. H. Bennett, C. W. +Cope, A. W. Bayes, Julian Portch, Warwick Reynolds, F. Keyl, and +Harrison Weir. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "NONSENSE" BY A. NOBODY +(GARDNER, DARTON AND CO.)] + +The "Greedy Jim," by Bennett, is only second to "Struwwlpeter" itself, +in its lasting power to delight little ones. If out of print it deserves +to be revived. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION (REDUCED) FROM "THE CHILD'S PICTORIAL." BY +MRS. R. HALLWARD (S.P.C.K.)] + +Although Mr. William de Morgan appears to have illustrated but a single +volume, "On a Pincushion," by Mary de Morgan (Seeley, 1877), yet that is +so interesting that it must be noticed. Its interest is double--first in +the very "decorative" quality of its pictures, which are full of +"colour" and look like woodcuts more than process blocks; and next in +the process itself, which was the artist's own invention. So far as I +gather from Mr. de Morgan's own explanation, the drawings were made on +glass coated with some yielding substance, through which a knife or +graver cut the "line." Then an electro was taken. This process, it is +clear, is almost exactly parallel with that of wood-cutting--_i.e._, the +"whites" are taken out, and the sweep of the tool can be guided by the +worker in an absolutely untrammelled way. Those who love the qualities +of a woodcut, and have not time to master the technique of wood-cutting +or engraving, might do worse than experiment with Mr. de Morgan's +process. A quantity of proofs of designs he executed--but never +published--show that it has many possibilities worth developing. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "A, B, C" BY MRS. GASKIN (ELKIN +MATHEWS)] + +The work of Reginald Hallward deserves to be discussed at greater length +than is possible here. His most important book (printed finely in gold +and colours by Edmund Evans), is "Flowers of Paradise," issued by +Macmillan some years ago. The drawings for this beautiful quarto were +shown at one of the early Arts and Crafts Exhibitions. Some designs, +purely decorative, are interspersed among the figure subjects. "Quick +March," a toy-book (Warne), is also full of the peculiar "quality" which +distinguishes Mr. Hallward's work, and is less austere than certain +later examples. The very notable magazine, _The Child's Pictorial_, +illustrated almost entirely in colours, which the Society for Promoting +Christian Knowledge published for ten years, contains work by this +artist, and a great many illustrations by Mrs. Hallward, which alone +would serve to impart value to a publication that has (as we have +pointed out elsewhere) very many early examples by Charles Robinson, and +capital work by W. J. Morgan. Mrs. Hallward's work is marked by strong +Pre-Raphaelite feeling, although she does not, as a rule, select +old-world themes, but depicts children of to-day. Both Mr. and Mrs. +Hallward eschew the "pretty-pretty" type, and are bent on producing +really "decorative" pages. So that to-day, when the ideal they so long +championed has become popular, it is strange to find that their work is +not better known. + +[Illustration: "KING LOVE. A CHRISTMAS GREETING." BY H. GRANVILLE FELL] + +The books illustrated by past or present students of the Birmingham +School will be best noticed in a group, as, notwithstanding some +distinct individuality shown by many of the artists, especially in their +later works, the idea that links the group together is sufficiently +similar to impart to all a certain resemblance. In other words, you can +nearly always pick out a "Birmingham" illustration at a glance, even if +it would be impossible to confuse the work of Mr. Gaskin with that of +Miss Levetus. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE STORY OF BLUEBEARD" BY E. SOUTHALL +(LAWRENCE AND BULLEN. 1895)] + +Arthur Gaskin's illustrations to Andersen's "Stories and Fairy Tales" +(George Allen) are beyond doubt the most important volumes in any way +connected with the school. Mr. William Morris ranked them so highly that +Mr. Gaskin was commissioned to design illustrations for some of the +Kelmscott Press books, and Mr. Walter Crane has borne public witness to +their excellence. This alone is sufficient to prove that they rise far +above the average level. "Good King Wenceslas" (Cornish Bros.) is +another of Mr. Gaskin's books--his best in many ways. He it is also who +illustrated and decorated Mr. Baring-Gould's "A Book of Fairy Tales" +(Methuen). + +Mrs. Gaskin (Georgie Cave France) is also familiar to readers of THE +STUDIO. Perhaps her "A, B, C." (published by Elkin Mathews), and "Horn +Book Jingles" (The Leadenhall Press), a unique book in shape and style, +contain the best of her work so far. + +Miss Levetus has contributed many illustrations to books. Among the best +are "Turkish Fairy Tales" (Lawrence and Bullen), and "Verse Fancies" +(Chapman and Hall). + +"Russian Fairy Tales" (Lawrence and Bullen) is distinguished by the +designs of C. M. Gere, who has done comparatively little illustration; +hence the book has more than usual interest, and takes a far higher +artistic rank than its title might lead one to expect. + +Miss Bradley has illustrated one of Messrs. Blackie's happiest volumes +this year. "Just Forty Winks" (from which one picture is reproduced +here), shows that the artist has steered clear of the "Alice in +Wonderland" model, which the author can hardly be said to have avoided. +Miss Bradley has also illustrated the prettily decorated book of poems, +"Songs for Somebody," by Dollie Radford (Nutt). The two series of +"Children's Singing Games" (Nutt) are among the most pleasant volumes +the Birmingham school has produced. Both are decorated by Winifred +Smith, who shows considerable humour as well as ingenuity. + +Among volumes illustrated, each by the members of the Birmingham school, +are "A Book of Pictured Carols" (George Allen), and Mr. Baring-Gould's +"Nursery Rhymes" (Methuen). Both these volumes contain some of the most +representative work of Birmingham, and the latter, with its rich borders +and many pictures, is a book that consistently maintains a very fine +ideal, rare at any time, and perhaps never before applied to a book for +the nursery. Indeed were it needful to choose a single book to represent +the school, this one would stand the test of selection. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "NURSERY RHYMES" BY PAUL WOODROFFE +(GEORGE ALLEN. 1897)] + +In Messrs. Dent's "Banbury Cross" series, the Misses Violet and Evelyn +Holden illustrated "The House that Jack Built"; Sidney Heath was +responsible for "Aladdin," and Mrs. H. T. Adams decorated "Tom Thumb, +&c." + +Mr. Laurence Housman is more than an illustrator of fairy tales; he is +himself a rare creator of such fancies, and has, moreover, an almost +unique power of conveying his ideas in the medium. His "Farm in +Fairyland" and "A House of Joy" (both published by Kegan Paul and Co.) +have often been referred to in THE STUDIO. Yet, at the risk of +reiterating what nobody of taste doubts, one must place his work in this +direction head and shoulders above the crowd--even the crowd of +excellent illustrators--because its amazing fantasy and caprice are +supported by cunning technique that makes the whole work a "picture," +not merely a decoration or an interpretation of the text. As a spinner +of entirely bewitching stories, that hold a child spell-bound, and can +be read and re-read by adults, he is a near rival of Andersen himself. + +H. Granville Fell, better known perhaps from his decorations to "The +Book of Job," and certain decorated pages in the _English Illustrated +Magazine_, illustrated three of Messrs. Dent's "Banbury Cross" +series--"Cinderella, &c.," "Ali Baba," and "Tom Hickathrift." His work +in these is full of pleasant fancy and charming types. + +A very sumptuous setting of the old fairy tale, "Beauty and the Beast," +in this case entitled "Zelinda and the Monster" (Dent, 1895), with ten +photogravures after paintings by the Countess of Lovelace, must not be +forgotten, as its text may bring it into our present category. + +Miss Rosie Pitman, in "Maurice and the Red Jar" (Macmillan), shows much +elaborate effort and a distinct fantasy in design. "Undine" (Macmillan, +1897) is a still more successful achievement. + +Richard Heighway is one of the "Banbury Cross" illustrators in "Blue +Beard," &c. (Dent), and has also pictured Ęsop's "Fables," with 300 +designs (in Macmillan's Cranford series). + +Mr. J. F. Sullivan--who must not be confused with his namesake--is one +who has rarely illustrated works for little children, but in the famous +"British Workman" series in _Fun_, in dozens of Tom Hood's "Comic +Annuals," and elsewhere, has provoked as many hearty laughs from the +nursery as from the drawing-room. In "The Flame Flower" (Dent) we find a +side-splitting volume, illustrated with 100 drawings by the author. For +this only Mr. J. F. Sullivan has plunged readers deep in debt, and when +one recalls the amazing number of his delicious absurdities in the +periodical literature of at least twenty years past, it seems astounding +to find that the name of so entirely well-equipped a draughtsman is yet +not the household word it should be. + +E. J. Sullivan, with eighty illustrations to the Cranford edition of +"Tom Brown's Schooldays," comes for once within our present limit. + +J. D. Batten is responsible for the illustration of so many important +collections of fairy tales that it is vexing not to be able to reproduce +a selection of his drawings, to show the fertility of his invention and +his consistent improvement in technique. The series, "Fairy Tales of the +British Empire," collected and edited by Mr. Jacobs, already include +five volumes--English, More English, Celtic, More Celtic, and Indian, +all liberally illustrated by J. D. Batten, as are "The Book of Wonder +Voyages," by J. Jacobs (Nutt), and "Fairy Tales from the Arabian +Nights," edited by E. Dixon, and a second series, both published by +Messrs. J. M. Dent and Co. "A Masque of Dead Florentines" (Dent) can +hardly be brought into our subject. + +Louis Davis has illustrated far too few children's books. His Fitzroy +pictures show how delightfully he can appeal to little people, and in +"Good Night Verses," by Dollie Radford (Nutt), we have forty pages of +his designs that are peculiarly dainty in their quality, and tender in +their poetic interpretation of child-life. + +"Wymps" (Lane, 1896), with illustrations by Mrs. Percy Dearmer, has a +quaint straightforwardness, of a sort that exactly wins a critic of the +nursery. + +J. C. Sowerby, a designer for stained glass, in "Afternoon Tea" (Warne, +1880), set a new fashion for "ęsthetic" little quartos costing five or +six shillings each. This was followed by "At Home" (1881), and "At Home +Again" (1886, Marcus Ward), and later by "Young Maids and Old China." +These, despite their popularity, display no particular invention. For +the real fancy and "conceit" of the books you have to turn to their +decorative borders by Thomas Crane. This artist, collaborating with +Ellen Houghton, contributed two other volumes to the same series, +"Abroad" (1882), and "London Town" (1883), both prime favourites of +their day. + +Lizzie Lawson, in many contributions for _Little Folks_ and a volume in +colours, "Old Proverbs" (Cassell), displayed much grace in depicting +children's themes. + +Nor among coloured books of the "eighties" must we overlook "Under the +Mistletoe" (Griffith and Farran, 1886), and "When all is Young" +(Christmas Roses, 1886); "Punch and Judy," by F. E. Weatherley, +illustrated by Patty Townsend (1885); "The Parables of Our Lord," really +dignified pictures compared with most of their class, by W. Morgan; +"Puss in Boots," illustrated by S. Caldwell; "Pets and Playmates" +(1888); "Three Fairy Princesses," illustrated by Paterson (1885); +"Picture Books of the Fables of Ęsop," another series of quaintly +designed picture books, modelled on Struwwlpeter; "The Robbers' Cave," +illustrated by A. M. Lockyer, and "Nursery Numbers" (1884), illustrated +by an amateur named Bell, all these being published by Messrs. Marcus +Ward and Co., who issued later, "Where Lilies Grow," a very popular +volume, illustrated in the "over-pretty" style by Mrs. Stanley Berkeley. +The attractive series of toy-books in colours, published in the form of +a Japanese folding album, were probably designed by Percy Macquoid, and +published by the same firm, who issued an oblong folio, "Herrick's +Content," very pleasantly decorated by Mrs. Houghton. R. Andre was (and +for all I know is still) a very prolific illustrator of children's +coloured books. "The Cruise of the Walnut Shell" (Dean, 1881); "A Week +Spent in a Glass Pond" (Gardner, Darton and Co.); "Grandmother's +Thimble" (Warne, 1882); "Pictures and Stories" (Warne, 1882); "Up +Stream" (Low, 1884); "A Lilliputian Opera" (Day, 1885); the Oakleaf +Library (six shilling volumes, Warne); and Mrs. Ewing's Verse Books (six +vols. S.P.C.K.) are some of the best known. T. Pym, far less +well-equipped as a draughtsman, shows a certain childish naļveté in his +(or was it her?) "Pictures from the Poets" (Gardner, Darton and Co.); +"A, B, C" (Gardner, Darton and Co.); "Land of Little People" +(Hildesheimer, 1886); "We are Seven" (1880); "Children Busy" (1881); +"Snow Queen" (Gardner, Darton and Co.); "Child's Own Story Book" +(Gardner, Darton and Co.). + +Ida Waugh in "Holly Berries" (Griffith and Farran, 1881); "Wee Babies" +(Griffith and Farran, 1882); "Baby Blossoms," "Tangles and Curls," and +many other volumes mainly devoted to pictures of babies and their +doings, pleased a very large audience both here and in the United +States. "Dreams, Dances and Disappointments," and "The Maypole," both by +Konstan and Castella, are gracefully decorated books issued by Messrs. +De La Rue in 1882, who also published "The Fairies," illustrated by [H?] +Allingham in 1881. Major Seccombe in "Comic Sketches from History" +(Allen, 1884), and "Cinderella" (Warne, 1882), touched our theme; a +large number of more or less comic books of military life and social +satire hardly do so. Coloured books of which I have failed to discover +copies for reference, are: A. Blanchard's "My Own Dolly" (Griffith and +Farran, 1882); "Harlequin Eggs," by Civilly (Sonnenschein, 1884); "The +Nodding Mandarin," by L. F. Day (Simpkin, 1883); "Cats-cradle," by C. +Kendrick (Strahan, 1886); "The Kitten Pilgrims," by A. Ballantyne +(Nisbet, 1887); "Ups and Downs" (1880), and "At his Mother's Knee" +(1883), by M. J. Tilsey. "A Winter Nosegay" (Sonnenschein, 1881); +"Pretty Peggy," by Emmet (Low, 1881); "Children's Kettledrum," by M. A. +C. (Dean, 1881); "Three Wise Old Couples," by Hopkins (Cassell, 1881); +"Puss in Boots," by E. K. Johnson (Warne); "Sugar and Spice and all +that's Nice" (Strahan, 1881); "Fly away, Fairies," by Clarkson (Griffith +and Farran, 1882); "The Tiny Lawn Tennis Club" (Dean, 1882); "Little Ben +Bate," by M. Browne (Simpkin, 1882); "Nursery Night," by E. Dewane +(Dean, 1882); "New Pinafore Pictures" (Dean, 1882); "Rumpelstiltskin" +(De la Rue, 1882); "Baby's Debut," by J. Smith (De la Rue, 1883); +"Buckets and Spades" (Dean, 1883); "Childhood" (Warne, 1883); "Dame +Trot" (Chapman and Hall, 1883); "In and Out," by Ismay Thorne +(Sonnenschein, 1884); "Under Mother's Wing," by Mrs. Clifford (Gardner, +Darton, 1883); "Quacks" (Ward and Lock, 1883); "Little Chicks" (Griffith +and Farran, 1883); "Talking Toys," "The Talking Clock," H. M. Bennett; +"Four Feet by Two," by Helena Maguire; "Merry Hearts," "Cosy Corners," +and "A Christmas Fairy," by Gordon Browne (all published by Nisbet). + +Among many books elaborately printed by Messrs. Hildesheimer, are two +illustrated by M. E. Edwards and J. C. Staples, "Told in the Twilight" +(1883); and "Song of the Bells" (1884); and one by M. E. Edwards only, +"Two Children"; others by Jane M. Dealy, "Sixes and Sevens" (1882), and +"Little Miss Marigold" (1884); "Nursery Land," by H. J. Maguire (1888), +and "Sunbeams," by E. K. Johnson and Ewart Wilson (1887). + +F. D. Bedford, who illustrated and decorated "The Battle of the Frogs +and Mice" (Methuen), has produced this year one of the most satisfactory +books with coloured illustrations. In "Nursery Rhymes" (Methuen), the +pictures, block-printed in colour by Edmund Evans, are worthy to be +placed beside the best books he has produced. + +Of all lady illustrators--the phrase is cumbrous, but we have no +other--Miss A. B. Woodward stands apart, not only by the vigour of her +work, but by its amazing humour, a quality which is certainly infrequent +in the work of her sister-artists. The books she has illustrated are not +very many, but all show this quality. "Banbury Cross," in Messrs. Dent's +Series is among the first. In "To Tell the King the Sky is Falling" +(Blackie, 1896) there is a store of delicious examples, and in "The +Brownies" (Dent, 1896), the vigour of the handling is very noticeable. +In "Eric, Prince of Lorlonia" (Macmillan, 1896), we have further proof +that these characteristics are not mere accidents, but the result of +carefully studied intention, which is also apparent in the clever +designs for the covers of Messrs. Blackie's Catalogue, 1896-97. This +year, in "Red Apple and Silver Bells," Miss Woodward shows marked +advance. The book, with its delicious rhymes by Hamish Hendry, is one to +treasure, as is also her "Adventures in Toy Land," designs marked by the +_diablerie_ of which she, alone of lady artists, seems to have the +secret. In this the wooden, inane expression of the toys contrasts +delightfully with the animate figures. + +Mr. Charles Robinson is one of the youngest recruits to the army of +illustrators, and yet his few years' record is both lengthy and kept at +a singularly high level. In the first of his designs which attracted +attention we find the half-grotesque, half-real child that he has made +his own--fat, merry little people, that are bubbling over with the joy +of mere existence. "Macmillan's Literary Primers" is the rather +ponderous title of these booklets which cost but a few pence each, and +are worth many a half-dozen high-priced nursery books. Stevenson's +"Child's Garden of Verse," his first important book, won a new +reputation by reason of its pictures. Then came "Ęsop's Fables," in +Dent's "Banbury Cross" Series. The next year saw Mr. Gabriel Setoun's +book of poems, "Child World," Mrs. Meynell's "The Children," Mr. H. D. +Lowry's "Make Believe," and two decorated pages in "The Parade" (Henry +and Co.). The present Christmas will see several books from his hand. + +"Old World Japan" (George Allen) has thirty-four, and "Legends from +River and Mountain," forty-two, pictures by T. H. Robinson, which must +not be forgotten. "The Giant Crab" (Nutt), and "Andersen" (Bliss, +Sands), are among the best things W. Robinson has yet done. + +[Illustration] + +"Nonsense," by A. Nobody, and "Some More Nonsense," by A. Nobody +(Gardner, Darton & Co.), are unique instances of an unfettered humour. +That their apparently naļve grotesques are from the hand of a very +practised draughtsman is evident at a first glance; but as their author +prefers to remain anonymous his identity must not be revealed. Specimens +from the published work (which is, however, mostly in colour), and +facsimiles of hitherto unpublished drawings, entitled "The Singing +Lesson," kindly lent by Messrs. Gardner, Darton & Co., are here to prove +how merry our anonym can be. By the way, it may be well to add that the +artist in question is _not_ Sir Edward Burne-Jones, whose caricatures, +that are the delight of children of all ages who know them, have been so +far strictly kept to members of the family circle, for whom they were +produced. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "LITTLE FOLKS." BY MAURICE BOUTET DE +MONVEL. (CASSELL AND CO.)] + +The editor of THE STUDIO, to whose selection of pictures for +reproduction these pages owe their chief interest, has spared no effort +to show a good working sample of the best of all classes, and in the +space available has certainly omitted few of any consequence--except +those so very well known, as, for instance, Tenniel's "Alice" series, +and the Caldecott toy-books--which it would have been superfluous to +illustrate again, especially in black and white after coloured +originals. + +In Mrs. Field's volume already mentioned, the author says: "It has been +well observed that children do not desire, and ought not to be furnished +with purely realistic portraits of themselves; the boy's heart craves a +hero, and the Johnny or Frank of the realistic story-book, the little +boy like himself, is not in this sense a hero." This passage, referring +to the stories themselves, might be applied to their illustration with +hardly less force. To idealise is the normal impulse of a child. True +that it can "make believe" from the most rudimentary hints, but it is +much easier to do so if something not too actual is the groundwork. +Figures which delight children are never wholly symbolic, mere virtues +and vices materialised as personages of the anecdote. Real nonsense such +as Lear concocted, real wit such as that which sparkles from Lewis +Carroll's pages, find their parallel in the pictures which accompany +each text. It is the feeble effort to be funny, the mildly punning +humour of the imitators, which makes the text tedious, and one fancies +the artist is also infected, for in such books the drawings very rarely +rise to a high level. + +The "pretty-pretty" school, which has been too popular, especially in +anthologies of mildly entertaining rhymes, is sickly at its best, and +fails to retain the interest of a child. Possibly, in pleading for +imaginative art, one has forgotten that everywhere is Wonderland to a +child, who would be no more astonished to find a real elephant dropping +in to tea, or a real miniature railway across the lawn, than in finding +a toy elephant or a toy engine awaiting him. Children are so accustomed +to novelty that they do not realise the abnormal; nor do they always +crave for unreality. As coaches and horses were the delight of +youngsters a century ago, so are trains and steamboats to-day. Given a +pile of books and an empty floor space, their imagination needs no +mechanical models of real locomotives; or, to be more correct, they +enjoy the make-believe with quite as great a zest. Hence, perhaps, in +praising conscious art for children's literature, one is unwittingly +pleasing older tastes; indeed, it is not inconceivable that the "prig" +which lurks in most of us may be nurtured by too refined diet. Whether a +child brought up wholly on the ęsthetic toy-book would realise the +greatness of Rembrandt's etchings or other masterpieces of realistic art +more easily than one who had only known the current pictures of cheap +magazines, is not a question to be decided off-hand. To foster an +artificial taste is not wholly unattended with danger; but if humour be +present, as it is in the works of the best artists for the nursery, then +all fear vanishes; good wholesome laughter is the deadliest bane to the +prig-microbe, and will leave no infant lisping of the preciousness of +Cimabue, or the wonder of Sandro Botticelli, as certain children were +reported to do in the brief days when the ęsthete walked his faded way +among us. That modern children's books will--some of them at least--take +an honourable place in an iconography of nineteenth-century art, many of +the illustrations here reproduced are in themselves sufficient to prove. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "GOULD'S BOOK OF FAIRY TALES." BY +ARTHUR GASKIN. (METHUEN AND CO.)] + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "LULLABY LAND" BY CHARLES ROBINSON. +(JOHN LANE. 1897)] + +After so many pages devoted to the subject, it might seem as if the mass +of material should have revealed very clearly what is the ideal +illustration for children. But "children" is a collective term, ranging +from the tastes of the baby to the precocious youngsters who dip into +Mudie books on the sly, and hold conversations thereon which astonish +their elders when by chance they get wind of the fact. Perhaps the +belief that children can be educated by the eye is more plausible than +well supported. In any case, it is good that the illustration should be +well drawn, well coloured; given that, whether it be realistically +imitative or wholly fantastic is quite a secondary matter. As we have +had pointed out to us, the child is not best pleased by mere portraits +of himself; he prefers idealised children, whether naughtier and more +adventurous, or absolute heroes of romance. And here a strange fact +appears, that as a rule what pleases the boy pleases the girl also; but +that boys look down with scorn on "girls' books." Any one who has had +to do with children knows how eagerly little sisters pounce upon books +owned by their brothers. Now, as a rule, books for girls are confined to +stories of good girls, pictures of good girls, and mildly exciting +domestic incidents, comic or tragic. The child may be half angel; he is +undoubtedly half savage; a Pagan indifference to other people's pain, +and grim joy in other people's accidents, bear witness to that fact. +Tender-hearted parents fear lest some pictures should terrify the little +ones; the few that do are those which the child himself discovers in +some extraordinary way to be fetishes. He hates them, yet is fascinated +by them. I remember myself being so appalled by a picture that is still +keenly remembered. It fascinated me, and yet was a thing of which the +mere memory made one shudder in the dark--the said picture representing +a benevolent negro with Eva on his lap, from "Uncle Tom's Cabin," a +blameless Sunday-school inspired story. The horrors of an early folio of +Foxe's "Martyrs," of a grisly "Bunyan," with terrific pictures of +Apollyon; even a still more grim series by H. C. Selous, issued by the +Art Union, if memory may be trusted, were merely exciting; it was the +mild and amiable representation of "Uncle Tom" that I felt to be the +very incarnation of all things evil. This personal incident is quoted +only to show how impossible it is for the average adult to foretell what +will frighten or what will delight a child. For children are singularly +reticent concerning the "bogeys" of their own creating, yet, like many +fanatics, it is these which they really most fear. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "MAKE BELIEVE." BY CHARLES ROBINSON +(JOHN LANE. 1896)] + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "JUST FORTY WINKS" BY GERTRUDE M. +BRADLEY (BLACKIE AND SON. 1897)] + +Certainly it is possible that over-conscious art is too popular to-day. +The illustrator when he is at work often thinks more of the art critic +who may review his book than the readers who are to enjoy it. Purely +conventional groups of figures, whether set in a landscape, or against a +decorative background, as a rule fail to retain a child's interest. He +wants invention and detail, plenty of incident, melodrama rather than +suppressed emotion. Something moving, active, and suggestive pleases him +most, something about which a story can be woven not so complex that his +sense is puzzled to explain why things are as the artist drew them. It +is good to educate children unconsciously, but if we are too careful +that all pictures should be devoted to raising their standard of taste, +it is possible that we may soon come back to the Miss Pinkerton ideal of +amusement blended with instruction. Hence one doubts if the +"ultra-precious" school really pleases the child; and if he refuse the +jam the powder is obviously refused also. One who makes pictures for +children, like one who writes them stories, should have the knack of +entertaining them without any appearance of condescension in so doing. +They will accept any detail that is related to the incident, but are +keenly alive to discrepancies of detail or action that clash with the +narrative. As they do not demand fine drawing, so the artist must be +careful to offer them very much more than academic accomplishment. +Indeed, he (or she) must be in sympathy with childhood, and able to +project his vision back to its point of view. And this is just a mood in +accord with the feeling of our own time, when men distrust each other +and themselves, and keep few ideals free from doubt, except the +reverence for the sanctity of childhood. Those who have forsaken beliefs +hallowed by centuries, and are the most cynical and worldly-minded, yet +often keep faith in one lost Atalantis--the domain of their own +childhood and those who still dwell in the happy isle. To have given a +happy hour to one of the least of these is peculiarly gratifying to many +tired people to-day, those surfeited with success no less than those +weary of failure. And such labour is of love all compact; for children +are grudging in their praise, and seldom trouble to inquire who wrote +their stories or painted their pictures. Consequently those who work for +them win neither much gold nor great fame; but they have a most +enthusiastic audience all the same. Yet when we remember that the +veriest daubs and atrocious drawings are often welcomed as heartily, one +is driven to believe that after all the bored people who turn to amuse +the children, like others who turn to elevate the masses, are really, if +unconsciously, amusing if not elevating themselves. If children's books +please older people--and that they do so is unquestionable--it would be +well to acknowledge it boldly, and to share the pleasure with the +nursery; not to take it surreptitiously under the pretence of raising +the taste of little people. Why should not grown-up people avow their +pleasure in children's books if they feel it? + +[Illustration: THE SPOTTED MIMILUS. ILLUSTRATION FROM "KING LONGBEARD." +BY CHARLES ROBINSON (JOHN LANE. 1897)] + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "THE MAKING OF MATTHIAS" BY LUCY +KEMP-WELCH. (JOHN LANE. 1897)] + +If a collector in search of a new hobby wishes to start on a quest full +of disappointment, yet also full of lucky possibilities, illustrated +books for children would give him an exciting theme. The rare volume he +hunted for in vain at the British Museum and South Kensington, for which +he scanned the shelves of every second-hand bookseller within reach, may +meet his eye in a twopenny box, just as he has despaired of ever seeing, +much less procuring, a copy. At least twice during the preparation of +this number I have enjoyed that particular experience, and have no +reason to suppose it was very abnormal. To make a fine library of these +things may be difficult, but it is not a predestined failure. Caxtons +and Wynkyn de Wordes seem less scarce than some of these early nursery +books. Yet, as we know, the former have been the quest of collectors for +years, and so are probably nearly all sifted out of the great +rubbish-heaps of dealers; the latter have not been in great demand, and +may be unearthed in odd corners of country shops and all sorts of likely +and unlikely places. Therefore, as a hobby, it offers an exciting quest +with almost certain success in the end; in short, it offers the ideal +conditions for collecting as a pastime, provided you can muster +sufficient interest in the subject to become absorbed in its pursuit. So +large is it that, even to limit one's quest to books with coloured +pictures would yet require a good many years' hunting to secure a decent +"bag." Another tempting point is that prices at present are mostly +nominal, not because the quarry is plentiful, but because the demand is +not recognised by the general bookseller. Of course, books in good +condition, with unannotated pages, are rare; and some series--Felix +Summerley's, for example--which owe their chief interest to the "get-up" +of the volume considered as a whole, would be scarce worth possessing if +"rebound" or deprived of their covers. Still, always provided the game +attracts him, the hobby-horseman has fair chances, and is inspired by +motives hardly less noble than those which distinguish the pursuit of +bookplates (_ex libris_), postage-stamps and other objects which have +attracted men to devote not only their leisure and their spare cash, but +often their whole energy and nearly all their resources. Societies, with +all the pomp of officials, and members proudly arranging detached +letters of the alphabet after their names, exist for discussing hobbies +not more important. Speaking as an interested but not infatuated +collector, it seems as if the mere gathering together of rarities of +this sort would soon become as tedious as the amassing of dull armorial +_ex libris_, or sorting infinitely subtle varieties of postage-stamps. +But seeing the intense passion such things arouse in their devotees, the +fact that among children's books there are not a few of real intrinsic +interest, ought not to make the hobby less attractive; except that, +speaking generally, your true collector seems to despise every quality +except rarity (which implies market value ultimately, if for the moment +there are not enough rival collectors to have started a "boom" in +prices). Yet all these "snappers up of unconsidered trifles" help to +gather together material which may prove in time to be not without value +to the social historian or the student interested in the progress of +printing and the art of illustration; but it would be a pity to confuse +ephemeral "curios" with lasting works of fine art, and the ardour of +collecting need not blind one to the fact that the former are greatly in +excess of the latter. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "MISS MOUSE AND HER BOYS." BY L. LESLIE +BROOKE. (MACMILLAN AND CO. 1897)] + +The special full-page illustrations which appear in this number must not +be left without a word of comment. In place of re-issuing facsimiles of +actual illustrations from coloured books of the past which would +probably have been familiar to many readers, drawings by artists who are +mentioned elsewhere in this Christmas Number have been specially +designed to carry out the spirit of the theme. For Christmas is +pre-eminently the time for children's books. Mr. Robert Halls' painting +of a baby, here called "The Heir to Fairyland"--the critic for whom all +this vast amount of effort is annually expended--is seen still in the +early or destructive stage, a curious foreshadowing of his attitude in a +later development should he be led from the paths of Philistia to the +bye-ways of art criticism. The portrait miniatures of child-life by Mr. +Robert Halls, if not so well known as they deserve, cannot be unfamiliar +to readers of THE STUDIO, since many of his best works have been +exhibited at the Academy and elsewhere. + +The lithograph by Mr. R. Anning Bell, "In Nooks with Books," represents +a second stage of the juvenile critic when appreciation in a very acute +form has set in, and picture-books are no longer regarded as toys to +destroy, but treasures to be enjoyed snugly with a delight in their +possession. + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "BABY'S LAYS" BY E. CALVERT (ELKIN +MATHEWS. 1897)] + +Mr. Granville Fell, with "King Love, a Christmas Greeting," turns back +to the memory of the birthday whose celebration provokes the gifts which +so often take the form of illustrated books, for Christmas is to Britons +more and more the children's festival. The conviviality of the Dickens' +period may linger here and there; but to adults generally Christmas is +only a vicarious pleasure, for most households devote the day entirely +to pleasing the little ones who have annexed it as their own special +holiday. + +The dainty water-colour by Mr. Charles Robinson, and the charming +drawing in line by M. Boutet de Monvel, call for no comment. Collectors +will be glad to possess such excellent facsimiles of work by two +illustrators conspicuous for their work in this field. The figure by Mr. +Robinson, "So Light of Foot, so Light of Spirit," is extremely typical +of the personal style he has adopted from the first. Studies by M. de +Monvel have appeared before in THE STUDIO, so that it would be merely +reiterating the obvious to call attention to the exquisite truth of +character which he obtains with rare artistry. + +G. W. + + * * * * * + +The Editor's best thanks are due to all those publishers who have so +kindly and readily come forward with their assistance in the compilation +of "Children's Books and their Illustrators." Owing to exigences of +space reference to several important new books has necessarily been +postponed. + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: ILLUSTRATION FROM "NATIONAL RHYMES." BY GORDON BROWNE +(GARDNER, DARTON AND CO. 1897)] + + + + +For Younger Readers + + +BY MARTHA FINLEY + +ELSIE DINSMORE. With illustrations by H. C. Christy. Large 8vo, cloth. +$1.50. + +ELSIE AT HOME. Similar in general style to the previous "Elsie" books. +16mo, cloth. $1.25. + + +BY RAFFORD PYKE. + +THE ADVENTURES OF MABEL. For children of five and six. With many +illustrations by MELANIE ELIZABETH NORTON. Large 8vo. $1.75. + + +BY BARBARA YECHTON. + +DERICK. Illustrated. Large 12mo, cloth. $1.50. + + +BY AMANDA M. DOUGLAS. + +CHILDREN AT SHERBURNE HOUSE, 12mo, cloth. $1.50. + +NAN. A Sequel to "A Little Girl in Old New York." Illustrated. 12mo, +cloth. $1.50. + + +BY ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS. + +GIPSY'S YEAR AT THE GOLDEN CRESCENT. Uniform with the previous volumes +of the same series. Fully illustrated. Large 12mo, cloth. $1.50. + + +BY ELIZABETH W. CHAMPNEY. + +WITCH WINNIE IN VENICE. With many illustrations. Large 12mo, cloth. +$1.50. + +PIERRE AND HIS POODLE. With numerous illustrations. 12mo, cloth. $1.00. + + +BY BEATRICE HARRADEN. + +UNTOLD TALES OF THE PAST. By BEATRICE HARRADEN, author of "Ships that +Pass in the Night," "Hilda Strafford," etc. Illustrated. Cloth. Probably +$1.50. + + +_The above are published by_ + + Dodd, Mead & Company, FIFTH AVE. & 21ST + STREET, NEW YORK + + * * * * * + +Four Capital Books + +Aaron in the Wildwoods + +A delightful new Thimblefinger story of Aaron while a "runaway," by JOEL +CHANDLER HARRIS, author of "_Little Mr. Thimblefinger and his Queer +Country_," "_Mr. Rabbit at Home_," "_The Story of Aaron_," _etc._ With +24 full-page illustrations by OLIVER HERFORD. Square 8vo. $2.00. + + +Little-Folk Lyrics + +By FRANK DEMPSTER SHERMAN. HOLIDAY EDITION. A beautiful book of very +charming poems for children, with 16 exquisite illustrations. 12mo. +$1.50. + + +Being a Boy + +By CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER. With an introduction and 32 capital full-page +illustrations from photographs by CLIFTON JOHNSON. 12mo, gilt top. +$2.00. + + +An Unwilling Maid + +A capital story of the Revolution, for girls, by JEANIE GOULD LINCOLN, +author of "_Marjorie's Quest_," "_A Genuine Girl_," _etc._ With +illustrations. $1.25. + + Few recent stories surpass it in the fortunate + blending of vivacity and sweetness and stern + loyalty to duty and tender and pathetic + experiences. It is fascinatingly written and every + chapter increases its delightfulness.--_The + Congregationalist, Boston._ + +_Sold by Booksellers, Sent, postpaid, by_ + +Houghton, Mifflin & Co., _Boston_ + + * * * * * + +NEW BOOKS FOR BOYS AND GIRLS + + +_Three New Historical Tales by E. Everett Green, Author of "The Young +Pioneers," etc._ + + +A CLERK AT OXFORD, AND HIS ADVENTURES IN THE BARON'S WAR. + +With a plan of Oxford in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and a +view of the city from an old print. 8vo, extra cloth. $1.50. + + +SISTER: A CHRONICLE OF FAIR HAVEN. + +With eight illustrations by J. FINNEMORE. 8vo, extra cloth. $1.50. + + +TOM TUFTON'S TRAVELS. + +With illustrations by W. S. STACEY. 8vo, extra cloth, $1.25. + + +_Two New Books by Herbert Hayens, Author of "Clevely Sahib," "Under the +Lone Star," etc._ + + +AN EMPEROR'S DOOM; OR THE PATRIOTS OF MEXICO. + +A tale of the downfall of Maximilian, with eight illustrations by A. J. +B. SALMON. 8vo, extra cloth. $1.50. + + +SOLDIERS OF THE LEGION. + +A tale of the Carlist War. 8vo, extra cloth, illustrated. $1.25. + + +THE ISLAND OF GOLD. + +A Sailor's Yarn. By GORDON STABLES, M. D., R. N., author of "Every Inch +a Sailor," "How Jack McKenzie Won His Epaulettes," etc. With six +illustrations by ALLAN STUART. 8vo, extra cloth. $1.25. + + +POPPY. + +A tale. By MRS. ISLA SITWELL, author of "In Far Japan," "The Golden +Woof," etc. With illustrations. 8vo, cloth extra. $1.25. + + +VANDRAD THE VIKING; OR THE FEUD AND THE SPELL. + +A tale of the Norsemen. By I. STORER CLOUSTON. With six illustrations by +HERBERT PAYTON. 8vo, cloth. 80 cts. + + +THE VANISHED YACHT. + +By E. HARCOURT BURRAGE. Cloth extra. $1.00. + + +LITTLE TORA, THE SWEDISH SCHOOLMISTRESS, AND OTHER STORIES. + +By MRS. WOODS BAKER, author of "Fireside Sketches of Swedish Life," "The +Swedish Twins," etc. Cloth. 60 cts. + + +A BOOK ABOUT SHAKESPEARE. + +Written for Young People. By I. N. MCILWRAITH. With numerous +illustrations. Cloth extra. 60 cts. + + +ACROSS GREENLAND'S ICEFIELDS. + +An account of the discoveries by Nansen and Peary. With portraits of +Nansen and other illustrations. 8vo, cloth. 80 cts. + + +BREAKING THE RECORD. + +The story of North Polar Expeditions by the Nova Zembla and Spitzbergen +Routes. By M. DOUGLASS, author of "Across Greenland's Icefields," etc. +With numerous illustrations. Cloth extra. 80 cts. + +_For sale by all Booksellers, or sent prepaid on receipt of price, Send +for complete catalogue,_ + +THOMAS NELSON & SONS, Publishers, 33 E. 17th St. (Union Sq.), N. Y. + + + + +CHILDRENS' BOOKS + + +=The Blackberries= + +Thirty-two humorous drawings in color, with descriptive verses, by _E. +W. Kemble_ the famous delineator of "Kemble's Coons." Large quarto, +9×12, on plate paper; cover in color. $1.50. + + +=Kemble's Coons= + +Drawings by _E. W. Kemble_. A series of 30 beautiful half-tone +reproductions, printed in Sepia, of drawings of colored children and +southern scenes, by E. W. Kemble, the well-known character artist. Large +quarto, 9½×12 inches; handsomely bound in Brown Buckram and Japan +Vellum printed in color. Price, $2.00. + + +=The Delft Cat= + +_By Robert Howard Russell._ Three stories for children profusely +illustrated by F. Berkeley Smith. Printed on hand-made, deckle-edge +linen paper with attractive cover in Delft Colors. Price, 75 cents. + +[Illustration] + + +=Chip's Dogs= + +A collection of humorous drawings by the late _F. P. W. Bellew_ +("Chip"), whose amusing sketches of dogs were so well known. A new and +improved edition now ready. Large Quarto, 9½×12 inches, on plate +paper, handsomely bound. Price, $1.00. + + +=The Autobiography of a Monkey= + +A laughable conception in 30 full-page and 40 small drawings by _Hy. +Mayer_, with verses by _Albert Bigelow Paine_. Large quarto, 7×9, with +cover in color. Price, $1.25. + + +=The Tiddledywink's Poetry Book= + +Illustrated by _Charles Howard Johnson_. A book of nonsense rhymes by +_Mr. Bangs_, accompanied by most amusing pictures. Large quarto, with +Illuminated covers, 30 full-page illustrations, colored borders to text. +Boards. Price, $1.00. + + +=The Mantel Piece Minstrels= + +_By John Kendrick Bangs._ A most attractive little volume containing +four of Mr. Bangs' inimitably humorous stories, profusely illustrated +with unique drawings by _F. Berkeley Smith_; printed on hand-made, +deckle-edge linen paper, and tastefully bound in illuminated covers. +32mo. Price, 75 cents. + + +=The Dumpies= + +Discovered and drawn by _Frank Verbeck; Albert Bigelow Paine_, +historian. An entertaining tale in prose and verse, as fascinating as +"The Brownies." Large quarto, 8×11, with 130 illustrations and cover in +color. Price, $1.25. + + +=Tiddledywink Tales= + +_By John Kendrick Bangs._ A charming book for children. The drawings by +_Charles Howard Johnson_ are quite in sympathy with the humor of the +book. Full cloth, gilt, 236 pp. 12mo. Price, $1.25. + + +=In Camp with a Tin Soldier= + +_By John Kendrick Bangs._ A Sequel to Tiddledywink Tales. Illustrated by +_T. M. Ashe_, Jimmieboy's adventures in the Camp of the Tin Soldiers are +most amusing. Full cloth, gilt, 236 pp. 12mo. Price, $1.25. + + +=Half Hours with Jimmieboy= + +_By John Kendrick Bangs._ Illustrated by _Frank Verbeck_, _Peter Newell_ +and others. Sixteen short stories record the interesting adventures of +the hero with all sorts of folks; dwarfs, dudes, giants, bicyclopędia +birds and snowmen. Full cloth, 112 pp. 12mo. Price, $1.25. + + +=The Slambangaree= + +Ten stories for children by _R. K. Munkittrick_. On hand-made +deckle-edge linen paper. Price, 75 cents. + + +=In Savage Africa= + +_By E. J. Glave_, one of Stanley's pioneer officers. With an +introduction by Henry M. Stanley. Beautifully illustrated with +seventy-five wood cuts, half-tones and pen-and-ink sketches by the +author, _Bacher_, _Bridgman_, _Kemble_ and _Taber_. Large octavo, full +cloth, gilt. Price, $1.50. + + +=An Alphabet= + +_By William Nicholson._ Color plate for each letter in the alphabet. +Popular Edition on stout cartridge paper, $1.50. Library Edition, made +on Dutch hand-made paper; mounted and bound in cloth. Price, $3.75. + +_R. H. RUSSELL, New York_ + +THE WAYSIDE PRESS, SPRINGFIELD, MASS. + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Note: + +Obvious punctuation errors repaired. + +Advertising page, "Navel" changed to "Naval" (The Naval Cadet) + +Advertising page, "facination" changed to "fascination" (his usual +fascination) + +Advertising page, "irresistable" changed to "irresistible" (that is +irresistible) + +Advertising page, under The Golden Galleon, "Rainy" changed to "Rainey" +(by William Rainey, R. I.) + +Page 18, "n" changed to "in" (in comparison with all) + +Page 47, "Keat's" changed to "Keats's" (or "Keats's Poems") + +Page 54, twice, "De" changed to "de" (gather from Mr. de) (Mr. de +Morgan's process) + +Page 70, "Tiddlewink" changed to "Tiddledywink" (Sequel to Tiddledywink +Tales) + +Varied hyphenation was retained: woodcuts, wood-cuts and today, to-day +and folklore, folk-lore. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Children's Books and Their Illustrators, by +Gleeson White + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHILDREN'S BOOKS AND ILLUSTRATORS *** + +***** This file should be named 27112-8.txt or 27112-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/7/1/1/27112/ + +Produced by Colin Bell, Joseph Cooper, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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