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+Project Gutenberg's First History of New Brunswick, by Peter Fisher
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: First History of New Brunswick
+
+Author: Peter Fisher
+
+Commentator: William Fisher
+
+Release Date: October 31, 2008 [EBook #27111]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIRST HISTORY OF NEW BRUNSWICK ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Robin Monks and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY
+
+OF
+
+NEW BRUNSWICK
+
+
+
+_By_ Peter Fisher
+
+
+AS ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN 1825
+(With a few additional Explanatory Notes)
+
+
+
+NOW RE-PRINTED JOINTLY BY
+
+THE GOVERNMENT OF NEW BRUNSWICK
+AND
+WILLIAM SHIVES FISHER
+(Grandson of the Author)
+
+
+
+UNDER THE AUSPICES OF
+THE NEW BRUNSWICK HISTORICAL SOCIETY
+ST. JOHN, N. B.
+1921
+
+
+
+
+Publisher's Notice.
+
+
+_The tale of the Loyalists; their loyalty to high ideals of national
+duty--to fulfil which they underwent untold losses, privations and
+sufferings when they abandoned their homes and their all, and sought
+new homes and commenced a new life in a northern wilderness--is a story
+that appeals wherever patriotism is an honor and self-sacrifice a
+virtue. In this Province of New-Brunswick, settled mainly by families
+torn and rent by the American revolution and whose descendants are
+reaping the reward of their sacrifice, it is of peculiar interest._
+
+_In 1825, when Peter Fisher published the first Historical work, the
+Province of New-Brunswick had received the loyalist immigration
+forty-three years before, at which date it was constituted a separate
+Province. The progress of the country during a period when its
+political institutions and industrial life were in a formative
+condition is of deep interest. The account given of it in Mr. Fisher's
+work is of sufficient value in the opinion of the New Brunswick
+Historical Society to warrant its being reprinted. In addition to the
+original work, there has been embodied with it, notes and observations
+prepared by the Venerable Archdeacon Raymond and published in Vol. X of
+the records of the Society. A copy of the history not being available,
+this is printed from a photostat copy furnished by the Dominion
+archives._
+
+
+
+
+SKETCHES
+
+OF
+
+NEW-BRUNSWICK;
+
+CONTAINING
+
+AN ACCOUNT OF THE FIRST SETTLEMENT
+OF THE PROVINCE,
+
+WITH
+
+A BRIEF DESCRIPTION
+
+OF THE
+
+COUNTRY, CLIMATE, PRODUCTIONS, INHABITANTS, GOVERNMENT,
+RIVERS, TOWNS, SETTLEMENTS, PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS,
+TRADE, REVENUE, POPULATION, &c.
+
+
+
+BY
+
+An Inhabitant of the Province.
+
+
+
+    "_Whatever concerns my country, interests me;
+    I follow nature, with truth my guide._"
+
+
+
+SAINT JOHN:
+PRINTED BY CHUBB & SEARS,
+MARKET-SQUARE.
+
+1825.
+
+
+
+
+To the Reader.
+
+
+Having at different times collected what information I could obtain
+relating to the Province of New-Brunswick, I intended whenever I had a
+sufficient fund of correct materials, to publish them in such a shape
+as to diffuse a general knowledge of the Country, its productions,
+sources of wealth, &c. For this reason I had kept the different
+Counties, as well as the several subjects of which I intended to treat,
+separate, in order to receive such additions as I could from time to
+time make. But as I am happy to find that it is one of the objects of
+the New-Brunswick Agricultural and Emigrant Society, to publish a
+Geographical and Statistical Account of the Province, as soon as
+materials can be collected, I have given up my first design--being
+convinced that such a Society can collect correct information and the
+materials for such a desirable object with far greater facility and
+accuracy than an individual. In the mean time, I have given these
+Sketches to the public, hoping they may serve to give a faint knowledge
+of the Country, till a more perfect Work is prepared. It is no small
+matter to give any thing like a full description of a new Country like
+New-Brunswick, where the Compiler has but few helps--where there are
+but few written documents to resort to, and where neither Animals,
+Minerals, or Plants, have been properly arranged; and where there are
+but few correct materials to guide him in pointing out the changes of
+the seasons and other natural phenomena, with many other things which
+are requisite in a complete description of a new Country. The labour of
+even arranging the different Parishes was considerable, which the
+statement of the population of the Province, (had I possessed that
+document in time,) would have at once supplied.
+
+It was my intention to add a concise history of the principal
+transactions that have taken place in the Country from its first
+occupation to the present time, from such sources both written and
+oral, as came within my researches; but have for the reasons before
+stated relinquished that design.
+
+The description of some of the Counties is not so full as I could wish,
+but it may be observed this is but an outline of what I at first
+designed; and that the information I had collected of some of the
+Counties, was very scanty; but that I intended to extend it to
+considerable length, as correct materials could be procured. Having
+therefore abandoned my first design, I had to contract the description
+of some of the Counties of which I had a fuller knowledge, to make the
+Work more uniform; and not to appear partial to some parts of the
+Province, or to have forgotten others.
+
+Fractional accuracy cannot be expected in such a brief outline; neither
+indeed is it of much consequence. I have, however, endeavoured to come
+as near the reality as possible, and given as full a detail as the size
+of the Work would allow.
+
+                                             THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
+
+_Old Settlers on the River Saint John. New-Brunswick erected into a
+Government, and settled by the Loyalists in 1783-4. Difficulties of the
+first Settlers. List of successive Governors and Presidents._
+
+
+The Province of New-Brunswick formerly formed a part of Nova-Scotia,
+which was the first European settlement on the Continent of North
+America.--The first grant of land in it was given by King JAMES the
+FIRST to Sir WILLIAM ALEXANDER, in 1621--from whom it had the name of
+Nova-Scotia or New Scotland. It was at that time regarded by the
+English as a part of CABOT'S discovery of Terra-Nova. The first
+settlers, however, were emigrants from France, who as early as the year
+1604 came to the Country with DE MONT, a French adventurer, and gave it
+the name of Acadia.
+
+This country frequently changed masters; passing from the French to the
+English, and back again, till it was finally ceded in full sovereignty
+to the British at the peace of Utrecht in 1713.
+
+In 1760, a number of persons from the County of Essex, in
+Massachusetts, obtained a grant of a Township, twelve miles square, on
+the River Saint John, from the British Government; and after several
+delays in exploring and surveying, they commenced a settlement at
+Maugerville.
+
+During the American War of 1775, they were joined by a number of other
+families from New England: the district adjoining Maugerville was
+settled, and the whole called by the general name of Sunbury, where the
+Courts of Justice were held till 1783: when the peace with America left
+the Loyalists who had followed the British standard, to seek an asylum
+in some part of the British dominions.
+
+Prior to this period a number of families from Yorkshire in England,
+and others from Massachusetts, had settled in and about Cumberland,
+where many of their descendants still remain.--These people, actuated
+by different attachments, lived during the war in a state of hostility
+with each other;--one part adhering to the British, and the other to
+the Americans.
+
+In the month of April, 1783, about three thousand persons, men, women,
+and children, sailed from New-York for the River Saint John; many of
+them being passengers, but the major part persons who had joined the
+British army, and were now sent to this Country to be disbanded and
+settled. In the month of October following, about twelve hundred more
+arrived from the same place. Those as well as the former had to seek a
+shelter from the approaching winter, by building log and bark huts; a
+few indeed were admitted into the houses of the settlers who had
+resided here before and during the American war. Provisions and
+clothing were furnished by Government for the first year, with a few
+implements to commence a settlement. Lord DORCHESTER appointed the Rev.
+Mr. SAYRE, GEORGE LEONARD, WILLIAM TYNG, and JAMES PETERS, Esquires, as
+agents to apply for lands and locate them. Major STUDHOLM was soon
+after added to the number by Governor PARR.--This Officer at that time
+commanded the Garrison of Fort Howe, at the entrance of Saint John
+River. These agents appointed the Rev. Mr. ARNOLD for their secretary.
+The duties that devolved on these gentlemen were of the most arduous
+nature; they had however the satisfaction of receiving the thanks of
+the Governor and Council of Nova-Scotia, for their upright conduct in
+transacting that business.
+
+In the year 1785, the present limits of New-Brunswick were divided from
+Nova-Scotia, and a separate Charter of a Constitution was granted to
+the Province, under Governor CARLETON, with a Council composed of the
+following gentlemen:--BEVERLEY ROBINSON, GABRIEL G. LUDLOW, GEORGE D.
+LUDLOW, ABIJAH WILLARD, JONATHAN ODELL, JAMES PUTNAM, JOSHUA UPHAM,
+EDWARD WINSLOW, WILLIAM HAZEN, GILFRED STUDHOLM, AND DANIEL
+BLISS.--BEVERLEY ROBINSON, ABIJAH WILLARD, and JAMES PUTNAM, died soon
+after, when BEVERLEY ROBINSON, the son of the former, with GEORGE
+LEONARD, and JOHN SAUNDERS, were appointed to succeed them. The above
+Members of the Council transacted the business of the Province for a
+long while. Governor CARLETON was authorized from the Crown to locate
+lands to the Loyalists and disbanded Troops in proportion to their
+ability and rank.
+
+From this period the Province slowly improved in Agriculture, Ship
+Building, and the exportation of Masts, Spars, &c. to Great-Britain,
+and Fish, Staves, Shingles, Hoop Poles, and sawed Lumber to the
+West-Indies. Receiving in return coarse Woollens and other articles
+from England; and Rum, Sugar, Molasses, and other produce from the
+West-Indies.--a Town was built at the mouth of the River Saint John,
+and another at St. Ann's Point, called Fredericton, where part of two
+Regiments were stationed till the French revolution.--Barracks and
+other public works were erected in different places, and the upper part
+of the Country settled by establishing two military posts in the
+interior, one at the Presqu-Isle, eighty miles above Fredericton, and
+another at the Grand Falls, fifty-two miles farther up. But the
+difficulties to which the first settlers were exposed continued for a
+long time almost insurmountable. Having been reared in a pleasant
+Country, abounding in all the comforts of life, they found themselves
+suddenly transplanted to a wilderness with a rigorous climate, devoid
+of almost every thing that could make life tolerable.--On their arrival
+they found a few hovels where Saint John is now built, the adjacent
+country exhibiting a most desolate aspect; which was peculiarly
+discouraging to people who had just left their homes in the beautiful
+and cultivated parts of the United States. Up the River Saint John the
+country appeared better, and a few cultivated spots were found occupied
+by old settlers. At St. Ann's, where Fredericton was afterwards built,
+a few scattered huts of French were found; the country all around being
+a continued wilderness--uninhabited and untrodden, except by the savage
+and wild animals; and scarcely had these firm friends of their country
+began to construct their cabins, when they were surprised by the rigors
+of an untried climate: their habitations being enveloped in snow before
+they were tenantable. The climate at that period (from what cause has
+not yet been satisfactorily ascertained) being far more severe than at
+present. They were frequently put to the greatest straits for food and
+clothing to preserve existence; a few roots were all that tender
+mothers could at times procure to allay the importunate calls of their
+children for food.--Sir GUY CARLETON had ordered them provisions for
+the first year at the expense of Government; but as the country was not
+much cultivated at that time, food could scarcely be procured on any
+terms. Frequently had those settlers to go from fifty to one hundred
+miles with hand sleds or toboggans through wild woods or on the ice to
+procure a precarious supply for their famishing families. The
+privations and sufferings of some of those people almost exceed belief.
+The want of food and clothing in a wild, cold country, was not easily
+dispensed with or soon remedied. Frequently in the piercing cold of
+winter a part of the family had to remain up during the night to keep
+fire in their huts to prevent the other part from freezing. Some very
+destitute families made use of boards to supply the want of bedding:
+the father or some of the elder children remaining up by turns, and
+warming two suitable pieces of boards, which they applied alternately
+to the smaller children to keep them warm; with many similar
+expedients.
+
+Some readers looking only at the present state of the country may smile
+at this account as wildly exaggerated, and may suppose that the skins
+of the moose and other wild animals would have been a far better
+substitute for bedding. But I have received the account of the above
+facts, with many other expedients which were at that time adopted by
+the settlers, from persons of undoubted veracity, and who had been eye
+witnesses of what they related. It is, however, needless to enlarge
+upon the hardships they endured, as most of the sufferers are now no
+more. Some indeed were discouraged and left the country; but most of
+those who remained had the pleasure of seeing the country improved and
+their families comfortably settled. Many of those Loyalists were in the
+prime of life when they came to this country; and most of them had
+young families. To establish these they wore out their lives in toil
+and poverty, and by their unremitting exertions subdued the wilderness,
+and covered the face of the country with habitations, villages, and
+towns.
+
+I have not noticed these circumstances as if they were peculiar to the
+settlers of New-Brunswick; but to hold up to the descendants of those
+sufferers the hardships endured by their parents; and to place in a
+striking point of view, the many comforts they possess by the
+suffering, perseverance, and industry of their fathers. All new
+settlements formed at a great distance from the parent state, are
+exposed to difficulties, till the country becomes improved. Many of the
+Colonies in North America, when first settled, were more than once on
+the point of total extinction. The remnant of the inhabitants of some
+of them were even embarked to abandon the country altogether, when they
+were stopped by succour from home. The remembrance of the difficulties
+of the first settlers should make their descendants contented with
+their present advantages, and instead of wishing to change, to use
+their own exertions to improve the country, and duly to appreciate the
+many blessings and privileges they enjoy.
+
+Under the judicious and paternal care of Governor CARLETON, assisted by
+several of the leading characters, many of the difficulties of settling
+an infant and distant Country were lessened. The condition of the
+settlers was gradually ameliorated; agriculture was particularly
+attended to: The Governor himself set a pattern in which he was
+followed by several of the leading men in the different offices. A
+variety of grains and roots were cultivated with success, and
+considerable progress made in clearing the wilderness. Barren seasons
+were sometimes experienced, when the scarcity of food was partially
+remedied by the exertions of the Governor, assisted by several other
+public spirited gentlemen, who are now no more.
+
+After having governed the Province for nearly twenty years--after
+having seen the country from a desolate wilderness rising to a state of
+importance among the surrounding Colonies--after having seen the
+settlers placed in a state of comparative comfort and independence--and
+after having in every respect endeared himself to them as their common
+father and benefactor--Governor CARLETON, in 1803, removed to England,
+when the Government of the Province was administered by the following
+persons, under the style of Presidents, till his death, viz.--G. G.
+LUDLOW, from his departure till February, 1808; EDWARD WINSLOW,
+Esquire, from that period till the 24th May following; when he was
+succeeded by Major-General HUNTER, who held the Government, with the
+exception of two short intervals, (during which the Government devolved
+first on Lieutenant-Colonel JOHNSTONE, and afterwards on Major-General
+BALFOUR,) till 1812, when he was succeeded by Major-General SMYTH; he
+having gone to England in 1813, the Government was administered by
+Major-General SAUMAREZ; but was resumed by General SMYTH, in 1814, who
+having again left the Province, the Government devolved on
+Lieutenant-Colonel HAILES. On the death of Governor CARLETON,
+Major-General GEORGE STRACEY SMYTH, was appointed to the Government by
+His Majesty's Commission, dated the 28th February, 1817. Governor SMYTH
+died the 27th March, 1823, when the Government was assumed by WARD
+CHIPMAN, Esquire, who administered the same till his death in the month
+of February following, when it devolved on JOHN MURRAY BLISS, Esquire.
+In the mean time, Major-General Sir HOWARD DOUGLAS, Baronet, had been
+appointed to the Government by His Majesty. He arrived in the Province
+in August, 1824, and immediately repaired to Fredericton, and assumed
+the Government on the 28th of the same month, and is at present (1825)
+Lieutenant-Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Province of
+New-Brunswick, and its Dependencies.
+
+The lively interest which Sir HOWARD takes in whatever concerns the
+prosperity of the Province, may be best inferred from his own words in
+his address to the Legislative Body, and his speech at the formation of
+the Agricultural Society, which are inserted in full in the Appendix to
+this short work.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+GENERAL DESCRIPTION.
+
+_Situation. Extent. Boundaries. Face of the Country. Soil, Animals.
+Mineral and Vegetable Productions. Inhabitants, Religion, and
+Government._
+
+
+New-Brunswick is situated between the forty-fifth and forty-ninth
+degrees of North latitude, and between the sixty-fourth and
+sixty-eighth degrees of West longitude. It is nearly 200 miles in
+length, and 180 in breadth, containing about twenty-two thousand square
+miles of land and water. It is bounded on the North by the river St.
+Lawrence and Canada, on the West by the State of Maine, on the South
+and Southeast by the Bay of Fundy and Nova-Scotia, and on the East by
+the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Bay Verte. It is divided into eight
+Counties, viz. St. John, Westmorland, King's, Queen's, Charlotte, York,
+Sunbury, and Northumberland, which are again divided into Parishes,
+according to their extent, and will be described when I come to treat
+of the Counties separately.
+
+This Province is watered with several fine rivers which lay open the
+inmost recesses of the country, and are of the utmost advantage to the
+inhabitants in transporting the products of the forests to the
+seaports, as their chief trade consists in lumber and other bulky
+articles. It likewise abounds in lakes, streams, springs, and rivulets,
+so that there are few places unprovided with good mill seats or water
+conveyance. It is diversified with beautiful acclivities, hills and
+mountains, some of which will be noticed in the course of this work.
+
+The appearance of the country along the Bay of Fundy is forbidding,
+rugged and broken, and the soil indifferent. Advancing from the
+sea-board into the interior the face of the country becomes more level,
+being interspersed with gentle risings and vales, with large strips of
+fertile intervals along the rivers, which being annually overflowed
+produce excellent crops. In many places along the margin of the rivers,
+the banks are high and abrupt, and to a stranger the land appears poor
+and hard to cultivate; but after rising the banks, and advancing a
+short distance from the water, the land becomes level, and the soil
+rich; being covered with a thick black mould, produced by the
+putrefaction of the leaves of the numerous trees with which the country
+is covered. In other parts the land rises with a beautiful slope from
+the water, offering many fine situations for buildings and seats. The
+land in some parts being a second intervale, and in others a good
+upland with a strong soil.
+
+Most of the rivers have numbers of fine Islands interspersed in their
+courses, which being chiefly formed by the washing of the currents,
+consist of rich alluvial soil, producing grain, roots and grass in the
+greatest luxuriance. These islands may be considered as the gardens of
+the country, which they enrich and beautify. The rapidity of the
+rivers, swoln by the melting of the snow in the spring, tears away the
+soil in some parts, and deposits it in others; by which means their
+courses are gradually altered; new Islands are formed, and alluvial
+soil accumulated in some parts of the rivers, while it is washed away
+in others; and this is more or less the case according to the looseness
+of the soil, and the bends of the river: so that a man may have a
+growing estate, or he may see his land diminishing from year to year
+without the power to remedy it.
+
+As most of the settlements are as yet confined to the margin of rivers
+and streams, the country a little back is a continued forest, covered
+with a stately growth of trees, consisting of pines, firs, spruce,
+hemlock, maple, birch, beech, ash, elm, poplar, hornbeam, &c. In some
+parts of the country white and red oak are found, but in no great
+quantity; although men who have ranged the woods in search of pine, say
+there are large groves in the interior. The islands are generally
+covered with butternut, basswood, elm, maple, alder, &c. and in some
+places the same trees are found on them, as on the high land in their
+vicinity.
+
+As the climate of a new country, abounding with lakes, rivers and
+streams, and covered with close woods, which exclude the sun, must be
+daily altering as the country becomes cleared and improved: I shall
+hereafter notice some of the changes that have taken place in the
+climate of this Province since it was settled by the Loyalists in 1783.
+
+The domestic animals in this Province are much the same as those in the
+United States; many of the horses and oxen used in the lumber business,
+being annually furnished by the Americans. The breed of horses has been
+improved by stallions imported at different periods from England and
+other places. In Cumberland the inhabitants have paid considerable
+attention to the improvement of the breed of horned cattle; in
+consequence of which, and the extensive marshes in that country, their
+dairies are superior to any in the Province. The sheep and swine are of
+a good size and various breeds. As Agriculture has been much neglected
+in this Province on account of the great trade that is carried on in
+lumber, not much attention has been paid to improving the domestic
+animals, till of late, a Society has been formed, and cattle
+exhibitions instituted, which no doubt will soon make an alteration in
+that part of the rural economy of the Province.
+
+The wild animals are not so numerous as formerly, and some species are
+nearly extinct. The Moose or Elk, which were found in great abundance
+when the loyalists first came to the province, were wantonly destroyed,
+being hunted for the skin, while their carcases were left in the woods,
+a few only being used for food, although their flesh is equal to the
+Ox, and would have supplied the destitute settlers with animal food for
+a long while, had there been any effectual means at that time to
+restrain the waste of the mercenary hunter. So great was the
+destruction of those valuable animals, that in a few years they totally
+disappeared. A few have lately been seen, and a law has been enacted
+for their preservation; but they can scarcely be reckoned among the
+present animals of the Province. The other wild animals are Bears,
+Foxes, Wolves, Caraboo, Sable, Loup-cervier, Peaconks, Racoon, Mink,
+Ground and Red Squirrels, Weasels, Muskrats, Wild Cats, Hares, &c. with
+that valuable animal the Beaver.
+
+The domestic Fowls are Turkies, Geese, Ducks, Hens, and other Poultry;
+and among the wild are, Partridges, Geese, Ducks, Pigeons, Owls, Crows,
+and Swans; with a variety of small Birds, which have nothing peculiar
+to render a particular description of them necessary. There are but few
+reptiles in the Province, and those are harmless.
+
+Most of the rivers are well stored with Salmon, Shad, Bass, Suckers,
+and Herrings, with abundance of small Fish, such as Trout, Perch, Chub,
+Smelt, Eels, &c. Cusks are taken in the winter, and Sturgeon are taken
+in some parts, but not often.
+
+The Bays and Harbors are well supplied with Cod, Pollock, Haddock, &c.
+Mackerel are taken in different places at the entrance of the Bay of
+Fundy, and along the coasts.
+
+But little can be said about the mineral or fossil productions of a
+country which is yet in its infancy, and where the industry of the
+inhabitants can be more profitably employed on the surface of the earth
+than in ransacking its bowels. Minerals cannot be procured and
+manufactured without money. To work mines effectually, many things are
+requisite that cannot be expected in a new country. Such as capitalists
+who can risk money on experiments, and wait a long time for returns:
+for all property employed in the first working of mines is uncertain.
+The next thing is abundance of cheap labour--then a demand for the
+articles produced; next to produce it of such a quality, and at such a
+price as to make it find a market: with many other considerations
+sufficient to deter men who feeling themselves straitened in pecuniary
+resources, see the necessity of employing what little they possess in
+the way that will give a sure and quick return; and to such persons,
+the surface of the country covered with pines, holds out a more
+inviting prospect than the concealed riches of the earth. From the
+appearance of the country, there is reason to believe it is rich in
+minerals, and that the mountains contain ores of different metals in
+abundance; but as no attempts of consequence have been made to procure
+specimens or assay them, it cannot be expected that any particular
+account of them could be given in this short work. It is probable the
+time is not far distant when men of intelligence will turn their
+attention to investigate scientifically the different natural
+productions of the Province. Coals are found in abundance at the Grand
+Lake, and specimens have been discovered in several other places, so as
+to leave no doubt of the Province being well stored with that useful
+article. Limestone of a good quality is found in different parts of the
+Province; particularly at the narrows, near the mouth of the river St.
+John, where there is not only sufficient for the use of the country;
+but to supply Europe and America for ages, should they need it. Gypsum
+is also found up the Bay, near Cumberland, and Manganese at Quaco.
+
+This Province abounds in different kinds of excellent Stone for
+building, and other purposes. Grindstones are manufactured in abundance
+for home use and exportation. Veins of Marble, of different species,
+have been discovered, some of which have been partially explored, and
+small quantities manufactured.
+
+The vegetable productions are, Wheat, Rye, Oats, Barley, Maize, Beans,
+Peas, Buckwheat and Flax, with a variety of Roots, Grasses, and
+Hortulan Plants.
+
+The fruits are Apples, Plums, Cherries, Currants, Gooseberries,
+Cranberries, Blue and Black Berries, Raspberries, Strawberries, and
+small Grapes, with a number of small wild fruits. Butter Nuts, a large
+oily nut, Beech Nuts, and Hazel Nuts are found in different parts of
+the country in abundance, and in many places serve for fattening hogs;
+particularly the Beech Nut, which after the severe frosts in the fall
+nearly cover the ground.
+
+There are no disorders peculiar to the climate. The air throughout most
+part of the year is very pure and the inhabitants in general enjoy a
+good share of health. Whether the observations that have been made of
+the Americans sooner decaying than Europeans will apply to the
+inhabitants of New-Brunswick cannot yet be ascertained; as the Province
+has not been long enough settled; but there is good reason to believe
+that with temperance and care the human frame will exist as long in
+vigor in the latter as in Europe.--Another remark as a proof of the
+former has been made which is that the human mind sooner arrives to
+maturity in America than in Europe; but this if true may be more owing
+to accidental than physical causes.
+
+Their earlier marriages likewise proves nothing as they arise from the
+peculiar circumstances of the different countries.
+
+The inhabitants of New-Brunswick may be classed as follows according to
+priority of settlement.
+
+1st. The Aborigines or Indians.
+
+2d. Acadians, being the descendants of the French who were allowed to
+remain in Nova-Scotia after it was ceded to the British. They were
+called the French neutrals--their descendants are at present settled in
+different parts of the Province and are considerably numerous and will
+be noticed with the Indians hereafter.
+
+The old Inhabitants, were those families who were settled in the
+Province before the conclusion of the American revolution, as already
+noticed. They were so called by the disbanded troops and refugees who
+came to the country in 1783, and the appellation is still applied to
+their descendants. Some of those were settled at Maugerville where they
+had made considerable improvements before the loyalists came to the
+country. A few of the old stock are still living, having attained to a
+great age. Their descendants are however numerous, and by
+intermarriages with the new comers, spread over every part of the
+Province.
+
+The next and most numerous class of inhabitants are the descendants of
+the Loyalists who came to the Province at the conclusion of the
+American revolution, and whose sufferings I have already slightly
+noticed.--These are the descendants of those genuine patriots who
+sacrificed their property and comfort in the United States for their
+attachment to that Government under which they drew their first breath;
+and came to this Province (at that period a wilderness) to transmit
+those blessings to their posterity. For although many of them belonged
+to the army and were sent here to be disbanded, they had formerly been
+comfortably settled in the States; and when it came to the trying point
+whether they should forsake their homes or abandon their King, the
+former was preferred without hesitation, although many of them had
+young families and the choice was made at the risk of life, and also
+with the change of habit from the peaceful yeoman to the bustle of a
+camp.--As however the choice was made with promptness so it was
+persevered in with constancy.
+
+The other inhabitants are emigrants from different parts of Europe. In
+some parts they have obtained allotments of land and are settled a
+number of families together, in other places again they are intermixed
+with the other settlers and by intermarriages, &c. are assimilating as
+one people: proving themselves in many instances, good subjects, and
+valuable members of society.
+
+The last class that I shall notice are the people of Colour, or
+Negroes.--These are found in considerable numbers in different parts of
+the Province. In some parts a number of families are settled together
+as farmers; but they do not make good settlers, being of a volatile
+disposition, much addicted to dissipation; they are impatient of
+labour, and in general fitter for performing menial offices about
+houses as domestics, than the more important, but laborious duties of
+farmers.--In their persons, the inhabitants of New-Brunswick are well
+made, tall and athletic. There are but few of those born in the
+country, but what have attained to a larger growth than their parents.
+
+The genius of these people differ greatly from Europeans--the human
+mind in new countries left to itself exerts its full energy; hence in
+America where man has in most cases to look to himself for the supply
+of his wants, his mind expands, and possesses resources within itself
+unknown to the inhabitants of old settled countries, or populous
+cities. In New-Brunswick, a man with his axe and a few other simple
+tools, provides himself with a house and most of his implements of
+husbandry,--and while a European would consider himself as an outcast,
+he feels perfectly at home in the depth of the forest. In new countries
+likewise the mind acquires those ideas of self-importance and
+independence so peculier to Americans. For the man who spends the
+greater part of his time alone in the forest, as free as the beasts
+that range it without controul, his wants but simple and those supplied
+from day to day by his own exertions, acquires totally different habits
+of acting and thinking, from the great mass of the people in crowded
+cities, who finding themselves pressed on all sides, and depending on
+others from day to day for precarious support, are confirmed in habits
+of dependence.
+
+Hence the inhabitants of this Province are men who possess much native
+freedom in their manners. This, from their veneration to their King
+makes them faithful subjects and good citizens, not blindly passive,
+but from affection adhering to that Government under which they drew
+their first breath and under which they have been reared.
+
+In noticing the state of religion in this Province, it may not be amiss
+to observe that the old inhabitants who came originally from
+New-England, where the genius of their church government was
+republican, were generally Calvinistic in their modes and doctrine;
+while the loyalists and others who came to the country in 1783, were
+generally Churchmen, Quakers, or Methodists. The Emigrants who have
+come since that period include all the above denominations.
+
+The Church of England is in a flourishing state in this Province; there
+are nineteen Clergymen belonging to the establishment who are under the
+jurisdiction of the Bishop of Nova-Scotia. Many of them have handsome
+churches with numerous congregations. Two of them are employed as
+Itinerants for the vacant districts of the Province, and several of the
+others serve two or more Parishes--An Ecclesiastical Commissary has the
+superintendence of the whole.
+
+The Catholics have a few Chapels and appear to be on the increase.
+Their congregations are chiefly composed of Emigrant Irish, French, and
+Indians.--There are six Clergymen in the Province, some of whom are
+settled and others are employed as Missionaries among the scattered
+French and Indians.
+
+There are but two Ministers of the Kirk of Scotland in the Province;
+they have handsome churches in Saint John and St. Andrews. There are
+however a number of Seceders from the Presbyterian form of Church
+Government, but all holding the doctrines of Calvin; several of them
+have commodious places of worship, and respectable congregations.
+
+There are no places of worship belonging to the Quakers in this
+Province. There are however, a few of these primitive worshippers
+scattered through the country, who joining sincerity and honesty with
+plainness, are excellent members of society.
+
+The Methodists are a numerous and respectable body of people. There are
+four Wesleyan Missionaries in this Province, with a number of Methodist
+Preachers, who although not immediately in connection with the
+Missionaries, adhere strictly to the old Methodist discipline and
+doctrine; and usually attend the Conferences, which are held once a
+year, either in Nova-Scotia or New-Brunswick; where the Missionaries
+for the two Provinces and the adjacent Islands assemble to arrange the
+different stations of their Preachers and regulate the affairs temporal
+and spiritual of that body. At these conferences young Preachers are
+admitted on trial, and probationers who have laboured four years in the
+Ministry to the satisfaction of the Conference, are taken into full
+connection.
+
+The Baptists are the descendants of those followers of Mr. WHITFIELD,
+who formerly were very numerous under the denomination of New-Lights.
+About 25 or 30 years ago, a change in their forms and discipline took
+place among the leaders in Nova-Scotia, who adopted the mode of
+Baptizing only Adults, and the other tenets of the old Baptists whose
+name they also assumed. There are however a few of the New-Lights still
+scattered through the country, who carrying the levelling spirit into
+their religion, do not like order of any kind. They style themselves
+Baptists, Christians, &c. The Baptists on the contrary have a formula
+of faith comprised in seventeen articles, and are very strict in church
+government. They are a numerous class of people, and have several fine
+Chapels; they have however but few settled Ministers, not having as yet
+made sufficient provision to supply their members with a stated
+Ministry. They regulate their affairs by an annual association.
+
+In general a desire for the christian Ministry is increasing in the
+Province.--Places of worship are erecting in most of the settlements,
+and such other provision for the support of the Gospel provided as the
+abilities of the settlers will admit.
+
+The Government of New-Brunswick, like most of the British Colonies, is
+Royal and a miniature of the parent state. The other forms originally
+established in the Colonies and Plantations were charter and
+proprietory governments, which of late years have mostly given place to
+royal or monarchial governments, after the British model.
+
+The Governor has a Council consisting of twelve Members, to assist him
+in the discharge of the executive duties of his station. These with the
+representatives from the different Counties constitute the Provincial
+Legislature.
+
+The principal Courts established in the Province are the following.--
+
+The Court of Chancery, which is a Prerogative Court, as well as a Court
+of Equity. The Lieutenant-Governor, or Commander-in-Chief is
+Chancellor, and the Justices of the Supreme Court Assignees.
+
+The Court of Governor and Council, for hearing and determining Causes
+relating to Marriage and Divorce.
+
+The Supreme Court of Judicature for the Province is held in
+Fredericton. It consists of the Chief Justice and three Assistant
+Judges. The Terms are the third Tuesday of February and May, and the
+second Tuesday of July and October. The Jurisdiction of this Court is
+very extensive, partaking of the power of the Courts of King's Bench,
+Exchequer, Common Pleas, and other Courts in England. All civil causes
+of importance and capital cases are determined in this Court. The
+present Chief Justice SAUNDERS, who presides in this Court, the reader
+will observe, was a Member of the first Council in the Province. He has
+ever since been actively employed in the first stations in the country,
+which he has filled with the greatest ability and integrity. He is the
+only survivor capable of filling a public station among all those who
+bore a share in the public concerns of the Province on its first
+erection into a separate Government under Governor CARLETON. The salary
+of the Chief Justice is L700 or L750 sterling. The other Justices have
+each L500 sterling per annum. The Justices, besides attending the
+Supreme Court at the Seat of Government, hold Circuit Courts in the
+different Counties.
+
+The Inferior Court of Common Pleas consists of two, three, or more
+Justices, who preside occasionally. They are assisted by the
+Magistrates of the County. Here civil causes that do not involve
+property to a great amount are determined, as are also crimes and
+misdemeanors not affecting life. The Grand Inquest of the County
+attends this Court, when Bills of Indictment are found, which if
+involving matters above its Jurisdiction, are handed over to the
+Supreme Court for trial. Most of the Police of the Counties and
+Parishes is regulated by this Court, which is held half-yearly or
+quarterly in the several Counties, as the public business may require.
+Here the parish officers are appointed, parish and county taxes
+apportioned; the accounts from the different parishes audited;
+retailers and innkeepers licensed and regulated, &c. In short, this
+Court exercises in many respects the same powers in the several
+Counties, in regard to their internal police, as those that are
+exercised by the Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty of incorporated
+Cities.
+
+Besides these Courts there is a summary mode of recovering debts under
+five pounds before a single Magistrate.
+
+The Legislature of New-Brunswick, like most of the British Colonies, is
+a miniature of the British Parliament, consisting of the
+Lieutenant-Governor, the Council, and House of Representatives. The
+Governor represents the King. The Council form the upper House, in
+humble imitation of the House of Lords in England; and the
+Representatives from the different Counties forming the lower House, or
+House of Assembly. The number of Representatives for the several
+Counties is as follows: For the Counties of St. John, Westmorland,
+Charlotte, and York, four each; the Counties of King's, Queen's,
+Sunbury and Northumberland, two each; and two for the City of St. John,
+making in all twenty-six. This representation, the reader will observe,
+is very unequal. The County of Saint John, which includes the City,
+having two more members than the extensive County of York, which
+includes the Seat of Government; and the County of Sunbury, which is
+not as large as some parishes in the other counties, has as many
+members as the County of Northumberland, which comprises over one-third
+of the Province. It must indeed be admitted that Saint John and Sunbury
+are far better settled than Northumberland; but when we look at the
+great extent of the latter, the numerous settlements and great trade in
+that part of the Province, we must allow that the inhabitants of that
+part of the country have not an equal share of what may be considered
+the bulwark of liberty--namely, a fair representation. Six members at
+least, would not be out of proportion for that large County.
+
+The Assembly sits in the winter at Fredericton: the sessions continue
+from six to seven weeks. Its chief business is in managing the
+provincial revenue, providing for schools, roads, &c. and making such
+laws as the state and trade of the Province may from time to time
+require. When laws are enacted that interfere with Acts of Parliament,
+they are transmitted to the King, with a suspending clause, and are not
+in force until they receive the royal approbation.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+_Climate. Produce._
+
+
+As New-Brunswick lies in nearly the same parallel of latitude as Paris,
+Vienna, and other places in Europe, it would be natural to suppose the
+climate would be similar to those places; but it must be observed that
+cold is found to predominate on the continent of America. Hence in
+places under the same parallels, the differences between the old and
+new continents, with regard to cold, is very great, and this difference
+increases as you advance from the equator. This has been supposed by
+Dr. Robertson and others to arise from the western situation of
+America, and its approaching the pole nearer than Europe or Asia, and
+from the immense continent stretching from the St. Lawrence towards the
+pole and to the westward; and also from the enormous chain of mountains
+which extend to an unknown distance through that frozen region, covered
+with eternal snow and frost; over which the wind in its passage
+acquires that piercing keenness which is felt as far as the Gulf of
+Mexico, but more severely in the Canadas, New-Brunswick, and
+Nova-Scotia.
+
+The prevailing winds, from October to April, are from the north and
+north-west, during most of which period the air, though frequently
+intensely keen, is clear and healthy. December is a temperate, pleasant
+winter month. In January the heavy falls of snow commence, and the
+drifting storms prevail chiefly in February and March; but these are
+not so frequent as formerly, and the major part of the winter is clear,
+hard weather.
+
+In April the spring commences, and the winds are chiefly from the east
+north-east, which occasion dull, heavy weather. The rivers, lakes, and
+streams break up this month. As May advances, the weather becomes
+settled, and the mornings are uncommonly fine. The sun, which rises a
+little after four o'clock, diffuses his beams in full splendor through
+an unclouded sky. This is the usual month for sowing and planting on
+the high land. The intervale and low lands are generally later in
+drying, and are generally cultivated in June. The prevailing winds in
+the summer are from the south and south-west, veering at times to the
+eastward, but never continuing long to the north-west. In the first
+part of June the cold is considerable at night, frequently attended
+with frosts, particularly at the changes of the moon, which sometimes
+injure the early flowering fruits; and it is not till after the summer
+solstice that the night air loses its chilliness. This is no doubt
+occasioned by the snow, which lies undissolved in the deep recesses of
+the forest, as well as by the waters of the numerous rivers, lakes, &c.
+all which are swoln at this season; and by the cold acquired by the
+earth during the winter, which requires the full effect of the sun's
+influence, till late in June, before it is sufficiently heated. As soon
+as the earth is so thoroughly warmed that the nights lose their chill,
+vegetation becomes surprisingly rapid. In a few days, plants that
+appeared yellow and stunted, assume a deep green, and show a vigorous
+growth; and in less than a week, should a shower intervene, the face of
+the country exhibits the most luxurious vegetation, sufficient to
+astonish those who have only been familiar with temperate climates.
+
+September is a pleasant month: the air is serene and pure. The rivers
+and streams are usually lower this month than at any other period
+during the year, and the dry weather frequently continues till late in
+October. Snow falls sometimes early in November, and lays till late in
+April; but this does not always hold. The rivers and lakes freeze up
+about the middle of this month, some sooner and others later, according
+to their situation. It is not uncommon to have frost in all the months
+in the year except July: for, as was observed before, it seldom escapes
+at the changes of the moon in June, and it frequently happens at the
+full in August, particularly on small streams. If, however, it passes
+that period, it generally keeps off till late in September. A stranger
+would naturally conclude from this account, that the season was too
+short and frosty for crops to come to maturity; but this is not the
+case. Roots come to perfection and grain gets ripe in most years; wheat
+being oftener hurt by the rust than the frost. The springs are indeed
+backward; but vegetation is exceeding rapid, and the autumns are
+uncommonly fine. The changes of the weather are frequently very sudden.
+Often in the space of two hours, (in the seasons of fall and spring,)
+changing from the mild temperature of September to the rigor of winter.
+This is chiefly occasioned by the wind: for while it blows from any of
+the points from the S.W. to the N.E. the air is mild; but when it veers
+from the N.E. to the N.W. it becomes cold and clear; and as it
+frequently shifts very suddenly, the transition from heat to cold is
+equally short. Even in the sultry month of July, whenever the wind
+changes for a few hours to the N.W. the air becomes cool, elastic, and
+invigorating. This, as was before noticed, is occasioned by its passing
+over the immense continent to the northwestward, and Hudson's Bay to
+the northward. On the contrary, when the winds are from the southward
+and S.E. they are mild and relaxing, retaining a portion of the heat
+acquired in the torrid zone. The changes, however, are not always so
+violent. The weather often both in winter and summer, continues for
+weeks with little alteration in the temperature, and changes
+imperceptibly. The coldest weather generally felt in the country, is on
+or near the full moon in January; for it is not till after the cold has
+had some time to exert its full influence and chill the earth, that the
+full rigor of winter is experienced. The same is the case with the
+greatest heat in summer, being in July, after the sun has for some time
+exerted his full influence on the earth.--From observations made by
+several persons, it is well understood that a gradual change has been
+taking place in the climate on the American continent within a century
+past. The change in this Province since 1783, has been very great--the
+summers having abated much of their former heat, and the winters grown
+proportionately milder. Neither are there such excessive droughts in
+summer, as formerly; the seasons being cooler, with more rain; neither
+does the snow accumulate to such a depth on the earth. This may arise
+not so much from a less quantity falling, as from the frequent thaws
+which now take place in the winter season.
+
+For several years prior to 1816, the seasons had been growing gradually
+cooler--less warmth being felt on a mean in each succeeding year till
+1816, when the cold appeared to have arrived at its acme; for in that
+year it appeared to predominate: from whatever cause has not yet been
+ascertained. Some ascribed it to spots on the sun's disc; others
+supposed that large masses of ice had been detached from the shores of
+Greenland, and floated so near America as to occasion the uncommon
+chill of the air,--with other conjectures of a like nature, totally
+unsatisfactory. For spots have frequently been observed on the sun, and
+it would require an immense quantity of ice to produce any permanent
+effect.--Whatever might have been the cause, it is certain the genial
+warmth of the sun appeared nearly lost: for when shining in meridian
+splendour in the months of June and July, a cold rigorous air was felt.
+There was a fall of snow, which was general over the Province and
+extended to the United States, on the 7th June, to the depth of three
+or four inches in the northern parts of the country. This was followed
+by severe frosts in every month in that year. The crops were very
+light: fields of wheat were totally destroyed. Even the never failing
+potatoe was chilled and did not yield half a crop.
+
+After this year the seasons began slowly to improve; but the shock
+given to agriculture, by the failure of several crops, brought great
+distress on the poor, and gave a check to the prosperity of the
+Province. So great was the distress of the country, that the
+Legislature applied L6,000 to be laid out in seed and provisions, and
+advanced to such as were in want on a credit. For a few years back the
+seasons have been favorable to agriculture; but the extremes of heat
+and cold in winter and summer are not so great, and the rains are more
+generally diffused through the year than formerly.
+
+I have been thus particular in noticing the changes of the seasons, as
+I think it would be a great advantage to the Province if a correct
+register of the weather was kept, and the changes of the seasons
+particularly attended to, as it would furnish data to guide the farmer
+in his crops, by sowing more of the hardy grains, such as oats, barley,
+peas, &c. as the seasons, (judging by a comparison with former years)
+was likely to be warm or frosty; and not running so much on Indian
+corn, which always requires hot seasons. Had this been attended to in
+the cold seasons, less distress would have been felt in the country, as
+oats, barley, &c. generally did well, when the other crops failed.
+
+As I observed before, several causes have been assigned for the
+difference between the climate of Europe and America, by persons who
+have investigated that subject. But the causes of the alteration that
+has taken place in the seasons in North America, remain yet a
+desideratum with the learned. Whether the alteration is occasioned by
+the precession of the equinoxes, or by the position of our globe with
+the other planets, (for changes no doubt are taking place in the great
+system of the universe, which, though slow, must produce powerful
+effects,) or from whatever cause it may be, the effects are visible,
+and cannot reasonably be wholly ascribed to the improvement of the
+country, or any alteration that has taken place in it.
+
+New-Brunswick appears to be but little liable to the great convulsions
+of nature, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, &c. There has
+been but one shock of an earthquake experienced by the present
+inhabitants since they have settled the country. This shock happened on
+the 22d May, 1817, at 25 minutes past three o'clock in the morning. The
+duration of the shock was about 45 seconds. It was attended with the
+usual rumbling noise, without thunder, the weather being very serene
+and pleasant. The appearances, however, usually indicating earthquakes,
+such as fiery meteors, the uncommon brilliancy of the aurora borealis,
+&c. had been frequent the winter preceding.
+
+I shall now proceed to notice the principal grains, roots, and grasses
+cultivated in the Province, and give as correct an account of their
+produce, &c. as the imperfect state of the agriculture of the country
+will allow.
+
+Wheat is sown from five pecks to two bushels to an acre, and yields
+from twelve to twenty-four bushels per acre. Twenty bushels is a good
+crop, on new land, although it sometimes produces more, when the soil
+is very rich and the season favourable. On old land the return is from
+ten to fifteen bushels per acre, the mean is about twelve. Rye is grown
+on inferior lands. It takes about the same quantity of seed to the
+acre, and gives much the same returns.
+
+Oats are much cultivated in this country, and generally turn out a good
+crop. The quantity of seed is from two to three bushels, and the
+produce from twenty to thirty bushels per acre. Barley is not much
+cultivated, although it would do well as a substitute in frosty
+seasons.
+
+Buckwheat is a grain that gives a large return for the quantity sown.
+It is raised on lands that are too poor to produce good crops of the
+other grains, and sown later in the season, so that the greatest summer
+heat may be past before the grain is formed in the ear; for should
+there be a few very hot days when the grain is in the milk, the crop
+would be destroyed. The same would be the case, if a slight frost
+should strike it in that stage. If, however, it escapes these
+casualties, to which it is liable, it turns out a good crop, yielding
+from forty to sixty bushels to an acre. There is a species of wild
+Buckwheat, which is a surer crop, but of an inferior quality.
+
+Millet has lately been introduced into the Province. It is said to do
+well on most lands, but has not been much attended to.
+
+Indian Corn or Maize, flourishes in high perfection on the intervales,
+which are generally composed of alluvial soil. It is usually planted in
+hills nearly four feet asunder. Five grains is the usual quantity for a
+hill. It is a plant that requires a light rich soil, old manure, and
+hot seasons; should these requisites concur, a good crop may be
+expected. It is usually hoed thrice, and produces from twenty-five to
+forty bushels per acre.
+
+Pease are a hardy grain, and produce from ten to fifteen bushels to an
+acre.
+
+Beans are usually set in drills; they thrive well on light sandy lands,
+but are not much cultivated in the country.
+
+Among the ground crops or roots, the most valuable is the Potatoe--a
+root that can never be sufficiently prized, as affording one of the
+most productive and surest substitutes for bread of any known, and
+without which it would have been extremely difficult to have colonized
+these Provinces. This may be reckoned the surest crop, and is
+peculiarly well adapted to new countries, as it thrives best on new
+burnt land. The usual and simplest method of cultivating this root is
+by planting cuttings of it in hills, about three feet asunder. This
+method is peculiarly convenient on land newly cut down, as the seed is
+set with the hoe between the stumps and roots with which the ground is
+covered, and where the plough or harrow could be of no service. They
+are generally hoed once in the season, and turn out in the fall a large
+crop of clean, smooth potatoes, of a superior flavour to those grown on
+old lands. The produce is from 150 to 200 bushels from an acre;
+although they sometimes greatly exceed that quantity.--They are an
+excellent crop for improving new lands; for as the culture is all
+performed with the hoe or hack, the small roots of the stumps are
+destroyed in planting and digging; for wherever there is room to drop
+an eye, it never fails to vegetate, working under roots and around
+stones, so that in the autumn the farmer has frequently to cut away or
+dig under roots for his crop, which often exceeds his expectation. In
+some parts of the Province, where the lands have been long in
+cultivation, drilling is practised, and the labour chiefly performed
+with the plough and harrow; and of late the Irish method of setting
+them in beds has been introduced. There are many varieties of this root
+cultivated in the Province; but no attention has been paid to renewing
+the seed from the ball, which no doubt would improve the quality as
+well as the produce.
+
+Several kinds of Turnips are cultivated in this Province; the best of
+which is the ruta-baga, or Swedish turnip. This is an excellent root
+and cultivated with great success, particularly on new lands. They
+differ from the common field turnip, being of a firm texture they keep
+the year round; while the common turnip turns soft and unfit for use
+after the winter sets in. They, however, answer a good purpose for
+early use and for cattle, being sown late in July, after the other
+crops are out of the way. The Swedish turnip is sown early in June. All
+the sowing in this country is broad-cast, the method of drilling being
+scarcely known.
+
+The other roots are, beets, carrots, parsnips, onions, radishes, &c.
+which are chiefly cultivated in gardens. There are a variety of
+cabbages, sallads, cauliflowers, squashes, &c. which are also
+cultivated in the gardens with great success.
+
+The principal grasses produced in the country, are white and red
+clover, timothy, lucerne, browntop, &c. Good uplands produce one and a
+half tons per acre, and the intervale from two to three tons. There are
+several species of wild grass, such as blue-joint, &c. found in
+meadows, in the woods, and along streams, which make very good food for
+young stock.
+
+As no regular catalogue of the various species of indigenous plants has
+yet been made in this country, it would be useless to attempt anything
+like a correct, minute enumeration of them in this concise sketch. I
+shall, therefore, prosecute this part of the subject no farther, as I
+think the time is not far distant when this branch of the rural economy
+of the Province will be particularly attended to; and that the
+Societies which have lately been formed for that purpose, will not only
+develope and improve the native productions of the country, but
+introduce different species of exotics, as they find them answer the
+soil and climate.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+PRINCIPAL RIVERS AND TOWNS.
+
+_River St. Croix. St. John. Miramichi. Mars-Hill. City of St. John.
+Fredericton. St. Andrews._
+
+
+Having in the preceding chapters given a brief sketch of the settlement
+and face of the country, and noticed its climate, productions, &c. I
+shall now proceed to give a short description of the principal rivers,
+mountains, and towns, beginning with the
+
+
+RIVER SAINT CROIX.
+
+This river was made the boundary between the territories of His
+Britannic Majesty and the United States, by the treaty of 1783 which
+describes the bounds as follows, viz. "That angle, which is formed by a
+line drawn due north from the source of the St. Croix river to the
+Highlands, along the said Highlands which divide these rivers that
+empty themselves into the river St. Lawrence from those which fall into
+the Atlantic Ocean to the northwesternmost head of Connecticut river;
+thence down along the middle of that river to the 45th degree of north
+latitude, from thence by a line due west on said latitude until it
+strikes the river Iroquois, or Cataraquy," &c.
+
+The boundaries thus described, have caused considerable difficulty
+between the two Governments, in discovering which is the height of land
+mentioned in the treaty; and in regard to the St. Croix, it is supposed
+that the British Commissioners were totally unacquainted with the river
+in question, and not aware that the lines proposed, if run according to
+the American construction of the treaty, would separate the British
+Provinces of New-Brunswick and Canada. It is also probable that it was
+not precisely known at that time what river was meant by the St. Croix,
+but that another river, more to the westward, might have been intended.
+This uncertainty about the rivers at that time might have arisen from
+the general name of St. Croix, which was given by Europeans to all the
+rivers falling into the Bay of Fundy, occasioned by the French on their
+first landing in the country, having erected crosses at different
+points, and named the places from that circumstance, the country of the
+Holy Cross. However it may have happened, difficulties ensued in
+ascertaining the precise Islands in the Bay of Passamaquoddy belonging
+to each power, and the Highlands meant by the treaty of 1783. This
+induced the Commissioners of the two Powers at the treaty of Ghent to
+provide against any misunderstanding on these points for the future, by
+the fourth and fifth articles of that treaty. The fifth article,
+bearing particularly on this point, states that "Whereas neither that
+point of the Highlands, lying due north from the source of the river
+St. Croix, designated in the former treaty of peace between the two
+powers, as the north-west angle of Nova-Scotia, nor the
+northwesternmost head of Connecticut river, have yet been ascertained:
+and whereas that part of the boundary line between the dominions of the
+two powers, which extends from the source of the river St. Croix,
+directly north to the above-mentioned north-west angle of Nova-Scotia,
+thence along the said Highlands which divide those rivers that empty
+themselves into the St. Lawrence, from those which fall into the
+Atlantic ocean to the north-westernmost head of Connecticut river,
+thence down along the middle of that river to the 45th degree of north
+latitude, thence by a line due west on said latitude, until it strikes
+the river Iroquois or Cataraquy, has not yet been surveyed, it is
+agreed that for these several purposes two Commissioners shall be
+appointed, sworn, and authorized, to act exactly in the manner directed
+with respect to those mentioned in the next preceding article, unless
+otherwise specified in the present article. The said Commissioners
+shall meet at St. Andrews, in the Province of New-Brunswick, and shall
+have power to adjourn to such other place or places as they shall think
+fit. The said Commissioners shall have power to ascertain and determine
+the points above-mentioned, in conformity with the provisions of the
+said treaty of peace of 1783, and shall cause the boundaries aforesaid,
+from the source of the river St. Croix to the river Iroquois or
+Cataraquy to be surveyed and marked according to the said provisions:
+the Commissioners shall make a map of the said boundary, and annex to
+it a declaration under their hands and seals, certifying it to be the
+true map of the said boundary, and particularizing the latitude and
+longitude of the north-west angle of Nova-Scotia, of the
+north-westernmost head of Connecticut river, and of such other points
+of the said boundary as they may deem proper. And both parties agree to
+consider such map and declaration as finally and conclusively fixing
+the said boundary. And in the event of the said Commissioners differing
+or both or either of them refusing, declining, or wilfully omitting to
+act, such reports, declarations, or statements shall be made by them,
+or either of them, and such reference to a friendly sovereign or state
+shall be made in all respects, as in the latter part of the fourth
+article is contained."--The fourth article here alluded to provides
+that "such sovereign or state shall decide ex-parte upon the said
+report alone, and His Britannic Majesty and the Government of the
+United States engage to consider the decision of such friendly
+sovereign or state to be final and conclusive on all matters to them
+referred."--Notwithstanding these precautions on the part of the Agents
+of the two Governments, the points alluded to are not yet ascertained
+or settled.
+
+But to resume the description of the river. The St. Croix has two main
+branches, one inclines to the eastward, and communicates with a chain
+of lakes, some of which are of considerable extent, and lie near a
+branch of the Penobscot river. The other turns to the westward. From
+this branch there is a route by a succession of lakes and short
+portages to the waters that fall into the river St. John. The lands on
+the banks of this river are of good quality, and have been well
+timbered; most of the pine has been cut off, but there is still
+abundance of other timber, consisting of the harder woods, spruce,
+firs, &c. There are mills erected on different parts of this river,
+which furnish a great quantity of sawed lumber annually.
+
+There are several falls in the river, which obstruct the navigation.
+There are, however, several fine settlements along its banks, and the
+adjoining country is first improving.
+
+
+RIVER SAINT JOHN.
+
+This noble river encircles a large portion of New-Brunswick, and may be
+considered as the principal drain of those numerous rivers and streams
+with which the Province is intersected. Winding in an irregular
+semi-circle, it traverses an extent of about five hundred miles, and
+falls into the Bay of Fundy nearly in the same parallel of latitude in
+which it takes its rise.
+
+It may not be improper to observe, that most of the rivers and streams
+in this country were originally named by the Indians, who generally, by
+the names they give, wish to signify something peculiar to the thing
+named; consequently the Indian name of this river, which they call
+"Looshtook," signifies long river.--It rises from lakes near the head
+of Connecticut river, between the 45th and 46th degrees of north
+latitude, and stretches to the northward, beyond the 47th degree of
+north latitude, where it receives the waters of the Madawaska river,
+which rises near the St. Lawrence. It then inclines to the southward,
+and continues its course uninterrupted, receiving several large
+streams, till it arrives at the Grand Falls, in lat. 46 deg. 54'. Here
+its channel is broken by a chain of rocks, which run across the river at
+this place, over which its waters are precipitated with resistless
+impetuosity. The river, just above the cataract, makes a short bend of
+nearly a right angle, forming a small bay a few rods above the
+precipice, in which there is an eddy, which makes it a safe landing
+place, although very near the main precipice, where canoes pass with
+the greatest safety. Immediately below this bay, the river suddenly
+contracts. A point of rocks project from the western shore and narrow
+the channel to the width of a few rods. The waters thus pent up sweep
+over the rugged bottom with great rapidity; just before they reach the
+main precipice they rush down a descent of some feet, and rebound in
+foam from a bed of rocks on the edge of the fall. They are then
+precipitated down perpendicular cliffs of about forty-five feet in
+height, into an abyss studded with rocks, which nearly choke the
+passage, leaving only a small opening in the centre, through which the
+water, after whirling for some time in the bason, rushes with
+tremendous impetuosity, sweeping through a broken rocky channel and a
+succession of falls for more than half a mile, being closely pent up
+with rocks, which in some places overhang the river so as to hide most
+part of it from the view of the observer. Trees and timber, which are
+carried down the falls, are sometimes whirled round in the bason below
+the precipice till they are ground to pieces; sometimes their ends are
+tapered to a point, and at other times broken or crushed in different
+places. Below the falls there is another small bay with a good depth of
+still water, very convenient for collecting timber, &c. after it has
+escaped through the falls. Here the canoes and boats from Fredericton
+and different parts of the river land, and if bound for Madawaska they
+are taken out of the water and carried or drawn, as well as their
+loads, across the isthmus to the small bay above the falls before
+mentioned, where they are again put in the water, and proceed without
+any farther interruption to the upper settlements and the Canada line.
+The distance of the portage, including the windings of the road up the
+hill is about 100 rods from water to water. Flat bottomed boats, from
+fifteen to twenty tons burthen, can come from St. John to this place,
+which is a distance of about two hundred and twenty-three miles. No
+larger craft than canoes have as yet been used above the falls. This
+has not arisen from any defect in the river, which above the falls is
+smooth and of sufficient depth for large vessels; but from the habits
+of the French settlers, who are partial to canoes, which they set
+through the rapids with poles at a great rate, and with which they
+shoot the cataracts and rapids with great address.
+
+About a mile below the landing place a succession of rapids commence.
+The first from their appearance are called the white rapids. The banks
+are here every high, and the water being pent up by a narrow channel,
+rushes through the beds of rocks which nearly cross the river, and
+whirling about in their passage are forced over and around the crags in
+sheets of foam. A few miles below the falls the river is increased by
+the junction of the Salmon, Restook, and Tobique rivers, which will be
+noticed hereafter. It then continues its course without interruption,
+receiving every few miles some considerable streams, till it reaches
+the Maductic Falls. Its course is nearly south, and its width about a
+quarter of a mile, occasionally widening and contracting from the Grand
+Falls to Woodstock, where it widens to near a mile and forms several
+fine Islands. It afterwards diminishes, and strips of intervale narrow
+its bed.
+
+At the Maductic Falls its channel is again nearly choked up with rocks.
+The navigation, however, is not totally interrupted, for rafts, boats,
+and small craft in their descent are run through the falls by persons
+well acquainted with the channel; and in their ascent they are towed
+through with men or horses, and but few accidents happen, considering
+the numbers that navigate the river.
+
+As the bed of the river is frequently encumbered with rocks and
+sand-bars, the navigation is very difficult at the dry time of the
+year. The current is likewise swift in many places, and rapids are
+frequent, till within six miles of Fredericton, where they end.
+
+About nine miles above Fredericton the river suddenly widens and
+receives the Madam-Keswick. Here is a group of fertile islands, some of
+which are over a mile in length, and nearly as broad. At Fredericton
+the river is about three quarters of a mile wide, and flows with a
+beautiful unbroken current to the falls near the City of Saint John.--A
+number of fine Islands are scattered in different parts of its bed.
+These Islands are composed of rich alluvial soil, and produce large
+crops of grass and grain. Being formed by the washings of the river,
+they are like garden spots scattered through the country. About nine
+miles from St. John the river widens into a bay nearly six miles long
+and three wide. The river Kennebeckasis falls into this bay. At the
+foot of the bay it suddenly contracts, and winds through a crooked
+passage called the narrows, and again opens and forms a small bay
+directly above the falls. Here the current is again broken by a bed of
+rocks, and suddenly contracted by the near approach of the banks which
+appear to have been formerly united and forced asunder by some
+convulsion of nature. From the appearance of the rocks on each side it
+is probable that the water having been pent up in the small bay just
+noticed, have in their efforts to escape undermined the land and rocks
+at this place, and forced a subterraneous passage, which by wearing,
+aided by some violent concussion, has caused the rocks to fall in, when
+the earth being washed away by the rapidity of the current, has left
+the present passage open, and that the split-rock and the bed of the
+channel is part of the former overhanging rocks.
+
+For that the bed of the channel consists of cragged rocks of various
+shapes and sizes, is evident from the whirlpools and eddies at that
+place. These falls make a tremendous roaring at certain periods. After
+passing the falls, it forms the harbour of St. John, and falls into the
+Bay of Fundy in lat. 45 deg. 20' N.
+
+The spring tides at St. John rise from twenty-four to twenty-eight
+feet. The body of the river is seventeen and a half feet above low
+water mark. When the tide has flowed twelve feet, the falls are smooth
+and passable from fifteen to twenty minutes. They are level three and a
+half hours on the flood, and two and a half on the ebb, and passable
+four times in twenty-four hours. Above the falls the tides rise four
+feet. At Maugerville, seventy miles up the river, they rise from one to
+two feet; at Fredericton from six to ten inches, and are perceivable
+nine miles above that place, varying according to the phases of the
+moon. In the spring, the river, swoln with rains and the melting of the
+snow and ice, rises higher than the tides, which prevents vessels from
+ascending the falls for some weeks.
+
+
+RIVER MIRAMICHI.
+
+This is one of the finest rivers for lumber in the Province. Its banks
+as well as the banks of the numerous streams that fall into it, are
+covered with pines of the finest growth, which appear to be almost
+inexhaustable, for although lumbering has been prosecuted on this river
+to a great extent for a number of years past, there is still abundance
+found by going a little back from the water. It is indeed the main
+source of the trade of the large County of Northumberland. One hundred
+and forty-one thousand three hundred and eighty-four tons of timber
+were shipped at the port of Miramichi in 1824. Rafts are taken down
+this river with the greatest safety to the shipping, which load at
+different places from the mouth of the river up to Fraser's Island. It
+has two main branches called the north-west and south-west, which run a
+great way into the country, and with their numerous streams lay open
+the inmost recesses of this extensive County. Several fine islands lay
+in the course of this river, covered with elm, ash, butternut, &c.
+which invariably denote the most luxurious soil. Its waters are well
+stored with excellent salmon and other fish, which are caught here in
+great abundance. There are several settlements along this river, none
+of which merit a particular description, the improvement of the country
+being neglected for lumbering. The branches of this river approach in
+several places very near to streams falling into the river St. John,
+which communicate by short portages. As I have never been able to
+procure correct information about the sources of this river or its
+length, I have not the means of satisfying the reader on these points,
+but must dismiss the subject with these few particulars, being all I
+could obtain.
+
+As was observed in the commencement of this work, this country is so
+intersected with rivers, streams, and lakes, that with small portages
+persons can go to most parts of the Province in a canoe. There is a
+route from the Madawaska river to the Bay of Chaleur, and another from
+the river St. John by the Grand River, which is fifteen miles above the
+Great Falls, to the Ristagouche. The river Chicktahawk, which falls
+into the St. John near the Presque-Isle, runs near a branch of the
+Miramichi; a short portage connects the route. The route from the St.
+Croix to the St. John is first by a chain of lakes with short portages,
+and next by Eel river, which falls into the St. John about fifty miles
+above Fredericton. There is another route from the St. John to the
+Miramichi, by the way of the Jemseg, through the Grand Lake and up
+Salmon river, from whence there is a short portage to the river Etienne
+which falls into the Miramichi; with several other such communications
+where the streams of the different large rivers nearly approach each
+other.
+
+The Mountains and Hills with which the Province is diversified, have
+nothing peculiar to merit a particular description, except Mars Hill,
+which has excited considerable interest, being supposed by the British
+Commissioners under the treaty of Ghent to be the height of land
+intended by the treaty of 1783, and that consequently the boundary line
+between the territories of the United States and the British Provinces
+should take a new direction at that place. This is resisted by the
+American Commissioners, who wish to prolong the line beyond that point.
+This is an object of great importance to the two powers, for should the
+line be continued in the old direction, which at this point approaches
+very near the river St. John, it would cross that river a little above
+the Grand Falls, and would not only separate New-Brunswick and Canada,
+but likewise give the Americans the upper part of the County of York
+which joins Canada, with a large Settlement of French at
+Madawaska--Mars Hill lies about six miles from the river St. John, on
+the western side, about one hundred miles above Fredericton. It can be
+seen from the high lands on the opposite side of the river, and appears
+at that distance majestically towering above the adjacent country. On
+approaching the mountain the woods are open and the ascent commences
+with an easy swell about half a mile from the main hill, after which
+the ascent is more abrupt, and in some parts nearly perpendicular.
+Having reached the crest, the spectator has a clear expanse of horizon,
+being completely above the surrounding country. From hence he views a
+boundless forest beneath his feet. The hills appear like waves covered
+with their green foliage of different shades, from the various sorts of
+trees with which their brows are covered. In different places the more
+elevated hills appear rising above the others like towers. Facing the
+river St. John, he beholds Moose Mountain at about nine miles distant
+on the opposite side of the river, which is nearly as high as Mars
+Hill, and perpendicular on the north side. To his left are a range of
+lofty hills on the Restook; to his right he has a distant view of
+Houlton-plantation, and in his rear, as far as his eye can reach, are
+the lofty Catardhan Mountains on the Penobscot river; the intermediate
+space exhibiting an undulating forest of boundless variety of hills and
+vallies, lakes, &c. The whole forming a grand and interesting
+spectacle. The Mountain is about three miles in length, very narrow,
+and divided by a hollow near the centre. A small spot has been cut down
+on each end of the hill, and a temporary observatory erected by the
+Commissioners under the treaty of Ghent.
+
+The Americans have laid out a settlement in this part of the country,
+which takes in Mars Hill. The base of the mountain is washed by the
+Presque-Isle river, and other streams which fall into the river St.
+John.
+
+The principal Towns in New-Brunswick are SAINT JOHN, FREDERICTON, and
+SAINT ANDREWS; which on account of their importance and situation will
+be treated of separately. Leaving the other places to be noticed as
+they occur in the description of the several Counties, I shall proceed
+to give a short description of the situation, trade, public buildings,
+and institutions of the places just mentioned; commencing with the
+
+
+CITY OF SAINT JOHN.
+
+The City of St. John is situated in the county of that name, on a rocky
+peninsula at the estuary of the river St. John, in lat. 45 deg. 20' north,
+long. 66 deg. 3' west. The city comprehends both sides of the river. The
+district on the eastern side of the harbour, formerly called the
+township of Parr, and Carleton on the western side. It is divided into
+six wards, two of which are in Carleton and four in St. John, properly
+so called. It contains, according to the late census, 8,488 inhabitants
+of all descriptions.
+
+Like most English towns, the streets in St. John intersect each other
+at right angles. They are in some parts well built up, the houses being
+of different heights and joining each other for some distance, forming
+several fine ranges of buildings. The first houses in this place were
+constructed of wood, many of them were low and ill shaped. These when
+removed by fires or other causes, are generally replaced with handsome
+brick buildings, which is making a great improvement in the appearance
+of the city. The streets, likewise, which were formerly nearly
+impassable from rocks, hills and chasms, are rapidly improving; hollows
+have been filled up, and rocks cut away; so that although the hills in
+some parts are still steep, yet carriages drive through most part of
+the city with the greatest safety.
+
+A projecting point near the entrance of the harbour, has caused the
+different parts of the city to be distinguished by the name of the
+upper and lower coves; the latter of which has been much neglected till
+lately, Government having built a handsome range of Barracks on the
+point fronting the Bay of Fundy, and removed the troops, &c. from Fort
+Howe to that station, it is beginning to improve.
+
+Most all the trade of the city is carried on in the upper part of the
+town, where there are a number of warehouses, stores, wharves, and
+other conveniences for lading and unlading ships. The tides rise to
+such a height that large ships can lay at the wharves and discharge
+with the greatest safety.
+
+The harbour is convenient and safe, and capable of containing a great
+number of vessels of the largest description. Partridge Island lies at
+the entrance, on which there is a light house, and signal station,
+where signals are carefully attended to and made on the first approach
+of vessels. These signals are repeated at Fort Howe. Within the island
+there is a bar which extends from the western side, and passes the
+lower point of the peninsula, on which the city stands. It has a beacon
+on the outer end, and a buoy to direct vessels coming or going. The bar
+is dry at ebb tides, but within the harbour there is sufficient water
+for the largest ships. The tide ebbs and flows from sixteen to
+twenty-four feet perpendicular in this harbour. A pier has been
+constructed at the entrance of the harbour for the protection of the
+shipping.
+
+St. John carries on a brisk trade with Europe, the West Indies and the
+United States, in lumber of different descriptions, fish, gypsum,
+grindstones, &c.; but the staple article is squared timber, one hundred
+and fourteen thousand one hundred and sixteen tons of which were
+shipped from this port in 1824. Ship-building has also been lately
+revived here and prosecuted to a considerable extent. Sixty vessels
+were registered at this port in 1824, whose tonnage amounted to sixteen
+thousand four hundred and eighty-nine tons, besides three ships and
+five brigs not in the above estimate. Part of these were built in St.
+John, and the remainder up the rivers and along the coasts for
+merchants in the city.
+
+The city of St. John contains two Churches on the eastern side of the
+river, one of which is neatly finished and has an elegant organ; A
+handsome Kirk belonging to the members of the Church of Scotland; a
+Catholic Chapel; two Methodist Chapels, one belonging to the Wesleyan
+Methodists, and the other to a number of that persuasion who seceded
+with Mr. Priestley, and a neat Baptist Meeting-House.--The other public
+buildings are a Poor House, a Gaol, a Marine Hospital, with two
+handsome ranges of Barracks lately erected at the Lower Cove, with
+Government Stores, Houses, &c.
+
+A square near York-Point, reserved for a Market, &c. has an old
+building in the centre, the upper part of which has served for many
+years as a Court-House, and the under part as a flesh market; a fish
+and vegetable market having been lately built contiguous to it, at the
+edge of high water mark, and a handsome flesh market in the Lower Cove,
+which are generally well supplied. King's-square is situated on the
+height of land in King-street, and is reserved for public uses. It is a
+very pleasant situation commanding a fine view of the city and harbour.
+It is in contemplation to erect a Court House on the East side of this
+square on a liberal scale.--Queen's-square is situated in Duke's Ward,
+and is also reserved for public uses.
+
+The Public Seminaries in St. John, are a Grammar School, the Central
+Madras School, and a number of Sunday Schools.
+
+There are two Public Libraries in the City, a Vaccine Establishment,
+three Printing Offices, with the following religious, humane, and
+useful Societies:--
+
+1. A Branch of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
+
+2. The New-Brunswick Auxiliary Bible Society.
+
+3. Saint John Sunday School Union Society.
+
+4. Saint John Religious Tract Society.
+
+5. Saint George's              }
+
+6. Saint Patrick's Societies.  } Societies.
+
+7. Saint Andrew's              }
+
+Instituted for the purpose of aiding their respective countrymen in
+distress.
+
+8. New-Brunswick Society for the improvement of the breed of Horses and
+other Cattle.
+
+9. Female Benevolent Society, for the relief of indigent females, and a
+Branch of the Wesleyan Missionary Society.
+
+A Provincial Bank is established here with a capital of L30,000, and
+increased by an Act of the Legislature in 1825 to L50,000. This Bank
+has been found of considerable advantage in facilitating the trade of
+the City by discounting Bills, &c. but it may more properly be called
+the St. John, than the Province Bank, as it only transacts business
+within the City.
+
+A Marine Insurance Company, and a Water Company have lately been
+incorporated; the latter is not yet in active operation.
+
+Here is a Chamber of Commerce for the regulation of the trade of the
+City, and a Savings' Bank for depositing the small savings of the
+Laboring Classes. Carleton on the opposite side of the river is
+comprehended in the limits of the City. It is situated on the point,
+fronting Navy Island, and comprises the ruins of old Fort Frederick. It
+contains a neat Church, and Meeting House, with several fine buildings.
+It has a good fishery and is fast improving. Saint John being an
+incorporated City, is governed by a Mayor, Recorder, six Aldermen, with
+an equal number of Assistants, under the style of "The Mayor, Aldermen,
+and Commonalty of the City of St. John." The other officers are a
+Sheriff and Coroner (who likewise act for the County of St. John) a
+Common Clerk, a Chamberlain, a High Constable, six inferior ones, and
+two Marshals.
+
+The Mayor, Recorder, Common Clerk, Sheriff, and Coroner, are appointed
+by the Governor, and hold their offices during his pleasure from year
+to year.
+
+The Aldermen, Assistants, and inferior Constables are chosen annually
+by the Freemen of the City.
+
+The Chamberlain is appointed by the Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, and
+Assistants, in Common Council.
+
+The Mayor appoints the High Constable, Marshals, Cryers, Porters,
+Bell-ringers, &c.
+
+The Mayor or Recorder, with three Aldermen and three Assistants,
+constitute a Common Council, with power to make Laws, Ordinances, &c.
+which are to remain in force for one year only, unless confirmed by the
+Governor and Council. They also constitute a Court of Record or
+Inferior Court of Common Pleas for the City and County of St. John. The
+terms of this Court are quarterly, and it takes cognizance of all
+causes from five pounds value to fifty pounds, in which titles of land
+shall not come in question: and by an Act of the Provincial
+Legislature, its Jurisdiction is enlarged to all transitory actions of
+any value.
+
+It may be observed that the Mayor by virtue of his office possesses
+extensive powers; such as making Free Citizens, regulating the Markets,
+&c.; and that the Aldermen are Justices of the Peace for the County as
+well as for the City of St. John.
+
+The Corporation can hold real property to the amount of L2,000 per
+annum, within or without the City. They have at present an annual
+revenue of about L2,000 at their sole disposal for the improvement of
+the City.
+
+It must, however, be observed that no great attention has yet been paid
+to ornamenting the City. This arises in some measure from the peculiar
+cast of its inhabitants. The men of independent property, and those
+holding high offices in the different departments being too few to do
+much, although some of them have fine seats, and many of the Merchants
+engaged in the shipping business, being transient persons, who from
+time to time come to the Province, and whose main object is to make as
+much as they can, in as short a time as possible, with the intention of
+soon returning to enjoy their gains in their native country. These
+persons do not feel that interest in the improvement of the place, that
+those do whose interests are identified with the country. Having,
+therefore, no local attachment to the soil, it is no wonder that they
+should extend their views no farther than present convenience. Such
+persons, then, who are to be found in all the ports of the Province add
+nothing to the wealth of the country, but rather act as drains to it. A
+few seats have, however, lately been begun on the Marsh near the City,
+which will soon make an alteration in the appearance of the Suburbs.
+
+Some small improvement is much wanted at the Quays for the convenience
+of the Public and protection of Goods from the mud. This could be
+easily effected by laying sleepers and covering them with strong plank
+and running a railing along the margin. This would obviate the
+inconvenience so much felt at present by persons transacting business
+on the wharves, who have to walk or rather wade, day after day, through
+the mud. It would also facilitate the transfer of Goods, by keeping
+them in better order, and prevent many accidents which are yearly
+occurring by sailors and others falling off.
+
+
+FREDERICTON.
+
+Is situated in the County of York, on the west side of the river Saint
+John on an extensive flat opposite the Nashwaack, formerly called Saint
+Anns point. The river forms an elbow in front of the town, and the
+hills encircle the plain, and approach the river about two miles above
+the town leaving a spot of low land nearly four miles in length and in
+places over a mile in breadth.
+
+The town is laid out in squares of eighteen lots containing one quarter
+of an acre each. The streets cross at right angles. Those that run
+parallel with the river are more than a mile in length, and are in
+places considerably well built up; the houses are all of wood and of
+different heights.
+
+The inhabitants are the descendents of the Loyalists who came to the
+Province at the close of the American revolution, with a mixture of
+Europeans and Americans.
+
+Fredericton being the seat of Government, contains besides a residence
+for the Lieutenant-Governor, a Provincial Hall, where the Supreme
+Courts and General Assemblies are held. This building contains a
+spacious room for the Supreme Courts, with several Jury rooms, a
+Council Chamber, and an Assembly Room, with other apartments and
+conveniences for the Legislative Body. Adjoining this building are the
+Offices of the Surveyor General and Secretary of the Province.--The
+other public buildings are a handsome square of Barracks with a Parade
+in front, where part of a Regiment of foot are usually quartered.-Barracks
+and Store-houses for a company of Royal Artillery with other buildings
+for the use of the troops.
+
+A County Court-House, which also serves for a Market; a small
+commodious Church in a sightly situation, two neat Chapels, one
+belonging to the Baptists, and the other to the Methodists; a Catholic
+Chapel in progress; a Gaol, and a building occupied as a College till
+another one on an enlarged scale can be erected; a Poor House in the
+vicinity of the town, on a liberal scale; and a Meeting House belonging
+to a number of persons composed of congregationalists and other
+seceders from the Kirk of Scotland.
+
+Government House is situated a little above the upper part of the town
+on a convenient pleasant site, but having been a long time without a
+settled family it was when Sir HOWARD DOUGLAS came to the Province
+considerably out of order. It wants a wing to be added to make it
+uniform with other improvements: for although when the house was built
+for Governor CARLETON it was on a liberal scale, considering the state
+of the Province at that time, it has been suffered to remain without
+enlargement, while the country has rapidly advanced.--It is, therefore,
+at present neither sufficiently spacious or splendid for the Governor's
+residence.--The same observations may apply to the Province Hall, which
+although always too low to make a good appearance or allow a good
+Council Chamber, was a good building considering the state of the
+country and want of revenue at the time it was erected; but is now too
+small and plain, considering the great increase of the population and
+trade of the Province.
+
+Public buildings speak much, though silently, for the public spirit,
+taste, and importance of a country. They should, therefore, always be
+on such an enlightened scale as not to be a prejudice to it. One
+general observation may be made on all the public edifices in
+Fredericton, which is that being uniformly low they make a flat
+appearance, which is peculiarly striking to a stranger coming from
+countries where buildings are more elevated.
+
+Probably there are few finer situations for a town than the site on
+which Fredericton is built. A beautiful river glides majestically in
+front of a spacious plain; bounded by hills of gentle acclivity,
+possessing elegant sites for seats and buildings on commanding
+situations. On the opposite side of the river the Nashwaack rolls its
+tribute to the Saint John and adds much to the beauty of the situation.
+Abundance of excellent water is every where found with a soil
+peculiarly well adapted for forming gardens, walks, &c. with a pure,
+healthy atmosphere. From the hills which skirt the town the river can
+be seen to a great distance winding through the country, till it is
+lost among the distant Islands.
+
+Fredericton being at the head of the sloop navigation is the main depot
+for goods from the seaboard. It is about eighty-five miles from the sea
+and surrounded by a large extent of country which is fast settling. The
+river Saint John is about three quarters of a mile wide in front of the
+town, and extends upwards of four hundred miles above it.--The
+surrounding country possesses an excellent soil, and abounds in
+valuable timber, and as the whole of the trade to and from the upper
+country must pass Fredericton, a great part of it must of course centre
+there, and consequently, as the country becomes fully settled,
+Fredericton must improve and from its situation remain the great
+central emporium of the Province.
+
+Fredericton contains a Printing Office and a Public Library, with the
+following public Institutions.
+
+1. A Branch of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
+
+2. The Bible Association of Fredericton and its vicinity.
+
+3. A Branch of the Methodist Missionary Society.
+
+4. The Fredericton Emigrant Society. This Society was formed at
+Fredericton in 1819, for the relief of destitute strangers, being the
+first Institution of that kind formed in the Province. It expended
+large sums in that and the following year, and besides relieving the
+temporary necessities of great numbers of destitute Emigrants, enabled
+many of them to settle on new land, who are now in comfortable
+independent circumstances. It is not at present in active operation,
+but has funds to a considerable amount.
+
+5. The New-Brunswick Agricultural and Emigrant Society. This is a
+Provincial Institution having branches in the different Counties. The
+General Society being established at Fredericton.
+
+6. A Branch of the Society for improving the breed of Horses and
+Cattle, and a Savings' Bank.
+
+Fredericton was formed by Governor CARLETON in 1785, shortly after the
+division of the Province from Nova-Scotia, and being considered the
+most eligible and central situation, was made the permanent Seat of
+Government. The policy of this measure has been questioned by many who
+overlook the general good of the country for partial advantages. Much
+jealousy has always existed among the Citizens of St. John in
+particular, in regard to this selection. Prejudices in favor of our own
+land, religion, institutions, &c. must always be expected, and to a
+certain degree it would show a want of attachment not to feel their
+influence; but then it must be remembered that when we allow our own
+interest to blind our reason, we are prone to view what concerns us
+with a partial eye. It is so with a person who being settled at the
+seaboard goes but seldom out of sight of the harbor, but from what is
+passing before his eyes, concludes his town is the only place of
+consequence in the country; and as nature has made it the great mart
+for the imports and exports of the interior, it must of course be
+likewise the only place fit for the Seat of Government, and every thing
+else of consequence in the Province. But when a person whose mind is
+above these mercenary considerations, and enlarged to see the general
+good of the country, casts his eye on the map of the Province, he will
+find that if the situation was as good a few miles farther up, it would
+still be more central. For Fredericton is only eighty-five miles from
+the sea; at the lower extremity of the County of York, which extends
+upwards to the Canada line about two hundred miles. The large County of
+Northumberland joins York on the North and Northeastward, and comprises
+all the land from Westmorland, along the Gulf and river of St.
+Lawrence, till it likewise joins Canada. These two Counties form more
+than two thirds of the whole Province; and will no doubt each require
+to be divided into two or more Counties, when they become more fully
+settled. Consequently the seat of Government is at present in the most
+eligible place for the general convenience of the inhabitants of the
+Province at large, than any other situation that possibly could be
+selected. Diverging as from a common centre, the distance of the routes
+from Fredericton to the most important parts of the Province are nearly
+equal, viz. to St. John is about eighty-five miles, passing four
+counties in the distance; to St. Andrews, the frontier town, about
+ninety miles; to Northumberland about the same distance; to Fort
+Cumberland in Westmorland, about one hundred and forty miles; and to
+Madawaska, the upper settlement on the great road to Canada, about the
+same distance.
+
+In time of war, its situation for a military depot is excellent, as
+from the direction of the routes just mentioned, the different
+accessible parts of the Province could be easier succoured from here
+than any other station. And if reinforcements should have to pass
+through the Province to Canada during the winter season. Fredericton
+and the Great Falls would always, from their situation, be the natural
+depots for troops, stores, &c. Neither if magazines were formed at this
+place could there be more danger of their being surprised and taken,
+than at any of the sea-ports; for it is nearly one hundred miles from
+an enemy's frontier, and there must be a great want of vigilance if any
+body of men, sufficient to make an impression, should be allowed to
+approach without opposing effectual resistance, or at the worst, taking
+such measures as should disappoint them.
+
+The importance of good accommodations for troops marching to Canada, at
+Fredericton, and the upper parts of the river St. John, was well
+ascertained during the last war, and should not soon be lost sight of.
+
+In short, as nature has given St. John and the other sea-ports
+advantages that cannot be taken from them, so Fredericton, from its
+central situation, possesses advantages peculiar to itself. Instead,
+therefore, of indulging in such partial jealousies, every encouragement
+should be given to such towns, as they contribute to the improvement of
+the interior of a country from whence most of the resources that
+support the sea-ports are drawn.
+
+Fredericton is slowly increasing in buildings and improvements. It has
+a considerable share in the lumber trade, for which it is well
+situated. Ship-building has also lately been commenced, and will
+probably be prosecuted to considerable extent as there are no want of
+good situations for launching, and abundance of timber.
+
+If the main streets in Fredericton had been laid out to follow the
+windings of the river they would have formed an agreeable curve; the
+squares could then have been kept uniform in width, and the main
+streets could have continued without a jog, the whole length of the
+town, which would be a great improvement to the looks of the place.
+
+
+SAINT ANDREWS.
+
+The frontier town of New-Brunswick, lies nearly opposite Robinstown, in
+the State of Maine. It is a small pleasant sea-port in the County of
+Charlotte: being situated near the river Saint Croix, on a narrow strip
+of low land fronting the Bay of Passamaquoddy, with a range of hills in
+the rear. It has two principal streets, running parallel with the
+water, which are intersected by cross streets at right angles. The
+principal streets are well built up, and the town contains 2,268
+inhabitants, according to the census taken in 1824.--It is conveniently
+situated for the fishing trade, as the waters abound with cod, haddock,
+pollock, and numbers of other fish, and there are numbers of small
+Islands nearly within view of the harbor, very suitable for prosecuting
+the fishery to advantage. It carries on a considerable trade in
+exporting squared and sawed lumber, and in ship-building--thirteen
+vessels were registered in the Port of Saint Andrews in 1824, amounting
+to three thousand six hundred and thirty-three tons, all of which had
+been built in the County, besides about five hundred and ninety tons,
+not included in the above amount.--It contains a neat Church belonging
+to the establishment, and a commodious Kirk, built at the sole expense
+of Mr. CHRISTOPHER SCOTT, and presented by him to the members of the
+Kirk of Scotland. It has also a Grammar School, a Court-House and Gaol;
+a Printing Office, with a number of fine private buildings.
+
+Here is likewise a Chamber of Commerce, a Savings' Bank, a Bible
+Society, an Agricultural and Emigrant Society for the County, with
+other public Institutions for promoting the temporal and spiritual
+welfare of the inhabitants.
+
+Saint Andrews being situated on the frontiers of the Province, within
+view of the American territories, is a place of great importance in the
+event of a rupture with the United States. Considerable works were
+erected here during the last war, which are now much gone to decay. A
+few troops are, however, usually stationed here. At the Commencement of
+the last troubles with America, an agreement was wisely entered into
+between the Magistrates of this place, and the American authorities in
+its immediate vicinity, to abstain from mutual hostilities, which was
+strictly observed during the war, to the mutual advantage of both
+parties; who were thereby delivered from the horrors of a predatory,
+murderous warfare, equally distressing to both nations.
+
+Saint Andrews being the shire town of the important County of
+Charlotte, is silently rising into importance; and will no doubt from
+its many natural advantages, always maintain its rank among the
+principal towns of this Province.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+_Topographical Description of the several Counties in the Province of
+New-Brunswick. Their Boundaries and Extent. Parishes. Rivers.
+Settlements, Produce, &c. Great Roads, &c._
+
+
+Having, in the preceding pages, given a brief general description of
+New-Brunswick, I shall now proceed to give a short sketch of each
+County, comprising a view of the face of the country, principal
+streams, settlements, produce, &c. And as five of them lie along the
+river St. John, I shall begin at the head of that river, and follow it
+to its exit into the Bay of Fundy. The three remaining counties will be
+noticed afterwards. Following this method, (which by keeping the
+counties and parishes distinct, will give the reader a clearer
+knowledge of the country than a more elaborate account, where names and
+situations are mentioned without method, and described promiscuously) I
+shall confine myself to brevity, at the same time endeavouring to avoid
+obscurity; and have to lament that the want of correct information
+prevents me from making this part of the work as complete as I could
+wish.
+
+
+SECTION I.
+
+YORK.
+
+This County commences at the Canada line, which bounds it on the
+north-west. The County of Northumberland bounds it on the north-east,
+on the south-east it adjoins Sunbury, and on the south-west Charlotte,
+and contains 10,972 inhabitants.
+
+Beginning at the northern and uppermost part of the county, and
+proceeding down the main river St. John, the first settlement is
+Madawaska, situated between the Grand Falls and the Madawaska river,
+which falls into the St. John at the upper part of the settlement. The
+inhabitants are the descendants of the old Acadians, who were settled
+on different parts of the river St. John, and who on the arrival of the
+English moved up to this place, where, being joined by others from
+Canada, they formed this settlement distinct from the English, and have
+ever since been quiet subjects, and well affected to the British
+Government. Madawaska is about midway between Fredericton and Quebec,
+and is in a flourishing state. It has a Romish Chapel, where the rites
+and ceremonies of that religion are duly performed by a Missionary from
+Canada, who likewise, with the assistance of one or two leading persons
+regulates the internal police of the settlement by settling disputes,
+keeping the peace, &c. and so successful have they been that although
+there are neither lawyers or magistrates in the place, the Courts of
+Justice have had but little trouble from that quarter. The land along
+the margin of the river is in general good, level, and unbroken; but
+owing to its northern situation it is unfavourable to Indian corn; but
+wheat, oats, grass, &c. flourish there in great perfection. The
+inhabitants are all farmers, and generally raise more than they can
+consume, having a surplus of grain to sell to traders in the settlement
+or to take to Fredericton. Their manners and habits being simple, they
+expend but little on luxuries. Their women manufacture a coarse cloth
+and kerseys sufficient for their own consumption. The men are about the
+middle size, generally spare built and active; the women, on the
+contrary, are very stout and short. They are very lively and
+hospitable, but very slovenly in their houses and cookery. In short,
+they appear a different race from the English. A stranger going above
+the Falls, finds himself suddenly among a new race of people, different
+in their language, religion, habitations, and manners.
+
+Below this settlement the country is a wilderness for some distance,
+comprising the lands adjoining and below the Grand Falls.
+
+The isthmus formed by the bend of the river at the Grand Falls, was
+formerly cleared by the troops stationed at that post. This spot was
+selected at the first settlement of the Province for a military
+station. It served not only as a security for the settlers at that
+period, when the country was a total wilderness and almost impassable,
+being without roads or habitations, but also connected and secured the
+communication with Canada. Barracks, &c. were constructed and troops
+stationed at this place for a number of years. The works are at present
+in ruins; although it is no doubt one of the first interior positions
+in the Province. This place forms one of the great features of
+New-Brunswick. Here the navigation of the great river St. John is
+totally obstructed, and the upper part of the country disjoined from
+the seaboard. This points out the great importance of its situation, as
+the great connecting point and centre for the intercourse and trade of
+the upper country, whenever it becomes fully settled. Its situation
+will no doubt soon attract a settlement, and in process of time a town
+will arise, which will be the depot for goods from the seaboard, where
+they will be exchanged for the produce of the upper part of the
+country. A canal or tunnel cut through the isthmus, will probably
+follow. This would be of the utmost advantage to the Province, by
+connecting the navigation and developing the resources of the upper
+country, which are said to be almost inexhaustible. The distance to cut
+would be nearly one hundred rods. The isthmus being ninety rods across,
+from bank to bank, the descent of the water would be nearly half an
+inch to a foot.
+
+Descending the St. John seven miles below the falls, it receives the
+Salmon river, a considerable stream from the east, and eleven miles
+farther the Restook falls into it from the westward. This is a fine
+river, running in a very crooked direction through a fine country
+abounding in excellent land and well stored with timber of the first
+quality. It makes to the southwest and has been explored upwards of one
+hundred miles, where it continues of a good width. It is supposed to be
+of great length and is claimed by the United States, although some of
+the British settlers have lately commenced establishing themselves on
+the river and are making very free with the pine. Three miles below the
+Restook, the Tobique, named for its red pines, brings its tribute to
+the St. John. This is another considerable river, being upwards of two
+hundred miles in length. Its banks to a good distance back have been
+covered with pines of the finest growth, which have been mostly cut
+off. The soil in the pine districts is not favorable for farming
+pursuits, but would require much labor to bring it to a state fit for
+cultivation. There are, however, some good Islands in the course of the
+river, and strips of rich land intermixed with the pine districts, and
+the lands adjoining the Tobique lying along the banks of the Saint John
+are of the finest quality; and where cultivated produce the most
+abundant crops. A district comprising ten miles extending along the
+river Saint John and embracing both sides of the Tobique is reserved
+for the Indians. This tract is certainly not inferior to any land in
+the Province, and it is a pity it should remain in its present
+unimproved state. The Indians have only a small clearing at the mouth
+of the Tobique, where they have a hut which is reserved as a Chapel,
+and where one or two Indians generally sit down as they term it, to
+watch a small crop, and keep possession.
+
+After the peace with America in 1814, a number of disbanded, men of the
+8th, 98th, and 104th regiments, and of the West-India Rangers and
+New-Brunswick Fencibles, were settled on this part of the river Saint
+John, chiefly between the military post of Presqu-Isle and the Indian
+reserve. Many of these settlers have made good improvements, and have
+already secured a comfortable independency. The wilderness has been
+converted into cultivated fields, covered with habitations; and the
+district formed into a Parish, and named after his Royal Highness the
+late Duke of Kent.--It extends on both sides of the river from the
+Grand Falls to the Parish of Wakefield. The land is of a superior
+quality, covered with a variety of timber of the tallest growth, and
+unincumbered with much undergrowth; the trees standing in most places
+so far apart, that a man on horse-back would be but seldom incommoded
+by them. This is of great advantage to the settler, as it relieves him
+from the great labor of clearing away the under brush, which is so
+troublesome in some parts of the country. Nor is this fine tract of
+land confined to the margin of the river, but extends back, and is
+found in many places to improve as you advance into the interior. The
+United States line approaches the river St. John within a few miles
+along this Parish, and they have a township laid out, embracing Mars
+Hill before described. It is to be regretted that many of the settlers
+in this Parish having formerly been accustomed to the free use of
+spirituous liquors, find the temptation revived by the great
+introduction of them by the lumber speculators, who in many instances
+are drawing the settlers from their domestic habits, to which they
+began to be accustomed, to a dissipated mode of living, to the loss of
+their morals and property.
+
+Descending the Saint John, which every few miles receives the tribute
+of some considerable creek or river, we arrive at the Presqu-Isle. This
+was formerly a military post; Barracks, &c. having been erected at this
+place shortly after the American revolution sufficient to accommodate
+three companies of foot, which are now in ruins. A few soldiers were
+stationed here till 1822, since which period the place has been totally
+abandoned as a military station. The bank at this place is high and the
+spot where the Barracks stood very pleasant, commanding a fine view of
+the adjacent country, having a beautiful Island directly in front. To a
+contemplative mind this spot must be interesting when he reflects that
+the soldiers who forced their way from Fredericton through the
+wilderness to construct these works, have fallen by the sword and
+disease; that the men who projected them, as well as those who
+superintended their construction, are mouldering in their graves--that
+the conductors of the boats which transported the supplies are now no
+more--and that the boats are now in view from the site of the Barracks
+lying in the bushes and falling gradually to pieces.--If he is an old
+settler, this must have past within his memory, and may teach him the
+instability of all human affairs. Eight miles below the Presqu-Isle a
+stream called the Pekagomique falls into the Saint John on the eastern
+side. The land on this stream is very good, and a settlement is begun a
+few miles from its mouth, it has good mills and is well stored with
+timber. There are several other streams in the Parish of Wakefield,
+which extends on both sides of the river, till it joins Woodstock on
+the western and Northampton on the eastern side about sixty-three miles
+above Fredericton. It is a flourishing Parish, the land being of a good
+quality, the farms along the river are improving, and back settlements
+forming.
+
+Woodstock is generally well settled. The houses are neat, and make a
+fine appearance as the traveller passes along the river. There are some
+fine islands in this part of the river, which enrich the settlers by
+their produce.--There is an Episcopal Church in this Parish, which has
+been filled ever since its erection by the Rev. Mr. DIBBLEE, who
+likewise officiates occasionally in the adjoining Parishes. The river
+Madaxnikik passes through this Parish to its exit into the Saint John,
+and adds to its importance, as several settlements are making along its
+banks. This stream has a series of cataracts, and passes by the
+American settlement of Houlton which lies directly in the rear of
+Woodstock, and commences about fifteen miles from the Saint John. From
+this settlement there is a road to the Penobscot river. Eel river falls
+into the Saint John near the lower part of Woodstock. This river heads
+near the sources of the Saint Croix; a short portage leads from the
+waters of one river to the other. Opposite Woodstock on the eastern
+side of the river lies the Parish of Northampton, which extends down to
+Queensbury. This Parish is well settled, as is the adjoining Parish of
+Queensbury. Several streams intersect these Parishes, the most
+considerable of which are the Nachiwikik and Mactuqaack.
+
+The farms along this part of the country, are in many places well
+improved: but the soil is not equal to the upper part of the river.
+There are, however, a succession of fine Islands, which compensate for
+the inferiority of the upland.
+
+There is an Episcopal Church at the lower part of Queensbury, which is
+filled occasionally by the Rev. Mr. SOMERVILLE, President of the
+College of New-Brunswick, and itinerant Missionary for this part of the
+country.
+
+Prince William adjoins Woodstock on the Western side of the river. The
+upper part of this Parish is but little improved, a large district
+belonging to the Chief Justice being mostly a wilderness. The soil,
+likewise, is inferior to the land above. The lower part of the Parish
+is, however highly improved, some parts being interval land of the
+first quality. There are several fine lakes back of this parish, one of
+which named Lake George, has a fine settlement on its banks. This lake
+discharges its waters into the St. John, by a stream called the
+Poquihouk, which is an Indian name, signifying a dreadful place, and a
+dreadful place it certainly is. The water just before its exit into the
+St. John, appears to have been originally pent up by the high bank
+along the river. Through this it has forced a passage, and tumbles down
+the rocks and precipices with dreadful impetuosity. The passage through
+which it passes is very narrow and nearly seventy feet perpendicular,
+composed of large stones, which appear as if they had been laid by
+Masons; the whole forming a sublime and terrific appearance. There is a
+Chapel belonging to the Baptists in this Parish.
+
+Several of the officers and men of the King's American Dragoons were
+formerly settled here, very few of whom are at present alive. Some of
+their descendants are occupying their lands and doing well.
+
+The Parish of Kingsclear, which adjoins Prince William, has nothing
+peculiar, the soil being much the same as the latter. The face of the
+country is hilly, interspersed with several streams well adapted for
+mill seats. Many individuals of the reduced Battalion of the New Jersey
+Volunteers settled in this Parish, some of whom are still living and
+doing well. A Baptist Chapel has lately been erected here, in which
+worship is occasionally performed. Opposite this Parish on the eastern
+side of the river is the Parish of Douglas, so called in honor of the
+present Lieutenant-Governor of the Province. It adjoins Queensbury, and
+extends down nearly to the Nashwaack. The Madam Keswick, a considerable
+stream, intersects this Parish. This is an extensive settlement, and
+was formed by the York Volunteers and some of the Royal Guides and
+Pioneers. The settlements on the Keswick Ridge and Mactuquask lie
+between this stream and the main river, and are in a flourishing state.
+It has a back settlement on the Nashwacksis and another one still
+farther in the wilderness, called Cardigan, formed by a number of Welsh
+families from Cardigan in Wales, who came to this Province in 1819, and
+were located here by Government. Being very destitute, they were
+enabled to commence settling by a subscription of the inhabitants of
+Fredericton, aided by the Emigrant Society. This Parish has a Church
+near the mouth of the Madam Keswick, and two Chapels belonging to the
+Methodists and Baptists.
+
+The Parish of St. Mary's, which formerly included the Parish just
+mentioned, extends to the County line, and joins Maugerville on the
+eastern side of the river. The river Nashwaack runs through this
+Parish, and falls into the St. John opposite Fredericton. This stream
+was settled by part of the 42d Regiment and some of the disbanded corps
+that had been raised in America during the war. It is settled for more
+than thirty miles along its banks, having a mixture of good intervale
+and high land along its course. About five miles from its confluence
+with the St. John, it receives the waters of the Peniack, a
+considerable stream with a settlement along its banks, and about twelve
+miles further up, the river Tay falls into it. There are two Chapels in
+this settlement, one belonging to the Methodists and the other to the
+Baptists. They have no stated Ministers, but are visited occasionally.
+The road from Fredericton to Miramichi in the County of Northumberland
+leads through this settlement.
+
+The Parish of Fredericton adjoins Kingsclear, and extends to the Parish
+of Lincoln in the County of Sunbury. It includes the town of
+Fredericton, before described, with a back settlement called New
+Maryland, and another on the Rushagoannes. The road from Fredericton to
+St. Andrews passes through these settlements, and is fast improving.
+
+The lands in the immediate vicinity of the town are not much improved.
+Having been reserved for the College, they remain without tenants; the
+settlers in this country not liking to lease farms, which are hard to
+clear up, when they can obtain lots for themselves by paying the grant
+fees. A great part of the land in the site of the town, likewise
+belongs to the College or Church, or is reserved for Government uses,
+which has been and still remains a great check to the growth and
+improvement of the Town.
+
+The County of York is upwards of two hundred miles in length. A great
+portion of the lands in this county are well adapted to grain,
+particularly wheat. It is well stored with excellent timber and abounds
+with navigable rivers and streams. It is settling and improving very
+fast, and furnishes the major part of the lumber shipped at the port of
+St. John. Fredericton is the principal Town, and situated within four
+miles of the lower extremity of the County.--The inconvenience of the
+Courts, &c. being established at the extremity of such extensive
+Counties are many, and amount almost to a denial of justice to the
+distant settlers, who have to travel from one to two hundred miles to
+the County Courts. The consequence is that wrongs are frequently
+unredressed, and crimes, if not of a capital nature, are often
+unnoticed; which if not remedied will in time have a pernicious effect
+on the moral character of the inhabitants.
+
+
+SECTION II.
+
+SUNBURY.
+
+Joins York on the North West, Northumberland on the North East, Queen's
+on the South East, and Charlotte on the South West. It stretches along
+both sides of the river Saint John, and contains four Parishes, with a
+population of three thousand two hundred and twenty-seven inhabitants.
+This is the smallest County in the Province, not being over twenty
+miles in length. It is, however, the oldest settled part of the river
+St. John. The first establishment of any consequence on the river was
+made at this place in 1761, by a number of families from Massachusetts,
+who having obtained a grant of a Township on the river St. John from
+the British Government, after exploring different parts of the country,
+settled at Maugerville. Here they were joined at different periods
+during the troubles in America, by several more families from
+New-England. These settlers made improvements on both sides of the
+river, and called the whole district Sunbury. The first commission of
+the peace for this place was dated 11th August, 1766, and for holding
+Courts of Common Pleas 1770.
+
+The Courts of Justice mere held here till 1783, when the American war
+being ended and the Loyalists having settled in different parts of the
+country, the Supreme Court was removed to Saint John, and afterwards
+established at Fredericton, which was made the permanent seat of
+Government, and has remained so ever since.
+
+The Parishes of Maugerville and Sheffield, on the eastern side of the
+river, are situated on a strip of rich intervale, which being annually
+overflowed, yield abundant crops and are rich in pastures.
+
+The farms are well improved and stocked with abundance of cattle. The
+houses are in many parts neat and improving in appearance, and the
+settlers in general substantial landholders and good husbandman.
+
+This is a delightful part of the Country for wheel carriages, the road
+being a continued level along the margin of the river, which is
+occasionally hid from the view of the traveller, by lofty trees and
+shrubs along the banks, which break off the piercing winds in winter
+and afford a pleasant shade in summer. The road, is however, unsafe in
+many places where the freshets have scooped away the banks and indented
+the road with small gullies, which being neglected by the inhabitants,
+endanger the overturning of carriages. In the rear of these Parishes
+are a chain of lakes which communicate with each other and discharge
+their waters into the Grand Lake, and from thence by the Jemseg into
+the Saint John.--Most of these lakes are environed with excellent land,
+and have settlements along their banks.
+
+There is a Church belonging to the Establishment in Maugerville with a
+resident Pastor.--There are two Meeting-Houses in Sheffield, one
+belonging to the seceders, and the other to the Methodists. They have
+both settled Ministers and good congregations.
+
+The Parishes of Lincoln and Burton are opposite the Parishes just
+described, on the western side of the river--they are situated on high
+land interspersed with intervale. They are well settled and the farms
+generally well cultivated. The river Oromocto intersects these
+parishes. This is an extensive stream well settled in many places,
+having several branches which wind through the country to a great
+distance. Some of these streams are settled, and mills are built at
+different places.--The main road from Fredericton to Saint Andrews
+crosses this river a little above the falls, where a blockhouse was
+constructed during the war for military purposes. There is an extensive
+tract of wild meadow along the course of this river, which yields a
+great quantity of coarse grass, and affords an extensive range for
+cattle, after the water has drained off in the summer. The land on the
+Oromocto and its tributary streams is generally of a good quality, but
+in common with most all the streams in this Province very subject to
+frost. The mouth of the Oromocto being very deep, is a very eligible
+place for ship-building, which is prosecuted here to considerable
+extent, timber, &c. being floated down the river in great abundance.
+There was formerly a good herring fishery at the falls in this river,
+but a mill having been built near that place it has dwindled to
+nothing.--There is a Church at the mouth of the Oromocto on the Burton
+side, in which divine service is occasionally performed by the Rector
+of Maugerville.--There is likewise a Court-house in Burton nearly in
+ruins where the County Courts are held. A stream called Swan Creek runs
+through Burton, but has nothing peculiar to merit a particular
+description.--Three valuable Islands lie in this part of the river
+Saint John called the Oromocto, Middle, and Major's Island. Ox-Island
+runs parallel with Major's Island. It is small and forms shoals near it
+which impede the navigation. There are also shoals at the Oromocto,
+which are nearly impassable for large vessels in the dry part of the
+season.
+
+
+SECTION III.
+
+QUEEN'S.
+
+This County joins Sunbury on the N.W. Charlotte on the S.W.
+Northumberland on the N.E. and King's on the S.E. It lies on both sides
+of the river Saint John, and contains four Parishes, with a population
+of 4,741 inhabitants.
+
+This is a good county for stock, having a number of fine Islands within
+its limits. The inhabitants are principally agriculturalists who have
+well improved farms and good stocks of cattle. The land is of an
+excellent quality and in general well cultivated. The soil along the
+bank of the river in the Parish of Waterborough is equalled by none in
+the Province for fertility. As the country descends to the Jemseg, the
+rich sediment deposited by the annual overflowing of the river,
+produces the most luxuriant vegetation, and although the farmer can
+seldom commence his labours till June, yet so productive is the soil,
+that in a few weeks the county exhibits the most exuberant vegetation.
+Indian corn flourishes in this Parish in the highest perfection: the
+soil being a light rich loam and the country level so as to receive the
+full effect of the sun. Small grain, grass, and roots are also produced
+here in the greatest abundance. Indeed a more fertile district can
+scarcely be conceived than the land from Maugerville to the Jemseg. The
+observations that were made about the road through Maugerville and
+Sheffield mill likewise apply here, very little attention having of
+late been paid to them, and it is probable that the statute labor is
+but seldom fully performed in any of those Parishes. There is a
+convenient Chapel belonging to the Baptists in Waterborough, which has
+a stated minister and numerous congregation.--After crossing the
+Jemseg, the country rises, and the Parish of Wickham exhibits some well
+improved farms in pleasant and sightly situations. The Grand Lake, the
+largest body of inland water in the Province, lies back of
+Waterborough. It is nearly thirty miles long, and from three to nine
+wide. A large stream called Salmon River, falls into it near the head.
+This stream is well timbered with pine. A short portage leads from this
+stream to the waters communicating with the river Miramichi. This lake
+discharges its waters into the Saint John, by a narrow gut called
+Jemseg, which is about thirty rods wide and very deep. The country on
+the Western side of this lake is in many places low and marshy, having
+the French and Maquapit lakes in its neighborhood which are settled in
+places. The country in the vicinity of the Grand Lake abounds with
+coal, which is found of a good quality, particularly at a creek called
+New-Castle, where large quantities have been dug. A stratum is
+generally found near the surface of the earth: the first layer of coal
+being about eighteen inches in depth, and they are found to improve in
+quality in proportion to the depth of the veins. The layers are nearly
+horizontal, and are probably a continuation of the strata found at Cape
+Breton, which has been ascertained to proceed in a Southwestern
+direction from that island, to Nova-Scotia and New-Brunswick. The Grand
+Lake is well settled, and has a resident Minister belonging to the
+Established Church. It has likewise a Methodist Chapel; but no stated
+minister of that denomination.
+
+Another large lake called Washademoak, lies a little below the Jemseg,
+and is separated from the Grand Lake by a range of highland. This lake
+is from twenty-four to thirty miles long, and from two to three miles
+wide. A stream falls into this lake, called the Washademoak river,
+which rises near the bend of the Peticodiac. It has a settlement along
+its banks, called New-Canaan. There is a mixture of intervals and
+upland along this settlement, well covered with timber of various
+kinds. The Washademoak lake is well settled, and empties into the St.
+John, opposite Long Island.
+
+The Parishes on the western side of the river are Gagetown and
+Hampstead. Gagetown is regularly laid out, and is the county town. It
+has a handsome Church, with a settled Pastor; a Court-House and Gaol,
+with several fine private buildings. As was observed before, several
+fine Islands lie in this county, one of them, named Long Island, is six
+miles in length and well improved. It has a neat Church, in which
+divine service is occasionally performed. It has likewise a tavern,
+with as good accommodations and as well kept as any in the country. The
+streams in this county on the western side of the river, have nothing
+peculiar to merit a particular description. Gagetown Creek runs past
+the Township of that name, and facilitates the navigation of that part
+of the country, and the Ocnabog is the tunnel through which the waters
+of a small lake of that name are discharged into the Saint John. I must
+not forget to notice that in front of Gagetown there is a bend in the
+river, which some ill natured person has saddled with the forbidding
+name of "No Man's Friend" although there is nothing unfriendly about
+the place, and it should rather be called "Pleasant Reach" as the
+adjoining country is very pleasant.
+
+A new Parish has lately been erected in this County, called Brunswick,
+which lies back of Waterborough and Wickham, and comprehends the
+settlement of New-Canaan and the district adjoining.
+
+
+SECTION IV.
+
+KING'S COUNTY.
+
+Lies likewise on both sides of the river Saint John, and is bounded on
+the North by a line running South West and North East, from the South
+point of Spoon Island in the river Saint John. On the East by
+Northumberland and Westmorland. On the West by Charlotte, and on the
+South by the County of Saint John. It contains seven thousand nine
+hundred and thirty inhabitants.
+
+It comprehends the Long Reach, the Kennebeckasis and Belisle, and is
+divided into the following Parishes--Westfield, Greenwich, Kingston,
+Springfield, Norton, Sussex, and Hampton. Kingston has a Township
+regularly laid out, which bears the name of the Parish. It has a neat
+Church, with a resident Minister, and a number of neat buildings, which
+make a fine appearance. The Court-House, however, is a considerable
+distance from the Town. The settlers in most parts of this Parish have
+the appearance of comfort and affluence, although the land is inferior
+in fertility to most of the other Parishes. The Parish of Sussex has a
+Church with a resident Minister, and an Academy for the instruction of
+the Indians, but little good has accrued to these wanderers from that
+Institution. A beautiful strip of land lies in this Parish called the
+Vale of Sussex, which is highly cultivated and covered with excellent
+houses and barns.--Agriculture is in general well attended to, and its
+effects are evident in independent farmers, good stocks of cattle and
+an air of comfort and cheerfulness, the sure returns of industry and
+husbandry. The roads and bridges are in good order and well attended
+to. The great road of communication passes through this Vale to
+Westmorland.
+
+The river Kennebeckasis intersects this county, and falls into the
+Saint John, near the Boar's Head. This is a considerable stream, and
+has several Islands scattered through its course. It is navigable
+upwards of twenty miles for vessels of any burthen, and sixty miles
+farther for small vessels and boats. It is well adapted for
+Ship-building, having abundance of excellent timber in its
+neighborhood, and several vessels are annually built here for the
+merchants of Saint John.
+
+The Nerepis another considerable stream, falls into the Saint John at
+the foot of the Long Reach. This river runs a considerable distance
+into the country and has a settlement along its banks.
+
+There are two quarries of excellent Plaster of Paris on the river
+Kennebeckasis. There is likewise a salt spring in this part of the
+country, from which small quantities of salt have been made by the
+Indians and Inhabitants settled near the place, which has proved of an
+excellent quality for the table, and there can be no doubt of its
+possessing valuable medicinal qualities; but no attention has yet been
+paid to analyse it. Great quantities of sugar are extracted from the
+sugar maple in this county, upwards of ten thousand pounds have been
+made in a year, of that valuable article in one Parish.
+
+Several of the Parishes in this county have Churches, some of which
+have stated Pastors, and others are supplied occasionally.
+
+
+SECTION V.
+
+SAINT JOHN.
+
+This County is bounded northerly by a line running East North East, and
+West South West, from the southernmost point of the Kennebeckasis
+Island. Westwardly by a North line from Point Lepreau. Eastwardly by
+Hopewell Township, and on the Southward by the Bay of Fundy. It has
+four Parishes. The City of Saint John, Portland, Lancaster, and Saint
+Martins. It contains a population of twelve thousand nine hundred and
+seven inhabitants. This county has several fine harbors; the principal
+of which is the harbor of Saint John, at the mouth of the Saint John
+river and which was noticed in the description of the city. This harbor
+has a valuable fishery for Salmon, Herring, and Shad. Formerly from two
+to three thousand barrels of Shad, twenty thousand barrels of herrings,
+and a vast quantity of Salmon were taken here annually; but the fishery
+has fallen off very much of late years. A Cod fishery might also be
+prosecuted to advantage not far from Partridge Island, but this is
+totally neglected. The other harbors are Quaco, Musquash, and Dippoo
+harbor, down the Bay, which have nothing particular. They have water
+sufficient for vessels of four hundred tons burthen.
+
+The lands, in the county and along the sea-board are not so good for
+farming as those in the interior. They are generally very rocky and
+uneven. In many places they are mere barrens being covered with a
+stunted growth of shrubs. There are however good spots intermixed, and
+many places that formerly appeared doomed to sterility have been
+brought under a good state of cultivation. Great improvements have
+lately been made in farming in this county. Many new settlements have
+been formed and are rapidly improving. Several merchants and persons of
+property in the city of Saint John have lately improved farms in its
+vicinity; particularly on the Marsh and at Loch Lomond. It will
+certainly be a great advantage to the Province, if men who possess
+capital, employ a part of it in improving the country. By this means
+many poor districts of sterile land may be reclaimed, and improved by
+the wealth of the city; to the great advantage of individuals, and
+benefit of the settlement where such improvements are made: as the
+citizen will lay out from year to year, no more than he can spare from
+his other pursuits, and this when the land is once brought to a good
+state of cultivation will richly repay him: while the indigent settler
+will have labour brought home to his own door to enable him to subsist
+while he improves a small spot for himself, which without such a
+resource he could not attempt.
+
+A great strip of Marsh lies contiguous to the city, some of which is
+dyked and yields excellent grass. The whole district is rapidly
+improving to the great advantage of the city. Several wealthy citizens
+have lately made great improvements here, and some fine seats are
+nearly completed.
+
+The Parish of Portland contains old Fort Howe. This Fort is situated on
+a rugged hill at the mouth of the river Saint John, and completely
+commands the harbour. Portland is well built up, but the road near the
+Fort is very narrow, and in a wretched state, considering that it is
+the only thoroughfare from the city, to the Indian House, so called;
+which is situated in front of the bay, just above the falls, and where
+vessels and boats come too, going and coming to wait for the tide, and
+where passengers from all parts of the river land, and frequently walk
+over the tongue of land to Saint John, which is a little more than a
+mile. Passengers likewise going up the river in the Steam-Boat or
+Sloops, usually ride or walk from Saint John to the Indian House, and
+baggage and goods of all descriptions, are transported above the falls
+by this route, which keeps the road continually thronged, and points
+out the necessity of having a good and safe communication in such a
+public place. There is no public place of worship in Portland of any
+denomination: the inhabitants resort to the different places of worship
+in the city.
+
+The settlements of Quaco, Manawagonish, Musquash, &c. are in a
+flourishing state. Considerable progress has been made in Agriculture,
+and there is reason to believe the country round the Bay shore is rich
+in minerals. Manganese has been found at Quaco, and the adjoining
+district, which has been sent to the United States, and is said to be
+of a good quality.
+
+
+SECTION VI.
+
+Having in the preceding sections briefly described the five Counties
+lying along the river St. John; I shall now proceed with the three
+remaining, commencing with
+
+CHARLOTTE.
+
+This County is bounded by the Bay of Fundy on the south, by the St.
+Croix river, and the Bay of Passamaquoddy on the west and south west,
+on the east by a north line from Point Lepreau, and on the north by a
+west line commencing in the said north line thirty-three miles from
+Point Lepreau, and contains nine thousand two hundred and sixty-seven
+inhabitants.
+
+It is divided from the United States by the river St. Croix, commonly
+called the Schoodick, which is the line in this quarter that divides
+the territories of His Britannic Majesty from the District (State) of
+Maine. It comprehends several large Islands in the Bay of
+Passamaquoddy, and is divided into the following Parishes:--St.
+Andrews, St. Stephens, St. Davids, St. Patricks, St. Georges,
+Pennfield, Campobello, West Isles, and Grand Manan.
+
+The Parish of St. Andrews, besides the town of that name already
+described, possesses many advantages for trade, being situated very
+conveniently for navigation. It has several Saw-Mills, and a great
+quantity of boards, planks, &c. are shipped from that port.
+
+St. Stephens likewise furnishes vast quantities of sawed lumber. The
+mills in this parish on the river Schoodick are very numerous. More
+than four million feet of boards and planks are cut in this Parish
+annually. Ship-building is likewise carried on to considerable extent.
+Large quantities of shingles and small lumber of different descriptions
+are also furnished here for exportation. There is a Methodist Chapel
+with a stated Minister in this parish. The country is considerably
+improved, having several good farms. It has likewise a good herring
+fishery at the falls of the Schoodick.
+
+St. Davids has likewise some good saw-mills. It also furnishes masts,
+and squared timber for shipping. The land in this Parish is of an
+excellent quality, and produces wheat, oats, Indian corn, potatoes, &c.
+in great abundance.
+
+The Parishes of St. Patricks, St. George, and Pennfield, have each a
+number of saw-mills, and furnish large quantities of sawed lumber of
+the best quality--the country being well stocked with excellent pine.
+Considerable quantities of scale fish are also caught and cured here.
+Great improvements are likewise making in Agriculture in these
+Parishes, particularly in Pennfield, which produces wheat in great
+perfection. The settlers in this Parish are good farmers, and are
+making great improvements.
+
+The Parishes of Campobello and Deer Island comprehend the Islands so
+called. Campobello includes the Islands on the south east side of
+Passamaquoddy river. It contains several thousand acres of land fit for
+cultivation. Many of the inhabitants are employed in the fishery along
+the shores. Great quantities of cod and other fish are taken about the
+Island, and sold uncured to the Americans. Formerly most of the gypsum
+exported from this Province was landed on this Island where it was
+shipped on board American vessels for Philadelphia and New-York.
+
+Grand-Manan is likewise a considerable place for fishing,
+Ship-building, &c. and is of considerable importance in a nautical
+point of view, as it lies near the entrance of the Bay of Fundy. It is
+fourteen miles long and seven miles broad. The Northernmost point is in
+latitude 44 deg. 54' longitude 66 deg. 45' west.
+
+The rivers Maggagaudavick and Digdaguash, lie in this county, and are
+of the utmost advantage in transporting the lumber from the interior.
+On each of these streams mills are erected. The Maggagaudavick runs a
+great distance into the country, and communicates with a chain of
+lakes, down which lumber is floated from a great distance. There are
+several falls in the Maggagaudavick--those near the mouth are nearly
+forty feet.
+
+Several Islands lying in Passamaquoddy Bay are within the limits of
+this county. Some of them are of considerable importance, on account of
+the fishery, and as affording harbors for shipping.
+
+
+SECTION VII.
+
+WESTMORLAND.
+
+Is bounded eastwardly by the line of Nova-Scotia, and the Gulph of St.
+Lawrence; northerly, by a west line running into the country from the
+northernmost point of Shediac Island; westwardly, by a line beginning
+at a point in the north boundary of St. John County; north, from Quaco
+head, and running north till it meets said west line; southerly, by St.
+John County and Chignecto. It contains nine thousand three hundred and
+three inhabitants.
+
+This County is situated at the head of the Bay of Fundy, and joins
+Nova-Scotia. The line between the Provinces is the narrowest part of
+the isthmus between the Bay of Fundy and Bay Verte. A small stream over
+which there is a bridge--forming the separating line. It contains the
+following Parishes:--Westmorland, Sackville, Hillsborough, Hopewell,
+Moncton, Dorchester, Salisbury, and Botsford.
+
+A considerable part of this county was formerly settled by the Acadians
+or French neutrals, whose descendants are still numerous in this and
+the adjoining County of Northumberland, being spread along the
+seaboard, to the Bay of Chaleur. They have settlements at Memramcook,
+Peticodiac, Bay Verte, Cocagne, Bucktouche, Richibucto, &c.--where
+there are several large Chapels, which are usually supplied with Romish
+Missionaries, who are supported by tythes from the French Catholics.
+But the most thriving class of settlers are the English, chiefly from
+Yorkshire, or their descendants. They are in general good farmers and
+attend chiefly to husbandry. Indian corn is but little cultivated in
+this county, the climate being too cool and temperate for that plant to
+thrive well; but wheat, oats, potatoes, &c. flourish here in great
+perfection. This is the finest part of the Province for stock; from the
+extensive tracts of salt marsh which lie in this county, many thousand
+acres of which are dyked and produce abundant crops. Butter and cheese
+are made and exported from this county in large quantities. The cattle
+are superior to any in the country from the great attention that has
+been paid by the inhabitants to crossing and improving the breed.
+During the American war nine hundred head of cattle, and eight hundred
+firkins of butter, were sent from this county to Halifax, and other
+places in one year, and although the demand has fallen off since the
+peace, there are still large droves taken from Cumberland to Halifax,
+and St. John--and likewise large quantities of butter and cheese.
+
+The tides at the head of the Bay rise to a great height. They come in
+with successive swells of the water called the Boar, which at spring
+tides roll in with amazing velocity in waves about three feet
+perpendicular. The noise of the Boar is heard a great distance, and
+animals immediately take to the highland, and manifest visible signs of
+terror if near it. The spring tides at Cape Chignecto, Cape Enrage, and
+Cumberland bason, are from forty-five to fifty-five feet. Common tides
+at Cape Chignecto, thirty-six feet; at Cape Enrage, forty feet; at Fort
+Cumberland, forty-five; and at Bay Verte, from eight to ten feet
+perpendicular.
+
+The shores from Cape Chignecto and Martin's Head to the Joggins, or
+land of Grindstones, are high, bold and rocky. On other parts of the
+coast they are not so elevated, but abound in most places with valuable
+stones of different kinds, fit for building and other purposes. Great
+quantities of Grindstones are made in this county, and furnish a
+valuable article for exportation. Nearly twenty thousand were formerly
+exported from this place annually, to the United States, and other
+places, but this branch of trade has fallen off considerably of late
+years.
+
+Fort Cumberland formerly called Beausejour, is situated on the
+Missaguash river in this county. It was the first post fortified by the
+French in this Province, and was for a long while a great annoyance to
+the English settlers, till it was taken by Colonel MONCKTON, in 1755,
+who placed a British Garrison in it. The works are at present much
+decayed, a few soldiers are however still stationed in it.
+
+The several parishes in this county are in a flourishing state. Some of
+them have neat places of worship with stated Ministers, and others are
+visited occasionally. Westmorland in general, is well settled, with a
+substantial yeomanry, and although it does not make such a figure in a
+bustling trade as some of the other counties, it is silently enriching
+itself with the slow but sure returns of Agriculture, and fast rising
+into importance.
+
+The rivers in this county are the Peticodiac, Memramcook, and
+Missaguash with several other streams which run a considerable distance
+into the country. Some of them are well settled along their banks. The
+main road from Saint John to Cumberland follows the Peticodiac nearly
+throughout its whole course.
+
+There are no sea-ports in this county of consequence. Dorchester has
+but little trade, and Chediac, is near the lines in Northumberland,
+although the river runs into this county and facilitates the export of
+its produce.
+
+
+SECTION VIII.
+
+NORTHUMBERLAND.
+
+Joins Westmorland on the southward, and is bounded eastwardly by the
+Gulph of Saint Lawrence, and Bay of Chaleur. On the northwestward by
+the Bay of Chaleur to the river Ristigouche, and westwardly by a
+continuation of the western boundary line of Westmorland. The
+population of this county amounts to fifteen thousand eight hundred and
+twenty-nine.
+
+This extensive county lies along the Gulph of Saint Lawrence having a
+great extent of sea-coast. It includes several large bays and rivers,
+and comprises more than one third of the Province. It contains the
+following Parishes:--Newcastle, Chatham, Ludlow, Northesk, Alnwick,
+Carleton, Beresford, Glenelg, Saumarez, Wellington, and Nelson. It is a
+great lumbering county, and furnishes more squared timber annually than
+the whole Province besides: The pine is of the best quality, and found
+in immense quantities along the numerous streams and rivers with which
+this part of the country abounds. The lumber shipped from this county
+generally commands a better price in the British market than from any
+other part of the Province. The principal port for shipping is
+Miramichi, which is crowded with vessels during the summer and autumn.
+The river has two main branches called the northwest and southwest.
+Vessels load in different parts of the river, and rafts are brought to
+the shipping with the greatest ease. Shipping go up the river as far as
+Fraser's Island for cargoes and farther on the northwest, where there
+are several trading establishments. Newcastle is a considerable place
+for loading, and although it may be considered the county town, has
+nothing particular. About two miles below this place there is a trading
+establishment belonging to Mr. ABRAHAMS, and two miles farther down is
+the establishment of RANKIN, & CO. Indeed wherever there is a
+convenient cove, vessels lay and load. Chatham four miles below
+Newcastle on the opposite side of the river, is also a considerable
+shipping place. It has a Church with several fine stores and buildings.
+There are but few places along the entrance of this river but what are
+convenient for shipping. Upwards of three hundred sail load annually at
+Miramichi. The timber is paid for part in specie, and part in British
+and West-India goods and provisions.
+
+A stranger would naturally suppose, that such a trade must produce
+great riches to the country; and that great and rapid improvements
+would be made. That large towns would be built--that the fair produce
+of such a trade would be seen in commodious and elegant houses,
+extensive stores and mercantile conveniences, in public buildings for
+ornament and utility, good roads and improved seats in the vicinity of
+the sea-ports, with Churches, Kirks, Chapels, &c.: All these with many
+other expectations would be but a matter of course. But here he would
+not only be disappointed, but astonished at the rugged and uncouth
+appearance of most part of this extensive county. There is not even a
+place that can claim the name of a town. The wealth that has come into
+it, has passed as through a thoroughfare to the United States, to pay
+for labour or cattle. The persons principally engaged in shipping the
+timber have been strangers who have taken no interest in the welfare of
+the country; but have merely occupied a spot to make what they could in
+the shortest possible time. Some of these have done well, and others
+have had to quit the trade: but whether they won or lost the capital of
+the country has been wasted, and no improvement of any consequence made
+to compensate for it, or to secure a source of trade to the
+inhabitants, when the lumber shall fail. Instead of seeing towns built,
+farms improved, and the country cleared and stocked with the reasonable
+returns of so great a trade; the forests are stripped and nothing left
+in prospect, but the gloomy apprehension when the timber is gone, of
+sinking into insignificance and poverty. Formerly the woods swarmed
+with American adventurers who cut as they pleased. These men seeing the
+advantages that were given them, and wishing to make the most of their
+time, cut few but prime trees, and manufactured only the best part of
+what they felled, leaving the tops to rot; by this mode more than a
+third of the timber was lost. This with their practice of leaving what
+was not of the best quality after the trees were felled, has destroyed
+hundreds of thousands of tons of good timber: And when this was stopped
+by permitting none but British subjects and freeholders to obtain
+licenses, the business was not much mended as any person wishing to
+enter into the trade could, by purchasing a small sterile spot for a
+small trifle (provided he was a British subject) get in the way of
+monopolizing the woods. These are some of the causes that have and
+still do operate against the prosperity of the country. Men who take no
+interest in the welfare of the province, continue to sap and prey on
+its resources.
+
+The other sea-ports in this county are Saint Peters, Richibucto, and
+Ristigouche, at which places there is a considerable trade carried on
+in squared timber, &c. but they have nothing of consequence to merit a
+particular description. Besides the Miramichi already described, this
+county is watered by several considerable rivers, the principal of
+which is the Ristigouche, which falls into the Bay of Chaleur, and
+communicates by a short portage with Grand River which falls into the
+Saint John fifteen miles above the great falls. The smaller rivers are
+numerous, some of them have settlements along their banks and others
+are but little known. The inhabitants are a mixture of Europeans and
+Americans. A number of the descendants of the French neutrals are
+settled in this county, particularly on the river Cocagne where there
+are several villages with Catholic Chapels; they are also settled at
+Buctouche, Richibucto and along the sea-board as far as the Bay of
+Chaleur. They are generally agriculturalists and quiet orderly
+settlers.
+
+Having thus gone briefly through the different counties, I shall
+conclude this chapter with a statement of the distances of the
+principal points on the Great Road of communication from St. John to
+Quebec:
+
+From St. John to Fredericton,               92 miles on the western
+From Fredericton to the Presque-Isle,       84   side of the river.
+From Presque-Isle to Grand Falls,           52
+Thence to the Madawaska Falls,              45
+To the river Des Caps near Kamouraska,      84
+Thence to Quebec,                          107
+                                           ---
+                                           464
+
+making in the whole a distance of four hundred and sixty-four miles
+from the sea-board to Quebec, according to the present routes; nearly
+two thirds of which is along the great river St. John.
+
+The great road of communication between this Province and Canada, has
+been much neglected, particularly about the Grand Falls where the road
+has been but lately cut and is but little improved, although this has
+been the route for the couriers upwards of forty years; but as the
+attention of Government is now turned to that object it is probable
+there will soon be an alteration for the better.
+
+In opening new roads there is not sufficient pains taken to explore the
+best ground in commencing. Frequently after the roads are considerably
+improved, and much money expended, better routes are discovered and
+most parts of the old road are abandoned. To remedy this where the road
+runs along the course of a river it would be advisible to explore the
+country some distance back, for as the banks of the rivers are in many
+places very high the streams that run into them indent the country and
+form hollows and hills near their exit that are nearly impassable; when
+by going a little back the land falls and their banks have a gradual
+slope over which a good road may be made with ease. This although not a
+general rule, will hold good in most parts of the country.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+_State of Learning. Trade. Revenue. Remarks on the Lumber Business.
+Population. Militia._
+
+
+The state of learning in this Province is very flourishing at present
+compared to what it was a few years ago. When the country was first
+settled the opportunities of obtaining a liberal education were small
+and confined to a few. From this cause many persons who occasionally
+fill important stations in the several counties, are found very
+deficient in learning, but this from the many provisions lately made
+will cease in a few years, and men will always be found to fill all
+public offices, with learning sufficient to enable them to discharge
+their several duties with credit to themselves and advantage to the
+public.
+
+Besides the College of New-Brunswick incorporated by charter, there are
+Grammar Schools established in several counties which are liberally
+supported. By the bounty of the Legislature, twenty pounds per annum is
+allowed to be drawn out of the Province Treasury for every Parish where
+a School-House is provided, and the sum of thirty pounds raised by the
+inhabitants, to enable them to employ good and sufficient teachers, and
+this bounty extends to three schools in each Parish. By this liberal
+public provision schooling is brought to the doors of most of the
+inhabitants, who will exert themselves to partake of the public
+benefit.
+
+The College of New-Brunswick is established at Fredericton and endowed
+with a block of land containing nearly six thousand acres adjoining the
+town plot.
+
+The Governor and Trustees of this College having surrendered their
+charter to the King, and petitioned to have the Establishment put on a
+more enlarged footing; their petition was graciously received and a new
+charter granted, bearing date the eighteenth of November, one thousand
+eight hundred and twenty-three. A grant of a sum of money was at the
+same time made to the College out of the royal revenues in this
+Province, to enable the Corporation to erect a suitable building for
+the President, Professors and Students; and to procure a Library, and
+Philosophical apparatus for the same. The Legislature of the Province
+has likewise granted a liberal sum for the same purpose; in consequence
+of which a building on a liberal scale is to be immediately erected on
+a conspicuous part of the rising ground adjoining the town.
+
+The most general seminary for the education of the bulk of the
+population is the Madras School. The Lieutenant-Governor and a number
+of the first characters in the Province, have the management of this
+seminary, which is incorporated by the name of "The Governor and
+Trustees of the Madras School in New-Brunswick." As most of the Parish
+Schools in the Province are on the Madras system of education, and
+under the direction of the corporation, I shall close this short sketch
+of the state of learning in this Province with a statement of that
+institution copied from the last report.
+
+State of the Madras School in New-Brunswick, in July, 1824, viz.
+
+Saint John,   in daily attendance 197 -- total entered 1222
+Carleton,              "           96          "        143
+Fredericton,           "           50          "         79
+Douglas,               "           22          "         45
+Queensborough,         "                       "         45
+St. Andrews,           "           94          "        156
+Grand Manan,        }  "           42          "         89
+Grand Harbour,      }
+North Head,            "           40          "         76
+Westcock,              "           45          "        118
+Sackville,                                     "         40
+Shediac,               "           30          "         53
+Peticodiac,            "           45          "         50
+Kingston,                                               113
+Springfield,           "           24          "         81
+Gage Town,             "           25          "        117
+Sussex Vale,           "           38          "        114
+Newcastle,             "           39          "        166
+Northesk,              "           42          "         66
+Chatham,               "           40          "         51
+Hampton,               "           26          "         75
+Norton,                                        "         60
+Maugerville,           "           28          "         52
+ "   middle district,                          "         39
+Fort Cumberland,       "           49          "        105
+Point Debute,          "           52          "         62
+Jolicure,              "           32          "         50
+St. Georges,           "           38          "         72
+Woodstock, middle   }  "           36          "        135
+   district,        }
+Upper District,        "           35          "         76
+Dow's District,                                "         36
+Wakefield, middle   }  "           21          "         90
+   district,        }
+Lower district,        "           21          "         86
+Northampton,                                   "         35
+Military Settlement }
+            No. 1,  }  "           38          "        140
+            No. 2,     "           36          "        131
+            No. 3,     "           24          "        159
+            No. 4,     "           24          "        116
+Scotch Settlement,     "           20          "         36
+                                                      -----
+    In July, 1824                                     4,379
+Add the number in the College at Fredericton,
+as reported last year                                   357
+                                                      -----
+Total                                                 4,736
+In July, 1823                                         3,396
+                                                      -----
+Increase during the year                              1,340
+
+The trade of New-Brunswick may be comprised under the following heads:
+
+
+EXPORTS TO THE WEST-INDIES.
+
+Boards, shingles, fish, and small articles. The principal return for
+which is rum, sugar, molasses, &c.
+
+
+EXPORTS TO GREAT BRITAIN.
+
+Squared timber, masts, spars, oars, lathwood, deals, furs, &c.
+Ship-building forms also a considerable branch of trade at present.
+Some of which are built by contract for merchants in Great-Britain, and
+others are built and loaded by merchants in the Province, and either
+employed by them in the exportation of lumber, or sold in Britain. The
+returns for this trade are British merchandise, and specie.
+
+There was formerly a considerable trade carried on with the United
+States in gypsum, grindstones, smoked salmon, &c. and for a short
+period in the productions of the West-Indies from the free port of St.
+John, (as well as from Halifax in Nova-Scotia.) But the trade in
+West-India produce is now totally at an end, and the other branches
+much fallen off, so that most of the flour, corn, and bread stuffs
+imported from thence is paid for in specie, which is a great drain for
+the cash of the Province: for there are nearly sixty thousand barrels
+of wheat and rye flour, and from sixty-five to seventy thousand bushels
+of indian corn, imported annually, besides corn meal, bread, &c.
+
+The amount of imports in 1824 was five hundred and fourteen thousand
+five hundred and fifty-seven pounds sterling, and the exports in the
+same year five hundred and twenty-six thousand nine hundred and
+twenty-three, exclusive of exports from the port of St. Andrews, which
+amounted to about one hundred thousand pounds, besides several vessels
+built at St. Peters, and other places not in the above statement. The
+gross amount of the revenue collected at the different ports in the
+Province, in 1824 was forty-four thousand six hundred and seventy
+pounds two shillings and sixpence, New-Brunswick currency. This when
+the population of the Country is considered, speaks much for the trade
+and resources of the Province.
+
+As squared timber is the great staple of this trade, I shall set down
+the number of tons exported yearly at three different periods, from
+which the reader may form a pretty correct idea of the quantity usually
+shipped in a year.
+
+In 1819 the quantity was 247,394 Tons.
+In 1822     "        "   266,450  "
+In 1824     "        "   321,211  "
+
+The above is the total amount from all the Ports in New-Brunswick.
+
+
+The following statement will shew the total amount of exports and
+imports of every description in the year 1824.
+
+
+IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.
+
+PORT OF SAINT JOHN, NEW-BRUNSWICK.
+
+_An account of the total number of Ships and Vessels that have entered
+inwards at this Port and the Out-Bays within the district thereof, in
+the year 1824, with their Tonnage, number of Men, and the quantity of
+Goods imported in the same Vessels, together with the value of said
+Goods in Sterling Money.--Exclusive of Coasters._
+
+
+SAINT JOHN.
+
+432 Vessels--94,248 Tons--4,192 Men.
+
+Wheat and Rye Flour, bbls.        32,512
+Bread, ditto                       1,088
+Corn, bushels                     37,917
+Meal, barrels                      3,448
+Rice, cwts.                        1,097
+Beef and Pork, barrels             4,719
+Sheep, number                         26
+Horses, ditto                          3
+Peas and Beans, bushels            1,145
+Wine, gallons                     14,772
+Brandy and Gin, gallons           29,682
+Rum, gallons                     310,879
+Molasses, gallons                110,579
+Coffee, cwts.                        248
+Pimento, lbs.                      9,742
+Sugar, cwt.                        2,988
+Salt, tons                         4,673
+Naval Stores, barrels              2,254
+Tobacco, cwts.                     1,334
+Tea, chests                        1,415
+Cordage, coils                     9,406
+Coal, chaldrons                    3,703
+Oak and Locust Wood, M. feet          62
+Onions, Seeds, Apples, &c. bbls.   3,016
+Staves, M.                            45
+Shingles, M.                          27
+Iron and Copper, tons              2,154
+Hides, number                      7,724
+Mahogany, Logwood, &c. tons          192
+Bricks, M.                            21
+Stone Ware, pieces                22,113
+Cotton Wool, bales                   134
+Slates, M.                            95
+Oats, bushels                      9,863
+Barley, bushels                    1,452
+Wheat, bushels                     5,418
+Tallow, hogsheads                     67
+Wood Hoops, number                 2,400
+Packages of British Merchandise,
+  including cotton, silk
+  and woollen Goods, Sail
+  Cloth, Ironmongery, &c.         24,686
+
+
+MIRAMICHI.
+
+327 Vessels--94,601 Tons--4,274 Men.
+
+Wheat Flour, barrels              17,285
+Bread, barrels                     1,063
+Corn, bushels                     17,262
+Meal, barrels                     11,598
+Rice, cwt.                           160
+Beef and Pork, barrels             6,016
+Peas and Beans, barrels            1,204
+Naval Stores, barrels                212
+Tobacco, cwts.                       727
+Tea, chests                          280
+Cordage, coils                     1,144
+Coal, chaldrons                    1,063
+Onions, Seeds, Apples, Nuts, &c.
+  barrels                            710
+Wine, gallons                      6,493
+Brandy and Gin, gallons           23,533
+Rum, gallons                      86,977
+Molasses, gallons                 23,533
+Coffee, cwts.                        126
+Pimento, lbs.                        224
+Sugar, cwts.                       2,462
+Salt, tons                           410
+Iron and Copper, tons                125
+Hides, number                         94
+Mahogany, Logwood, &c. tons           42
+Bricks, M.                            82
+Stone Ware, pieces                60,300
+Slates, M.                            34
+Barley, bushels                      200
+British Merchandise, packages      3,600
+
+
+SAINT PETERS.
+
+33 Vessels--6,143 Tons--302 Men.
+
+Wheat Flour, barrels                 184
+Bread, ditto                          34
+Rice, cwt.                            16
+Beef and Pork, barrels               130
+Wine, gallons                         61
+Brandy and Gin, gallons            1,078
+Rum, gallons                       2,596
+Molasses, gallons                  1,675
+Sugar, cwts.                          48
+Salt, tons                           250
+Naval Stores, barrels                 10
+Tobacco, cwts.                        13
+Tea, chests                            4
+Cordage, coils                        67
+Coal, chaldrons                       24
+Iron and Copper, tons                 35
+British Merchandise, packages        142
+
+
+RICHIBUCTO.
+
+86 Vessels--17,490 Tons--830 Men.
+
+Wheat Flour, barrels                 889
+Bread, ditto                         283
+Meal, ditto                          631
+Beef and Pork, barrels               493
+Peas and Beans, bushels              135
+Wine, gallons                        968
+Brandy and Gin, gallons            3,581
+Rum, gallons                      10,821
+Molasses, gallons                  5,967
+Coffee, cwts.                         15
+Sugar, cwts.                         202
+Salt, tons                           680
+Naval Stores, barrels                 39
+Tobacco, cwts.                        29
+Tea, chests                           36
+Cordage, coils                        56
+Coal, chaldrons                      125
+Iron and Copper, tons                 25
+British Merchandise, packages      1,322
+
+
+SHEDIAC.
+
+19 Vessels--4,018 Tons--208 Men.
+
+Wheat Flour, barrels                   7
+Bread, barrels                        60
+Beef and Pork, barrels                29
+Brandy and Gin, gallons              120
+Rum, gallons                          20
+Molasses, gallons                    105
+Sugar, cwts.                           9
+Salt, tons                           180
+Naval Stores, barrels                 17
+Tobacco, cwt.                         11
+Cordage, coils                        23
+Coal, chaldrons                        7
+Iron and Copper, tons                 28
+British Merchandise, packages        176
+
+
+RESTIGOUCHE.
+
+13 Vessels--2,226 Tons--118 Men.
+
+Bread, barrels                         5
+Beef and Pork, barrels                 7
+Peas and Beans, bushels               14
+Rum, gallons                         972
+Molasses, gallons                  1,010
+Sugar, cwts                            3
+Oats, bushels                         40
+Salt, tons                            50
+Naval Stores, barrels                  5
+Cordage, coils                        33
+Coal, chaldrons                        6
+Iron and Copper, tons                  6
+Stone Ware, pieces                 3,000
+British Merchandise, packages         50
+
+
+DORCHESTER.
+
+4 Vessels--841 Tons--37 Men.
+
+Total value of Goods            L514,557, sterling
+
+
+CLEARED OUTWARDS.
+
+SAINT JOHN.
+
+417 Vessels--102,300 Tons--4,198 Men.
+
+Timber, tons                     114,116
+Pine Board and Plank, M. feet     11,534
+Staves, M.                         1,923
+Shingles, M.                         491
+Masts and Spars                    1,918
+Oars and Oar Rafters               2,103
+Handspikes, number                   595
+Hogshead Shooks                    4,461
+Lathwood, cords                    1,435
+Dry Fish, quintals                15,102
+Pickled Fish, barrels              9,868
+Smoaked Herrings, boxes            6,961
+Fish Oil, barrels                    168
+Gypsum, tons                       5,183
+Grindstones, number                6,013
+Salt Meat, barrels                    90
+Potatoes, bushels                    710
+Flour, barrels                       332
+Bread, barrels                       140
+Rice, cwts.                           23
+Rum, gallons                      45,870
+Molasses, do.                        525
+Pimento, lbs.                      5,442
+Sugar, cwts.                         166
+Naval Stores, barrels                271
+Tobacco, cwts.                       371
+Coal, tons                           749
+Mahogany & Camwood, &c. tons          17
+Apples, Onions, &c. barrels          330
+Smoaked Salmon, number             3,662
+Ox Horns, hogsheads                   20
+Old Copper, tons                      25
+Salt, tons                           245
+Hogsheads of Furs                     15
+Corn Meal, barrels                    50
+
+
+MIRAMICHI.
+
+331 Vessels--94,800 Tons--4,341 Men.
+
+Timber, tons                     141,384
+Pine Boards and Plank, M. feet     1,256
+Staves, M.                           304
+Shingles, M.                           8
+Masts and Spars                    1,400
+Oars and Oar Rafters                 702
+Handspikes, number                   888
+Lathwood, cords                    3,080
+Dry Fish, quintals                   263
+Pickled Fish, barrels                580
+Smoked Herrings, boxes                70
+Flour, barrels                       737
+Bread, do.                             7
+Rum, gallons                       8,627
+Naval Stores, barrels                 45
+Tobacco, cwts.                       106
+
+
+SAINT PETERS.
+
+32 Vessels--6,095 Tons--289 Men.
+
+Timber, tons                       8,308
+Pine Boards and Plank, M. feet        52
+Staves, M.                             8
+Masts and Spars                      191
+Handspikes, number                   159
+Lathwood, cords                      274
+Dry Fish, quintals                   800
+Pickled Fish, barrels                155
+
+
+RICHIBUCTO.
+
+81 Vessels--17,285 Tons--820 Men.
+
+Timber, tons                      24,269
+Pine Boards and Plank, M. feet       134
+Staves, M.                            36
+Masts and Spars                      545
+Oars and Oar Rafters                 242
+Handspikes, number                 1,380
+Lathwood, cords                      625
+
+
+SHEDIAC.
+
+19 Vessels--4,018 Tons--208 Men.
+
+Timber, tons                       5,851
+Pine Boards and Planks, M. feet       12
+Masts and Spars                      327
+Oars and Oar Rafters                 184
+Handspikes, number                    96
+Lathwood, cords                      184-1/2
+Rum, gallons                         100
+Tobacco, cwts.                        50
+
+
+RESTIGOUCHE.
+
+14 Vessels--2,301 Tons--121 Men.
+
+Timber, tons                       3,062
+Pine Boards and Plank, M. feet         7
+Masts and Spars                       47
+Handspikes, number                    32
+Lathwood, cords                       30
+Dry Fish, quintals                 2,000
+Pickled Fish, barrels                403
+Fish Oil, barrels                     20
+
+
+DORCHESTER.
+
+4 Vessels--841 Tons--37 Men.
+
+Timber, tons                       1,246
+Pine Boards and Plank, M. feet         2
+Masts and Spars                        5
+Oars and Oar Rafters                 110
+Handspikes, number                   374
+Lathwood, cords                       29-1/2
+
+   Value of Exports L362,043, sterling.
+
+N.B. To the value of exports may be added the following Ships and
+Vessels built and registered at this Port within the year 1824, by
+persons resident in this Province, either for proprietors in the United
+Kingdom, or sent there for sale, as remittances for British
+Merchandise, or for owners here, carrying on the Timber Trade.
+
+60 Ships and Vessels, measuring 16,488 tons, at L10    L164,880
+                                                      ---------
+    Total                                              L526,923
+
+
+PORT OF SAINT ANDREWS.
+
+_An account of the total number of Vessels, their Tonnage, number
+of Men, with the quantity and quality of their Cargoes, entered
+at the Port of St. Andrews in the year 1824, ending the 5th
+January, 1825._
+
+156 Vessels--29,687 Tons--1,406 Men.
+
+Rum, gallons                     104,259
+Wines from Madeira, pipes             36
+Ditto, Hogsheads                      46
+Ditto, Quarter Casks                  38
+Ditto, Half Quarter Casks             10
+Molasses, gallons                 26,768
+Gin and Brandy, gallons            1,391
+Wine from Great-Britain, galls.    1,476
+Brown Sugar, cwt.                    640
+Shrub, casks                           6
+Coffee, barrels and bags              68
+Tobacco, hogsheads                     4
+Bricks, M.                            60
+Naval Stores, barrels                327
+Canvas, bolts                        159
+Cordage, coils                       831
+Made Sails, sets                       3
+Soap and Candles, boxes              323
+Beer and Porter, barrels             118
+Nails and Wrought Iron, kegs         198
+Ship Chandlery, packages              13
+Beef and Pork, barrels                57
+Coals, chaldrons                     314
+Paint, kegs                          439
+Tea, chests                           47
+Chain Cables                          10
+Glass, boxes, &c.                    120
+Pieces of Earthenware & Cast Iron    873
+Oak Staves, M.                       120-1/2
+Wheat and Rye Flour, bbls.         5,732
+Biscuit, barrels                     727
+Rice, casks and bags                  43
+Corn, Meal and Grain, bushels     12,100
+Peas & Beans & Rye Grain, bus.       370
+Boards and Plank, M. feet             6-1/2
+Wood and Timber, feet             22,750
+Fruit, barrels                     1,090
+Sheep, number of                     200
+Merchandize, packages                585
+Salt, tons                         1,998
+Iron, tons                            68
+Earthenware, crates                  105
+Cotton Wool, bales                    22
+Mahogany, logs                        11
+Green Hides                          305
+Linseed Oil, casks                     4
+Pimento, bags and casks                8
+Logwood, tons                          1
+Tobacco Pipes, boxes                  25
+Copper Bolts, cwt.                    47
+Horses, number of                     28
+Piano Fortes                           1
+Carriages                              1
+Horned Cattle                        678
+Furs, bales and boxes                  3
+
+
+PORT OF SAINT ANDREWS.
+
+EXPORTS.
+
+175 Vessels--33,493 Tons--1,543 Men.
+
+192 Plaster Paris Vessels--13,040 Tons--657 Men.
+
+Birch and Pine Timber, tons       25,975
+Boards and Plank, M. feet          8,386
+Cod Fish, quintals                10,540
+Shingles, M.                       2,412
+Lathwood, cords                      753
+Spars, number                      1,559
+Small Poles, number                1,542
+Sawed Laths, bundles                 172
+Oars, Oar Rafters & Handspikes     1,093
+Oak, Ash and Spruce Staves, M.       284
+Ship Knees                            50
+Naval Stores, barrels                234
+Cotton Wool, bales                    22
+Pickled Fish, barrels              3,132
+Smoked Herrings, boxes             1,067
+Beef and Pork, barrels and kits       69
+Oil, barrels                          69
+Rum, puncheons                       285
+Sugar, barrels                        10
+Coffee, barrels and bags               7
+N.B. Vinegar, barrels                 40
+Fruit, Onions and Potatoes, bbls.    126
+N.B. Gin, barrels                     37
+Salt, tons                            45
+Iron, tons                            12
+Birch, M.                             35
+Calf Skins and Sides Leather, No.     48
+Soap and Candles, boxes            1,212
+Butter, firkins                        2
+Tobacco, hogsheads                     6
+Smoked Tobacco, hogsheads             21
+Merchandize, packages                 22
+Wines, pipes                          26
+Ditto hogsheads                       33
+Ditto quarter casks                   27
+Ditto half quarter casks               1
+Wheat and Rye Flour, bbls.         2,839
+Bread and Biscuit, barrels            88
+Rice, casks and barrels               22
+Indian Corn and Meal, bushels      2,482
+Peas and Beans, bushels               22
+Plaster of Paris, tons            15,576
+
+The Articles of Exports the Production of this Province and the
+Fisheries, are considered when shipped, worth the following values,
+viz.:
+
+Pine and Birch Timber,   20s.   sterling  Per Ton.
+Lumber and Plank,        40s.             per M.
+Shingles,                12s. 6d.         per M.
+Lathwood,                20s.             per Cord.
+Spars,                    5s.             Each.
+Small Poles,              2s. 6d.         Each.
+Oars and Oar Rafters,     5s.             per pair.
+Staves,                  60s.             per M.
+Dry Fish,                12s. 6d.         per quintal.
+Pickled Fish,            20s.             per barrel.
+Smoked Herrings,          3s.             per box.
+Oil,                     80s.             per barrel.
+Plaster Paris,           10s.             per ton.
+
+The whole value of the above Exports may be about L100,000.
+
+
+From the foregoing statement it plainly appears that chief of the
+export trade of this Province consists of timber, which is its natural
+stock or capital; and as there are many articles taken in exchange from
+the mother country, which are indispensably necessary to the
+inhabitants of this Province; it points out the necessity of paying
+strict attention to its preservation. In this Country there is no
+article, or articles, that can in any degree furnish exports equal to
+the pine, which is manufactured in the simplest manner, and got to
+market with but little trouble. So simple is the process that most
+settlers who have the use of the axe can manufacture it; the woods
+furnishing a sort of simple manufactory for the inhabitants, from
+which, after attending to their farms, in the summer, they can draw
+returns during the winter for those supplies which are necessary for
+the comfort of their families. This being the case, the preservation of
+our forests becomes of prime importance to the prosperity of the
+Province.
+
+The evils that must arise to the Province, by allowing the timber to be
+monopolized and hastily cut off are many. The timber standing in the
+Country, particularly on the Crown Lands, may be considered as so much
+capital or stock, to secure a permanent trade, and promote the solid
+improvement of the Country. Most of the lands in this Province where
+pine is found are intermixed with other timber, and although the
+precise spots on which the pine grows, are unfit for agriculture,
+without much labor; yet there are most always spots adjoining, where a
+settler may cultivate with success: so that in a lot of two or three
+hundred acres, there is generally enough for tillage, and a man
+settling on such land could always choose his spot for farming, and
+keep his timber to cut at his leisure. His pine so reserved would as
+long as it lasted serve him as a resource, from whence, after attending
+to his farming in the summer, he could draw returns during the winter,
+for such supplies as would be necessary for his family, and for
+improving his farm.
+
+To make this more evident, we will suppose a man settling on a
+wilderness lot--like most settlers he has but little save his own
+labour--perhaps he has a small family--he commences with cutting down a
+small spot, and erecting a hut--say in the summer or fall, he then
+moves on his family, and looks round for sustenance till he can raise
+his first crop--in doing this his funds are exhausted, and he wants by
+his own labour to replenish them during the winter, and provide a few
+implements of husbandry, and nails, &c. for building a barn--now
+supposing his lot to be back from the river, and at a distance from old
+settlements where labour is wanted--what does he do?--why he resorts to
+his pine--to the simple manufactory before noticed, and makes a few
+tons, say twenty, thirty, forty, or fifty, according to his
+ability--carefully cutting the under brush and timber, so as to put his
+land where he is working in a fair train for clearing--this timber he
+probably gets hauled to the water on shares, if he is very poor and has
+no team; the returns for which the next spring, furnishes him with
+supplies, and enables him to continue on his land and prosecute his
+farming. If he cannot do without the return of his timber till spring,
+he applies to a merchant, who if the man is of good fame, advances him
+such articles as may be particularly necessary for his family. This
+enables him to find labour on his own lot, and stay with his family:
+whereas if he has no such resource, he must leave his home, and go to a
+distance from his family, seeking labour; and probably they may be so
+circumstanced as not to be left safely alone, and he has to take them
+with him, which breaks up his family and prevents him from settling.
+
+If a number of families commence a settlement together, where the
+timber has not been destroyed, but where a fair proportion is still
+growing on the land, they exchange labour with each other, and by their
+joint exertions, manufacture and transport their own lumber to market.
+In this way they are enabled from year to year to prosecute their
+settlement and pay for their grants; the timber answering as a first
+crop fully grown, and a resource to make returns for necessaries.--By
+this method, as the pine disappears, houses and barns will rise in its
+place, and the country, instead of a barren waste, will exhibit
+flourishing settlements, peopled with a race who will know the value of
+their improvements; and feel their interest identified with the
+country: and whose attachment to the Government will increase with
+their growing possessions. Their children, raised on the soil, from the
+strong principles of early association, will feel that interest in the
+welfare of the country, that no transient advantage can produce; and
+grow up an ornament and strength to the Province. On the contrary, if
+the lumber is cut off by mere speculators, the land will be left in an
+impoverished state, much valuable timber will be wantonly destroyed,
+and the places from whence the timber is taken will be left an
+uncultivated waste; settlers will neither have the inclination or
+ability to occupy them. While the major part of the men employed in
+getting the lumber for the merchants, instead of making a comfortable
+provision for their families, will wear out the prime of their days
+without making any permanent establishment; and keep their families
+shifting about the country like vagrants. Their children, for the want
+of employment, and the direction of their fathers, brought up in
+idleness--their education and morals neglected, and bad habits
+acquired, will be the reverse of those before noticed: and many of them
+will become a vagrant race, unconcerned or uninterested in the welfare
+of the country, and in many instances a nuisance to it. While their
+parents, after they get unfit for the business, will be turned off in
+debt.
+
+In short, it will be the most direct way to prevent the settlement of
+the back lands, and to produce (what is the bane of all countries) a
+race of inhabitants who have no interest in the soil or welfare of the
+Province.
+
+Statement of the expenses on one thousand tons of pine timber,
+manufactured on the Wabskahagan, a branch of the river Tobique:--
+
+The Secretary's, Governor's, and Surveyor General's fees of
+  office, including the charge for writing petition     1 10  0
+Duty on 1000 tons, at 1s                       50  0  0
+Less by amount included in fees, &c.            1  5  0
+                                               --------48 15  0
+Incidental expenses to the applicant                    0 15  0
+Surveyor's fees for measuring the timber berth          7  0  0
+Expenses for axemen and chainmen                        5 10  0
+Travelling expenses thence and back, five hundred miles 8  0  0
+                                                      --------- 71 10 0
+Ten men at L5 per month, and an overseer at L10, say for
+  six months                                          360  0  0
+Six yoke of oxen, at L30 per yoke                     180  0  0
+One pair draught horses                                50  0  0
+One boat, sail, and gear                               36  0  0
+Two canoes with paddles                                 6  0  0
+Sleds, chains, harness, &c.                            27 10  0
+Eleven men's provisions for six months, at 85s. per head,
+  per month                                           274 10  0
+Hay for oxen, &c. 30 tons, at L10                     300  0  0
+Grain for ditto                                        25  0  0
+                                                      ---------1259 0 0
+Total expense on one thousand tons of timber, at the         ----------
+   brow ready for rafting                                   L1330 10  0
+Expense of rafting, anchors, cables, ropes, &c.                50  0  0
+                                                            L1380 10  0
+  Deduct for articles that may be useful another season, viz.--
+Oxen, Horses, Boat, tackle, &c.                       214  0  0
+Canoes, sleds, harness, anchors, &c. &c.               50  0  0
+                                                    --------- 264  0  0
+                                                             ----------
+                Total amount of expenses                    L1116 10  0
+
+From the foregoing statement (admitting it to be near the truth) it
+appears that the expenses on one thousand tons of timber got on the
+river Tobique, amounts to L1116:10:0--to which is to be added the
+expense and risk of taking it down to Saint John, a distance of about
+two hundred and fifty miles--the loss by casualties on a rapid river,
+where men and teams frequently break through the ice, and are swept
+away by the velocity of the current. When all the above expenses are
+deducted from the returns of the timber, it will leave but a little for
+those who carry on the business, and very often involves them in
+inextricable difficulties.
+
+The preceding statement points out the necessity of adopting a more
+prudent system in conducting the timber business. Not to push the trade
+to such an extent--to retrench the expenses, by raising the heavy parts
+of the supplies near the timber districts; and to follow up the timber
+trade with the improvement of the country and cultivation of the soil.
+
+Another great drawback to the prosperity of the Province is the great
+consumption of ardent liquors--partly occasioned by the present modes
+of conducting the timber business. The amount of spirituous liquors
+imported and consumed in the Province in 1824, at the least calculation
+was L120,000, exclusive of the County of Charlotte; and add to this
+amount the cost of the transport of the liquor to the interior and the
+enormous charges on the article in the distant parts of the Province,
+the cost to the consumer may be fairly reckoned at treble the amount,
+making in the whole the gross sum of L360,000 for ardent liquors alone,
+consumed by the inhabitants of the Province, being near twenty gallons
+on an average for every male over sixteen years of age.
+
+The number of inhabitants in this Province, according to the census of
+last year, is seventy-four thousand one hundred and
+seventy-six--besides the large settlement of Madawaska and the parish
+of West Isles; and as it is probable the numbers in the different
+parishes are taken in some instances under the real amount, the whole
+population may be fairly rated in round numbers at eighty thousand. The
+subjoined statement will show the population of the different counties
+and parishes in 1824:
+
+Population of the Province of New-Brunswick,
+IN THE YEAR 1824.
+
+--------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+                    |       Whites.         |    People of Colour.  |
+                    |   Males.    Females.  |  Males.   |  Females. |
+--------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+C
+o   |               |  A  |  U  |  A  |  U  |  A  |  U  |  A  |  U  |  i
+u   |               |  b  |  n  |  b  |  n  |  b  |  n  |  b  |  n  |  n P
+n   |               |  o  |  d  |  o  |  d  |  o  |  d  |  o  |  d  |T   a
+t   |               |  v  |  e  |  v  |  e  |  v  |  e  |  v  |  e  |o e r
+i   |               |  e  |  r  |  e  |  r  |  e  |  r  |  e  |  r  |t a i
+e   |               |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |a c s
+s   |               | 16  | 16  | 16  | 16  | 16  | 16  | 16  | 16  |l h h
+----+---------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+    |Fredericton    | 526 | 352 | 470 | 392 |  29 |  21 |  34 |  25 | 1849
+    |Saint Mary     | 259 | 242 | 216 | 223 |   7 |   8 |  11 |   6 |  972
+    |Douglas        | 365 | 340 | 289 | 306 |  19 |  18 |  15 |  15 | 1367
+Y   |Kingsclear     | 226 | 173 | 190 | 155 |  15 |  28 |  22 |  23 |  832
+o   |Queensbury     | 205 | 172 | 149 | 153 |  10 |   6 |   6 |  15 |  716
+r   |Prince William | 159 | 142 | 117 | 116 |   3 |   3 |   2 |   3 |  545
+k   |Northampton    | 182 | 130 | 133 | 123 | ... | ... | ... | ... |  568
+     Woodstock      | 267 | 181 | 186 | 179 |   1 |   2 | ... | ... |  816
+    |Wakefield      | 217 | 276 | 267 | 218 |   1 |   1 | ... | ... | 1010
+    |Kent           | 645 | 596 | 457 | 597 |   2 | ... | ... | ... | 2297
+----+---------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+    |City of
+S J |  St. John     |2371 |1731 |2361 |1632 |  94 |  72 | 139 |  88 | 8488
+a o |Portland,
+i h |  1st district | 628 | 392 | 447 | 340 |   1 |   1 |   3 |   1 | 1813
+n n |Portland,
+t   |  2d district  | 386 | 242 | 228 | 207 |  42 |  40 |  43 |  42 | 1230
+    |Lancaster      | 216 | 150 | 157 | 151 |  38 |  31 |  28 |  22 |  793
+    |Saint Martin   | 154 | 147 | 133 | 148 |   1 | ... | ... | ... |  583
+----+---------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+    |Kingston       | 503 | 386 | 382 | 365 |   7 |   5 |   4 |   3 | 1655
+K   |Sussex         | 487 | 460 | 414 | 433 |  11 |  12 |   7 |   9 | 1833
+i   |Hampton        | 462 | 385 | 375 | 314 |   4 |   7 |   5 |   7 | 1559
+n   |Norton         | 152 | 115 | 100 | 109 |   5 |   4 |   8 |   9 |  502
+g   |Westfield      | 182 | 181 | 152 | 178 |   7 |   7 |   4 |   2 |  713
+s   |Springfield    | 241 | 212 | 210 | 234 |   9 |   7 |   8 |   3 |  924
+    |Greenwich      | 184 | 185 | 178 | 185 |   1 |   2 |   1 |   8 |  744
+----+---------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+Q   |Gagetown       | 180 | 124 | 140 | 133 |   7 |   5 |   9 |  10 |  606
+u   |Waterborough   | 486 | 643 | 403 | 444 |   1 |  10 |   7 |  19 | 2023
+e   |Wickham        | 306 | 297 | 236 | 259 |   2 | ... | ... |   1 | 1100
+e   |Hampstead      | 193 | 188 | 164 | 165 |   5 |   6 |   4 |   1 |  723
+n   |Brunswick      |  50 |  64 |  36 |  39 | ... | ... | ... | ... |  189
+s   |Brunswick District Butternut
+    |  Ridge        |  24 |  29 |  19 |  28 | ... | ... | ... | ... |  100
+----+---------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+    |St. Andrews    | 653 | 464 | 574 | 532 |  12 |   8 |  13 |   7 | 2263
+    |St. Stephen    | 518 | 393 | 397 | 358 |   3 |   1 | ... |   3 | 1673
+C   |St. David      | 278 | 233 | 230 | 264 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1005
+h   |St. George,
+a   |  1st district | 245 | 173 | 166 | 159 |   1 | ... |   1 | ... |  745
+r   |St. George,
+l   |  2d district  | 191 | 174 |  66 | 170 | ... | ... | ... | ... |  701
+o   |St. Patrick    | 217 | 203 | 164 | 178 | ... | ... | ... | ... |  762
+t   |St. James      | 121 | 116 | 109 | 107 | ... | ... | ... | ... |  453
+t   |Pennfield      | 223 | 120 |  93 | 120 |   2 | ... | ... | ... |  558
+e   |Campo Bello    | 167 | 123 | 123 |  95 | ... |   1 | ... | ... |  509
+    |Grand Manan    | 157 | 170 | 138 | 132 | ... |   1 | ... | ... |  598
+    |West Isles     | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ...
+----+---------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+S
+u   |Maugerville    | 152 | 112 | 115 |  92 |   4 |   3 |   3 |   3 |  484
+n   |Sheffield      | 227 | 139 | 187 | 156 |   5 |   9 |   5 |   7 |  735
+b   |Burton         | 432 | 298 | 322 | 269 |   4 |   6 |   4 |   3 | 1338
+u   |Lincoln        | 200 | 167 | 142 | 158 |   1 | ... |   2 | ... |  670
+r
+y
+----+---------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+W
+e
+s   |Dorchester     | 706 | 748 | 611 | 672 |   8 | ... | ... | ... | 2737
+t   |Sackville      | 444 | 464 | 395 | 415 |   6 |   7 |   4 |   7 | 1744
+m   |Westmorland    | 215 | 208 | 192 | 229 |   2 |  13 |  11 |   9 |  883
+o   |Hillsborough   | 281 | 291 | 226 | 344 | ... |   5 | ... |   3 | 1152
+r   |Monckton       |  85 |  94 |  82 |  79 | ... | ... |   2 | ... |  342
+e   |Botsford       | 200 | 216 | 162 | 195 | ... | ... | ... |   1 |  774
+l   |Salisbury      | 171 | 170 | 147 | 177 | ... | ... | ... |   1 |  666
+a   |Hopewell       | 292 | 256 | 225 | 232 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1005
+n
+d
+----+---------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+    |Newcastle      | 641 | 326 | 377 | 313 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1657
+    |Chatham        | 451 | 296 | 319 | 382 |   1 | ... |   2 |   1 | 1452
+    |Ludlow,
+    |  1st district | 407 | 191 | 147 | 173 | ... | ... | ... | ... |  918
+N   |Ludlow,
+o   |  2d district  | 286 |  38 |  29 |  37 | ... | ... | ... | ... |  390
+r   |Northesk,
+t   |  1st district | 921 | 107 | 119 |  96 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1243
+h   |Northesk,
+u   |  2d district  |  47 |  60 |  41 |  52 | ... | ... | ... | ... |  200
+m   |Alnwick,
+b   |  1st district |  93 |  54 |  44 |  54 | ... | ... | ... | ... |  245
+e   |Alnwick,
+r   |  2d district  | 137 |  83 |  72 |  80 |   1 | ... | ... | ... |  373
+l   |Carleton       | 757 | 429 | 376 | 402 | ... | ... | ... |   1 | 1965
+a   |Beresford      | 327 | 294 | 225 | 228 |   6 |   3 |   1 |   2 | 1086
+n   |Glenelg        | 323 | 174 | 175 | 163 |   1 | ... | ... | ... |  836
+d   |Saumarez,
+    |  1st district  | 299 | 209 | 201 | 234 |   2 |   2 |   1 |   1 | 949
+    |Saumarez,
+    |  2d district   | 524 | 446 | 408 | 450 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1828
+    |Wellington      | 420 | 393 | 335 | 406 | ... | ... |   1 | ... | 1555
+    |Nelson          | 574 | 185 | 201 | 166 |   3 | ... |   2 |   1 | 1132
+----+---------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+
+
+NUMBER OF INHABITANTS IN THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES.
+
+    County of York                   10,972
+    County of Saint John             12,907
+    County of Kings                   7,930
+    County of Queens                  4,741
+    County of Charlotte               9,267
+    County of Sunbury                 3,227
+    County of Westmorland             9,303
+    County of Northumberland         15,829
+                                     ------
+       Total in the Province         74,176
+
+The enrolled Militia amount to about twelve thousand. They are divided
+into twenty-three battalions; the battalions are composed of six,
+eight, or more companies, according to local circumstances. The
+companies consist of one captain, two subalterns, three sergeants,
+and sixty rank and file, except flank companies, which are allowed
+four sergeants. Where districts are in remote situations, and not
+sufficiently populous to form two companies, but exceed the number of
+sixty effective men, eighty are allowed to be enrolled in one company.
+They assemble by companies two days in a year for drill; and by
+battalions or divisions for muster and inspection, once or oftener, if
+the Commander-in-Chief thinks it necessary. An Inspecting Field Officer
+is appointed to inspect the battalions at their general muster. He
+visits the different corps successively, and reports to the
+Commander-in-Chief. He is paid a certain sum per annum, which is
+granted yearly by the Legislature. The Militia Law is continually
+undergoing alterations, and has not yet attained to that perfection,
+that such an important branch of our provincial constitution requires.
+The last year two Inspecting Officers were appointed to inspect the two
+great divisions of the Province.
+
+There are abundant materials to form a good effective Militia in this
+Province. The youth are in general docile and orderly, and have a great
+aptitude to attain the requisite discipline; there are also a number of
+disbanded soldiers and other persons acquainted with discipline,
+scattered through the country; so that there are few districts, but
+where there are persons qualified to act as drills. The want of arms is
+indeed a great check to the military spirit, as nothing is more taking
+to boys when first put to drill, than to have arms; and although many
+requisites of discipline, such as marching, wheeling, &c. can be
+acquired full as well without them; yet nothing makes a young lad so
+alert as to have a musket put into his hands.
+
+To get persons to excel in any thing, it is requisite first of all if
+possible to create an attachment and liking to it; and to get the youth
+fully engaged in acquiring martial discipline, it is a primary object
+to make it pleasing to them. If therefore the different corps were at
+their musters to be supplied with arms and a few rounds of cartridges,
+and taught to skirmish, it would act as the greatest stimulous to the
+youth, and would soon make an alteration for the better at the
+trainings; by making them a recreation and time of amusement: while it
+would make the Militia familiar with the use of arms--which is at
+present altogether lost sight of.
+
+The writer is well aware that many arms formerly issued to the Militia
+have been destroyed, and that this might again happen; but surely some
+method might be adopted to prevent such abuses, and still to furnish
+the different corps with arms while at drill, by forming depots for
+lodging the arms, and appropriating some of the fines to keep them in
+order. In scattered districts, one, two or more companies arms might be
+kept together; and in towns Arsenals might be erected where two or
+three thousand stand might be deposited. Such buildings would not only
+be highly useful, but ornamental to the different places: and as there
+are but few serviceable arms in the Province at present, some steps
+should be taken to procure a sufficient number, and not to let the
+country remain in its present naked condition. It certainly appears
+like an anomaly in our preparations for defence, to expend time and
+money in improving our Militia, and not provide the means of arming and
+making them efficient if they should be wanted. If (as the preamble to
+the Militia Law states) "a well regulated Militia is essential to the
+security of this Province," it is equally necessary that the Province
+should possess the means of arming that Militia. If arms could not be
+procured from the Crown, it would be advisable to appropriate a part of
+the Provincial revenue for the purchase of a sufficient number to
+supply the Militia in case of emergency; which could be either sold to
+the Militiamen, or placed in the Arsenals, and issued occasionally to
+the different corps as the Government should think proper.
+
+Should the Province ever be invaded, its defence will not wholly
+consist in defending fortified posts or in engagements with large
+bodies in open field, but by taking advantage of the natural fastnesses
+of the country, such as woods, deep hollows, hills, rivers, brooks, &c.
+with which the Province abounds.
+
+This points out the necessity of having the Militia trained to
+sharpshooting and such exercises as will be beneficial in the hour of
+danger; and not merely taught a few parade movements, or how to receive
+a reviewing officer.
+
+The Indians in New-Brunswick are fast declining, and although several
+attempts have been made to induce them to form permanent settlements
+and become planters, they still continue their migratory mode of life.
+The attempts that have been made to civilize them by educating their
+children have been equally unsuccessful. The Romish religion appears to
+be the most congenial to them, as well as to the French. This arises in
+a great measure from its outward pomp and external forms imposing on
+the uncultivated mind. They yield an implicit obedience to the Romish
+Missionaries, who instruct them in religion, regulate their marriages,
+and censure or approve their conduct, and so successful have been their
+endeavours, that but few depredations are committed by the Indians on
+property, although they are frequently reduced to the most extreme
+want.--The Baron LA HOUTAN, who has enumerated forty-nine Nations of
+Indians in Canada, and Acadia, names the following Tribes as the
+original inhabitants of Nova-Scotia:--The Abenakie, Micmac, Canabus,
+Mahingans, Openangans, Soccokis, and Etechemins, from whom our present
+Indians are descended. As the customs, manners, and dress, of the
+Indians have been often described, I shall not therefore swell this
+article by repeating old stories. Besides the conical cap, the blanket,
+leggins, and moccasins, worn by all the tribes; the women among the
+New-Brunswick Indians frequently wear a round hat, a shawl, and short
+clothes, resembling the short gown and petticoat worn by the French and
+Dutch women. The Indian language is bold and figurative, abounding in
+hyperbolical expressions, and is said to be susceptible of much
+elegance. To give the reader some notion of the manner in which these
+people conduct their conferences with each other, and with Europeans, I
+shall subjoin an extract of a conference, or talk, held at Quebec, with
+the Governor General of Canada, during the last American War.
+
+
+                                            QUEBEC, 17TH MARCH, 1814.
+
+Thursday having been appointed for holding the Council, the Chiefs and
+Warriors assembled, and after shaking hands with His Excellency, as
+before, NEWASH accompanied by his Interpreter, again presented himself
+in the middle of the room, and pronounced the following Speech, or
+talk.
+
+    SPEECH OF NEWASH.
+
+    "Father--Listen.--You will hear from me truth. It is the same as
+    what the Chiefs and Warriors now here have to say.
+
+    "Father--Listen.--Open your ears to your children, to your red
+    children that are in the west. They are all of one mind: although
+    they are so far off and scattered on different lands, they hear
+    what I am now saying.
+
+    "Father--Listen.--You have told us by the talk of your Warriors,
+    twice Father, that we were to fight on the flanks and in the rear
+    of your Warriors, but we have always gone in front Father; and that
+    it is in this way we have lost so many of our young Warriors, our
+    women and children.
+
+    "Father--Listen.--The Americans have said they would kill you first
+    Father, and then destroy your red children; but when you sent us
+    the hatchet we took hold of it Father and made use of it Father, as
+    you know.
+
+    "Father--Listen.--Your red children want back their old boundary
+    lines, that they may have the lands which belong to them, and this
+    Father when the war began, you promised to get for them.
+
+    "Father--Listen.--Your red children have suffered a great deal,
+    they are sad, indeed they are pitiful, they want your assistance
+    Father. They want arms for their Warriors, and clothes for their
+    women and children. You do not know the number of your red children
+    Father. There are many who never yet received any arms or clothing.
+    It is necessary at present, Father, to send more than you formerly
+    did.
+
+    "Father--Listen.--At the beginning of the war you promised us when
+    the Americans would put their hand forward you would draw yours
+    back. Now Father we request when the Americans put their hand out,
+    (as we hear they mean to do) knock it away Father, and the second
+    time when they put out their hand, draw your sword.--If not Father,
+    the Americans will laugh at us, and say our Great Father, who is
+    beyond the Great Lake is a coward Father.
+
+    "Father--Listen.--The Americans are taking our lands from us every
+    day, they have no hearts, Father, they have no pity for us. They
+    want to drive us beyond the setting sun. But Father, we hope,
+    although we are few, and are here as it were upon a little Island,
+    our Great and Mighty Father, who lives beyond the Great Lake, will
+    not forsake us in our distress, but will continue to remember his
+    faithful red children.
+
+    "This is all I have to say. This is from our Chiefs and Warriors,
+    this is all they have to say."
+
+NEWASH then advanced to His Excellency, and presented him with the
+Black Wampum and Bloody Belt.
+
+His Excellency the Governor-in-Chief then made the Chiefs and Warriors
+the following answer to the talks or speeches that had been addressed
+to him in their behalf.
+
+    "My Children.--I thank the Great Spirit for his protection of you on
+    your long journey, and I rejoice to meet you at Quebec, the Great
+    Council Fire on this side the Great Lake.
+
+    "My Children.--You have freely and forcibly spoken your sentiments,
+    and I am happy to have heard from your own mouths, your thoughts,
+    as I know on these occasions you always speak the truth. I am
+    therefore delighted to hear my red children declare their
+    attachment to the King our Great Father, beyond the Great Lake, and
+    to myself and my Warriors.
+
+    "My Children.--I have opened my ears and listened with attention to
+    what you have said. My heart was sore when I heard of the death of
+    a great warrior. It still bleeds when I think of his loss, and the
+    misfortunes my children have met with during the war, in the death
+    of many a wise chief and brave warrior, and some of your women and
+    children who are gone to see the Great Spirit, before whom we must
+    all one day appear.
+
+    "My Children.--I thank the Great Spirit that I see you in my own
+    dwelling, and converse with you face to face. Listen to my
+    words--they are the words of truth. You have always heard this from
+    my chiefs, and I now repeat them. We have taken each other by the
+    hand and fought together. Our interests are the same--we must still
+    continue to fight together: for the King, our great father,
+    considers you as his children, and will not forget you or your
+    interests at a peace. But to preserve what we hold, and recover
+    from the enemy what belongs to us, we must make great exertions;
+    and I rely on your courage, with the assistance of my chiefs and
+    warriors, to drive the big knives from our land the ensuing summer.
+
+    "My Children.--Our great father will give us new warriors from the
+    other side of the great water, who will join with you in attacking
+    the enemy, and will soon open the great road to your country, by
+    which you used to receive your supplies, and which the enemy having
+    stopped, has caused the distress and scarcity of goods you complain
+    of: for I have never been in want of goods for you, but could not
+    send them.
+
+    "My Children.--Our success in the war must depend on our bravery and
+    your young men listening to the advice of their chiefs--this you
+    must always bear in mind. I recommend to you to open your ears when
+    my chiefs speak to you, for they only wish for your good. Tell your
+    brother warriors whom I may not see, that these are my words; and
+    that though they are to destroy their enemies in battle, they must
+    spare and shew mercy to women and children, and all prisoners.
+
+    "My Children.--I have but one thing more to recommend to you, which
+    you will not forget--you know that the only success that the enemy
+    gained over us, last season, was owing to the want of provisions.
+    There was much waste at Amherstberg--the consequence was that you
+    and my warriors were forced to retreat. In future you must be
+    careful of provisions, and use only what may be necessary; they are
+    the same as powder and ball, we cannot destroy our enemies without
+    them.
+
+    "My Children.--You will not forget what I have said to you. This is
+    my parole to the nations. (Here the black wampum is presented to
+    NEWASH.) Let them know what I have said. Tell them they shall not
+    be forgotten by their great father nor by me.--Take courage my
+    children--be strong--and may the Great Spirit preserve you in the
+    day of battle." (Here the bloody belt is presented.)
+
+After the interpreter had presented the belt to NEWASH, he with several
+of the chiefs chaunted parts of the war song:
+
+    "Under the Cloud Island
+    With this belt I go;
+    By this my heart is strong,
+    I shall have courage to die by the foe.
+
+    "Now I take hold of this belt,
+    Light as birds fly in the air;
+    Strong is my heart, and round I go,
+    Seeking to die by the foe."
+
+While this song was chaunting, several short speeches were made by the
+Indians. One of them said--"There is our father--here is the
+belt--there you are--the Great Spirit presides--now we are one, and
+none can flinch--if we stand by our father, he will stand by us. Our
+path is in the west--the war shall brighten there--the sky begins to
+clear--the light falls on our lands, and soon again shall our women and
+children be on them. You Saulks--you Chippeways, and all you of
+different nations, we are all one. We will fight them with our father,
+and never cease to fight while we have life, or until we have got back
+our lands."
+
+The names of twelve Indian chiefs, inhabiting the coast of Acadia at
+the time the French peasants submitted to the British Government, will
+be found in the appendix to this work.
+
+Lands in New-Brunswick are held in fee simple or free socage. The
+grants are immediately from the Crown. The subjoined table will shew
+the fees on single Grants, or where a number of Grantees are included
+in one patent, at present taken at the several offices.
+
+TABLE OF FEES ON GRANTS.
+
++---+-------+-------+-----+---------+---------+------+-----+--------+
+|   |G      |       |     |         |         |      |     |        |
+|   |o      |       |     |         |         |      |     |        |
+|   |v      |   S   |     |         |         |      |     |        |
+| N |e      |   e   |     |         |         |      |C    |        |
+| u |r      |   c   |     |         |      p  |      |o    |        |
+| m |n      |   '   |     |    A    |R     u  |   S  |m    |        |
+| b |o      |   y   |     |    t    |e     r  |   u  |m    |        |
+| e |r  t   |       |     |    t    |c     c  |   r  |i    |        |
+| r |   h   |   a   |     |    o    |e     h  |   v  |s  C |        |
+|   |i  e  o|   n   |     |    r    |i  i  a  |   e  |s  r |        |
+| o |n     f|   d   |     |    n    |v  n  s  |   y  |i  o |        |
+| f |c  w   |       |  A  |    e    |e  c  e  |   o  |o  w | Total. |
+|   |l  a  s|   R   |  u  |    y    |r  l     |   r  |n  n |        |
+| a |u  r  u|   e   |  d  |    -    |-  u  m  |   -  |e    |        |
+| c |d  r  r|   g   |  i  |    G    |G  d  o  |   G  |r  L |        |
+| r |i  e  v|   t   |  t  |    e    |e  i  n  |   e  |   a |        |
+| e |n  n  e|   r   |  o  |    n    |n  n  e  |   n  |o  n |        |
+| s |g  t  y|   .   |  r  |    .    |.  g  y  |   .  |f  d |        |
++---+-------+-------+-----+---------+---------+------+-----+--------+
+|   | L s d | L s d | s d | L  s  d | L  s  d | L  s | s d | L  s d |
+|100| 4 1 8 | 3 7 6 |13 4 | 1 10 10 | 0 13  4 | 2  0 | 5 0 |12 11 8 |
+|200| 4 1 8 | 3 7 6 |13 4 | 1 10 10 | 0 13  4 | 2  0 | 5 0 |12 11 8 |
+|300| 4 1 8 | 3 7 6 |13 4 | 1 10 10 | 1  4  6 | 2  0 | 7 6 |13  5 4 |
+|400| 4 1 8 | 3 7 6 |13 4 | 1 10 10 | 1 15  8 | 2  5 |10 0 |14  4 0 |
+|500| 4 1 8 | 3 7 6 |13 4 | 1 10 10 | 2  6 10 | 2 10 |10 0 |15  0 2 |
++---+-------+-------+-----+---------+---------+------+-----+--------+
+
+On Grants where more than one person is concerned, His Excellency has
+seven shillings per hundred acres; and the public offices have half the
+above-mentioned fees for each additional name, with the exception of
+the Attorney-General, who has nineteen shillings and two-pence for each
+additional name. The purchase money (which is a sum of five shillings
+sterling for every fifty acres above two hundred, payable to His
+Majesty, and called the King's purchase money,) is included in the
+above scale of fees to the Receiver-General. According to the Royal
+Instructions, a single man is entitled to one hundred acres of land,
+with an additional quantity provided he can produce sufficient
+testimonials of his ability to cultivate more. A married man is
+entitled to two hundred acres, with an additional quantity on proof of
+his ability to cultivate more: but no more than five hundred acres is
+allowed to be granted to any person by the Colonial Government.
+
+The method of laying out lots in this Province, of a narrow front and
+extending a great distance back, is very inconvenient to the settler.
+Being confined to a narrow front when he commences, clearing,
+supposing, (which is often the case,) the land adjoining to be
+unoccupied, he merely makes a lane through the wilderness, not half of
+which will produce a crop, on account of its being shaded by the
+adjoining woods: which not only exclude the sun, but impoverish the
+land by drawing the nourishment from the plants to the adjoining trees.
+To obviate this, and many other inconveniences, it would be far better
+to lay out settlements, where the face of the country would admit of
+it, in square blocks, or parallelograms; to contain two ranges of lots,
+with roads at proper distances. The fronts of the lots to be extended,
+and their length contracted. The lots to abut on the road; and extend
+back one-half the depth of the block:--The rear of the lots in one
+range, abutting on the rear of lots in the next range. Or else, the
+settlements might be divided into squares and sections, after the
+method adopted by the United States in laying out new settlements, of
+which the following is a short outline:
+
+Their townships are laid out in blocks of six miles square, the whole
+area containing 23,040 acres. Those squares are divided into thirty-six
+smaller squares or sections of a mile square, containing each 640
+acres. The sections are numbered from right to left, and left to right,
+as in the following plan:--
+
+       six miles long.           s
++----+----+----+----+----+----+  i
+|  6 |  5 |  4 |  3 |  2 |  1 |  x
++----+----+----+----+----+----|
+|  7 |  8 |  9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |  m
++----+----+----+----+----+----+  i
+| 18 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 13 |  l
++----+----+----+----+----+----+  e
+| 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |  s
++----+----+----+----+----+----+
+| 30 | 29 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 25 |  l
++----+----+----+----+----+----+  o
+| 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 |  n
++----+----+----+----+----+----+  g
+                                 .
+
+The sections are again subdivided into quarters and half quarters. A
+quarter section is half a mile square, and contains one hundred and
+sixty acres. The sixteenth section of each township is reserved to
+maintain schools, and the sections two, five, twenty, twenty-three,
+thirty, and thirty-three, are sold in half-quarters.
+
+By this method the limits of counties and parishes are accurately
+defined; the settlements are every where interspersed with roads, and
+each man's field, instead of a narrow strip of irregular figure and
+uncertain boundary, is a square laying compact and near a road, whose
+contents are always easily ascertained. The rectangular method of
+laying out settlements, cannot always be followed, on account of
+rivers, &c. which will cause gores and inequalities; but whenever it
+can be adopted it offers many advantages.
+
+The estates of persons dying intestate are distributed analogous to the
+custom of gavelkind in Kent. The heir at law of such intestate shall be
+entitled to and receive a double portion or two shares of the real
+estate left by such intestate, (saving the widow's right of dower.) The
+remander to be equally distributed among all the children or their
+legal representatives, including in the distribution the children of
+the half blood; and in case there be no children, to the next of
+kindred in equal degree, and their representatives. Provided that
+children advanced by settlement, or portions, not equal to the other
+shares, shall have so much of the surplusage, as shall make the estate
+of all to be equal, except the heir at law, who shall have two shares,
+or a double portion.
+
+
+
+
+Advertisement.
+
+
+_Having for reasons stated in the commencement of this Work, given up
+my first design of adding a brief connected history of the Province, I
+have inserted a few extracts relating to this Country, in an Appendix;
+as they may be satisfactory to the reader, and useful in conveying some
+knowledge of the early history of the Country. My reasons for abridging
+this Description I have also stated, and have omitted many particulars
+necessary in a full description of a Country, such as tables of
+Animals, Plants, Minerals, Weather, &c. as I could not obtain the
+necessary materials, as but little attention has been paid to these
+subjects by persons qualified for the task._
+
+_I have endeavoured to be as correct in what I have stated as possible,
+but no doubt many inaccuracies will be discovered, as the information I
+have collected from different sources is liable to error. But it must
+be remembered that in a first Work like this many difficulties will
+occur, and having no tract to guide me, I have frequently wanted the
+necessary information. The Work, however imperfect, must be useful, as
+giving the first general outline of the Province, and interesting to
+every person who possesses a feeling of interest for his own fireside.
+In short, persons who strike out a first tract in any thing, may be
+compared to pioneers who trace a road for others to use and improve._
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX No. 1
+
+
+_Speech of His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor at the meeting of the
+General Assembly, at Fredericton, February 1, 1825._
+
+    _Mr. President, and Gentlemen of His Majesty's Council,
+                 Mr. Speaker, and Gentlemen of the House of Assembly,_
+
+    I have much satisfaction in meeting the Legislature of
+    New-Brunswick--I am well persuaded that you will continue to
+    promote and support the Interests and Institutions of the Province
+    in a manner that will not fail to receive from me that ready and
+    cordial concurrence which it will be my greatest pleasure to bestow
+    upon all measures that may be calculated to advance the public
+    good.
+
+    It affords me great pleasure to have it in my power to congratulate
+    you on the very prosperous state of the Provincial Finances. The
+    Revenue of the last exceeds greatly that of any former year, and
+    yields a large surplus beyond the charges incurred, within the
+    corresponding period.
+
+    _Mr. Speaker, and Gentlemen of the House of Assembly,_
+
+    I shall direct the Treasurer's Accounts to be laid before you, I
+    rely upon your making the usual provisions for the Ordinary
+    Services of the Province; and I am happy to acquaint you that the
+    state of the Treasury is such as to enable you to provide for other
+    objects of public interest and utility, to which your bounty has
+    already been extended, and also to promote other important services
+    which I shall hereafter bring before you.
+
+    _Mr. President, and Gentlemen of His Majesty's Council,
+      Mr. Speaker, and Gentlemen of the House of Assembly,_
+
+    Watching assiduously over the Public Interests, I shall have to
+    submit to you, by Message, various measures which it will be
+    necessary to bring under your consideration in the course of the
+    Session, but whilst I reserve matters of detail for that mode of
+    communication, important considerations and general views, which
+    require to be fully and forcibly put to the Country, and which
+    could not be properly treated in partial or very concise form,
+    render it expedient, on this particular occasion, to lay before you
+    such a statement of public affairs, as may embrace, generally, all
+    interests, and leave nothing in doubt as to our real situation, in
+    the more important branches of our well being.
+
+    I have great pleasure in stating to you that I find the affairs of
+    the Province to be generally in a very prosperous condition. It
+    will be useful however, to observe closely, how far this prosperity
+    depends upon adventitious circumstances and in what degree it rests
+    upon our own inherent means and resources: for it is necessary to
+    contemplate the condition in which the Country might be placed, by
+    alterations in such of her transactions as may be deemed
+    precarious, to feel, with due effect, the necessity, which I
+    earnestly represent, of attending zealously to those internal
+    resources which are not of that uncertain description. The trade of
+    the Province is, at present, very active; but much of that activity
+    depends obviously, upon external circumstances, on the permanency
+    of which, it were imprudent to continue to stake so exclusively,
+    the well being of the Country. It will be prudent, therefore, to
+    endeavour to open channels by which we may make our Commerce more
+    general, consequently less precarious, and particularly to
+    establish and improve commercial intercourse with our sister
+    Colonies. Taking from _them_, what we require, we may make returns
+    by some important operations of our industry, and particularly by
+    the proceeds of an advantageous trade which this transaction would
+    greatly extend; contributing thus to each others wants, in a way
+    mutually beneficial: and, in an union of interests, promoting and
+    consolidating strong and lasting ties.
+
+    Other channels for commercial operations of very advantageous
+    natures invite us to cultivate with increased activity, that rich
+    source of wealth (one of our natural advantages) which our
+    Fisheries present! These, if rendered more productive, will afford
+    us great additional facilities in trade with the new States of
+    South America: and there are favourable openings in the liberal
+    policy of the present times, which should encourage us to
+    cultivate, by every means, commercial intercourse with those
+    States. By your wisdom and bounty the Fisheries have been improved
+    on remote parts of the coasts of British America; but I recommend
+    you to consider whether the Home or Coast Fisheries might not be
+    brought more under the fostering and stimulating influence of your
+    bounty by some extension of its provisions. The main branch of our
+    manufacturing industry (Ship-Building) has increased prodigiously,
+    and is now carried on to an extent beyond that of any former
+    period: but it is submitted to your consideration whether it is not
+    accompanied by some disadvantageous circumstances which detract
+    vastly from the great value it might be made to produce, and to
+    leave in the Province; and for which I have no doubt, you will
+    adopt prudent remedies that will render this branch of industry
+    more staple, as well as more beneficial.
+
+    Vast sums are sent from this Province, in specie, for the purchase
+    of foreign agricultural produce. This enormous burthen operating in
+    fact, as a tax raised by foreign industry on our food, contributes
+    to raise high above the rate in surrounding Countries, the wages of
+    labour here, and to lay the Province under corresponding difficulty
+    and disability in every branch of its industry. It comes home to
+    us, grievously, in various forms, in every operation of our
+    domestic and political economy; and I appeal to your wisdom, to
+    your patriotism, to the real interests, and to the public spirit of
+    the Country for zealous co-operations in the measures and exertions
+    necessary to relieve the Province from this most serious
+    difficulty.
+
+    Agricultural, Emigrant, and other Societies should be encouraged to
+    extend and exert their influence in every way that can tend to
+    promote, improve, circulate and distinguish the modes and means
+    most favourable to augment the production of subsistence. By such
+    means, too, we may reasonably expect soon to possess a population
+    sufficient for the operative parts of all other branches of
+    industry; and when these several operations shall all be executed
+    by British Subjects and British Colonists, the Province will feel
+    and exhibit in her condition the good effects of having closed
+    those drains that have long carried off much capital which
+    otherwise would have been laid out in the Merchants' stores, in the
+    cultivation of the soil, and in other productive enterprizes of
+    vast advantage.
+
+    Large sums have been expended on the Great Roads of this Province;
+    but their condition shows the inefficiency of the present system,
+    in appropriation and execution. This arises, chiefly, from having
+    tried too much, and in such attempts dispersing limited means, to
+    superficial and endless labor; on works far too numerous and
+    costly, to be all substantially improved at the same time. Such
+    appropriation, therefore, should be made of the sums which may be
+    allotted to the Great Roads as may ensure effectual exertion upon
+    them in succession, and in the order of their importance; and at
+    the same time preclude those partial and general alterations in the
+    lines of Roads, from which vast sums of public money have been
+    uselessly expended. The Public Service has been exposed to very
+    serious inconvenience by irregularities incident to the present
+    line of communication between the Seat of Government and the City
+    of Saint John. To remedy this, whatever it may be necessary to do
+    in other times and seasons, I earnestly recommend the expediency of
+    completing such a communication with Saint John, for a winter
+    travelling and Post Road, as may not be subject to those serious
+    interruptions and dangers to which the present line must always be
+    exposed, during the greater portion of the year.
+
+    Fully impressed with the importance of attending to the efficiency
+    of the Militia, I have derived much satisfaction from what I have
+    witnessed of their appearance and public spirit. The Militia Law
+    will have to pass under your revision, generally, and I recommend
+    the amendment of those clauses which press so severely upon the
+    Militiamen in regard to the distance of travel to their drill, and
+    also with respect to age, at unnecessary cost of time, and
+    inconvenience to the people.
+
+    I earnestly recommend to your continued patronage the several
+    Institutions for the Education of our Youth; and I may have
+    occasion hereafter to recommend measures for giving security and
+    encouragement to those Provident Institutions, which I am happy to
+    acquaint you have been established in this Province, under very
+    promising circumstances, highly advantageous to the Country.
+
+    I have great satisfaction in acquainting you that our Most Gracious
+    Sovereign has condescended to patronize the College of
+    New-Brunswick with his gracious Favor, and to bestow a Grant from
+    His Royal Revenues in this Province, to place that Institution upon
+    a very improved establishment; and I rely upon such gradual
+    provision being made hereafter, in addition to your last vote, as
+    may enable the Governor and Trustees, to proceed in the erection of
+    a suitable building. His Majesty's Secretary of State has further
+    dispensed the grace and favour of the Crown in a manner that cannot
+    fail to be duly and fully appreciated, and to sustain those
+    principles of attachment, and loyalty which distinguish the origin
+    and course of this Colony.
+
+    In addition to the provision made for the Madras Schools,
+    generally, and to that of the African School at St. John, I
+    recommend some provision for a similar establishment at the Seat of
+    Government, to bring more generally within the influence of these
+    excellent Institutions, a portion of the human race to whom we owe
+    kindness, charity, and benevolence, and for whom we should provide
+    religious, moral and industrious education.
+
+    In the very prosperous condition which the affairs of this Province
+    may now permanently take, I perceive, that the period is arrived
+    for entertaining enlarged views and scope of system, necessary to
+    supersede some very disadvantageous circumstances which should be
+    gradually corrected, and to raise the Province to that
+    consideration, value and importance, which it will soon assume, if
+    the management of its affairs proceed upon sound views and
+    estimates of her true situation, and be conducted according to
+    fixed and solid general principles. But great misery and
+    embarrassment may be inflicted on young and advancing Countries, if
+    disturbed by doubts, or exposed to quick transitions arising from
+    different schemes of temporizing policy, and I desire to point out
+    the errors and dangers of all contingent measures and pursuits made
+    only to comply with chance circumstances, temporary interests and
+    adventitious excitements.
+
+    To that solid course, then, which may best embrace all of those
+    interests of which the public good is made up, and upon which the
+    permanency of your prosperity depends, I shall endeavour to look,
+    and on it encourage the exertions of the whole Population to push
+    their special interests with spirit and enterprize, under the sober
+    guidance of general measures calculated to produce a steadiness,
+    healthfulness and solidity of progress, which, under Divine
+    Blessing, and the powerful and enlightened protection of our Parent
+    State, will gradually conduct this happy Province to a very high
+    degree of value and prosperity.
+
+
+At a general meeting of the Members of the Legislature, and other
+respectable Gentlemen from all parts of the Province, assembled in one
+of the Committee Rooms of the House of Assembly on Thursday the 17th of
+February, 1825, by request of the LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR, to take into
+consideration some propositions to be submitted by his Excellency,
+relating to the improvement of Agriculture, &c. in this Province, when
+His Excellency was pleased to open the proceedings of the meeting with
+the following SPEECH:--
+
+    The purpose for which I have caused this meeting to be convened,
+    is of the first importance to the Country: And I am delighted to
+    find myself surrounded on this occasion, as I hope to be on every
+    occasion, by those distinguished Persons, from whose station, stake
+    and consideration in the Country, I may expect the most powerful
+    aid in promoting the great objects I have in view, if we are all
+    fully impressed with the expediency and necessity we are under,
+    each in our several stations, of doing all that may depend upon us,
+    to accomplish the purposes which I am now to bring more
+    particularly under your consideration.
+
+    The purpose for which we are met is, to enquire whether some
+    encouragement and excitement may not be applied to Agricultural
+    pursuits, to operate, discreetly and gradually, in a manner to
+    relieve the country from the great difficulty and disability under
+    which it is laid by the vast sums which we pay for our food, and
+    from the very disadvantageous effects which this produces on the
+    cost of labour, and consequently in all branches of our industry.
+
+    Under ordinary circumstances, the high price occasioned by
+    deficiency in the supply of any article in general demand,
+    operating as a premium upon increased production, has a direct and
+    natural tendency to remedy its own evils. This, in fact, is an
+    effect which _is_ working here, though slowly, to cure the malady
+    of which we complain; and if other branches of industry were not in
+    an excited, forced, and somewhat unnatural condition, it would be
+    unnecessary, superfluous, or perhaps disadvantageous, to interfere
+    with the sources and currents of supply, which ultimately
+    accommodate themselves in the most advantageous and fittest way, to
+    meet demand. But these are peculiarities in the circumstances of
+    this Country, which must appear very obvious to all persons who
+    have correct notions of the extent of her business and dealings,
+    compared with the limited Population and Capital we possess, which
+    occasioning powerful competitions in other branches, would appear
+    to demand some additional encouragement and adventitious aid, to
+    draw Labour and Capital in greater quantities, to the cultivation
+    of the Soil.
+
+    To consider, properly, the best modes and means by which we may
+    augment the production of subsistence, it will be proper to resolve
+    the question into the consideration of the elements of production,
+    viz. Labour, Capital and Land, and to enquire in what way we can
+    give to those constituent parts of production, the facilities and
+    encouragement they require, to compete with other branches which
+    are obviously under the influence of adventitious excitement.
+
+    With respect to Land, we possess it in abundance, and in quality
+    ready to yield what we may in a judicious manner require of it; and
+    it will be one of my main objects to endeavour to lay open to
+    Agricultural pursuits, extensive tracts which have long been locked
+    up in reserved superabundance. This measure has in one case been,
+    heretofore, sought and petitioned for; but it was not accorded to,
+    at that time, in consequence of doubts entertained by His Majesty's
+    Government, as to the value of the standing produce of that Land,
+    for other purposes. But it is an advantage arising from a late
+    appointment to a high situation in the Province, that powers are
+    given, subject to certain conditions and regulations which I may
+    sanction, to throw open portions of those reserves to meet the
+    improving circumstances of the Country, and this will be speedily
+    observed in a way that will open considerable tracts of valuable
+    Land to the operations of Agriculture.
+
+    Proceeding, next, to the consideration of Capital, it has appeared
+    to me to be very desirable, that some new measures should be taken
+    with a view to attract the enterprizes of Capitalists, not only to
+    the cultivation of fresh tracts, but likewise to that of the waste
+    Lands of the Province generally; and I entertain the intention of
+    bringing this proposition under the consideration of the High
+    Authorities, elsewhere, upon whom this will depend. But the
+    creation and accumulation of small Capitals, sufficient to enable
+    the working man to enter with advantage on the cultivation of a
+    grant of Land, of the usual extent, is a matter in degree and
+    practicability, much within the influence of our own measures, and
+    it becomes therefore subject of very fit consideration for this
+    meeting, composed of so many distinguished persons, who, returning
+    soon to their respective Countries, may give information respecting
+    those Institutions which are constituted, and likely I trust to be
+    protected, to provide for the safe custody and accumulation of the
+    small savings of the industrious classes of Society.
+
+    The greater part of such accumulations may be considered as funds
+    rescued from unproductive consumption, to be laid out productively
+    in various important branches of industry; and whilst, therefore,
+    in this view, the provident Institutions deserve encouragement from
+    all classes, they more particularly suggest to the gentlemen acting
+    in the different Emigrant and Agricultural Societies, and to the
+    employers of Agricultural Labours generally, the co-operation which
+    may be expected from _Savings' Banks_ in encouraging, by enabling,
+    all industrious persons, soon to enter with advantage on the
+    cultivation of the Soil, as proprietors of Land.
+
+    The poor Emigrant, for instance, who comes to the country destitute
+    of pecuniary means, and who should always be met and welcomed with
+    a great deal of charitable attention and protection, should be
+    told, that to enter on the laborious enterprize of clearing a Lot,
+    in the wilderness, without Capital, would be to entangle himself in
+    very considerable difficulty. The best course which such a person
+    can pursue, would be to avail himself of the assistance, which it
+    should be a main object of all Emigrant Societies to provide, to
+    procure advantageous employment in which to acquire experience of
+    the climate, habit of Labour, and best modes of culture; and whilst
+    acquiring these, to accumulate his Savings in the Savings' Banks,
+    in the manner that any person, who is not burthened with a large
+    family, may soon do, in farm service in summer, and in other
+    pursuits in winter.
+
+    This object will perhaps be best pursued by the Emigrant Societies
+    in the different parts, taking active measures to become acquainted
+    with the circumstances and description of Emigrants so soon as they
+    arrive, and entering in a Book, their names, age, trade or
+    occupation, objects, and the means they may possess of pursuing
+    these. From those entries of the circumstances and condition of the
+    Individuals, Emigrant Societies would be competent to give them
+    counsel and protection. If the Emigrant's desire should be to
+    Agricultural pursuits, which will commonly be the case, but that he
+    has no Capital to commence with, he should be advised to put
+    himself to Farm service, and his attention should be drawn to the
+    facilities which Savings' Banks provide for receiving, securing and
+    augmenting his savings. If this measure meet concurrence in its
+    objects and practicability, it will be received as an appeal to the
+    Agriculturists of the Country to keep correspondence with the
+    nearest Emigrant Societies, for the purpose of procuring Labourers
+    of their recommendation.
+
+    But although it may not be expedient for a person without Capital,
+    to enter at once on the cultivation of his tract, yet it appears to
+    me that some inducement should be applied to excite his industry by
+    a prospect of an advantageous location, so soon as he finds himself
+    capable of undertaking it; and in this view I see no difficulty in
+    the arrangement, and on the other hand, great public advantage, in
+    securing for persons thus working for their capital, locations upon
+    the Lots they may prefer, subject to a condition that, within one
+    year, the Emigrant Society in whose Books they may be registered,
+    report favorably of their proceedings, in a manner to give fair
+    expectation that at the end of a further short period, they would
+    be able to enter upon their location, and pay a proportion of their
+    fees, in aid of which the Society should provide some donation or
+    loan.
+
+    But when the Emigrant has pecuniary means, or is resolved to enter
+    at once on his Land, the Emigrant Societies will be enabled to let
+    him chuse his situation, in the plans of unoccupied Lots reserved
+    for Emigrants, which plans will for this purpose be transmitted to
+    the Emigrant Societies, and to whose recommendation a quick return
+    of location tickets will be made; and I am happy to say that this
+    measure will be observed and promoted with much ability and zeal by
+    the distinguished persons on whom it will severally depend.
+
+    When we reflect that one of the greatest difficulties under which
+    we labour in accomplishing the great purpose of independence with
+    respect to our food, arises from the want a working population
+    sufficient for the all operative parts of our industry, and
+    consequently the very high rate of wages and food, which lays the
+    Agriculturist under disadvantages of the most serious description,
+    in a climate where the productive powers of the earth are so long
+    dormant, we must all concur in the necessity of aiding Societies by
+    whose means so many able hands can be procured, and for want of
+    properly supporting which, so many have passed to a foreign land.
+
+    An increased competition or supply of labour then will be much
+    influenced by arrangements such as I have indicated; whilst in its
+    modes, intelligence and material means, it may be greatly promoted
+    by _Agricultural Societies_. These, under the designation of
+    Agricultural and Emigrant Societies, I should wish to see formed in
+    every County in the Province, and Sub-Societies organized under
+    them to carry their benefits to all parts of the Country. I trust,
+    indeed, that ere you depart, the foundation, or rather the
+    re-organization of such a system will be completed, and I call upon
+    the Gentlemen of distinction from the different Counties who are
+    now present to concur in this measure, and when they return to
+    their respective Counties, to engage to organize such Societies to
+    be composed of persons who would be most likely to co-operate in
+    this great purpose. I feel confident, that whenever Societies shall
+    be so organized in any County, they will meet the provision which I
+    trust will be made by the liberality of the Country for their
+    support and efficiency: and I perceive with much satisfaction that
+    the public spirit of the Country is in many parts exhibiting itself
+    in the form, and for the purpose which we contemplate for general
+    adoption.
+
+    For the purpose of improving, circulating and distinguishing the
+    modes and means most favorable to increased production, and of
+    drawing to a focus that information which it may be desirable to
+    possess here in the Seat of Government for myself and for you it
+    will be proper that some provision should be devised for the
+    laborious part of that purpose which will depend upon a Secretary
+    who should be appointed to manage the correspondence of the Central
+    Committee to report proceedings to the general meeting.
+
+    The general meeting should be composed of all Members of the
+    Legislature; of all Presidents and Vice-Presidents of County
+    Societies, and of all members subscribers in the regulated amount.
+    The Central Committee should be named in the general meeting to
+    carry on the correspondence during the recess, and to arrange the
+    general Accounts; but the appropriation of Public Funds should be
+    made direct to the County Societies and subject only to the audit
+    of the Central Committee. These Reports will thus exhibit a general
+    statement of the sums expended and whether commensurate progress
+    has been made in the improvement of Agricultural implements,
+    machinery, modes of culture, augmentation of production, and breed
+    of Cattle, all of which should be under the influence of these
+    meetings.
+
+    With views such as these, so soon as I discovered, in studying your
+    affairs, the disabilities and difficulties which the Province might
+    have to contend with from deficiency in the supply of food, and
+    aware that it would require pecuniary means, on my part, to put
+    into activity the plans which I then formed, and now lay before
+    you, I submitted to His Majesty's Secretary of State the importance
+    of sanctioning a small grant from the funds at the disposal of the
+    Crown, to meet the liberality and public spirit with which I am
+    persuaded, elsewhere and every where, the great object now under
+    our consideration will be supported. I have great satisfaction in
+    showing how readily this has been dispensed: I will read the terms
+    of it, and hasten to say that the use I shall make of it, will be,
+    to place a sum, which I hope will be annual, at the disposal of
+    those County Societies that are or may be organized to meet the
+    views which I here lay before you.
+
+    In communicating this grant from His Majesty's Revenue to the
+    Agricultural Societies, it is however my duty to state, that the
+    continuation of this grant for future years, will depend upon the
+    report which I may have in my power to make of the advantages which
+    it may have produced; and these will mainly depend upon the
+    liberality and zeal with which this Provision is seconded in the
+    Country generally.
+
+The Society having been formed and organized, the President communicated
+to the Meeting that he had received a Message from His Excellency the
+LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR, that it was his intention to attend the Meeting in
+person, to communicate his sentiments on their proceedings, and his
+acceptance of the office of Patron.
+
+Whereupon His Excellency entered and having taken the Chair, addressed
+the Society as follow:--
+
+    _Mr. President, Vice-Presidents, and Gentlemen
+          of the Agricultural and Emigrant Society,_
+
+    I evince the satisfaction and cordiality with which I receive your
+    Address by placing myself in this Chair, as your Patron, on the
+    very instant the distinguished Seat is offered to me; and the first
+    sentence I shall deliver from it is, to assure you that my most
+    zealous exertions shall be used to promote the great objects we
+    have in view, in every way that may depend upon me.
+
+    I am gratified for the present, sanguine and confident for the
+    future, when I look around me and perceive the distinguished
+    persons of whom this Society is composed, and the interest which it
+    has excited; and it is particularly pleasing to me to find myself
+    supported by the distinguished person whom you have placed in the
+    President's Chair. I congratulate you, Gentlemen, upon such an
+    election, and myself on having such coadjutures.
+
+    The Agricultural and Emigrant Societies being now about to go into
+    immediate, and, as I hope successful operation, it may not be
+    useless to express to you, and through you to convey to the Public,
+    some appeals to those exertions which will be required to realize
+    the benefits which we here contemplate, and for attaining which,
+    the course is now so clear.
+
+    This fine, and as I have hitherto found it, happy Province, is
+    advancing rapidly, with growth almost exuberant, to a station, the
+    real intrinsic character and condition of which, in other times,
+    will depend mainly upon the manner in which we who are now
+    directing its affairs, in certainly a critical period of its
+    advancement, when it is daily developing its resources, and forming
+    its system, may discharge our several duties, by doing all that may
+    depend upon us to train, sustain and correct the principles, habits
+    and pursuits, and to regulate the exertions, by which,
+    unquestionably, it may be conducted to a state of great prosperity.
+
+    To consider these duties with reference to all the obligations we
+    owe to the Country, in the several branches which contribute to its
+    most political and statistical progress, would lead us away far
+    beyond the sphere of our present purpose; I shall, therefore, only
+    consider the duties we have to fulfil in regard to the Institutions
+    now completely organized. The several purposes contemplated by
+    those Institutions call upon us to promote habits of frugality,
+    domestic economy, and useful industry, as training a rural
+    population to settle and labour on the soil, and to assist them so
+    to exert themselves in the modes and means of culture as to improve
+    our Agricultural condition; to make us more independent at least
+    for our food; and subsequently to set free other branches of
+    industry, which are now under great disability. The foundation of
+    systems which may produce such benefits has now been laid. I have
+    had much satisfaction in recommending and promoting them. My views
+    have been cordially and ably seconded every where; the measures
+    they called for have now been adopted; and they have been liberally
+    endowed by the Legislature with pecuniary means to animate and
+    quicken the system. The Savings' Bank Bill; the organization and
+    endowment of the Body I now address, open, to the industrious
+    classes of Society, and to the interests of the Country generally,
+    a distinct view of the progress that may be made from foundations
+    laid, first, in habits of frugality and domestic economy, onwards,
+    through moral and provident conduct, to security and accommodation,
+    productive application, improvement in Agriculture, increase of
+    population, competition in labour, encouragement and development of
+    industry, and augmented production. The Acts and the system of this
+    Session have laid the foundation of much improvement to the
+    country, on solid grounds; and seeds which _should_ blossom
+    hereafter, are planted in the fertile soil; but whether the
+    superstructure is to be raised, or them seeds are to spring,
+    depends not on those who have laboured on the foundation, or who
+    have provided the means that may quicken the process. Whether the
+    Savings' Bank Bill, or this most admirable Institution are to be
+    effectual in doing good, depends upon the degree of Public Spirit
+    with which our exertions here, may be supported and extended in the
+    Country generally. All Public Institutions live only by Public
+    Spirit, in any Country; but this is particularly the case in young
+    Countries where man owes to fellow man a greater contribution of
+    his concern and of his aid. Look at the progress of an individual
+    case. When a Settler goes, singly, to encounter the difficulties
+    and the labour of a solitary Location in an unsettled District, and
+    with the sweat of his own brow to shelter his family, and to clear
+    space to receive the seeds which are to yield his immediate
+    subsistence, we all know what fortitude, power and time are
+    required to accomplish such beginnings. But should he undertake his
+    enterprize on a site near to where former Settlers have experienced
+    such difficulties, the recent sense brings to his aid the little
+    community, to labour for him; and by the exertions of that _Public_
+    he is speedily established in a way, that he might never have
+    accomplished by his own solitary powers. _This is Public Spirit._
+    So may it be with the Edifices we are now raising! They are, in
+    some respects, partially, and in others wholly, _new Settlers_, in
+    this Country; and they are well deserving of public exertion to
+    complete the useful fabric. We are here entirely dependent upon
+    public spirit.--What can these systems do without it? They would
+    languish from this day, and might expire even in their cradle. This
+    I do trust will never happen. I know not how long I may be the
+    witness of their progress; but sure I am that the intensity of
+    interest which I feel in this Province, and which I have imbibed
+    paternally, for the success of these Institutions which I have been
+    instrumental in bringing forward, will always be felt with such
+    solicitude as shall give me pleasure in their success; but which
+    from that very interest, will suggest reproach, if (which cannot
+    be) they should fail from want of public exertion. But remember
+    that time, labour in arrangement and management, must be
+    contributed gratuitously, for the Chief offices of these
+    Institutions. I am confident that those sacrifices will be
+    cheerfully tendered by the public spirit of the Country in a way
+    that shall produce advantage to it, and reflect everlasting credit,
+    honor and substantial enjoyment upon the patriotic persons who may
+    offer their aid.--It cannot fail to do so; for the man who feels
+    the real impulses of public spirit is usually the happiest, because
+    he is the best of Beings. Public spirit contains in it every
+    laudable passion, and every fine affection.--It comprehends our
+    duties towards our parents, to our kindred, to our friends, to our
+    neighbours, to our fellow man in every degree, and to every thing
+    dear to mankind in the public Institutions formed of them. Public
+    spirit is the highest of virtues, and affords the highest degree of
+    satisfaction. Steadfast in good purpose; fidelity in trust;
+    impartial to all; a passion to promote universal good, with
+    personal labour, pains, and the sacrifice of every selfish feeling;
+    to endeavour to maintain Society in peace, tranquillity, plenty and
+    security. It is, in short, as I feel it, one man's care for the
+    many: and, as you I am persuaded feel it, the concern of every man
+    for the good of all. This sentiment binds us together in the
+    pursuit of public advantage to a co-operation from which I am
+    convinced none will shrink in any difficulty which these
+    Institutions may have to encounter; and onward let us go with a
+    determination that when we meet again in this place, we may
+    receive, and record, reports which shall prove that our schemes
+    have prospered.
+
+    I have now the pleasure to announce that from the Funds which His
+    Majesty's Secretary of State has put at my disposal from the King's
+    Casual Revenue, I shall appropriate L25 to each of the County
+    Societies for the present year subject to the regulations and
+    conditions already established; and I will not fail to intercede
+    for a continuance of this Royal Bounty, if I can report success in
+    our labours.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX No. II.
+
+
+_Extracts relating to the early transactions in Nova-Scotia and
+New-Brunswick, copied verbatim from papers compiled by a gentlemen who
+intended to publish an account of New-Brunswick; but was from
+unexpected circumstances obliged to relinquish the design._
+
+
+    PROVINCE OF THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY.
+
+    Notice is hereby given, that it hath been determined that a
+    squadron of His Majesty's ships and divers regiments of foot should
+    winter in Nova-Scotia, which will require large supplies of fresh
+    provisions to be sent thither from time to time, not only for the
+    support of the sick in the hospitals, but for the refreshment of
+    those that are well,--and that His Excellency Governor Lawrence
+    hath given assurance, that the coasters and others trading in
+    refreshments of that sort, shall not only be protected by the
+    Admiral from pressing, but shall receive, both from His Excellency
+    and the Admiral, all manner of countenance and regard.
+
+                                                      A. OLIVER, Sec.
+
+    Province of the Massachusetts Bay.      Boston, October 31, 1758.
+
+
+    The following proclamation being published in Nova-Scotia and
+    transmitted to this government, was read in Council, and ordered to
+    be published in this Province.
+
+                                                 THOS. CLARK, D. Sec.
+
+    By His Excellency Charles Lawrence, Captain-General and
+    Commander-in-Chief in and over His Majesty's Province of
+    Nova-Scotia, or Acadia, in America, Vice-Admiral of the same, &c.,
+    &c., &c.
+
+    A PROCLAMATION.
+
+    Whereas by the late success of His Majesty's arms in the reduction
+    of Cape Breton and its dependencies, and also by the demolition and
+    entire destruction of Gaspe, Miramichi, and of Saint Lawrence, and
+    on Saint John's river in the Bay of Fundy, the enemy, who have
+    formerly disturbed and harassed the Province of Nova-Scotia, and
+    much obstructed its progress, have been compelled to retire and
+    take refuge in Canada; a favorable opportunity now presents itself
+    for the peopling and cultivating, as well the lands vacated by the
+    French, as every other part of that valuable Province:
+
+    I have therefore thought fit, with the advice of His Majesty's
+    Council, to issue this proclamation, declaring that I shall be
+    ready to receive any proposals that may hereafter be made to me,
+    for effectually settling the said vacated, or any other lands
+    within the Province aforesaid: a description whereof, and of the
+    advantages arising from their peculiar nature and situation, I have
+    ordered to be published with this proclamation.
+
+        Given in the Council Chamber at Halifax, this 12th day of
+        October, 1758, and in the thirty-second year of His Majesty's
+        Reign.
+
+    By His Excellency's command,       }
+      with the advice of His Majesty's }            CHARLES LAWRENCE.
+      Council                          }
+
+    GOD SAVE THE KING!
+
+
+A description of the lands ordered to be published pursuant to the
+foregoing proclamation, which consist of more than one hundred thousand
+acres of land, interval and plow lands, producing wheat, rye, barley,
+oats, hemp, flax, &c. These have been cultivated for more than a
+hundred years past, and never fail of crops, nor need manuring.
+
+Also, more than one hundred thousand acres of upland, cleared and
+stocked with English grass, planted with orchards, gardens, &c. These
+lands, with good husbandry, produce often two loads of hay per acre.
+The wild and unimproved lands adjoining abound with black birch, ash,
+oak, pine, fir, &c.
+
+All these lands are so intermixed that every single farmer may have a
+proportionable quantity of plow land, grass land, and wood land, and
+are all situated about the Bay of Fundy, upon rivers navigable for
+ships of burden.
+
+Proposals will be received by Mr. Hancock of Boston, and by Messrs.
+Delancie & Watts of New-York, to be transmitted to the Governor, or
+President of the Council at Halifax.
+
+(Copy.)
+
+    His Majesty's confirmation of the plan for settling the Province of
+    Nova-Scotia.
+
+    At the Court of St. James's, the 16th day of February, 1760,
+
+    (Seal)         (Present)
+
+        The King's Most Excellent Majesty,
+    Lord Keeper,         Earl Gower,
+    Lord President,      Viscount Barrington,
+    Lord Steward,        Lord Deleware,
+    Earl of Hyndford,    Mr. Vice Chamberlain.
+
+    Whereas there was this day read to the Board, a representation from
+    the Lords Commissioners of Trade and Plantations, dated the 30th of
+    December last, containing an account of the proceedings of the
+    Governor in Council of Nova-Scotia, with regard to the settling of
+    the lands evacuated by the removal of the French inhabitants from
+    that Province, as well as other tracts of land in the wild and
+    uncleared part of that country, and also with regard to the terms
+    and conditions upon which the said Governor and Council have agreed
+    to make grants of the said lands: and the said Lords Commissioners
+    being of opinion, that the plan so laid down by the said Governor
+    and Council, will be a means of the speedy settling the vacant
+    lands in that Province, and therefore proper to receive His
+    Majesty's approbation: His Majesty has this day took the said
+    representation into consideration, and is hereby pleased, with the
+    advice of his Privy Council, to declare his royal approbation of
+    the said plan of the said Governor and Council, for the speedy
+    settling the vacant lands in that Province: and also of the terms
+    and conditions agreed upon for that purpose, and doth therefore
+    order that the Governor or Commander-in-Chief of his Province of
+    Nova-Scotia for the time being, do carry the same into execution.
+
+    (Signed)                                               W. SHARPE.
+
+
+    _Extract of a Letter from His Excellency Governor Lawrence, to the
+    Agent for the Province of Nova-Scotia, at Boston, dated 24th June,
+    1760._
+
+    "I am ready to receive farther proposals, in consequence of His
+    Majesty's approbation of our measures, from any person or persons
+    who will offer themselves to become settlers in this Province; and
+    that all due encouragement shall be given them to the utmost limits
+    of the authority with which His Majesty has been pleased to invest
+    the Governor and Council of this Province.--Nota Bene. Proposals
+    left with Mr. Hancock, will be transmitted to the Governor at
+    Halifax.
+
+    "Captain Bragdon informs us, that Captain Fisher in a sloop from
+    Annapolis Royal, bound to Fort Cumberland, was cast away in the Bay
+    of Fundy, on board of which was Lieutenant Tonge, an Engineer, with
+    a considerable sum of money, which was lost, together with the
+    lives of two or three persons on board. Friday last arrived here
+    the Province ship King George, Captain Hallowell, from Louisburg
+    and a cruize. From Louisburg, we learn that the armed vessels
+    lately sent out thence, had been at Pictou, and burnt five or six
+    vessels which the enemy took from us last year, and brought off
+    some plunder; and that the Indians from Saint John, who brought the
+    account of the five French men of war being in the Bay of Chaleur,
+    also informed that they had landed four hundred men, in order to
+    attack Fort Cumberland.
+
+    "Arrived here, Colonel Arthithnot, who commanded at Fort Frederick,
+    in Saint John's River, the year past; also several other officers
+    and a number of soldiers belonging to this Province, who have
+    garrisoned His Majesty's forts up the Bay of Fundy, and now
+    discharged, arrived here, being relieved by a number of soldiers
+    lately enlisted in this Province, for that service. We hear that
+    the Indians behave well, and still continue to come into the forts
+    at Nova-Scotia, and carry on trade very peaceably."
+
+
+_Extract of a Letter from Colonel Fry, to His Excellency the Governor,
+dated Fort Cumberland, Chignecto, March 7, 1760._
+
+    SIR.--I informed your Excellency in my last of 10th December, of
+    the submission of the French peasants residing at Miramichi,
+    Richibucto, Bucktouche, Peticodiac, and Memramcook, made by their
+    deputies sent here for that purpose. On the 30th of January last,
+    Mr. Manack, a French Priest, who has had the charge of the people
+    at Miramichi, Richibucto, and Bucktouche, and a number of the
+    principal men of those places, arrived here, when they received
+    their submission in a formal manner, by subscribing to articles,
+    (drawn suitable to the case,) whereby among other things, they have
+    obliged themselves and people they represent, to come to Bay Verte
+    with all their effects and shipping as early in the spring as
+    possible, in order to be disposed of as Governor Lawrence shall
+    direct. With the French Priest, came two Indian Chiefs, Paul
+    Lawrence and Augustin Michael; Lawrence tells me he was a prisoner
+    in Boston, and lived with Mr. Henshaw, a blacksmith; he is Chief of
+    a tribe at Richibucto. I have received their submissions, for
+    themselves and for their tribes, to His Britannic Majesty, and sent
+    them to Halifax for the terms by Governor Lawrence. I have likewise
+    received the submission of two other Chiefs, who I dealt with as
+    before mentioned, and was in hopes I had no more treaties to make
+    with savages; but he told me I was mistaken for there would be a
+    great many more upon the same business, as soon as their spring
+    hunting was over: and upon my enquiring how many, he gave a list of
+    fourteen Chiefs, including those already mentioned, (copy of which
+    I have inclosed) most of which he said would come. I was surprised
+    to hear of such a number of Indian Chiefs in this part of America,
+    and Mr. Manack further told me that they were all of one nation,
+    and known by the name of Mickmacks; that they were very numerous,
+    amounting to near three thousand souls; that he had learned their
+    language since he had been among them, and found so much excellence
+    in it, that he was well persuaded if the beauties of it were known
+    in Europe, there would be seminaries erected for the propagation of
+    it. How that might be, is better known to him than to those who
+    know nothing of the language; but I think I may venture to say,
+    that if there be so many of these Indians, as he says there are, I
+    know this Province, as it abounds very plentifully with furs, may
+    reap a vast advantage by them, provided Canada returns not into the
+    hands of the French.
+
+    About the time that Mr. Manack arrived here, there came in eight
+    men, one of whom was a New-England man, one Irishman, and the rest
+    Italians and Spaniards; who informed me they deserted from a French
+    frigate that lay froze in at the head of Gaspe harbour. The two
+    former belonged to a vessel commanded by Captain Malcom, of Boston,
+    who was taken by the above frigate, as she was returning from
+    Quebec, where she had been on a trading voyage.
+
+    Names of the Indian Chiefs inhabiting the coast of Acadia:
+
+    Louis Frances, Chief of Miramichi,
+    Denis Winemowet, do. Tabogimkik,
+    Etienne Abchabo, do. Pohomoosh,
+    Claud Atanaze, do. Gediack,
+    Paul Lawrence, do. La Have,
+    Joseph Algimoure, do. Chignectou,
+    John Newit, do. Pictou,
+    Baptist La Morue, do. Isle of St. John's,
+    Reni, do. Nalkitgoniash,
+    Jeannot Piguidawelwet, do. Keshpugowitk,
+    Batelemy Aungualett, do. Minas,
+    Augustin Michael, do. Richibucto.
+
+
+
+
+A NARRATIVE.
+
+_Of the proceedings of the first settlers at the River St. John, under
+the authority of the Government of Nova-Scotia._
+
+
+In the year 1761, a number of persons from the county of Essex,
+province of Massachusetts, presented a petition through their agent to
+the Government of Nova-Scotia, for a grant of a Township of twelve
+miles square at the river Saint John, they received a favorable answer
+and obtained full authority to survey a tract of that dimension
+wherever it might be found fit for improvement. In consequence many of
+the applicants, proceeded in the course of the winter and spring
+following to prepare for exploring the Country, and to survey such
+Township: they provided a vessel for that purpose, and on the 16th May,
+1762, embarked at Newburyport and arrived in three days at the harbour
+Saint John (the 19th:) The party amounted to near twenty men, exclusive
+of two families, who took passage in the same vessel, one of whom
+shipped a small frame for a dwelling, and boards to cover it, with a
+small stock of cattle; the frame and stock was landed the day of their
+arrival; on the third day the house was finished and inhabited.
+
+The exploring and surveying party then proceeded to view the lands
+round the harbour and bay of Saint John in a whale boat, they brought
+with them: for they could not travel on the land, on account of the
+multitude of fallen trees that had been torn up by the roots in a
+violent gale of wind, nearly four years previous. (The same gale
+extended as far up the river as the Oromocto, and most of the Country
+below that place, was equally incumbered with the fallen trees.)--After
+making all the discoveries that could be made near the harbour, it was
+the unanimous opinion that all the lands near that part of the Country,
+were unfit for making any settlements at that time, and in about ten
+days from their first arrival, they set out to view the country as far
+as Saint Anns, ninety miles up the river, where they expected to find
+an extensive body of clear land that had been formerly improved by the
+French inhabitants. On their way to that place they landed wherever
+they saw any appearance of improvement: all such small spots, as far up
+as Milk Creek, were supposed not to exceed one hundred acres, most of
+which had been very roughly cleared.--On the arrival of the exploring
+party at Saint Anns, they lost no time in making a shelter for
+themselves, nearly opposite the river Nashwouk, (as it was then
+pronounced by the Indians,) but since, with some variation, as there is
+in the original names of divers other rivers, lakes, and names by which
+the tribes were distinguished,--and they commenced their survey at the
+small gravelly point against Government-House, with an intention to
+survey a Township, to terminate twelve miles below that place, and
+after surveying the courses of the river about four miles downward, a
+large company of Indians came down about nine miles from their Priest's
+residence, with his Interpreter: all having painted faces of divers
+colours and figures, and dressed in their war habits. The chiefs, with
+grave countenances, informed the adventurers that they were trespassers
+on their rights: that the Country belonged to them, and unless they
+retired immediately, they, (the Indians), would compel them. This gave
+no small alarm to a few men in the heart of an Indian Country, most of
+whom had never beheld a wild Indian, but had all their lives heard of
+their savage cruelties and murders. The reply made to the Chiefs was to
+this effect; that the adventurers had received authority from the
+Governor of Halifax to survey and settle any land they should chuse, at
+the river Saint John--that they had never been informed of the Indians
+claiming the village of Saint Anns; but as they then declared the land
+there, to be their property, though it had been inhabited by the French
+who were considered entitled to it, till its capture by the English,
+they would retire further down the river.--In answer to this the Chiefs
+suggested that the whole country belonged to the Indians, they had some
+time ago, had a conference with Governor LAWRENCE, and had consented
+that the English should settle the country up as far as the Grimross:
+from this acknowledgment of the Chiefs, the adventurers were a little
+relieved from the shock they received at first, and said, they were
+unwilling to dispute, and would in a few days, remove their camps
+towards Grimross. This answer did not appear fully to satisfy the
+Indians, yet they made no reply. The surveying party removed their
+camp, according to their promise almost as far down as the lower end of
+the Oromocto Island on the east side of the river, whence they finished
+the survey, twelve miles below the first mentioned bounds: and returned
+to Fort Frederick, 20, 8, 15, where there was a vessel bound direct to
+Halifax, and took passage in her, with an account of all their
+discoveries, and surveys, and with a plan of their Township, they had
+laid out into lots: but they were so unfortunate as to arrive at that
+place just at that time accounts were received, that the French had
+sent out a large fleet and a body of land forces, and had taken Saint
+Johns, Newfoundland, and were almost hourly expected to attack Halifax,
+where at that time was only one man of war, the Northumberland, and
+very few troops. The militia called out; public offices shut, and
+nothing to be seen but bustle and preparation for the defence of the
+town, that being the situation of Government, the agents and surveyors,
+for the adventurers were obliged to return without giving any account
+of their proceedings, or obtaining any confirmation of their former
+order for surveying a township, or any instructions to govern their
+conduct in carrying on the intended settlements. This disappointment
+was, in the autumn of the same year, followed by one still greater.
+Commissioners were sent to Fort Frederick, to inform the former
+applicants for grants of lands, that the space they had surveyed would
+not be granted to them. On receiving this distressing information they
+sent a petition to the King, stating the expence they had been at, in
+full confidence, that all the promises and encouragements, they had
+received from Government, would be confirmed. This petition was sent
+under cover addressed to the then agent for the Province, most
+earnestly soliciting his influence in obtaining a speedy answer for
+their petition. He took a lively interest in their cause, and in a
+short time, obtained an order to the Governor to grant all such shares
+in the tract they had laid out, as should from time to time be settled;
+and the same gentleman advanced a considerable sum for the proprietors,
+to defray the expence of obtaining such order, and the proprietors, as
+a mark of their gratitude, and esteem of their patron, gave their town
+his name, with a small addition to it, and grants were made to all the
+resident proprietors, in or about the year 1765. The Indians had
+remained peaceable from 1762 to 1765: in this year they assembled
+together, and gave threats of immediately commencing a new war against
+the English; and the inhabitants of all the frontiers of the Province
+were greatly alarmed, and the commander of Fort Frederick doubled his
+sentries on the occasion. The pretexts of the Indians were well known
+to be mostly false and frivolous, and the commandant and inhabitants
+residing near the garrison, took great pains to persuade the Chiefs to
+lay their complaints before the Governor, at Halifax, before they
+engaged in a war that would eventually prove ruinous to themselves,
+which might be prevented by their stating to Government all the grounds
+of the injuries they complained of: after little consideration they
+agreed to the proposal, and soon after set out for Halifax, accompanied
+by one of the inhabitants. Their business on their first arrival, was,
+without loss of time, made known to the Governor, who appointed a time
+and place to give the Chiefs a hearing of their complaints. They on
+examination, could not in any degree, support their heaviest charges,
+and in the end, they admitted they had been misinformed. So that the
+result of their complaints, amounted to nothing more than that the
+inhabitants had frequently killed some Beavers, Moose, and other
+animals, but not far from their houses, which the Chiefs alleged was
+their exclusive property; and that it was of the condition of a former
+treaty that the English settlers should not be allowed to kill any wild
+game in any part of the wilderness, beyond the limits of their farms
+and improvements. The Governor informed them in his answer, that all
+treaties before that time, should be strictly observed, and that if the
+inhabitants had in any instance, done anything contrary to such
+treaties, they should be severely reprimanded and restrained from
+continuing such practices. The Chiefs replied, that it might be out of
+their power to pacify their young men, unless the damage before done to
+them should be paid. This brought on an inquiry of the Chiefs, what the
+alleged damage amounted to. In their answer they highly overrated as
+the inhabitants made it clearly appear, from their statement of the
+number of animals that had been killed. The Chiefs finding themselves
+detected in having alarmed the country without reason and of having
+thereby put them in distressing fear and to great expence, appeared
+ashamed of their conduct, and could only repeat that the Indians of
+their tribe would insist on being paid the damages for the loss of
+their wild animals. After a full hearing a final answer was given them;
+as follows.--That although the grievances that they had stated were by
+no means sufficient to justify their hostile proceedings; yet to do
+them ample justice, he would order to be sent them a certain amount in
+clothing and provisions (amount not remembered) provided they would
+consider it full satisfaction for the injuries done by the settlers,
+and send orders to restrain them from hunting wild animals in the
+woods. The Chiefs accepted that offer, and the Indians remained
+peaceable, till the commencement of the revolt of the thirteen
+Colonies, when they were called upon to aid in defence of the Province,
+or at least to remain neuter. They promised to do either one or the
+other; for which purpose Government gave them large presents in
+necessary supplies for their families. They were at the same time,
+equally solicited by the Americans; and as large or larger presents
+made by them; and they continued to live mostly at the expence of the
+two parties during that war. In 1779 the Indians again assembled, and
+threatened to make war against the English; and went down in as great a
+body as they could collect, to near Fort Howe, where they were met by a
+messenger from the Commandant, and a Deputy Agent for Indian affairs,
+who appeased the Indians, with a promise of presents (commonly so
+called), which they accepted and the purchase of a continuance of
+peace; and they returned to their head-quarters at Opage. This was the
+last threat of an Indian war.
+
+    NOTES.--Notwithstanding all the obstacles and discouragements
+    before noticed, the number of families at the river Saint John,
+    including a few settlers on the Islands in Passamaquoddy Bay,
+    amounted to between one hundred and one hundred and fifty families
+    prior to the year 1783.
+
+    MEMO.--The French Priest who had been forty years employed by
+    France, as a Missionary to the Indians, was ordered to leave the
+    province in 1763, being suspected of influencing and instructing
+    the Indians to make extravagant demands on Government as
+    commissions of their remaining peaceable, at the same time all the
+    French families, then in scattered settlements on the north side of
+    the bay were ordered to leave the Province. They all obeyed the
+    mandate: but in a few years, many returned, one after another, and
+    became quiet subjects.
+
+
+
+
+REMARKS.
+
+_On the state of that part of ancient Nova-Scotia lying north of the
+Bay of Fundy, now in the Province of New-Brunswick, prior to the year
+1754._
+
+
+The French Government in defiance of former treaties continued to erect
+forts around the harbour of Saint John, and to send troops for the
+defence of this part of the country (considering it theirs) and to
+employ the natives to harass and murder the settlers in the district of
+Maine, thus for many years preventing the settlement of that part of
+the British dominions as far west as that district or province
+extended; and the French more recently built a Fort and named it
+Beau-Sejour, at the head of the bay: from which place they supplied
+with arms, &c. the tribes of Indians who inhabited the coasts on the
+Gulph of Saint Lawrence and the rivers that fall into the same. The
+Indians were also employed to check and prevent the settlements of the
+Country called Minas, Cobequis and other parts of the Province on the
+Peninsula of Acadia or Halifax. To prevent the continuance of such
+depredations, the British Government sent an expedition in 1754, to
+take possession of this fort, which was not obtained till after an
+obstinate resistance from the French, who for some years after it was
+reduced, continued to fortify their settlements on the banks of the
+river St. John, at Passamaquoddy, and to employ the natives in the
+service, to prevent the English from extending their settlements
+eastward of the river Kennebeck and the inhabitants were continually
+harassed, and often murdered by savages frequently sent by the French
+for that purpose at Kennebeck and many miles westward for a long course
+of time. In the year 1758, an expedition was sent from Halifax or
+Boston to reduce the only remaining French forts of any considerable
+strength, north of the Bay of Fundy; situated on the west side of the
+river, below the falls, within the present limits of the city Saint
+John. But the French commander, having received notice of this
+expedition some time before its arrival, removed all the light stores
+further up the river, sunk all his heavy guns as reported by Frenchmen
+who were present and demolished the fort. He first made his retreat
+only about four leagues above the falls, where he had previously
+erected works, surrounded by a thick wood, in order to be covered by
+Indian soldiers, who will never fight on open ground, nor suffer
+themselves to be driven within the walls of a garrison by a beseiging
+force. The French soon after retired to Saint Anns, and not long
+afterwards to Canada. The demolished fort was rebuilt on the ground of
+the old one, and garrisoned the winter following, by a body of
+provincial troops, and a company of Rangers, sent from Louisburgh.
+
+The same company of Rangers as a scouting party, in March 1759, marched
+up the river on the ice as far as Saint Anns. The few inhabitants below
+that village had either fled before this party appeared, to St. Anns,
+or into the woods, and no prisoner was taken to give information
+concerning the situation or strength of the enemy, yet they continued a
+forced march as far up as Saint Anns, where they found the village
+deserted. They set fire to every building in it, and returned with
+great precipitation to the Fort Frederick, expecting to be pursued by
+the enemy. This company was early this spring ordered to join the
+expedition against Quebeck, the Fort was garrisoned with a company or
+more of provincials till the next or second year: when they were
+relieved by a company of one of the highland Regiments. The Fort
+afterwards continued to be garrisoned by a company of some British
+Regiments, under different Commandants until 1770, when the British
+troops were embarked from every post in the Province, on account of
+some disorders that had recently been committed in Boston: the Barracks
+and Stores were by order of Government placed under the care of one of
+the inhabitants residing near the several Forts, specially authorized
+by Government for that service. In 1774, a corporal and six privates
+were sent to reside in the Barracks of Fort Frederick.
+
+In May 1775, a brig was sent from Boston, to procure fresh provisions
+for the British army then in that town, from the settlement of the
+river Saint John. The same vessel was laden with stock, poultry, and
+sundry other articles most brought from Maugerville in small vessels
+and gondolas: all which had been put on board within about fifteen days
+after the brig had arrived. While she was waiting for a fair wind and
+clear weather, an armed sloop of four guns and full of men, from
+Machias, came into the harbour, took possession of the brig, and two
+days after, carried her off to Machias; but the first night after her
+arrival, the enemy made the small party in the Fort prisoners,
+plundered them of every thing in it, and set fire to all the Barracks:
+but at that time they did not molest any of the inhabitants, on the
+opposite side of the river. Early next spring an armed brig from
+Machias entered the harbour after having taken a vessel from the
+West-Indies, belonging to Portland, which they immediately sent to
+Boston. The two armed vessels continued more than a week in the harbour
+and sent an officer with a boat full of men to Maugerville: They did no
+material injury to the settlers. In 1776 and 1777 large parties of
+armed men came into the river Saint John, in whale boats from Machias
+and passed through the falls in their boats, and took possession of
+several empty buildings on the west shore of the river against the
+present settlements called the Indian House, and occupied them for
+Barracks, whence they came over every day to Portland shore, and
+marched along the tongue of land, between the harbour and the water
+above the falls; in order to capture any vessels that might enter the
+river and to prevent the landing of marines, or seamen from any British
+ship. In 1777, the Vulture sloop of war, was stationed in the Bay,
+between Annapolis and Saint John for the protection of these places,
+and to prevent the enemy from venturing further up the Bay to plunder
+the Towns of Horton, Cornwallis and other settlements at the water side
+in different places, but it was soon found that these towns could not
+be secured from depredations, as the enemy would pass by all large
+ships of war in the night and in fogs.
+
+Early in the summer of 1777 the Vulture came into the harbour of Saint
+John while the Machias party were at their Head-Quarters, above the
+falls.
+
+
+
+
+SOME NOTES REGARDING
+
+PETER FISHER
+
+THE FIRST HISTORIAN OF NEW-BRUNSWICK.
+
+BY REV. W. O. RAYMOND, LL.D.
+
+
+Peter Fisher's claim to be the first of our historians rests upon two
+little books, both printed by a well known publishing firm in Market
+Square, in the City of St. John, in the early years of the last
+century. The first of these books appeared in 1825. It comprises 110
+pages, written in excellent literary style and, considering Mr.
+Fisher's limited sources of information, is remarkably accurate. In the
+preface he observes: "This work, however imperfect, must be useful, as
+giving the _first_ general outline of the Province, and interesting to
+every person who possesses a feeling for his own fireside."
+
+The other book, "Notitia of New-Brunswick," comprises 136 pages, and
+was printed in 1838. In the advertisement at the beginning, the author
+states that "circumstances have compelled him to relinquish in part his
+original plan, and to contract the scope of the publication, since the
+times do not warrant any great outlay on works of this description."
+
+The two books are really pamphlets in yellow paper covers, and are now
+so rare as to be much sought for by collectors of "Canadiana." Both
+books are written under the _nom de plume_ of "An Inhabitant," and the
+motto that follows is the same in each, namely:--
+
+"Whatever concerns my country, interests me; I follow nature, with
+truth my guide."
+
+Before proceeding to consider the personality of our first historian
+and to speak further of his writings, it will be of interest to speak
+of his antecedents. His father, Lewis Fisher, served in the war of the
+American Revolution, on the side of the crown, in the New Jersey
+Volunteers, a brigade commanded by Brigadier General Cortlandt Skinner,
+the last Royal Attorney-General of New Jersey. The corps was sometimes
+known as "Skinner's Greens." It was numerically the largest
+organization of British Americans in Howe's army. Officers and men were
+mostly natives of New Jersey, New-York and Pennsylvania. One of the
+original six battalions was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Abraham Van
+Buskirk and it contained a large Dutch element. Among the officers were
+Major Van Cortlandt, Captains William Van Allen, Peter Ruttan, Samuel
+Ryerson, Jacob Van Buskirk and Waldron Blaan; Lieutenants Martin
+Ryerson, John Van Norden, John Heslop, John Simonson and Joost (or
+Justus) Earle; Ensigns Colin McVean, Xenophon Jouett, Malcolm Wilmot,
+William Sorrell and Frederick Handroff.
+
+Among the men in the ranks--many of whom came to New Brunswick and
+settled near Fredericton--we find such names as VanHorne, Vanderbeck,
+Ackerman, Fisher, Burkstaff, Swim, Ridner, VanWoert, Woolley, etc. By
+the settlement of so many men of this corps in New-Brunswick, the same
+thrifty "Knickerbocker" element that figured in the development of
+New-York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania was planted in this province.
+
+Lewis Fisher joined the New Jersey Volunteers on December 7, 1776. He
+was taken prisoner a few weeks later, together with his brother Peter
+and fifteen others. After an absence of a year and nine months he
+effected his escape and returned to his duty on October 2, 1778. He was
+thenceforth stationed chiefly at Staten Island, where his three oldest
+children--Eliza, Henry and Peter--were born. When the war closed the
+New Jersey Volunteers were quartered at Newtown, three miles east of
+Brooklyn, on Long Island, N.Y.
+
+In the earlier muster rolls we find Fisher's name entered as Lodewick
+Fischer, but later he adopted the English form Lewis Fisher. His wife,
+Mary, was probably of English parentage. She was the mother of a very
+large family and a woman of resolute spirit, which she transmitted to
+her descendants.
+
+The New Jersey Volunteers never numbered more than 1,500, of all ranks.
+They, however, rendered essential service in New Jersey and in the
+defence of Staten Island. One of the battalions under Lieut.-Col. Isaac
+Allen, was conspicuous for its gallantry in the campaigns in Georgia
+and South Carolina. At the close of the war the original six battalions
+had been consolidated into three, under command of Lieut.-Col. Stephen
+deLancey, Lieut.-Col. Isaac Allen and Lieut.-Col. Abraham VanBuskirk.
+
+The war may be said to have ended with the surrender of the army under
+Lord Cornwallis, at Yorktown, on October 19, 1781, and little attempt
+at recruiting was made subsequently; consequently the regiments
+continued to dwindle until, at the evacuation of New-York, two years
+later, they were not more than one-third of their original strength.
+The New Jersey Volunteers, a year after their arrival in New-Brunswick,
+were mustered by Thomas Knox, under the supervision of Col. Edward
+Winslow. The return is dated at Fort Howe, September 25, 1784, and the
+number of those then on their lands, and for whom the Royal bounty of
+provisions was furnished, was as follows:--
+
+                           Men    Women     Children   Servants  Total
+                                        Over 10  Under 10
+1st New Jersey Vols.       158      57      57      39       9     320
+2nd     "      "           132      45      44      38      14     273
+3rd     "      "           173      64      47      42       6     332
+                           ---     ---     ---     ---     ---     ---
+Total                      463     166     148     119      29     925
+
+The commander of the 3rd Battalion, Lieut.-Col. VanBuskirk, did not
+come with his men to the River St. John but settled in Shelburne, where
+he was the first mayor of the town. The troops for St. John sailed in
+charge of Lieut.-Col. Richard Hewlett as senior officer, with
+Lieut.-Col. Gabriel DeVeber second in command. They left New-York on
+September 15, 1783, and arrived safely in St. John harbour on the 26th,
+with the exception of the transports "Martha" and "Esther." The former
+was wrecked near Yarmouth and more than half of her passengers were
+lost. The "Esther," in which VanBuskirk's battalion had embarked, got
+off her course in the fog and narrowly escaped destruction, arriving a
+day or two behind her sister ships.
+
+As Peter Fisher was born on Staten Island, on June 9, 1782, he was a
+very young Loyalist indeed at the time of his arrival in Blue-nose
+Land, being, in point of fact, less than sixteen months old.
+
+Sir Guy Carleton's orders were that the several corps should proceed at
+once to the places allotted for their settlement, directions having
+been given to Captain John Colville, assistant agent of all small craft
+at the St. John River, to afford every assistance in his power to the
+corps in getting to their destinations. Three days after their arrival
+the troops disembarked and encamped above the Falls, near the Indian
+House. Hewlett wrote Sir Guy Carleton that he feared the want of small
+craft would greatly delay their progress. He writes again on the 13th
+October, 1783, that the troops had been disbanded and were getting up
+the river as fast as the scarcity of small craft for conveying them
+would admit.
+
+I shall pause here to relate an incident, which will indicate the
+source from which Peter Fisher derived the information he gives us
+concerning the arrival of the Loyalists at St. Ann's and their
+subsequent hardships.
+
+About twenty-five years ago William, the youngest son of Peter Fisher,
+read to me in his apartments in the old Park Hotel, in St. John, a
+manuscript which contained the recollections of one of his sisters of
+her various conversations with her old grandmother, Mary Fisher,
+concerning the coming to New-Brunswick and the subsequent experience of
+her family at St. Ann's. Mr. Fisher did not entrust the manuscript to
+my hands but allowed me to make full notes, and afterwards at my
+request re-read the whole, in order that I might make sure of my facts.
+The story which now follows is, of course, not quoted from the lips of
+the first narrator, but is based upon the notes made by her
+granddaughter in which are embodied the recollections of the
+conversations she had with her grandmother.
+
+
+    THE GRANDMOTHER'S STORY.
+
+    We sailed from New-York in the ship "Esther" with the fleet for
+    Nova-Scotia. Some of our ships were bound for Halifax, some for
+    Shelburne and Rome for St. John's river. Our ship going the wrong
+    track was nearly lost. When we got to St. John we found the place
+    all in confusion; some were living in log houses, some building
+    huts, and many of the soldiers living in their tents at the Lower
+    Cove. Soon after we landed we joined a party bound up the river in
+    a schooner to St. Ann's. It was eight days before we got to
+    Oromocto. There the Captain put us ashore being unwilling on
+    account of the lateness of the season, or for some other reason, to
+    go further. He charged us each four dollars for the passage. We
+    spent the night on shore and the next day the women and children
+    proceeded in Indian canoes to St. Ann's with some of the party; the
+    rest came on foot.
+
+    We reached our destination on the 8th day of October, tired out
+    with our long journey, and pitched our tents at the place now
+    called Salamanca, near the shore. The next day we explored for a
+    place to encamp, for the winter was near and we had no time to lose.
+
+    The season was wet and cold, and we were much discouraged at the
+    gloomy prospect before us. Those who had arrived a little earlier
+    had made better preparations for the winter; some had built small
+    log huts. This we could not do because of the lateness of our
+    arrival. Snow fell on the 2nd day of November to the depth of six
+    inches. We pitched our tents in the shelter of the woods and tried
+    to cover them with spruce boughs. We used stones for fireplaces.
+    Our tent had no floor but the ground. The winter was very cold,
+    with deep snow, which we tried to keep from drifting in by putting
+    a large rug at the door. The snow, which lay six feet around us,
+    helped greatly in keeping out the cold. How we lived through that
+    awful winter I hardly know. There were mothers, that had been
+    reared in a pleasant country enjoying all the comforts of life,
+    with helpless children in their arms. They clasped their infants to
+    their bosoms and tried by the warmth of their own bodies to protect
+    them from the bitter cold. Sometimes a part of the family had to
+    remain up during the night to keep the fires burning, so as to keep
+    the rest from freezing. Some destitute people made use of boards,
+    which the older ones kept heating before the fire and applied by
+    turns to the smaller children to keep them warm.
+
+    Many women and children, and some of the men, died from cold and
+    exposure. Graves were dug with axes and shovels near the spot where
+    our party had landed, and there in stormy winter weather our loved
+    ones were buried. We had no minister, so we had to bury them
+    without any religious service, besides our own prayers. The first
+    burial ground continued to be used for some years until it was
+    nearly filled. We called it "The Loyalist Provincials Burial
+    Ground."
+
+The site of this old grave-yard, is on the Ketchum place at Salamanca,
+just below Fredericton, near the shore. Some rude headstones may
+perhaps yet be found there. The late Adolphus G. Beckwith told me that
+he remembered when a boy to have seen a number of pine "head-boards,"
+much decayed, but still standing in this old cemetery. The painted
+epitaphs, or inscriptions, were in some cases fairly well preserved. He
+remembered, he said, that many of the names seemed to be German (or
+Dutch), a statement which I hardly credited at the time, but which is
+entirely in harmony with the old grandmother's story. Continuing her
+narrative, she says:
+
+    Among those who came with us to St. Ann's, or who were there when
+    we arrived were Messrs. Swim, Burkstaff, McComesky, three named
+    Ridner, Wooley, Bass, Paine, Ryerse, Acker, Lownsberry, Ingraham,
+    Buchanan, Ackerman, Donley, Vanderbeck, Smith, Essington and some
+    few others.
+
+Here again the grandmother's story is confirmed by the Muster Rolls of
+the New Jersey Volunteers, lately placed by our Historical Society in
+the Dominion Archives at Ottawa for safe-keeping. Nearly all the names
+she mentions are to be found there. In Captain Waldron Blaan's Company,
+we find John Swim, Vincent Swim, Moses McComesky, David Burkstaff,
+Frederick Burkstaff. In Col. VanBuskirk's Company we find Abraham
+Vanderbeck, Conrad Ridner, Abraham Ackerman, Morris Ackerman and
+Marmaduke Ackerman. In Captain Edward Earle's Company, Lodewick Fisher,
+Peter Ridnor and Peter Smith. In Captain Samuel Ryerson's Company,
+Samuel Buchanan. In Captain Jacob Buskirk's Company, James Ackerman.
+
+Benjamin Ingraham, mentioned above, was a sergeant in the King's
+American Regiment; he served in the Carolinas, where he nearly died of
+yellow fever, and was severely wounded in the battle of Camden. He
+arrived at St. Ann's in a row-boat in October, 1783, and built a small
+log house in the woods into which he moved on the 6th of November, at
+which time there was six inches of snow on the ground.
+
+The story now continues:
+
+    When the Loyalists arrived there were only three houses standing on
+    the old St. Ann's plain. Two of them were old frame houses, the
+    other a log house (which stood near the old Fisher place). There
+    were said to have been two bodies of people murdered here. It could
+    not have been long before the arrival of the Loyalists that this
+    happened.
+
+    Many of the Loyalists who came in the spring had gone further up
+    the river, but they were little better off for provisions than we
+    were at St. Ann's. Supplies expected before the close of navigation
+    did not come, and at one time starvation stared us in the face. It
+    was a dreary contrast to our former conditions. Some of our men had
+    to go down the river with hand-sleds or toboggans to get food for
+    their famishing families. A full supply of provisions was looked
+    for in the Spring, but the people were betrayed by those they
+    depended upon to supply them. All the settlers were reduced to
+    great straits and had to live after the Indian fashion. A party of
+    Loyalists who came before us late in the spring, had gone up the
+    river further, but they were no better off than those at St. Ann's.
+    The men caught fish and hunted moose when they could. In the spring
+    we made maple sugar. We ate fiddle heads, grapes and even the
+    leaves of trees to allay the pangs of hunger. On one occasion some
+    poisonous weeds were eaten along with the fiddle heads; one or two
+    died, and Dr. Earle had all he could do to save my life.
+
+    As soon as the snow was off the ground we began to build log
+    houses, but were obliged to desist for want of food. Your
+    grandfather went up the river to Captain McKay's for provisions,
+    and found no one at home but an old colored slave woman, who said
+    her master and his man had gone out to see if they could obtain
+    some potatoes or meal, having in the house only half a box of
+    biscuits. Some of the people at St. Ann's, who had planted a few
+    potatoes, were obliged to dig them up and eat them.
+
+Again a few comments will show the reliability of the old lady's
+narrative. The three houses she mentions on the site of Fredericton
+were those of Benjamin Atherton, built about 1767 at the upper end of
+the town, near the site of the old Government House; Philip Weade's,
+which stood on the river bank in front of the Cathedral, and Olivier
+Thibodeau's, an Acadian, whose log house was at the lower end of town.
+The tradition regarding the massacre of some of the first settlers at
+St. Ann's refers doubtless to the destruction of the French settlement
+there by McCurdy's New England Rangers in February, 1759, as is
+described at page 242 in Dr. Raymond's "St. John River History." The
+party of Loyalists, who had gone further up the river in the late
+Spring of 1783, were the King's American Dragoons, who settled in
+Prince William. Resuming once more the narrative, the grandmother says:
+
+    In our distress we were gladdened by the discovery of some large
+    patches of pure white beans, marked with a black cross. They had
+    probably been originally planted by the French, but were, now
+    growing wild. In our joy at the discovery we called them at first
+    the "Royal Provincials' bread," but afterwards "The staff of life
+    and hope of the starving." I planted some of these beans with my
+    own hands, and the seed was preserved in our family for many years.
+    There was great rejoicing when the first schooner arrived with
+    corn-meal and rye. In those days the best passages up and down the
+    river took from three to five days. Sometimes the schooners were a
+    week or ten days on the way. It was not during the first year alone
+    that we suffered from want of food, other years were nearly as bad.
+
+    The first summer after our arrival all hands united in building
+    their log houses. Dr. Earle's was the first that was finished. Our
+    people had but few tools and those of the rudest sort. They had
+    neither bricks or lime, and chimneys and fireplaces were built of
+    stone laid in yellow clay. They covered the roofs of the houses
+    with bark bound over with small poles. The windows had only four
+    small panes of glass.
+
+    The first store was kept by a man named Cairns, who lived in an old
+    house on the bank of the river near the gate of the first Church
+    built in Fredericton [in front of the present Cathedral]. He used
+    to sell fish at one penny each and butternuts at two for a penny.
+    He also sold tea at $2.00 per lb. which was to us a great boon. We
+    greatly missed our tea. Sometimes we used an article called
+    Labrador, and sometimes steeped spruce or hemlock bark for
+    drinking, but I despised it.
+
+    There were no domestic animals in our settlement at first except
+    one black and white cat, which was a great pet. Some wicked
+    fellows, who came from the States, killed, roasted and ate the cat,
+    to our great indignation. A man named Conley owned the first cow.
+    Poor Conley afterwards hanged himself, the reason for which was
+    never known.
+
+    For years there were no teams, and our people had to work hard to
+    get their provisions. Potatoes were planted among the black stumps
+    and turned out well. Pigeons used to come in great numbers and were
+    shot or caught by the score in nets. We found in their crops some
+    small round beans, which we planted; they grew very well and made
+    excellent green beans, which we ate during the summer. In the
+    winter time our people had sometimes to haul their provisions by
+    hand fifty or a hundred miles over the ice or through the woods. In
+    summer they came in slow sailing vessels. On one occasion Dr. Earle
+    and others went up the river to Canada on snowshoes with hand
+    sleds, returning with bags of flour and biscuits. It was a hard and
+    dangerous journey, and they were gone a long time.
+
+    For several years we lived in dread of the Indians, who were
+    sometimes very bold. I have heard that the Indians from Canada once
+    tried to murder the people on the St. John River. Coming down the
+    river they captured an Indian woman of the St. John tribe, and the
+    chief said they would spare her if she would be their guide. They
+    had eleven canoes in all, and they were tied together and the canoe
+    of the guide attached to the hindermost. As they drew near the
+    Grand Falls, most of the party were asleep; and the rest were
+    deceived by the woman, who told them that the roaring they heard
+    was caused by a fall at the mouth of the stream which here joined
+    the main river. At the critical moment the Indian woman cut the
+    cord which fastened her canoe to the others and escaped to the
+    shore, while the Canada Indians went over the fall and were lost.[1]
+
+          [1] It is of interest to know that this legend was told by
+          the Indians to the English settlers shortly after their
+          arrival. The name of the Indian heroine is given as
+          Malobianah, or Malabeam.
+
+    In the early days of the settlement at St. Ann's, some fellows that
+    had come from the States used to disturb the other settlers. They
+    procured liquor at Vanhorne's tavern and drank heavily. They lived
+    in a log cabin which soon became a resort for bad characters. They
+    formed a plot to go up the river and plunder the
+    settlers--provisions being their chief object. They agreed that if
+    any of their party were killed in the expedition they should
+    prevent discovery of their identity by putting him into a hole cut
+    in the ice. While they were endeavoring to effect an entrance into
+    a settler's house, a shot, fired out of a window, wounded a young
+    man in the leg. The others then desisted from their attempt, but
+    cut a hole in the ice and thrust the poor fellow in, who had been
+    shot, although he begged to be allowed to die in the woods, and
+    promised, if found alive not to betray them, but they would not
+    trust him.
+
+Here the story of the old grandmother comes abruptly to an end. Enough,
+however, is preserved in these extracts to indicate the source of a
+good deal of the very valuable information concerning the early
+experience of the Loyalists in the New Brunswick wilderness, which
+appears in Mr. Fisher's "Sketches of New-Brunswick." Doubtless what he
+has related on this topic in his little book is based upon what he
+learned from the lips of his mother. To her care and devotion, in all
+human probability, he owed his preservation during the first eventful
+winter spent under canvas on the old St. Ann's plain.
+
+Peter Fisher acquired a pretty good education, for those days. A _fac
+simile_ of his signature is here given, which shows that his penmanship
+was excellent, and compared more than favorably with that of his son
+and name-sake, Lewis Peter Fisher, who was for some thirty odd years
+mayor of Woodstock, and the leading barrister of that place, and whose
+signature is also here given for comparison.
+
+[Illustration: Signature of Peter Fisher
+               Signature of Lewis Peter Fisher]
+
+The advantages of education were not great in the elder Peter Fisher's
+day, but he had a pretty competent instructor in an English school
+master, Bealing Stephens Williams, who was born in Cornwall in 1754,
+and came to Nova-Scotia, a clerk in the navy in 1779. He settled in
+Cumberland, N.S., where he taught school and was married, removing to
+Fredericton in 1790, where he again taught school for nearly forty
+years. He was an accomplished penman and an expert in arithmetic and
+the elementary mathematics. There can be no doubt, I think, that Fisher
+was indebted to this gentleman for an education that was very fair
+indeed, in the then circumstances of the country. Fisher unquestionably
+possessed a good deal of natural ability, and was something of a
+philosopher, as will appear when we come to consider his writings. He
+carried on quite an extensive business in lumbering at one time. He was
+noted as a tireless pedestrian and there were few, even among his
+juniors, who could keep pace with him in a walk of fifty miles, which
+he thought nothing of. He married on August 15, 1807, Susanna Stephens
+Williams, the Rev. George Pidgeon, rector of Fredericton, officiating
+at the wedding. Their family was a large one, seven sons and four
+daughters.[2] The late Judge Charles Fisher, who was born September 16,
+1808, was the oldest. Another son, Henry Fisher, was Chief
+Superintendent of Education of New-Brunswick. Lewis Peter Fisher, a
+younger son, was for years Woodstock's most prominent citizen and a
+very eminent lawyer. Another son, William Fisher, was for some years
+Indian Commissioner. One of the daughters was the wife of Hon. Charles
+Connell, Postmaster General, at one time in the local government, and a
+member of the first Dominion Parliament for the County of Carleton. At
+least three of the sons of Peter Fisher were actively interested in
+education. Of these Charles Fisher received the degree of B.A. at
+King's College, now the University of New Brunswick, in 1830. His was
+the first class to graduate after the incorporation of the college by
+Royal Charter, under the name of King's College with the style and
+privileges of a University. He read law with Judge Street, then
+Advocate General, was admitted attorney in 1831 and barrister in 1833.
+He spent a year at one of the Inns of Court in England. His Alma Mater
+conferred on him the degree of D.C.L. in 1866. Judge Fisher during his
+public life was a warm friend of the College at Fredericton. At the
+session of the provincial legislature, in 1859, he moved the bill under
+which the old King's College was transformed into the University of
+New-Brunswick. He was later a member of the Senate of the University.
+
+      [2] I am pretty certain that Susanna Stephens Williams was a
+      daughter of Bealing Stephens Williams, the school master.--W. O.
+      R.
+
+Henry Fisher has already been mentioned as one of the early Chief
+Superintendents of Education. His portrait may be seen in the office of
+Dr. W. S. Carter, Chief Superintendent of Education, in Fredericton.
+
+Lewis Peter Fisher, of Woodstock, was for years an active Trustee of
+the Carleton County Grammar School, and a strenuous advocate of Free
+School Education. He had no children. By his will he left his large
+fortune to establish a number of institutions of an educational and
+philanthropic character in the town of Woodstock, the affairs of which
+he had long ably administered as mayor. These institutions include:
+
+The Fisher Memorial Hospital, established at a cost of      $50,000 00
+Fisher Memorial Public School                                60,000 00
+  "    Vocational School                                     48,000 00
+  "    Free Public Library                                   50,000 00
+                                                           -----------
+      Total                                                $208,000 00
+
+This is the largest individual benefaction to any community in
+New-Brunswick, if not in the Maritime Provinces. The memorial buildings
+are all situated within the limits of the town of Woodstock, and, with
+the exception of the hospital, are handsome substantial brick
+buildings. In addition to the gift of the buildings and their
+equipment, the estate contributes from time to time to their
+maintenance, under the capable administration of the trustees, A. B.
+Connell, K. C., and Col. F. H. J. Dibblee. It will thus be seen that
+although the late Mayor of Woodstock left no child to perpetuate his
+name, his memory will be kept green for future generations as a
+philanthropist and a man of high ideals.
+
+Space will not admit of any extended reference to the descendants of
+our first provincial historian. A short sketch of the life of the Hon.
+Charles Fisher will be found in Lawrence's "Judges of New-Brunswick and
+their Times," pages 528-532. As a man who in his day rendered essential
+service to his native province, Charles Fisher deserves a more
+extensive biography than has hitherto been attempted by any writer.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's First History of New Brunswick, by Peter Fisher
+
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