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diff --git a/27101.txt b/27101.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..023a4da --- /dev/null +++ b/27101.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3485 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Life of Rear Admiral John Randolph Tucker, by +James Henry Rochelle + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Life of Rear Admiral John Randolph Tucker + +Author: James Henry Rochelle + +Release Date: October 30, 2008 [EBook #27101] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOHN RANDOLPH TUCKER *** + + + + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + + + + + + * * * * * + + +-----------------------------------------------------------+ + | Transcriber's Note: | + | | + | Inconsistent hyphenation in the original document has | + | been preserved. | + | | + | The symbol for degrees has been replaced with deg. for | + | this e-text version. | + | | + | Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. For | + | a complete list, please see the end of this document. | + | | + +-----------------------------------------------------------+ + + * * * * * + + + + + + + +[Illustration: JOHN RANDOLPH TUCKER] + + + + +LIFE OF REAR ADMIRAL + +JOHN RANDOLPH TUCKER + + +COMMANDER IN THE NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES, CAPTAIN +AND FLAG-OFFICER IN THE NAVY OF THE CONFEDERATE +STATES, REAR ADMIRAL IN THE NAVY +OF THE REPUBLIC OF PERU AND PRESIDENT +OF THE PERUVIAN HYDROGRAPHICAL +COMMISSION OF THE AMAZON + + +WITH AN APPENDIX + +CONTAINING NOTES ON NAVIGATION OF THE UPPER +AMAZON RIVER AND ITS PRINCIPAL +TRIBUTARIES + +By CAPTAIN JAMES HENRY ROCHELLE + +AND CONTAINING A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE +AUTHOR, AND PORTRAITS OF ADMIRAL +TUCKER AND CAPTAIN ROCHELLE + + + + +WASHINGTON +THE NEALE PUBLISHING COMPANY +431 ELEVENTH STREET +MCMIII + + + + +COPYRIGHT, 1903, +BY MATTIE R. TYLER. + + + + +CONTENTS. + +A SKETCH OF THE AUTHOR 9 + +DEATH OF CAPTAIN ROCHELLE 17 + +PREFATORY NOTE 18 + + +PART I. + +THE TUCKERS--BIRTH OF JOHN RANDOLPH TUCKER. BOYHOOD--APPOINTED A + MIDSHIPMAN IN THE UNITED STATES NAVY--FIRST CRUISE--"THE + ROARING LADS OF THE BRANDYWINE"--PASSES EXAMINATION FOR + PROMOTION--APPOINTED A PAST MIDSHIPMAN--PROMOTED TO THE RANK + OF LIEUTENANT--MARRIAGE--MEXICAN WAR. CAPTURE OF + TOBASCO--COMMANDS UNITED STATES BOMB-BRIG _Stromboli_--MADE + A COMMANDER--COMMANDS UNITED STATES RECEIVING SHIP + _Pennsylvania_--ORDNANCE OFFICER AT THE NORFOLK NAVY + YARD--RESIGNS ON THE SECESSION OF VIRGINIA 19 + + +PART II. + +APPOINTED A COMMANDER IN THE VIRGINIA NAVY--IN CHARGE OF THE + DEFENSES OF JAMES RIVER--TRANSFERRED TO THE CONFEDERATE + STATES NAVY--PLACED IN COMMAND OF THE _Patrick + Henry_--FITTING OUT UNDER DIFFICULTIES--FIRST PARTIALLY + ARMORED AMERICAN VESSEL. LIEUTENANT POWELL'S PLAN FOR + ARMORED GUNBOATS--OFFICERS OF THE _Patrick Henry_--GUARDING + JAMES RIVER--SCALING THE GUNS--"NAVAL SKIRMISH"--A FLAG + WHICH WAS NOT PRESENTED--BATTLE OF HAMPTON ROADS. SINKING OF + THE _Cumberland_; AN AMERICAN _Vengeur_--BURNING OF THE + _Congress_--COMBAT BETWEEN THE _Virginia_ AND THE + _Monitor_--FLAG-OFFICER TATNALL TAKES COMMAND OF THE + CONFEDERATE SQUADRON--SALLY INTO HAMPTON ROADS--PLAN FOR + CARRYING THE _Monitor_ BY BOARDING--EVACUATION OF + NORFOLK--TOWING UNFINISHED GUNBOATS TO RICHMOND--FEDERAL + SQUADRON ENTERS JAMES RIVER--CREWS OF THE _Patrick Henry_, + _Jamestown_ AND _Virginia_ MAN THE NAVAL BATTERIES AT + DREWRY'S BLUFF--ACTION AT DREWRY'S BLUFF--THE _Galena_; A + WELL-FOUGHT VESSEL. REPULSE OF THE FEDERAL SQUADRON--TUCKER + ORDERED TO COMMAND THE IRON-CLAD STEAMER _Chicora_ AT + CHARLESTON--SUCCESSFUL ATTACK ON THE BLOCKADING + SQUADRON--TUCKER POSTED AND APPOINTED FLAG-OFFICER OF THE + CHARLESTON SQUADRON--COMMANDING OFFICERS OF THE CHARLESTON + SQUADRON--DUPONT'S ATTACK ON CHARLESTON--CONFEDERATE + TORPEDO-BOATS AT CHARLESTON; DAMAGE DONE BY THEM--CHARLESTON + NAVAL BATTALION SERVING WITH THE ARMY--EVACUATION OF + CHARLESTON--ONE BATTALION OF THE CHARLESTON SQUADRON SERVES + WITH THE ARMY AT WILMINGTON--TUCKER, WITH THE CHARLESTON + SQUADRON BRIGADE, MARCHES THROUGH NORTH CAROLINA AND ARRIVES + AT RICHMOND--TUCKER ORDERED TO COMMAND AT DREWRY'S + BLUFF--CONFEDERACY AT ITS LAST GASP--EVACUATION OF + RICHMOND--TUCKER NOT INFORMED OF THE INTENTION TO EVACUATE + RICHMOND--SUCCEEDS IN JOINING HIS BRIGADE OF SAILORS TO + MAJOR-GEN. CUSTIS LEE'S DIVISION--ACTION AT SAYLOR'S CREEK; + DIDN'T KNOW THEY WERE WHIPPED, THOUGHT THE FIGHT HAD JUST + BEGUN--SURRENDER--PRISONER OF WAR--RELEASED ON + PAROLE--EMPLOYED BY THE SOUTHERN EXPRESS COMPANY 23 + + +PART III. + +TUCKER OFFERED THE COMMAND OF THE PERUVIAN FLEET, WITH THE RANK + OF REAR ADMIRAL--ARRIVES IN LIMA--NO PRECEDENT FOR THE + RETURN OF MONEY--COMMISSIONED A REAR ADMIRAL IN THE NAVY OF + PERU--COMMANDS THE ALLIED FLEETS OF PERU AND CHILE--SPANISH + WAR--TUCKER'S PLAN FOR A NAVAL CAMPAIGN; PROJECTED + EXPEDITION AGAINST MANILA--CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES--TUCKER + RETIRES FROM THE COMMAND OF THE FLEET, AND IS APPOINTED + PRESIDENT OF THE PERUVIAN HYDROGRAPHICAL COMMISSION OF THE + AMAZON--CROSSES THE ANDES AND REACHES THE AMAZON--EXPLORES + THE YAVARI RIVER--ORDERED TO THE UNITED STATES TO + SUPERINTEND THE BUILDING OF AN EXPLORING STEAMER--RETURNS TO + THE AMAZON WITH STEAMER _Tambo_. EXPEDITION UP THE UCAYALI + AND EXPLORATION OF THE TAMBO RIVER--ORDERED TO THE UNITED + STATES TO PROCURE A STEAMER OF LIGHT DRAUGHT OF + WATER--RETURNS TO THE AMAZON WITH STEAMER _Mairo_--SECOND + EXPEDITION UP THE UCAYALI--CANOE EXPEDITION UP THE PACHITEA + AND EXPLORATION OF THE PICHIS RIVER--EXPEDITION UP THE + AMAZON AND HUALLAGA RIVERS--ORDERED TO LIMA. ORDERED TO NEW + YORK TO SUPERINTEND THE CHARTS MADE BY THE HYDROGRAPHICAL + COMMISSION--PUBLICATION OF CHARTS ABANDONED ON ACCOUNT OF + THE FINANCIAL CONDITION OF PERU--LETTER FROM PRESIDENT + PARDO--LETTER FROM MINISTER FREYRE--TUCKER RETIRES TO HIS + HOME IN PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA--OCCUPATIONS AND AMUSEMENTS OF + OLD AGE--DEATH--CHARACTER AND QUALITIES--CONCLUSION 55 + +NAVIGATION OF THE UPPER AMAZON 81 + +CONCLUSION 112 + + + + +Life of Rear Admiral John Randolph Tucker + +A SKETCH OF THE AUTHOR. + + +JAMES HENRY ROCHELLE, the author of the following pages, and the +subject of this sketch, was of French-English and Celtic, or +Scotch-Irish, extraction--English through his paternal +great-grandmother, who was the daughter of Hinchia Gilliam, and his +wife (nee) Harrison; Scotch-Irish through his maternal ancestry. The +name itself proclaims its French (Huguenot) origin. + +It is well known that when Louis XIV revoked the edict of Nantes many +French Protestants, called Huguenots, fled from their homes to escape +persecutions worse than death. About forty thousand took refuge in +England, and in 1690 William III sent a number of them to America. A +party of them made their way up the James river and made a settlement, +which they called Mannakintown, or "Manacan," because the lands +formerly belonged to the Manacan Indians. Feeling that they no longer +had to defend themselves against oppression and cruelty, and that in a +free country their religion was no stigma, the characteristics of the +race came out. With order and work Manacan became a flourishing town. +Among those who had made a temporary home there was John Rochelle, +who came with the other Huguenot exiles, and, if Pope be right, he +soon enjoyed + + "All the joys of sense-- + _Health, peace and competence._" + +But in a few years the spirit of discord entered among these exiles, +who had found peace, liberty and homes. The three Rochelle brothers +sought other homes; William settled in North Carolina, James went to +South Carolina, and John bought of William and Jonas Longbottom two +hundred and twelve acres of land on the south side of the Nottoway +river in the then parish of Albemarle. Here he lived, and married Mary +Gilliam, daughter of Hinchia Gilliam and his wife (nee) Harrison. They +had issue four sons--John, Levi, Hinchia and Nathaniel. John, the +oldest son, married his cousin, Judith Gilliam, famed for her beauty, +and they became the parents of nine children--Benjamin, John, Willis, +Clements, Elizabeth (who will live in history as the mother of the +famous soldier, George Henry Thomas), James, Lucy, and Mary. + +James was born in the year 1786. At an early age he entered the +clerk's office of his county as deputy to the then clerk, Samuel +Kello. In 1815 he was chosen clerk and held the office until his +death. + +On the 19th of April, 1817, he married Martha (Hines) Gray, widow of +Dr. Henry Mills Gray. Many children were born unto them, but only +three lived beyond the early years of infancy--John, Martha and James +Henry. + +James Henry Rochelle was born at his father's home, near the +Courthouse, on the 1st day of November, 1826. His boyhood was passed +in the refining influence of a Virginia home, of the period when +Virginia was the garden spot of America, when her daughters were the +"mothers of Presidents" and her sons were statesmen, "_Sans peur et +sans reproche_." + +On the 9th of September, 1841, he was appointed acting midshipman in +the United States Navy; served six months at sea, and then received +his warrant as midshipman. During the war with Mexico, young Rochelle +served on both the _Falmouth_ and _Decatur_, in the gulf. He was with +Commodore Perry, and participated in all the brilliant exploits of the +naval forces, and remained on the Mexican coast until there was added +to the United States a territory as large as Germany, France and +Spain, all three added together. + +In September, 1847, he reported at Annapolis, the Naval School, and +was one of the 245 midshipman belonging to the famous "Classe 41," +which passed in 1848. He was at once ordered to the frigate +_Constitution_, then in Boston harbor, ready to sail to the blue +waters of the Mediterranean and the sunny coast of Italy. On this +cruise he paid a visit to the beautiful and historical Island of +Malta, and here, in the very cradle of Free Masonry, he became a +member of that ancient institution. He saw three years' sea service +before returning home. + +In 1852 the United States Government sent a naval force, under the +command of Perry, to open intercourse with Japan and her then unknown +people. Rochelle received orders to report for duty on the ship +_Southampton_. Perry sailed from Norfolk on the 24th of November, +1852. With great judgment and ability he rendered his mission a +success, and sailed for home from Linada, in Japan, on the 1st of +October, 1854, and after an eventful voyage reached New York in the +spring of 1855. + +After a home leave of some months, Rochelle was promoted on the 14th +of September to master, and on the next day was commissioned +lieutenant and assigned to duty on the Coast Survey Squadron. He +assisted in the survey of New York harbor, Casco bay and the Florida +reefs. + +His next cruise was in the expedition to Paraguay. Unfortunately, few +of his many letters home were preserved. We give one written in 1859: + + + U.S. STEAMER _Southern Star_, + MONTEVIDEO, REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY, + March 11, 1859. + +_My Dear Mother_: + + The steamer _Harriet Lane_, one of the vessels of the Paraguay + expedition, will sail for New York on tomorrow morning, and as + she is very fast I have determined to write by her, although + it will not be long before we follow her to the United States. + We are preparing for sea now and expect to sail on the 17th of + this month for Norfolk, touching at Pernambuco and Barbadoes + for coal. We will be at home, I think, by the 20th of May or + 1st of June, though it is possible that we may be detained + longer than I expect on the way. + + I sincerely trust that I shall find you all well at home, and + that I will have a long leave to spend with you. I wrote you + in my letter that we had no difficulty in settling our affairs + with Paraguay. Lopez acceded at once to all the demands which + were made upon him, and expressed himself gratified at their + moderation. The health of the squadron is excellent and the + cruise has been a pleasant one. No accident or circumstances + have occurred to mar its efficiency or concord. If another + vessel should leave in time to get home much before we do, I + will write again, but I doubt if such an opportunity will + occur. You must not, of course, write to me again. Give my + best love to Sister, Jimmy, Letitia and Mattie, and my + affectionate regards to Mr. Edwards and Major Shands. + + Ever your affectionate son, + J.H. ROCHELLE. + +To follow Rochelle through all of his naval life would take more space +than we now have and would be to repeat scenes and events already +dealt with by him in the following pages. When the war came on he was +serving on the sloop-of-war _Cumberland_. Captain Scharf very +correctly says: "It required no sacrifice and entailed no +inconvenience to remain loyal to the Union, but to resign from that +service involved every consideration which might deter a man not +actuated by exalted principles." It was "exalted principles" which +caused Rochelle to resign his commission in the Navy, where he had +served with honor and advancement for twenty years, and to offer his +sword to his native State. From the columns of the Richmond _Dispatch_ +we quote: + +"All know how hot and furious the war was. The Anglo-Saxon race, the +first and foremost people on earth, are wise in counsel and fierce in +war. Fighting commenced at once. Captain Rochelle was placed under the +command of Captain Tucker, on the James river, on the war steamer +_Patrick Henry_, and with the _Merrimac_ fought the _Monitor_ and +wooden fleet of the North in Hampton Roads, the first naval battle in +which armored ships were used. That engagement covered the new and +little Confederate Navy with glory. When Norfolk was evacuated, and +our little wooden fleet fell back to Richmond after the destruction of +the _Merrimac_, which could not be carried up the James river on +account of its great draught of water, the heavy guns of the _Patrick +Henry_ were carried by Tucker and Rochelle with great difficulty up on +Drewry's Bluff, and aided very much in repulsing the attack of the +_Galena_ and other Northern gunboats, who hoped to carry Richmond by a +_coup de main_. After the evacuation of Norfolk and the peninsula +between the York and James rivers, the siege of Charleston, S.C., +having commenced, he was sent there and soon after placed in command +of one of the largest iron-clad steamers in the Confederate Navy. Here +he remained during the remainder of the siege and until the advance of +Sherman through South Carolina and in the rear of Charleston forced +the evacuation of that vital point in the Confederacy. His ship, along +with others, was destroyed, and he returned to Richmond with a small +body of seamen, where the Southerners made their last stand around +Richmond and Petersburg _pro ara et pro forcis_. On reaching Richmond +he, along with Captain Parker, distinguished alike in arms and +letters, were placed in command of the Naval Academy and cadets which +the Confederates had established there--an arduous, important and +distinguished position. He remained in that position until the +evacuation of Richmond, when he marched the cadets in a body to +Washington, in Georgia, where they were disbanded after the capture of +President Davis and the dissolution of the Confederacy. + +"The war being ended, he returned to his ancestral home in +Southampton. His old comrade-in-arms, Tucker, who had been at one time +Admiral in the Peruvian Navy, and was then about to make a survey of +the upper Amazon river for the Peruvians, sent for him, and he +accepted a position under that Government to make a hydrographic +survey of that vast fluvial system in the mountains of Peru east of +the Andes. He remained in Iquitos three years and then returned home, +where he devoted his time to reading, letters, and the society of his +friends. He was a doughty warrior and soldier, and from the beginning +loved a career of arms. He sorrowed over the rupture of the +Government, but when his State went out he nobly stood by her; went to +the front, and never grounded his arms until there was nothing left +to fight for. He knew to win would bring honor and safety, and failure +would make him a rebel, and while success on the Northern side gave to +many of his old comrades in arms on that side marble and bronze +statues in the new Pantheon at Washington, yet with the courage of his +convictions, in disaster his only regret was that he did not win. Of +such stern stuff are the cavaliers of Virginia made, and such as these +are yet to lift her from the dust and crown their old mother again +with glory." + + + + +"DEATH OF CAPT. JAMES H. ROCHELLE. + + "COURTLAND, SOUTHAMPTON COUNTY, + + "April 3, 1889. + +"On the morning of the 31st of March, after an illness of only one +day, this county, and his many friends, met with a heavy loss in the +death of Capt. James Henry Rochelle. This distinguished soldier was a +veteran of two wars. Euripides, I think it was, said no man should be +called fortunate or happy until he had been placed with his good name +by death beyond the reach of accident or change. Then, indeed, is this +noble soldier happy, for he lived without reproach and died without +fear. Another noble son of Virginia has gone down below the horizon of +time, but his name will be held in sweet remembrance by his old +comrades and his memory cherished and honored by his kinsmen." + + + + +Life of Rear Admiral John Randolph Tucker + +BY JAMES HENRY ROCHELLE. + + +PREFATORY NOTE. + +In writing this biographical sketch I have performed not a task, but a +labor of love, for I was, during many years, both in times of peace +and of war, intimately associated with the distinguished sailor whose +career I have attempted to trace. + +The appendix was added in consequence of letters I received asking for +information in regard to the navigation of the upper Amazon river and +its tributaries, a highway for commerce destined to be much better +known in the near future than it is at present. + + J.H.R. +COURTLAND, VIRGINIA, + _July 1, 1888._ + + + + +PART I. + + THE TUCKERS--BIRTH OF JOHN RANDOLPH TUCKER. + BOYHOOD--APPOINTED A MIDSHIPMAN IN THE UNITED STATES + NAVY--FIRST CRUISE--"THE ROARING LADS OF THE + BRANDYWINE"--PASSES EXAMINATION FOR PROMOTION--APPOINTED + A PAST MIDSHIPMAN--PROMOTED TO THE RANK OF + LIEUTENANT--MARRIAGE--MEXICAN WAR. CAPTURE OF + TOBASCO--COMMANDS UNITED STATES BOMB-BRIG + _Stromboli_--MADE A COMMANDER--COMMANDS UNITED STATES + RECEIVING SHIP _Pennsylvania_--ORDNANCE OFFICER AT THE + NORFOLK NAVY YARD--RESIGNS ON THE SECESSION OF VIRGINIA + + +During the first years of the present century John Tucker, of the +Island of Bermuda, came to Virginia, where resided many of his +kinsmen, a branch of the Tucker family having settled in Virginia +prior to the War of the Revolution. The family has produced a number +of gifted men who have been honorably prominent in the political and +social life of the State, but no member of it has been more +distinguished or more esteemed than the subject of the present sketch. + +John Randolph Tucker was born on the 31st day of January, 1812, at +Alexandria, near Washington, on the Virginia side of the Potomac +river, in which city his father had made his home and had there +married Miss Susan Douglas, the daughter of Dr. Charles Douglas, an +English physician, who emigrated to America soon after the Revolution. + +Young Tucker received his early education in the good private schools +of his native city, which he continued to attend until he entered the +United States Navy as a midshipman on the 1st of June, 1826, being +then in the fifteenth year of his age. + +The profession upon which he entered was one for which he was by +nature peculiarly adapted, and to the end of his days he loved the sea +and all that was connected with the life of a sailor. It has been said +of a great admiral that he could perform with his own hands the duties +of every station on board a ship-of-war, from seaman-gunner to +admiral, and the same may be, without exaggeration, said of Tucker. + +He was fortunate in beginning his naval career on the Mediterranean +Station, where he made his first cruise in the frigate _Brandywine_. +Before the establishment of the Naval Academy at Annapolis the best +school for training a cadet in the etiquette, spirit and, perhaps, +even in the seamanship of the service, was a smart frigate of the +Mediterranean Squadron. If we may trust the traditions which have been +handed down to us in song and story about "the roaring lads of the +_Brandywine_," the training on board the ship in which Tucker first +served was well calculated to develop all that was dashing and daring +in the young gentlemen of her steerage mess. + +After six years' service as a midshipman, Tucker passed the requisite +examination for promotion, but he had to wait for his turn to fill a +vacancy, and, consequently, was not promoted to the rank of lieutenant +until the 20th of December, 1837. As a lieutenant, he made a good deck +officer and a very excellent executive or first-lieutenant. In the +latter capacity he served on board the bomb-brig _Stromboli_, in the +Gulf of Mexico, during the war between Mexico and the United States. +The _Stromboli_ was actively employed, and Tucker participated in the +capture of Tobasco and other naval operations against the enemy. +During the latter part of the war Tucker succeeded to the command of +the _Stromboli_ as Lieutenant-Commanding, retaining the command until +the cessation of hostilities. + +His last cruise whilst belonging to the United States Navy was made as +executive officer of the frigate _Cumberland_, the flag-ship of +Flag-Officer Stringham, on the Mediterranean Station, thus ending his +active service in the United States Navy where it began, after an +interval of thirty years. + +Soon after his promotion to a lieutenancy Tucker was married, at +Norfolk, Virginia, on the 7th of June, 1838, to Virginia, daughter of +Captain Thomas Tarleton Webb, of the United States Navy. This union +was, uninterruptedly, most happy and harmonious until it was dissolved +by the death of Mrs. Tucker in 1858. She left several children, three +of whom--Randolph Tucker, of Richmond, Virginia; Tarleton Webb Tucker, +of Memphis, Tennessee; and Virginius Tucker, of Norfolk, +Virginia--are now living and prospering. + +On September 14th, 1855, Tucker received his commission as a +Commander, and at the same time was ordered to command the +_Pennsylvania_, an old three-decker ship-of-the-line which was in +commission as receiving-ship at Norfolk. His next duty was as Ordnance +Officer of the Norfolk Navy Yard, and it was whilst he was employed on +this duty that the secession of Virginia caused him to forward his +resignation to the Secretary of the Navy. + +There is no intention of discussing in this biographical sketch the +questions which were in controversy between the Northern and Southern +States until they were finally settled by the arbitrament of arms; it +is sufficient to say that nothing but the sincerest conviction that +the highest duty required the sacrifice could have induced an officer +in Tucker's position to leave an established and an illustrious navy +to enter the service of a people who had neither ships nor sailors. + + + + +PART II. + + APPOINTED A COMMANDER IN THE VIRGINIA NAVY--IN CHARGE OF THE + DEFENSES OF JAMES RIVER--TRANSFERRED TO THE CONFEDERATE + STATES NAVY--PLACED IN COMMAND OF THE _Patrick + Henry_--FITTING OUT UNDER DIFFICULTIES--FIRST PARTIALLY + ARMORED AMERICAN VESSEL. LIEUTENANT POWELL'S PLAN FOR + ARMORED GUNBOATS--OFFICERS OF THE _Patrick + Henry_--GUARDING JAMES RIVER--SCALING THE GUNS--"NAVAL + SKIRMISH"--A FLAG WHICH WAS NOT PRESENTED--BATTLE OF + HAMPTON ROADS. SINKING OF THE _Cumberland_; AN AMERICAN + _Vengeur_--BURNING OF THE _Congress_--COMBAT BETWEEN THE + _Virginia_ AND THE _Monitor_--FLAG-OFFICER TATNALL TAKES + COMMAND OF THE CONFEDERATE SQUADRON--SALLY INTO HAMPTON + ROADS--PLAN FOR CARRYING THE _Monitor_ BY + BOARDING--EVACUATION OF NORFOLK--TOWING UNFINISHED + GUNBOATS TO RICHMOND--FEDERAL SQUADRON ENTERS JAMES + RIVER--CREWS OF THE _Patrick Henry_, _Jamestown_ AND + _Virginia_ MAN THE NAVAL BATTERIES AT DREWRY'S + BLUFF--ACTION AT DREWRY'S BLUFF--THE _Galena_; A + WELL-FOUGHT VESSEL. REPULSE OF THE FEDERAL + SQUADRON--TUCKER ORDERED TO COMMAND THE IRON-CLAD + STEAMER _Chicora_ AT CHARLESTON--SUCCESSFUL ATTACK ON + THE BLOCKADING SQUADRON--TUCKER POSTED AND APPOINTED + FLAG-OFFICER OF THE CHARLESTON SQUADRON--COMMANDING + OFFICERS OF THE CHARLESTON SQUADRON--DUPONT'S ATTACK ON + CHARLESTON--CONFEDERATE TORPEDO-BOATS AT CHARLESTON; + DAMAGE DONE BY THEM--CHARLESTON NAVAL BATTALION SERVING + WITH THE ARMY--EVACUATION OF CHARLESTON--ONE BATTALION OF + THE CHARLESTON SQUADRON SERVES WITH THE ARMY AT + WILMINGTON--TUCKER, WITH THE CHARLESTON SQUADRON BRIGADE, + MARCHES THROUGH NORTH CAROLINA AND ARRIVES AT + RICHMOND--TUCKER ORDERED TO COMMAND AT DREWRY'S + BLUFF--CONFEDERACY AT ITS LAST GASP--EVACUATION OF + RICHMOND--TUCKER NOT INFORMED OF THE INTENTION TO + EVACUATE RICHMOND--SUCCEEDS IN JOINING HIS BRIGADE OF + SAILORS TO MAJOR-GEN. CUSTIS LEE'S DIVISION--ACTION AT + SAYLOR'S CREEK; DIDN'T KNOW THEY WERE WHIPPED, THOUGHT + THE FIGHT HAD JUST BEGUN--SURRENDER--PRISONER OF + WAR--RELEASED ON PAROLE--EMPLOYED BY THE SOUTHERN EXPRESS + COMPANY + + +Tucker was appointed a Commander in the Virginia Navy, with rank from +the date of the commission in the United States Navy which he had +resigned. He was at first assigned by the Governor to the defense of +James river, but in a short time was ordered to assume command of the +steamer _Patrick Henry_. + +When Virginia became one of the Confederate States, all the officers +of the Virginia Navy were transferred to the Confederate States Navy, +with the same rank they had held in the United States Navy. The +_Patrick Henry_ was also transferred by the State of Virginia to the +Confederate States. This vessel was a paddle-wheel steamer of about +1,400 tons burthen; she was called the _Yorktown_ before the war, and +was one of a line of steamers running between Richmond and New York; +she was reputed to be a fast boat, and deserved the reputation. + +When Virginia seceded this vessel was in James river, and, together +with her sister steamer _Jamestown_, of the same line, was seized by +the authorities of the State, taken up to the Rockett's wharf, at +Richmond, and the command conferred, as has been said, upon Commander +Tucker; this assignment of duty being afterwards confirmed by the +Secretary of the Confederate States Navy. Naval Constructor Joseph +Pearse, with a number of mechanics from the Norfolk Navy Yard, who had +been brought to Richmond for the purpose, commenced the necessary +alterations, which had previously been determined upon, and in a short +time the passenger steamer _Yorktown_ was converted into the very +creditable man-of-war _Patrick Henry_, of 12 guns and one hundred and +fifty officers and men. Lieutenant William Llewellyn Powell, who soon +afterwards resigned from the Navy, entered the Army as Colonel of +Artillery, and died a Brigadier-General at Fort Morgan before its +fall, was her executive officer while she was being fitted out, and to +him, as well as to Constructor Joseph Pearse, much credit is due for +having made her as serviceable as she was for purposes of war. Her +spar-deck cabins were removed, and her deck strengthened so as to +enable it to bear a battery. Her boilers were slightly protected by +iron plates one inch in thickness. V-shaped iron shields on the +spar-deck, forward and aft of her engines, afforded some protection to +the machinery, but none to the walking beams, which rose far above the +hurricane-deck. It is probable that Lieutenant Powell suggested the +first American attempt to protect steamers with iron armor, unless the +Stevens floating-battery, which was so long building at Hoboken for +the United States, was such an attempt. It is known that Powell +forwarded, during the summer of 1861, plans to the Confederate Navy +Department for converting river craft and canal boats into iron-clad +gunboats. + +The armament of the _Patrick Henry_ consisted of ten medium +32-pounders in broadside, one ten-inch shell gun pivoted forward, and +one eight-inch solid-shot gun pivoted aft. The eight-inch solid-shot +gun was the most effective gun on board, and did good service both at +the battle of Hampton Roads and the repulse of the Federal squadron at +Drewry's Bluff. The captain of this gun was an excellent seaman-gunner +named Smith, who was afterwards promoted to be a boatswain in the +C.S. Navy. A few weeks before the battle of Hampton Roads two of the +medium 32-pounders were exchanged for two six-inch guns, banded and +rifled, a gun much used in the Confederate Navy, and effective, though +far inferior to the six-inch rifled guns of the present day. + +The _Patrick Henry_ was rigged as a brigantine, square yards to the +foremast and fore-and-aft sails alone to the mainmast. At Norfolk, +when she was about to be employed in running by the batteries of +Newport News at night, it was thought best to take both of her masts +out in order to make her less liable to be discovered by the enemy. +Signal poles, carrying no sails, were substituted in their place. + +No list of the officers of the _Patrick Henry_ at the time she went +into commission can now be given, but the following is a list of those +on board at the battle of Hampton Roads, so far as can be ascertained: + +Commander John Randolph Tucker, commander; Lieutenant James Henry +Rochelle, executive officer; Lieutenants William Sharp and Francis +Lyell Hoge; Surgeon John T. Mason; Paymaster Thomas Richmond Ware; +Passed Assistant Surgeon Frederick Garretson; Acting Master Lewis +Parrish; Chief Engineer Hugh Clark; Lieutenant of Marines Richard T. +Henderson; Midshipmen John Tyler Walker, Alexander McComb Mason, and +M.P. Goodwyn. + +The vessel, being properly equipped, so far as the limited resources +at hand could be used, proceeded down James river and took a position +off Mulberry Island, on which point rested the right of the Army of +the Peninsula, under Magruder. The time passed wearily and drearily +enough whilst the _Patrick Henry_ lay at anchor off Mulberry Island. +The officers and crew very rarely went on shore, the steamer being +kept always with banked fires, prepared to repel an attack, which +might have been made at any moment, the Federal batteries at Newport +News and the vessels stationed there, the frigate _Savannah_, sloop +_Cumberland_, and steamer _Louisiana_, being about fourteen miles +distant. + +To relieve the monotony of the irksome duty on which the _Patrick +Henry_ was employed, Tucker determined to take her down the river, +feel of the enemy, and warn him of what might be expected if boat +expeditions should attempt to ascend the river. On the afternoon of +Friday, September 13th, 1861, the _Patrick Henry_ weighed her anchor +at Mulberry Island, and steamed down James river towards Newport News. +Choosing her distance from that point, she opened fire upon the +Federal squadron, which was promptly returned, principally by the +_Savannah_, _Louisiana_, and a battery of light artillery, which had +been moved up the left bank of the river. After giving the crew a good +exercise at their guns, the _Patrick Henry_ was steamed back to her +anchorage off Mulberry Island. + +About the last of November, Tucker received information that one or +two of the Federal gunboats came up the river every night and anchored +about a mile and a half above their squadron at Newport News. Hoping +to be able to surprise and capture these boats, the commander of the +_Patrick Henry_ got her underway at 4 o'clock A.M. on December 2d, +1861. The morning was dark and suitable for the enterprise, and all +lights on board the _Patrick Henry_ were either extinguished or +carefully concealed. No vessel of the enemy was met with in the river, +but at daylight four steamers were discovered, lying at anchor near +the frigate _Congress_ and sloop _Cumberland_, off the batteries of +Newport News. As the _Patrick Henry_ could not have returned unseen, +Tucker took a position about a mile distant from the batteries, and +opened on the Federal vessels with his port battery and pivot guns. +The fire was promptly returned, many of the shots from the rifled guns +passing over the _Patrick Henry_, and one, going through her +pilot-house and lodging in the starboard hammock-netting, did some +injury to the vessel, besides wounding slightly one of the pilots and +a seaman by the splinters it caused. The skirmish, if such a term can +be applied to a naval operation, lasted about two hours, during which +time the _Patrick Henry_ fired twenty-eight shells and thirteen solid +shots, but with what effect on the enemy is not known. From this best +kind of drill practice, the Confederate steamer returned to her +anchorage off Mulberry Island, continued her guard of the river, and +waited for some opportunity for more active employment. + +In February, 1862, the ladies of Charles City, a county bordering on +James river, desired to present to the _Patrick Henry_ a flag which +they had made for her as an evidence of their appreciation of her +services in keeping boat expeditions and the enemy's small steamers +from ascending the river. But the presentation of this flag did not +take place; the C.S. steamers _Jamestown_, 2, and _Teaser_, v, had +reinforced the _Patrick Henry_, and such incessant preparations were +going on that no time could be spared for the ceremony. The occasion +of these preparations was the expectation of being soon engaged in the +attack which it was understood that the Confederate iron-clad +_Virginia_ was about to make on the Federal batteries and men-of-war +at Newport News. No care or preparation could make the _Patrick Henry_ +as well fitted for war as a vessel of the same size built especially +for the military marine service; but the best that could be done to +make her efficient was done, and not without success, as the part the +vessel took in the closely following battle of Hampton Roads +conclusively demonstrates. + +On the 7th of March, 1862, the James river squadron, consisting of the +_Patrick Henry_, 12, Commander J.R. Tucker; _Jamestown_, 2, Lieutenant +Commanding J.N. Barney, and _Teaser_, 1, Lieutenant Commanding W.A. +Webb, proceeded down the river, and anchored at nightfall off Day's +Neck Point, some six miles distant from Newport News. This movement +was effected in order to be near at hand when the _Virginia_ made her +expected attack on the Federal forces. + +The 8th of March, 1862, was a bright, placid, beautiful day--more like +a May than a March day. About 1 o'clock in the afternoon, the +_Virginia_ came steaming out from behind Craney Island, attended by +the gunboats _Beaufort_ and _Raleigh_. As soon as the _Virginia_ was +seen, the James river squadron got underway under all the steam the +boilers would bear, and proceeded to join her in her attack on the +enemy. As Tucker's small squadron approached the Newport News +batteries he formed it in line ahead, the _Patrick Henry_, 12, +leading; next the _Jamestown_, 2, and lastly the _Teaser_, 1; this +order being maintained until the batteries were passed. The batteries +were run with less loss than was anticipated; the enemy probably +expected the Confederate vessels to pass in the usual channel, about +eight hundred yards from the guns of the Federal works, but by +Tucker's directions the _Patrick Henry_ was run by much nearer the +batteries, and the _Jamestown_ and _Teaser_ followed her closely. +Probably in consequence of this deviation from the middle of the +channel the Federal guns were not well aimed, and most of the shot +from the batteries passed over the Confederate vessels. As the James +river squadron ranged up abreast of the first battery, the vessels +delivered their fire, and the flash from their guns had scarcely +vanished when the Federal works were wrapped in smoke, and their +projectiles came hissing through the air. The _Patrick Henry_ was +struck several times during the passage; one shot passing through the +crew of No. 3 gun, wounding two men and killing one, a volunteer from +the army, who had come on board to serve only for the fight. His last +words as he fell were, "Never mind me, boys!" + +Whilst the James river squadron was passing the batteries, the +_Virginia_ had rammed and sunk the _Cumberland_, a ship which was +fought most gallantly to the bitter end, going down with her colors +flying and her guns firing, like the celebrated French ship _Vengeur_. + +Having run by the batteries with no material damage, the James river +squadron joined the _Virginia_ and afforded her valuable aid in the +battle she was waging. Whilst the forward guns of the _Patrick Henry_ +were engaging one enemy, the after guns were firing at another, and +the situation of the Confederate wooden vessels at this time seemed +well nigh desperate. The Newport News batteries were on one side, on +the other the frigates _Minnesota_, _St. Lawrence_ and _Roanoke_ were +coming up from Old Point Comfort, and in front the beach was lined +with field batteries and sharpshooters. Fortunately for the wooden +vessels, both Confederate and Federal, the _Minnesota_, _St. Lawrence_ +and _Roanoke_ grounded, and the smaller vessels which accompanied them +returned to Old Point Comfort. The _Minnesota_, though aground, was +near enough to take part in the action, and opened a heavy fire on +the Confederate squadron. + +The frigate _Congress_, early in the action, had been run aground, +with a white flag flying. Tucker, as soon as he saw that the +_Congress_ had shown a white flag, gave orders that no shot should be +fired at her from the _Patrick Henry_, and he steadily refused to let +any gun be aimed at her, notwithstanding that the Confederate gunboats +_Raleigh_, _Teaser_ and _Beaufort_ had attempted to take possession of +the surrendered vessel, and had been driven off by a heavy artillery +and infantry fire from the Federal troops on the beach. After the +Confederate gunboats had been forced to retire from the _Congress_, +Flag-Officer Buchanan hailed the _Patrick Henry_ and directed +Commander Tucker to burn that frigate. The pilots of the _Patrick +Henry_ declared they could not take her alongside of the _Congress_ on +account of an intervening shoal, which determined Tucker to approach +as near as the shoal would permit and then send his boats to burn the +Federal frigate. The boats were prepared for the service, and the +boats' crews and officers held ready whilst the _Patrick Henry_ +steamed in towards the _Congress_. + +This movement of the _Patrick Henry_ placed her in the most imminent +peril; she was brought under the continuous and concentrated fire of +three points; on her port quarters were the batteries of Newport News, +on her port bow the field batteries and sharpshooters on the beach, +and on her starboard bow the _Minnesota_. It soon became evident that +no wooden vessel could long float under such a fire; several shots +struck the hull, and a piece of the walking-beam was shot away. As the +sponge of the after pivot gun was being inserted in the muzzle of the +piece, the handle was cut in two by a shot from the enemy; half in +prayer and half in despair at being unable to perform his duty, the +sponger exclaimed, "Oh, Lord! how is the gun to be sponged?" He was +much relieved when the quarter-gunner of his division handed him a +spare sponge. This state of things could not last long; a shot from a +rifled gun of one of the field batteries on the beach penetrated the +steam-chest, the engine-room and fire-room were filled with steam, +four of the firemen were scalded to death and several others severely +injured; the engineers and firemen were driven up on deck, and the +engines stopped working: the vessel was enveloped in a cloud of +escaped steam, and the enemy, seeing that some disaster to the boiler +had occurred, increased his fire. At the moment, until the chief +engineer made his report, no one on the spar-deck knew exactly what +had happened, the general impression being that the boilers had +exploded. It is an unmistakable evidence of the courage and discipline +of the crew that the fire from the _Patrick Henry_ did not slacken, +but went on as regularly as if nothing unusual had occurred. As the +vessel was drifting towards the enemy in her disabled condition, the +jib was hoisted to pay her head around, and the _Jamestown_, +Lieutenant Commanding Barney, gallantly and promptly came to her +assistance and towed her out of action. + +The engineers soon got one boiler in working order. The other was so +badly damaged that they were unable to repair it for immediate use, +and with steam on one boiler alone the _Patrick Henry_ was again taken +into action. The closing in of night put an end to the conflict, as in +the dark it was impossible to distinguish friend from foe. The victory +remained without dispute with the Confederate squadron, and was +witnessed, as was the combat between the _Virginia_ and the _Monitor_ +on the day following, by multitudes of spectators from Norfolk and the +neighboring camps of the Confederate troops, as well as by many on the +Federal side of the Roads. + +It has been stated that the total Federal loss in this battle was +nearly four hundred. The numerical strength of the Confederate force +engaged was about six hundred, of which the total loss was about +sixty. The loss on board the _Patrick Henry_ being five killed and +nine wounded. + +The part taken by the _Patrick Henry_ in this battle--it was a battle +and not a combat--seems to have been lost sight of in consequence of +the great power, as a new force in naval warfare, displayed by the +_Virginia_, but the Federal commanders bear witness to the efficient +service done by the Confederate wooden vessels. Lieutenant Commanding +Pendergrast, of the _Congress_, reported that "the _Patrick Henry_ and +_Thomas Jefferson_ (_Jamestown_), rebel steamers, approached us from +up the James river, firing with precision and doing us great damage," +and Captain Van Brunt, of the _Minnesota_, reported that the _Patrick +Henry_ and _Jamestown_ "took their positions on my port bow and stern +and their fire did most damage in killing and wounding men, insomuch +as they fired with rifled guns." + +The closing in of night having put an end to hostilities until +morning, the Confederate squadrons anchored under Sewell's Point, at +the mouth of the harbor of Norfolk. The crews were kept busy until a +late hour of the night, making such repairs and preparations as were +necessary for resuming operations in the morning. Soon after midnight +a column of fire ascended in the darkness, followed by a terrific +explosion--the Federal frigate _Congress_, which had been on fire all +the evening, had blown up, the fire having reached her magazine. + +Flag Officer Buchanan, having been wounded in the action, was sent to +the Naval Hospital at Norfolk on the morning of the 9th, just prior to +the getting under way of the squadron. The command ought, in +conformity with military and naval usage, to have been formally +transferred to the next senior officer of the squadron, who was +Commander J.R. Tucker, of the _Patrick Henry_; but this obviously +proper course was not followed, and Flag Officer Buchanan's flag was +kept flying on board the _Virginia_, though he himself, in point of +fact, was not and could not be in command of that vessel, or the +Confederate squadron, since he was not within signal distance of +either, being laid up in bed at the Norfolk Naval Hospital. Tucker +did not assume command of the squadron, but simply continued to +command the _Patrick Henry_. + +At the first peep of dawn, on the morning of the 9th of March, the +Confederate squadron was under way, having in view for its first +object the destruction of the _Minnesota_, that frigate being still +aground near Newport News. As the daylight increased, the _Minnesota_ +was discovered in her old position, but no longer alone and +unsupported. Close alongside of her there lay such a craft as the eyes +of a seaman does not delight to look upon; no masts, no smokestack, no +guns--at least nothing of the sort could be seen about her. And yet +the thing had a grim, pugnacious look, as if there was tremendous +power of some sort inherent in her, and ready to be manifested +whenever the occasion required it. The _Monitor_ (for it was that +famous vessel) promptly steamed out to meet the _Virginia_, as the +latter vessel bore down on the _Minnesota_, and the celebrated combat +between these iron-clads was joined immediately. It was the first +action that had ever been fought between armored vessels, and as such +will ever be remembered and commented upon. The combat resulted in a +drawn fight as far as the _Virginia_ and _Monitor_ was concerned, but +it established the power of iron-clad steamers as engines of war, and +completely revolutionized the construction of the navies of the world. + +That the combat between the _Virginia_ and the _Monitor_ was an +indecisive action is clear. The _Monitor_ received the most damage in +the fight, and was the first to retire from it into shoal water, +though the fight was afterwards renewed. On the other hand, the +_Virginia_ did not accomplish her object, which was the destruction of +the _Minnesota_, and she did not accomplish it in consequence of the +resistance offered by the _Monitor_. The two vessels held each other +in check, the _Virginia_ protecting Norfolk, and the _Monitor_ doing +the same for the Federal wooden fleet in Hampton Roads and the +Chesapeake waters. The injuries received by the _Virginia_ in ramming +the _Cumberland_, on the previous day, were probably greater than +those inflicted on her by the _Monitor_; in neither case were they +severe enough to disable or force her to withdraw from action. + +On her return to Norfolk harbor, the _Virginia_ was accompanied by the +_Patrick Henry_ and the other vessels of the Confederate squadron. The +Confederate wooden steamers had taken no part in the action between +the _Virginia_ and the _Monitor_, except to fire an occasional shot at +the _Monitor_, as she passed, at very long range; no wooden vessel +could have floated a quarter of an hour in an engagement at close +quarters with either of the two iron-clads. + +Flag Officer Tatnall having relieved Flag Officer Buchanan, who was +incapacitated from command on account of severe wounds received in the +first day's fight in Hampton Roads, and all the vessels of the +squadron having been refitted, on the 13th of April the squadron again +sallied out to attack the enemy. It was expected that the _Monitor_ +would be eager to renew the combat with the _Virginia_, and it was +agreed upon that, in case the _Virginia_ failed to capture or destroy +the Federal iron-clad, an attempt should be made to carry the latter +by boarding. This duty was assigned to the gunboats _Beaufort_ and +_Raleigh_ and two other small steamers. One of these small steamers +was the tender of the Norfolk Navy Yard; she was manned for the +occasion by officers and men from the _Patrick Henry_, under the +command of the executive-officer of that vessel, and was christened by +the men _Patrick Henry, Junior_. + +The Confederate squadron steamed about in Hampton Roads for two days, +but the _Monitor_ did not leave her anchorage at Fortress Monroe, her +passiveness being due, it seems, to orders from Washington not to +engage the _Virginia_ unless she attempted to pass Old Point Comfort. + +General J. Bankhead Magruder, commanding the Confederate Army of the +Peninsula, was urgent in demanding the return of the James river +squadron, and consequently the _Patrick Henry_ and _Jamestown_ were +ordered to run by the Newport News batteries at night, and resume +their old duty in James river. The _Jamestown_ ran up the river on the +19th and the _Patrick Henry_ on the 20th of April; the _Beaufort_, +_Raleigh_ and _Teaser_ were also sent up the river; the headquarters +of this detached squadron, of which Tucker was the senior officer, was +at Mulberry Island, on which point rested the right flank of the +Confederate Army of the Peninsula. + +Up to this time the _Patrick Henry_ was brigantine rigged, but to fit +her better for running by batteries without being discovered, both of +her masts were now taken out and short signal poles substituted for +them. + +When the Confederate authorities determined upon the evacuation of +Norfolk, the James river squadron was employed to remove what public +property could be saved from the Navy Yard to Richmond. The hulls of +several uncompleted vessels were towed past the Federal batteries at +Newport News. The running past the batteries was always done at night, +moonless nights being chosen whenever it was practicable to select the +time of making the trip. So far as known, the vessels employed on this +service were never detected by the enemy; at least they were never +fired upon. + +Soon after the evacuation of Norfolk, whilst the Confederate forces +were retiring from the Peninsula to the lines around Richmond, a +Federal squadron, consisting of the _Monitor_, _Galena_, _Naugatuck_, +_Aroostook_ and _Port Royal_, entered James river. The _Monitor_ alone +could with ease and without serious injury to herself have destroyed +in fight all the Confederate vessels in James river, and no course was +open to Tucker but to take his squadron up the river and make a stand +at the place below Richmond best adapted for defense. The place most +wisely selected was Drewry's Bluff, where the river had been +obstructed by rows of piles, and the piles defended by four army guns +mounted in a breastwork on the crest of the bluff, about two hundred +feet above the river. When the Confederate squadron arrived at +Drewry's Bluff, the defenses which had been constructed at the place +were not in a condition to have prevented the Federal squadron from +passing on to Richmond; but in the day which the Federal vessels +wasted in silencing the fire of the half-deserted Confederate +batteries on the lower river, the works at Drewry's Bluff were +materially strengthened. The _Jamestown_ and several smaller vessels +were sunk in the river channel, the two rifled guns of the _Jamestown_ +having been previously landed and mounted in pits dug in the brow of +the bluff. The eight-inch solid-shot gun of the _Patrick Henry_ and +her two six-inch rifles were also landed, thus forming a formidable +naval battery countersunk on the brow of the hill, consisting of one +eight-inch solid-shot gun and four six-inch rifles. Besides the naval +battery, there were several army guns mounted in a breastwork and +served by a battalion of Artillery, under the command of Major A. +Drewry, who was the owner of the bluff, and from whom the place took +its name. + +The naval guns were manned by the crews of the _Patrick Henry_, +_Jamestown_ and _Virginia_--the crew of the _Virginia_ arriving at the +bluff soon after she had been destroyed by Flag Officer Tatnall, to +prevent her from falling into the hands of the enemy. It is not always +possible for a sea captain to preserve the vessel he commands; but it +is always possible to act with firmness, skill and judgment under +trying and adverse circumstances, and this Flag Officer Tatnall seems +to have done. A court-martial, composed of officers of high +professional attainments and acknowledged personal merit, acquitted +him of all blame for the loss of the _Virginia_. + +The following naval officers may be named as participating in the +engagement of Drewry's Bluff, though there were others whose names are +not at this time procurable: Of the _Patrick Henry_, Commander John +Randolph Tucker, Lieutenant James Henry Rochelle, Lieutenant Francis +Lyell Hoge, and others; of the _Jamestown_, Lieutenant Commanding J. +Nicholas Barney, Acting Master Samuel Barron, Jr., and others; of the +_Virginia_, Lieutenant Catesby Roger Jones, Lieutenant Hunter +Davidson, Lieutenant John Taylor Wood, Lieutenant Walter Raleigh Butt, +and others. Commander E. Farrand was the ranking and commanding +officer present, having been sent down from Richmond to command the +station. + +It was on the 15th of May, 1862, that the Federal vessels _Galena_, +_Monitor_, _Naugatuck_, _Aroostook_, and _Port Royal_ made the +well-known attack on the Confederate batteries at Drewry's Bluff, +which was the only obstacle barring the way to Richmond, the capital +of the Confederate States. + +The _Galena_ and _Monitor_ engaged the batteries at short distance, +the other three Federal vessels keeping just within long range of the +Confederate guns. The _Monitor_, after the action commenced, finding +that her position was too near the bluff to allow of her guns being +elevated sufficiently to throw their shot to the crest of the cliff, +retired to a more favorable position. The Confederates wasted but few +shot on her, knowing they would not pierce her armor. + +The _Galena_ was managed and fought with great skill and daring. +Approaching to within about six hundred yards of the Confederate +batteries, she was deliberately moored, her battery sprung and a +well-directed fire opened upon the Confederate works. From half past +six o'clock in the morning until about eleven, when the action ceased, +she kept this position, receiving nearly the whole of the Confederate +fire. The most effective gun on the Bluff was the eight-inch solid +shot gun of the _Patrick Henry_. Knowing by previous experience the +power of the gun, Tucker gave it his personal supervision. At 11 +o'clock A.M. a shot from this gun passed into one of the bow posts of +the _Galena_, and was followed by an immediate gushing forth of smoke, +showing that the vessel was on fire or had sustained some serious +damage, a conclusion confirmed by her moving off down the river, +accompanied by the other four vessels of the Federal squadron. It was +at Drewry's Bluff that Midshipman Carroll, of Maryland, was killed. He +was struck by a projectile whilst standing by Tucker's side, whose +aide he was. + +For some days it was expected that another attack on the Confederate +position would be made, but no other effort to capture Richmond with +iron-clads was attempted. A half a dozen armored vessels, built +expressly for being forced through obstructions and by batteries, +could have passed Drewry's Bluff and captured Richmond, but the force +with which the attempt was actually made was neither well adapted for +the undertaking nor sufficiently strong for success. + +The _Galena's_ loss was thirteen killed and eleven wounded, and one +officer and two men were wounded on board the other Federal vessels. +On the Confederate side the loss, including the battalion of +Artillery, as well as the force of sailors, was eleven killed and nine +wounded. + +After the Federal repulse at Drewry's Bluff, the officers and crew of +the _Patrick Henry_, _Virginia_ and _Jamestown_ were permanently +attached to the naval batteries at that place, Tucker continuing to +command his men on shore. + +In August, 1862, Tucker was ordered to command the iron-clad steamer +_Chicora_, which vessel had just been launched at Charleston. She was +a casemate iron-clad, with armor four inches in thickness, and carried +a battery of two nine-inch smooth-bore shell guns, and two six-inch +Brooks rifles, throwing a projectile weighing sixty pounds. Flag +Officer Duncan N. Ingraham commanded the Charleston squadron, and flew +his flag on board the _Palmetto State_, Lieutenant Commanding John +Rutledge. The _Palmetto State_ was an iron-clad, similar to the +_Chicora_ in build and armor, carrying a battery of one seven-inch +rifled gun forward, one six-inch rifled gun aft, and one eight-inch +shell gun on each broadside. + +On the night of January 31st, 1863, the two Confederate iron-clads +made a successful attack on the Federal blockading squadron off +Charleston. Passing the bar of Charleston harbor at early dawn, the +Confederate iron-clads quickly drove the blockading vessels out to +sea, and the blockade was broken, at least for some hours. In his +official report of this action Flag Officer Ingraham says, "I cannot +speak in too high terms of the conduct of Commander Tucker and +Lieutenant Commanding Rutledge; the former handled his vessel in a +beautiful manner and did the enemy much damage. I refer you to his +official report." + +The official report to which Flag Officer Ingraham refers the +Confederate Secretary of the Navy is as follows: + + +"CONFEDERATE STATES STEAMER _Chicora_, + "January 31st, 1863. + + "_Sir_--In obedience to your order, I got under way at 11.30 + P.M. yesterday, and stood down the harbor in company with the + Confederate States steamer _Palmetto State_, bearing your + flag. We crossed the bar at 4.40 A.M., and commenced the + action at 5.20 A.M. by firing into a schooner-rigged + propeller, which we set on fire and have every reason to + believe sunk, as she was nowhere to be seen at daylight. We + then engaged a large sidewheel steamer, twice our length from + us on the port bow, firing three shots into her with telling + effect, when she made a run for it. This vessel was supposed + to be the _Quaker City_. We then engaged a schooner-rigged + propeller and a large sidewheel steamer, partially crippling + both, and setting the latter on fire, causing her to strike + her flag; at this time the latter vessel, supposed to be the + _Keystone State_, was completely at my mercy, I having taken + position astern, distant some two hundred yards. I at once + gave the order to cease firing upon her, and directed + Lieutenant Bier, First Lieutenant of the _Chicora_, to man a + boat and take charge of the prize, if possible to save her; if + that was not possible, to rescue her crew. While the boat was + in the act of being manned, I discovered that she was + endeavoring to make her escape by working her starboard wheel, + the other being disabled, her colors being down. I at once + started in pursuit and renewed the engagement. Owing to her + superior steaming qualities she soon widened the distance to + some two hundred yards. She then hoisted her flag and + commenced firing her rifled guns; her commander, by this + faithless act, placing himself beyond the pale of civilized + and honorable warfare.[1] We next engaged two schooners, one + brig, and one bark-rigged propeller, but not having the + requisite speed were unable to bring them to close quarters. + We pursued them six or seven miles seaward. During the latter + part of the combat, I was engaged at long range with a + bark-rigged steam sloop-of-war; but in spite of all our + efforts, was unable to bring her to close quarters, owing to + her superior steaming qualities. At 7.30 A.M., in obedience to + your orders, we stood in shore, leaving the partially crippled + and fleeing enemy about _seven miles clear of the bar_, + standing to the southward and eastward. At 8 A.M., in + obedience to signal, we anchored in four fathoms waters off + the Beach Channel." + + "It gives me pleasure to testify to the good conduct and + efficiency of the officers and crew of the _Chicora_. I am + particularly indebted to the pilots, Messrs. Payne and Aldert, + for the skillful pilotage of the vessel." + + "It gives me pleasure to report that I have no injuries or + casualties." + + "Very respectfully, your obedient servant, + + "J.R. TUCKER, _Commander, C.S.N._ + "_Flag Officer_ D.N. INGRAHAM, C.S.N., + "_Commanding Station, Charleston, S.C._" + +The result of this engagement was a complete demonstration of the +futility of any attempt on the part of wooden vessels to contend with +iron-clads. The Federal squadron consisted of the _Housatonic_, +_Meresdita_, _Keystone State_, _Quaker City_, _Augusta_, _Flag_, +_Memphis_, _Stettin_, _Ottawa_, and _Unadilla_, ten vessels, all of +them unarmored, and three, the _Housatonic_, _Ottawa_ and _Unadilla_, +built for war service, the other seven being merchant steamers +converted into men-of-war. The Confederate squadron consisted of only +two vessels, both iron-clads, the _Palmetto State_ and _Chicora_, +which received no damage whatever during the engagement, either to +their hulls, machinery, or crew, whilst several of the ten Federal +wooden vessels were seriously injured, though none of them were sunk, +their escape from capture or destruction being due to the swiftness of +their flight. Their loss was twenty-five killed and twenty-two +wounded. + +The blockade of Charleston harbor was soon, indeed immediately, +re-established, and kept up by the armored frigate _New Ironsides_ and +a number of heavy "Monitors." There was, from the end of this battle +to the evacuation of Charleston by the Confederates, no time when +there would have been the least probability of the success of another +dash by the Confederate vessels in the harbor upon the Federal +squadron blockading. + +In the month of February, 1863, Tucker was promoted to the rank of +Captain in the Provisional Navy of the Confederate States, and in +March following was appointed Flag Officer of the Confederate Forces +Afloat at Charleston, the _Chicora_ bearing his flag. + +On the 7th of April, 1863, Admiral Dupont made his attack on +Charleston, with a squadron consisting of the armored frigate _New +Ironsides_ and eight "Monitors." Tucker, with his usual good judgment, +held the _Chicora_ and _Palmetto State_, aided by a number of rowboats +armed with torpedoes, ready to make a desperate and final assault upon +the Federal squadron if it should succeed in passing the Confederate +forts guarding the entrance to the harbor. Admiral Dupont's squadron +was repulsed by the forts, and the Confederate squadron was not +engaged. + +The Confederate naval forces afloat at Charleston did not possess +either the strength or swiftness necessary for an attack on the +Federal blockading squadron with any reasonable prospect of success, +and Tucker therefore turned his attention to attacks by means of +torpedo-boats fitted out from his squadron. On the 5th of October, +1863, Lieutenant W.T. Glassell, with a small double-ender steam +torpedo-boat, made an attempt to sink the _New Ironsides_, lying off +Morris' Island. The _New Ironsides_ was not sunk, but she was +seriously damaged and was sent North for repairs. The torpedo-boat was +filled with water, and her commander, pilot, and engineer, all that +were on board of her, were thrown overboard by the shock of the +striking and exploding of the torpedo against the bottom of the +iron-clad. The torpedo-boat was finally taken back into Charleston +harbor by the pilot and engineer, but Lieutenant Glassell was made +prisoner after having been in the water about an hour. A torpedo-boat +commanded by Lieutenant Dixon of the Confederate Army, and manned by +six volunteers from Tucker's squadron and one from the army, attacked +and sunk, on the night of February 17th, 1864, the United States +steamer _Housatonic_ lying in the North Channel. The torpedo-boat with +all on board went to the bottom, but most of the crew of the +_Housatonic_ were saved by taking refuge in the rigging, which was not +submerged when the vessel rested on the bottom. + +The boat attack on Fort Sumter, made by the Federals on September 8th, +1863, was easily repulsed, and the Charleston squadron materially +aided in the repulse. + +A battalion of sailors from the recruits on board the receiving-ship +_Indian Chief_, under the command of Lieutenant Commanding William +Galliard Dozier, was detached by Tucker to co-operate with the army on +James' Island in August, 1864. This battalion rendered good service, +and upon its return to the squadron was kept organized and ready to +respond whenever a call for assistance was made upon the Navy by the +Army. + +Early in 1864 some changes were made in the commanding officers of the +squadron; Commander Isaac Newton Brown was ordered to the +_Charleston_, Commander Thomas T. Hunter to the _Chicora_, and +Lieutenant Commanding James Henry Rochelle to the _Palmetto State_. No +other changes were made in the commands of the squadron while it +existed. + +The three iron-clads under Tucker's command at Charleston were all +slow vessels, with imperfect engines, which required frequent +repairing; for that day, and considering the paucity of naval +resources in the South, they were fairly officered, manned and armed. +All of them were clad with armor four inches thick, and they were all +of the type of the _Virginia_, or _Merrimac_, as that vessel is +frequently but erroneously called. The commander of the vessels were +all formerly officers of the United States Navy, who were citizens of +the Southern States and had resigned their commissions in the Federal +service when their States seceded from the Union. The lieutenants and +other officers were appointed from civil life, but they were competent +to perform the duties required of them, and conducted themselves well +at all times and under all circumstances. The crews of each vessel +numbered from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and sixty men, +some of them able-seamen, and most of them efficient and reliable men. +Each vessel carried a torpedo, fitted to the end of a spar some +fifteen or twenty feet long projecting from the bows in a line with +the keel, and so arranged that it could be carried either triced up +clear of the water or submerged five or six feet below the surface. +The squadron was in a good state of discipline and drill, and, so far +as the personnel was concerned, in a very efficient condition. + +Every night one or two of the iron-clads anchored in the channel near +Fort Sumter for the purpose of resisting a night attack on that place +or a dash into the harbor by the Federal squadron. + +Not long before the evacuation of Charleston an iron-clad named the +_Columbia_ was launched there. She had a thickness of six inches of +iron on her casemate, and was otherwise superior to the other three +iron-clads of the squadron. Unfortunately, she was run aground whilst +coming out of dock, and so much injured as not to be able to render +any service whatever. + +Charleston was evacuated by the Confederate forces on the 18th of +February, 1865. Several days previous to the evacuation a detachment +from the squadron of about three hundred men, under the command of +Lieutenant Commanding James Henry Rochelle, consisting of the officers +and crews of the _Palmetto State_, _Columbia_, and the recruits from +the receiving-ship _Indian Chief_, were dispatched by rail to +Wilmington, which the detachment reached only a few days before it +was, in turn, abandoned by the Confederate Army. The Charleston naval +detachment was ordered to co-operate with the Army as a body of +infantry, and was assigned to duty with General Hoke's division, of +which it formed the extreme right, resting on Cape Fear river. The +position was exposed to an annoying fire from the Federal gunboats in +the river, to which no reply could be made, but from which some loss +was suffered. The evacuation of Wilmington took place on the 22d of +February, 1865, and the Charleston squadron's naval battalion marched +out with Hoke's division, to which it remained attached until +somewhere in the interior of North Carolina it reunited with Tucker's +command. + +With the officers and crews of the _Charleston_ and _Chicora_, Tucker +left Charleston on the 18th of February, 1865, the day of the +evacuation of the city by the Confederate Army. As far as Florence in +South Carolina the Charleston naval brigade traveled by rail, but at +that point Tucker received a telegram informing him that the Federal +forces were about cutting the railway communication between Florence +and Wilmington. This was the last message that came over the wires, +and Tucker, knowing that the enemy had succeeded in seizing the +railroad, abandoned his intention of making for Wilmington, and +marched his command across the country to Fayetteville, where he +received orders from the Navy Department to bring his force to +Richmond. On the way from Fayetteville to Richmond the detached +Charleston naval battalion was reunited to the main body under +Tucker, and the whole brigade proceeded together to Richmond, and from +Richmond it was sent to garrison the Confederate batteries at Drewry's +Bluff, of which place Tucker was ordered to assume command, the naval +forces afloat in James river being under the command of Rear Admiral +Raphael Semmes. + +When Tucker took command at Drewry's Bluff the Confederate cause was +at its last gasp. Richmond was evacuated by the Confederate Army and +Government on the night of the 2d of April, 1865. Strange to relate, +Tucker received no orders to retire with his command, and he held his +post steadily until, early on the morning of the 3d, the Confederate +iron-clads in James river were burnt by their own commanders. When he +knew the troops were marching out of Richmond and saw the Confederate +iron-clads burning in the river, Tucker thought it was not only +justifiable but necessary for him to act without orders, and he +retired with his command from Drewry's Bluff. General R.E. Lee told +Tucker, when they met, that of all the mistakes committed by the +Richmond authorities he regretted none more than the neglect to +apprise the naval force at Drewry's Bluff of the intended evacuation +of the city. + +The naval brigade from Drewry's Bluff, under Flag Officer Tucker, +joined the rear guard of the Confederate Army, and was attached to +General Custis Lee's division of General Ewell's corps, with which it +marched until the battle of Saylor's Creek on the 16th of April, 1865. +The naval brigade held the right of the line at that battle, and +easily repulsed all the assaults made upon it. A flag of truce was +sent by the Federal General commanding at that point to inform Tucker +that the Confederate troops on his right and left had surrendered, and +that further resistance was useless and could only end in the +destruction of the sailors. Tucker, believing that the battle had only +commenced, refused to surrender, and held his position until reliable +information, which he could not doubt, reached him of the surrender of +General Ewell and his army corps. The naval brigade surrendered by +Tucker numbered some three hundred sailors, who, the opposing force +said, did not know when they were whipped. Tucker's sword, which he +rendered to General Keifer, was returned to him some years after the +war by that gentleman, then a prominent member of Congress. + +Tucker was sent North and confined as a prisoner of war until the +entire cessation of hostilities, when he was released on parole. On +his return to Virginia he found that both the Confederate and State +Governments were things of the past, and that he would have to mend +his broken fortunes, if mend them he could, by engaging in the +business pursuits of civil life. He succeeded, not without difficulty, +in obtaining employment as an agent of the Southern Express Company, +and was stationed at Raleigh, North Carolina, to take charge of the +business matters of the Company in that city. + +[Footnote 1: The _Keystone State_ did not surrender, rescue or no +rescue, and her escape ought probably to be regarded as a rescue.] + + + + +PART III. + + TUCKER OFFERED THE COMMAND OF THE PERUVIAN FLEET, WITH THE + RANK OF REAR ADMIRAL--ARRIVES IN LIMA--NO PRECEDENT FOR + THE RETURN OF MONEY--COMMISSIONED A REAR ADMIRAL IN THE + NAVY OF PERU--COMMANDS THE ALLIED FLEETS OF PERU AND + CHILE--SPANISH WAR--TUCKER'S PLAN FOR A NAVAL CAMPAIGN; + PROJECTED EXPEDITION AGAINST MANILA--CESSATION OF + HOSTILITIES--TUCKER RETIRES FROM THE COMMAND OF THE + FLEET, AND IS APPOINTED PRESIDENT OF THE PERUVIAN + HYDROGRAPHICAL COMMISSION OF THE AMAZON--CROSSES THE + ANDES AND REACHES THE AMAZON--EXPLORES THE YAVARI + RIVER--ORDERED TO THE UNITED STATES TO SUPERINTEND THE + BUILDING OF AN EXPLORING STEAMER--RETURNS TO THE AMAZON + WITH STEAMER _Tambo_. EXPEDITION UP THE UCAYALI AND + EXPLORATION OF THE TAMBO RIVER--ORDERED TO THE UNITED + STATES TO PROCURE A STEAMER OF LIGHT DRAUGHT OF + WATER--RETURNS TO THE AMAZON WITH STEAMER + _Mairo_--SECOND EXPEDITION UP THE UCAYALI--CANOE + EXPEDITION UP THE PACHITEA AND EXPLORATION OF THE PICHIS + RIVER--EXPEDITION UP THE AMAZON AND HUALLAGA + RIVERS--ORDERED TO LIMA. ORDERED TO NEW YORK TO + SUPERINTEND THE CHARTS MADE BY THE HYDROGRAPHICAL + COMMISSION--PUBLICATION OF CHARTS ABANDONED ON ACCOUNT OF + THE FINANCIAL CONDITION OF PERU--LETTER FROM PRESIDENT + PARDO--LETTER FROM MINISTER FREYRE--TUCKER RETIRES TO HIS + HOME IN PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA--OCCUPATIONS AND AMUSEMENTS + OF OLD AGE--DEATH--CHARACTER AND QUALITIES--CONCLUSION. + + +While residing in Raleigh, North Carolina, Tucker received a letter +from the Peruvian Minister to the United States, requesting an +interview on affairs of importance. Going to Washington, Tucker saw +the Minister, and the result of the interview was that he accepted a +proposition to go to Peru and enter the Navy of that Republic as a +rear-admiral, his commission to be dated from the time of his arrival +at Lima. He was allowed to take with him two staff officers, one with +the rank of captain and the other with that of commander. + +When Tucker entered the Navy of Peru, that Republic was engaged in a +war with Spain. Spain had never recognized the independence of her +former South American colonies, and thinking a favorable opportunity +had arisen for asserting her dormant claims, the Spanish Government +sent an iron-clad frigate, accompanied by several smaller vessels, to +attack the Chilean and Peruvian seaport cities on the Pacific coast. +The attack upon Valparaiso, the chief port of Chile, was successful, +but the Spanish squadron was beaten off at Callao by the Peruvian +batteries. Whilst preparing for the defense of Callao, the Peruvian +Government determined to place its naval establishment on such a +footing that it would be able to meet any force Spain could send to +the Pacific. Tucker had, and most deservedly, the reputation of being +a hard fighter, a thorough disciplinarian, and a splendid seaman; +hence the Peruvian Government of President Prado directed its Minister +at Washington to engage his services if possible. The cause was one +which enlisted all Tucker's sympathies, and he agreed to take command +of the Peruvian fleet. Tucker became much attached to Peru, and served +the Republic zealously and faithfully. He had many warm friends in +Lima, and no matter what party held the Government, the trust and +confidence reposed in him by the authorities in Lima was always +implicit. + +Tucker arrived in Lima accompanied by his personal staff, David Porter +McCorkle, captain of the fleet, and Walter Raleigh Butt, commander and +aide. Just before their leaving New York the Peruvian Minister handed +Tucker a bag of gold, with which he was told to pay all the traveling +expenses of himself and staff; this was done, but when the party +arrived at Lima the bag was still half full. Tucker insisted on +returning this surplus to the Government, but there was no precedent +for such a thing, and it was not without some difficulty that there +could be found an officer of the treasury authorized to receive and +receipt for the unexpected money. + +The appointment of a foreigner to command their fleet was distasteful +to some of the Peruvian officers, and this fact coming to Tucker's +knowledge, he informed General Prado, the President of the Republic, +that he had no wish that any officer should be forced to serve +unwillingly under his command, and preferred resigning if the +dissatisfaction at the appointment of a stranger to command the fleet +was general or deep-seated. The officers who were dissatisfied were +relieved from duty, and others were easily found who were not only +willing but anxious to serve under Tucker. + +The Peruvian squadron was lying at Valparaiso when Tucker hoisted his +flag on board the frigate _Independencia_. The Chilean squadron was +also lying at Valparaiso, and Tucker, as senior officer present, was +in command of the allied fleets of both Peru and Chile. + +An efficient state of drill and discipline was soon established in the +fleets. A feeble attempt at mutiny broke out on one occasion during +the temporary absence of Tucker, but it was easily quelled without +bloodshed, and no similar attempt was ever again made whilst Tucker +was in command. Officers of the Peruvian Navy, who were themselves +opposed to giving foreigners high rank in their service, admitted that +the fleet had never been in so good a condition for effective service +as whilst it was under Tucker. + +The Spanish squadron had retired from the coast, but was expected to +return as soon as it had been refitted and revictualed, but no +apprehension was felt as to the result of another attack by the +Spanish, for the allied fleets were believed to be fully equal to the +task of protecting the coasts and ports of the Republics. + +Tucker's plan of naval operations was to sail with a small squadron, +composed of the most efficient vessels under his command, for Manila, +a most important dependency of Spain in the East Indies. He expected +to take the Spaniards entirely by surprise, to capture all Spanish +vessels in port, and to hold Manila and the other ports of the +Philippine Islands until peace was established. + +In order to provide for the reappearance of the Spanish fleet on the +coast during his absence, Tucker advised the allied Governments to +enroll as a naval reserve all the Peruvian and Chilean masters, mates +and crews of merchant vessels, pilots and mariners engaged in +employments on shore. A part of his plan was that all merchant +steamers carrying the flags of the Republics, which could be made +available for war purposes, should be inspected and held ready for +active service in the Navy and manned by the naval reserve whenever +the Government should think it necessary to employ them. This force, +with the harbor defense iron-clads, and the forts and batteries on +shore, Tucker thought would be a sufficient protection for the coast, +whilst his squadron of the most efficient sea-going vessels was absent +in the East Indies, where the capture of Manila would have dealt a +heavy blow to Spain, and rendered an honorable peace, carrying with it +an acknowledgment of the independence of Peru and Chile, a matter of +easy attainment. + +This plan, which would probably have been entirely successful if +carried out with skill, daring and judgment, as it would have been by +Tucker, was favorably considered by the Governments of the allied +Republics, but it was not carried out, probably on account of the +financial embarrassments under which the Republics labored, and which +rendered it exceedingly difficult to find the funds required to fit +out the expedition. + +The Manila expedition having been abandoned, and the Spanish fleet +which had been employed on the Pacific coast having returned home, +Tucker requested permission to visit Lima, in order that he might lay +before General Prado, President of the Republic, a plan for making an +exploration and survey of the Peruvian or Upper Amazon River and its +tributaries. The President heartily approved of the enterprise, for +the Government was at that very time considering the practicability of +opening better communications between the west coast and the eastern +part of the country, and of finding an outlet by the waters of the +Amazon for the rich productions of the interior. + +Tucker resigned his commission as rear-admiral in the Navy of the +Republic, and was immediately appointed President of the Peruvian +Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. He left Lima with a full +corps of assistants, and made his way across the mountains to the head +of navigation on the Palcazu river, where the party was received on +board a Government steamer that had been dispatched from Iquitos to +meet them. The headquarters of the Commission was established at +Iquitos, the principal settlement on the Upper Amazon river, and the +place where the Government factories and magazines were located. + +In the small steamer _Naps_, belonging to the Government, Tucker made +an exploring expedition of two hundred and fifty miles up Yavari, the +river which forms the boundary between Peru and Brazil. + +None of the Peruvian steamers on the Amazon being suitable for +exploring and surveying purposes, the Government at Lima ordered +Tucker to proceed to the United States and procure such a vessel as +was required for the duty pertaining to his Commission. In obedience +to this order Tucker spent some months in the United States, and had a +steamer built by Messrs. Pusey, Jones & Co., of Wilmington, Delaware, +expressly adapted to the navigation of the shoals and rapids of the +Upper Amazon. This vessel, named the _Tambo_, was delivered to Tucker +at Para, the Brazilian city at the mouth of the Lower Amazon. +Embarking on board the _Tambo_, Tucker took the steamer up the river +to Iquitos, where supplies were taken on board sufficient to last for +several months. He then proceeded to make an important expedition up +the Upper Amazon, the Ucayali and the Tambo rivers. The Tambo river +had never been explored, and it was thought that it presented a +feasible route for navigation to San Ramon, a military station in the +heart of the interior, only about thirty miles distant from the large +and important city of Tarmo, which is connected by railway with Lima. + +Leaving Iquitos, the _Tambo_, with the Commission on board, passed up +the Amazon to the mouth of the Ucayali river, up the Ucayali past the +rapids of the "Devil's Leap," and entered the Tambo river. The Tambo +was found to be a narrow stream, full of rocks and rapids and not +practicable for navigation by steamers. When the steamer _Tambo_ could +ascend no higher, Tucker fitted out a small boat and pulled some +twenty miles farther up the river, but everywhere found such +obstructions as rendered it an impracticable route to the interior. It +is, perhaps, to be regretted that time did not allow of an examination +of the other affluents of the Usayali trending towards San Ramon and +Tarmo. + +On his return to Iquitos, Tucker was again dispatched to the United +States to procure another and smaller exploring steamer. During his +absence Captain James Henry Rochelle was directed by the Government at +Lima to take charge of the Hydrographical Commission as its acting +president. + +After an absence of some months, Tucker returned to Iquitos with the +new steamer, which was named the _Mayro_, and was little more than a +large steam launch, intended for use where a vessel of greater draught +of water could not be employed. + +The next expedition decided upon was for the exploration of the water +route towards Huanaco, by way of the entirely unknown river Pichis. +Most of the tributaries of the Ucayali had been traveled more or less +by the Jesuit priests from the College of Ocopa, but none of them had +attempted the route of the Pichis, the banks of which were in +possession of roving tribes of Indians, who permitted no stranger to +pass through their country. It was thought possible, and even +probable, from the stories told by the natives, that the head of the +Pichis river would be found well suited for being the eastern terminus +of the trans-Andean railway. + +In February, 1873, the _Mayro_, with a detachment of the Commission on +board, was dispatched from Iquitos, with orders to await at the mouth +of the Pachitea river the coming of the _Tambo_. Tucker embarked on +board the _Tambo_ on the 1st of April with the main body of the +Commission, and arrived at the confluence of the Pachitea and Ucayali, +seven hundred and sixty-five miles from Iquitos, on the 13th of May. +The river had commenced to fall, which rendered it prudent not to +ascend the Pachitea in steamers, for had one of them got aground +whilst the water was falling, it would probably have remained in that +situation until the next annual rise of the river. + +The water of the Amazon, and the same may be said of all its +tributaries, begins to rise about October, and continues to increase +its flood until December. In December there is a short period of no +rise, or perhaps even a slight fall, after which the river again +continues to rise until May, when the permanent fall commences and +continues until the following October, when the annual flood again +sets in. Sand bars are constantly forming and shifting in the channel +of the river, and for a steamer to run on one of them whilst the water +is falling endangers the detention of the vessel until she is floated +off by the annual rise in October. + +The annual fall of the river having set in when the _Tambo_ reached +the mouth of the Pachitea, Tucker determined to continue the +expedition in canoes. Six of the largest and best canoes that could be +procured from the Indians were fitted out, and the whole Commission +embarked in them, accompanied by its escort of a dozen Peruvian +soldiers under the command of Major Ramon Herrera. + +From the 19th to the 30th of May the Commission prosecuted its survey +of the Pachitea without interruption, but on the 30th, at a place +called Cherrecles Chingana, fifteen or twenty Cashibo Indians came +down to the left or north bank of the river, and by signs and gestures +signified a desire for friendly communication. The canoes were paddled +in to them, and some few presents of such articles as could be spared +were distributed among them, and, apparently, received most +thankfully. But the Cashibos did not let the occasion pass without +showing the treachery for which they are notorious. When the interview +was ended, seemingly in the most amicable manner, and as the canoes of +the Commission were paddling off, a flight of arrows was discharged at +them by a party of Cashibos who had been lying in ambush during the +interview. A few volleys from the Remington rifles, with which all +the members of the Commission were armed, soon dispersed the savages +and drove them to the jungle. + +Of all the savage tribes that roam about the head waters of the +Ucayali, the Cashibos alone are cannibals. They are brave, cunning and +treacherous, and are only surpassed by the Campas in their hatred of +the white man. The Campas inhabit the spurs and hills at the foot of +the eastern Cordilleras, where the Ucayali and Pichis rivers have +their origin. They are a fierce, proud and numerous tribe, and are +held in great fear by their lowland neighbors. They permit no +strangers, especially no whites, to enter their country, and the +members of the expedition under Tucker were the first white men who +ever ascended the Pichis into the regions of this warlike tribe. + +The canoes of the expedition entered the mouth of the Pichis on the +6th of June. Being an unknown river, it became necessary to give names +to the prominent points as they were discovered; and these names were +used subsequently in making the charts of the surveys of the +Commission. + +The navigation of the Pichis was found to be clear and unobstructed +from its mouth for a distance of fifteen miles up to Rochelle Island, +which is in latitude 9 deg. 57' 11" south, longitude 75 deg. 2' 0" +west of Greenwich, and three thousand one hundred miles from the +Atlantic coast, following the course of the Amazon river. Rochelle +Island was reached on the 7th of June, and was named after Captain +James Henry Rochelle, the senior member of the Commission. Any +steamer which can navigate the Pachitea can ascend the Pichis this far +without difficulty, but above Rochelle Island the navigation becomes +more difficult, and probably impracticable for any but steamers of +very light draught and strong steam power. + +On the 15th of June the expedition arrived at the head of canoe +navigation on the Pichis. The point was named Port Tucker, after the +president of the Commission. Port Tucker is in latitude 10 deg. 22' +55" south, longitude 74 deg. 49' 0" west of Greenwich, distant three +thousand one hundred and sixty-seven miles from the mouth of the +Amazon, following the course of the river, and one hundred and ninety +miles in a direct line from the Pacific coast. The lofty mountains so +plainly in sight from Port Tucker are the eastern spurs of the Andes, +the chosen land of the savage and numerous Campas Indians. + +Several days before the expedition reached the shoals which terminate +the navigation of the Pichis, the tom-toms or drums of the Campas were +heard night and day beating the assembly of the warriors. The purpose +for which the braves were to be assembled was not a matter about which +there was the least doubt, but probably sufficient numbers were not +got together in time to execute their intentions, for no attack was +made on the Commission whilst it was in the Campas country. + +During this expedition the Palcazu river was also ascended to Port +Prado, or Puerto del Mairo, the head of navigation for steamers of +light draught. Port Prado is in latitude 9 deg. 55' 22" south, +longitude 75 deg. 17' 45" west of Greenwich, distant three thousand +one hundred and nineteen miles from the mouth of the Amazon, following +the river, and only about forty miles from the important interior city +of Huanaco, to which place it is in contemplation to extend the +trans-Andean railway. If the road were continued from Huanaco to Port +Prado there would be a complete trans-continental line of +communication by railway and steamboats from Lima in Peru to the mouth +of the Amazon. + +Two new rivers were discovered by the Commission flowing into the +Pichis. One of them was named the Trinidad, from having been +discovered on Trinity Sunday, and the other was called Herrera-yacu, +after Major Ramon Herrera, of the Peruvian Army, who commanded the +escort of the Commission. The supplies of the expedition were running +too short to allow of any but a cursory examination of these two +rivers. The Trinidad, trending to the westward, can only be of value +as affording a water route to the plains lying between the Pichis and +the Ucayali, but it is possible that the Herrera-yacu may furnish a +nearer water route to Cerro de Pasco than any yet known. + +Whilst the canoes of the Commission were descending the Pachitea, they +were attacked by the Cashibos, who assembled on the banks of the +river, and, waiting until the leading canoes had passed, let fly +flights of arrows at the canoe which brought up the rear. The Cashibos +were dispersed by a few rounds from the Remington rifles of the +Commission, and the explorers met with no further forcible opposition +on the way to the steamers awaiting them at the mouth of the Pachitea, +where they arrived after a canoe voyage of forty-one days, during +which many difficulties and some dangers were encountered and +overcome. Not a single person under Tucker's command was killed, or +died from sickness, during this expedition, and, singular to relate, +after all the hardships and exposure endured the explorers were in +much better health when they returned to their steamers than when they +left them at the beginning of the expedition. + +On the 15th of July, 1873, the steamers _Tambo_ and _Mayro_, +comprising the exploring squadron, reached Iquitos after an absence of +three months and ten days. From the 15th of July to the 18th of +September the Hydrographical Commission was on shore at Iquitos, +employed making charts of the surveys of the late expedition, whilst +the steamers were being refitted for further service. + +On the 18th of September the Commission again embarked and proceeded +to the mouth of the Yavari river, which forms the boundary between +Peru and Brazil. The greatest pains were taken to properly establish +this point. On a small island in the middle of the river, and very +near its confluence with the Amazon, many astronomical observations +were taken, resulting in giving the latitude 4 deg. 18' 45" south, +longitude 69 deg. 53' 10" west of Greenwich, the distance from the +Atlantic coast by the courses of the Amazon being one thousand eight +hundred and eleven miles. From the Brazilian frontier the main stream +of the Amazon was surveyed and its tributaries examined by the +Commission up to Borja, where the river rushes from a narrow gorge of +the mountains and leaps into the lowlands. Borja is in latitude 4 deg. +31' 37" south, longitude 77 deg. 29' 43" west of Greenwich. From the +Atlantic coast to Borja, a distance of two thousand six hundred and +sixty miles, the Amazon is navigable, without serious obstruction or +difficulty, for either river or sea-going steamers of several hundred +tons burthen. + +It would take many long years to make a thorough survey of the waters +of the Amazon, which is, in fact, more of an inland sea than a river, +with hundreds of branches forming a network of communicating channels +extending for sixty or seventy miles on each side of the main stream. +At the height of the annual floods the whole country, with the +exception of the highest land, on which the towns are invariably +built, is covered with water, forming a vast swamp and jungle, +traversed in every direction by navigable channels, which at the +season of low waters become rivers or natural canals. + +The principal object for which the Commission presided over by Tucker +had been instituted was accomplished when the main channels of the +river and of its affluents was traced from the Peruvian and Brazilian +frontiers to the head of navigation of the main river and of its +tributaries, so as to show the nearest approach by water +communication to the eastern terminus of the trans-Andean railway. +This duty having been executed, Tucker was ordered to proceed to Lima +for conference with the Government as to the results of the +explorations and surveys he had made. + +After consultation with Tucker, Senor Pardo, the President of the +Republic, directed that charts of the surveys made by the +Hydrographical Commission should be published in New York, and that +Tucker and two members of the Commission should be detailed to prepare +the work for the press and superintend the engraving of the plates. +The other members of the Commission returned to their homes, having +completed the duty for which they were engaged. + +There were some changes from time to time in the Peruvian +Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon, but the following list of its +members may be taken as correct: + +President--John Randolph Tucker. Members--James Henry Rochelle, David +Porter McCorkle, Walter Raleigh Butt. Secretaries--Timoteo Smith, +Maurice Mesnier. Surgeon--Francis Land Galt. Civil Engineers--Manuel +Charron, Manuel Rosas, Thomas Wing Sparrow, Nelson Berkeley Noland. +Steam Engineers--John W. Durfey, David W. Bains. + +On arriving in the United States, Tucker established an office in New +York, and, assisted by Captain Rochelle and Mr. Sparrow, soon had the +charts and plans, with explanatory notes, ready for the hands of the +printers and engravers; but in consequence of the financial +difficulties into which Peru had fallen, the publication was delayed +from time to time and finally abandoned altogether, as is shown by the +following letter from Senor Pardo, President of the Republic: + + + LIMA, Marzo 13, 1877. + "_Sr. J.R. Tucker._ + "_39 Broadway, New York City._ + + "_Estimado amigo_:--He recibido su apreciable carta de 10 del + pasado, que me es grato contestar manifestandole que las + graves dificultades economicas porgue hoi atravissa la + Republica, oblejan el Gobierno a dar por terminada la comiseon + de que fue ud encargado para la publicacion de los Mapas y + Cartas topograficas de las regiones Amazonicas. + + "En esta virtud, se sirvira ud. entregar al senor Freyre, + Ministro del Peru en Washington, las reforidas Cartos, Mapas, + y todas las demas utiles pertenecientes al Gobierno del Peru, + que hoi existen en poder de la Comision que ud. preside; todo + bajo de inuentario y con las formalidades necesarias. + + "En cuanto al pagar de sus suldos y los de los Sennores que + forman parte de esa Comision, he ordinado al Ministro de + Hacienda disponga lo conveniente para su pronto abono, y juzgo + que asi-luego les servan completamente satisfechos. + + "Deseandole a ud. la mejor conservacion, me as grato + reiterarle las expresiones de mi amistad y particular estima." + + "Su afrino S.S. + "PARDO." + +[TRANSLATION.] + + + "LIMA, March 13, 1877. + "_J.R. Tucker, Esq._ + "_39 Broadway, New York City._ + + "_Esteemed Friend_:--I have received and answer with pleasure + your appreciated letter of the 10th ultimo, apprising you that + the grave economical difficulties which at present afflict the + Republic, obliges the Government to order the termination of + the commission with which you are charged for the publication + of the maps and charts of the Amazonian regions. + + "For this reason, you will be pleased to deliver to Mr. + Freyre, Minister of Peru in Washington, the referred to + charts, maps and all other articles belonging to the + Government of Peru, which now remain in charge of the + Commission over which you preside; all to be delivered under + inventories and with the necessary forms. + + "In regard to the payment of the salaries of yourself and the + other gentlemen who form part of the Commission, I have + ordered the Minister of the Treasury to take measures for the + prompt disbursement of what may be due, and I judge that in a + short times these claims will be completely satisfied. + + "With my best wishes, it gives me pleasure to repeat the + expression of my friendship and particular esteem. + + "Truly your faithful Servt., + "PARDO." + +In compliance with the directions of President Pardo, the charts made +by the Commission were delivered to the Peruvian Legation at +Washington. These charts were all ready for publication, and had they +been published would have afforded much valuable information in regard +to the Upper Amazon and its tributaries, water courses which are daily +becoming more and more important to commerce, and which are destined +in the not distant future to be navigated by lines of ocean as well as +by lines of river steamers. + +The following letter from Colonel Manuel Freyre, Peruvian Minister at +Washington, describes the charts and plans which Tucker delivered to +the Legation, and which it is to be hoped are still preserved: + + + "_Legacion del Peru._ + "WASHINGTON, Marzo 22 de 1877. + "_Senor Don Juan R. Tucker, Ex-Presidente de la + Comision Hidrografica del Amazonas._ + + "La caja que dijo le. depositada en poder del Consul Tracy, ha + sido recibida en esta Legacion, y contiene los siguientes + planos; a saber: + + "1st. Un plano del Rio Amazonas Peruano, desde lo boca del rio + Yavari hasta Borja, termino de la navegacion a vapor, dibujado + sobre diez pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por cada das + millas. Los rios Ytaya y Pastaza estan incluidos en esta + Plano, que cuenta 848 millas del rio Peruano Amazonas, 45 + millas del rio Ytaya, y 7 millas del rio Pastaza." + + "2d. Un plano del rio Yavari desde su boca hasta la + confluencia de los rios Yacarana y Yavarasina, dibujado, + sobre das pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por cada dos + millas. Este plano cuenta 220 millas del rio Yavari. + + "3d. Un plano del rio Nanay desde su boca hasta el termino de + la navegacion para vapores de poco calado debujado sobre dos + pliegos. Este plano contiene 160 millas del rio Nanay. + + "4th. Un plano del rio Tigre-Yacu desde su boca hasta un punto + 111 millas aniba de la boca, dibujado sobre dos pliegos y en + una escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas." + + "5th. Un plano del rio Huallaga desde la boca hasta + Rumi-Callirina, el termino de la navegacion para vapores, + dibujado sobre dos pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por + cada dos millas. Este plano cuenta 169 millas del rio + Huallaga. + + "6th. Un plano del rio Morona desde su boca hasta un punto 37 + millas arriba de dicha boca, dibujado sobre un pliego y en una + escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas." + + "7th. Un plano del rio Potro desde la boca hasta el termino de + la navegacion para vapores de poco calada, dibujada sobre un + pliego y en una escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas. + Este plano contiene 64 millas del rio Potro. + + "8th. Un plano del rio Ucayali desde la boca hasta la + confluencia de los rios Urubamba y Tambo, dibujado sobre nueve + pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por cada das millas. + Los rios Urubamba y Tambo, desde sus bocas hasta el mas alto + punto donde espracticable la navegacion a vapor, estan + incluidos en este plano, que contiene 885 millas del rio + Ucayali, 24 millas del rio Urubamba, y 53 millas del rio + Tambo." + + "9th. Un plano del rio Pachitea desde su boca hasta la + confluencia de los rios Palcazu y Pichis, dibujado sobre dos + pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas. + Este plano contiene 191 millas del rio Pachitea." + + "10th. Un plano del rio Palcazu desde la boca hasta el puerto + del Mairo, dibujado sobre un pliego y en una escala de una + pulgada por cada dos millas. Estate plano contiene 37 millas + del rio Palcazu. + + "11th. Un plano del rio Pichis desde la boca hasta el termino + de navegacion en canoas, dibujado sobre un pliego y en una + escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas. Una parte del rio + Herrera-yacu y otro parte del rio Trinidad se hallan en este + plano, que contiene 85 millas del rio Pichis, 4 millas del rio + Trinidad, y 5 millas del rio Herrera-yacu. + + "12th. Un plano del rio Amazonas Peruano y sus afluentes, + dibujados sobre un pliego y en una escala de una pulgada por + cada quince millas. Este plana contiene 1661 millas del rio + Amazonas Peruano y sus afluentes. + + "13th. Todas las mencionadas planos estan dibujados sobre + treinta y cinco pliegos, siendo cada pliego treinta pulgados + de largo por quince pulgada de ancho. + + "14th. Un plano del rio Amazonas Peruano y sus afluentes, + dibujado sabre un pliego y en una escala de una pulgada por + cada diez millas, siendo el pliego cines pies de largo por + cinco pies de ancho. Este plano contiene en un solo pliego + todos los reconocimientos verificados por la Comision + Hidrografica del Amazonas, que son por todo 2945 millas. + + "Loo demas planos dan los mismos reconocimientos mas + detalladamenente. + + "15th. Un plano del pueblo de Yquitos, dibujado sobre un + pliego. + + "Dios que a le. + "MANL. FREYRE." + +[TRANSLATION.] + + + "_Legation of Peru._ + "WASHINGTON, March 22d, 1877. + "_John R. Tucker, Esq., Ex-President of the Hydrographical + Commission of the Amazon._ + + "The box deposited by you with Consul Tracy has been received + at this Legation, and contains the following charts, to wit: + + "1st. A chart of the Peruvian Amazon river, from the mouth of + the River Yavari to Borja, the termination of steam + navigation, drawn upon ten sheets, and on a scale of one inch + to each two miles. The Rivers Itaya and Pastaza are included + in this chart, which contains 848 miles of the Peruvian Amazon + river, 45 miles of the Itaya river, and 7 miles of the Pastaza + river. + + "2d. A chart of the Yavari river from its mouth to the + confluence of the Rivers Yacarana and Yavarasino, drawn upon + two sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two miles. This + chart comprises 220 miles of the Yavari river. + + "3d. A chart of the River Nanay from its mouth to the + termination of navigation for steamers of light draught, + drawn upon two sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two + miles. This chart contains 160 miles of the River Nanay. + + "4th. A chart of the River Tigre-yacu, from its mouth to a + point 111 miles above its mouth, drawn upon two sheets and on + a scale of one inch for each two miles. + + "5th. A chart of the River Huallaga, from its mouth to + Rumi-Callirina, the termination of steamer navigation, drawn + upon two sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two miles. + This chart comprises 169 miles of the Huallaga river. + + "6th. A chart of the River Morona, from its mouth to a point + 37 miles above its mouth, drawn upon one sheet and on a scale + of one inch for each two miles. + + "7th. A chart of the River Patro, from its mouth to the + termination of navigation for steamers of small draught, drawn + upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch for each two miles. + This chart contains 64 miles of the Patro river. + + "8th. A chart of the River Ucayali, from its mouth to the + confluence of the Rivers Urubamba and Tambo, drawn upon nine + sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two miles. The + Rivers Urubamba and Tambo, from their mouths to the highest + point to which steamer navigation is practicable, are included + in this chart, which contains 885 miles of the River Ucayali, + 24 miles of the River Urubamba, and 53 miles of the River + Tambo. + + "9th. A chart of the River Pachitea, from its mouth to the + confluence of the Rivers Palcazu and Pichis, drawn upon two + sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two miles. This + chart contains 191 miles of the River Pachitea. + + "10th. A chart of the River Palcazu, from its mouth to Port + Mairo, drawn upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch each + for two miles. This chart contains 37 miles of the River + Palcazu. + + "11th. A chart of the Pechis river, from its mouth to the + termination of canoe navigation, drawn upon one sheet and on a + scale of one inch for each two miles. A part of the River + Herrera-yacu, and also a part of the River Trinidad, are + included in this chart, which contains 85 miles of the River + Pichis, 4 miles of the River Trinidad, and 5 miles of the + River Herrera-yacu. + + "12th. A chart of the Peruvian Amazon river and its affluents, + drawn upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch for each 15 + miles. This chart contains 1661 miles of the Peruvian Amazon + river and its affluents. + + "13th. A chart of the River Ucayali and its affluents, drawn + upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch for each 15 miles. + This chart contains 1284 miles of the River Ucayali and its + affluents. + + "All the above mentioned charts are drawn upon 35 sheets, each + sheet being 30 inches long and 15 inches broad. + + "14th. A chart of the Peruvian Amazon river and its affluents, + drawn upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch for each ten + miles, the sheet being 5 feet long by 5 feet broad. This chart + contains, on one single sheet, all the surveys made by the + Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. The other charts give + the same surveys more in detail. + + "15th. A plan of the town of Iquitos, drawn upon one sheet. + + "May God guard you. + "MANL. FREYRE." + +Tucker was in the sixty-seventh year of his age when he retired to his +home in the City of Petersburg, Virginia, where he had purchased a +comfortable house with a lawn and garden attached. Here he passed the +evening of an active life in the enjoyment of a private fortune, +which, though not large, was sufficient to supply all his moderate +wants and simple tastes. Relatives and friends frequently visited him; +he read much, and books, especially the older English classics, were a +source of much pleasure to him; the improvement of his lawn and garden +was a pursuit which afforded him unfailing interest and occupation. + +On the 12th of June, 1883, he was apparently in his usual good health. +In the course of the morning a friend called on him, and they +conversed together for some time, seated in the shade of a tree on the +lawn. His friend having taken his departure, Tucker reseated himself +for a few minutes in his chair, suddenly arose, straightened up his +tall form to its full height, and fell forward--dead. Physicians were +immediately summoned, but all the efforts to revive him were +ineffectual. He had died from disease of the heart; passing away from +this world without a struggle or a sigh, and going where souls as pure +as his have nothing to fear. + +His remains were taken to Norfolk, Virginia, where they were received +by old friends and comrades, who knew and loved him well, and +interred by the side of his wife's grave, in a beautiful private +cemetery near the city. + +Admiral Tucker possessed many of the qualities of a great commander. +His judgment was excellent, and it was very rarely the case that he +was mistaken as to what it was possible for the force at his disposal +to accomplish. He always commanded the respect and confidence, as well +as the good will, of his men. A strict disciplinarian, the prompt and +unhesitating obedience to orders he exacted was cheerfully rendered by +his subordinates. His plans were coolly and deliberately formed, and, +having been once determined upon, were carried out with energy and +resolution. In the ordinary intercourse of private life he was so +gentle, generous and genial that his friends and associates felt for +him a regard approaching affection. In youth he was an eminently +handsome man and in maturer years his presence was imposing. Sailors +and Indians are fond of giving personally descriptive names to those +with whom they are thrown in contact; when Tucker was a lieutenant he +was called "Handsome Jack" by the men-before-the-mast, and the +warriors of the savage tribes that wander about the head waters of the +Amazon knew him as the "Apo," the meaning of the word being "High +Chief." + +In concluding this sketch of the eventful life of John Randolph +Tucker, it is but doing justice to his memory to say that the +sea-service never produced a more thorough and accomplished sailor, +and that there never was bred to the profession of arms a more +honorable and gallant gentleman. + + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: JAMES HENRY ROCHELLE] + + + + +NOTES + +ON THE + +Navigation of the Upper Amazon + +AND ITS + +PRINCIPAL TRIBUTARIES + +BY + +CAPTAIN JAMES HENRY ROCHELLE + +Member of the late Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of +the Amazon. + + + + +NOTES. + +THE AMAZON. + + +Springing from Lake Laracocha, in the heart of the Andes, the Amazon +winds its way through the eastern Cordillera of Peru, a rapid and +turbulent stream, until, passing through a narrow gorge in the +mountains at the pongo de Manseriche, it leaps into the lowlands and +flows for two thousand six hundred and sixty miles in a direction +nearly east through the vast plains of Peru and Brazil, fed on its way +by tributaries which are themselves great rivers, and finally pouring +its immense volume of water into the Atlantic ocean. From the Atlantic +up to the Peruvian frontier the river is known as the Lower or +Brazilian Amazon, and sometimes as the Solimoens; above the Brazilian +frontier the river lies wholly in Peruvian territory and takes the +name of the Peruvian Amazon or Maranon, but is commonly spoken of as +the Upper Amazon. It is of the navigation of the Upper Amazon that +these notes will treat. + + +RISE AND FALL OF THE RIVER. + +The waters of the Upper Amazon and its tributaries begins to rise +annually in October, remains stationary for a short time in December, +then continues to rise until May, when it commences to fall. November, +December, January, February, March and April are considered the +months of high water, and June, July, August and September comprise +the low-water season. October and May are sometimes months of high and +sometimes of low water. + + +DEPTH OF WATER. + +During the season of low water a minimum depth of twenty-four feet is +found in the channel of the Upper Amazon, from the Brazilian frontier +to the mouth of the Ucayali river at Nanta, eighteen feet from the +mouth of the Ucayali to the mouth of the Huallaga river, and twelve +feet from the mouth of the Huallaga to Borja, where further navigation +is rendered impracticable by the rapids and falls of the pongo de +Manseriche. + + +CURRENT. + +From the Brazilian frontier to the mouth of the Ucayali river the +current of the Amazon is three miles per hour; from the mouth of the +Ucayali to the mouth of the Potro river three and one-fourth miles per +hour; from the mouth of the Potro to the mouth of the Morona river +three and a-half miles per hour; and from the mouth of the Morona to +Borja, at the head of steamer navigation, the current is three and +three-fourths miles per hour. This is the usual and average current to +be met with, but it increases or diminishes with the rise and fall of +the river and, also, with the narrowing or broadening of the channel. + + +PILOTS. + +In order to prevent running upon sand-bars, which are constantly +forming and shifting and frequently changing the bed of the channel, +the services of experienced pilots are indispensable to the safe +navigation of the Upper Amazon and its tributaries. It is not +difficult to obtain such pilots, and they are frequently expert +hunters and fishermen as well as pilots. + + +BEST TIME FOR NAVIGATING THE RIVER. + +When a steamer on the Upper Amazon runs aground, it is almost always +in consequence either of the ignorance of the pilot or of the +unskillful handling of the vessel. To get aground when the water is +falling endangers the detention of the vessel until she is floated off +by the next rise of the river, which may not occur for months; getting +aground when the water is rising usually necessitates a delay of only +a few hours, as the rising water soon floats the vessel off. Hence it +is, of course, that the navigation of the Amazon is attended with much +less difficulty when the waters of the river are rising than when they +are falling. + + +FUEL. + +Coal is not to be found on the Upper Amazon; the steamers burn wood, +which is abundant, cheap and makes good fuel. Wood should be ordered +in advance at certain points, but in case a steamer gives out of fuel +all that has to be done is to haul in to the bank, send the crew on +shore with axes, and cut as much wood as is required. + + +DISCHARGING AND RECEIVING CARGO. + +In the absence of wharves on the Upper Amazon and its tributaries, +vessels lay alongside of the banks whilst discharging or receiving +cargo. The banks at the usual stopping places afford good landings; +wharves are not needed and it would be difficult to construct them so +that they could be used at all stages of the water. + + +IMPORTS. + +It may be well to say a word about the trade of the Upper Amazon. +There are no import or export duties for this part of Peru, nor are +any duties paid on goods passing up the Brazilian Amazon to Peru. +Coarse cotton cloth is worn by nine-tenths of the inhabitants who are +civilized enough to wear clothes at all. The demand for this cloth is +large and will grow from year to year, and of all coarse cotton cloth +in the market the American is preferred. The plantain is the native +substitute for bread, but wheat flour is used by the mercantile and +official classes; there is a steady demand for Baltimore and Richmond +flour, which brands are supposed, probably with reason, to stand the +climate better than flour manufactured elsewhere. Bacon hams sell for +one dollar per pound, but the demand for them is small and the article +is soon spoiled by the climate. Axes, hoes, spades and machettes are +much in demand, and there is a limited demand for improved firearms; +ready made clothing, and articles of household furniture for the +houses of the richer persons of the community, are usually imported +from Europe. + + +EXPORTS. + +The exports of the region of the Upper Amazon are not as valuable as +they are destined to become when the productions of the rich valleys +of eastern Peru find an outlet to market by way of the river. Among +the principal articles of export may be enumerated, hats, from +Mayubamba (Panama hats); rum, made from the sugar cane (cachaca); +dried fish (payshi); and Indian rubber (jebe). The Indian-rubber tree +abounds in the forests of the Upper Amazon, and the gathering of the +gum is a profitable industry. Specimens of gold have been obtained +from the natives about the pongo de Manseriche, and rich deposits of +the precious metal will without doubt be discovered at some future +time, but no search even can be made for it until the fierce and cruel +savages, who have undisputed possession of the country beyond Borja, +shall have been subdued. + + +MOUTH OF THE YAVARI RIVER. + +Commencing at the Yavari river, which forms the boundary between Peru +and Brazil on the south side of the Amazon river, and following the +Upper Amazon and its principal tributaries up to the head of +navigation, the first place to be noted is the mouth of the Yavari +river:[2] Latitude 4 deg. 18' 45" south; longitude, 69 deg. 53' 10" +west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 5 deg. 38' 54" east; +thermometer (Fahrenheit), 76 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 266 +feet; distance from the Atlantic ocean, following the course of the +river, 1811 miles; current, in the Amazon, 4-1/2 miles per hour; width +of the Yavari river at its mouth, 500 yards; width of the Amazon, 1200 +yards; depth of water in the channel of the Amazon, 36 feet. As the +Yavari river marks the boundary between Peru and Brazil on the south +side of the Amazon, special pains were taken to ascertain correctly +the latitude and longitude of its mouth; the observations for the +latitude and longitude were taken on a small islet, probably +overflowed at high water, in the middle of the lower mouth of the +river. + +It was said in Iquitos that, in 1874, Captain Guillermo Black, +President of the Peruvian Boundary Commission, ascended the Yavari in +a small steamer a distance of 500 miles from its mouth, and 300 miles +farther in canoes to a point where there was barely two feet of water +in the channel, at which point the latitude was determined to be 7 +deg. 1' 22" south, and the longitude 74 deg. 8' 25" west of Greenwich; +elevation above the sea-level, 800 feet. + + +TABATINGA (BRAZIL). + +Distance from the Atlantic, 1825 miles; current, 4-1/2 miles per hour; +depth of water, 36 feet; width of river, 800 yards. + +Tabatinga is the Brazilian frontier post on the north side of the +Amazon. Captain Azevedo, of the Brazilian Navy, gives the latitude of +this place as 4 deg. 14' 30" south; longitude, 70 deg. 2' 24" west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 6 deg. 35' 10" east. + + +LETITIA. + +Latitude, 4 deg. 10' 57" south; longitude, 69 deg. 59' 21" west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 5 deg. 57' 40" east; elevation above +sea-level, 274 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 1828 miles. + +Letitia is the Peruvian frontier post on the north bank of the Amazon. +A fort, intended to command the passage of the river, was projected +but not erected at this point. It is probable that the passage of +steamers up the Amazon cannot be stopped by forts and batteries at any +point on the river below Tamshiyacu. + + +LORETO. + +Latitude, 3 deg. 54' 20" south; longitude, 70 deg. 7' 45" west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 5 deg. 11' 24" east; thermometer, 78 +deg.; elevation above sea-level, 286 feet; distance from the Atlantic, +1865 miles; current, 3 miles per hour; width of river, 1300 yards. + +Loreto is the most eastern Peruvian town of any importance on the +Amazon. It is situated on the north or left bank of the river. Near +it resides a tribe of Indians, partly civilized, called the Ticunas. + + +CAMACHEROS. + +Situated on the right or south bank of the river; current 2-1/4 miles +per hour; width of river, 1800 yards. + + +MAUCALLACTA. + +Situated on the right or south bank of the river; width of river, 2500 +yards. + + +PEBAS. + +One mile from the Amazon, on the left or north bank, and one mile up +the River Ambiyacu. The current of the Amazon at Pebas is 2-1/2 miles +per hour; distance from the Atlantic, 2009 miles. + + +ORAM. + +On south or right bank of the river; current, 2-1/2 miles per hour; +width of river, 1000 yards; depth of water, 36 feet. + + +IQUITOS. + +Latitude, 3 deg. 44' 15" south; longitude, 73 deg. 7' 30" west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 5 deg. 55' east; thermometer, 78 deg.; +elevation above sea-level, 295 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2126 +miles; current, 3 miles per hour; depth of water, 36 feet. + +Iquitos is on the north bank of the Amazon, at a point where the river +is divided by an island into two channels; from the town to the island +the river is 1800 yards wide, and the channel on the other side of +the island has about the same width. The Government buildings and +works are situated at this place, and it is the largest and most +important town on the Upper Amazon. It is a place of considerable +trade, and in it are established several mercantile houses which +import their goods directly from Europe and the United States by way +of Para. The anchorage is good at all times, and vessels, whilst +discharging or receiving cargo, can lay in security alongside the high +bank that lines the whole front of the town. This is an advantage not +to be underrated when it is remembered that there are no wharves on +the Upper Amazon. + + +TAMSHIYACU. + +Situated on a high bank on the south side of the river, distant 2146 +miles from the Atlantic; thermometer, 76 deg.. At this place the river +is narrow, has only one channel, and the current is strong. It is +probably the only position on the Amazon, below the mouth of the +Ucayali, where vessels could be prevented from passing, up or down, by +heavy guns mounted in forts or batteries. + + +MOUTH OF THE UCAYALI RIVER. + +Latitude, 4 deg. 28' 30" south; longitude, 73 deg. 21' 30" west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 2' east; thermometer, 80 deg.; +elevation above sea-level, 318 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2189 +miles; current in the Amazon, 3 miles per hour; depth of water in the +channel of the Amazon, 30 feet; width of the Amazon, 1300 yards. +Unfortunately, immediately at the month of the Ucayali neither the +banks of that river nor those of the Amazon afford a place suitable +for the location of a town. Nauta, on the north bank of the Amazon, +seven miles above the mouth of the Ucayali, is the nearest place at +which it is practicable to build houses not liable to be swept away by +the annual floods. + + +NAUTA. + +Latitude, 4 deg. 31' 30" south; longitude, 73 deg. 27' west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 2' east; thermometer, 78 deg.; +elevation above sea-level, 320 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2195 +miles; current 3-1/4 miles per hour; depth of water, 30 feet; width of +river, 1200 yards. Situated on the north bank of the Amazon, near the +confluence of that river and the Ucayali, Nauta is well located for +grasping the trade of both rivers, and ought to become a place of +importance. Of course, the six or seven miles that vessels have to +ascend the Amazon to reach the place after leaving the Ucayali +constitutes a drawback, especially in the case of vessels not +propelled by steam; but no desirable place can be found below and near +the mouth of the Ucayali where buildings could be erected and vessels +could load and unload with facility at the season of high water. Below +and adjoining Nauta the banks are high and present a better site for a +town than the one on which it stands. + + +SAN REGIS. + +Distant from the Atlantic 2230 miles; current, 3-1/3 miles per hour; +average current between Nauta and San Regis, 3-1/4 miles per hour. + + +MOUTH OF THE TIGREYACU RIVER. + +Distance from the Atlantic, 2245 miles; current, 3-1/2 miles per hour; +average current between San Regis and the mouth of the Tigreyacu, +3-1/4 miles per hour. The Tigreyacu can be navigated by steamers of +considerable size for some distance; its waters are dark and clear, +and those tributaries of the Amazon having dark and clear waters are +usually unhealthy, whilst those having muddy and discolored waters +have always been found to be healthy. + + +SANTA CRUZ DE PARINARI. + +Latitude, 4 deg. 36' 30" south; longitude 74 deg. 6' 30" west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 27' 20" east; thermometer, 78 +deg.; elevation above sea-level, 351 feet; distance from the Atlantic, +2273 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour. + + +PARANARI. + +Distance from the Atlantic, 2293 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour. + + +VACA MARINA. + +Distance from the Atlantic, 2334 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour. + + +ELVIRA. + +Distance from the Atlantic, 2352 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour. + + +SAN PEDRO. + +Distance from the Atlantic, 2393 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per +hour. + + +FONTEVERA. + +Distance from the Atlantic, 2408 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour. + + +MOUTH OF THE HUALLAGA RIVER. + +Distance from the Atlantic, 2430 miles; current in Amazon, 3-1/4 miles +per hour. One hundred and twenty-three miles up the Huallaga is the +town of Yurimaguas, a centre of trade, to which steamers from Para +frequently ascend. + + +CEDRO ISLA. + +Distant from the Atlantic 2445 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour. + + +MOUTH OF THE PASTAGA RIVER. + +Distance from the Atlantic, 2514 miles; current in the Amazon, 3-1/4 +miles per hour. The Pastaga has a rapid current and is full of +obstructions to navigation; it is with much difficulty that canoes +even can be forced up the river for any distance. On its head waters +the Indians wash a considerable quantity of gold from the sand of the +bed of the channel. + + +BARRANCA. + +Latitude, 4 deg. 59' 53" south; longitude, 76 deg. 38' 38" west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 46' 26" east; thermometer, 78 +deg.; elevation above sea-level, 453 feet; distance from the Atlantic, +2545 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour. Barranca is situated on a +red clay bluff, about seventy feet high, on the north or left bank of +the river, which is here narrow. Communication is kept up between +Barranca and Moyabamba by way of the Aypena river to its head and +thence by land. Barranca has been used as, but is not well adapted to +be, a military post; gunboats could lay out of sight below, around a +bend of the river, and shell it without being themselves exposed to +its fire. + + +MOUTH OF THE POTRO RIVER. + +Distance from the Atlantic, 2564 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour. +The Potro is navigable for small steamers a distance of sixty miles +from its mouth, and is of importance as a link in the projected route +from Chachapoyas to Limon on the Amazon. + + +MOUTH OF THE MORONA RIVER. + +Distance from the Atlantic, 2576 miles; current, 3-1/2 miles per hour. +Steamers ascend the Morona 300 miles, and at some stages of the water +a greater distance. + + +LIMON. + +Distance from the Atlantic, 2588 miles; current, 3-3/4 miles per hour. +Limon is the terminus of a projected route from Chachapoyas to the +Amazon; it is a place of no importance whatever in any other respect. + + +PUNTA ACHUAL. + +Latitude, 4 deg. 15' 27" south; longitude 77 deg. 1' 28" west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 8 deg. 18' 18" east; thermometer, 80 +deg.; elevation above sea-level, 509 feet; distance from the Atlantic, +2612 miles; current, 3-3/4 miles per hour. Two miles above Punta +Achual, at the Vuelta Calentura, or Calentura passage, the first +serious difficulty is encountered in navigating the Upper Amazon; the +difficulty there encountered is a strong current combined with a +whirlpool in the channel of the river, but, with full heads of steam +on, steamers are able to pass the vuelta and proceed on to Borja. At +Vuelta Calentura the course of the river is from N.N.W. to S.S.E. + + +BORJA. + +Latitude, 4 deg. 31' 37" south; longitude, 77 deg. 29' 43" west of +Greenwich; thermometer, 76 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 516 feet; +distance from the Atlantic, 2660 miles; current, 3-3/4 miles per hour. +At Borja the navigation of the Upper Amazon ends; the river in its +whole course from Laracocha to Borja, a distance of 500 miles, is a +mountain torrent, impracticable for navigation even by canoes. The +length of the Amazon, from its source at Laracocha to the Atlantic +ocean, is 3160 miles, but the distance from the Atlantic to the source +of the Ucayali is still greater. It usually takes a steamer 69 +steaming hours to ascend the river from Iquitos to Borja, and 35 +steaming hours to descend from Borja to Iquitos. + + +DISTANCES. + +In the following list of distances between places on the Amazon, from +its mouth to its source in Lake Laracocha, the distances for the Lower +Amazon are taken from the best Brazilian authorities that could be +consulted; the distances for the Upper Amazon, from the Brazilian +frontier to the head of steamer navigation at Borja, were measured by +the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon; and the +distance from Borja, the head of navigation, to the source of the +river in Lake Laracocha, is given as estimated by the best Peruvian +authorities. + + +LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE AMAZON. + + Lower + Amazon. + Miles. +Atlantic ocean to Para 75 +Para to Breves 146 +Breves to Garupa 123 +Garupa to Porto de Moz 48 +Porto de Moz to Prainha 96 +Prainha to Monte Alegre 44 +Monte Alegre to Santarem 60 +Santarem to Obidos 68 +Obidos to Villa Bella 95 +Villa Bella to Serpa 137 +Serpa to Manaos 110 + From the Atlantic to Manaos, 1002 miles. +Manaos to Cudajos 155 +Cudajos to Coary 84 +Coary to Tefe (Ega) 107 +Tefe (Ega) to Fonte Boa 133 +Fonte Boa to Tonantius 140 +Tonantius to San Paulo 95 +San Paulo, mouth of the Yavari river 90 + The mouth of the Yavari marks the boundary line + between Peru and Brazil on the south side of the + Amazon. +Mouth of the Yavari to Tabatinga 14 + Brazilian frontier port on the north side of the + Amazon. From the Atlantic to Tabatinga, + 1825 miles. +Tabatinga to Letitia 3 + Peruvian frontier post. + + Upper + Amazon. + Miles. +Letitia to Loreto 37 +Loreto to Pebas 144 +Pebas to Iquitos 117 +Iquitos to Tamshiyacu 20 +Tamshiyacu to mouth of the Ucayali river 43 +Mouth of the Ucayali river to Nauta 6 +Nauta to San Regis 50 +San Regis to Santa Cruz de Parinari 28 +Santa Cruz de Parinari to Parinari 20 +Parinari to Vaca Marina 41 +Vaca Marina to Elvira 18 +Elvira to San Pedro 41 +San Pedro to Fontevera 15 +Fontevera to mouth of the Huallaga river 22 +Mouth of the Huallaga river to Cedro Isla 15 +Cedro Isla to mouth of the Pastaza river 69 +Mouth of the Pastaza river to Barranca 31 +Barranca to Mouth of the Potro river 19 +Mouth of the Potro river to mouth of the Morona river 12 +Mouth of the Morona river to Limon 12 +Limon to Punta Achual 24 +Punta Achual to Borja 48 + From the Atlantic to Borja, the head of navigation, + 2660 miles. +Borja to Lake Laracocha 500 + Source of the Amazon. + Length of the Amazon river from its source to its + mouth, 3160 miles. + + +HUALLAGA RIVER. + +The Huallaga has its source in Lake Chiquicoba, flows by the important +central city of Huanaco, and thence in a direction nearly north, for +450 miles, until its confluence with the Amazon. The mouth of the +Huallaga is 2430 miles distant from the Atlantic, and its current is +about 3 miles per hour. Eighteen feet of water can usually be carried +up to Yurimaguas, and steamers ascend 40 miles higher to a place +called Rumicallarina; above Rumicallarina the river is navigable for a +great distance by canoes. About 8 miles below Yurimaguas the river is +divided by an island, on each side of which there are sand-bars that +steamers drawing more than 11 feet of water are sometimes unable to +pass during the months of June, July and August. + + +LAGUNA. + +Distance from the Atlantic, 2447 miles; current, 3 miles per hour. + + +SANTA LUCIA. + +Distance from the Atlantic, 2473 miles; current, 3 miles per hour. + + +SANTA MARIA. + +Distance from the Atlantic, 2528 miles; current, 3 miles per hour. + + +YURIMAGUAS. + +Latitude, 5 deg. 5' 55" south; longitude, 75 deg. 59' 58" west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 47' east; thermometer, 77 deg.; +elevation above sea-level, 440 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2554 +miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour. + +The advantage which Yurimaguas possesses over all the other river +ports on the Upper Amazon is that of its being the point where +travelers from Lima and articles of export from Moyubamba, a city of +10,000 inhabitants, meet the steamers from Para. Canoes ascend the +Huallaga from Yurimaguas to Chasuta in eight days and make the return +trip in three; from Chasuta there is a mule road to Moyubamba, +Chachapoyas and Cajamarca, and from the latter place a railway runs to +Lima. This is the best route from the Amazon to the Pacific coast, and +the only one which does not involve long marches on foot. Steamers +drawing five or six feet of water could make regular trips to Chasuta +at any season of the year, even at lowest water, and meeting larger +steamers at Yurimaguas would establish better communication with the +rich country of the interior. On the Huallaga, above Yurimaguas and a +little back from the river, are to be found the best locations for +colonies. Thirty miles above Yurimaguas, on the right bank of the +river, is situated Shucushiyacu, a place well known as commanding a +fine view of mountain and river scenery. + + +CAINARACHI. + +Distance from the Atlantic, 2592 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per +hour. + + +RUMICALLARINA. + +Latitude, 5 deg. 58' 32" south; longitude, 75 deg. 47' 32" west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 8 deg. 8' 10" east; thermometer, 77 +deg.; elevation above sea-level, 486 feet; distance from the Atlantic, +2600 miles; current, 3-1/2 miles per hour; depth of water, 36 feet; +width of river, 200 yards. + +Rumicallarina is at the head of navigation for steamers on the +Huallaga. Any steamer which can ascend the river to Yurimaguas can +continue on to Rumicallarina, beyond which place only five or six +feet, at the season of low water, can be carried to Chasuta. + + +LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE HUALLAGA. + +Atlantic ocean to mouth of the Huallaga, 2430 miles By the Amazon +river. + + Huallaga + River. + Miles. +Mouth of the Huallaga to Laguna 17 +Laguna to Santa Lucia 26 +Santa Lucia to Santa Maria 55 +Santa Maria to Yurimaguas 26 +Yurimaguas to Cainarachi 38 +Cainarachi to Rumicallarina 8 +Rumicallarina to Chasuta 50 +Chasuta to Lake Chiquicoba 300 + --- + Length of the Huallaga river 520 +Distance from the source of the Huallaga to the + mouth of the Amazon 2950 + + +UCAYALI RIVER. + +The Ucayali river has its origin in the Andean region, about Lake +Titicaca, and flows, under various names, in a direction nearly north +until it mingles its waters with those of the Amazon, to which river +it bears the same relation that the Missouri does to the Mississippi; +that is to say, like the Missouri, its length and volume of water +entitles it to be considered a continuation and not a tributary of the +main river. During the season of low water 24 feet can be carried from +Nauta, at the mouth of the river, to Sarayacu; 18 feet from Sarayacu +to the mouth of the Pachitea river; and 12 feet from the mouth of the +Pachitea to the confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba. The average +current from the mouth of the river to Pucacura is 2 miles per hour, +and from Pucacura to the confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba 3 miles +per hour. The Tambo is probably navigable for steamers drawing eight +or ten feet of water to the confluence of the Ene and Perene, and +thence the Perene would afford communication, at least by canoes, to +San Ramon, a Peruvian military post; from San Ramon to Tarma, and from +Tarma to Lima, would, of course, be the continuation of the route to +the Pacific slope. The first step towards the opening of this most +desirable of all the routes between the Pacific coast and the Amazon +would be the establishment of a battalion post at the confluence of +the Ene and Perene, communicating at regular and stated intervals with +San Ramon. The distance between the two posts would be about 60 miles +of canoe navigation, and would soon become a traveled route forming +the connecting link between eastern and western Peru. + + +MOUTH OF THE UCAYALI. + +Latitude, 4 deg. 28' 30" south; longitude, 73 deg. 21' 30" west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 2' east; thermometer, 80 deg.; +elevation above sea-level, 318 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2180 +miles; current, 2 miles per hour; the width of the Ucayali at its +mouth is half a mile. + + +PUCACURA. + +Latitude, 6 deg. 4' 45" south; longitude, 75 deg. 1' west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 22' 10" east; thermometer, 79 +deg.; elevation above sea-level, 377 feet; distance from the Atlantic, +2482 miles; current, 3 miles per hour. + + +SARAYOCU. + +Latitude, 6 deg. 35' 15" south; longitude, 74 deg. 58' 30" west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 52' 8" east; thermometer, 79 +deg.; elevation above sea-level, 410 feet; distance from the Atlantic, +2578 miles; current, 3 miles per hour; depth of water, 20 feet. + +The town of Sarayacu is situated on a small creek, about three miles +from the place on the river which is called the Puerto del Sarayacu. +Between Pucacura and Sarayacu is Esquina, a small settlement built on +high land, which extends along the river for a mile or more. This +place (Esquina) and Pucacura are about the only places on the banks +of the Ucayali, below Sarayacu, that are not overflowed at high water. +The floods of the Ucayali, which regularly recur every year at certain +seasons, render the banks of the river an undesirable, perhaps even an +impracticable, location for an agricultural population. It is possible +that a crop might be raised and gathered during the dry season, but +the farms would have to be abandoned whenever the river rose to its +maximum height. At Paca, about twelve miles above Sarayacu, the banks +on both sides of the river are high; such places are much more +frequently met with above than below Sarayacu, but still they are the +exception to the general character of the country near the river, +which continues to be low and subject to overflow until the highlands +are reached near the confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba. + + +PACAMASHI. + +Latitude, 7 deg. 53' 15" south; longitude, 74 deg. 40' 45" west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 51' 38" east; thermometer, 77 +deg.; elevation above sea-level, 435 feet; distance from the Atlantic, +2733 miles; current, 3 miles per hour; width of the river, 600 yards. + + +YARINACOCHA. + +Latitude, 8 deg. 15' south; longitude, 74 deg. 31' 30" west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 38' 30" east; thermometer, 79 +deg.; elevation above sea-level, 447 feet; distance from the Atlantic, +2800 miles; current, 3 miles per hour; width of river, 1200 yards. + + +MOUTH OF THE PACHITEA RIVER. + +Latitude, 8 deg. 43' 30" south; longitude, 74 deg. 32' 30" west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 8 deg. 45' 40" east; thermometer, 75 +deg.; elevation above sea-level, 508 feet; distance from the Atlantic, +2891 miles; current, 3 miles per hour; width of the river, 600 yards. + + +VUELTA DEL DIABLO. + +Distance from the Atlantic, 3091 miles. This strait is the first +serious difficulty encountered in ascending the Ucayali; the current +dashes with much violence against the trunks of large trees which +lodge in, and almost block up, the passage. + + +CONFLUENCE OF THE TAMBO AND URABAMBA RIVERS. + +Latitude, 10 deg. 41' south; longitude, 73 deg. 41' west of Greenwich; +elevation above sea-level, 661 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3142 +miles; depth of water, 12 feet. + + +ESPERANZA. + +Esperanza is situated on the Perene river about 11 miles above the +junction of the Ene and Perene, which form the Tambo. The navigation +for steamers drawing 10 feet of water terminates at the junction of +the Perene and Ene. From thence to Fort San Ramon, a distance of sixty +miles, canoes could navigate, but with some difficulty, owing to the +swiftness of the current, which at San Ramon runs at the rate of 6 +miles per hour. Small stern-wheel, flat-bottomed steamers, such as are +in use on the swift, narrow and shallow rivers west of the +Mississippi, could probably be employed with success in establishing +communication between Fort San Ramon and the Ucayali. + + +LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE UCAYALI RIVER. + + Ucayali + River. + Miles. +Atlantic ocean to mouth of the Ucayali 2189 + (Amazon River.) +Mouth of the Ucayali to Pucacura 293 +Pucacura to Sarayacu 96 +Sarayacu to Pacamashi 155 +Pacamashi to Yarinacocha 67 +Yarinacocha to mouth of the Pachitea river 91 +Mouth of the Pachitea to Vuelta del Diablo 200 +Vuelta del Diablo to confluence of the Tambo + and Urubamba 51 +Confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba to the + Ucayali, source of the Urubamba river, a + continuation of the Ucayali 375 +Ucayali river, from its source to the Atlantic 3517 +Distance from the Atlantic to the head of + steamer navigation on the Ucayali 3142 + + +PACHITEA RIVER. + +The banks of the Ucayali and Pachitea, at their confluence, are low, +subject to overflow and unsuitable for settlement. About nine miles +above its mouth we come to the first Indian village on the Pachitea, a +male Conebo hamlet, with nothing to recommend it except that it is +situated on ground a little higher than the flats which surround it. +On the left bank of the Ucayali a few miles below the mouth of the +Pachitea, there is a place called Hoje, which is not subject to +overflow at high water, but in other respects it is not an eligible +position for a town or post. The Pachitea is navigable at low water +for steamers drawing nine feet of water to the confluence of the +Palcazu and Pichis rivers. + + +MOUTH OF THE PACHITEA. + +Latitude, 8 deg. 43' 30" south; longitude, 74 deg. 32' 30" west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 8 deg. 45' 40" east; thermometer, 75 +deg.; elevation above sea-level, 508 feet; distance from the Atlantic, +2891 miles; current, 3 miles per hour; width of the Pachitea at its +mouth, 400 yards. + + +CUNUYACU. + +Latitude, 9 deg. 5' 52" south; longitude, 74 deg. 48' 15" west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 8 deg. 59' 26" east; elevation above +sea-level, 557 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2951 miles; current, +2-1/2 miles per hour; width of the river, 400 yards. + +Cunuyacu means hot water, and is descriptive of the place, for there +are here several thermal springs welling up from the sand beach. At +Chunta Isla, between the mouth of the Pachitea and Cunuyacu, the +Cashibo Indians frequently attack from ambush strangers who are +ascending the river. + + +INCA ROCA. + +Latitude, 9 deg. 9' 4" south; longitude, 74 deg. 55' 45" west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 8 deg. 6' 26" east; distance from the +Atlantic, 2963 miles; current, 2-1/2 miles per hour. + +Inca Roca is a rocky beach overhung by sandstone cliffs sixty-five +feet high; on the face of the cliffs are carved numerous figures, +amongst them the figure of the sun and of the Llama are conspicuous, +hence the place was named Inca Roca. + + +CONFLUENCE OF THE PALCAZU AND PICHIS RIVERS. + +Latitude, 9 deg. 54' 9" south; longitude, 74 deg. 58' 45" west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 34' 4" east; elevation above +sea-level, 518 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3082 miles; current, +2-3/4 miles per hour. + +At the junction of the Palcazu and Pichis, the two rivers forming the +Pachitea, there is high land suitable for a town or post. + + +LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE PACHITEA RIVER. + + Miles. +Mouth of the Pachitea to Cunuyacu 60 +Cunuyacu to Inca Roca 12 +Inca Roca to confluence of the Pichis and Palacazu 119 +From the confluence of the Pichis and Palacazu, + forming the Pachitea river, to the Atlantic 3082 + + +PALACAZU RIVER. + +The Palacazu is a somewhat narrow stream, with a current of 3-1/4 +miles per hour and a depth which at low water will permit a steamer +drawing seven feet of water to ascend to Puerto del Mairo. + + +PUERTO DEL MAIRO. + +Latitude, 9 deg. 55' 22" south; longitude, 75 deg. 17' 45" west of +Greenwich; thermometer, 75 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 795 feet; +distance from the Atlantic, 3119 miles; current, 3-1/2 miles per hour. + +Puerto del Mairo is 45 miles distant from the large city of Huanaco, +which has constant communication and trade with Lima. At present the +route between Huanaco and Puerto del Mairo is only a footpath through +the forest, but it is probable that a good road for pack-mules could +be constructed at little expense, and that a railway is not +impracticable. + + +PICHIS RIVER. + +The Pichis is a branch of the Pachitea river. The Cashibos and Campas +Indians inhabiting its banks are warlike tribes and fiercely oppose +all attempts to examine their country. Nothing was known of the river, +above its mouth, until it was explored and surveyed, in 1873, by the +Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon, accompanied by a +military escort. It was necessary for the Commission to bestow names +on notable places as they proceeded to discover them, and these names +were afterwards used in making the chart of the river. + + +MOUTH OF THE PICHIS. + +Latitude, 9 deg. 54' 9" south; longitude, 74 deg. 58' 45" west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 34' 4" east; elevation above +sea-level, 618 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3082 miles; current, +2-1/2 miles per hour. + + +ROCHELLE ISLA. + +Latitude, 9 deg. 57' 11" south; longitude, 75 deg. 2' west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 8 deg. 35' 36" east; elevation above +the sea-level, 630 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3100 miles; +current, 2-1/2 miles per hour. + +Up to Rochelle Isla, named after the senior member of the Peruvian +Hydrographical Commission, navigation is clear and unobstructed for +any steamer that can ascend the Pachitea; that is, for any steamer not +drawing more than nine feet of water. Beyond this island the +navigation of the river becomes much more difficult, though not +altogether impracticable. The River Trinidad, so named on account of +its having been discovered on Trinity Sunday, empties itself into the +Pichis ten miles above Rochelle Isla; it is a fine, large river, +flowing from the eastward, with deep water and a current of 3 miles +per hour at its mouth. + + +TEMPESTAD PLAYA. + +Latitude, 10 deg. 5' 6" south; longitude, 74 deg. 55' 45" west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 46' east; distance from the +Atlantic, 3123 miles. Tempestad Playa received its name in consequence +of a violent tempest which was there encountered by the namers. + + +MOUTH OF THE HERRERAYACU RIVER. + +Latitude, 10 deg. 20' 3" south; longitude, 74 deg. 54' west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 59' 26" east; distance from the +Atlantic, 3156 miles. + +The Herrerayacu river was named after the major who commanded the +escort of soldiers accompanying the Hydrographical Commission; it has +a current of 3-1/2 miles per hour, and is navigable for canoes a +distance of four or five miles, up to Terminacion Playa in latitude 10 +deg. 22' 33" south; longitude, 74 deg. 54' west of Greenwich. Mountain +ranges are plainly in sight from Terminacion Playa, which is 3160 +miles distant from the Atlantic. + + +PUERTO TUCKER. + +Latitude, 10 deg. 22' 55" south; longitude, 74 deg. 49' west of +Greenwich; magnetic variation, 9 deg. 7' 30" east; elevation above +sea-level, 700 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3167 miles; current, +3-1/2 miles per hour. + +Puerto Tucker was named after the President of the Hydrographical +Commission. It is at the head of canoe navigation, not far from the +source, of the Pichis river; from it a range of lofty mountains, +distant some twenty or thirty miles, bears from S. to S.W. This range +must be the eastern Cordillera of Peru. + + +LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE PICHIS RIVER. + + Miles. +Mouth of the Pichis to the Atlantic ocean 3082 +Mouth of the Pichis to Rochelle Isla 18 +Rochelle Isla to mouth of Trinidad river 10 +Mouth of Trinidad river to Tempestad Playa 13 +Tempestad Playa to mouth of the Herrerayacu 33 +Mouth of the Herrerayacu to Puerto Tucker 11 +Puerto Tucker to Atlantic ocean 3167 + +[Footnote 2: The latitudes, longitudes and other data given in these +notes are taken from the journal of the Peruvian Hydrographical +Commission of the Amazon. Some of them have been published, by +permission, in the third edition of Professor Orton's "Andes and the +Amazon."] + + + + +CONCLUSION. + + +The Upper Amazon river is destined to become much better known than it +is at present; it cannot be long before commerce takes possession of +such an inviting field. Ocean steamers run regularly to Manaos, a +thousand miles from the mouth of the river, and they might extend +their voyage, certainly during nine months in the year, to Nauta at +the mouth of the Ucayali; from Nauta smaller steamers could ascend the +Amazon to Borja, the Huallaga to Yurimaguas, and the Ucayali to the +confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba. A road is projected from Limon, +near Borja, to Chachapoyas, where it would connect with the route to +Lima. From Yurimaguas to Mayubamba, and thence on to Lima, there is +already established a much traveled route. From Esperanza, near the +confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba; it is probable that +flat-bottomed, stern-wheel steamers, such as are used on the Nicaragua +route across Central America, could ascend the Tambo to Fort San +Ramon, a place which it is to be hoped will be connected by railway +with Tarma and Lima. When this latter route is opened, as it is +destined to be sooner or later, it will become the great artery of +communication between the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of South +America. + + + + * * * * * + + +-----------------------------------------------------------+ + | Typographical errors corrected in text: | + | | + | Page 8: Explorarion replaced with Exploration | + | Page 26: V-shapped replaced with V-shaped | + | Page 59: 'the Government should thing it necessary' | + | replaced with | + | 'the Government should think it necessary' | + | Page 97: 'Brainha to Monte Alegre' replaced with | + 'Prainha to Monte Alegre' | + | Page 98: Parinasi replaced with Parinari | + | Page 98: Hullaga replaced with Huallaga | + | Page 101: Huallagu replaced with Huallaga | + | Page 108: Inco Roca replaced with Inca Roca | + | | + +-----------------------------------------------------------+ + + * * * * * + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Life of Rear Admiral John Randolph +Tucker, by James Henry Rochelle + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOHN RANDOLPH TUCKER *** + +***** This file should be named 27101.txt or 27101.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/7/1/0/27101/ + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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