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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Life of Rear Admiral John Randolph Tucker, by 
+James Henry Rochelle
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Life of Rear Admiral John Randolph Tucker
+
+Author: James Henry Rochelle
+
+Release Date: October 30, 2008 [EBook #27101]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOHN RANDOLPH TUCKER ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive/American
+Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Transcriber's Note:                                       |
+    |                                                           |
+    | Inconsistent hyphenation in the original document has     |
+    | been preserved.                                           |
+    |                                                           |
+    | Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. For     |
+    | a complete list, please see the end of this document.     |
+    |                                                           |
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+    [Illustration: JOHN RANDOLPH TUCKER]
+
+
+
+
+LIFE OF REAR ADMIRAL
+
+JOHN RANDOLPH TUCKER
+
+
+COMMANDER IN THE NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES, CAPTAIN
+AND FLAG-OFFICER IN THE NAVY OF THE CONFEDERATE
+STATES, REAR ADMIRAL IN THE NAVY
+OF THE REPUBLIC OF PERU AND PRESIDENT
+OF THE PERUVIAN HYDROGRAPHICAL
+COMMISSION OF THE AMAZON
+
+
+WITH AN APPENDIX
+
+CONTAINING NOTES ON NAVIGATION OF THE UPPER
+AMAZON RIVER AND ITS PRINCIPAL
+TRIBUTARIES
+
+By CAPTAIN JAMES HENRY ROCHELLE
+
+AND CONTAINING A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE
+AUTHOR, AND PORTRAITS OF ADMIRAL
+TUCKER AND CAPTAIN ROCHELLE
+
+
+
+
+WASHINGTON
+THE NEALE PUBLISHING COMPANY
+431 ELEVENTH STREET
+MCMIII
+
+
+
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1903,
+BY MATTIE R. TYLER.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+A SKETCH OF THE AUTHOR                                               9
+
+DEATH OF CAPTAIN ROCHELLE                                           17
+
+PREFATORY NOTE                                                      18
+
+
+PART I.
+
+THE TUCKERS--BIRTH OF JOHN RANDOLPH TUCKER. BOYHOOD--APPOINTED A
+    MIDSHIPMAN IN THE UNITED STATES NAVY--FIRST CRUISE--"THE
+    ROARING LADS OF THE BRANDYWINE"--PASSES EXAMINATION FOR
+    PROMOTION--APPOINTED A PAST MIDSHIPMAN--PROMOTED TO THE RANK
+    OF LIEUTENANT--MARRIAGE--MEXICAN WAR. CAPTURE OF
+    TOBASCO--COMMANDS UNITED STATES BOMB-BRIG _Stromboli_--MADE
+    A COMMANDER--COMMANDS UNITED STATES RECEIVING SHIP
+    _Pennsylvania_--ORDNANCE OFFICER AT THE NORFOLK NAVY
+    YARD--RESIGNS ON THE SECESSION OF VIRGINIA                      19
+
+
+PART II.
+
+APPOINTED A COMMANDER IN THE VIRGINIA NAVY--IN CHARGE OF THE
+    DEFENSES OF JAMES RIVER--TRANSFERRED TO THE CONFEDERATE
+    STATES NAVY--PLACED IN COMMAND OF THE _Patrick
+    Henry_--FITTING OUT UNDER DIFFICULTIES--FIRST PARTIALLY
+    ARMORED AMERICAN VESSEL. LIEUTENANT POWELL'S PLAN FOR
+    ARMORED GUNBOATS--OFFICERS OF THE _Patrick Henry_--GUARDING
+    JAMES RIVER--SCALING THE GUNS--"NAVAL SKIRMISH"--A FLAG
+    WHICH WAS NOT PRESENTED--BATTLE OF HAMPTON ROADS. SINKING OF
+    THE _Cumberland_; AN AMERICAN _Vengeur_--BURNING OF THE
+    _Congress_--COMBAT BETWEEN THE _Virginia_ AND THE
+    _Monitor_--FLAG-OFFICER TATNALL TAKES COMMAND OF THE
+    CONFEDERATE SQUADRON--SALLY INTO HAMPTON ROADS--PLAN FOR
+    CARRYING THE _Monitor_ BY BOARDING--EVACUATION OF
+    NORFOLK--TOWING UNFINISHED GUNBOATS TO RICHMOND--FEDERAL
+    SQUADRON ENTERS JAMES RIVER--CREWS OF THE _Patrick Henry_,
+    _Jamestown_ AND _Virginia_ MAN THE NAVAL BATTERIES AT
+    DREWRY'S BLUFF--ACTION AT DREWRY'S BLUFF--THE _Galena_; A
+    WELL-FOUGHT VESSEL. REPULSE OF THE FEDERAL SQUADRON--TUCKER
+    ORDERED TO COMMAND THE IRON-CLAD STEAMER _Chicora_ AT
+    CHARLESTON--SUCCESSFUL ATTACK ON THE BLOCKADING
+    SQUADRON--TUCKER POSTED AND APPOINTED FLAG-OFFICER OF THE
+    CHARLESTON SQUADRON--COMMANDING OFFICERS OF THE CHARLESTON
+    SQUADRON--DUPONT'S ATTACK ON CHARLESTON--CONFEDERATE
+    TORPEDO-BOATS AT CHARLESTON; DAMAGE DONE BY THEM--CHARLESTON
+    NAVAL BATTALION SERVING WITH THE ARMY--EVACUATION OF
+    CHARLESTON--ONE BATTALION OF THE CHARLESTON SQUADRON SERVES
+    WITH THE ARMY AT WILMINGTON--TUCKER, WITH THE CHARLESTON
+    SQUADRON BRIGADE, MARCHES THROUGH NORTH CAROLINA AND ARRIVES
+    AT RICHMOND--TUCKER ORDERED TO COMMAND AT DREWRY'S
+    BLUFF--CONFEDERACY AT ITS LAST GASP--EVACUATION OF
+    RICHMOND--TUCKER NOT INFORMED OF THE INTENTION TO EVACUATE
+    RICHMOND--SUCCEEDS IN JOINING HIS BRIGADE OF SAILORS TO
+    MAJOR-GEN. CUSTIS LEE'S DIVISION--ACTION AT SAYLOR'S CREEK;
+    DIDN'T KNOW THEY WERE WHIPPED, THOUGHT THE FIGHT HAD JUST
+    BEGUN--SURRENDER--PRISONER OF WAR--RELEASED ON
+    PAROLE--EMPLOYED BY THE SOUTHERN EXPRESS COMPANY                23
+
+
+PART III.
+
+TUCKER OFFERED THE COMMAND OF THE PERUVIAN FLEET, WITH THE RANK
+    OF REAR ADMIRAL--ARRIVES IN LIMA--NO PRECEDENT FOR THE
+    RETURN OF MONEY--COMMISSIONED A REAR ADMIRAL IN THE NAVY OF
+    PERU--COMMANDS THE ALLIED FLEETS OF PERU AND CHILE--SPANISH
+    WAR--TUCKER'S PLAN FOR A NAVAL CAMPAIGN; PROJECTED
+    EXPEDITION AGAINST MANILA--CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES--TUCKER
+    RETIRES FROM THE COMMAND OF THE FLEET, AND IS APPOINTED
+    PRESIDENT OF THE PERUVIAN HYDROGRAPHICAL COMMISSION OF THE
+    AMAZON--CROSSES THE ANDES AND REACHES THE AMAZON--EXPLORES
+    THE YAVARI RIVER--ORDERED TO THE UNITED STATES TO
+    SUPERINTEND THE BUILDING OF AN EXPLORING STEAMER--RETURNS TO
+    THE AMAZON WITH STEAMER _Tambo_. EXPEDITION UP THE UCAYALI
+    AND EXPLORATION OF THE TAMBO RIVER--ORDERED TO THE UNITED
+    STATES TO PROCURE A STEAMER OF LIGHT DRAUGHT OF
+    WATER--RETURNS TO THE AMAZON WITH STEAMER _Mairo_--SECOND
+    EXPEDITION UP THE UCAYALI--CANOE EXPEDITION UP THE PACHITEA
+    AND EXPLORATION OF THE PICHIS RIVER--EXPEDITION UP THE
+    AMAZON AND HUALLAGA RIVERS--ORDERED TO LIMA. ORDERED TO NEW
+    YORK TO SUPERINTEND THE CHARTS MADE BY THE HYDROGRAPHICAL
+    COMMISSION--PUBLICATION OF CHARTS ABANDONED ON ACCOUNT OF
+    THE FINANCIAL CONDITION OF PERU--LETTER FROM PRESIDENT
+    PARDO--LETTER FROM MINISTER FREYRE--TUCKER RETIRES TO HIS
+    HOME IN PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA--OCCUPATIONS AND AMUSEMENTS OF
+    OLD AGE--DEATH--CHARACTER AND QUALITIES--CONCLUSION             55
+
+NAVIGATION OF THE UPPER AMAZON                                      81
+
+CONCLUSION                                                         112
+
+
+
+
+Life of Rear Admiral John Randolph Tucker
+
+A SKETCH OF THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+JAMES HENRY ROCHELLE, the author of the following pages, and the
+subject of this sketch, was of French-English and Celtic, or
+Scotch-Irish, extraction--English through his paternal
+great-grandmother, who was the daughter of Hinchia Gilliam, and his
+wife (née) Harrison; Scotch-Irish through his maternal ancestry. The
+name itself proclaims its French (Huguenot) origin.
+
+It is well known that when Louis XIV revoked the edict of Nantes many
+French Protestants, called Huguenots, fled from their homes to escape
+persecutions worse than death. About forty thousand took refuge in
+England, and in 1690 William III sent a number of them to America. A
+party of them made their way up the James river and made a settlement,
+which they called Mannakintown, or "Manacan," because the lands
+formerly belonged to the Manacan Indians. Feeling that they no longer
+had to defend themselves against oppression and cruelty, and that in a
+free country their religion was no stigma, the characteristics of the
+race came out. With order and work Manacan became a flourishing town.
+Among those who had made a temporary home there was John Rochelle,
+who came with the other Huguenot exiles, and, if Pope be right, he
+soon enjoyed
+
+    "All the joys of sense--
+    _Health, peace and competence._"
+
+But in a few years the spirit of discord entered among these exiles,
+who had found peace, liberty and homes. The three Rochelle brothers
+sought other homes; William settled in North Carolina, James went to
+South Carolina, and John bought of William and Jonas Longbottom two
+hundred and twelve acres of land on the south side of the Nottoway
+river in the then parish of Albemarle. Here he lived, and married Mary
+Gilliam, daughter of Hinchia Gilliam and his wife (née) Harrison. They
+had issue four sons--John, Levi, Hinchia and Nathaniel. John, the
+oldest son, married his cousin, Judith Gilliam, famed for her beauty,
+and they became the parents of nine children--Benjamin, John, Willis,
+Clements, Elizabeth (who will live in history as the mother of the
+famous soldier, George Henry Thomas), James, Lucy, and Mary.
+
+James was born in the year 1786. At an early age he entered the
+clerk's office of his county as deputy to the then clerk, Samuel
+Kello. In 1815 he was chosen clerk and held the office until his
+death.
+
+On the 19th of April, 1817, he married Martha (Hines) Gray, widow of
+Dr. Henry Mills Gray. Many children were born unto them, but only
+three lived beyond the early years of infancy--John, Martha and James
+Henry.
+
+James Henry Rochelle was born at his father's home, near the
+Courthouse, on the 1st day of November, 1826. His boyhood was passed
+in the refining influence of a Virginia home, of the period when
+Virginia was the garden spot of America, when her daughters were the
+"mothers of Presidents" and her sons were statesmen, "_Sans peur et
+sans reproche_."
+
+On the 9th of September, 1841, he was appointed acting midshipman in
+the United States Navy; served six months at sea, and then received
+his warrant as midshipman. During the war with Mexico, young Rochelle
+served on both the _Falmouth_ and _Decatur_, in the gulf. He was with
+Commodore Perry, and participated in all the brilliant exploits of the
+naval forces, and remained on the Mexican coast until there was added
+to the United States a territory as large as Germany, France and
+Spain, all three added together.
+
+In September, 1847, he reported at Annapolis, the Naval School, and
+was one of the 245 midshipman belonging to the famous "Classe 41,"
+which passed in 1848. He was at once ordered to the frigate
+_Constitution_, then in Boston harbor, ready to sail to the blue
+waters of the Mediterranean and the sunny coast of Italy. On this
+cruise he paid a visit to the beautiful and historical Island of
+Malta, and here, in the very cradle of Free Masonry, he became a
+member of that ancient institution. He saw three years' sea service
+before returning home.
+
+In 1852 the United States Government sent a naval force, under the
+command of Perry, to open intercourse with Japan and her then unknown
+people. Rochelle received orders to report for duty on the ship
+_Southampton_. Perry sailed from Norfolk on the 24th of November,
+1852. With great judgment and ability he rendered his mission a
+success, and sailed for home from Linada, in Japan, on the 1st of
+October, 1854, and after an eventful voyage reached New York in the
+spring of 1855.
+
+After a home leave of some months, Rochelle was promoted on the 14th
+of September to master, and on the next day was commissioned
+lieutenant and assigned to duty on the Coast Survey Squadron. He
+assisted in the survey of New York harbor, Casco bay and the Florida
+reefs.
+
+His next cruise was in the expedition to Paraguay. Unfortunately, few
+of his many letters home were preserved. We give one written in 1859:
+
+
+                 U.S. STEAMER _Southern Star_,
+                 MONTEVIDEO, REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY,
+                                             March 11, 1859.
+
+_My Dear Mother_:
+
+    The steamer _Harriet Lane_, one of the vessels of the Paraguay
+    expedition, will sail for New York on tomorrow morning, and as
+    she is very fast I have determined to write by her, although
+    it will not be long before we follow her to the United States.
+    We are preparing for sea now and expect to sail on the 17th of
+    this month for Norfolk, touching at Pernambuco and Barbadoes
+    for coal. We will be at home, I think, by the 20th of May or
+    1st of June, though it is possible that we may be detained
+    longer than I expect on the way.
+
+    I sincerely trust that I shall find you all well at home, and
+    that I will have a long leave to spend with you. I wrote you
+    in my letter that we had no difficulty in settling our affairs
+    with Paraguay. Lopez acceded at once to all the demands which
+    were made upon him, and expressed himself gratified at their
+    moderation. The health of the squadron is excellent and the
+    cruise has been a pleasant one. No accident or circumstances
+    have occurred to mar its efficiency or concord. If another
+    vessel should leave in time to get home much before we do, I
+    will write again, but I doubt if such an opportunity will
+    occur. You must not, of course, write to me again. Give my
+    best love to Sister, Jimmy, Letitia and Mattie, and my
+    affectionate regards to Mr. Edwards and Major Shands.
+
+        Ever your affectionate son,
+                                              J.H. ROCHELLE.
+
+To follow Rochelle through all of his naval life would take more space
+than we now have and would be to repeat scenes and events already
+dealt with by him in the following pages. When the war came on he was
+serving on the sloop-of-war _Cumberland_. Captain Scharf very
+correctly says: "It required no sacrifice and entailed no
+inconvenience to remain loyal to the Union, but to resign from that
+service involved every consideration which might deter a man not
+actuated by exalted principles." It was "exalted principles" which
+caused Rochelle to resign his commission in the Navy, where he had
+served with honor and advancement for twenty years, and to offer his
+sword to his native State. From the columns of the Richmond _Dispatch_
+we quote:
+
+"All know how hot and furious the war was. The Anglo-Saxon race, the
+first and foremost people on earth, are wise in counsel and fierce in
+war. Fighting commenced at once. Captain Rochelle was placed under the
+command of Captain Tucker, on the James river, on the war steamer
+_Patrick Henry_, and with the _Merrimac_ fought the _Monitor_ and
+wooden fleet of the North in Hampton Roads, the first naval battle in
+which armored ships were used. That engagement covered the new and
+little Confederate Navy with glory. When Norfolk was evacuated, and
+our little wooden fleet fell back to Richmond after the destruction of
+the _Merrimac_, which could not be carried up the James river on
+account of its great draught of water, the heavy guns of the _Patrick
+Henry_ were carried by Tucker and Rochelle with great difficulty up on
+Drewry's Bluff, and aided very much in repulsing the attack of the
+_Galena_ and other Northern gunboats, who hoped to carry Richmond by a
+_coup de main_. After the evacuation of Norfolk and the peninsula
+between the York and James rivers, the siege of Charleston, S.C.,
+having commenced, he was sent there and soon after placed in command
+of one of the largest iron-clad steamers in the Confederate Navy. Here
+he remained during the remainder of the siege and until the advance of
+Sherman through South Carolina and in the rear of Charleston forced
+the evacuation of that vital point in the Confederacy. His ship, along
+with others, was destroyed, and he returned to Richmond with a small
+body of seamen, where the Southerners made their last stand around
+Richmond and Petersburg _pro ara et pro forcis_. On reaching Richmond
+he, along with Captain Parker, distinguished alike in arms and
+letters, were placed in command of the Naval Academy and cadets which
+the Confederates had established there--an arduous, important and
+distinguished position. He remained in that position until the
+evacuation of Richmond, when he marched the cadets in a body to
+Washington, in Georgia, where they were disbanded after the capture of
+President Davis and the dissolution of the Confederacy.
+
+"The war being ended, he returned to his ancestral home in
+Southampton. His old comrade-in-arms, Tucker, who had been at one time
+Admiral in the Peruvian Navy, and was then about to make a survey of
+the upper Amazon river for the Peruvians, sent for him, and he
+accepted a position under that Government to make a hydrographic
+survey of that vast fluvial system in the mountains of Peru east of
+the Andes. He remained in Iquitos three years and then returned home,
+where he devoted his time to reading, letters, and the society of his
+friends. He was a doughty warrior and soldier, and from the beginning
+loved a career of arms. He sorrowed over the rupture of the
+Government, but when his State went out he nobly stood by her; went to
+the front, and never grounded his arms until there was nothing left
+to fight for. He knew to win would bring honor and safety, and failure
+would make him a rebel, and while success on the Northern side gave to
+many of his old comrades in arms on that side marble and bronze
+statues in the new Pantheon at Washington, yet with the courage of his
+convictions, in disaster his only regret was that he did not win. Of
+such stern stuff are the cavaliers of Virginia made, and such as these
+are yet to lift her from the dust and crown their old mother again
+with glory."
+
+
+
+
+"DEATH OF CAPT. JAMES H. ROCHELLE.
+
+               "COURTLAND, SOUTHAMPTON COUNTY,
+                                             "April 3, 1889.
+
+"On the morning of the 31st of March, after an illness of only one
+day, this county, and his many friends, met with a heavy loss in the
+death of Capt. James Henry Rochelle. This distinguished soldier was a
+veteran of two wars. Euripides, I think it was, said no man should be
+called fortunate or happy until he had been placed with his good name
+by death beyond the reach of accident or change. Then, indeed, is this
+noble soldier happy, for he lived without reproach and died without
+fear. Another noble son of Virginia has gone down below the horizon of
+time, but his name will be held in sweet remembrance by his old
+comrades and his memory cherished and honored by his kinsmen."
+
+
+
+
+Life of Rear Admiral John Randolph Tucker
+
+BY JAMES HENRY ROCHELLE.
+
+
+PREFATORY NOTE.
+
+In writing this biographical sketch I have performed not a task, but a
+labor of love, for I was, during many years, both in times of peace
+and of war, intimately associated with the distinguished sailor whose
+career I have attempted to trace.
+
+The appendix was added in consequence of letters I received asking for
+information in regard to the navigation of the upper Amazon river and
+its tributaries, a highway for commerce destined to be much better
+known in the near future than it is at present.
+
+                                                      J.H.R.
+COURTLAND, VIRGINIA,
+    _July 1, 1888._
+
+
+
+
+PART I.
+
+    THE TUCKERS--BIRTH OF JOHN RANDOLPH TUCKER.
+        BOYHOOD--APPOINTED A MIDSHIPMAN IN THE UNITED STATES
+        NAVY--FIRST CRUISE--"THE ROARING LADS OF THE
+        BRANDYWINE"--PASSES EXAMINATION FOR PROMOTION--APPOINTED
+        A PAST MIDSHIPMAN--PROMOTED TO THE RANK OF
+        LIEUTENANT--MARRIAGE--MEXICAN WAR. CAPTURE OF
+        TOBASCO--COMMANDS UNITED STATES BOMB-BRIG
+        _Stromboli_--MADE A COMMANDER--COMMANDS UNITED STATES
+        RECEIVING SHIP _Pennsylvania_--ORDNANCE OFFICER AT THE
+        NORFOLK NAVY YARD--RESIGNS ON THE SECESSION OF VIRGINIA
+
+
+During the first years of the present century John Tucker, of the
+Island of Bermuda, came to Virginia, where resided many of his
+kinsmen, a branch of the Tucker family having settled in Virginia
+prior to the War of the Revolution. The family has produced a number
+of gifted men who have been honorably prominent in the political and
+social life of the State, but no member of it has been more
+distinguished or more esteemed than the subject of the present sketch.
+
+John Randolph Tucker was born on the 31st day of January, 1812, at
+Alexandria, near Washington, on the Virginia side of the Potomac
+river, in which city his father had made his home and had there
+married Miss Susan Douglas, the daughter of Dr. Charles Douglas, an
+English physician, who emigrated to America soon after the Revolution.
+
+Young Tucker received his early education in the good private schools
+of his native city, which he continued to attend until he entered the
+United States Navy as a midshipman on the 1st of June, 1826, being
+then in the fifteenth year of his age.
+
+The profession upon which he entered was one for which he was by
+nature peculiarly adapted, and to the end of his days he loved the sea
+and all that was connected with the life of a sailor. It has been said
+of a great admiral that he could perform with his own hands the duties
+of every station on board a ship-of-war, from seaman-gunner to
+admiral, and the same may be, without exaggeration, said of Tucker.
+
+He was fortunate in beginning his naval career on the Mediterranean
+Station, where he made his first cruise in the frigate _Brandywine_.
+Before the establishment of the Naval Academy at Annapolis the best
+school for training a cadet in the etiquette, spirit and, perhaps,
+even in the seamanship of the service, was a smart frigate of the
+Mediterranean Squadron. If we may trust the traditions which have been
+handed down to us in song and story about "the roaring lads of the
+_Brandywine_," the training on board the ship in which Tucker first
+served was well calculated to develop all that was dashing and daring
+in the young gentlemen of her steerage mess.
+
+After six years' service as a midshipman, Tucker passed the requisite
+examination for promotion, but he had to wait for his turn to fill a
+vacancy, and, consequently, was not promoted to the rank of lieutenant
+until the 20th of December, 1837. As a lieutenant, he made a good deck
+officer and a very excellent executive or first-lieutenant. In the
+latter capacity he served on board the bomb-brig _Stromboli_, in the
+Gulf of Mexico, during the war between Mexico and the United States.
+The _Stromboli_ was actively employed, and Tucker participated in the
+capture of Tobasco and other naval operations against the enemy.
+During the latter part of the war Tucker succeeded to the command of
+the _Stromboli_ as Lieutenant-Commanding, retaining the command until
+the cessation of hostilities.
+
+His last cruise whilst belonging to the United States Navy was made as
+executive officer of the frigate _Cumberland_, the flag-ship of
+Flag-Officer Stringham, on the Mediterranean Station, thus ending his
+active service in the United States Navy where it began, after an
+interval of thirty years.
+
+Soon after his promotion to a lieutenancy Tucker was married, at
+Norfolk, Virginia, on the 7th of June, 1838, to Virginia, daughter of
+Captain Thomas Tarleton Webb, of the United States Navy. This union
+was, uninterruptedly, most happy and harmonious until it was dissolved
+by the death of Mrs. Tucker in 1858. She left several children, three
+of whom--Randolph Tucker, of Richmond, Virginia; Tarleton Webb Tucker,
+of Memphis, Tennessee; and Virginius Tucker, of Norfolk,
+Virginia--are now living and prospering.
+
+On September 14th, 1855, Tucker received his commission as a
+Commander, and at the same time was ordered to command the
+_Pennsylvania_, an old three-decker ship-of-the-line which was in
+commission as receiving-ship at Norfolk. His next duty was as Ordnance
+Officer of the Norfolk Navy Yard, and it was whilst he was employed on
+this duty that the secession of Virginia caused him to forward his
+resignation to the Secretary of the Navy.
+
+There is no intention of discussing in this biographical sketch the
+questions which were in controversy between the Northern and Southern
+States until they were finally settled by the arbitrament of arms; it
+is sufficient to say that nothing but the sincerest conviction that
+the highest duty required the sacrifice could have induced an officer
+in Tucker's position to leave an established and an illustrious navy
+to enter the service of a people who had neither ships nor sailors.
+
+
+
+
+PART II.
+
+    APPOINTED A COMMANDER IN THE VIRGINIA NAVY--IN CHARGE OF THE
+        DEFENSES OF JAMES RIVER--TRANSFERRED TO THE CONFEDERATE
+        STATES NAVY--PLACED IN COMMAND OF THE _Patrick
+        Henry_--FITTING OUT UNDER DIFFICULTIES--FIRST PARTIALLY
+        ARMORED AMERICAN VESSEL. LIEUTENANT POWELL'S PLAN FOR
+        ARMORED GUNBOATS--OFFICERS OF THE _Patrick
+        Henry_--GUARDING JAMES RIVER--SCALING THE GUNS--"NAVAL
+        SKIRMISH"--A FLAG WHICH WAS NOT PRESENTED--BATTLE OF
+        HAMPTON ROADS. SINKING OF THE _Cumberland_; AN AMERICAN
+        _Vengeur_--BURNING OF THE _Congress_--COMBAT BETWEEN THE
+        _Virginia_ AND THE _Monitor_--FLAG-OFFICER TATNALL TAKES
+        COMMAND OF THE CONFEDERATE SQUADRON--SALLY INTO HAMPTON
+        ROADS--PLAN FOR CARRYING THE _Monitor_ BY
+        BOARDING--EVACUATION OF NORFOLK--TOWING UNFINISHED
+        GUNBOATS TO RICHMOND--FEDERAL SQUADRON ENTERS JAMES
+        RIVER--CREWS OF THE _Patrick Henry_, _Jamestown_ AND
+        _Virginia_ MAN THE NAVAL BATTERIES AT DREWRY'S
+        BLUFF--ACTION AT DREWRY'S BLUFF--THE _Galena_; A
+        WELL-FOUGHT VESSEL. REPULSE OF THE FEDERAL
+        SQUADRON--TUCKER ORDERED TO COMMAND THE IRON-CLAD
+        STEAMER _Chicora_ AT CHARLESTON--SUCCESSFUL ATTACK ON
+        THE BLOCKADING SQUADRON--TUCKER POSTED AND APPOINTED
+        FLAG-OFFICER OF THE CHARLESTON SQUADRON--COMMANDING
+        OFFICERS OF THE CHARLESTON SQUADRON--DUPONT'S ATTACK ON
+        CHARLESTON--CONFEDERATE TORPEDO-BOATS AT CHARLESTON;
+        DAMAGE DONE BY THEM--CHARLESTON NAVAL BATTALION SERVING
+        WITH THE ARMY--EVACUATION OF CHARLESTON--ONE BATTALION OF
+        THE CHARLESTON SQUADRON SERVES WITH THE ARMY AT
+        WILMINGTON--TUCKER, WITH THE CHARLESTON SQUADRON BRIGADE,
+        MARCHES THROUGH NORTH CAROLINA AND ARRIVES AT
+        RICHMOND--TUCKER ORDERED TO COMMAND AT DREWRY'S
+        BLUFF--CONFEDERACY AT ITS LAST GASP--EVACUATION OF
+        RICHMOND--TUCKER NOT INFORMED OF THE INTENTION TO
+        EVACUATE RICHMOND--SUCCEEDS IN JOINING HIS BRIGADE OF
+        SAILORS TO MAJOR-GEN. CUSTIS LEE'S DIVISION--ACTION AT
+        SAYLOR'S CREEK; DIDN'T KNOW THEY WERE WHIPPED, THOUGHT
+        THE FIGHT HAD JUST BEGUN--SURRENDER--PRISONER OF
+        WAR--RELEASED ON PAROLE--EMPLOYED BY THE SOUTHERN EXPRESS
+        COMPANY
+
+
+Tucker was appointed a Commander in the Virginia Navy, with rank from
+the date of the commission in the United States Navy which he had
+resigned. He was at first assigned by the Governor to the defense of
+James river, but in a short time was ordered to assume command of the
+steamer _Patrick Henry_.
+
+When Virginia became one of the Confederate States, all the officers
+of the Virginia Navy were transferred to the Confederate States Navy,
+with the same rank they had held in the United States Navy. The
+_Patrick Henry_ was also transferred by the State of Virginia to the
+Confederate States. This vessel was a paddle-wheel steamer of about
+1,400 tons burthen; she was called the _Yorktown_ before the war, and
+was one of a line of steamers running between Richmond and New York;
+she was reputed to be a fast boat, and deserved the reputation.
+
+When Virginia seceded this vessel was in James river, and, together
+with her sister steamer _Jamestown_, of the same line, was seized by
+the authorities of the State, taken up to the Rockett's wharf, at
+Richmond, and the command conferred, as has been said, upon Commander
+Tucker; this assignment of duty being afterwards confirmed by the
+Secretary of the Confederate States Navy. Naval Constructor Joseph
+Pearse, with a number of mechanics from the Norfolk Navy Yard, who had
+been brought to Richmond for the purpose, commenced the necessary
+alterations, which had previously been determined upon, and in a short
+time the passenger steamer _Yorktown_ was converted into the very
+creditable man-of-war _Patrick Henry_, of 12 guns and one hundred and
+fifty officers and men. Lieutenant William Llewellyn Powell, who soon
+afterwards resigned from the Navy, entered the Army as Colonel of
+Artillery, and died a Brigadier-General at Fort Morgan before its
+fall, was her executive officer while she was being fitted out, and to
+him, as well as to Constructor Joseph Pearse, much credit is due for
+having made her as serviceable as she was for purposes of war. Her
+spar-deck cabins were removed, and her deck strengthened so as to
+enable it to bear a battery. Her boilers were slightly protected by
+iron plates one inch in thickness. V-shaped iron shields on the
+spar-deck, forward and aft of her engines, afforded some protection to
+the machinery, but none to the walking beams, which rose far above the
+hurricane-deck. It is probable that Lieutenant Powell suggested the
+first American attempt to protect steamers with iron armor, unless the
+Stevens floating-battery, which was so long building at Hoboken for
+the United States, was such an attempt. It is known that Powell
+forwarded, during the summer of 1861, plans to the Confederate Navy
+Department for converting river craft and canal boats into iron-clad
+gunboats.
+
+The armament of the _Patrick Henry_ consisted of ten medium
+32-pounders in broadside, one ten-inch shell gun pivoted forward, and
+one eight-inch solid-shot gun pivoted aft. The eight-inch solid-shot
+gun was the most effective gun on board, and did good service both at
+the battle of Hampton Roads and the repulse of the Federal squadron at
+Drewry's Bluff. The captain of this gun was an excellent seaman-gunner
+named Smith, who was afterwards promoted to be a boatswain in the
+C.S. Navy. A few weeks before the battle of Hampton Roads two of the
+medium 32-pounders were exchanged for two six-inch guns, banded and
+rifled, a gun much used in the Confederate Navy, and effective, though
+far inferior to the six-inch rifled guns of the present day.
+
+The _Patrick Henry_ was rigged as a brigantine, square yards to the
+foremast and fore-and-aft sails alone to the mainmast. At Norfolk,
+when she was about to be employed in running by the batteries of
+Newport News at night, it was thought best to take both of her masts
+out in order to make her less liable to be discovered by the enemy.
+Signal poles, carrying no sails, were substituted in their place.
+
+No list of the officers of the _Patrick Henry_ at the time she went
+into commission can now be given, but the following is a list of those
+on board at the battle of Hampton Roads, so far as can be ascertained:
+
+Commander John Randolph Tucker, commander; Lieutenant James Henry
+Rochelle, executive officer; Lieutenants William Sharp and Francis
+Lyell Hoge; Surgeon John T. Mason; Paymaster Thomas Richmond Ware;
+Passed Assistant Surgeon Frederick Garretson; Acting Master Lewis
+Parrish; Chief Engineer Hugh Clark; Lieutenant of Marines Richard T.
+Henderson; Midshipmen John Tyler Walker, Alexander McComb Mason, and
+M.P. Goodwyn.
+
+The vessel, being properly equipped, so far as the limited resources
+at hand could be used, proceeded down James river and took a position
+off Mulberry Island, on which point rested the right of the Army of
+the Peninsula, under Magruder. The time passed wearily and drearily
+enough whilst the _Patrick Henry_ lay at anchor off Mulberry Island.
+The officers and crew very rarely went on shore, the steamer being
+kept always with banked fires, prepared to repel an attack, which
+might have been made at any moment, the Federal batteries at Newport
+News and the vessels stationed there, the frigate _Savannah_, sloop
+_Cumberland_, and steamer _Louisiana_, being about fourteen miles
+distant.
+
+To relieve the monotony of the irksome duty on which the _Patrick
+Henry_ was employed, Tucker determined to take her down the river,
+feel of the enemy, and warn him of what might be expected if boat
+expeditions should attempt to ascend the river. On the afternoon of
+Friday, September 13th, 1861, the _Patrick Henry_ weighed her anchor
+at Mulberry Island, and steamed down James river towards Newport News.
+Choosing her distance from that point, she opened fire upon the
+Federal squadron, which was promptly returned, principally by the
+_Savannah_, _Louisiana_, and a battery of light artillery, which had
+been moved up the left bank of the river. After giving the crew a good
+exercise at their guns, the _Patrick Henry_ was steamed back to her
+anchorage off Mulberry Island.
+
+About the last of November, Tucker received information that one or
+two of the Federal gunboats came up the river every night and anchored
+about a mile and a half above their squadron at Newport News. Hoping
+to be able to surprise and capture these boats, the commander of the
+_Patrick Henry_ got her underway at 4 o'clock A.M. on December 2d,
+1861. The morning was dark and suitable for the enterprise, and all
+lights on board the _Patrick Henry_ were either extinguished or
+carefully concealed. No vessel of the enemy was met with in the river,
+but at daylight four steamers were discovered, lying at anchor near
+the frigate _Congress_ and sloop _Cumberland_, off the batteries of
+Newport News. As the _Patrick Henry_ could not have returned unseen,
+Tucker took a position about a mile distant from the batteries, and
+opened on the Federal vessels with his port battery and pivot guns.
+The fire was promptly returned, many of the shots from the rifled guns
+passing over the _Patrick Henry_, and one, going through her
+pilot-house and lodging in the starboard hammock-netting, did some
+injury to the vessel, besides wounding slightly one of the pilots and
+a seaman by the splinters it caused. The skirmish, if such a term can
+be applied to a naval operation, lasted about two hours, during which
+time the _Patrick Henry_ fired twenty-eight shells and thirteen solid
+shots, but with what effect on the enemy is not known. From this best
+kind of drill practice, the Confederate steamer returned to her
+anchorage off Mulberry Island, continued her guard of the river, and
+waited for some opportunity for more active employment.
+
+In February, 1862, the ladies of Charles City, a county bordering on
+James river, desired to present to the _Patrick Henry_ a flag which
+they had made for her as an evidence of their appreciation of her
+services in keeping boat expeditions and the enemy's small steamers
+from ascending the river. But the presentation of this flag did not
+take place; the C.S. steamers _Jamestown_, 2, and _Teaser_, v, had
+reinforced the _Patrick Henry_, and such incessant preparations were
+going on that no time could be spared for the ceremony. The occasion
+of these preparations was the expectation of being soon engaged in the
+attack which it was understood that the Confederate iron-clad
+_Virginia_ was about to make on the Federal batteries and men-of-war
+at Newport News. No care or preparation could make the _Patrick Henry_
+as well fitted for war as a vessel of the same size built especially
+for the military marine service; but the best that could be done to
+make her efficient was done, and not without success, as the part the
+vessel took in the closely following battle of Hampton Roads
+conclusively demonstrates.
+
+On the 7th of March, 1862, the James river squadron, consisting of the
+_Patrick Henry_, 12, Commander J.R. Tucker; _Jamestown_, 2, Lieutenant
+Commanding J.N. Barney, and _Teaser_, 1, Lieutenant Commanding W.A.
+Webb, proceeded down the river, and anchored at nightfall off Day's
+Neck Point, some six miles distant from Newport News. This movement
+was effected in order to be near at hand when the _Virginia_ made her
+expected attack on the Federal forces.
+
+The 8th of March, 1862, was a bright, placid, beautiful day--more like
+a May than a March day. About 1 o'clock in the afternoon, the
+_Virginia_ came steaming out from behind Craney Island, attended by
+the gunboats _Beaufort_ and _Raleigh_. As soon as the _Virginia_ was
+seen, the James river squadron got underway under all the steam the
+boilers would bear, and proceeded to join her in her attack on the
+enemy. As Tucker's small squadron approached the Newport News
+batteries he formed it in line ahead, the _Patrick Henry_, 12,
+leading; next the _Jamestown_, 2, and lastly the _Teaser_, 1; this
+order being maintained until the batteries were passed. The batteries
+were run with less loss than was anticipated; the enemy probably
+expected the Confederate vessels to pass in the usual channel, about
+eight hundred yards from the guns of the Federal works, but by
+Tucker's directions the _Patrick Henry_ was run by much nearer the
+batteries, and the _Jamestown_ and _Teaser_ followed her closely.
+Probably in consequence of this deviation from the middle of the
+channel the Federal guns were not well aimed, and most of the shot
+from the batteries passed over the Confederate vessels. As the James
+river squadron ranged up abreast of the first battery, the vessels
+delivered their fire, and the flash from their guns had scarcely
+vanished when the Federal works were wrapped in smoke, and their
+projectiles came hissing through the air. The _Patrick Henry_ was
+struck several times during the passage; one shot passing through the
+crew of No. 3 gun, wounding two men and killing one, a volunteer from
+the army, who had come on board to serve only for the fight. His last
+words as he fell were, "Never mind me, boys!"
+
+Whilst the James river squadron was passing the batteries, the
+_Virginia_ had rammed and sunk the _Cumberland_, a ship which was
+fought most gallantly to the bitter end, going down with her colors
+flying and her guns firing, like the celebrated French ship _Vengeur_.
+
+Having run by the batteries with no material damage, the James river
+squadron joined the _Virginia_ and afforded her valuable aid in the
+battle she was waging. Whilst the forward guns of the _Patrick Henry_
+were engaging one enemy, the after guns were firing at another, and
+the situation of the Confederate wooden vessels at this time seemed
+well nigh desperate. The Newport News batteries were on one side, on
+the other the frigates _Minnesota_, _St. Lawrence_ and _Roanoke_ were
+coming up from Old Point Comfort, and in front the beach was lined
+with field batteries and sharpshooters. Fortunately for the wooden
+vessels, both Confederate and Federal, the _Minnesota_, _St. Lawrence_
+and _Roanoke_ grounded, and the smaller vessels which accompanied them
+returned to Old Point Comfort. The _Minnesota_, though aground, was
+near enough to take part in the action, and opened a heavy fire on
+the Confederate squadron.
+
+The frigate _Congress_, early in the action, had been run aground,
+with a white flag flying. Tucker, as soon as he saw that the
+_Congress_ had shown a white flag, gave orders that no shot should be
+fired at her from the _Patrick Henry_, and he steadily refused to let
+any gun be aimed at her, notwithstanding that the Confederate gunboats
+_Raleigh_, _Teaser_ and _Beaufort_ had attempted to take possession of
+the surrendered vessel, and had been driven off by a heavy artillery
+and infantry fire from the Federal troops on the beach. After the
+Confederate gunboats had been forced to retire from the _Congress_,
+Flag-Officer Buchanan hailed the _Patrick Henry_ and directed
+Commander Tucker to burn that frigate. The pilots of the _Patrick
+Henry_ declared they could not take her alongside of the _Congress_ on
+account of an intervening shoal, which determined Tucker to approach
+as near as the shoal would permit and then send his boats to burn the
+Federal frigate. The boats were prepared for the service, and the
+boats' crews and officers held ready whilst the _Patrick Henry_
+steamed in towards the _Congress_.
+
+This movement of the _Patrick Henry_ placed her in the most imminent
+peril; she was brought under the continuous and concentrated fire of
+three points; on her port quarters were the batteries of Newport News,
+on her port bow the field batteries and sharpshooters on the beach,
+and on her starboard bow the _Minnesota_. It soon became evident that
+no wooden vessel could long float under such a fire; several shots
+struck the hull, and a piece of the walking-beam was shot away. As the
+sponge of the after pivot gun was being inserted in the muzzle of the
+piece, the handle was cut in two by a shot from the enemy; half in
+prayer and half in despair at being unable to perform his duty, the
+sponger exclaimed, "Oh, Lord! how is the gun to be sponged?" He was
+much relieved when the quarter-gunner of his division handed him a
+spare sponge. This state of things could not last long; a shot from a
+rifled gun of one of the field batteries on the beach penetrated the
+steam-chest, the engine-room and fire-room were filled with steam,
+four of the firemen were scalded to death and several others severely
+injured; the engineers and firemen were driven up on deck, and the
+engines stopped working: the vessel was enveloped in a cloud of
+escaped steam, and the enemy, seeing that some disaster to the boiler
+had occurred, increased his fire. At the moment, until the chief
+engineer made his report, no one on the spar-deck knew exactly what
+had happened, the general impression being that the boilers had
+exploded. It is an unmistakable evidence of the courage and discipline
+of the crew that the fire from the _Patrick Henry_ did not slacken,
+but went on as regularly as if nothing unusual had occurred. As the
+vessel was drifting towards the enemy in her disabled condition, the
+jib was hoisted to pay her head around, and the _Jamestown_,
+Lieutenant Commanding Barney, gallantly and promptly came to her
+assistance and towed her out of action.
+
+The engineers soon got one boiler in working order. The other was so
+badly damaged that they were unable to repair it for immediate use,
+and with steam on one boiler alone the _Patrick Henry_ was again taken
+into action. The closing in of night put an end to the conflict, as in
+the dark it was impossible to distinguish friend from foe. The victory
+remained without dispute with the Confederate squadron, and was
+witnessed, as was the combat between the _Virginia_ and the _Monitor_
+on the day following, by multitudes of spectators from Norfolk and the
+neighboring camps of the Confederate troops, as well as by many on the
+Federal side of the Roads.
+
+It has been stated that the total Federal loss in this battle was
+nearly four hundred. The numerical strength of the Confederate force
+engaged was about six hundred, of which the total loss was about
+sixty. The loss on board the _Patrick Henry_ being five killed and
+nine wounded.
+
+The part taken by the _Patrick Henry_ in this battle--it was a battle
+and not a combat--seems to have been lost sight of in consequence of
+the great power, as a new force in naval warfare, displayed by the
+_Virginia_, but the Federal commanders bear witness to the efficient
+service done by the Confederate wooden vessels. Lieutenant Commanding
+Pendergrast, of the _Congress_, reported that "the _Patrick Henry_ and
+_Thomas Jefferson_ (_Jamestown_), rebel steamers, approached us from
+up the James river, firing with precision and doing us great damage,"
+and Captain Van Brunt, of the _Minnesota_, reported that the _Patrick
+Henry_ and _Jamestown_ "took their positions on my port bow and stern
+and their fire did most damage in killing and wounding men, insomuch
+as they fired with rifled guns."
+
+The closing in of night having put an end to hostilities until
+morning, the Confederate squadrons anchored under Sewell's Point, at
+the mouth of the harbor of Norfolk. The crews were kept busy until a
+late hour of the night, making such repairs and preparations as were
+necessary for resuming operations in the morning. Soon after midnight
+a column of fire ascended in the darkness, followed by a terrific
+explosion--the Federal frigate _Congress_, which had been on fire all
+the evening, had blown up, the fire having reached her magazine.
+
+Flag Officer Buchanan, having been wounded in the action, was sent to
+the Naval Hospital at Norfolk on the morning of the 9th, just prior to
+the getting under way of the squadron. The command ought, in
+conformity with military and naval usage, to have been formally
+transferred to the next senior officer of the squadron, who was
+Commander J.R. Tucker, of the _Patrick Henry_; but this obviously
+proper course was not followed, and Flag Officer Buchanan's flag was
+kept flying on board the _Virginia_, though he himself, in point of
+fact, was not and could not be in command of that vessel, or the
+Confederate squadron, since he was not within signal distance of
+either, being laid up in bed at the Norfolk Naval Hospital. Tucker
+did not assume command of the squadron, but simply continued to
+command the _Patrick Henry_.
+
+At the first peep of dawn, on the morning of the 9th of March, the
+Confederate squadron was under way, having in view for its first
+object the destruction of the _Minnesota_, that frigate being still
+aground near Newport News. As the daylight increased, the _Minnesota_
+was discovered in her old position, but no longer alone and
+unsupported. Close alongside of her there lay such a craft as the eyes
+of a seaman does not delight to look upon; no masts, no smokestack, no
+guns--at least nothing of the sort could be seen about her. And yet
+the thing had a grim, pugnacious look, as if there was tremendous
+power of some sort inherent in her, and ready to be manifested
+whenever the occasion required it. The _Monitor_ (for it was that
+famous vessel) promptly steamed out to meet the _Virginia_, as the
+latter vessel bore down on the _Minnesota_, and the celebrated combat
+between these iron-clads was joined immediately. It was the first
+action that had ever been fought between armored vessels, and as such
+will ever be remembered and commented upon. The combat resulted in a
+drawn fight as far as the _Virginia_ and _Monitor_ was concerned, but
+it established the power of iron-clad steamers as engines of war, and
+completely revolutionized the construction of the navies of the world.
+
+That the combat between the _Virginia_ and the _Monitor_ was an
+indecisive action is clear. The _Monitor_ received the most damage in
+the fight, and was the first to retire from it into shoal water,
+though the fight was afterwards renewed. On the other hand, the
+_Virginia_ did not accomplish her object, which was the destruction of
+the _Minnesota_, and she did not accomplish it in consequence of the
+resistance offered by the _Monitor_. The two vessels held each other
+in check, the _Virginia_ protecting Norfolk, and the _Monitor_ doing
+the same for the Federal wooden fleet in Hampton Roads and the
+Chesapeake waters. The injuries received by the _Virginia_ in ramming
+the _Cumberland_, on the previous day, were probably greater than
+those inflicted on her by the _Monitor_; in neither case were they
+severe enough to disable or force her to withdraw from action.
+
+On her return to Norfolk harbor, the _Virginia_ was accompanied by the
+_Patrick Henry_ and the other vessels of the Confederate squadron. The
+Confederate wooden steamers had taken no part in the action between
+the _Virginia_ and the _Monitor_, except to fire an occasional shot at
+the _Monitor_, as she passed, at very long range; no wooden vessel
+could have floated a quarter of an hour in an engagement at close
+quarters with either of the two iron-clads.
+
+Flag Officer Tatnall having relieved Flag Officer Buchanan, who was
+incapacitated from command on account of severe wounds received in the
+first day's fight in Hampton Roads, and all the vessels of the
+squadron having been refitted, on the 13th of April the squadron again
+sallied out to attack the enemy. It was expected that the _Monitor_
+would be eager to renew the combat with the _Virginia_, and it was
+agreed upon that, in case the _Virginia_ failed to capture or destroy
+the Federal iron-clad, an attempt should be made to carry the latter
+by boarding. This duty was assigned to the gunboats _Beaufort_ and
+_Raleigh_ and two other small steamers. One of these small steamers
+was the tender of the Norfolk Navy Yard; she was manned for the
+occasion by officers and men from the _Patrick Henry_, under the
+command of the executive-officer of that vessel, and was christened by
+the men _Patrick Henry, Junior_.
+
+The Confederate squadron steamed about in Hampton Roads for two days,
+but the _Monitor_ did not leave her anchorage at Fortress Monroe, her
+passiveness being due, it seems, to orders from Washington not to
+engage the _Virginia_ unless she attempted to pass Old Point Comfort.
+
+General J. Bankhead Magruder, commanding the Confederate Army of the
+Peninsula, was urgent in demanding the return of the James river
+squadron, and consequently the _Patrick Henry_ and _Jamestown_ were
+ordered to run by the Newport News batteries at night, and resume
+their old duty in James river. The _Jamestown_ ran up the river on the
+19th and the _Patrick Henry_ on the 20th of April; the _Beaufort_,
+_Raleigh_ and _Teaser_ were also sent up the river; the headquarters
+of this detached squadron, of which Tucker was the senior officer, was
+at Mulberry Island, on which point rested the right flank of the
+Confederate Army of the Peninsula.
+
+Up to this time the _Patrick Henry_ was brigantine rigged, but to fit
+her better for running by batteries without being discovered, both of
+her masts were now taken out and short signal poles substituted for
+them.
+
+When the Confederate authorities determined upon the evacuation of
+Norfolk, the James river squadron was employed to remove what public
+property could be saved from the Navy Yard to Richmond. The hulls of
+several uncompleted vessels were towed past the Federal batteries at
+Newport News. The running past the batteries was always done at night,
+moonless nights being chosen whenever it was practicable to select the
+time of making the trip. So far as known, the vessels employed on this
+service were never detected by the enemy; at least they were never
+fired upon.
+
+Soon after the evacuation of Norfolk, whilst the Confederate forces
+were retiring from the Peninsula to the lines around Richmond, a
+Federal squadron, consisting of the _Monitor_, _Galena_, _Naugatuck_,
+_Aroostook_ and _Port Royal_, entered James river. The _Monitor_ alone
+could with ease and without serious injury to herself have destroyed
+in fight all the Confederate vessels in James river, and no course was
+open to Tucker but to take his squadron up the river and make a stand
+at the place below Richmond best adapted for defense. The place most
+wisely selected was Drewry's Bluff, where the river had been
+obstructed by rows of piles, and the piles defended by four army guns
+mounted in a breastwork on the crest of the bluff, about two hundred
+feet above the river. When the Confederate squadron arrived at
+Drewry's Bluff, the defenses which had been constructed at the place
+were not in a condition to have prevented the Federal squadron from
+passing on to Richmond; but in the day which the Federal vessels
+wasted in silencing the fire of the half-deserted Confederate
+batteries on the lower river, the works at Drewry's Bluff were
+materially strengthened. The _Jamestown_ and several smaller vessels
+were sunk in the river channel, the two rifled guns of the _Jamestown_
+having been previously landed and mounted in pits dug in the brow of
+the bluff. The eight-inch solid-shot gun of the _Patrick Henry_ and
+her two six-inch rifles were also landed, thus forming a formidable
+naval battery countersunk on the brow of the hill, consisting of one
+eight-inch solid-shot gun and four six-inch rifles. Besides the naval
+battery, there were several army guns mounted in a breastwork and
+served by a battalion of Artillery, under the command of Major A.
+Drewry, who was the owner of the bluff, and from whom the place took
+its name.
+
+The naval guns were manned by the crews of the _Patrick Henry_,
+_Jamestown_ and _Virginia_--the crew of the _Virginia_ arriving at the
+bluff soon after she had been destroyed by Flag Officer Tatnall, to
+prevent her from falling into the hands of the enemy. It is not always
+possible for a sea captain to preserve the vessel he commands; but it
+is always possible to act with firmness, skill and judgment under
+trying and adverse circumstances, and this Flag Officer Tatnall seems
+to have done. A court-martial, composed of officers of high
+professional attainments and acknowledged personal merit, acquitted
+him of all blame for the loss of the _Virginia_.
+
+The following naval officers may be named as participating in the
+engagement of Drewry's Bluff, though there were others whose names are
+not at this time procurable: Of the _Patrick Henry_, Commander John
+Randolph Tucker, Lieutenant James Henry Rochelle, Lieutenant Francis
+Lyell Hoge, and others; of the _Jamestown_, Lieutenant Commanding J.
+Nicholas Barney, Acting Master Samuel Barron, Jr., and others; of the
+_Virginia_, Lieutenant Catesby Roger Jones, Lieutenant Hunter
+Davidson, Lieutenant John Taylor Wood, Lieutenant Walter Raleigh Butt,
+and others. Commander E. Farrand was the ranking and commanding
+officer present, having been sent down from Richmond to command the
+station.
+
+It was on the 15th of May, 1862, that the Federal vessels _Galena_,
+_Monitor_, _Naugatuck_, _Aroostook_, and _Port Royal_ made the
+well-known attack on the Confederate batteries at Drewry's Bluff,
+which was the only obstacle barring the way to Richmond, the capital
+of the Confederate States.
+
+The _Galena_ and _Monitor_ engaged the batteries at short distance,
+the other three Federal vessels keeping just within long range of the
+Confederate guns. The _Monitor_, after the action commenced, finding
+that her position was too near the bluff to allow of her guns being
+elevated sufficiently to throw their shot to the crest of the cliff,
+retired to a more favorable position. The Confederates wasted but few
+shot on her, knowing they would not pierce her armor.
+
+The _Galena_ was managed and fought with great skill and daring.
+Approaching to within about six hundred yards of the Confederate
+batteries, she was deliberately moored, her battery sprung and a
+well-directed fire opened upon the Confederate works. From half past
+six o'clock in the morning until about eleven, when the action ceased,
+she kept this position, receiving nearly the whole of the Confederate
+fire. The most effective gun on the Bluff was the eight-inch solid
+shot gun of the _Patrick Henry_. Knowing by previous experience the
+power of the gun, Tucker gave it his personal supervision. At 11
+o'clock A.M. a shot from this gun passed into one of the bow posts of
+the _Galena_, and was followed by an immediate gushing forth of smoke,
+showing that the vessel was on fire or had sustained some serious
+damage, a conclusion confirmed by her moving off down the river,
+accompanied by the other four vessels of the Federal squadron. It was
+at Drewry's Bluff that Midshipman Carroll, of Maryland, was killed. He
+was struck by a projectile whilst standing by Tucker's side, whose
+aide he was.
+
+For some days it was expected that another attack on the Confederate
+position would be made, but no other effort to capture Richmond with
+iron-clads was attempted. A half a dozen armored vessels, built
+expressly for being forced through obstructions and by batteries,
+could have passed Drewry's Bluff and captured Richmond, but the force
+with which the attempt was actually made was neither well adapted for
+the undertaking nor sufficiently strong for success.
+
+The _Galena's_ loss was thirteen killed and eleven wounded, and one
+officer and two men were wounded on board the other Federal vessels.
+On the Confederate side the loss, including the battalion of
+Artillery, as well as the force of sailors, was eleven killed and nine
+wounded.
+
+After the Federal repulse at Drewry's Bluff, the officers and crew of
+the _Patrick Henry_, _Virginia_ and _Jamestown_ were permanently
+attached to the naval batteries at that place, Tucker continuing to
+command his men on shore.
+
+In August, 1862, Tucker was ordered to command the iron-clad steamer
+_Chicora_, which vessel had just been launched at Charleston. She was
+a casemate iron-clad, with armor four inches in thickness, and carried
+a battery of two nine-inch smooth-bore shell guns, and two six-inch
+Brooks rifles, throwing a projectile weighing sixty pounds. Flag
+Officer Duncan N. Ingraham commanded the Charleston squadron, and flew
+his flag on board the _Palmetto State_, Lieutenant Commanding John
+Rutledge. The _Palmetto State_ was an iron-clad, similar to the
+_Chicora_ in build and armor, carrying a battery of one seven-inch
+rifled gun forward, one six-inch rifled gun aft, and one eight-inch
+shell gun on each broadside.
+
+On the night of January 31st, 1863, the two Confederate iron-clads
+made a successful attack on the Federal blockading squadron off
+Charleston. Passing the bar of Charleston harbor at early dawn, the
+Confederate iron-clads quickly drove the blockading vessels out to
+sea, and the blockade was broken, at least for some hours. In his
+official report of this action Flag Officer Ingraham says, "I cannot
+speak in too high terms of the conduct of Commander Tucker and
+Lieutenant Commanding Rutledge; the former handled his vessel in a
+beautiful manner and did the enemy much damage. I refer you to his
+official report."
+
+The official report to which Flag Officer Ingraham refers the
+Confederate Secretary of the Navy is as follows:
+
+
+"CONFEDERATE STATES STEAMER _Chicora_,
+                                        "January 31st, 1863.
+
+    "_Sir_--In obedience to your order, I got under way at 11.30
+    P.M. yesterday, and stood down the harbor in company with the
+    Confederate States steamer _Palmetto State_, bearing your
+    flag. We crossed the bar at 4.40 A.M., and commenced the
+    action at 5.20 A.M. by firing into a schooner-rigged
+    propeller, which we set on fire and have every reason to
+    believe sunk, as she was nowhere to be seen at daylight. We
+    then engaged a large sidewheel steamer, twice our length from
+    us on the port bow, firing three shots into her with telling
+    effect, when she made a run for it. This vessel was supposed
+    to be the _Quaker City_. We then engaged a schooner-rigged
+    propeller and a large sidewheel steamer, partially crippling
+    both, and setting the latter on fire, causing her to strike
+    her flag; at this time the latter vessel, supposed to be the
+    _Keystone State_, was completely at my mercy, I having taken
+    position astern, distant some two hundred yards. I at once
+    gave the order to cease firing upon her, and directed
+    Lieutenant Bier, First Lieutenant of the _Chicora_, to man a
+    boat and take charge of the prize, if possible to save her; if
+    that was not possible, to rescue her crew. While the boat was
+    in the act of being manned, I discovered that she was
+    endeavoring to make her escape by working her starboard wheel,
+    the other being disabled, her colors being down. I at once
+    started in pursuit and renewed the engagement. Owing to her
+    superior steaming qualities she soon widened the distance to
+    some two hundred yards. She then hoisted her flag and
+    commenced firing her rifled guns; her commander, by this
+    faithless act, placing himself beyond the pale of civilized
+    and honorable warfare.[1] We next engaged two schooners, one
+    brig, and one bark-rigged propeller, but not having the
+    requisite speed were unable to bring them to close quarters.
+    We pursued them six or seven miles seaward. During the latter
+    part of the combat, I was engaged at long range with a
+    bark-rigged steam sloop-of-war; but in spite of all our
+    efforts, was unable to bring her to close quarters, owing to
+    her superior steaming qualities. At 7.30 A.M., in obedience to
+    your orders, we stood in shore, leaving the partially crippled
+    and fleeing enemy about _seven miles clear of the bar_,
+    standing to the southward and eastward. At 8 A.M., in
+    obedience to signal, we anchored in four fathoms waters off
+    the Beach Channel."
+
+    "It gives me pleasure to testify to the good conduct and
+    efficiency of the officers and crew of the _Chicora_. I am
+    particularly indebted to the pilots, Messrs. Payne and Aldert,
+    for the skillful pilotage of the vessel."
+
+    "It gives me pleasure to report that I have no injuries or
+    casualties."
+
+    "Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
+
+                           "J.R. TUCKER, _Commander, C.S.N._
+    "_Flag Officer_ D.N. INGRAHAM, C.S.N.,
+      "_Commanding Station, Charleston, S.C._"
+
+The result of this engagement was a complete demonstration of the
+futility of any attempt on the part of wooden vessels to contend with
+iron-clads. The Federal squadron consisted of the _Housatonic_,
+_Meresdita_, _Keystone State_, _Quaker City_, _Augusta_, _Flag_,
+_Memphis_, _Stettin_, _Ottawa_, and _Unadilla_, ten vessels, all of
+them unarmored, and three, the _Housatonic_, _Ottawa_ and _Unadilla_,
+built for war service, the other seven being merchant steamers
+converted into men-of-war. The Confederate squadron consisted of only
+two vessels, both iron-clads, the _Palmetto State_ and _Chicora_,
+which received no damage whatever during the engagement, either to
+their hulls, machinery, or crew, whilst several of the ten Federal
+wooden vessels were seriously injured, though none of them were sunk,
+their escape from capture or destruction being due to the swiftness of
+their flight. Their loss was twenty-five killed and twenty-two
+wounded.
+
+The blockade of Charleston harbor was soon, indeed immediately,
+re-established, and kept up by the armored frigate _New Ironsides_ and
+a number of heavy "Monitors." There was, from the end of this battle
+to the evacuation of Charleston by the Confederates, no time when
+there would have been the least probability of the success of another
+dash by the Confederate vessels in the harbor upon the Federal
+squadron blockading.
+
+In the month of February, 1863, Tucker was promoted to the rank of
+Captain in the Provisional Navy of the Confederate States, and in
+March following was appointed Flag Officer of the Confederate Forces
+Afloat at Charleston, the _Chicora_ bearing his flag.
+
+On the 7th of April, 1863, Admiral Dupont made his attack on
+Charleston, with a squadron consisting of the armored frigate _New
+Ironsides_ and eight "Monitors." Tucker, with his usual good judgment,
+held the _Chicora_ and _Palmetto State_, aided by a number of rowboats
+armed with torpedoes, ready to make a desperate and final assault upon
+the Federal squadron if it should succeed in passing the Confederate
+forts guarding the entrance to the harbor. Admiral Dupont's squadron
+was repulsed by the forts, and the Confederate squadron was not
+engaged.
+
+The Confederate naval forces afloat at Charleston did not possess
+either the strength or swiftness necessary for an attack on the
+Federal blockading squadron with any reasonable prospect of success,
+and Tucker therefore turned his attention to attacks by means of
+torpedo-boats fitted out from his squadron. On the 5th of October,
+1863, Lieutenant W.T. Glassell, with a small double-ender steam
+torpedo-boat, made an attempt to sink the _New Ironsides_, lying off
+Morris' Island. The _New Ironsides_ was not sunk, but she was
+seriously damaged and was sent North for repairs. The torpedo-boat was
+filled with water, and her commander, pilot, and engineer, all that
+were on board of her, were thrown overboard by the shock of the
+striking and exploding of the torpedo against the bottom of the
+iron-clad. The torpedo-boat was finally taken back into Charleston
+harbor by the pilot and engineer, but Lieutenant Glassell was made
+prisoner after having been in the water about an hour. A torpedo-boat
+commanded by Lieutenant Dixon of the Confederate Army, and manned by
+six volunteers from Tucker's squadron and one from the army, attacked
+and sunk, on the night of February 17th, 1864, the United States
+steamer _Housatonic_ lying in the North Channel. The torpedo-boat with
+all on board went to the bottom, but most of the crew of the
+_Housatonic_ were saved by taking refuge in the rigging, which was not
+submerged when the vessel rested on the bottom.
+
+The boat attack on Fort Sumter, made by the Federals on September 8th,
+1863, was easily repulsed, and the Charleston squadron materially
+aided in the repulse.
+
+A battalion of sailors from the recruits on board the receiving-ship
+_Indian Chief_, under the command of Lieutenant Commanding William
+Galliard Dozier, was detached by Tucker to co-operate with the army on
+James' Island in August, 1864. This battalion rendered good service,
+and upon its return to the squadron was kept organized and ready to
+respond whenever a call for assistance was made upon the Navy by the
+Army.
+
+Early in 1864 some changes were made in the commanding officers of the
+squadron; Commander Isaac Newton Brown was ordered to the
+_Charleston_, Commander Thomas T. Hunter to the _Chicora_, and
+Lieutenant Commanding James Henry Rochelle to the _Palmetto State_. No
+other changes were made in the commands of the squadron while it
+existed.
+
+The three iron-clads under Tucker's command at Charleston were all
+slow vessels, with imperfect engines, which required frequent
+repairing; for that day, and considering the paucity of naval
+resources in the South, they were fairly officered, manned and armed.
+All of them were clad with armor four inches thick, and they were all
+of the type of the _Virginia_, or _Merrimac_, as that vessel is
+frequently but erroneously called. The commander of the vessels were
+all formerly officers of the United States Navy, who were citizens of
+the Southern States and had resigned their commissions in the Federal
+service when their States seceded from the Union. The lieutenants and
+other officers were appointed from civil life, but they were competent
+to perform the duties required of them, and conducted themselves well
+at all times and under all circumstances. The crews of each vessel
+numbered from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and sixty men,
+some of them able-seamen, and most of them efficient and reliable men.
+Each vessel carried a torpedo, fitted to the end of a spar some
+fifteen or twenty feet long projecting from the bows in a line with
+the keel, and so arranged that it could be carried either triced up
+clear of the water or submerged five or six feet below the surface.
+The squadron was in a good state of discipline and drill, and, so far
+as the personnel was concerned, in a very efficient condition.
+
+Every night one or two of the iron-clads anchored in the channel near
+Fort Sumter for the purpose of resisting a night attack on that place
+or a dash into the harbor by the Federal squadron.
+
+Not long before the evacuation of Charleston an iron-clad named the
+_Columbia_ was launched there. She had a thickness of six inches of
+iron on her casemate, and was otherwise superior to the other three
+iron-clads of the squadron. Unfortunately, she was run aground whilst
+coming out of dock, and so much injured as not to be able to render
+any service whatever.
+
+Charleston was evacuated by the Confederate forces on the 18th of
+February, 1865. Several days previous to the evacuation a detachment
+from the squadron of about three hundred men, under the command of
+Lieutenant Commanding James Henry Rochelle, consisting of the officers
+and crews of the _Palmetto State_, _Columbia_, and the recruits from
+the receiving-ship _Indian Chief_, were dispatched by rail to
+Wilmington, which the detachment reached only a few days before it
+was, in turn, abandoned by the Confederate Army. The Charleston naval
+detachment was ordered to co-operate with the Army as a body of
+infantry, and was assigned to duty with General Hoke's division, of
+which it formed the extreme right, resting on Cape Fear river. The
+position was exposed to an annoying fire from the Federal gunboats in
+the river, to which no reply could be made, but from which some loss
+was suffered. The evacuation of Wilmington took place on the 22d of
+February, 1865, and the Charleston squadron's naval battalion marched
+out with Hoke's division, to which it remained attached until
+somewhere in the interior of North Carolina it reunited with Tucker's
+command.
+
+With the officers and crews of the _Charleston_ and _Chicora_, Tucker
+left Charleston on the 18th of February, 1865, the day of the
+evacuation of the city by the Confederate Army. As far as Florence in
+South Carolina the Charleston naval brigade traveled by rail, but at
+that point Tucker received a telegram informing him that the Federal
+forces were about cutting the railway communication between Florence
+and Wilmington. This was the last message that came over the wires,
+and Tucker, knowing that the enemy had succeeded in seizing the
+railroad, abandoned his intention of making for Wilmington, and
+marched his command across the country to Fayetteville, where he
+received orders from the Navy Department to bring his force to
+Richmond. On the way from Fayetteville to Richmond the detached
+Charleston naval battalion was reunited to the main body under
+Tucker, and the whole brigade proceeded together to Richmond, and from
+Richmond it was sent to garrison the Confederate batteries at Drewry's
+Bluff, of which place Tucker was ordered to assume command, the naval
+forces afloat in James river being under the command of Rear Admiral
+Raphael Semmes.
+
+When Tucker took command at Drewry's Bluff the Confederate cause was
+at its last gasp. Richmond was evacuated by the Confederate Army and
+Government on the night of the 2d of April, 1865. Strange to relate,
+Tucker received no orders to retire with his command, and he held his
+post steadily until, early on the morning of the 3d, the Confederate
+iron-clads in James river were burnt by their own commanders. When he
+knew the troops were marching out of Richmond and saw the Confederate
+iron-clads burning in the river, Tucker thought it was not only
+justifiable but necessary for him to act without orders, and he
+retired with his command from Drewry's Bluff. General R.E. Lee told
+Tucker, when they met, that of all the mistakes committed by the
+Richmond authorities he regretted none more than the neglect to
+apprise the naval force at Drewry's Bluff of the intended evacuation
+of the city.
+
+The naval brigade from Drewry's Bluff, under Flag Officer Tucker,
+joined the rear guard of the Confederate Army, and was attached to
+General Custis Lee's division of General Ewell's corps, with which it
+marched until the battle of Saylor's Creek on the 16th of April, 1865.
+The naval brigade held the right of the line at that battle, and
+easily repulsed all the assaults made upon it. A flag of truce was
+sent by the Federal General commanding at that point to inform Tucker
+that the Confederate troops on his right and left had surrendered, and
+that further resistance was useless and could only end in the
+destruction of the sailors. Tucker, believing that the battle had only
+commenced, refused to surrender, and held his position until reliable
+information, which he could not doubt, reached him of the surrender of
+General Ewell and his army corps. The naval brigade surrendered by
+Tucker numbered some three hundred sailors, who, the opposing force
+said, did not know when they were whipped. Tucker's sword, which he
+rendered to General Keifer, was returned to him some years after the
+war by that gentleman, then a prominent member of Congress.
+
+Tucker was sent North and confined as a prisoner of war until the
+entire cessation of hostilities, when he was released on parole. On
+his return to Virginia he found that both the Confederate and State
+Governments were things of the past, and that he would have to mend
+his broken fortunes, if mend them he could, by engaging in the
+business pursuits of civil life. He succeeded, not without difficulty,
+in obtaining employment as an agent of the Southern Express Company,
+and was stationed at Raleigh, North Carolina, to take charge of the
+business matters of the Company in that city.
+
+[1] The _Keystone State_ did not surrender, rescue or no rescue, and
+her escape ought probably to be regarded as a rescue.
+
+
+
+
+PART III.
+
+    TUCKER OFFERED THE COMMAND OF THE PERUVIAN FLEET, WITH THE
+        RANK OF REAR ADMIRAL--ARRIVES IN LIMA--NO PRECEDENT FOR
+        THE RETURN OF MONEY--COMMISSIONED A REAR ADMIRAL IN THE
+        NAVY OF PERU--COMMANDS THE ALLIED FLEETS OF PERU AND
+        CHILE--SPANISH WAR--TUCKER'S PLAN FOR A NAVAL CAMPAIGN;
+        PROJECTED EXPEDITION AGAINST MANILA--CESSATION OF
+        HOSTILITIES--TUCKER RETIRES FROM THE COMMAND OF THE
+        FLEET, AND IS APPOINTED PRESIDENT OF THE PERUVIAN
+        HYDROGRAPHICAL COMMISSION OF THE AMAZON--CROSSES THE
+        ANDES AND REACHES THE AMAZON--EXPLORES THE YAVARI
+        RIVER--ORDERED TO THE UNITED STATES TO SUPERINTEND THE
+        BUILDING OF AN EXPLORING STEAMER--RETURNS TO THE AMAZON
+        WITH STEAMER _Tambo_. EXPEDITION UP THE UCAYALI AND
+        EXPLORATION OF THE TAMBO RIVER--ORDERED TO THE UNITED
+        STATES TO PROCURE A STEAMER OF LIGHT DRAUGHT OF
+        WATER--RETURNS TO THE AMAZON WITH STEAMER
+        _Mairo_--SECOND EXPEDITION UP THE UCAYALI--CANOE
+        EXPEDITION UP THE PACHITEA AND EXPLORATION OF THE PICHIS
+        RIVER--EXPEDITION UP THE AMAZON AND HUALLAGA
+        RIVERS--ORDERED TO LIMA. ORDERED TO NEW YORK TO
+        SUPERINTEND THE CHARTS MADE BY THE HYDROGRAPHICAL
+        COMMISSION--PUBLICATION OF CHARTS ABANDONED ON ACCOUNT OF
+        THE FINANCIAL CONDITION OF PERU--LETTER FROM PRESIDENT
+        PARDO--LETTER FROM MINISTER FREYRE--TUCKER RETIRES TO HIS
+        HOME IN PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA--OCCUPATIONS AND AMUSEMENTS
+        OF OLD AGE--DEATH--CHARACTER AND QUALITIES--CONCLUSION.
+
+
+While residing in Raleigh, North Carolina, Tucker received a letter
+from the Peruvian Minister to the United States, requesting an
+interview on affairs of importance. Going to Washington, Tucker saw
+the Minister, and the result of the interview was that he accepted a
+proposition to go to Peru and enter the Navy of that Republic as a
+rear-admiral, his commission to be dated from the time of his arrival
+at Lima. He was allowed to take with him two staff officers, one with
+the rank of captain and the other with that of commander.
+
+When Tucker entered the Navy of Peru, that Republic was engaged in a
+war with Spain. Spain had never recognized the independence of her
+former South American colonies, and thinking a favorable opportunity
+had arisen for asserting her dormant claims, the Spanish Government
+sent an iron-clad frigate, accompanied by several smaller vessels, to
+attack the Chilean and Peruvian seaport cities on the Pacific coast.
+The attack upon Valparaiso, the chief port of Chile, was successful,
+but the Spanish squadron was beaten off at Callao by the Peruvian
+batteries. Whilst preparing for the defense of Callao, the Peruvian
+Government determined to place its naval establishment on such a
+footing that it would be able to meet any force Spain could send to
+the Pacific. Tucker had, and most deservedly, the reputation of being
+a hard fighter, a thorough disciplinarian, and a splendid seaman;
+hence the Peruvian Government of President Prado directed its Minister
+at Washington to engage his services if possible. The cause was one
+which enlisted all Tucker's sympathies, and he agreed to take command
+of the Peruvian fleet. Tucker became much attached to Peru, and served
+the Republic zealously and faithfully. He had many warm friends in
+Lima, and no matter what party held the Government, the trust and
+confidence reposed in him by the authorities in Lima was always
+implicit.
+
+Tucker arrived in Lima accompanied by his personal staff, David Porter
+McCorkle, captain of the fleet, and Walter Raleigh Butt, commander and
+aide. Just before their leaving New York the Peruvian Minister handed
+Tucker a bag of gold, with which he was told to pay all the traveling
+expenses of himself and staff; this was done, but when the party
+arrived at Lima the bag was still half full. Tucker insisted on
+returning this surplus to the Government, but there was no precedent
+for such a thing, and it was not without some difficulty that there
+could be found an officer of the treasury authorized to receive and
+receipt for the unexpected money.
+
+The appointment of a foreigner to command their fleet was distasteful
+to some of the Peruvian officers, and this fact coming to Tucker's
+knowledge, he informed General Prado, the President of the Republic,
+that he had no wish that any officer should be forced to serve
+unwillingly under his command, and preferred resigning if the
+dissatisfaction at the appointment of a stranger to command the fleet
+was general or deep-seated. The officers who were dissatisfied were
+relieved from duty, and others were easily found who were not only
+willing but anxious to serve under Tucker.
+
+The Peruvian squadron was lying at Valparaiso when Tucker hoisted his
+flag on board the frigate _Independencia_. The Chilean squadron was
+also lying at Valparaiso, and Tucker, as senior officer present, was
+in command of the allied fleets of both Peru and Chile.
+
+An efficient state of drill and discipline was soon established in the
+fleets. A feeble attempt at mutiny broke out on one occasion during
+the temporary absence of Tucker, but it was easily quelled without
+bloodshed, and no similar attempt was ever again made whilst Tucker
+was in command. Officers of the Peruvian Navy, who were themselves
+opposed to giving foreigners high rank in their service, admitted that
+the fleet had never been in so good a condition for effective service
+as whilst it was under Tucker.
+
+The Spanish squadron had retired from the coast, but was expected to
+return as soon as it had been refitted and revictualed, but no
+apprehension was felt as to the result of another attack by the
+Spanish, for the allied fleets were believed to be fully equal to the
+task of protecting the coasts and ports of the Republics.
+
+Tucker's plan of naval operations was to sail with a small squadron,
+composed of the most efficient vessels under his command, for Manila,
+a most important dependency of Spain in the East Indies. He expected
+to take the Spaniards entirely by surprise, to capture all Spanish
+vessels in port, and to hold Manila and the other ports of the
+Philippine Islands until peace was established.
+
+In order to provide for the reappearance of the Spanish fleet on the
+coast during his absence, Tucker advised the allied Governments to
+enroll as a naval reserve all the Peruvian and Chilean masters, mates
+and crews of merchant vessels, pilots and mariners engaged in
+employments on shore. A part of his plan was that all merchant
+steamers carrying the flags of the Republics, which could be made
+available for war purposes, should be inspected and held ready for
+active service in the Navy and manned by the naval reserve whenever
+the Government should think it necessary to employ them. This force,
+with the harbor defense iron-clads, and the forts and batteries on
+shore, Tucker thought would be a sufficient protection for the coast,
+whilst his squadron of the most efficient sea-going vessels was absent
+in the East Indies, where the capture of Manila would have dealt a
+heavy blow to Spain, and rendered an honorable peace, carrying with it
+an acknowledgment of the independence of Peru and Chile, a matter of
+easy attainment.
+
+This plan, which would probably have been entirely successful if
+carried out with skill, daring and judgment, as it would have been by
+Tucker, was favorably considered by the Governments of the allied
+Republics, but it was not carried out, probably on account of the
+financial embarrassments under which the Republics labored, and which
+rendered it exceedingly difficult to find the funds required to fit
+out the expedition.
+
+The Manila expedition having been abandoned, and the Spanish fleet
+which had been employed on the Pacific coast having returned home,
+Tucker requested permission to visit Lima, in order that he might lay
+before General Prado, President of the Republic, a plan for making an
+exploration and survey of the Peruvian or Upper Amazon River and its
+tributaries. The President heartily approved of the enterprise, for
+the Government was at that very time considering the practicability of
+opening better communications between the west coast and the eastern
+part of the country, and of finding an outlet by the waters of the
+Amazon for the rich productions of the interior.
+
+Tucker resigned his commission as rear-admiral in the Navy of the
+Republic, and was immediately appointed President of the Peruvian
+Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. He left Lima with a full
+corps of assistants, and made his way across the mountains to the head
+of navigation on the Palcazu river, where the party was received on
+board a Government steamer that had been dispatched from Iquitos to
+meet them. The headquarters of the Commission was established at
+Iquitos, the principal settlement on the Upper Amazon river, and the
+place where the Government factories and magazines were located.
+
+In the small steamer _Naps_, belonging to the Government, Tucker made
+an exploring expedition of two hundred and fifty miles up Yavari, the
+river which forms the boundary between Peru and Brazil.
+
+None of the Peruvian steamers on the Amazon being suitable for
+exploring and surveying purposes, the Government at Lima ordered
+Tucker to proceed to the United States and procure such a vessel as
+was required for the duty pertaining to his Commission. In obedience
+to this order Tucker spent some months in the United States, and had a
+steamer built by Messrs. Pusey, Jones & Co., of Wilmington, Delaware,
+expressly adapted to the navigation of the shoals and rapids of the
+Upper Amazon. This vessel, named the _Tambo_, was delivered to Tucker
+at Para, the Brazilian city at the mouth of the Lower Amazon.
+Embarking on board the _Tambo_, Tucker took the steamer up the river
+to Iquitos, where supplies were taken on board sufficient to last for
+several months. He then proceeded to make an important expedition up
+the Upper Amazon, the Ucayali and the Tambo rivers. The Tambo river
+had never been explored, and it was thought that it presented a
+feasible route for navigation to San Ramon, a military station in the
+heart of the interior, only about thirty miles distant from the large
+and important city of Tarmo, which is connected by railway with Lima.
+
+Leaving Iquitos, the _Tambo_, with the Commission on board, passed up
+the Amazon to the mouth of the Ucayali river, up the Ucayali past the
+rapids of the "Devil's Leap," and entered the Tambo river. The Tambo
+was found to be a narrow stream, full of rocks and rapids and not
+practicable for navigation by steamers. When the steamer _Tambo_ could
+ascend no higher, Tucker fitted out a small boat and pulled some
+twenty miles farther up the river, but everywhere found such
+obstructions as rendered it an impracticable route to the interior. It
+is, perhaps, to be regretted that time did not allow of an examination
+of the other affluents of the Usayali trending towards San Ramon and
+Tarmo.
+
+On his return to Iquitos, Tucker was again dispatched to the United
+States to procure another and smaller exploring steamer. During his
+absence Captain James Henry Rochelle was directed by the Government at
+Lima to take charge of the Hydrographical Commission as its acting
+president.
+
+After an absence of some months, Tucker returned to Iquitos with the
+new steamer, which was named the _Mayro_, and was little more than a
+large steam launch, intended for use where a vessel of greater draught
+of water could not be employed.
+
+The next expedition decided upon was for the exploration of the water
+route towards Huanaco, by way of the entirely unknown river Pichis.
+Most of the tributaries of the Ucayali had been traveled more or less
+by the Jesuit priests from the College of Ocopa, but none of them had
+attempted the route of the Pichis, the banks of which were in
+possession of roving tribes of Indians, who permitted no stranger to
+pass through their country. It was thought possible, and even
+probable, from the stories told by the natives, that the head of the
+Pichis river would be found well suited for being the eastern terminus
+of the trans-Andean railway.
+
+In February, 1873, the _Mayro_, with a detachment of the Commission on
+board, was dispatched from Iquitos, with orders to await at the mouth
+of the Pachitea river the coming of the _Tambo_. Tucker embarked on
+board the _Tambo_ on the 1st of April with the main body of the
+Commission, and arrived at the confluence of the Pachitea and Ucayali,
+seven hundred and sixty-five miles from Iquitos, on the 13th of May.
+The river had commenced to fall, which rendered it prudent not to
+ascend the Pachitea in steamers, for had one of them got aground
+whilst the water was falling, it would probably have remained in that
+situation until the next annual rise of the river.
+
+The water of the Amazon, and the same may be said of all its
+tributaries, begins to rise about October, and continues to increase
+its flood until December. In December there is a short period of no
+rise, or perhaps even a slight fall, after which the river again
+continues to rise until May, when the permanent fall commences and
+continues until the following October, when the annual flood again
+sets in. Sand bars are constantly forming and shifting in the channel
+of the river, and for a steamer to run on one of them whilst the water
+is falling endangers the detention of the vessel until she is floated
+off by the annual rise in October.
+
+The annual fall of the river having set in when the _Tambo_ reached
+the mouth of the Pachitea, Tucker determined to continue the
+expedition in canoes. Six of the largest and best canoes that could be
+procured from the Indians were fitted out, and the whole Commission
+embarked in them, accompanied by its escort of a dozen Peruvian
+soldiers under the command of Major Ramon Herrera.
+
+From the 19th to the 30th of May the Commission prosecuted its survey
+of the Pachitea without interruption, but on the 30th, at a place
+called Cherrecles Chingana, fifteen or twenty Cashibo Indians came
+down to the left or north bank of the river, and by signs and gestures
+signified a desire for friendly communication. The canoes were paddled
+in to them, and some few presents of such articles as could be spared
+were distributed among them, and, apparently, received most
+thankfully. But the Cashibos did not let the occasion pass without
+showing the treachery for which they are notorious. When the interview
+was ended, seemingly in the most amicable manner, and as the canoes of
+the Commission were paddling off, a flight of arrows was discharged at
+them by a party of Cashibos who had been lying in ambush during the
+interview. A few volleys from the Remington rifles, with which all
+the members of the Commission were armed, soon dispersed the savages
+and drove them to the jungle.
+
+Of all the savage tribes that roam about the head waters of the
+Ucayali, the Cashibos alone are cannibals. They are brave, cunning and
+treacherous, and are only surpassed by the Campas in their hatred of
+the white man. The Campas inhabit the spurs and hills at the foot of
+the eastern Cordilleras, where the Ucayali and Pichis rivers have
+their origin. They are a fierce, proud and numerous tribe, and are
+held in great fear by their lowland neighbors. They permit no
+strangers, especially no whites, to enter their country, and the
+members of the expedition under Tucker were the first white men who
+ever ascended the Pichis into the regions of this warlike tribe.
+
+The canoes of the expedition entered the mouth of the Pichis on the
+6th of June. Being an unknown river, it became necessary to give names
+to the prominent points as they were discovered; and these names were
+used subsequently in making the charts of the surveys of the
+Commission.
+
+The navigation of the Pichis was found to be clear and unobstructed
+from its mouth for a distance of fifteen miles up to Rochelle Island,
+which is in latitude 9° 57' 11" south, longitude 75° 2' 0" west of
+Greenwich, and three thousand one hundred miles from the Atlantic
+coast, following the course of the Amazon river. Rochelle Island was
+reached on the 7th of June, and was named after Captain James Henry
+Rochelle, the senior member of the Commission. Any steamer which can
+navigate the Pachitea can ascend the Pichis this far without
+difficulty, but above Rochelle Island the navigation becomes more
+difficult, and probably impracticable for any but steamers of very
+light draught and strong steam power.
+
+On the 15th of June the expedition arrived at the head of canoe
+navigation on the Pichis. The point was named Port Tucker, after the
+president of the Commission. Port Tucker is in latitude 10° 22' 55"
+south, longitude 74° 49' 0" west of Greenwich, distant three thousand
+one hundred and sixty-seven miles from the mouth of the Amazon,
+following the course of the river, and one hundred and ninety miles in
+a direct line from the Pacific coast. The lofty mountains so plainly
+in sight from Port Tucker are the eastern spurs of the Andes, the
+chosen land of the savage and numerous Campas Indians.
+
+Several days before the expedition reached the shoals which terminate
+the navigation of the Pichis, the tom-toms or drums of the Campas were
+heard night and day beating the assembly of the warriors. The purpose
+for which the braves were to be assembled was not a matter about which
+there was the least doubt, but probably sufficient numbers were not
+got together in time to execute their intentions, for no attack was
+made on the Commission whilst it was in the Campas country.
+
+During this expedition the Palcazu river was also ascended to Port
+Prado, or Puerto del Mairo, the head of navigation for steamers of
+light draught. Port Prado is in latitude 9° 55' 22" south, longitude
+75° 17' 45" west of Greenwich, distant three thousand one hundred and
+nineteen miles from the mouth of the Amazon, following the river, and
+only about forty miles from the important interior city of Huanaco, to
+which place it is in contemplation to extend the trans-Andean railway.
+If the road were continued from Huanaco to Port Prado there would be a
+complete trans-continental line of communication by railway and
+steamboats from Lima in Peru to the mouth of the Amazon.
+
+Two new rivers were discovered by the Commission flowing into the
+Pichis. One of them was named the Trinidad, from having been
+discovered on Trinity Sunday, and the other was called Herrera-yacu,
+after Major Ramon Herrera, of the Peruvian Army, who commanded the
+escort of the Commission. The supplies of the expedition were running
+too short to allow of any but a cursory examination of these two
+rivers. The Trinidad, trending to the westward, can only be of value
+as affording a water route to the plains lying between the Pichis and
+the Ucayali, but it is possible that the Herrera-yacu may furnish a
+nearer water route to Cerro de Pasco than any yet known.
+
+Whilst the canoes of the Commission were descending the Pachitea, they
+were attacked by the Cashibos, who assembled on the banks of the
+river, and, waiting until the leading canoes had passed, let fly
+flights of arrows at the canoe which brought up the rear. The Cashibos
+were dispersed by a few rounds from the Remington rifles of the
+Commission, and the explorers met with no further forcible opposition
+on the way to the steamers awaiting them at the mouth of the Pachitea,
+where they arrived after a canoe voyage of forty-one days, during
+which many difficulties and some dangers were encountered and
+overcome. Not a single person under Tucker's command was killed, or
+died from sickness, during this expedition, and, singular to relate,
+after all the hardships and exposure endured the explorers were in
+much better health when they returned to their steamers than when they
+left them at the beginning of the expedition.
+
+On the 15th of July, 1873, the steamers _Tambo_ and _Mayro_,
+comprising the exploring squadron, reached Iquitos after an absence of
+three months and ten days. From the 15th of July to the 18th of
+September the Hydrographical Commission was on shore at Iquitos,
+employed making charts of the surveys of the late expedition, whilst
+the steamers were being refitted for further service.
+
+On the 18th of September the Commission again embarked and proceeded
+to the mouth of the Yavari river, which forms the boundary between
+Peru and Brazil. The greatest pains were taken to properly establish
+this point. On a small island in the middle of the river, and very
+near its confluence with the Amazon, many astronomical observations
+were taken, resulting in giving the latitude 4° 18' 45" south,
+longitude 69° 53' 10" west of Greenwich, the distance from the
+Atlantic coast by the courses of the Amazon being one thousand eight
+hundred and eleven miles. From the Brazilian frontier the main stream
+of the Amazon was surveyed and its tributaries examined by the
+Commission up to Borja, where the river rushes from a narrow gorge of
+the mountains and leaps into the lowlands. Borja is in latitude 4° 31'
+37" south, longitude 77° 29' 43" west of Greenwich. From the Atlantic
+coast to Borja, a distance of two thousand six hundred and sixty
+miles, the Amazon is navigable, without serious obstruction or
+difficulty, for either river or sea-going steamers of several hundred
+tons burthen.
+
+It would take many long years to make a thorough survey of the waters
+of the Amazon, which is, in fact, more of an inland sea than a river,
+with hundreds of branches forming a network of communicating channels
+extending for sixty or seventy miles on each side of the main stream.
+At the height of the annual floods the whole country, with the
+exception of the highest land, on which the towns are invariably
+built, is covered with water, forming a vast swamp and jungle,
+traversed in every direction by navigable channels, which at the
+season of low waters become rivers or natural canals.
+
+The principal object for which the Commission presided over by Tucker
+had been instituted was accomplished when the main channels of the
+river and of its affluents was traced from the Peruvian and Brazilian
+frontiers to the head of navigation of the main river and of its
+tributaries, so as to show the nearest approach by water
+communication to the eastern terminus of the trans-Andean railway.
+This duty having been executed, Tucker was ordered to proceed to Lima
+for conference with the Government as to the results of the
+explorations and surveys he had made.
+
+After consultation with Tucker, Señor Pardo, the President of the
+Republic, directed that charts of the surveys made by the
+Hydrographical Commission should be published in New York, and that
+Tucker and two members of the Commission should be detailed to prepare
+the work for the press and superintend the engraving of the plates.
+The other members of the Commission returned to their homes, having
+completed the duty for which they were engaged.
+
+There were some changes from time to time in the Peruvian
+Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon, but the following list of its
+members may be taken as correct:
+
+President--John Randolph Tucker. Members--James Henry Rochelle, David
+Porter McCorkle, Walter Raleigh Butt. Secretaries--Timotéo Smith,
+Maurice Mesnier. Surgeon--Francis Land Galt. Civil Engineers--Manuel
+Charron, Manuel Rosas, Thomas Wing Sparrow, Nelson Berkeley Noland.
+Steam Engineers--John W. Durfey, David W. Bains.
+
+On arriving in the United States, Tucker established an office in New
+York, and, assisted by Captain Rochelle and Mr. Sparrow, soon had the
+charts and plans, with explanatory notes, ready for the hands of the
+printers and engravers; but in consequence of the financial
+difficulties into which Peru had fallen, the publication was delayed
+from time to time and finally abandoned altogether, as is shown by the
+following letter from Señor Pardo, President of the Republic:
+
+
+                                       LIMA, Marzo 13, 1877.
+    "_Sr. J.R. Tucker._
+          "_39 Broadway, New York City._
+
+    "_Estimado amigo_:--He recibido su apreciable carta de 10 del
+    pasado, que me es grato contestar manifestándole que las
+    graves dificultades ecónomicas porgue hoi atravissa la
+    República, oblejan el Gobierno á dar por terminada la comiseon
+    de que fué ud encargado para la publicacion de los Mapas y
+    Cartas topográficas de las regiones Amazonicas.
+
+    "En esta virtud, se sirvirá ud. entregar al señor Freyre,
+    Ministro del Perú en Washington, las reforidas Cartos, Mapas,
+    y todas las demas útiles pertenecientes al Gobierno del Perú,
+    que hoi existen en poder de la Comision que ud. preside; todo
+    bajo de inuentario y con las formalidades necesarias.
+
+    "En cuanto al pagar de sus suldos y los de los Senñores que
+    forman parte de esa Comision, he ordinado al Ministro de
+    Hacienda disponga lo conveniente para su pronto abono, y juzgo
+    que asi-luego les servan completamente satisfechos.
+
+    "Deseandole a ud. la mejor conservacion, me as grato
+    reiterarle las expresiones de mi amistad y particular estima."
+
+                         "Su afrino S.S.
+                                                    "PARDO."
+
+[TRANSLATION.]
+
+
+                                      "LIMA, March 13, 1877.
+    "_J.R. Tucker, Esq._
+          "_39 Broadway, New York City._
+
+    "_Esteemed Friend_:--I have received and answer with pleasure
+    your appreciated letter of the 10th ultimo, apprising you that
+    the grave economical difficulties which at present afflict the
+    Republic, obliges the Government to order the termination of
+    the commission with which you are charged for the publication
+    of the maps and charts of the Amazonian regions.
+
+    "For this reason, you will be pleased to deliver to Mr.
+    Freyre, Minister of Peru in Washington, the referred to
+    charts, maps and all other articles belonging to the
+    Government of Peru, which now remain in charge of the
+    Commission over which you preside; all to be delivered under
+    inventories and with the necessary forms.
+
+    "In regard to the payment of the salaries of yourself and the
+    other gentlemen who form part of the Commission, I have
+    ordered the Minister of the Treasury to take measures for the
+    prompt disbursement of what may be due, and I judge that in a
+    short times these claims will be completely satisfied.
+
+    "With my best wishes, it gives me pleasure to repeat the
+    expression of my friendship and particular esteem.
+
+               "Truly your faithful Servt.,
+                                                    "PARDO."
+
+In compliance with the directions of President Pardo, the charts made
+by the Commission were delivered to the Peruvian Legation at
+Washington. These charts were all ready for publication, and had they
+been published would have afforded much valuable information in regard
+to the Upper Amazon and its tributaries, water courses which are daily
+becoming more and more important to commerce, and which are destined
+in the not distant future to be navigated by lines of ocean as well as
+by lines of river steamers.
+
+The following letter from Colonel Manuel Freyre, Peruvian Minister at
+Washington, describes the charts and plans which Tucker delivered to
+the Legation, and which it is to be hoped are still preserved:
+
+
+                                   "_Legacion del Peru._
+                              "WASHINGTON, Marzo 22 de 1877.
+    "_Senor Don Juan R. Tucker, Ex-Presidente de la
+          Comision Hidrografica del Amazonas._
+
+    "La caja que dijó le. depositada en poder del Cónsul Tracy, ha
+    sido recibida en esta Legacion, y contiene los siguientes
+    planos; à saber:
+
+    "1st. Un plano del Rio Amazonas Peruano, desde lo boca del rio
+    Yavari hasta Borja, termino de la navegacion á vapor, dibujado
+    sobre diez pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por cada das
+    millas. Los rios Ytaya y Pastaza están incluidos en esta
+    Plano, que cuenta 848 millas del rio Peruano Amazonas, 45
+    millas del rio Ytaya, y 7 millas del rio Pastaza."
+
+    "2d. Un plano del rio Yavari desde su boca hasta la
+    confluencia de los rios Yacarana y Yavarasina, dibujado,
+    sobre das pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por cada dos
+    millas. Este plano cuenta 220 millas del rio Yavari.
+
+    "3d. Un plano del rio Nanay desde su boca hasta el término de
+    la navegacion para vapores de poco calado debujado sobre dos
+    pliegos. Este plano contiene 160 millas del rio Nanay.
+
+    "4th. Un plano del rio Tigre-Yacu desde su boca hasta un punto
+    111 millas aniba de la boca, dibujado sobre dos pliegos y en
+    una escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas."
+
+    "5th. Un plano del rio Huallaga desde la boca hasta
+    Rumi-Callirina, el têrmino de la navegacion para vapores,
+    dibujado sobre dos pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por
+    cada dos millas. Este plano cuenta 169 millas del rio
+    Huallaga.
+
+    "6th. Un plano del rio Morona desde su boca hasta un punto 37
+    millas arriba de dicha boca, dibujado sobre un pliego y en una
+    escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas."
+
+    "7th. Un plano del rio Potro desde la boca hasta el término de
+    la navegacion para vapores de poco calada, dibujada sobre un
+    pliego y en una escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas.
+    Este plano contiene 64 millas del rio Potro.
+
+    "8th. Un plano del rio Ucayali desde la boca hasta la
+    confluencia de los rios Urubamba y Tambo, dibujado sobre nueve
+    pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por cada das millas.
+    Los rios Urubamba y Tambo, desde sus bocas hasta el mas alto
+    punto donde espracticable la navegacion á vapor, están
+    incluidos en este plano, que contiene 885 millas del rio
+    Ucayali, 24 millas del rio Urubamba, y 53 millas del rio
+    Tambo."
+
+    "9th. Un plano del rio Pachitea desde su boca hasta la
+    confluencia de los rios Palcazu y Pichis, dibujado sobre dos
+    pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas.
+    Este plano contiene 191 millas del rio Pachitea."
+
+    "10th. Un plano del rio Palcazu desde la boca hasta el puerto
+    del Mairo, dibujado sobre un pliego y en una escala de una
+    pulgada por cada dos millas. Estate plano contiene 37 millas
+    del rio Palcazu.
+
+    "11th. Un plano del rio Pichis desde la boca hasta el término
+    de navegacion en canoas, dibujado sobre un pliego y en una
+    escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas. Una parte del rio
+    Herrera-yacu y otro parte del rio Trinidad se hallan en este
+    plano, que contiene 85 millas del rio Pichis, 4 millas del rio
+    Trinidad, y 5 millas del rio Herrera-yacu.
+
+    "12th. Un plano del rio Amazonas Peruano y sus afluentes,
+    dibujados sobre un pliego y en una escala de una pulgada por
+    cada quince millas. Este plana contiene 1661 millas del rio
+    Amazonas Peruano y sus afluentes.
+
+    "13th. Todas las mencionadas planos están dibujados sobre
+    treinta y cinco pliegos, siendo cada pliego treinta pulgados
+    de largo por quince pulgada de ancho.
+
+    "14th. Un plano del rio Amazonas Peruano y sus afluentes,
+    dibujado sabre un pliego y en una escala de una pulgada por
+    cada diez millas, siendo el pliego cines piés de largo por
+    cinco piés de ancho. Este plano contiene en un solo pliego
+    todos los reconocimientos verificados por la Comision
+    Hidrografica del Amazonas, que son por todo 2945 millas.
+
+    "Loo demas planos dán los mismos reconocimientos mas
+    detalladamenente.
+
+    "15th. Un plano del pueblo de Yquitos, dibujado sobre un
+    pliego.
+
+               "Dios que á le.
+                                             "MANL. FREYRE."
+
+[TRANSLATION.]
+
+
+                                    "_Legation of Peru._
+                               "WASHINGTON, March 22d, 1877.
+    "_John R. Tucker, Esq., Ex-President of the Hydrographical
+        Commission of the Amazon._
+
+    "The box deposited by you with Consul Tracy has been received
+    at this Legation, and contains the following charts, to wit:
+
+    "1st. A chart of the Peruvian Amazon river, from the mouth of
+    the River Yavari to Borja, the termination of steam
+    navigation, drawn upon ten sheets, and on a scale of one inch
+    to each two miles. The Rivers Itaya and Pastaza are included
+    in this chart, which contains 848 miles of the Peruvian Amazon
+    river, 45 miles of the Itaya river, and 7 miles of the Pastaza
+    river.
+
+    "2d. A chart of the Yavari river from its mouth to the
+    confluence of the Rivers Yacarana and Yavarasino, drawn upon
+    two sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two miles. This
+    chart comprises 220 miles of the Yavari river.
+
+    "3d. A chart of the River Nanay from its mouth to the
+    termination of navigation for steamers of light draught,
+    drawn upon two sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two
+    miles. This chart contains 160 miles of the River Nanay.
+
+    "4th. A chart of the River Tigre-yacu, from its mouth to a
+    point 111 miles above its mouth, drawn upon two sheets and on
+    a scale of one inch for each two miles.
+
+    "5th. A chart of the River Huallaga, from its mouth to
+    Rumi-Callirina, the termination of steamer navigation, drawn
+    upon two sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two miles.
+    This chart comprises 169 miles of the Huallaga river.
+
+    "6th. A chart of the River Morona, from its mouth to a point
+    37 miles above its mouth, drawn upon one sheet and on a scale
+    of one inch for each two miles.
+
+    "7th. A chart of the River Patro, from its mouth to the
+    termination of navigation for steamers of small draught, drawn
+    upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch for each two miles.
+    This chart contains 64 miles of the Patro river.
+
+    "8th. A chart of the River Ucayali, from its mouth to the
+    confluence of the Rivers Urubamba and Tambo, drawn upon nine
+    sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two miles. The
+    Rivers Urubamba and Tambo, from their mouths to the highest
+    point to which steamer navigation is practicable, are included
+    in this chart, which contains 885 miles of the River Ucayali,
+    24 miles of the River Urubamba, and 53 miles of the River
+    Tambo.
+
+    "9th. A chart of the River Pachitea, from its mouth to the
+    confluence of the Rivers Palcazu and Pichis, drawn upon two
+    sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two miles. This
+    chart contains 191 miles of the River Pachitea.
+
+    "10th. A chart of the River Palcazu, from its mouth to Port
+    Mairo, drawn upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch each
+    for two miles. This chart contains 37 miles of the River
+    Palcazu.
+
+    "11th. A chart of the Pechis river, from its mouth to the
+    termination of canoe navigation, drawn upon one sheet and on a
+    scale of one inch for each two miles. A part of the River
+    Herrera-yacu, and also a part of the River Trinidad, are
+    included in this chart, which contains 85 miles of the River
+    Pichis, 4 miles of the River Trinidad, and 5 miles of the
+    River Herrera-yacu.
+
+    "12th. A chart of the Peruvian Amazon river and its affluents,
+    drawn upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch for each 15
+    miles. This chart contains 1661 miles of the Peruvian Amazon
+    river and its affluents.
+
+    "13th. A chart of the River Ucayali and its affluents, drawn
+    upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch for each 15 miles.
+    This chart contains 1284 miles of the River Ucayali and its
+    affluents.
+
+    "All the above mentioned charts are drawn upon 35 sheets, each
+    sheet being 30 inches long and 15 inches broad.
+
+    "14th. A chart of the Peruvian Amazon river and its affluents,
+    drawn upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch for each ten
+    miles, the sheet being 5 feet long by 5 feet broad. This chart
+    contains, on one single sheet, all the surveys made by the
+    Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. The other charts give
+    the same surveys more in detail.
+
+    "15th. A plan of the town of Iquitos, drawn upon one sheet.
+
+               "May God guard you.
+                                             "MANL. FREYRE."
+
+Tucker was in the sixty-seventh year of his age when he retired to his
+home in the City of Petersburg, Virginia, where he had purchased a
+comfortable house with a lawn and garden attached. Here he passed the
+evening of an active life in the enjoyment of a private fortune,
+which, though not large, was sufficient to supply all his moderate
+wants and simple tastes. Relatives and friends frequently visited him;
+he read much, and books, especially the older English classics, were a
+source of much pleasure to him; the improvement of his lawn and garden
+was a pursuit which afforded him unfailing interest and occupation.
+
+On the 12th of June, 1883, he was apparently in his usual good health.
+In the course of the morning a friend called on him, and they
+conversed together for some time, seated in the shade of a tree on the
+lawn. His friend having taken his departure, Tucker reseated himself
+for a few minutes in his chair, suddenly arose, straightened up his
+tall form to its full height, and fell forward--dead. Physicians were
+immediately summoned, but all the efforts to revive him were
+ineffectual. He had died from disease of the heart; passing away from
+this world without a struggle or a sigh, and going where souls as pure
+as his have nothing to fear.
+
+His remains were taken to Norfolk, Virginia, where they were received
+by old friends and comrades, who knew and loved him well, and
+interred by the side of his wife's grave, in a beautiful private
+cemetery near the city.
+
+Admiral Tucker possessed many of the qualities of a great commander.
+His judgment was excellent, and it was very rarely the case that he
+was mistaken as to what it was possible for the force at his disposal
+to accomplish. He always commanded the respect and confidence, as well
+as the good will, of his men. A strict disciplinarian, the prompt and
+unhesitating obedience to orders he exacted was cheerfully rendered by
+his subordinates. His plans were coolly and deliberately formed, and,
+having been once determined upon, were carried out with energy and
+resolution. In the ordinary intercourse of private life he was so
+gentle, generous and genial that his friends and associates felt for
+him a regard approaching affection. In youth he was an eminently
+handsome man and in maturer years his presence was imposing. Sailors
+and Indians are fond of giving personally descriptive names to those
+with whom they are thrown in contact; when Tucker was a lieutenant he
+was called "Handsome Jack" by the men-before-the-mast, and the
+warriors of the savage tribes that wander about the head waters of the
+Amazon knew him as the "Apo," the meaning of the word being "High
+Chief."
+
+In concluding this sketch of the eventful life of John Randolph
+Tucker, it is but doing justice to his memory to say that the
+sea-service never produced a more thorough and accomplished sailor,
+and that there never was bred to the profession of arms a more
+honorable and gallant gentleman.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+   [Illustration: JAMES HENRY ROCHELLE]
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+ON THE
+
+Navigation of the Upper Amazon
+
+AND ITS
+
+PRINCIPAL TRIBUTARIES
+
+BY
+
+CAPTAIN JAMES HENRY ROCHELLE
+
+Member of the late Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of
+the Amazon.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+THE AMAZON.
+
+
+Springing from Lake Laracocha, in the heart of the Andes, the Amazon
+winds its way through the eastern Cordillera of Peru, a rapid and
+turbulent stream, until, passing through a narrow gorge in the
+mountains at the pongo de Manseriche, it leaps into the lowlands and
+flows for two thousand six hundred and sixty miles in a direction
+nearly east through the vast plains of Peru and Brazil, fed on its way
+by tributaries which are themselves great rivers, and finally pouring
+its immense volume of water into the Atlantic ocean. From the Atlantic
+up to the Peruvian frontier the river is known as the Lower or
+Brazilian Amazon, and sometimes as the Solimoens; above the Brazilian
+frontier the river lies wholly in Peruvian territory and takes the
+name of the Peruvian Amazon or Marañon, but is commonly spoken of as
+the Upper Amazon. It is of the navigation of the Upper Amazon that
+these notes will treat.
+
+
+RISE AND FALL OF THE RIVER.
+
+The waters of the Upper Amazon and its tributaries begins to rise
+annually in October, remains stationary for a short time in December,
+then continues to rise until May, when it commences to fall. November,
+December, January, February, March and April are considered the
+months of high water, and June, July, August and September comprise
+the low-water season. October and May are sometimes months of high and
+sometimes of low water.
+
+
+DEPTH OF WATER.
+
+During the season of low water a minimum depth of twenty-four feet is
+found in the channel of the Upper Amazon, from the Brazilian frontier
+to the mouth of the Ucayali river at Nanta, eighteen feet from the
+mouth of the Ucayali to the mouth of the Huallaga river, and twelve
+feet from the mouth of the Huallaga to Borja, where further navigation
+is rendered impracticable by the rapids and falls of the pongo de
+Manseriche.
+
+
+CURRENT.
+
+From the Brazilian frontier to the mouth of the Ucayali river the
+current of the Amazon is three miles per hour; from the mouth of the
+Ucayali to the mouth of the Potro river three and one-fourth miles per
+hour; from the mouth of the Potro to the mouth of the Morona river
+three and a-half miles per hour; and from the mouth of the Morona to
+Borja, at the head of steamer navigation, the current is three and
+three-fourths miles per hour. This is the usual and average current to
+be met with, but it increases or diminishes with the rise and fall of
+the river and, also, with the narrowing or broadening of the channel.
+
+
+PILOTS.
+
+In order to prevent running upon sand-bars, which are constantly
+forming and shifting and frequently changing the bed of the channel,
+the services of experienced pilots are indispensable to the safe
+navigation of the Upper Amazon and its tributaries. It is not
+difficult to obtain such pilots, and they are frequently expert
+hunters and fishermen as well as pilots.
+
+
+BEST TIME FOR NAVIGATING THE RIVER.
+
+When a steamer on the Upper Amazon runs aground, it is almost always
+in consequence either of the ignorance of the pilot or of the
+unskillful handling of the vessel. To get aground when the water is
+falling endangers the detention of the vessel until she is floated off
+by the next rise of the river, which may not occur for months; getting
+aground when the water is rising usually necessitates a delay of only
+a few hours, as the rising water soon floats the vessel off. Hence it
+is, of course, that the navigation of the Amazon is attended with much
+less difficulty when the waters of the river are rising than when they
+are falling.
+
+
+FUEL.
+
+Coal is not to be found on the Upper Amazon; the steamers burn wood,
+which is abundant, cheap and makes good fuel. Wood should be ordered
+in advance at certain points, but in case a steamer gives out of fuel
+all that has to be done is to haul in to the bank, send the crew on
+shore with axes, and cut as much wood as is required.
+
+
+DISCHARGING AND RECEIVING CARGO.
+
+In the absence of wharves on the Upper Amazon and its tributaries,
+vessels lay alongside of the banks whilst discharging or receiving
+cargo. The banks at the usual stopping places afford good landings;
+wharves are not needed and it would be difficult to construct them so
+that they could be used at all stages of the water.
+
+
+IMPORTS.
+
+It may be well to say a word about the trade of the Upper Amazon.
+There are no import or export duties for this part of Peru, nor are
+any duties paid on goods passing up the Brazilian Amazon to Peru.
+Coarse cotton cloth is worn by nine-tenths of the inhabitants who are
+civilized enough to wear clothes at all. The demand for this cloth is
+large and will grow from year to year, and of all coarse cotton cloth
+in the market the American is preferred. The plantain is the native
+substitute for bread, but wheat flour is used by the mercantile and
+official classes; there is a steady demand for Baltimore and Richmond
+flour, which brands are supposed, probably with reason, to stand the
+climate better than flour manufactured elsewhere. Bacon hams sell for
+one dollar per pound, but the demand for them is small and the article
+is soon spoiled by the climate. Axes, hoes, spades and machettes are
+much in demand, and there is a limited demand for improved firearms;
+ready made clothing, and articles of household furniture for the
+houses of the richer persons of the community, are usually imported
+from Europe.
+
+
+EXPORTS.
+
+The exports of the region of the Upper Amazon are not as valuable as
+they are destined to become when the productions of the rich valleys
+of eastern Peru find an outlet to market by way of the river. Among
+the principal articles of export may be enumerated, hats, from
+Mayubamba (Panama hats); rum, made from the sugar cane (cachaça);
+dried fish (payshi); and Indian rubber (jebe). The Indian-rubber tree
+abounds in the forests of the Upper Amazon, and the gathering of the
+gum is a profitable industry. Specimens of gold have been obtained
+from the natives about the pongo de Manseriche, and rich deposits of
+the precious metal will without doubt be discovered at some future
+time, but no search even can be made for it until the fierce and cruel
+savages, who have undisputed possession of the country beyond Borja,
+shall have been subdued.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE YAVARI RIVER.
+
+Commencing at the Yavari river, which forms the boundary between Peru
+and Brazil on the south side of the Amazon river, and following the
+Upper Amazon and its principal tributaries up to the head of
+navigation, the first place to be noted is the mouth of the Yavari
+river:[2] Latitude 4° 18' 45" south; longitude, 69° 53' 10" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 5° 38' 54" east; thermometer
+(Fahrenheit), 76°; elevation above sea-level, 266 feet; distance from
+the Atlantic ocean, following the course of the river, 1811 miles;
+current, in the Amazon, 4-1/2 miles per hour; width of the Yavari
+river at its mouth, 500 yards; width of the Amazon, 1200 yards; depth
+of water in the channel of the Amazon, 36 feet. As the Yavari river
+marks the boundary between Peru and Brazil on the south side of the
+Amazon, special pains were taken to ascertain correctly the latitude
+and longitude of its mouth; the observations for the latitude and
+longitude were taken on a small islet, probably overflowed at high
+water, in the middle of the lower mouth of the river.
+
+It was said in Iquitos that, in 1874, Captain Guillermo Black,
+President of the Peruvian Boundary Commission, ascended the Yavari in
+a small steamer a distance of 500 miles from its mouth, and 300 miles
+farther in canoes to a point where there was barely two feet of water
+in the channel, at which point the latitude was determined to be 7° 1'
+22" south, and the longitude 74° 8' 25" west of Greenwich; elevation
+above the sea-level, 800 feet.
+
+
+TABATINGA (BRAZIL).
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 1825 miles; current, 4-1/2 miles per hour;
+depth of water, 36 feet; width of river, 800 yards.
+
+Tabatinga is the Brazilian frontier post on the north side of the
+Amazon. Captain Azevedo, of the Brazilian Navy, gives the latitude of
+this place as 4° 14' 30" south; longitude, 70° 2' 24" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 6° 35' 10" east.
+
+
+LETITIA.
+
+Latitude, 4° 10' 57" south; longitude, 69° 59' 21" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 5° 57' 40" east; elevation above sea-level, 274
+feet; distance from the Atlantic, 1828 miles.
+
+Letitia is the Peruvian frontier post on the north bank of the Amazon.
+A fort, intended to command the passage of the river, was projected
+but not erected at this point. It is probable that the passage of
+steamers up the Amazon cannot be stopped by forts and batteries at any
+point on the river below Tamshiyacu.
+
+
+LORETO.
+
+Latitude, 3° 54' 20" south; longitude, 70° 7' 45" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 5° 11' 24" east; thermometer, 78°; elevation above
+sea-level, 286 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 1865 miles; current,
+3 miles per hour; width of river, 1300 yards.
+
+Loreto is the most eastern Peruvian town of any importance on the
+Amazon. It is situated on the north or left bank of the river. Near
+it resides a tribe of Indians, partly civilized, called the Ticunas.
+
+
+CAMACHEROS.
+
+Situated on the right or south bank of the river; current 2-1/4 miles
+per hour; width of river, 1800 yards.
+
+
+MAUCALLACTA.
+
+Situated on the right or south bank of the river; width of river, 2500
+yards.
+
+
+PEBAS.
+
+One mile from the Amazon, on the left or north bank, and one mile up
+the River Ambiyacu. The current of the Amazon at Pebas is 2-1/2 miles
+per hour; distance from the Atlantic, 2009 miles.
+
+
+ORAM.
+
+On south or right bank of the river; current, 2-1/2 miles per hour;
+width of river, 1000 yards; depth of water, 36 feet.
+
+
+IQUITOS.
+
+Latitude, 3° 44' 15" south; longitude, 73° 7' 30" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 5° 55' east; thermometer, 78°; elevation above
+sea-level, 295 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2126 miles; current,
+3 miles per hour; depth of water, 36 feet.
+
+Iquitos is on the north bank of the Amazon, at a point where the river
+is divided by an island into two channels; from the town to the island
+the river is 1800 yards wide, and the channel on the other side of
+the island has about the same width. The Government buildings and
+works are situated at this place, and it is the largest and most
+important town on the Upper Amazon. It is a place of considerable
+trade, and in it are established several mercantile houses which
+import their goods directly from Europe and the United States by way
+of Para. The anchorage is good at all times, and vessels, whilst
+discharging or receiving cargo, can lay in security alongside the high
+bank that lines the whole front of the town. This is an advantage not
+to be underrated when it is remembered that there are no wharves on
+the Upper Amazon.
+
+
+TAMSHIYACU.
+
+Situated on a high bank on the south side of the river, distant 2146
+miles from the Atlantic; thermometer, 76°. At this place the river is
+narrow, has only one channel, and the current is strong. It is
+probably the only position on the Amazon, below the mouth of the
+Ucayali, where vessels could be prevented from passing, up or down, by
+heavy guns mounted in forts or batteries.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE UCAYALI RIVER.
+
+Latitude, 4° 28' 30" south; longitude, 73° 21' 30" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7° 2' east; thermometer, 80°; elevation above
+sea-level, 318 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2189 miles; current
+in the Amazon, 3 miles per hour; depth of water in the channel of the
+Amazon, 30 feet; width of the Amazon, 1300 yards. Unfortunately,
+immediately at the month of the Ucayali neither the banks of that
+river nor those of the Amazon afford a place suitable for the
+location of a town. Nauta, on the north bank of the Amazon, seven
+miles above the mouth of the Ucayali, is the nearest place at which it
+is practicable to build houses not liable to be swept away by the
+annual floods.
+
+
+NAUTA.
+
+Latitude, 4° 31' 30" south; longitude, 73° 27' west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7° 2' east; thermometer, 78°; elevation above
+sea-level, 320 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2195 miles; current
+3-1/4 miles per hour; depth of water, 30 feet; width of river, 1200
+yards. Situated on the north bank of the Amazon, near the confluence
+of that river and the Ucayali, Nauta is well located for grasping the
+trade of both rivers, and ought to become a place of importance. Of
+course, the six or seven miles that vessels have to ascend the Amazon
+to reach the place after leaving the Ucayali constitutes a drawback,
+especially in the case of vessels not propelled by steam; but no
+desirable place can be found below and near the mouth of the Ucayali
+where buildings could be erected and vessels could load and unload
+with facility at the season of high water. Below and adjoining Nauta
+the banks are high and present a better site for a town than the one
+on which it stands.
+
+
+SAN REGIS.
+
+Distant from the Atlantic 2230 miles; current, 3-1/3 miles per hour;
+average current between Nauta and San Regis, 3-1/4 miles per hour.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE TIGREYACU RIVER.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2245 miles; current, 3-1/2 miles per hour;
+average current between San Regis and the mouth of the Tigreyacu,
+3-1/4 miles per hour. The Tigreyacu can be navigated by steamers of
+considerable size for some distance; its waters are dark and clear,
+and those tributaries of the Amazon having dark and clear waters are
+usually unhealthy, whilst those having muddy and discolored waters
+have always been found to be healthy.
+
+
+SANTA CRUZ DE PARINARI.
+
+Latitude, 4° 36' 30" south; longitude 74° 6' 30" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7° 27' 20" east; thermometer, 78°; elevation above
+sea-level, 351 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2273 miles; current,
+3-1/4 miles per hour.
+
+
+PARANARI.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2293 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.
+
+
+VACA MARINA.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2334 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.
+
+
+ELVIRA.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2352 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.
+
+
+SAN PEDRO.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2393 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per
+hour.
+
+
+FONTEVERA.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2408 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE HUALLAGA RIVER.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2430 miles; current in Amazon, 3-1/4 miles
+per hour. One hundred and twenty-three miles up the Huallaga is the
+town of Yurimaguas, a centre of trade, to which steamers from Para
+frequently ascend.
+
+
+CEDRO ISLA.
+
+Distant from the Atlantic 2445 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE PASTAGA RIVER.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2514 miles; current in the Amazon, 3-1/4
+miles per hour. The Pastaga has a rapid current and is full of
+obstructions to navigation; it is with much difficulty that canoes
+even can be forced up the river for any distance. On its head waters
+the Indians wash a considerable quantity of gold from the sand of the
+bed of the channel.
+
+
+BARRANCA.
+
+Latitude, 4° 59' 53" south; longitude, 76° 38' 38" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7° 46' 26" east; thermometer, 78°; elevation above
+sea-level, 453 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2545 miles; current,
+3-1/4 miles per hour. Barranca is situated on a red clay bluff, about
+seventy feet high, on the north or left bank of the river, which is
+here narrow. Communication is kept up between Barranca and Moyabamba
+by way of the Aypena river to its head and thence by land. Barranca
+has been used as, but is not well adapted to be, a military post;
+gunboats could lay out of sight below, around a bend of the river, and
+shell it without being themselves exposed to its fire.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE POTRO RIVER.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2564 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.
+The Potro is navigable for small steamers a distance of sixty miles
+from its mouth, and is of importance as a link in the projected route
+from Chachapoyas to Limon on the Amazon.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE MORONA RIVER.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2576 miles; current, 3-1/2 miles per hour.
+Steamers ascend the Morona 300 miles, and at some stages of the water
+a greater distance.
+
+
+LIMON.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2588 miles; current, 3-3/4 miles per hour.
+Limon is the terminus of a projected route from Chachapoyas to the
+Amazon; it is a place of no importance whatever in any other respect.
+
+
+PUNTA ACHUAL.
+
+Latitude, 4° 15' 27" south; longitude 77° 1' 28" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 8° 18' 18" east; thermometer, 80°; elevation above
+sea-level, 509 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2612 miles; current,
+3-3/4 miles per hour. Two miles above Punta Achual, at the Vuelta
+Calentura, or Calentura passage, the first serious difficulty is
+encountered in navigating the Upper Amazon; the difficulty there
+encountered is a strong current combined with a whirlpool in the
+channel of the river, but, with full heads of steam on, steamers are
+able to pass the vuelta and proceed on to Borja. At Vuelta Calentura
+the course of the river is from N.N.W. to S.S.E.
+
+
+BORJA.
+
+Latitude, 4° 31' 37" south; longitude, 77° 29' 43" west of Greenwich;
+thermometer, 76°; elevation above sea-level, 516 feet; distance from
+the Atlantic, 2660 miles; current, 3-3/4 miles per hour. At Borja the
+navigation of the Upper Amazon ends; the river in its whole course
+from Laracocha to Borja, a distance of 500 miles, is a mountain
+torrent, impracticable for navigation even by canoes. The length of
+the Amazon, from its source at Laracocha to the Atlantic ocean, is
+3160 miles, but the distance from the Atlantic to the source of the
+Ucayali is still greater. It usually takes a steamer 69 steaming hours
+to ascend the river from Iquitos to Borja, and 35 steaming hours to
+descend from Borja to Iquitos.
+
+
+DISTANCES.
+
+In the following list of distances between places on the Amazon, from
+its mouth to its source in Lake Laracocha, the distances for the Lower
+Amazon are taken from the best Brazilian authorities that could be
+consulted; the distances for the Upper Amazon, from the Brazilian
+frontier to the head of steamer navigation at Borja, were measured by
+the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon; and the
+distance from Borja, the head of navigation, to the source of the
+river in Lake Laracocha, is given as estimated by the best Peruvian
+authorities.
+
+
+LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE AMAZON.
+
+                                                        Lower
+                                                       Amazon.
+                                                        Miles.
+Atlantic ocean to Para                                    75
+Para to Breves                                           146
+Breves to Garupa                                         123
+Garupa to Porto de Moz                                    48
+Porto de Moz to Prainha                                   96
+Prainha to Monte Alegre                                   44
+Monte Alegre to Santarem                                  60
+Santarem to Obidos                                        68
+Obidos to Villa Bella                                     95
+Villa Bella to Serpa                                     137
+Serpa to Manaos                                          110
+  From the Atlantic to Manaos, 1002 miles.
+Manaos to Cudajos                                        155
+Cudajos to Coary                                          84
+Coary to Tefé (Ega)                                      107
+Tefé (Ega) to Fonte Boa                                  133
+Fonte Boa to Tonantius                                   140
+Tonantius to San Paulo                                    95
+San Paulo, mouth of the Yavari river                      90
+  The mouth of the Yavari marks the boundary line
+    between Peru and Brazil on the south side of the
+    Amazon.
+Mouth of the Yavari to Tabatinga                          14
+  Brazilian frontier port on the north side of the
+    Amazon. From the Atlantic to Tabatinga,
+    1825 miles.
+Tabatinga to Letitia                                       3
+    Peruvian frontier post.
+
+                                                        Upper
+                                                       Amazon.
+                                                        Miles.
+Letitia to Loreto                                         37
+Loreto to Pebas                                          144
+Pebas to Iquitos                                         117
+Iquitos to Tamshiyacu                                     20
+Tamshiyacu to mouth of the Ucayali river                  43
+Mouth of the Ucayali river to Nauta                        6
+Nauta to San Regis                                        50
+San Regis to Santa Cruz de Parinari                       28
+Santa Cruz de Parinari to Parinari                        20
+Parinari to Vaca Marina                                   41
+Vaca Marina to Elvira                                     18
+Elvira to San Pedro                                       41
+San Pedro to Fontevera                                    15
+Fontevera to mouth of the Huallaga river                  22
+Mouth of the Huallaga river to Cedro Isla                 15
+Cedro Isla to mouth of the Pastaza river                  69
+Mouth of the Pastaza river to Barranca                    31
+Barranca to Mouth of the Potro river                      19
+Mouth of the Potro river to mouth of the Morona river     12
+Mouth of the Morona river to Limon                        12
+Limon to Punta Achual                                     24
+Punta Achual to Borja                                     48
+  From the Atlantic to Borja, the head of navigation,
+    2660 miles.
+Borja to Lake Laracocha                                  500
+    Source of the Amazon.
+    Length of the Amazon river from its source to its
+    mouth, 3160 miles.
+
+
+HUALLAGA RIVER.
+
+The Huallaga has its source in Lake Chiquicoba, flows by the important
+central city of Huanaco, and thence in a direction nearly north, for
+450 miles, until its confluence with the Amazon. The mouth of the
+Huallaga is 2430 miles distant from the Atlantic, and its current is
+about 3 miles per hour. Eighteen feet of water can usually be carried
+up to Yurimaguas, and steamers ascend 40 miles higher to a place
+called Rumicallarina; above Rumicallarina the river is navigable for a
+great distance by canoes. About 8 miles below Yurimaguas the river is
+divided by an island, on each side of which there are sand-bars that
+steamers drawing more than 11 feet of water are sometimes unable to
+pass during the months of June, July and August.
+
+
+LAGUNA.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2447 miles; current, 3 miles per hour.
+
+
+SANTA LUCIA.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2473 miles; current, 3 miles per hour.
+
+
+SANTA MARIA.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2528 miles; current, 3 miles per hour.
+
+
+YURIMAGUAS.
+
+Latitude, 5° 5' 55" south; longitude, 75° 59' 58" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7° 47' east; thermometer, 77°; elevation above
+sea-level, 440 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2554 miles; current,
+3-1/4 miles per hour.
+
+The advantage which Yurimaguas possesses over all the other river
+ports on the Upper Amazon is that of its being the point where
+travelers from Lima and articles of export from Moyubamba, a city of
+10,000 inhabitants, meet the steamers from Para. Canoes ascend the
+Huallaga from Yurimaguas to Chasuta in eight days and make the return
+trip in three; from Chasuta there is a mule road to Moyubamba,
+Chachapoyas and Cajamarca, and from the latter place a railway runs to
+Lima. This is the best route from the Amazon to the Pacific coast, and
+the only one which does not involve long marches on foot. Steamers
+drawing five or six feet of water could make regular trips to Chasuta
+at any season of the year, even at lowest water, and meeting larger
+steamers at Yurimaguas would establish better communication with the
+rich country of the interior. On the Huallaga, above Yurimaguas and a
+little back from the river, are to be found the best locations for
+colonies. Thirty miles above Yurimaguas, on the right bank of the
+river, is situated Shucushiyacu, a place well known as commanding a
+fine view of mountain and river scenery.
+
+
+CAINARACHI.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2592 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per
+hour.
+
+
+RUMICALLARINA.
+
+Latitude, 5° 58' 32" south; longitude, 75° 47' 32" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 8° 8' 10" east; thermometer, 77°; elevation above
+sea-level, 486 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2600 miles; current,
+3-1/2 miles per hour; depth of water, 36 feet; width of river, 200
+yards.
+
+Rumicallarina is at the head of navigation for steamers on the
+Huallaga. Any steamer which can ascend the river to Yurimaguas can
+continue on to Rumicallarina, beyond which place only five or six
+feet, at the season of low water, can be carried to Chasuta.
+
+
+LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE HUALLAGA.
+
+Atlantic ocean to mouth of the Huallaga, 2430 miles By the Amazon
+river.
+
+                                                      Huallaga
+                                                        River.
+                                                        Miles.
+Mouth of the Huallaga to Laguna                           17
+Laguna to Santa Lucia                                     26
+Santa Lucia to Santa Maria                                55
+Santa Maria to Yurimaguas                                 26
+Yurimaguas to Cainarachi                                  38
+Cainarachi to Rumicallarina                                8
+Rumicallarina to Chasuta                                  50
+Chasuta to Lake Chiquicoba                               300
+                                                         ---
+  Length of the Huallaga river                           520
+Distance from the source of the Huallaga to the
+  mouth of the Amazon                                   2950
+
+
+UCAYALI RIVER.
+
+The Ucayali river has its origin in the Andean region, about Lake
+Titicaca, and flows, under various names, in a direction nearly north
+until it mingles its waters with those of the Amazon, to which river
+it bears the same relation that the Missouri does to the Mississippi;
+that is to say, like the Missouri, its length and volume of water
+entitles it to be considered a continuation and not a tributary of the
+main river. During the season of low water 24 feet can be carried from
+Nauta, at the mouth of the river, to Sarayacu; 18 feet from Sarayacu
+to the mouth of the Pachitea river; and 12 feet from the mouth of the
+Pachitea to the confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba. The average
+current from the mouth of the river to Pucacura is 2 miles per hour,
+and from Pucacura to the confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba 3 miles
+per hour. The Tambo is probably navigable for steamers drawing eight
+or ten feet of water to the confluence of the Ene and Perene, and
+thence the Perene would afford communication, at least by canoes, to
+San Ramon, a Peruvian military post; from San Ramon to Tarma, and from
+Tarma to Lima, would, of course, be the continuation of the route to
+the Pacific slope. The first step towards the opening of this most
+desirable of all the routes between the Pacific coast and the Amazon
+would be the establishment of a battalion post at the confluence of
+the Ene and Perene, communicating at regular and stated intervals with
+San Ramon. The distance between the two posts would be about 60 miles
+of canoe navigation, and would soon become a traveled route forming
+the connecting link between eastern and western Peru.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE UCAYALI.
+
+Latitude, 4° 28' 30" south; longitude, 73° 21' 30" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7° 2' east; thermometer, 80°; elevation above
+sea-level, 318 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2180 miles; current,
+2 miles per hour; the width of the Ucayali at its mouth is half a
+mile.
+
+
+PUCACURA.
+
+Latitude, 6° 4' 45" south; longitude, 75° 1' west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7° 22' 10" east; thermometer, 79°; elevation above
+sea-level, 377 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2482 miles; current,
+3 miles per hour.
+
+
+SARAYOCU.
+
+Latitude, 6° 35' 15" south; longitude, 74° 58' 30" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7° 52' 8" east; thermometer, 79°; elevation above
+sea-level, 410 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2578 miles; current,
+3 miles per hour; depth of water, 20 feet.
+
+The town of Sarayacu is situated on a small creek, about three miles
+from the place on the river which is called the Puerto del Sarayacu.
+Between Pucacura and Sarayacu is Esquina, a small settlement built on
+high land, which extends along the river for a mile or more. This
+place (Esquina) and Pucacura are about the only places on the banks
+of the Ucayali, below Sarayacu, that are not overflowed at high water.
+The floods of the Ucayali, which regularly recur every year at certain
+seasons, render the banks of the river an undesirable, perhaps even an
+impracticable, location for an agricultural population. It is possible
+that a crop might be raised and gathered during the dry season, but
+the farms would have to be abandoned whenever the river rose to its
+maximum height. At Paca, about twelve miles above Sarayacu, the banks
+on both sides of the river are high; such places are much more
+frequently met with above than below Sarayacu, but still they are the
+exception to the general character of the country near the river,
+which continues to be low and subject to overflow until the highlands
+are reached near the confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba.
+
+
+PACAMASHI.
+
+Latitude, 7° 53' 15" south; longitude, 74° 40' 45" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7° 51' 38" east; thermometer, 77°; elevation above
+sea-level, 435 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2733 miles; current,
+3 miles per hour; width of the river, 600 yards.
+
+
+YARINACOCHA.
+
+Latitude, 8° 15' south; longitude, 74° 31' 30" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7° 38' 30" east; thermometer, 79°; elevation above
+sea-level, 447 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2800 miles; current,
+3 miles per hour; width of river, 1200 yards.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE PACHITEA RIVER.
+
+Latitude, 8° 43' 30" south; longitude, 74° 32' 30" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 8° 45' 40" east; thermometer, 75°; elevation above
+sea-level, 508 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2891 miles; current,
+3 miles per hour; width of the river, 600 yards.
+
+
+VUELTA DEL DIABLO.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 3091 miles. This strait is the first
+serious difficulty encountered in ascending the Ucayali; the current
+dashes with much violence against the trunks of large trees which
+lodge in, and almost block up, the passage.
+
+
+CONFLUENCE OF THE TAMBO AND URABAMBA RIVERS.
+
+Latitude, 10° 41' south; longitude, 73° 41' west of Greenwich;
+elevation above sea-level, 661 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3142
+miles; depth of water, 12 feet.
+
+
+ESPERANZA.
+
+Esperanza is situated on the Perene river about 11 miles above the
+junction of the Ene and Perene, which form the Tambo. The navigation
+for steamers drawing 10 feet of water terminates at the junction of
+the Perene and Ene. From thence to Fort San Ramon, a distance of sixty
+miles, canoes could navigate, but with some difficulty, owing to the
+swiftness of the current, which at San Ramon runs at the rate of 6
+miles per hour. Small stern-wheel, flat-bottomed steamers, such as are
+in use on the swift, narrow and shallow rivers west of the
+Mississippi, could probably be employed with success in establishing
+communication between Fort San Ramon and the Ucayali.
+
+
+LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE UCAYALI RIVER.
+
+                                                       Ucayali
+                                                        River.
+                                                        Miles.
+Atlantic ocean to mouth of the Ucayali                  2189
+  (Amazon River.)
+Mouth of the Ucayali to Pucacura                         293
+Pucacura to Sarayacu                                      96
+Sarayacu to Pacamashi                                    155
+Pacamashi to Yarinacocha                                  67
+Yarinacocha to mouth of the Pachitea river                91
+Mouth of the Pachitea to Vuelta del Diablo               200
+Vuelta del Diablo to confluence of the Tambo
+  and Urubamba                                            51
+Confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba to the
+  Ucayali, source of the Urubamba river, a
+  continuation of the Ucayali                            375
+Ucayali river, from its source to the Atlantic          3517
+Distance from the Atlantic to the head of
+  steamer navigation on the Ucayali                     3142
+
+
+PACHITEA RIVER.
+
+The banks of the Ucayali and Pachitea, at their confluence, are low,
+subject to overflow and unsuitable for settlement. About nine miles
+above its mouth we come to the first Indian village on the Pachitea, a
+male Conebo hamlet, with nothing to recommend it except that it is
+situated on ground a little higher than the flats which surround it.
+On the left bank of the Ucayali a few miles below the mouth of the
+Pachitea, there is a place called Hoje, which is not subject to
+overflow at high water, but in other respects it is not an eligible
+position for a town or post. The Pachitea is navigable at low water
+for steamers drawing nine feet of water to the confluence of the
+Palcazu and Pichis rivers.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE PACHITEA.
+
+Latitude, 8° 43' 30" south; longitude, 74° 32' 30" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 8° 45' 40" east; thermometer, 75°; elevation above
+sea-level, 508 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2891 miles; current,
+3 miles per hour; width of the Pachitea at its mouth, 400 yards.
+
+
+CUÑUYACU.
+
+Latitude, 9° 5' 52" south; longitude, 74° 48' 15" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 8° 59' 26" east; elevation above sea-level, 557
+feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2951 miles; current, 2-1/2 miles per
+hour; width of the river, 400 yards.
+
+Cuñuyacu means hot water, and is descriptive of the place, for there
+are here several thermal springs welling up from the sand beach. At
+Chunta Isla, between the mouth of the Pachitea and Cuñuyacu, the
+Cashibo Indians frequently attack from ambush strangers who are
+ascending the river.
+
+
+INCA ROCA.
+
+Latitude, 9° 9' 4" south; longitude, 74° 55' 45" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 8° 6' 26" east; distance from the Atlantic, 2963
+miles; current, 2-1/2 miles per hour.
+
+Inca Roca is a rocky beach overhung by sandstone cliffs sixty-five
+feet high; on the face of the cliffs are carved numerous figures,
+amongst them the figure of the sun and of the Llama are conspicuous,
+hence the place was named Inca Roca.
+
+
+CONFLUENCE OF THE PALCAZU AND PICHIS RIVERS.
+
+Latitude, 9° 54' 9" south; longitude, 74° 58' 45" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7° 34' 4" east; elevation above sea-level, 518
+feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3082 miles; current, 2-3/4 miles per
+hour.
+
+At the junction of the Palcazu and Pichis, the two rivers forming the
+Pachitea, there is high land suitable for a town or post.
+
+
+LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE PACHITEA RIVER.
+
+                                                        Miles.
+Mouth of the Pachitea to Cuñuyacu                         60
+Cuñuyacu to Inca Roca                                     12
+Inca Roca to confluence of the Pichis and Palacazu       119
+From the confluence of the Pichis and Palacazu,
+  forming the Pachitea river, to the Atlantic           3082
+
+
+PALACAZU RIVER.
+
+The Palacazu is a somewhat narrow stream, with a current of 3-1/4
+miles per hour and a depth which at low water will permit a steamer
+drawing seven feet of water to ascend to Puerto del Mairo.
+
+
+PUERTO DEL MAIRO.
+
+Latitude, 9° 55' 22" south; longitude, 75° 17' 45" west of Greenwich;
+thermometer, 75°; elevation above sea-level, 795 feet; distance from
+the Atlantic, 3119 miles; current, 3-1/2 miles per hour.
+
+Puerto del Mairo is 45 miles distant from the large city of Huanaco,
+which has constant communication and trade with Lima. At present the
+route between Huanaco and Puerto del Mairo is only a footpath through
+the forest, but it is probable that a good road for pack-mules could
+be constructed at little expense, and that a railway is not
+impracticable.
+
+
+PICHIS RIVER.
+
+The Pichis is a branch of the Pachitea river. The Cashibos and Campas
+Indians inhabiting its banks are warlike tribes and fiercely oppose
+all attempts to examine their country. Nothing was known of the river,
+above its mouth, until it was explored and surveyed, in 1873, by the
+Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon, accompanied by a
+military escort. It was necessary for the Commission to bestow names
+on notable places as they proceeded to discover them, and these names
+were afterwards used in making the chart of the river.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE PICHIS.
+
+Latitude, 9° 54' 9" south; longitude, 74° 58' 45" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7° 34' 4" east; elevation above sea-level, 618
+feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3082 miles; current, 2-1/2 miles per
+hour.
+
+
+ROCHELLE ISLA.
+
+Latitude, 9° 57' 11" south; longitude, 75° 2' west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 8° 35' 36" east; elevation above the sea-level,
+630 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3100 miles; current, 2-1/2 miles
+per hour.
+
+Up to Rochelle Isla, named after the senior member of the Peruvian
+Hydrographical Commission, navigation is clear and unobstructed for
+any steamer that can ascend the Pachitea; that is, for any steamer not
+drawing more than nine feet of water. Beyond this island the
+navigation of the river becomes much more difficult, though not
+altogether impracticable. The River Trinidad, so named on account of
+its having been discovered on Trinity Sunday, empties itself into the
+Pichis ten miles above Rochelle Isla; it is a fine, large river,
+flowing from the eastward, with deep water and a current of 3 miles
+per hour at its mouth.
+
+
+TEMPESTAD PLAYA.
+
+Latitude, 10° 5' 6" south; longitude, 74° 55' 45" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7° 46' east; distance from the Atlantic, 3123
+miles. Tempestad Playa received its name in consequence of a violent
+tempest which was there encountered by the namers.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE HERRERAYACU RIVER.
+
+Latitude, 10° 20' 3" south; longitude, 74° 54' west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7° 59' 26" east; distance from the Atlantic, 3156
+miles.
+
+The Herrerayacu river was named after the major who commanded the
+escort of soldiers accompanying the Hydrographical Commission; it has
+a current of 3-1/2 miles per hour, and is navigable for canoes a
+distance of four or five miles, up to Terminacion Playa in latitude
+10° 22' 33" south; longitude, 74° 54' west of Greenwich. Mountain
+ranges are plainly in sight from Terminacion Playa, which is 3160
+miles distant from the Atlantic.
+
+
+PUERTO TUCKER.
+
+Latitude, 10° 22' 55" south; longitude, 74° 49' west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 9° 7' 30" east; elevation above sea-level, 700
+feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3167 miles; current, 3-1/2 miles per
+hour.
+
+Puerto Tucker was named after the President of the Hydrographical
+Commission. It is at the head of canoe navigation, not far from the
+source, of the Pichis river; from it a range of lofty mountains,
+distant some twenty or thirty miles, bears from S. to S.W. This range
+must be the eastern Cordillera of Peru.
+
+
+LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE PICHIS RIVER.
+
+                                                        Miles.
+Mouth of the Pichis to the Atlantic ocean               3082
+Mouth of the Pichis to Rochelle Isla                      18
+Rochelle Isla to mouth of Trinidad river                  10
+Mouth of Trinidad river to Tempestad Playa                13
+Tempestad Playa to mouth of the Herrerayacu               33
+Mouth of the Herrerayacu to Puerto Tucker                 11
+Puerto Tucker to Atlantic ocean                         3167
+
+[2] The latitudes, longitudes and other data given in these notes are
+taken from the journal of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of
+the Amazon. Some of them have been published, by permission, in the
+third edition of Professor Orton's "Andes and the Amazon."
+
+
+
+
+CONCLUSION.
+
+
+The Upper Amazon river is destined to become much better known than it
+is at present; it cannot be long before commerce takes possession of
+such an inviting field. Ocean steamers run regularly to Mañaos, a
+thousand miles from the mouth of the river, and they might extend
+their voyage, certainly during nine months in the year, to Nauta at
+the mouth of the Ucayali; from Nauta smaller steamers could ascend the
+Amazon to Borja, the Huallaga to Yurimaguas, and the Ucayali to the
+confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba. A road is projected from Limon,
+near Borja, to Chachapoyas, where it would connect with the route to
+Lima. From Yurimaguas to Mayubamba, and thence on to Lima, there is
+already established a much traveled route. From Esperanza, near the
+confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba; it is probable that
+flat-bottomed, stern-wheel steamers, such as are used on the Nicaragua
+route across Central America, could ascend the Tambo to Fort San
+Ramon, a place which it is to be hoped will be connected by railway
+with Tarma and Lima. When this latter route is opened, as it is
+destined to be sooner or later, it will become the great artery of
+communication between the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of South
+America.
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Typographical errors corrected in text:                   |
+    |                                                           |
+    | Page   8: Explorarion replaced with Exploration           |
+    | Page  26: V-shapped replaced with V-shaped                |
+    | Page  59: 'the Government should thing it necessary'      |
+    |           replaced with                                   |
+    |           'the Government should think it necessary'      |
+    | Page  97: 'Brainha to Monte Alegre' replaced with         |
+                'Prainha to Monte Alegre'                       |
+    | Page  98: Parinasi replaced with Parinari                 |
+    | Page  98: Hullaga replaced with Huallaga                  |
+    | Page 101: Huallagu replaced with Huallaga                 |
+    | Page 108: Inco Roca replaced with Inca Roca               |
+    |                                                           |
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Life of Rear Admiral John Randolph
+Tucker, by James Henry Rochelle
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOHN RANDOLPH TUCKER ***
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Life of Rear Admiral John Randolph Tucker, by 
+James Henry Rochelle
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Life of Rear Admiral John Randolph Tucker
+
+Author: James Henry Rochelle
+
+Release Date: October 30, 2008 [EBook #27101]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOHN RANDOLPH TUCKER ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive/American
+Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<div class="tr">
+<p class="cen" style="font-weight: bold;">Transcriber's Note:</p>
+<br />
+<p class="noin">Inconsistent hyphenation in the original document has been preserved.</p>
+<p class="noin" style="text-align: left;">Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
+For a complete list, please see the <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="#TN">end of this document</a>.</span></p>
+<p class="noin">Click on the images to see a larger version.</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/frontis.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/frontis.jpg" width="55%" alt="John Randolph Tucker" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen sc" style="margin-top: .2em;">John Randolph Tucker</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<h3>LIFE OF REAR ADMIRAL</h3>
+
+<h1>JOHN RANDOLPH TUCKER</h1>
+
+
+<h5>COMMANDER IN THE NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES, CAPTAIN<br />
+AND FLAG-OFFICER IN THE NAVY OF THE CONFEDERATE<br />
+STATES, REAR ADMIRAL IN THE NAVY<br />
+OF THE REPUBLIC OF PERU AND PRESIDENT<br />
+OF THE PERUVIAN HYDROGRAPHICAL<br />
+COMMISSION OF THE AMAZON</h5>
+
+<br />
+
+<h2>WITH AN APPENDIX</h2>
+
+<h5>CONTAINING NOTES ON NAVIGATION OF THE UPPER<br />
+AMAZON RIVER AND ITS PRINCIPAL<br />
+TRIBUTARIES</h5>
+
+<h3>By CAPTAIN JAMES HENRY ROCHELLE</h3>
+
+<h5>AND CONTAINING A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE<br />
+AUTHOR, AND PORTRAITS OF ADMIRAL<br />
+TUCKER AND CAPTAIN ROCHELLE</h5>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h5>WASHINGTON<br />
+<span class="sc">The Neale Publishing Company</span><br />
+<span class="sc">431 Eleventh Street</span><br />
+MCMIII</h5>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h5><span class="sc">Copyright, 1903,</span><br />
+BY MATTIE R. TYLER.</h5>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="toc" id="toc"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>CONTENTS.</h3>
+<br />
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="85%" summary="Table of Contents">
+  <tr>
+  <td width="90%" class="tdlsc"><a href="#SKETCH">A Sketch of the Author</a></td>
+  <td width="10%" class="tdr">9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#DEATH">Death of Captain Rochelle</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">17</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#PREFATORY">Prefatory Note</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">18</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="2" style="padding-top: 1em;"><h3><a href="#PART_I">PART I.</a></h3></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp"><span class="sc">The Tuckers&mdash;Birth of John Randolph Tucker. Boyhood&mdash;Appointed a
+    Midshipman in the United States Navy&mdash;First Cruise&mdash;"The
+    Roaring Lads of the Brandywine"&mdash;Passes Examination for
+    Promotion&mdash;Appointed a Past Midshipman&mdash;Promoted to the Rank
+    of Lieutenant&mdash;Marriage&mdash;Mexican War. Capture of
+    Tobasco&mdash;Commands United States Bomb-Brig</span> <i>Stromboli</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Made
+    a Commander&mdash;Commands United States Receiving Ship</span>
+    <i>Pennsylvania</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Ordnance Officer at the Norfolk Navy
+    Yard&mdash;Resigns on the Secession of Virginia</span></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="2" style="padding-top: 1em;"><h3><a href="#PART_II">PART II.</a></h3></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp"><span class="sc">Appointed a Commander in the Virginia Navy&mdash;In Charge of the
+    Defenses of James River&mdash;Transferred to the Confederate
+    States Navy&mdash;Placed in Command of the</span> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span><i>Patrick
+    Henry</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Fitting Out Under Difficulties&mdash;First Partially
+    Armored American Vessel. Lieutenant Powell's Plan for
+    Armored Gunboats&mdash;Officers of the</span> <i>Patrick Henry</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Guarding
+    James River&mdash;Scaling the Guns&mdash;"Naval Skirmish"&mdash;A Flag
+    Which Was Not Presented&mdash;Battle of Hampton Roads. Sinking of
+    the</span> <i>Cumberland</i>; <span class="sc">An American</span> <i>Vengeur</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Burning of the</span>
+    <i>Congress</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Combat Between the</span> <i>Virginia</i> <span class="sc">and the</span>
+    <i>Monitor</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Flag-Officer Tatnall Takes Command of the
+    Confederate Squadron&mdash;Sally Into Hampton Roads&mdash;Plan for
+    Carrying the</span> <i>Monitor</i> <span class="sc">by Boarding&mdash;Evacuation of
+    Norfolk&mdash;Towing Unfinished Gunboats to Richmond&mdash;Federal
+    Squadron Enters James River&mdash;Crews of the</span> <i>Patrick Henry</i>,
+    <i>Jamestown</i> <span class="sc">and</span> <i>Virginia</i> <span class="sc">man the Naval Batteries at
+    Drewry's Bluff&mdash;Action at Drewry's Bluff&mdash;The</span> <i>Galena</i>; <span class="sc">A
+    Well-fought Vessel. Repulse of the Federal Squadron&mdash;Tucker
+    ordered to Command the Iron-clad Steamer</span> <i>Chicora</i> <span class="sc">at
+    Charleston&mdash;Successful Attack on the Blockading
+    Squadron&mdash;Tucker Posted and Appointed Flag-Officer of the
+    Charleston Squadron&mdash;Commanding Officers of the Charleston
+    Squadron&mdash;Dupont's Attack on Charleston&mdash;Confederate
+    Torpedo-Boats at Charleston; Damage Done By Them&mdash;Charleston
+    Naval Battalion</span> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span><span class="sc">Serving With the Army&mdash;Evacuation of
+    Charleston&mdash;One Battalion of the Charleston Squadron Serves
+    With the Army at Wilmington&mdash;Tucker, With the Charleston
+    Squadron Brigade, Marches through North Carolina and Arrives
+    at Richmond&mdash;Tucker Ordered to Command at Drewry's
+    Bluff&mdash;Confederacy at its last gasp&mdash;Evacuation of
+    Richmond&mdash;Tucker not informed of the intention to Evacuate
+    Richmond&mdash;Succeeds in joining his brigade of sailors to
+    Major-Gen. Custis Lee's Division&mdash;Action at Saylor's Creek;
+    didn't know they were whipped, thought the fight had just
+    begun&mdash;Surrender&mdash;Prisoner Of war&mdash;Released on
+    parole&mdash;Employed by the Southern Express Company</span></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="2" style="padding-top: 1em;"><h3><a href="#PART_III">PART III.</a></h3></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp"><span class="sc">Tucker Offered the Command of the Peruvian Fleet, With the Rank
+    of Rear Admiral&mdash;Arrives in Lima&mdash;No Precedent for the
+    Return of Money&mdash;Commissioned a Rear Admiral in the Navy of
+    Peru&mdash;Commands the Allied Fleets of Peru and Chile&mdash;Spanish
+    War&mdash;Tucker's Plan for a Naval Campaign; Projected
+    Expedition Against Manila&mdash;Cessation of Hostilities&mdash;Tucker
+    Retires</span> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span><span class="sc">From the Command of the Fleet, and Is Appointed
+    President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the
+    Amazon&mdash;Crosses the Andes and Reaches the Amazon&mdash;Explores
+    the Yavari River&mdash;Ordered to the United States to
+    Superintend the Building of an Exploring Steamer&mdash;Returns to
+    the Amazon With Steamer</span> <i>Tambo</i>. <span class="sc">Expedition up the Ucayali
+    and Exploration of the Tambo River&mdash;Ordered to the United
+    States to Procure a Steamer of Light Draught of
+    Water&mdash;Returns to the Amazon With Steamer</span> <i>Mairo</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Second
+    Expedition up the Ucayali&mdash;Canoe Expedition Up the Pachitea
+    and Exploration of the Pichis River&mdash;Expedition Up the
+    Amazon and Huallaga Rivers&mdash;Ordered to Lima. Ordered to New
+    York to Superintend the Charts Made by the Hydrographical
+    Commission&mdash;Publication of Charts Abandoned on Account of
+    the Financial Condition of Peru&mdash;Letter From President
+    Pardo&mdash;Letter From Minister Freyre&mdash;Tucker Retires to His
+    Home in Petersburg, Virginia&mdash;Occupations and Amusements of
+    Old Age&mdash;Death&mdash;Character and Qualities&mdash;Conclusion</span></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#NAVIGATION">Navigation of the Upper Amazon</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">81</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlsc"><a href="#CONCLUSION">Conclusion</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr">112</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="SKETCH" id="SKETCH"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span><br />
+
+<h2>Life of Rear Admiral John Randolph Tucker</h2><span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span>
+
+<h4>A SKETCH OF THE AUTHOR.</h4>
+<br />
+
+<p>JAMES HENRY ROCHELLE, the author of the following pages, and the
+subject of this sketch, was of French-English and Celtic, or
+Scotch-Irish, extraction&mdash;English through his paternal
+great-grandmother, who was the daughter of Hinchia Gilliam, and his
+wife (n&eacute;e) Harrison; Scotch-Irish through his maternal ancestry. The
+name itself proclaims its French (Huguenot) origin.</p>
+
+<p>It is well known that when Louis XIV revoked the edict of Nantes many
+French Protestants, called Huguenots, fled from their homes to escape
+persecutions worse than death. About forty thousand took refuge in
+England, and in 1690 William III sent a number of them to America. A
+party of them made their way up the James river and made a settlement,
+which they called Mannakintown, or "Manacan," because the lands
+formerly belonged to the Manacan Indians. Feeling that they no longer
+had to defend themselves against oppression and cruelty, and that in a
+free country their religion was no stigma, the characteristics of the
+race came out. With order and work Manacan became a flourishing town.
+Among those who had made a temporary home there was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>John Rochelle,
+who came with the other Huguenot exiles, and, if Pope be right, he
+soon enjoyed</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"All the joys of sense&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Health, peace and competence.</i>"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>But in a few years the spirit of discord entered among these exiles,
+who had found peace, liberty and homes. The three Rochelle brothers
+sought other homes; William settled in North Carolina, James went to
+South Carolina, and John bought of William and Jonas Longbottom two
+hundred and twelve acres of land on the south side of the Nottoway
+river in the then parish of Albemarle. Here he lived, and married Mary
+Gilliam, daughter of Hinchia Gilliam and his wife (n&eacute;e) Harrison. They
+had issue four sons&mdash;John, Levi, Hinchia and Nathaniel. John, the
+oldest son, married his cousin, Judith Gilliam, famed for her beauty,
+and they became the parents of nine children&mdash;Benjamin, John, Willis,
+Clements, Elizabeth (who will live in history as the mother of the
+famous soldier, George Henry Thomas), James, Lucy, and Mary.</p>
+
+<p>James was born in the year 1786. At an early age he entered the
+clerk's office of his county as deputy to the then clerk, Samuel
+Kello. In 1815 he was chosen clerk and held the office until his
+death.</p>
+
+<p>On the 19th of April, 1817, he married Martha (Hines) Gray, widow of
+Dr. Henry Mills Gray. Many children were born unto them, but only
+three lived beyond the early years of infancy&mdash;John, Martha and James
+Henry.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>James Henry Rochelle was born at his father's home, near the
+Courthouse, on the 1st day of November, 1826. His boyhood was passed
+in the refining influence of a Virginia home, of the period when
+Virginia was the garden spot of America, when her daughters were the
+"mothers of Presidents" and her sons were statesmen, "<i>Sans peur et
+sans reproche</i>."</p>
+
+<p>On the 9th of September, 1841, he was appointed acting midshipman in
+the United States Navy; served six months at sea, and then received
+his warrant as midshipman. During the war with Mexico, young Rochelle
+served on both the <i>Falmouth</i> and <i>Decatur</i>, in the gulf. He was with
+Commodore Perry, and participated in all the brilliant exploits of the
+naval forces, and remained on the Mexican coast until there was added
+to the United States a territory as large as Germany, France and
+Spain, all three added together.</p>
+
+<p>In September, 1847, he reported at Annapolis, the Naval School, and
+was one of the 245 midshipman belonging to the famous "Classe 41,"
+which passed in 1848. He was at once ordered to the frigate
+<i>Constitution</i>, then in Boston harbor, ready to sail to the blue
+waters of the Mediterranean and the sunny coast of Italy. On this
+cruise he paid a visit to the beautiful and historical Island of
+Malta, and here, in the very cradle of Free Masonry, he became a
+member of that ancient institution. He saw three years' sea service
+before returning home.</p>
+
+<p>In 1852 the United States Government sent a naval force, under the
+command of Perry, to open <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>intercourse with Japan and her then unknown
+people. Rochelle received orders to report for duty on the ship
+<i>Southampton</i>. Perry sailed from Norfolk on the 24th of November,
+1852. With great judgment and ability he rendered his mission a
+success, and sailed for home from Linada, in Japan, on the 1st of
+October, 1854, and after an eventful voyage reached New York in the
+spring of 1855.</p>
+
+<p>After a home leave of some months, Rochelle was promoted on the 14th
+of September to master, and on the next day was commissioned
+lieutenant and assigned to duty on the Coast Survey Squadron. He
+assisted in the survey of New York harbor, Casco bay and the Florida
+reefs.</p>
+
+<p>His next cruise was in the expedition to Paraguay. Unfortunately, few
+of his many letters home were preserved. We give one written in 1859:</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="cen"><span class="sc">U.S. Steamer</span> <i>Southern Star</i>,<br />
+<span class="sc">Montevideo, Republic of Uruguay,</span></p>
+<p class="right">March 11, 1859.</p>
+
+<p><i>My Dear Mother</i>:</p>
+
+<p>The steamer <i>Harriet Lane</i>, one of the vessels of the Paraguay
+expedition, will sail for New York on tomorrow morning, and as
+she is very fast I have determined to write by her, although
+it will not be long before we follow her to the United States.
+We are preparing for sea now and expect to sail on the 17th of
+this month for Norfolk, touching at Pernambuco and Barbadoes
+for coal. We will be at home, I think, by the 20th of May or
+1st of June, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>though it is possible that we may be detained
+longer than I expect on the way.</p>
+
+<p>I sincerely trust that I shall find you all well at home, and
+that I will have a long leave to spend with you. I wrote you
+in my letter that we had no difficulty in settling our affairs
+with Paraguay. Lopez acceded at once to all the demands which
+were made upon him, and expressed himself gratified at their
+moderation. The health of the squadron is excellent and the
+cruise has been a pleasant one. No accident or circumstances
+have occurred to mar its efficiency or concord. If another
+vessel should leave in time to get home much before we do, I
+will write again, but I doubt if such an opportunity will
+occur. You must not, of course, write to me again. Give my
+best love to Sister, Jimmy, Letitia and Mattie, and my
+affectionate regards to Mr. Edwards and Major Shands.</p>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 1.5em;">Ever your affectionate son,</p>
+<p class="right sc">J.H. Rochelle.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>To follow Rochelle through all of his naval life would take more space
+than we now have and would be to repeat scenes and events already
+dealt with by him in the following pages. When the war came on he was
+serving on the sloop-of-war <i>Cumberland</i>. Captain Scharf very
+correctly says: "It required no sacrifice and entailed no
+inconvenience to remain loyal to the Union, but to resign from that
+service involved every consideration which might deter a man not
+actuated by exalted principles." It was "exalted <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>principles" which
+caused Rochelle to resign his commission in the Navy, where he had
+served with honor and advancement for twenty years, and to offer his
+sword to his native State. From the columns of the Richmond <i>Dispatch</i>
+we quote:</p>
+
+<p>"All know how hot and furious the war was. The Anglo-Saxon race, the
+first and foremost people on earth, are wise in counsel and fierce in
+war. Fighting commenced at once. Captain Rochelle was placed under the
+command of Captain Tucker, on the James river, on the war steamer
+<i>Patrick Henry</i>, and with the <i>Merrimac</i> fought the <i>Monitor</i> and
+wooden fleet of the North in Hampton Roads, the first naval battle in
+which armored ships were used. That engagement covered the new and
+little Confederate Navy with glory. When Norfolk was evacuated, and
+our little wooden fleet fell back to Richmond after the destruction of
+the <i>Merrimac</i>, which could not be carried up the James river on
+account of its great draught of water, the heavy guns of the <i>Patrick
+Henry</i> were carried by Tucker and Rochelle with great difficulty up on
+Drewry's Bluff, and aided very much in repulsing the attack of the
+<i>Galena</i> and other Northern gunboats, who hoped to carry Richmond by a
+<i>coup de main</i>. After the evacuation of Norfolk and the peninsula
+between the York and James rivers, the siege of Charleston, S.C.,
+having commenced, he was sent there and soon after placed in command
+of one of the largest iron-clad steamers in the Confederate Navy. Here
+he remained during the remainder of the siege and until the advance of
+Sherman through South <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>Carolina and in the rear of Charleston forced
+the evacuation of that vital point in the Confederacy. His ship, along
+with others, was destroyed, and he returned to Richmond with a small
+body of seamen, where the Southerners made their last stand around
+Richmond and Petersburg <i>pro ara et pro forcis</i>. On reaching Richmond
+he, along with Captain Parker, distinguished alike in arms and
+letters, were placed in command of the Naval Academy and cadets which
+the Confederates had established there&mdash;an arduous, important and
+distinguished position. He remained in that position until the
+evacuation of Richmond, when he marched the cadets in a body to
+Washington, in Georgia, where they were disbanded after the capture of
+President Davis and the dissolution of the Confederacy.</p>
+
+<p>"The war being ended, he returned to his ancestral home in
+Southampton. His old comrade-in-arms, Tucker, who had been at one time
+Admiral in the Peruvian Navy, and was then about to make a survey of
+the upper Amazon river for the Peruvians, sent for him, and he
+accepted a position under that Government to make a hydrographic
+survey of that vast fluvial system in the mountains of Peru east of
+the Andes. He remained in Iquitos three years and then returned home,
+where he devoted his time to reading, letters, and the society of his
+friends. He was a doughty warrior and soldier, and from the beginning
+loved a career of arms. He sorrowed over the rupture of the
+Government, but when his State went out he nobly stood by her; went to
+the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>front, and never grounded his arms until there was nothing left
+to fight for. He knew to win would bring honor and safety, and failure
+would make him a rebel, and while success on the Northern side gave to
+many of his old comrades in arms on that side marble and bronze
+statues in the new Pantheon at Washington, yet with the courage of his
+convictions, in disaster his only regret was that he did not win. Of
+such stern stuff are the cavaliers of Virginia made, and such as these
+are yet to lift her from the dust and crown their old mother again
+with glory."</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="DEATH" id="DEATH"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>"DEATH OF CAPT. JAMES H. ROCHELLE.<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen sc">"Courtland, Southampton County,</p>
+
+<p class="right">"April 3, 1889.</p>
+
+<p>"On the morning of the 31st of March, after an illness of only one
+day, this county, and his many friends, met with a heavy loss in the
+death of Capt. James Henry Rochelle. This distinguished soldier was a
+veteran of two wars. Euripides, I think it was, said no man should be
+called fortunate or happy until he had been placed with his good name
+by death beyond the reach of accident or change. Then, indeed, is this
+noble soldier happy, for he lived without reproach and died without
+fear. Another noble son of Virginia has gone down below the horizon of
+time, but his name will be held in sweet remembrance by his old
+comrades and his memory cherished and honored by his kinsmen."</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="PREFATORY" id="PREFATORY"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span><br />
+
+<h1>Life of Rear Admiral John Randolph Tucker</h1>
+
+<h3>BY JAMES HENRY ROCHELLE.</h3>
+<br />
+
+<h2>PREFATORY NOTE.</h2>
+<br />
+
+<p>In writing this biographical sketch I have performed not a task, but a
+labor of love, for I was, during many years, both in times of peace
+and of war, intimately associated with the distinguished sailor whose
+career I have attempted to trace.</p>
+
+<p>The appendix was added in consequence of letters I received asking for
+information in regard to the navigation of the upper Amazon river and
+its tributaries, a highway for commerce destined to be much better
+known in the near future than it is at present.</p>
+
+<p class="right">J.H.R.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><span class="sc">Courtland, Virginia</span>,<br />
+<span style="padding-left: 1em;"><i>July 1, 1888</i>.</span></p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="PART_I" id="PART_I"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>PART I.</h3>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang"><span class="sc">The Tuckers &mdash; Birth of John Randolph Tucker.
+Boyhood &mdash; Appointed a Midshipman in the United States
+Navy &mdash; First Cruise &mdash; "The Roaring Lads of the
+Brandywine" &mdash; Passes Examination for Promotion &mdash; Appointed
+a Past Midshipman &mdash; Promoted to the Rank of
+Lieutenant &mdash; Marriage &mdash; Mexican War. Capture of
+Tobasco &mdash; Commands United States Bomb-Brig</span>
+<i>Stromboli</i> &mdash; <span class="sc">Made a Commander &mdash; Commands United States
+Receiving Ship</span> <i>Pennsylvania</i> &mdash; <span class="sc">Ordnance Officer
+at the Norfolk Navy Yard &mdash; Resigns on the Secession of
+Virginia</span></p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>During the first years of the present century John Tucker, of the
+Island of Bermuda, came to Virginia, where resided many of his
+kinsmen, a branch of the Tucker family having settled in Virginia
+prior to the War of the Revolution. The family has produced a number
+of gifted men who have been honorably prominent in the political and
+social life of the State, but no member of it has been more
+distinguished or more esteemed than the subject of the present sketch.</p>
+
+<p>John Randolph Tucker was born on the 31st day of January, 1812, at
+Alexandria, near Washington, on <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>the Virginia side of the Potomac
+river, in which city his father had made his home and had there
+married Miss Susan Douglas, the daughter of Dr. Charles Douglas, an
+English physician, who emigrated to America soon after the Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>Young Tucker received his early education in the good private schools
+of his native city, which he continued to attend until he entered the
+United States Navy as a midshipman on the 1st of June, 1826, being
+then in the fifteenth year of his age.</p>
+
+<p>The profession upon which he entered was one for which he was by
+nature peculiarly adapted, and to the end of his days he loved the sea
+and all that was connected with the life of a sailor. It has been said
+of a great admiral that he could perform with his own hands the duties
+of every station on board a ship-of-war, from seaman-gunner to
+admiral, and the same may be, without exaggeration, said of Tucker.</p>
+
+<p>He was fortunate in beginning his naval career on the Mediterranean
+Station, where he made his first cruise in the frigate <i>Brandywine</i>.
+Before the establishment of the Naval Academy at Annapolis the best
+school for training a cadet in the etiquette, spirit and, perhaps,
+even in the seamanship of the service, was a smart frigate of the
+Mediterranean Squadron. If we may trust the traditions which have been
+handed down to us in song and story about "the roaring lads of the
+<i>Brandywine</i>," the training on board the ship in which Tucker first
+served was well calculated to develop all that was dashing and daring
+in the young gentlemen of her steerage mess.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>After six years' service as a midshipman, Tucker passed the requisite
+examination for promotion, but he had to wait for his turn to fill a
+vacancy, and, consequently, was not promoted to the rank of lieutenant
+until the 20th of December, 1837. As a lieutenant, he made a good deck
+officer and a very excellent executive or first-lieutenant. In the
+latter capacity he served on board the bomb-brig <i>Stromboli</i>, in the
+Gulf of Mexico, during the war between Mexico and the United States.
+The <i>Stromboli</i> was actively employed, and Tucker participated in the
+capture of Tobasco and other naval operations against the enemy.
+During the latter part of the war Tucker succeeded to the command of
+the <i>Stromboli</i> as Lieutenant-Commanding, retaining the command until
+the cessation of hostilities.</p>
+
+<p>His last cruise whilst belonging to the United States Navy was made as
+executive officer of the frigate <i>Cumberland</i>, the flag-ship of
+Flag-Officer Stringham, on the Mediterranean Station, thus ending his
+active service in the United States Navy where it began, after an
+interval of thirty years.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after his promotion to a lieutenancy Tucker was married, at
+Norfolk, Virginia, on the 7th of June, 1838, to Virginia, daughter of
+Captain Thomas Tarleton Webb, of the United States Navy. This union
+was, uninterruptedly, most happy and harmonious until it was dissolved
+by the death of Mrs. Tucker in 1858. She left several children, three
+of whom&mdash;Randolph Tucker, of Richmond, Virginia; Tarleton Webb Tucker,
+of Memphis, Tennessee; and Virginius <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>Tucker, of Norfolk,
+Virginia&mdash;are now living and prospering.</p>
+
+<p>On September 14th, 1855, Tucker received his commission as a
+Commander, and at the same time was ordered to command the
+<i>Pennsylvania</i>, an old three-decker ship-of-the-line which was in
+commission as receiving-ship at Norfolk. His next duty was as Ordnance
+Officer of the Norfolk Navy Yard, and it was whilst he was employed on
+this duty that the secession of Virginia caused him to forward his
+resignation to the Secretary of the Navy.</p>
+
+<p>There is no intention of discussing in this biographical sketch the
+questions which were in controversy between the Northern and Southern
+States until they were finally settled by the arbitrament of arms; it
+is sufficient to say that nothing but the sincerest conviction that
+the highest duty required the sacrifice could have induced an officer
+in Tucker's position to leave an established and an illustrious navy
+to enter the service of a people who had neither ships nor sailors.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="PART_II" id="PART_II"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>PART II.<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<div class="block2"><p class="hang"><span class="sc">Appointed a Commander in the Virginia Navy &mdash; In Charge of
+the Defenses of James River &mdash; Transferred to the
+Confederate States Navy &mdash; Placed in Command of the</span>
+<i>Patrick Henry</i> &mdash; <span class="sc">Fitting Out Under
+Difficulties &mdash; First Partially Armored American Vessel.
+Lieutenant Powell's Plan for Armored Gunboats &mdash; Officers
+of the</span> <i>Patrick Henry</i> &mdash; <span class="sc">Guarding James
+River &mdash; Scaling the Guns &mdash; "Naval Skirmish" &mdash; A Flag Which
+Was Not Presented &mdash; Battle of Hampton Roads. Sinking of
+the</span> <i>Cumberland</i>; <span class="sc">an American</span>
+<i>Vengeur</i> &mdash; <span class="sc">Burning of the</span> <i>Congress</i> &mdash; <span class="sc">Combat
+Between the</span> <i>Virginia</i> <span class="sc">and the</span>
+<i>Monitor</i> &mdash; <span class="sc">Flag-officer Tatnall Takes Command of the
+Confederate Squadron &mdash; Sally Into Hampton Roads &mdash; Plan for
+Carrying the</span> <i>Monitor</i> <span class="sc">by Boarding &mdash; Evacuation
+of Norfolk &mdash; Towing Unfinished Gunboats to
+Richmond &mdash; Federal Squadron Enters James River &mdash; Crews of
+the</span> <i>Patrick Henry</i>, <i>Jamestown</i> <span class="sc">and</span>
+<i>Virginia</i> <span class="sc">man the Naval Batteries at Drewry's
+Bluff &mdash; Action at Drewry's Bluff &mdash; The</span> <i>Galena</i>; <span class="sc">a
+Well-Fought Vessel. Repulse of the Federal
+Squadron &mdash; Tucker ordered To Command the Iron-clad
+Steamer</span> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span><i>Chicora</i> <span class="sc">at Charleston &mdash; Successful
+Attack on the Blockading Squadron &mdash; Tucker Posted and
+Appointed Flag-Officer of the Charleston
+Squadron &mdash; Commanding Officers of the Charleston
+Squadron &mdash; Dupont's Attack on Charleston &mdash; Confederate
+Torpedo-Boats at Charleston; Damage Done By
+Them &mdash; Charleston Naval Battalion Serving With the
+Army &mdash; Evacuation of Charleston &mdash; One Battalion of the
+Charleston Squadron Serves With the Army at
+Wilmington &mdash; Tucker, With the Charleston Squadron Brigade,
+Marches through North Carolina and Arrives at
+Richmond &mdash; Tucker Ordered to Command at Drewry's
+Bluff &mdash; Confederacy at its last gasp &mdash; Evacuation of
+Richmond &mdash; Tucker not informed of the intention to
+Evacuate Richmond &mdash; Succeeds in joining his brigade of
+sailors to Major-Gen. Custis Lee's Division &mdash; Action at
+Saylor's Creek; didn't know they were whipped, thought
+the fight had just begun &mdash; Surrender &mdash; Prisoner of
+war &mdash; Released on parole &mdash; Employed by the Southern Express
+Company</span></p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Tucker was appointed a Commander in the Virginia Navy, with rank from
+the date of the commission in the United States Navy which he had
+resigned. He was at first assigned by the Governor <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>to the defense of
+James river, but in a short time was ordered to assume command of the
+steamer <i>Patrick Henry</i>.</p>
+
+<p>When Virginia became one of the Confederate States, all the officers
+of the Virginia Navy were transferred to the Confederate States Navy,
+with the same rank they had held in the United States Navy. The
+<i>Patrick Henry</i> was also transferred by the State of Virginia to the
+Confederate States. This vessel was a paddle-wheel steamer of about
+1,400 tons burthen; she was called the <i>Yorktown</i> before the war, and
+was one of a line of steamers running between Richmond and New York;
+she was reputed to be a fast boat, and deserved the reputation.</p>
+
+<p>When Virginia seceded this vessel was in James river, and, together
+with her sister steamer <i>Jamestown</i>, of the same line, was seized by
+the authorities of the State, taken up to the Rockett's wharf, at
+Richmond, and the command conferred, as has been said, upon Commander
+Tucker; this assignment of duty being afterwards confirmed by the
+Secretary of the Confederate States Navy. Naval Constructor Joseph
+Pearse, with a number of mechanics from the Norfolk Navy Yard, who had
+been brought to Richmond for the purpose, commenced the necessary
+alterations, which had previously been determined upon, and in a short
+time the passenger steamer <i>Yorktown</i> was converted into the very
+creditable man-of-war <i>Patrick Henry</i>, of 12 guns and one hundred and
+fifty officers and men. Lieutenant William Llewellyn Powell, who soon
+afterwards <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>resigned from the Navy, entered the Army as Colonel of
+Artillery, and died a Brigadier-General at Fort Morgan before its
+fall, was her executive officer while she was being fitted out, and to
+him, as well as to Constructor Joseph Pearse, much credit is due for
+having made her as serviceable as she was for purposes of war. Her
+spar-deck cabins were removed, and her deck strengthened so as to
+enable it to bear a battery. Her boilers were slightly protected by
+iron plates one inch in thickness. V-shaped iron shields on the
+spar-deck, forward and aft of her engines, afforded some protection to
+the machinery, but none to the walking beams, which rose far above the
+hurricane-deck. It is probable that Lieutenant Powell suggested the
+first American attempt to protect steamers with iron armor, unless the
+Stevens floating-battery, which was so long building at Hoboken for
+the United States, was such an attempt. It is known that Powell
+forwarded, during the summer of 1861, plans to the Confederate Navy
+Department for converting river craft and canal boats into iron-clad
+gunboats.</p>
+
+<p>The armament of the <i>Patrick Henry</i> consisted of ten medium
+32-pounders in broadside, one ten-inch shell gun pivoted forward, and
+one eight-inch solid-shot gun pivoted aft. The eight-inch solid-shot
+gun was the most effective gun on board, and did good service both at
+the battle of Hampton Roads and the repulse of the Federal squadron at
+Drewry's Bluff. The captain of this gun was an excellent seaman-gunner
+named Smith, who was afterwards <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>promoted to be a boatswain in the
+C.S. Navy. A few weeks before the battle of Hampton Roads two of the
+medium 32-pounders were exchanged for two six-inch guns, banded and
+rifled, a gun much used in the Confederate Navy, and effective, though
+far inferior to the six-inch rifled guns of the present day.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Patrick Henry</i> was rigged as a brigantine, square yards to the
+foremast and fore-and-aft sails alone to the mainmast. At Norfolk,
+when she was about to be employed in running by the batteries of
+Newport News at night, it was thought best to take both of her masts
+out in order to make her less liable to be discovered by the enemy.
+Signal poles, carrying no sails, were substituted in their place.</p>
+
+<p>No list of the officers of the <i>Patrick Henry</i> at the time she went
+into commission can now be given, but the following is a list of those
+on board at the battle of Hampton Roads, so far as can be ascertained:</p>
+
+<p>Commander John Randolph Tucker, commander; Lieutenant James Henry
+Rochelle, executive officer; Lieutenants William Sharp and Francis
+Lyell Hoge; Surgeon John T. Mason; Paymaster Thomas Richmond Ware;
+Passed Assistant Surgeon Frederick Garretson; Acting Master Lewis
+Parrish; Chief Engineer Hugh Clark; Lieutenant of Marines Richard T.
+Henderson; Midshipmen John Tyler Walker, Alexander McComb Mason, and
+M.P. Goodwyn.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>The vessel, being properly equipped, so far as the limited resources
+at hand could be used, proceeded down James river and took a position
+off Mulberry Island, on which point rested the right of the Army of
+the Peninsula, under Magruder. The time passed wearily and drearily
+enough whilst the <i>Patrick Henry</i> lay at anchor off Mulberry Island.
+The officers and crew very rarely went on shore, the steamer being
+kept always with banked fires, prepared to repel an attack, which
+might have been made at any moment, the Federal batteries at Newport
+News and the vessels stationed there, the frigate <i>Savannah</i>, sloop
+<i>Cumberland</i>, and steamer <i>Louisiana</i>, being about fourteen miles
+distant.</p>
+
+<p>To relieve the monotony of the irksome duty on which the <i>Patrick
+Henry</i> was employed, Tucker determined to take her down the river,
+feel of the enemy, and warn him of what might be expected if boat
+expeditions should attempt to ascend the river. On the afternoon of
+Friday, September 13th, 1861, the <i>Patrick Henry</i> weighed her anchor
+at Mulberry Island, and steamed down James river towards Newport News.
+Choosing her distance from that point, she opened fire upon the
+Federal squadron, which was promptly returned, principally by the
+<i>Savannah</i>, <i>Louisiana</i>, and a battery of light artillery, which had
+been moved up the left bank of the river. After giving the crew a good
+exercise at their guns, the <i>Patrick Henry</i> was steamed back to her
+anchorage off Mulberry Island.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>About the last of November, Tucker received information that one or
+two of the Federal gunboats came up the river every night and anchored
+about a mile and a half above their squadron at Newport News. Hoping
+to be able to surprise and capture these boats, the commander of the
+<i>Patrick Henry</i> got her underway at 4 o'clock A.M. on December 2d,
+1861. The morning was dark and suitable for the enterprise, and all
+lights on board the <i>Patrick Henry</i> were either extinguished or
+carefully concealed. No vessel of the enemy was met with in the river,
+but at daylight four steamers were discovered, lying at anchor near
+the frigate <i>Congress</i> and sloop <i>Cumberland</i>, off the batteries of
+Newport News. As the <i>Patrick Henry</i> could not have returned unseen,
+Tucker took a position about a mile distant from the batteries, and
+opened on the Federal vessels with his port battery and pivot guns.
+The fire was promptly returned, many of the shots from the rifled guns
+passing over the <i>Patrick Henry</i>, and one, going through her
+pilot-house and lodging in the starboard hammock-netting, did some
+injury to the vessel, besides wounding slightly one of the pilots and
+a seaman by the splinters it caused. The skirmish, if such a term can
+be applied to a naval operation, lasted about two hours, during which
+time the <i>Patrick Henry</i> fired twenty-eight shells and thirteen solid
+shots, but with what effect on the enemy is not known. From this best
+kind of drill practice, the Confederate steamer returned to her
+anchorage off Mulberry Island, continued her guard <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>of the river, and
+waited for some opportunity for more active employment.</p>
+
+<p>In February, 1862, the ladies of Charles City, a county bordering on
+James river, desired to present to the <i>Patrick Henry</i> a flag which
+they had made for her as an evidence of their appreciation of her
+services in keeping boat expeditions and the enemy's small steamers
+from ascending the river. But the presentation of this flag did not
+take place; the C.S. steamers <i>Jamestown</i>, 2, and <i>Teaser</i>, v, had
+reinforced the <i>Patrick Henry</i>, and such incessant preparations were
+going on that no time could be spared for the ceremony. The occasion
+of these preparations was the expectation of being soon engaged in the
+attack which it was understood that the Confederate iron-clad
+<i>Virginia</i> was about to make on the Federal batteries and men-of-war
+at Newport News. No care or preparation could make the <i>Patrick Henry</i>
+as well fitted for war as a vessel of the same size built especially
+for the military marine service; but the best that could be done to
+make her efficient was done, and not without success, as the part the
+vessel took in the closely following battle of Hampton Roads
+conclusively demonstrates.</p>
+
+<p>On the 7th of March, 1862, the James river squadron, consisting of the
+<i>Patrick Henry</i>, 12, Commander J.R. Tucker; <i>Jamestown</i>, 2, Lieutenant
+Commanding J.N. Barney, and <i>Teaser</i>, 1, Lieutenant Commanding W.A.
+Webb, proceeded down the river, and anchored at nightfall off Day's
+Neck Point, some six miles distant from Newport News. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>This movement
+was effected in order to be near at hand when the <i>Virginia</i> made her
+expected attack on the Federal forces.</p>
+
+<p>The 8th of March, 1862, was a bright, placid, beautiful day&mdash;more like
+a May than a March day. About 1 o'clock in the afternoon, the
+<i>Virginia</i> came steaming out from behind Craney Island, attended by
+the gunboats <i>Beaufort</i> and <i>Raleigh</i>. As soon as the <i>Virginia</i> was
+seen, the James river squadron got underway under all the steam the
+boilers would bear, and proceeded to join her in her attack on the
+enemy. As Tucker's small squadron approached the Newport News
+batteries he formed it in line ahead, the <i>Patrick Henry</i>, 12,
+leading; next the <i>Jamestown</i>, 2, and lastly the <i>Teaser</i>, 1; this
+order being maintained until the batteries were passed. The batteries
+were run with less loss than was anticipated; the enemy probably
+expected the Confederate vessels to pass in the usual channel, about
+eight hundred yards from the guns of the Federal works, but by
+Tucker's directions the <i>Patrick Henry</i> was run by much nearer the
+batteries, and the <i>Jamestown</i> and <i>Teaser</i> followed her closely.
+Probably in consequence of this deviation from the middle of the
+channel the Federal guns were not well aimed, and most of the shot
+from the batteries passed over the Confederate vessels. As the James
+river squadron ranged up abreast of the first battery, the vessels
+delivered their fire, and the flash from their guns had scarcely
+vanished when the Federal works were wrapped in smoke, and their
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>projectiles came hissing through the air. The <i>Patrick Henry</i> was
+struck several times during the passage; one shot passing through the
+crew of No. 3 gun, wounding two men and killing one, a volunteer from
+the army, who had come on board to serve only for the fight. His last
+words as he fell were, "Never mind me, boys!"</p>
+
+<p>Whilst the James river squadron was passing the batteries, the
+<i>Virginia</i> had rammed and sunk the <i>Cumberland</i>, a ship which was
+fought most gallantly to the bitter end, going down with her colors
+flying and her guns firing, like the celebrated French ship <i>Vengeur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Having run by the batteries with no material damage, the James river
+squadron joined the <i>Virginia</i> and afforded her valuable aid in the
+battle she was waging. Whilst the forward guns of the <i>Patrick Henry</i>
+were engaging one enemy, the after guns were firing at another, and
+the situation of the Confederate wooden vessels at this time seemed
+well nigh desperate. The Newport News batteries were on one side, on
+the other the frigates <i>Minnesota</i>, <i>St. Lawrence</i> and <i>Roanoke</i> were
+coming up from Old Point Comfort, and in front the beach was lined
+with field batteries and sharpshooters. Fortunately for the wooden
+vessels, both Confederate and Federal, the <i>Minnesota</i>, <i>St. Lawrence</i>
+and <i>Roanoke</i> grounded, and the smaller vessels which accompanied them
+returned to Old Point Comfort. The <i>Minnesota</i>, though aground, was
+near enough to take part in the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>action, and opened a heavy fire on
+the Confederate squadron.</p>
+
+<p>The frigate <i>Congress</i>, early in the action, had been run aground,
+with a white flag flying. Tucker, as soon as he saw that the
+<i>Congress</i> had shown a white flag, gave orders that no shot should be
+fired at her from the <i>Patrick Henry</i>, and he steadily refused to let
+any gun be aimed at her, notwithstanding that the Confederate gunboats
+<i>Raleigh</i>, <i>Teaser</i> and <i>Beaufort</i> had attempted to take possession of
+the surrendered vessel, and had been driven off by a heavy artillery
+and infantry fire from the Federal troops on the beach. After the
+Confederate gunboats had been forced to retire from the <i>Congress</i>,
+Flag-Officer Buchanan hailed the <i>Patrick Henry</i> and directed
+Commander Tucker to burn that frigate. The pilots of the <i>Patrick
+Henry</i> declared they could not take her alongside of the <i>Congress</i> on
+account of an intervening shoal, which determined Tucker to approach
+as near as the shoal would permit and then send his boats to burn the
+Federal frigate. The boats were prepared for the service, and the
+boats' crews and officers held ready whilst the <i>Patrick Henry</i>
+steamed in towards the <i>Congress</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This movement of the <i>Patrick Henry</i> placed her in the most imminent
+peril; she was brought under the continuous and concentrated fire of
+three points; on her port quarters were the batteries of Newport News,
+on her port bow the field batteries and sharpshooters on the beach,
+and on her starboard bow the <i>Minnesota</i>. It soon became evident that
+no wooden <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>vessel could long float under such a fire; several shots
+struck the hull, and a piece of the walking-beam was shot away. As the
+sponge of the after pivot gun was being inserted in the muzzle of the
+piece, the handle was cut in two by a shot from the enemy; half in
+prayer and half in despair at being unable to perform his duty, the
+sponger exclaimed, "Oh, Lord! how is the gun to be sponged?" He was
+much relieved when the quarter-gunner of his division handed him a
+spare sponge. This state of things could not last long; a shot from a
+rifled gun of one of the field batteries on the beach penetrated the
+steam-chest, the engine-room and fire-room were filled with steam,
+four of the firemen were scalded to death and several others severely
+injured; the engineers and firemen were driven up on deck, and the
+engines stopped working: the vessel was enveloped in a cloud of
+escaped steam, and the enemy, seeing that some disaster to the boiler
+had occurred, increased his fire. At the moment, until the chief
+engineer made his report, no one on the spar-deck knew exactly what
+had happened, the general impression being that the boilers had
+exploded. It is an unmistakable evidence of the courage and discipline
+of the crew that the fire from the <i>Patrick Henry</i> did not slacken,
+but went on as regularly as if nothing unusual had occurred. As the
+vessel was drifting towards the enemy in her disabled condition, the
+jib was hoisted to pay her head around, and the <i>Jamestown</i>,
+Lieutenant Commanding <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>Barney, gallantly and promptly came to her
+assistance and towed her out of action.</p>
+
+<p>The engineers soon got one boiler in working order. The other was so
+badly damaged that they were unable to repair it for immediate use,
+and with steam on one boiler alone the <i>Patrick Henry</i> was again taken
+into action. The closing in of night put an end to the conflict, as in
+the dark it was impossible to distinguish friend from foe. The victory
+remained without dispute with the Confederate squadron, and was
+witnessed, as was the combat between the <i>Virginia</i> and the <i>Monitor</i>
+on the day following, by multitudes of spectators from Norfolk and the
+neighboring camps of the Confederate troops, as well as by many on the
+Federal side of the Roads.</p>
+
+<p>It has been stated that the total Federal loss in this battle was
+nearly four hundred. The numerical strength of the Confederate force
+engaged was about six hundred, of which the total loss was about
+sixty. The loss on board the <i>Patrick Henry</i> being five killed and
+nine wounded.</p>
+
+<p>The part taken by the <i>Patrick Henry</i> in this battle&mdash;it was a battle
+and not a combat&mdash;seems to have been lost sight of in consequence of
+the great power, as a new force in naval warfare, displayed by the
+<i>Virginia</i>, but the Federal commanders bear witness to the efficient
+service done by the Confederate wooden vessels. Lieutenant Commanding
+Pendergrast, of the <i>Congress</i>, reported that "the <i>Patrick Henry</i> and
+<i>Thomas Jefferson</i> (<i>Jamestown</i>), rebel steamers, approached us from
+up the James river, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>firing with precision and doing us great damage,"
+and Captain Van Brunt, of the <i>Minnesota</i>, reported that the <i>Patrick
+Henry</i> and <i>Jamestown</i> "took their positions on my port bow and stern
+and their fire did most damage in killing and wounding men, insomuch
+as they fired with rifled guns."</p>
+
+<p>The closing in of night having put an end to hostilities until
+morning, the Confederate squadrons anchored under Sewell's Point, at
+the mouth of the harbor of Norfolk. The crews were kept busy until a
+late hour of the night, making such repairs and preparations as were
+necessary for resuming operations in the morning. Soon after midnight
+a column of fire ascended in the darkness, followed by a terrific
+explosion&mdash;the Federal frigate <i>Congress</i>, which had been on fire all
+the evening, had blown up, the fire having reached her magazine.</p>
+
+<p>Flag Officer Buchanan, having been wounded in the action, was sent to
+the Naval Hospital at Norfolk on the morning of the 9th, just prior to
+the getting under way of the squadron. The command ought, in
+conformity with military and naval usage, to have been formally
+transferred to the next senior officer of the squadron, who was
+Commander J.R. Tucker, of the <i>Patrick Henry</i>; but this obviously
+proper course was not followed, and Flag Officer Buchanan's flag was
+kept flying on board the <i>Virginia</i>, though he himself, in point of
+fact, was not and could not be in command of that vessel, or the
+Confederate squadron, since he was not within signal distance of
+either, being laid up in bed at the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>Norfolk Naval Hospital. Tucker
+did not assume command of the squadron, but simply continued to
+command the <i>Patrick Henry</i>.</p>
+
+<p>At the first peep of dawn, on the morning of the 9th of March, the
+Confederate squadron was under way, having in view for its first
+object the destruction of the <i>Minnesota</i>, that frigate being still
+aground near Newport News. As the daylight increased, the <i>Minnesota</i>
+was discovered in her old position, but no longer alone and
+unsupported. Close alongside of her there lay such a craft as the eyes
+of a seaman does not delight to look upon; no masts, no smokestack, no
+guns&mdash;at least nothing of the sort could be seen about her. And yet
+the thing had a grim, pugnacious look, as if there was tremendous
+power of some sort inherent in her, and ready to be manifested
+whenever the occasion required it. The <i>Monitor</i> (for it was that
+famous vessel) promptly steamed out to meet the <i>Virginia</i>, as the
+latter vessel bore down on the <i>Minnesota</i>, and the celebrated combat
+between these iron-clads was joined immediately. It was the first
+action that had ever been fought between armored vessels, and as such
+will ever be remembered and commented upon. The combat resulted in a
+drawn fight as far as the <i>Virginia</i> and <i>Monitor</i> was concerned, but
+it established the power of iron-clad steamers as engines of war, and
+completely revolutionized the construction of the navies of the world.</p>
+
+<p>That the combat between the <i>Virginia</i> and the <i>Monitor</i> was an
+indecisive action is clear. The <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span><i>Monitor</i> received the most damage in
+the fight, and was the first to retire from it into shoal water,
+though the fight was afterwards renewed. On the other hand, the
+<i>Virginia</i> did not accomplish her object, which was the destruction of
+the <i>Minnesota</i>, and she did not accomplish it in consequence of the
+resistance offered by the <i>Monitor</i>. The two vessels held each other
+in check, the <i>Virginia</i> protecting Norfolk, and the <i>Monitor</i> doing
+the same for the Federal wooden fleet in Hampton Roads and the
+Chesapeake waters. The injuries received by the <i>Virginia</i> in ramming
+the <i>Cumberland</i>, on the previous day, were probably greater than
+those inflicted on her by the <i>Monitor</i>; in neither case were they
+severe enough to disable or force her to withdraw from action.</p>
+
+<p>On her return to Norfolk harbor, the <i>Virginia</i> was accompanied by the
+<i>Patrick Henry</i> and the other vessels of the Confederate squadron. The
+Confederate wooden steamers had taken no part in the action between
+the <i>Virginia</i> and the <i>Monitor</i>, except to fire an occasional shot at
+the <i>Monitor</i>, as she passed, at very long range; no wooden vessel
+could have floated a quarter of an hour in an engagement at close
+quarters with either of the two iron-clads.</p>
+
+<p>Flag Officer Tatnall having relieved Flag Officer Buchanan, who was
+incapacitated from command on account of severe wounds received in the
+first day's fight in Hampton Roads, and all the vessels of the
+squadron having been refitted, on the 13th of April the squadron again
+sallied out to attack the enemy. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>It was expected that the <i>Monitor</i>
+would be eager to renew the combat with the <i>Virginia</i>, and it was
+agreed upon that, in case the <i>Virginia</i> failed to capture or destroy
+the Federal iron-clad, an attempt should be made to carry the latter
+by boarding. This duty was assigned to the gunboats <i>Beaufort</i> and
+<i>Raleigh</i> and two other small steamers. One of these small steamers
+was the tender of the Norfolk Navy Yard; she was manned for the
+occasion by officers and men from the <i>Patrick Henry</i>, under the
+command of the executive-officer of that vessel, and was christened by
+the men <i>Patrick Henry, Junior</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Confederate squadron steamed about in Hampton Roads for two days,
+but the <i>Monitor</i> did not leave her anchorage at Fortress Monroe, her
+passiveness being due, it seems, to orders from Washington not to
+engage the <i>Virginia</i> unless she attempted to pass Old Point Comfort.</p>
+
+<p>General J. Bankhead Magruder, commanding the Confederate Army of the
+Peninsula, was urgent in demanding the return of the James river
+squadron, and consequently the <i>Patrick Henry</i> and <i>Jamestown</i> were
+ordered to run by the Newport News batteries at night, and resume
+their old duty in James river. The <i>Jamestown</i> ran up the river on the
+19th and the <i>Patrick Henry</i> on the 20th of April; the <i>Beaufort</i>,
+<i>Raleigh</i> and <i>Teaser</i> were also sent up the river; the headquarters
+of this detached squadron, of which Tucker was the senior officer, was
+at Mulberry Island, on which point rested the right flank of the
+Confederate Army of the Peninsula.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>Up to this time the <i>Patrick Henry</i> was brigantine rigged, but to fit
+her better for running by batteries without being discovered, both of
+her masts were now taken out and short signal poles substituted for
+them.</p>
+
+<p>When the Confederate authorities determined upon the evacuation of
+Norfolk, the James river squadron was employed to remove what public
+property could be saved from the Navy Yard to Richmond. The hulls of
+several uncompleted vessels were towed past the Federal batteries at
+Newport News. The running past the batteries was always done at night,
+moonless nights being chosen whenever it was practicable to select the
+time of making the trip. So far as known, the vessels employed on this
+service were never detected by the enemy; at least they were never
+fired upon.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the evacuation of Norfolk, whilst the Confederate forces
+were retiring from the Peninsula to the lines around Richmond, a
+Federal squadron, consisting of the <i>Monitor</i>, <i>Galena</i>, <i>Naugatuck</i>,
+<i>Aroostook</i> and <i>Port Royal</i>, entered James river. The <i>Monitor</i> alone
+could with ease and without serious injury to herself have destroyed
+in fight all the Confederate vessels in James river, and no course was
+open to Tucker but to take his squadron up the river and make a stand
+at the place below Richmond best adapted for defense. The place most
+wisely selected was Drewry's Bluff, where the river had been
+obstructed by rows of piles, and the piles defended by four army guns
+mounted in a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>breastwork on the crest of the bluff, about two hundred
+feet above the river. When the Confederate squadron arrived at
+Drewry's Bluff, the defenses which had been constructed at the place
+were not in a condition to have prevented the Federal squadron from
+passing on to Richmond; but in the day which the Federal vessels
+wasted in silencing the fire of the half-deserted Confederate
+batteries on the lower river, the works at Drewry's Bluff were
+materially strengthened. The <i>Jamestown</i> and several smaller vessels
+were sunk in the river channel, the two rifled guns of the <i>Jamestown</i>
+having been previously landed and mounted in pits dug in the brow of
+the bluff. The eight-inch solid-shot gun of the <i>Patrick Henry</i> and
+her two six-inch rifles were also landed, thus forming a formidable
+naval battery countersunk on the brow of the hill, consisting of one
+eight-inch solid-shot gun and four six-inch rifles. Besides the naval
+battery, there were several army guns mounted in a breastwork and
+served by a battalion of Artillery, under the command of Major A.
+Drewry, who was the owner of the bluff, and from whom the place took
+its name.</p>
+
+<p>The naval guns were manned by the crews of the <i>Patrick Henry</i>,
+<i>Jamestown</i> and <i>Virginia</i>&mdash;the crew of the <i>Virginia</i> arriving at the
+bluff soon after she had been destroyed by Flag Officer Tatnall, to
+prevent her from falling into the hands of the enemy. It is not always
+possible for a sea captain to preserve the vessel he commands; but it
+is always possible to act with firmness, skill and judgment under
+trying and adverse circumstances, and this Flag Officer Tatnall <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>seems
+to have done. A court-martial, composed of officers of high
+professional attainments and acknowledged personal merit, acquitted
+him of all blame for the loss of the <i>Virginia</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The following naval officers may be named as participating in the
+engagement of Drewry's Bluff, though there were others whose names are
+not at this time procurable: Of the <i>Patrick Henry</i>, Commander John
+Randolph Tucker, Lieutenant James Henry Rochelle, Lieutenant Francis
+Lyell Hoge, and others; of the <i>Jamestown</i>, Lieutenant Commanding J.
+Nicholas Barney, Acting Master Samuel Barron, Jr., and others; of the
+<i>Virginia</i>, Lieutenant Catesby Roger Jones, Lieutenant Hunter
+Davidson, Lieutenant John Taylor Wood, Lieutenant Walter Raleigh Butt,
+and others. Commander E. Farrand was the ranking and commanding
+officer present, having been sent down from Richmond to command the
+station.</p>
+
+<p>It was on the 15th of May, 1862, that the Federal vessels <i>Galena</i>,
+<i>Monitor</i>, <i>Naugatuck</i>, <i>Aroostook</i>, and <i>Port Royal</i> made the
+well-known attack on the Confederate batteries at Drewry's Bluff, which
+was the only obstacle barring the way to Richmond, the capital of the
+Confederate States.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Galena</i> and <i>Monitor</i> engaged the batteries at short distance,
+the other three Federal vessels keeping just within long range of the
+Confederate guns. The <i>Monitor</i>, after the action commenced, finding
+that her position was too near the bluff to allow of her guns being
+elevated sufficiently to throw their shot to the crest of the cliff,
+retired to a more favorable position. The Confederates wasted but <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>few
+shot on her, knowing they would not pierce her armor.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Galena</i> was managed and fought with great skill and daring.
+Approaching to within about six hundred yards of the Confederate
+batteries, she was deliberately moored, her battery sprung and a
+well-directed fire opened upon the Confederate works. From half past
+six o'clock in the morning until about eleven, when the action ceased,
+she kept this position, receiving nearly the whole of the Confederate
+fire. The most effective gun on the Bluff was the eight-inch solid
+shot gun of the <i>Patrick Henry</i>. Knowing by previous experience the
+power of the gun, Tucker gave it his personal supervision. At 11
+o'clock A.M. a shot from this gun passed into one of the bow posts of
+the <i>Galena</i>, and was followed by an immediate gushing forth of smoke,
+showing that the vessel was on fire or had sustained some serious
+damage, a conclusion confirmed by her moving off down the river,
+accompanied by the other four vessels of the Federal squadron. It was
+at Drewry's Bluff that Midshipman Carroll, of Maryland, was killed. He
+was struck by a projectile whilst standing by Tucker's side, whose
+aide he was.</p>
+
+<p>For some days it was expected that another attack on the Confederate
+position would be made, but no other effort to capture Richmond with
+iron-clads was attempted. A half a dozen armored vessels, built
+expressly for being forced through obstructions and by batteries,
+could have passed Drewry's Bluff and captured Richmond, but the force
+with which the attempt was actually made was neither <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>well adapted for
+the undertaking nor sufficiently strong for success.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Galena's</i> loss was thirteen killed and eleven wounded, and one
+officer and two men were wounded on board the other Federal vessels.
+On the Confederate side the loss, including the battalion of
+Artillery, as well as the force of sailors, was eleven killed and nine
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p>After the Federal repulse at Drewry's Bluff, the officers and crew of
+the <i>Patrick Henry</i>, <i>Virginia</i> and <i>Jamestown</i> were permanently
+attached to the naval batteries at that place, Tucker continuing to
+command his men on shore.</p>
+
+<p>In August, 1862, Tucker was ordered to command the iron-clad steamer
+<i>Chicora</i>, which vessel had just been launched at Charleston. She was
+a casemate iron-clad, with armor four inches in thickness, and carried
+a battery of two nine-inch smooth-bore shell guns, and two six-inch
+Brooks rifles, throwing a projectile weighing sixty pounds. Flag
+Officer Duncan N. Ingraham commanded the Charleston squadron, and flew
+his flag on board the <i>Palmetto State</i>, Lieutenant Commanding John
+Rutledge. The <i>Palmetto State</i> was an iron-clad, similar to the
+<i>Chicora</i> in build and armor, carrying a battery of one seven-inch
+rifled gun forward, one six-inch rifled gun aft, and one eight-inch
+shell gun on each broadside.</p>
+
+<p>On the night of January 31st, 1863, the two Confederate iron-clads
+made a successful attack on the Federal blockading squadron off
+Charleston. Passing the bar of Charleston harbor at early dawn, the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>Confederate iron-clads quickly drove the blockading vessels out to
+sea, and the blockade was broken, at least for some hours. In his
+official report of this action Flag Officer Ingraham says, "I cannot
+speak in too high terms of the conduct of Commander Tucker and
+Lieutenant Commanding Rutledge; the former handled his vessel in a
+beautiful manner and did the enemy much damage. I refer you to his
+official report."</p>
+
+<p>The official report to which Flag Officer Ingraham refers the
+Confederate Secretary of the Navy is as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="cen">"<span class="sc">Confederate States Steamer</span> <i>Chicora</i>,</p>
+<p class="right">"January 31st, 1863.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Sir</i>&mdash;In obedience to your order, I got under way at 11.30
+P.M. yesterday, and stood down the harbor in company with the
+Confederate States steamer <i>Palmetto State</i>, bearing your
+flag. We crossed the bar at 4.40 A.M., and commenced the
+action at 5.20 A.M. by firing into a schooner-rigged
+propeller, which we set on fire and have every reason to
+believe sunk, as she was nowhere to be seen at daylight. We
+then engaged a large sidewheel steamer, twice our length from
+us on the port bow, firing three shots into her with telling
+effect, when she made a run for it. This vessel was supposed
+to be the <i>Quaker City</i>. We then engaged a schooner-rigged
+propeller and a large sidewheel steamer, partially crippling
+both, and setting the latter on fire, causing her to strike
+her flag; at this time the latter vessel, supposed to be the
+<i>Keystone State</i>, was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>completely at my mercy, I having taken
+position astern, distant some two hundred yards. I at once
+gave the order to cease firing upon her, and directed
+Lieutenant Bier, First Lieutenant of the <i>Chicora</i>, to man a
+boat and take charge of the prize, if possible to save her; if
+that was not possible, to rescue her crew. While the boat was
+in the act of being manned, I discovered that she was
+endeavoring to make her escape by working her starboard wheel,
+the other being disabled, her colors being down. I at once
+started in pursuit and renewed the engagement. Owing to her
+superior steaming qualities she soon widened the distance to
+some two hundred yards. She then hoisted her flag and
+commenced firing her rifled guns; her commander, by this
+faithless act, placing himself beyond the pale of civilized
+and honorable warfare.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> We next engaged two schooners, one
+brig, and one bark-rigged propeller, but not having the
+requisite speed were unable to bring them to close quarters.
+We pursued them six or seven miles seaward. During the latter
+part of the combat, I was engaged at long range with a
+bark-rigged steam sloop-of-war; but in spite of all our
+efforts, was unable to bring her to close quarters, owing to
+her superior steaming qualities. At 7.30 A.M., in obedience to
+your orders, we stood in shore, leaving the partially crippled
+and fleeing enemy about <i>seven miles clear of the bar</i>,
+standing to the southward and eastward. At 8 A.M., in
+obedience <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>to signal, we anchored in four fathoms waters off
+the Beach Channel."</p>
+
+<p>"It gives me pleasure to testify to the good conduct and
+efficiency of the officers and crew of the <i>Chicora</i>. I am
+particularly indebted to the pilots, Messrs. Payne and Aldert,
+for the skillful pilotage of the vessel."</p>
+
+<p>"It gives me pleasure to report that I have no injuries or
+casualties."</p>
+
+<p>"Very respectfully, your obedient servant,</p>
+<p class="right">"<span class="sc">J.R. Tucker</span>, <i>Commander, C.S.N.</i></p>
+<p>"<i>Flag Officer</i> <span class="sc">D.N. Ingraham, C.S.N.</span>,<br />
+<span style="padding-left: .5em;">"<i>Commanding Station, Charleston, S.C.</i>"</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The result of this engagement was a complete demonstration of the
+futility of any attempt on the part of wooden vessels to contend with
+iron-clads. The Federal squadron consisted of the <i>Housatonic</i>,
+<i>Meresdita</i>, <i>Keystone State</i>, <i>Quaker City</i>, <i>Augusta</i>, <i>Flag</i>,
+<i>Memphis</i>, <i>Stettin</i>, <i>Ottawa</i>, and <i>Unadilla</i>, ten vessels, all of
+them unarmored, and three, the <i>Housatonic</i>, <i>Ottawa</i> and <i>Unadilla</i>,
+built for war service, the other seven being merchant steamers
+converted into men-of-war. The Confederate squadron consisted of only
+two vessels, both iron-clads, the <i>Palmetto State</i> and <i>Chicora</i>, which
+received no damage whatever during the engagement, either to their
+hulls, machinery, or crew, whilst several of the ten Federal wooden
+vessels were seriously injured, though none of them were sunk, their
+escape from capture or destruction being due to the swiftness of their
+flight. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>Their loss was twenty-five killed and twenty-two wounded.</p>
+
+<p>The blockade of Charleston harbor was soon, indeed immediately,
+re-established, and kept up by the armored frigate <i>New Ironsides</i> and
+a number of heavy "Monitors." There was, from the end of this battle
+to the evacuation of Charleston by the Confederates, no time when
+there would have been the least probability of the success of another
+dash by the Confederate vessels in the harbor upon the Federal
+squadron blockading.</p>
+
+<p>In the month of February, 1863, Tucker was promoted to the rank of
+Captain in the Provisional Navy of the Confederate States, and in
+March following was appointed Flag Officer of the Confederate Forces
+Afloat at Charleston, the <i>Chicora</i> bearing his flag.</p>
+
+<p>On the 7th of April, 1863, Admiral Dupont made his attack on
+Charleston, with a squadron consisting of the armored frigate <i>New
+Ironsides</i> and eight "Monitors." Tucker, with his usual good judgment,
+held the <i>Chicora</i> and <i>Palmetto State</i>, aided by a number of rowboats
+armed with torpedoes, ready to make a desperate and final assault upon
+the Federal squadron if it should succeed in passing the Confederate
+forts guarding the entrance to the harbor. Admiral Dupont's squadron
+was repulsed by the forts, and the Confederate squadron was not
+engaged.</p>
+
+<p>The Confederate naval forces afloat at Charleston did not possess
+either the strength or swiftness necessary for an attack on the
+Federal blockading <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>squadron with any reasonable prospect of success,
+and Tucker therefore turned his attention to attacks by means of
+torpedo-boats fitted out from his squadron. On the 5th of October,
+1863, Lieutenant W.T. Glassell, with a small double-ender steam
+torpedo-boat, made an attempt to sink the <i>New Ironsides</i>, lying off
+Morris' Island. The <i>New Ironsides</i> was not sunk, but she was
+seriously damaged and was sent North for repairs. The torpedo-boat was
+filled with water, and her commander, pilot, and engineer, all that
+were on board of her, were thrown overboard by the shock of the
+striking and exploding of the torpedo against the bottom of the
+iron-clad. The torpedo-boat was finally taken back into Charleston
+harbor by the pilot and engineer, but Lieutenant Glassell was made
+prisoner after having been in the water about an hour. A torpedo-boat
+commanded by Lieutenant Dixon of the Confederate Army, and manned by
+six volunteers from Tucker's squadron and one from the army, attacked
+and sunk, on the night of February 17th, 1864, the United States
+steamer <i>Housatonic</i> lying in the North Channel. The torpedo-boat with
+all on board went to the bottom, but most of the crew of the
+<i>Housatonic</i> were saved by taking refuge in the rigging, which was not
+submerged when the vessel rested on the bottom.</p>
+
+<p>The boat attack on Fort Sumter, made by the Federals on September 8th,
+1863, was easily repulsed, and the Charleston squadron materially
+aided in the repulse.</p>
+
+<p>A battalion of sailors from the recruits on board the receiving-ship
+<i>Indian Chief</i>, under the command <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>of Lieutenant Commanding William
+Galliard Dozier, was detached by Tucker to co-operate with the army on
+James' Island in August, 1864. This battalion rendered good service,
+and upon its return to the squadron was kept organized and ready to
+respond whenever a call for assistance was made upon the Navy by the
+Army.</p>
+
+<p>Early in 1864 some changes were made in the commanding officers of the
+squadron; Commander Isaac Newton Brown was ordered to the
+<i>Charleston</i>, Commander Thomas T. Hunter to the <i>Chicora</i>, and
+Lieutenant Commanding James Henry Rochelle to the <i>Palmetto State</i>. No
+other changes were made in the commands of the squadron while it
+existed.</p>
+
+<p>The three iron-clads under Tucker's command at Charleston were all
+slow vessels, with imperfect engines, which required frequent
+repairing; for that day, and considering the paucity of naval
+resources in the South, they were fairly officered, manned and armed.
+All of them were clad with armor four inches thick, and they were all
+of the type of the <i>Virginia</i>, or <i>Merrimac</i>, as that vessel is
+frequently but erroneously called. The commander of the vessels were
+all formerly officers of the United States Navy, who were citizens of
+the Southern States and had resigned their commissions in the Federal
+service when their States seceded from the Union. The lieutenants and
+other officers were appointed from civil life, but they were competent
+to perform the duties required of them, and conducted themselves well
+at all times and under all circumstances. The crews of each vessel
+numbered from one hundred <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>and twenty to one hundred and sixty men,
+some of them able-seamen, and most of them efficient and reliable men.
+Each vessel carried a torpedo, fitted to the end of a spar some
+fifteen or twenty feet long projecting from the bows in a line with
+the keel, and so arranged that it could be carried either triced up
+clear of the water or submerged five or six feet below the surface.
+The squadron was in a good state of discipline and drill, and, so far
+as the personnel was concerned, in a very efficient condition.</p>
+
+<p>Every night one or two of the iron-clads anchored in the channel near
+Fort Sumter for the purpose of resisting a night attack on that place
+or a dash into the harbor by the Federal squadron.</p>
+
+<p>Not long before the evacuation of Charleston an iron-clad named the
+<i>Columbia</i> was launched there. She had a thickness of six inches of
+iron on her casemate, and was otherwise superior to the other three
+iron-clads of the squadron. Unfortunately, she was run aground whilst
+coming out of dock, and so much injured as not to be able to render
+any service whatever.</p>
+
+<p>Charleston was evacuated by the Confederate forces on the 18th of
+February, 1865. Several days previous to the evacuation a detachment
+from the squadron of about three hundred men, under the command of
+Lieutenant Commanding James Henry Rochelle, consisting of the officers
+and crews of the <i>Palmetto State</i>, <i>Columbia</i>, and the recruits from
+the receiving-ship <i>Indian Chief</i>, were dispatched by rail to
+Wilmington, which the detachment reached only a few days before it
+was, in turn, abandoned by the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>Confederate Army. The Charleston naval
+detachment was ordered to co-operate with the Army as a body of
+infantry, and was assigned to duty with General Hoke's division, of
+which it formed the extreme right, resting on Cape Fear river. The
+position was exposed to an annoying fire from the Federal gunboats in
+the river, to which no reply could be made, but from which some loss
+was suffered. The evacuation of Wilmington took place on the 22d of
+February, 1865, and the Charleston squadron's naval battalion marched
+out with Hoke's division, to which it remained attached until
+somewhere in the interior of North Carolina it reunited with Tucker's
+command.</p>
+
+<p>With the officers and crews of the <i>Charleston</i> and <i>Chicora</i>, Tucker
+left Charleston on the 18th of February, 1865, the day of the
+evacuation of the city by the Confederate Army. As far as Florence in
+South Carolina the Charleston naval brigade traveled by rail, but at
+that point Tucker received a telegram informing him that the Federal
+forces were about cutting the railway communication between Florence
+and Wilmington. This was the last message that came over the wires,
+and Tucker, knowing that the enemy had succeeded in seizing the
+railroad, abandoned his intention of making for Wilmington, and
+marched his command across the country to Fayetteville, where he
+received orders from the Navy Department to bring his force to
+Richmond. On the way from Fayetteville to Richmond the detached
+Charleston naval battalion was reunited to the main <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>body under
+Tucker, and the whole brigade proceeded together to Richmond, and from
+Richmond it was sent to garrison the Confederate batteries at Drewry's
+Bluff, of which place Tucker was ordered to assume command, the naval
+forces afloat in James river being under the command of Rear Admiral
+Raphael Semmes.</p>
+
+<p>When Tucker took command at Drewry's Bluff the Confederate cause was
+at its last gasp. Richmond was evacuated by the Confederate Army and
+Government on the night of the 2d of April, 1865. Strange to relate,
+Tucker received no orders to retire with his command, and he held his
+post steadily until, early on the morning of the 3d, the Confederate
+iron-clads in James river were burnt by their own commanders. When he
+knew the troops were marching out of Richmond and saw the Confederate
+iron-clads burning in the river, Tucker thought it was not only
+justifiable but necessary for him to act without orders, and he
+retired with his command from Drewry's Bluff. General R.E. Lee told
+Tucker, when they met, that of all the mistakes committed by the
+Richmond authorities he regretted none more than the neglect to
+apprise the naval force at Drewry's Bluff of the intended evacuation
+of the city.</p>
+
+<p>The naval brigade from Drewry's Bluff, under Flag Officer Tucker,
+joined the rear guard of the Confederate Army, and was attached to
+General Custis Lee's division of General Ewell's corps, with which it
+marched until the battle of Saylor's Creek on the 16th of April, 1865.
+The naval brigade held <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>the right of the line at that battle, and
+easily repulsed all the assaults made upon it. A flag of truce was
+sent by the Federal General commanding at that point to inform Tucker
+that the Confederate troops on his right and left had surrendered, and
+that further resistance was useless and could only end in the
+destruction of the sailors. Tucker, believing that the battle had only
+commenced, refused to surrender, and held his position until reliable
+information, which he could not doubt, reached him of the surrender of
+General Ewell and his army corps. The naval brigade surrendered by
+Tucker numbered some three hundred sailors, who, the opposing force
+said, did not know when they were whipped. Tucker's sword, which he
+rendered to General Keifer, was returned to him some years after the
+war by that gentleman, then a prominent member of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>Tucker was sent North and confined as a prisoner of war until the
+entire cessation of hostilities, when he was released on parole. On
+his return to Virginia he found that both the Confederate and State
+Governments were things of the past, and that he would have to mend
+his broken fortunes, if mend them he could, by engaging in the
+business pursuits of civil life. He succeeded, not without difficulty,
+in obtaining employment as an agent of the Southern Express Company,
+and was stationed at Raleigh, North Carolina, to take charge of the
+business matters of the Company in that city.</p>
+
+<br />
+<h4>FOOTNOTES</h4>
+<br />
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The <i>Keystone State</i> did not surrender, rescue or no
+rescue, and her escape ought probably to be regarded as a rescue.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="PART_III" id="PART_III"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>PART III.<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+
+<div class="block"><p class="hang"><span class="sc">Tucker Offered the Command of the Peruvian Fleet, With
+the Rank of Rear Admiral &mdash; Arrives in Lima &mdash; No Precedent
+for the Return of Money &mdash; Commissioned a Rear Admiral in
+the Navy of Peru &mdash; Commands the Allied Fleets of Peru and
+Chile &mdash; Spanish War &mdash; Tucker's Plan for a Naval Campaign;
+Projected Expedition Against Manila &mdash; Cessation of
+Hostilities &mdash; Tucker Retires From the Command of the
+Fleet, and Is Appointed President of the Peruvian
+Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon &mdash; Crosses the
+Andes and Reaches the Amazon &mdash; Explores the Yavari
+River &mdash; Ordered to the United States to Superintend the
+Building of an Exploring Steamer &mdash; Returns to the Amazon
+With Steamer</span> <i>Tambo</i>. <span class="sc">Expedition Up the Ucayali
+and Exploration of the Tambo River &mdash; Ordered to the United
+States to Procure a Steamer of Light Draught of
+Water &mdash; Returns to the Amazon With Steamer</span>
+<i>Mairo</i> &mdash; <span class="sc">Second Expedition Up the Ucayali &mdash; Canoe
+Expedition Up the Pachitea and Exploration of the Pichis
+River &mdash; Expedition Up the Amazon and Huallaga
+Rivers &mdash; Ordered to Lima. Ordered to New York to
+Superintend the</span> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span><span class="sc">Charts Made by the Hydrographical
+Commission &mdash; Publication of Charts Abandoned on Account of
+the Financial Condition of Peru &mdash; Letter From President
+Pardo &mdash; Letter From Minister Freyre &mdash; Tucker Retires to His
+Home in Petersburg, Virginia &mdash; Occupations and Amusements
+of Old Age &mdash; Death &mdash; Character and
+Qualities &mdash; Conclusion.</span></p></div>
+<br />
+
+
+<p>While residing in Raleigh, North Carolina, Tucker received a letter
+from the Peruvian Minister to the United States, requesting an
+interview on affairs of importance. Going to Washington, Tucker saw
+the Minister, and the result of the interview was that he accepted a
+proposition to go to Peru and enter the Navy of that Republic as a
+rear-admiral, his commission to be dated from the time of his arrival
+at Lima. He was allowed to take with him two staff officers, one with
+the rank of captain and the other with that of commander.</p>
+
+<p>When Tucker entered the Navy of Peru, that Republic was engaged in a
+war with Spain. Spain had never recognized the independence of her
+former South American colonies, and thinking a favorable opportunity
+had arisen for asserting her dormant claims, the Spanish Government
+sent an iron-clad frigate, accompanied by several smaller vessels, to
+attack the Chilean and Peruvian seaport cities on the Pacific coast.
+The attack upon Valparaiso, the chief port of Chile, was successful,
+but the Spanish <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>squadron was beaten off at Callao by the Peruvian
+batteries. Whilst preparing for the defense of Callao, the Peruvian
+Government determined to place its naval establishment on such a
+footing that it would be able to meet any force Spain could send to
+the Pacific. Tucker had, and most deservedly, the reputation of being
+a hard fighter, a thorough disciplinarian, and a splendid seaman;
+hence the Peruvian Government of President Prado directed its Minister
+at Washington to engage his services if possible. The cause was one
+which enlisted all Tucker's sympathies, and he agreed to take command
+of the Peruvian fleet. Tucker became much attached to Peru, and served
+the Republic zealously and faithfully. He had many warm friends in
+Lima, and no matter what party held the Government, the trust and
+confidence reposed in him by the authorities in Lima was always
+implicit.</p>
+
+<p>Tucker arrived in Lima accompanied by his personal staff, David Porter
+McCorkle, captain of the fleet, and Walter Raleigh Butt, commander and
+aide. Just before their leaving New York the Peruvian Minister handed
+Tucker a bag of gold, with which he was told to pay all the traveling
+expenses of himself and staff; this was done, but when the party
+arrived at Lima the bag was still half full. Tucker insisted on
+returning this surplus to the Government, but there was no precedent
+for such a thing, and it was not without some difficulty that there
+could be found an officer of the treasury authorized to receive and
+receipt for the unexpected money.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>The appointment of a foreigner to command their fleet was distasteful
+to some of the Peruvian officers, and this fact coming to Tucker's
+knowledge, he informed General Prado, the President of the Republic,
+that he had no wish that any officer should be forced to serve
+unwillingly under his command, and preferred resigning if the
+dissatisfaction at the appointment of a stranger to command the fleet
+was general or deep-seated. The officers who were dissatisfied were
+relieved from duty, and others were easily found who were not only
+willing but anxious to serve under Tucker.</p>
+
+<p>The Peruvian squadron was lying at Valparaiso when Tucker hoisted his
+flag on board the frigate <i>Independencia</i>. The Chilean squadron was
+also lying at Valparaiso, and Tucker, as senior officer present, was
+in command of the allied fleets of both Peru and Chile.</p>
+
+<p>An efficient state of drill and discipline was soon established in the
+fleets. A feeble attempt at mutiny broke out on one occasion during
+the temporary absence of Tucker, but it was easily quelled without
+bloodshed, and no similar attempt was ever again made whilst Tucker
+was in command. Officers of the Peruvian Navy, who were themselves
+opposed to giving foreigners high rank in their service, admitted that
+the fleet had never been in so good a condition for effective service
+as whilst it was under Tucker.</p>
+
+<p>The Spanish squadron had retired from the coast, but was expected to
+return as soon as it had been refitted and revictualed, but no
+apprehension was felt <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>as to the result of another attack by the
+Spanish, for the allied fleets were believed to be fully equal to the
+task of protecting the coasts and ports of the Republics.</p>
+
+<p>Tucker's plan of naval operations was to sail with a small squadron,
+composed of the most efficient vessels under his command, for Manila,
+a most important dependency of Spain in the East Indies. He expected
+to take the Spaniards entirely by surprise, to capture all Spanish
+vessels in port, and to hold Manila and the other ports of the
+Philippine Islands until peace was established.</p>
+
+<p>In order to provide for the reappearance of the Spanish fleet on the
+coast during his absence, Tucker advised the allied Governments to
+enroll as a naval reserve all the Peruvian and Chilean masters, mates
+and crews of merchant vessels, pilots and mariners engaged in
+employments on shore. A part of his plan was that all merchant
+steamers carrying the flags of the Republics, which could be made
+available for war purposes, should be inspected and held ready for
+active service in the Navy and manned by the naval reserve whenever
+the Government should think it necessary to employ them. This force,
+with the harbor defense iron-clads, and the forts and batteries on
+shore, Tucker thought would be a sufficient protection for the coast,
+whilst his squadron of the most efficient sea-going vessels was absent
+in the East Indies, where the capture of Manila would have dealt a
+heavy blow to Spain, and rendered an honorable peace, carrying with it
+an acknowledgment of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>independence of Peru and Chile, a matter of
+easy attainment.</p>
+
+<p>This plan, which would probably have been entirely successful if
+carried out with skill, daring and judgment, as it would have been by
+Tucker, was favorably considered by the Governments of the allied
+Republics, but it was not carried out, probably on account of the
+financial embarrassments under which the Republics labored, and which
+rendered it exceedingly difficult to find the funds required to fit
+out the expedition.</p>
+
+<p>The Manila expedition having been abandoned, and the Spanish fleet
+which had been employed on the Pacific coast having returned home,
+Tucker requested permission to visit Lima, in order that he might lay
+before General Prado, President of the Republic, a plan for making an
+exploration and survey of the Peruvian or Upper Amazon River and its
+tributaries. The President heartily approved of the enterprise, for
+the Government was at that very time considering the practicability of
+opening better communications between the west coast and the eastern
+part of the country, and of finding an outlet by the waters of the
+Amazon for the rich productions of the interior.</p>
+
+<p>Tucker resigned his commission as rear-admiral in the Navy of the
+Republic, and was immediately appointed President of the Peruvian
+Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. He left Lima with a full
+corps of assistants, and made his way across the mountains to the head
+of navigation on the Palcazu river, where the party was received on
+board a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>Government steamer that had been dispatched from Iquitos to
+meet them. The headquarters of the Commission was established at
+Iquitos, the principal settlement on the Upper Amazon river, and the
+place where the Government factories and magazines were located.</p>
+
+<p>In the small steamer <i>Naps</i>, belonging to the Government, Tucker made
+an exploring expedition of two hundred and fifty miles up Yavari, the
+river which forms the boundary between Peru and Brazil.</p>
+
+<p>None of the Peruvian steamers on the Amazon being suitable for
+exploring and surveying purposes, the Government at Lima ordered
+Tucker to proceed to the United States and procure such a vessel as
+was required for the duty pertaining to his Commission. In obedience
+to this order Tucker spent some months in the United States, and had a
+steamer built by Messrs. Pusey, Jones &amp; Co., of Wilmington, Delaware,
+expressly adapted to the navigation of the shoals and rapids of the
+Upper Amazon. This vessel, named the <i>Tambo</i>, was delivered to Tucker
+at Para, the Brazilian city at the mouth of the Lower Amazon.
+Embarking on board the <i>Tambo</i>, Tucker took the steamer up the river
+to Iquitos, where supplies were taken on board sufficient to last for
+several months. He then proceeded to make an important expedition up
+the Upper Amazon, the Ucayali and the Tambo rivers. The Tambo river
+had never been explored, and it was thought that it presented a
+feasible route for navigation to San Ramon, a military station in the
+heart of the interior, only <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>about thirty miles distant from the large
+and important city of Tarmo, which is connected by railway with Lima.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving Iquitos, the <i>Tambo</i>, with the Commission on board, passed up
+the Amazon to the mouth of the Ucayali river, up the Ucayali past the
+rapids of the "Devil's Leap," and entered the Tambo river. The Tambo
+was found to be a narrow stream, full of rocks and rapids and not
+practicable for navigation by steamers. When the steamer <i>Tambo</i> could
+ascend no higher, Tucker fitted out a small boat and pulled some
+twenty miles farther up the river, but everywhere found such
+obstructions as rendered it an impracticable route to the interior. It
+is, perhaps, to be regretted that time did not allow of an examination
+of the other affluents of the Usayali trending towards San Ramon and
+Tarmo.</p>
+
+<p>On his return to Iquitos, Tucker was again dispatched to the United
+States to procure another and smaller exploring steamer. During his
+absence Captain James Henry Rochelle was directed by the Government at
+Lima to take charge of the Hydrographical Commission as its acting
+president.</p>
+
+<p>After an absence of some months, Tucker returned to Iquitos with the
+new steamer, which was named the <i>Mayro</i>, and was little more than a
+large steam launch, intended for use where a vessel of greater draught
+of water could not be employed.</p>
+
+<p>The next expedition decided upon was for the exploration of the water
+route towards Huanaco, by way of the entirely unknown river Pichis.
+Most of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>the tributaries of the Ucayali had been traveled more or less
+by the Jesuit priests from the College of Ocopa, but none of them had
+attempted the route of the Pichis, the banks of which were in
+possession of roving tribes of Indians, who permitted no stranger to
+pass through their country. It was thought possible, and even
+probable, from the stories told by the natives, that the head of the
+Pichis river would be found well suited for being the eastern terminus
+of the trans-Andean railway.</p>
+
+<p>In February, 1873, the <i>Mayro</i>, with a detachment of the Commission on
+board, was dispatched from Iquitos, with orders to await at the mouth
+of the Pachitea river the coming of the <i>Tambo</i>. Tucker embarked on
+board the <i>Tambo</i> on the 1st of April with the main body of the
+Commission, and arrived at the confluence of the Pachitea and Ucayali,
+seven hundred and sixty-five miles from Iquitos, on the 13th of May.
+The river had commenced to fall, which rendered it prudent not to
+ascend the Pachitea in steamers, for had one of them got aground
+whilst the water was falling, it would probably have remained in that
+situation until the next annual rise of the river.</p>
+
+<p>The water of the Amazon, and the same may be said of all its
+tributaries, begins to rise about October, and continues to increase
+its flood until December. In December there is a short period of no
+rise, or perhaps even a slight fall, after which the river again
+continues to rise until May, when the permanent fall commences and
+continues until the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>following October, when the annual flood again
+sets in. Sand bars are constantly forming and shifting in the channel
+of the river, and for a steamer to run on one of them whilst the water
+is falling endangers the detention of the vessel until she is floated
+off by the annual rise in October.</p>
+
+<p>The annual fall of the river having set in when the <i>Tambo</i> reached
+the mouth of the Pachitea, Tucker determined to continue the
+expedition in canoes. Six of the largest and best canoes that could be
+procured from the Indians were fitted out, and the whole Commission
+embarked in them, accompanied by its escort of a dozen Peruvian
+soldiers under the command of Major Ramon Herrera.</p>
+
+<p>From the 19th to the 30th of May the Commission prosecuted its survey
+of the Pachitea without interruption, but on the 30th, at a place
+called Cherrecles Chingana, fifteen or twenty Cashibo Indians came
+down to the left or north bank of the river, and by signs and gestures
+signified a desire for friendly communication. The canoes were paddled
+in to them, and some few presents of such articles as could be spared
+were distributed among them, and, apparently, received most
+thankfully. But the Cashibos did not let the occasion pass without
+showing the treachery for which they are notorious. When the interview
+was ended, seemingly in the most amicable manner, and as the canoes of
+the Commission were paddling off, a flight of arrows was discharged at
+them by a party of Cashibos who had been lying in ambush during the
+interview. A few volleys from <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>the Remington rifles, with which all
+the members of the Commission were armed, soon dispersed the savages
+and drove them to the jungle.</p>
+
+<p>Of all the savage tribes that roam about the head waters of the
+Ucayali, the Cashibos alone are cannibals. They are brave, cunning and
+treacherous, and are only surpassed by the Campas in their hatred of
+the white man. The Campas inhabit the spurs and hills at the foot of
+the eastern Cordilleras, where the Ucayali and Pichis rivers have
+their origin. They are a fierce, proud and numerous tribe, and are
+held in great fear by their lowland neighbors. They permit no
+strangers, especially no whites, to enter their country, and the
+members of the expedition under Tucker were the first white men who
+ever ascended the Pichis into the regions of this warlike tribe.</p>
+
+<p>The canoes of the expedition entered the mouth of the Pichis on the
+6th of June. Being an unknown river, it became necessary to give names
+to the prominent points as they were discovered; and these names were
+used subsequently in making the charts of the surveys of the
+Commission.</p>
+
+<p>The navigation of the Pichis was found to be clear and unobstructed
+from its mouth for a distance of fifteen miles up to Rochelle Island,
+which is in latitude 9&deg; 57' 11" south, longitude 75&deg; 2' 0" west of
+Greenwich, and three thousand one hundred miles from the Atlantic
+coast, following the course of the Amazon river. Rochelle Island was
+reached on the 7th of June, and was named after Captain James Henry
+Rochelle, the senior member of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span>Commission. Any steamer which can
+navigate the Pachitea can ascend the Pichis this far without
+difficulty, but above Rochelle Island the navigation becomes more
+difficult, and probably impracticable for any but steamers of very
+light draught and strong steam power.</p>
+
+<p>On the 15th of June the expedition arrived at the head of canoe
+navigation on the Pichis. The point was named Port Tucker, after the
+president of the Commission. Port Tucker is in latitude 10&deg; 22' 55"
+south, longitude 74&deg; 49' 0" west of Greenwich, distant three thousand
+one hundred and sixty-seven miles from the mouth of the Amazon,
+following the course of the river, and one hundred and ninety miles in
+a direct line from the Pacific coast. The lofty mountains so plainly
+in sight from Port Tucker are the eastern spurs of the Andes, the
+chosen land of the savage and numerous Campas Indians.</p>
+
+<p>Several days before the expedition reached the shoals which terminate
+the navigation of the Pichis, the tom-toms or drums of the Campas were
+heard night and day beating the assembly of the warriors. The purpose
+for which the braves were to be assembled was not a matter about which
+there was the least doubt, but probably sufficient numbers were not
+got together in time to execute their intentions, for no attack was
+made on the Commission whilst it was in the Campas country.</p>
+
+<p>During this expedition the Palcazu river was also ascended to Port
+Prado, or Puerto del Mairo, the head of navigation for steamers of
+light draught. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>Port Prado is in latitude 9&deg; 55' 22" south, longitude
+75&deg; 17' 45" west of Greenwich, distant three thousand one hundred and
+nineteen miles from the mouth of the Amazon, following the river, and
+only about forty miles from the important interior city of Huanaco, to
+which place it is in contemplation to extend the trans-Andean railway.
+If the road were continued from Huanaco to Port Prado there would be a
+complete trans-continental line of communication by railway and
+steamboats from Lima in Peru to the mouth of the Amazon.</p>
+
+<p>Two new rivers were discovered by the Commission flowing into the
+Pichis. One of them was named the Trinidad, from having been
+discovered on Trinity Sunday, and the other was called Herrera-yacu,
+after Major Ramon Herrera, of the Peruvian Army, who commanded the
+escort of the Commission. The supplies of the expedition were running
+too short to allow of any but a cursory examination of these two
+rivers. The Trinidad, trending to the westward, can only be of value
+as affording a water route to the plains lying between the Pichis and
+the Ucayali, but it is possible that the Herrera-yacu may furnish a
+nearer water route to Cerro de Pasco than any yet known.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst the canoes of the Commission were descending the Pachitea, they
+were attacked by the Cashibos, who assembled on the banks of the
+river, and, waiting until the leading canoes had passed, let fly
+flights of arrows at the canoe which brought up the rear. The Cashibos
+were dispersed by a few rounds from the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>Remington rifles of the
+Commission, and the explorers met with no further forcible opposition
+on the way to the steamers awaiting them at the mouth of the Pachitea,
+where they arrived after a canoe voyage of forty-one days, during
+which many difficulties and some dangers were encountered and
+overcome. Not a single person under Tucker's command was killed, or
+died from sickness, during this expedition, and, singular to relate,
+after all the hardships and exposure endured the explorers were in
+much better health when they returned to their steamers than when they
+left them at the beginning of the expedition.</p>
+
+<p>On the 15th of July, 1873, the steamers <i>Tambo</i> and <i>Mayro</i>,
+comprising the exploring squadron, reached Iquitos after an absence of
+three months and ten days. From the 15th of July to the 18th of
+September the Hydrographical Commission was on shore at Iquitos,
+employed making charts of the surveys of the late expedition, whilst
+the steamers were being refitted for further service.</p>
+
+<p>On the 18th of September the Commission again embarked and proceeded
+to the mouth of the Yavari river, which forms the boundary between
+Peru and Brazil. The greatest pains were taken to properly establish
+this point. On a small island in the middle of the river, and very
+near its confluence with the Amazon, many astronomical observations
+were taken, resulting in giving the latitude 4&deg; 18' 45" south,
+longitude 69&deg; 53' 10" west of Greenwich, the distance from the
+Atlantic coast by the courses of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>Amazon being one thousand eight
+hundred and eleven miles. From the Brazilian frontier the main stream
+of the Amazon was surveyed and its tributaries examined by the
+Commission up to Borja, where the river rushes from a narrow gorge of
+the mountains and leaps into the lowlands. Borja is in latitude 4&deg; 31'
+37" south, longitude 77&deg; 29' 43" west of Greenwich. From the Atlantic
+coast to Borja, a distance of two thousand six hundred and sixty
+miles, the Amazon is navigable, without serious obstruction or
+difficulty, for either river or sea-going steamers of several hundred
+tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>It would take many long years to make a thorough survey of the waters
+of the Amazon, which is, in fact, more of an inland sea than a river,
+with hundreds of branches forming a network of communicating channels
+extending for sixty or seventy miles on each side of the main stream.
+At the height of the annual floods the whole country, with the
+exception of the highest land, on which the towns are invariably
+built, is covered with water, forming a vast swamp and jungle,
+traversed in every direction by navigable channels, which at the
+season of low waters become rivers or natural canals.</p>
+
+<p>The principal object for which the Commission presided over by Tucker
+had been instituted was accomplished when the main channels of the
+river and of its affluents was traced from the Peruvian and Brazilian
+frontiers to the head of navigation of the main river and of its
+tributaries, so as to show the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>nearest approach by water
+communication to the eastern terminus of the trans-Andean railway.
+This duty having been executed, Tucker was ordered to proceed to Lima
+for conference with the Government as to the results of the
+explorations and surveys he had made.</p>
+
+<p>After consultation with Tucker, Se&ntilde;or Pardo, the President of the
+Republic, directed that charts of the surveys made by the
+Hydrographical Commission should be published in New York, and that
+Tucker and two members of the Commission should be detailed to prepare
+the work for the press and superintend the engraving of the plates.
+The other members of the Commission returned to their homes, having
+completed the duty for which they were engaged.</p>
+
+<p>There were some changes from time to time in the Peruvian
+Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon, but the following list of its
+members may be taken as correct:</p>
+
+<p>President&mdash;John Randolph Tucker. Members&mdash;James Henry Rochelle, David
+Porter McCorkle, Walter Raleigh Butt. Secretaries&mdash;Timot&eacute;o Smith,
+Maurice Mesnier. Surgeon&mdash;Francis Land Galt. Civil Engineers&mdash;Manuel
+Charron, Manuel Rosas, Thomas Wing Sparrow, Nelson Berkeley Noland.
+Steam Engineers&mdash;John W. Durfey, David W. Bains.</p>
+
+<p>On arriving in the United States, Tucker established an office in New
+York, and, assisted by Captain Rochelle and Mr. Sparrow, soon had the
+charts and plans, with explanatory notes, ready for the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>hands of the
+printers and engravers; but in consequence of the financial
+difficulties into which Peru had fallen, the publication was delayed
+from time to time and finally abandoned altogether, as is shown by the
+following letter from Se&ntilde;or Pardo, President of the Republic:</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="right"><span class="sc">Lima</span>, Marzo 13, 1877.</p>
+<p class="noin">"<i>Sr. J.R. Tucker.</i><br />
+<span style="padding-left: 1em;">"<i>39 Broadway, New York City.</i></span></p>
+
+<p>"<i>Estimado amigo</i>:&mdash;He recibido su apreciable carta de 10 del
+pasado, que me es grato contestar manifest&aacute;ndole que las
+graves dificultades ec&oacute;nomicas porgue hoi atravissa la
+Rep&uacute;blica, oblejan el Gobierno &aacute; dar por terminada la comiseon
+de que fu&eacute; ud encargado para la publicacion de los Mapas y
+Cartas topogr&aacute;ficas de las regiones Amazonicas.</p>
+
+<p>"En esta virtud, se sirvir&aacute; ud. entregar al se&ntilde;or Freyre,
+Ministro del Per&uacute; en Washington, las reforidas Cartos, Mapas,
+y todas las demas &uacute;tiles pertenecientes al Gobierno del Per&uacute;,
+que hoi existen en poder de la Comision que ud. preside; todo
+bajo de inuentario y con las formalidades necesarias.</p>
+
+<p>"En cuanto al pagar de sus suldos y los de los Sen&ntilde;ores que
+forman parte de esa Comision, he ordinado al Ministro de
+Hacienda disponga lo conveniente para su pronto abono, y juzgo
+que asi-luego les servan completamente satisfechos.</p>
+
+<p>"Deseandole a ud. la mejor conservacion, me as grato
+reiterarle las expresiones de mi amistad y particular estima."</p>
+
+<p style="padding-left: 2em;">"Su afrino S.S.</p>
+<p class="right sc">"Pardo."</p>
+</div>
+
+<h4><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>[TRANSLATION.]</h4>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="right">"<span class="sc">Lima</span>, March 13, 1877.</p>
+<p class="noin">"<i>J.R. Tucker, Esq.</i><br />
+<span style="padding-left: 1em;">"<i>39 Broadway, New York City.</i></span></p>
+
+<p>"<i>Esteemed Friend</i>:&mdash;I have received and answer with pleasure
+your appreciated letter of the 10th ultimo, apprising you that
+the grave economical difficulties which at present afflict the
+Republic, obliges the Government to order the termination of
+the commission with which you are charged for the publication
+of the maps and charts of the Amazonian regions.</p>
+
+<p>"For this reason, you will be pleased to deliver to Mr.
+Freyre, Minister of Peru in Washington, the referred to
+charts, maps and all other articles belonging to the
+Government of Peru, which now remain in charge of the
+Commission over which you preside; all to be delivered under
+inventories and with the necessary forms.</p>
+
+<p>"In regard to the payment of the salaries of yourself and the
+other gentlemen who form part of the Commission, I have
+ordered the Minister of the Treasury to take measures for the
+prompt disbursement of what may be due, and I judge that in a
+short times these claims will be completely satisfied.</p>
+
+<p>"With my best wishes, it gives me pleasure to repeat the
+expression of my friendship and particular esteem.</p>
+
+<p style="padding-left: 2em;">"Truly your faithful Servt.,</p>
+<p class="right sc">"Pardo."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>In compliance with the directions of President Pardo, the charts made
+by the Commission were delivered to the Peruvian Legation at
+Washington. These charts were all ready for publication, and had they
+been published would have afforded much valuable information in regard
+to the Upper Amazon and its tributaries, water courses which are daily
+becoming more and more important to commerce, and which are destined
+in the not distant future to be navigated by lines of ocean as well as
+by lines of river steamers.</p>
+
+<p>The following letter from Colonel Manuel Freyre, Peruvian Minister at
+Washington, describes the charts and plans which Tucker delivered to
+the Legation, and which it is to be hoped are still preserved:</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="right">"<i>Legacion del Peru.</i><br />
+"<span class="sc">Washington</span>, Marzo 22 de 1877.</p>
+<p><i>Senor Don Juan R. Tucker, Ex-Presidente de la
+Comision Hidrografica del Amazonas.</i></p>
+
+<p>"La caja que dij&oacute; le. depositada en poder del C&oacute;nsul Tracy, ha
+sido recibida en esta Legacion, y contiene los siguientes
+planos; &agrave; saber:</p>
+
+<p>"1st. Un plano del Rio Amazonas Peruano, desde lo boca del rio
+Yavari hasta Borja, termino de la navegacion &aacute; vapor, dibujado
+sobre diez pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por cada das
+millas. Los rios Ytaya y Pastaza est&aacute;n incluidos en esta
+Plano, que cuenta 848 millas del rio Peruano Amazonas, 45
+millas del rio Ytaya, y 7 millas del rio Pastaza."</p>
+
+<p>"2d. Un plano del rio Yavari desde su boca hasta la
+confluencia de los rios Yacarana y Yavarasina, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>dibujado,
+sobre das pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por cada dos
+millas. Este plano cuenta 220 millas del rio Yavari.</p>
+
+<p>"3d. Un plano del rio Nanay desde su boca hasta el t&eacute;rmino de
+la navegacion para vapores de poco calado debujado sobre dos
+pliegos. Este plano contiene 160 millas del rio Nanay.</p>
+
+<p>"4th. Un plano del rio Tigre-Yacu desde su boca hasta un punto
+111 millas aniba de la boca, dibujado sobre dos pliegos y en
+una escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas."</p>
+
+<p>"5th. Un plano del rio Huallaga desde la boca hasta
+Rumi-Callirina, el t&ecirc;rmino de la navegacion para vapores,
+dibujado sobre dos pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por
+cada dos millas. Este plano cuenta 169 millas del rio
+Huallaga.</p>
+
+<p>"6th. Un plano del rio Morona desde su boca hasta un punto 37
+millas arriba de dicha boca, dibujado sobre un pliego y en una
+escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas."</p>
+
+<p>"7th. Un plano del rio Potro desde la boca hasta el t&eacute;rmino de
+la navegacion para vapores de poco calada, dibujada sobre un
+pliego y en una escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas.
+Este plano contiene 64 millas del rio Potro.</p>
+
+<p>"8th. Un plano del rio Ucayali desde la boca hasta la
+confluencia de los rios Urubamba y Tambo, dibujado sobre nueve
+pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por cada das millas.
+Los rios Urubamba y Tambo, desde sus bocas hasta el mas alto
+punto donde espracticable la navegacion &aacute; vapor, est&aacute;n
+incluidos en este plano, que contiene 885 millas del <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>rio
+Ucayali, 24 millas del rio Urubamba, y 53 millas del rio
+Tambo."</p>
+
+<p>"9th. Un plano del rio Pachitea desde su boca hasta la
+confluencia de los rios Palcazu y Pichis, dibujado sobre dos
+pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas.
+Este plano contiene 191 millas del rio Pachitea."</p>
+
+<p>"10th. Un plano del rio Palcazu desde la boca hasta el puerto
+del Mairo, dibujado sobre un pliego y en una escala de una
+pulgada por cada dos millas. Estate plano contiene 37 millas
+del rio Palcazu.</p>
+
+<p>"11th. Un plano del rio Pichis desde la boca hasta el t&eacute;rmino
+de navegacion en canoas, dibujado sobre un pliego y en una
+escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas. Una parte del rio
+Herrera-yacu y otro parte del rio Trinidad se hallan en este
+plano, que contiene 85 millas del rio Pichis, 4 millas del rio
+Trinidad, y 5 millas del rio Herrera-yacu.</p>
+
+<p>"12th. Un plano del rio Amazonas Peruano y sus afluentes,
+dibujados sobre un pliego y en una escala de una pulgada por
+cada quince millas. Este plana contiene 1661 millas del rio
+Amazonas Peruano y sus afluentes.</p>
+
+<p>"13th. Todas las mencionadas planos est&aacute;n dibujados sobre
+treinta y cinco pliegos, siendo cada pliego treinta pulgados
+de largo por quince pulgada de ancho.</p>
+
+<p>"14th. Un plano del rio Amazonas Peruano y sus afluentes,
+dibujado sabre un pliego y en una escala de una pulgada por
+cada diez millas, siendo el pliego cines pi&eacute;s de largo por
+cinco pi&eacute;s de ancho. Este plano contiene en un solo pliego
+todos los <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>reconocimientos verificados por la Comision
+Hidrografica del Amazonas, que son por todo 2945 millas.</p>
+
+<p>"Loo demas planos d&aacute;n los mismos reconocimientos mas
+detalladamenente.</p>
+
+<p>"15th. Un plano del pueblo de Yquitos, dibujado sobre un
+pliego.</p>
+
+<p style="padding-left: 2em;">"Dios que &aacute; le.</p>
+<p class="right sc">"Manl. Freyre."</p>
+</div>
+
+<h4>[TRANSLATION.]</h4>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="right">"<i>Legation of Peru.</i><br />
+"<span class="sc">Washington</span>, March 22d, 1877.</p>
+<p>"<i>John R. Tucker, Esq., Ex-President of the Hydrographical
+Commission of the Amazon.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"The box deposited by you with Consul Tracy has been received
+at this Legation, and contains the following charts, to wit:</p>
+
+<p>"1st. A chart of the Peruvian Amazon river, from the mouth of
+the River Yavari to Borja, the termination of steam
+navigation, drawn upon ten sheets, and on a scale of one inch
+to each two miles. The Rivers Itaya and Pastaza are included
+in this chart, which contains 848 miles of the Peruvian Amazon
+river, 45 miles of the Itaya river, and 7 miles of the Pastaza
+river.</p>
+
+<p>"2d. A chart of the Yavari river from its mouth to the
+confluence of the Rivers Yacarana and Yavarasino, drawn upon
+two sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two miles. This
+chart comprises 220 miles of the Yavari river.</p>
+
+<p>"3d. A chart of the River Nanay from its mouth to the
+termination of navigation for steamers of light <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>draught,
+drawn upon two sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two
+miles. This chart contains 160 miles of the River Nanay.</p>
+
+<p>"4th. A chart of the River Tigre-yacu, from its mouth to a
+point 111 miles above its mouth, drawn upon two sheets and on
+a scale of one inch for each two miles.</p>
+
+<p>"5th. A chart of the River Huallaga, from its mouth to
+Rumi-Callirina, the termination of steamer navigation, drawn
+upon two sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two miles.
+This chart comprises 169 miles of the Huallaga river.</p>
+
+<p>"6th. A chart of the River Morona, from its mouth to a point
+37 miles above its mouth, drawn upon one sheet and on a scale
+of one inch for each two miles.</p>
+
+<p>"7th. A chart of the River Patro, from its mouth to the
+termination of navigation for steamers of small draught, drawn
+upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch for each two miles.
+This chart contains 64 miles of the Patro river.</p>
+
+<p>"8th. A chart of the River Ucayali, from its mouth to the
+confluence of the Rivers Urubamba and Tambo, drawn upon nine
+sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two miles. The
+Rivers Urubamba and Tambo, from their mouths to the highest
+point to which steamer navigation is practicable, are included
+in this chart, which contains 885 miles of the River Ucayali,
+24 miles of the River Urubamba, and 53 miles of the River
+Tambo.</p>
+
+<p>"9th. A chart of the River Pachitea, from its mouth to the
+confluence of the Rivers Palcazu and Pichis, drawn upon two
+sheets and on a scale of one <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span>inch for each two miles. This
+chart contains 191 miles of the River Pachitea.</p>
+
+<p>"10th. A chart of the River Palcazu, from its mouth to Port
+Mairo, drawn upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch each
+for two miles. This chart contains 37 miles of the River
+Palcazu.</p>
+
+<p>"11th. A chart of the Pechis river, from its mouth to the
+termination of canoe navigation, drawn upon one sheet and on a
+scale of one inch for each two miles. A part of the River
+Herrera-yacu, and also a part of the River Trinidad, are
+included in this chart, which contains 85 miles of the River
+Pichis, 4 miles of the River Trinidad, and 5 miles of the
+River Herrera-yacu.</p>
+
+<p>"12th. A chart of the Peruvian Amazon river and its affluents,
+drawn upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch for each 15
+miles. This chart contains 1661 miles of the Peruvian Amazon
+river and its affluents.</p>
+
+<p>"13th. A chart of the River Ucayali and its affluents, drawn
+upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch for each 15 miles.
+This chart contains 1284 miles of the River Ucayali and its
+affluents.</p>
+
+<p>"All the above mentioned charts are drawn upon 35 sheets, each
+sheet being 30 inches long and 15 inches broad.</p>
+
+<p>"14th. A chart of the Peruvian Amazon river and its affluents,
+drawn upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch for each ten
+miles, the sheet being 5 feet long by 5 feet broad. This chart
+contains, on one single sheet, all the surveys made by the
+Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. The other charts give
+the same surveys more in detail.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>"15th. A plan of the town of Iquitos, drawn upon one sheet.</p>
+
+<p style="padding-left: 2em;">"May God guard you.</p>
+<p class="right sc">"Manl. Freyre."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Tucker was in the sixty-seventh year of his age when he retired to his
+home in the City of Petersburg, Virginia, where he had purchased a
+comfortable house with a lawn and garden attached. Here he passed the
+evening of an active life in the enjoyment of a private fortune,
+which, though not large, was sufficient to supply all his moderate
+wants and simple tastes. Relatives and friends frequently visited him;
+he read much, and books, especially the older English classics, were a
+source of much pleasure to him; the improvement of his lawn and garden
+was a pursuit which afforded him unfailing interest and occupation.</p>
+
+<p>On the 12th of June, 1883, he was apparently in his usual good health.
+In the course of the morning a friend called on him, and they
+conversed together for some time, seated in the shade of a tree on the
+lawn. His friend having taken his departure, Tucker reseated himself
+for a few minutes in his chair, suddenly arose, straightened up his
+tall form to its full height, and fell forward&mdash;dead. Physicians were
+immediately summoned, but all the efforts to revive him were
+ineffectual. He had died from disease of the heart; passing away from
+this world without a struggle or a sigh, and going where souls as pure
+as his have nothing to fear.</p>
+
+<p>His remains were taken to Norfolk, Virginia, where they were received
+by old friends and comrades, who knew and loved him well, and
+interred <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>by the side of his wife's grave, in a beautiful private
+cemetery near the city.</p>
+
+<p>Admiral Tucker possessed many of the qualities of a great commander.
+His judgment was excellent, and it was very rarely the case that he
+was mistaken as to what it was possible for the force at his disposal
+to accomplish. He always commanded the respect and confidence, as well
+as the good will, of his men. A strict disciplinarian, the prompt and
+unhesitating obedience to orders he exacted was cheerfully rendered by
+his subordinates. His plans were coolly and deliberately formed, and,
+having been once determined upon, were carried out with energy and
+resolution. In the ordinary intercourse of private life he was so
+gentle, generous and genial that his friends and associates felt for
+him a regard approaching affection. In youth he was an eminently
+handsome man and in maturer years his presence was imposing. Sailors
+and Indians are fond of giving personally descriptive names to those
+with whom they are thrown in contact; when Tucker was a lieutenant he
+was called "Handsome Jack" by the men-before-the-mast, and the
+warriors of the savage tribes that wander about the head waters of the
+Amazon knew him as the "Apo," the meaning of the word being "High
+Chief."</p>
+
+<p>In concluding this sketch of the eventful life of John Randolph
+Tucker, it is but doing justice to his memory to say that the
+sea-service never produced a more thorough and accomplished sailor,
+and that there never was bred to the profession of arms a more
+honorable and gallant gentleman.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span><br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/imagep080.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep080.jpg" width="55%" alt="James Henry Rochelle" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen sc" style="margin-top: .2em;">James Henry Rochelle</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="NAVIGATION" id="NAVIGATION"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+
+<h1>NOTES</h1>
+
+<h5>ON THE</h5>
+
+<h3>Navigation of the Upper Amazon</h3>
+
+<h5>AND ITS</h5>
+
+<h1>PRINCIPAL TRIBUTARIES</h1>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h5>BY</h5>
+
+<h3>CAPTAIN JAMES HENRY ROCHELLE</h3>
+
+<h5>Member of the late Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of
+the Amazon.</h5>
+
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>NOTES.</h3>
+
+<h4>THE AMAZON.</h4>
+<br />
+
+<p>Springing from Lake Laracocha, in the heart of the Andes, the Amazon
+winds its way through the eastern Cordillera of Peru, a rapid and
+turbulent stream, until, passing through a narrow gorge in the
+mountains at the pongo de Manseriche, it leaps into the lowlands and
+flows for two thousand six hundred and sixty miles in a direction
+nearly east through the vast plains of Peru and Brazil, fed on its way
+by tributaries which are themselves great rivers, and finally pouring
+its immense volume of water into the Atlantic ocean. From the Atlantic
+up to the Peruvian frontier the river is known as the Lower or
+Brazilian Amazon, and sometimes as the Solimoens; above the Brazilian
+frontier the river lies wholly in Peruvian territory and takes the
+name of the Peruvian Amazon or Mara&ntilde;on, but is commonly spoken of as
+the Upper Amazon. It is of the navigation of the Upper Amazon that
+these notes will treat.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>RISE AND FALL OF THE RIVER.</h4>
+
+<p>The waters of the Upper Amazon and its tributaries begins to rise
+annually in October, remains stationary for a short time in December,
+then continues to rise until May, when it commences to fall. November,
+December, January, February, March and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span>April are considered the
+months of high water, and June, July, August and September comprise
+the low-water season. October and May are sometimes months of high and
+sometimes of low water.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>DEPTH OF WATER.</h4>
+
+<p>During the season of low water a minimum depth of twenty-four feet is
+found in the channel of the Upper Amazon, from the Brazilian frontier
+to the mouth of the Ucayali river at Nanta, eighteen feet from the
+mouth of the Ucayali to the mouth of the Huallaga river, and twelve
+feet from the mouth of the Huallaga to Borja, where further navigation
+is rendered impracticable by the rapids and falls of the pongo de
+Manseriche.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>CURRENT.</h4>
+
+<p>From the Brazilian frontier to the mouth of the Ucayali river the
+current of the Amazon is three miles per hour; from the mouth of the
+Ucayali to the mouth of the Potro river three and one-fourth miles per
+hour; from the mouth of the Potro to the mouth of the Morona river
+three and a-half miles per hour; and from the mouth of the Morona to
+Borja, at the head of steamer navigation, the current is three and
+three-fourths miles per hour. This is the usual and average current to
+be met with, but it increases or diminishes with the rise and fall of
+the river and, also, with the narrowing or broadening of the channel.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>PILOTS.</h4>
+
+<p>In order to prevent running upon sand-bars, which are constantly
+forming and shifting and frequently changing the bed of the channel,
+the services of experienced pilots are indispensable to the safe
+navigation of the Upper Amazon and its tributaries. It is not
+difficult to obtain such pilots, and they are frequently expert
+hunters and fishermen as well as pilots.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>BEST TIME FOR NAVIGATING THE RIVER.</h4>
+
+<p>When a steamer on the Upper Amazon runs aground, it is almost always
+in consequence either of the ignorance of the pilot or of the
+unskillful handling of the vessel. To get aground when the water is
+falling endangers the detention of the vessel until she is floated off
+by the next rise of the river, which may not occur for months; getting
+aground when the water is rising usually necessitates a delay of only
+a few hours, as the rising water soon floats the vessel off. Hence it
+is, of course, that the navigation of the Amazon is attended with much
+less difficulty when the waters of the river are rising than when they
+are falling.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>FUEL.</h4>
+
+<p>Coal is not to be found on the Upper Amazon; the steamers burn wood,
+which is abundant, cheap and makes good fuel. Wood should be ordered
+in advance at certain points, but in case a steamer gives out of fuel
+all that has to be done is to haul in to the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>bank, send the crew on
+shore with axes, and cut as much wood as is required.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>DISCHARGING AND RECEIVING CARGO.</h4>
+
+<p>In the absence of wharves on the Upper Amazon and its tributaries,
+vessels lay alongside of the banks whilst discharging or receiving
+cargo. The banks at the usual stopping places afford good landings;
+wharves are not needed and it would be difficult to construct them so
+that they could be used at all stages of the water.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>IMPORTS.</h4>
+
+<p>It may be well to say a word about the trade of the Upper Amazon.
+There are no import or export duties for this part of Peru, nor are
+any duties paid on goods passing up the Brazilian Amazon to Peru.
+Coarse cotton cloth is worn by nine-tenths of the inhabitants who are
+civilized enough to wear clothes at all. The demand for this cloth is
+large and will grow from year to year, and of all coarse cotton cloth
+in the market the American is preferred. The plantain is the native
+substitute for bread, but wheat flour is used by the mercantile and
+official classes; there is a steady demand for Baltimore and Richmond
+flour, which brands are supposed, probably with reason, to stand the
+climate better than flour manufactured elsewhere. Bacon hams sell for
+one dollar per pound, but the demand for them is small and the article
+is soon spoiled by the climate. Axes, hoes, spades and machettes are
+much in demand, and there <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>is a limited demand for improved firearms;
+ready made clothing, and articles of household furniture for the
+houses of the richer persons of the community, are usually imported
+from Europe.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>EXPORTS.</h4>
+
+<p>The exports of the region of the Upper Amazon are not as valuable as
+they are destined to become when the productions of the rich valleys
+of eastern Peru find an outlet to market by way of the river. Among
+the principal articles of export may be enumerated, hats, from
+Mayubamba (Panama hats); rum, made from the sugar cane (cacha&ccedil;a);
+dried fish (payshi); and Indian rubber (jebe). The Indian-rubber tree
+abounds in the forests of the Upper Amazon, and the gathering of the
+gum is a profitable industry. Specimens of gold have been obtained
+from the natives about the pongo de Manseriche, and rich deposits of
+the precious metal will without doubt be discovered at some future
+time, but no search even can be made for it until the fierce and cruel
+savages, who have undisputed possession of the country beyond Borja,
+shall have been subdued.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>MOUTH OF THE YAVARI RIVER.</h4>
+
+<p>Commencing at the Yavari river, which forms the boundary between Peru
+and Brazil on the south side of the Amazon river, and following the
+Upper Amazon and its principal tributaries up to the head of
+navigation, the first place to be noted is the mouth of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>the Yavari
+river:<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> Latitude 4&deg; 18' 45" south; longitude, 69&deg; 53' 10" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 5&deg; 38' 54" east; thermometer
+(Fahrenheit), 76&deg;; elevation above sea-level, 266 feet; distance from
+the Atlantic ocean, following the course of the river, 1811 miles;
+current, in the Amazon, 4-1/2 miles per hour; width of the Yavari
+river at its mouth, 500 yards; width of the Amazon, 1200 yards; depth
+of water in the channel of the Amazon, 36 feet. As the Yavari river
+marks the boundary between Peru and Brazil on the south side of the
+Amazon, special pains were taken to ascertain correctly the latitude
+and longitude of its mouth; the observations for the latitude and
+longitude were taken on a small islet, probably overflowed at high
+water, in the middle of the lower mouth of the river.</p>
+
+<p>It was said in Iquitos that, in 1874, Captain Guillermo Black,
+President of the Peruvian Boundary Commission, ascended the Yavari in
+a small steamer a distance of 500 miles from its mouth, and 300 miles
+farther in canoes to a point where there was barely two feet of water
+in the channel, at which point the latitude was determined to be 7&deg; 1'
+22" south, and the longitude 74&deg; 8' 25" west of Greenwich; elevation
+above the sea-level, 800 feet.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>TABATINGA (BRAZIL).</h4>
+
+<p>Distance from the Atlantic, 1825 miles; current, 4-1/2 miles per hour;
+depth of water, 36 feet; width of river, 800 yards.</p>
+
+<p>Tabatinga is the Brazilian frontier post on the north side of the
+Amazon. Captain Azevedo, of the Brazilian Navy, gives the latitude of
+this place as 4&deg; 14' 30" south; longitude, 70&deg; 2' 24" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 6&deg; 35' 10" east.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>LETITIA.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 4&deg; 10' 57" south; longitude, 69&deg; 59' 21" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 5&deg; 57' 40" east; elevation above sea-level, 274
+feet; distance from the Atlantic, 1828 miles.</p>
+
+<p>Letitia is the Peruvian frontier post on the north bank of the Amazon.
+A fort, intended to command the passage of the river, was projected
+but not erected at this point. It is probable that the passage of
+steamers up the Amazon cannot be stopped by forts and batteries at any
+point on the river below Tamshiyacu.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>LORETO.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 3&deg; 54' 20" south; longitude, 70&deg; 7' 45" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 5&deg; 11' 24" east; thermometer, 78&deg;; elevation above
+sea-level, 286 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 1865 miles; current,
+3 miles per hour; width of river, 1300 yards.</p>
+
+<p>Loreto is the most eastern Peruvian town of any importance on the
+Amazon. It is situated on the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>north or left bank of the river. Near
+it resides a tribe of Indians, partly civilized, called the Ticunas.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>CAMACHEROS.</h4>
+
+<p>Situated on the right or south bank of the river; current 2-1/4 miles
+per hour; width of river, 1800 yards.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>MAUCALLACTA.</h4>
+
+<p>Situated on the right or south bank of the river; width of river, 2500
+yards.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>PEBAS.</h4>
+
+<p>One mile from the Amazon, on the left or north bank, and one mile up
+the River Ambiyacu. The current of the Amazon at Pebas is 2-1/2 miles
+per hour; distance from the Atlantic, 2009 miles.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>ORAM.</h4>
+
+<p>On south or right bank of the river; current, 2-1/2 miles per hour;
+width of river, 1000 yards; depth of water, 36 feet.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>IQUITOS.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 3&deg; 44' 15" south; longitude, 73&deg; 7' 30" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 5&deg; 55' east; thermometer, 78&deg;; elevation above
+sea-level, 295 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2126 miles; current,
+3 miles per hour; depth of water, 36 feet.</p>
+
+<p>Iquitos is on the north bank of the Amazon, at a point where the river
+is divided by an island into two channels; from the town to the island
+the river is 1800 yards wide, and the channel on the other side of
+the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>island has about the same width. The Government buildings and
+works are situated at this place, and it is the largest and most
+important town on the Upper Amazon. It is a place of considerable
+trade, and in it are established several mercantile houses which
+import their goods directly from Europe and the United States by way
+of Para. The anchorage is good at all times, and vessels, whilst
+discharging or receiving cargo, can lay in security alongside the high
+bank that lines the whole front of the town. This is an advantage not
+to be underrated when it is remembered that there are no wharves on
+the Upper Amazon.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>TAMSHIYACU.</h4>
+
+<p>Situated on a high bank on the south side of the river, distant 2146
+miles from the Atlantic; thermometer, 76&deg;. At this place the river is
+narrow, has only one channel, and the current is strong. It is
+probably the only position on the Amazon, below the mouth of the
+Ucayali, where vessels could be prevented from passing, up or down, by
+heavy guns mounted in forts or batteries.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>MOUTH OF THE UCAYALI RIVER.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 4&deg; 28' 30" south; longitude, 73&deg; 21' 30" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7&deg; 2' east; thermometer, 80&deg;; elevation above
+sea-level, 318 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2189 miles; current
+in the Amazon, 3 miles per hour; depth of water in the channel of the
+Amazon, 30 feet; width of the Amazon, 1300 yards. Unfortunately,
+immediately at the month of the Ucayali neither the banks of that
+river <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span>nor those of the Amazon afford a place suitable for the
+location of a town. Nauta, on the north bank of the Amazon, seven
+miles above the mouth of the Ucayali, is the nearest place at which it
+is practicable to build houses not liable to be swept away by the
+annual floods.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>NAUTA.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 4&deg; 31' 30" south; longitude, 73&deg; 27' west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7&deg; 2' east; thermometer, 78&deg;; elevation above
+sea-level, 320 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2195 miles; current
+3-1/4 miles per hour; depth of water, 30 feet; width of river, 1200
+yards. Situated on the north bank of the Amazon, near the confluence
+of that river and the Ucayali, Nauta is well located for grasping the
+trade of both rivers, and ought to become a place of importance. Of
+course, the six or seven miles that vessels have to ascend the Amazon
+to reach the place after leaving the Ucayali constitutes a drawback,
+especially in the case of vessels not propelled by steam; but no
+desirable place can be found below and near the mouth of the Ucayali
+where buildings could be erected and vessels could load and unload
+with facility at the season of high water. Below and adjoining Nauta
+the banks are high and present a better site for a town than the one
+on which it stands.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>SAN REGIS.</h4>
+
+<p>Distant from the Atlantic 2230 miles; current, 3-1/3 miles per hour;
+average current between Nauta and San Regis, 3-1/4 miles per hour.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span>MOUTH OF THE TIGREYACU RIVER.</h4>
+
+<p>Distance from the Atlantic, 2245 miles; current, 3-1/2 miles per hour;
+average current between San Regis and the mouth of the Tigreyacu,
+3-1/4 miles per hour. The Tigreyacu can be navigated by steamers of
+considerable size for some distance; its waters are dark and clear,
+and those tributaries of the Amazon having dark and clear waters are
+usually unhealthy, whilst those having muddy and discolored waters
+have always been found to be healthy.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>SANTA CRUZ DE PARINARI.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 4&deg; 36' 30" south; longitude 74&deg; 6' 30" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7&deg; 27' 20" east; thermometer, 78&deg;; elevation above
+sea-level, 351 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2273 miles; current,
+3-1/4 miles per hour.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>PARANARI.</h4>
+
+<p>Distance from the Atlantic, 2293 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>VACA MARINA.</h4>
+
+<p>Distance from the Atlantic, 2334 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>ELVIRA.</h4>
+
+<p>Distance from the Atlantic, 2352 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>SAN PEDRO.</h4>
+
+<p>Distance from the Atlantic, 2393 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per
+hour.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span>FONTEVERA.</h4>
+
+<p>Distance from the Atlantic, 2408 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>MOUTH OF THE HUALLAGA RIVER.</h4>
+
+<p>Distance from the Atlantic, 2430 miles; current in Amazon, 3-1/4 miles
+per hour. One hundred and twenty-three miles up the Huallaga is the
+town of Yurimaguas, a centre of trade, to which steamers from Para
+frequently ascend.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>CEDRO ISLA.</h4>
+
+<p>Distant from the Atlantic 2445 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>MOUTH OF THE PASTAGA RIVER.</h4>
+
+<p>Distance from the Atlantic, 2514 miles; current in the Amazon, 3-1/4
+miles per hour. The Pastaga has a rapid current and is full of
+obstructions to navigation; it is with much difficulty that canoes
+even can be forced up the river for any distance. On its head waters
+the Indians wash a considerable quantity of gold from the sand of the
+bed of the channel.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>BARRANCA.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 4&deg; 59' 53" south; longitude, 76&deg; 38' 38" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7&deg; 46' 26" east; thermometer, 78&deg;; elevation above
+sea-level, 453 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2545 miles; current,
+3-1/4 miles per hour. Barranca is situated on a red clay bluff, about
+seventy feet high, on the north or left bank of the river, which is
+here narrow. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>Communication is kept up between Barranca and Moyabamba
+by way of the Aypena river to its head and thence by land. Barranca
+has been used as, but is not well adapted to be, a military post;
+gunboats could lay out of sight below, around a bend of the river, and
+shell it without being themselves exposed to its fire.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>MOUTH OF THE POTRO RIVER.</h4>
+
+<p>Distance from the Atlantic, 2564 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.
+The Potro is navigable for small steamers a distance of sixty miles
+from its mouth, and is of importance as a link in the projected route
+from Chachapoyas to Limon on the Amazon.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>MOUTH OF THE MORONA RIVER.</h4>
+
+<p>Distance from the Atlantic, 2576 miles; current, 3-1/2 miles per hour.
+Steamers ascend the Morona 300 miles, and at some stages of the water
+a greater distance.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>LIMON.</h4>
+
+<p>Distance from the Atlantic, 2588 miles; current, 3-3/4 miles per hour.
+Limon is the terminus of a projected route from Chachapoyas to the
+Amazon; it is a place of no importance whatever in any other respect.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>PUNTA ACHUAL.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 4&deg; 15' 27" south; longitude 77&deg; 1' 28" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 8&deg; 18' 18" east; thermometer, 80&deg;; elevation above
+sea-level, 509 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2612 miles; current,
+3-3/4 miles per hour. Two miles above Punta Achual, at the Vuelta
+Calentura, or Calentura <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>passage, the first serious difficulty is
+encountered in navigating the Upper Amazon; the difficulty there
+encountered is a strong current combined with a whirlpool in the
+channel of the river, but, with full heads of steam on, steamers are
+able to pass the vuelta and proceed on to Borja. At Vuelta Calentura
+the course of the river is from N.N.W. to S.S.E.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>BORJA.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 4&deg; 31' 37" south; longitude, 77&deg; 29' 43" west of Greenwich;
+thermometer, 76&deg;; elevation above sea-level, 516 feet; distance from
+the Atlantic, 2660 miles; current, 3-3/4 miles per hour. At Borja the
+navigation of the Upper Amazon ends; the river in its whole course
+from Laracocha to Borja, a distance of 500 miles, is a mountain
+torrent, impracticable for navigation even by canoes. The length of
+the Amazon, from its source at Laracocha to the Atlantic ocean, is
+3160 miles, but the distance from the Atlantic to the source of the
+Ucayali is still greater. It usually takes a steamer 69 steaming hours
+to ascend the river from Iquitos to Borja, and 35 steaming hours to
+descend from Borja to Iquitos.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>DISTANCES.</h4>
+
+<p>In the following list of distances between places on the Amazon, from
+its mouth to its source in Lake Laracocha, the distances for the Lower
+Amazon are taken from the best Brazilian authorities that could be
+consulted; the distances for the Upper Amazon, from the Brazilian
+frontier to the head of steamer navigation at Borja, were measured by
+the Peruvian <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon; and the
+distance from Borja, the head of navigation, to the source of the
+river in Lake Laracocha, is given as estimated by the best Peruvian
+authorities.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE AMAZON.</h4>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="Distances on the Amazon">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" width="80%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdr" width="20%">Lower Amazon. Miles.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Atlantic ocean to Para</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">75</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Para to Breves</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">146</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Breves to Garupa</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">123</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Garupa to Porto de Moz</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">48</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Porto de Moz to Prainha</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">96</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Prainha to Monte Alegre</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">44</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Monte Alegre to Santarem</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">60</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Santarem to Obidos</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">68</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Obidos to Villa Bella</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">95</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Villa Bella to Serpa</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">137</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Serpa to Manaos<br />
+  <div style="padding-left: 1.5em; font-size: 90%;">From the Atlantic to Manaos, 1002 miles.</div></td>
+  <td class="tdrp">110</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Manaos to Cudajos</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">155</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Cudajos to Coary</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">84</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Coary to Tef&eacute; (Ega)</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">107</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Tef&eacute; (Ega) to Fonte Boa</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">133</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Fonte Boa to Tonantius</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">140</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Tonantius to San Paulo</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">95</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">San Paulo, mouth of the Yavari river<br />
+    <div class="hang" style="padding-left: 1.5em; font-size: 90%;">The mouth of the Yavari marks the boundary line
+    between Peru and Brazil on the south side of the Amazon.</div></td>
+  <td class="tdrp">90</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Mouth of the Yavari to Tabatinga<br />
+    <div class="hang" style="padding-left: 1.5em; font-size: 90%;">Brazilian frontier port on the north side of the
+    Amazon. From the Atlantic to Tabatinga, 1825 miles.</div></td>
+  <td class="tdrp">14</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Tabatinga to Letitia<br />
+    <div style="padding-left: 1.5em; font-size: 90%;">Peruvian frontier post.</div></td>
+  <td class="tdrp">3</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span><br />
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="Distances on the Amazon">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" width="80%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdr" width="20%">Upper Amazon. Miles.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Letitia to Loreto</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">37</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Loreto to Pebas</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">144</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Pebas to Iquitos</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">117</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Iquitos to Tamshiyacu</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">20</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Tamshiyacu to mouth of the Ucayali river</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">43</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Mouth of the Ucayali river to Nauta</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">6</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Nauta to San Regis</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">50</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">San Regis to Santa Cruz de Parinari</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">28</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Santa Cruz de Parinari to Parinari</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">20</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Parinari to Vaca Marina</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">41</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Vaca Marina to Elvira</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">18</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Elvira to San Pedro</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">41</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">San Pedro to Fontevera</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">15</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Fontevera to mouth of the Huallaga river</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">22</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Mouth of the Huallaga river to Cedro Isla</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">15</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Cedro Isla to mouth of the Pastaza river</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">69</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Mouth of the Pastaza river to Barranca</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">31</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Barranca to Mouth of the Potro river</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">19</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Mouth of the Potro river to mouth of the Morona river</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">12</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Mouth of the Morona river to Limon</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">12</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Limon to Punta Achual</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">24</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Punta Achual to Borja<br />
+    <div style="padding-left: 1.5em; font-size: 90%;">From the Atlantic to Borja, the head of navigation,
+    2660 miles.</div></td>
+  <td class="tdrp">48</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Borja to Lake Laracocha<br />
+    <div style="padding-left: 1.5em; font-size: 90%;">Source of the Amazon.</div>
+    <div style="padding-left: .5em;">Length of the Amazon river from its source to its
+    mouth, 3160 miles.</div></td>
+  <td class="tdrp">500</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span>HUALLAGA RIVER.</h4>
+
+<p>The Huallaga has its source in Lake Chiquicoba, flows by the important
+central city of Huanaco, and thence in a direction nearly north, for
+450 miles, until its confluence with the Amazon. The mouth of the
+Huallaga is 2430 miles distant from the Atlantic, and its current is
+about 3 miles per hour. Eighteen feet of water can usually be carried
+up to Yurimaguas, and steamers ascend 40 miles higher to a place
+called Rumicallarina; above Rumicallarina the river is navigable for a
+great distance by canoes. About 8 miles below Yurimaguas the river is
+divided by an island, on each side of which there are sand-bars that
+steamers drawing more than 11 feet of water are sometimes unable to
+pass during the months of June, July and August.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>LAGUNA.</h4>
+
+<p>Distance from the Atlantic, 2447 miles; current, 3 miles per hour.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>SANTA LUCIA.</h4>
+
+<p>Distance from the Atlantic, 2473 miles; current, 3 miles per hour.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>SANTA MARIA.</h4>
+
+<p>Distance from the Atlantic, 2528 miles; current, 3 miles per hour.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>YURIMAGUAS.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 5&deg; 5' 55" south; longitude, 75&deg; 59' 58" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7&deg; 47' east; <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>thermometer, 77&deg;; elevation above
+sea-level, 440 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2554 miles; current,
+3-1/4 miles per hour.</p>
+
+<p>The advantage which Yurimaguas possesses over all the other river
+ports on the Upper Amazon is that of its being the point where
+travelers from Lima and articles of export from Moyubamba, a city of
+10,000 inhabitants, meet the steamers from Para. Canoes ascend the
+Huallaga from Yurimaguas to Chasuta in eight days and make the return
+trip in three; from Chasuta there is a mule road to Moyubamba,
+Chachapoyas and Cajamarca, and from the latter place a railway runs to
+Lima. This is the best route from the Amazon to the Pacific coast, and
+the only one which does not involve long marches on foot. Steamers
+drawing five or six feet of water could make regular trips to Chasuta
+at any season of the year, even at lowest water, and meeting larger
+steamers at Yurimaguas would establish better communication with the
+rich country of the interior. On the Huallaga, above Yurimaguas and a
+little back from the river, are to be found the best locations for
+colonies. Thirty miles above Yurimaguas, on the right bank of the
+river, is situated Shucushiyacu, a place well known as commanding a
+fine view of mountain and river scenery.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>CAINARACHI.</h4>
+
+<p>Distance from the Atlantic, 2592 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per
+hour.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>RUMICALLARINA.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 5&deg; 58' 32" south; longitude, 75&deg; 47' 32" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 8&deg; 8' 10" east; thermometer, 77&deg;; elevation above
+sea-level, 486 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2600 miles; current,
+3-1/2 miles per hour; depth of water, 36 feet; width of river, 200
+yards.</p>
+
+<p>Rumicallarina is at the head of navigation for steamers on the
+Huallaga. Any steamer which can ascend the river to Yurimaguas can
+continue on to Rumicallarina, beyond which place only five or six
+feet, at the season of low water, can be carried to Chasuta.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE HUALLAGA.</h4>
+
+<p>Atlantic ocean to mouth of the Huallaga, 2430 miles By the Amazon
+river.</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="Distances on the Amazon">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" width="80%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdr" width="20%">Huallaga River. Miles.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Mouth of the Huallaga to Laguna</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">17</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Laguna to Santa Lucia</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">26</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Santa Lucia to Santa Maria</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">55</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Santa Maria to Yurimaguas</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">26</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Yurimaguas to Cainarachi</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">38</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Cainarachi to Rumicallarina</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">8</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Rumicallarina to Chasuta</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">50</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" style="vertical-align: top;">Chasuta to Lake Chiquicoba</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">300<br />&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" style="padding-left: 2em;">Length of the Huallaga river</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">520</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Distance from the source of the Huallaga to the
+  mouth of the Amazon</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">2950</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span><br />
+
+<h4>UCAYALI RIVER.</h4>
+
+<p>The Ucayali river has its origin in the Andean region, about Lake
+Titicaca, and flows, under various names, in a direction nearly north
+until it mingles its waters with those of the Amazon, to which river
+it bears the same relation that the Missouri does to the Mississippi;
+that is to say, like the Missouri, its length and volume of water
+entitles it to be considered a continuation and not a tributary of the
+main river. During the season of low water 24 feet can be carried from
+Nauta, at the mouth of the river, to Sarayacu; 18 feet from Sarayacu
+to the mouth of the Pachitea river; and 12 feet from the mouth of the
+Pachitea to the confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba. The average
+current from the mouth of the river to Pucacura is 2 miles per hour,
+and from Pucacura to the confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba 3 miles
+per hour. The Tambo is probably navigable for steamers drawing eight
+or ten feet of water to the confluence of the Ene and Perene, and
+thence the Perene would afford communication, at least by canoes, to
+San Ramon, a Peruvian military post; from San Ramon to Tarma, and from
+Tarma to Lima, would, of course, be the continuation of the route to
+the Pacific slope. The first step towards the opening of this most
+desirable of all the routes between the Pacific coast and the Amazon
+would be the establishment of a battalion post at the confluence of
+the Ene and Perene, communicating at regular and stated intervals with
+San Ramon. The distance between the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>two posts would be about 60 miles
+of canoe navigation, and would soon become a traveled route forming
+the connecting link between eastern and western Peru.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>MOUTH OF THE UCAYALI.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 4&deg; 28' 30" south; longitude, 73&deg; 21' 30" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7&deg; 2' east; thermometer, 80&deg;; elevation above
+sea-level, 318 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2180 miles; current,
+2 miles per hour; the width of the Ucayali at its mouth is half a
+mile.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>PUCACURA.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 6&deg; 4' 45" south; longitude, 75&deg; 1' west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7&deg; 22' 10" east; thermometer, 79&deg;; elevation above
+sea-level, 377 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2482 miles; current,
+3 miles per hour.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>SARAYOCU.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 6&deg; 35' 15" south; longitude, 74&deg; 58' 30" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7&deg; 52' 8" east; thermometer, 79&deg;; elevation above
+sea-level, 410 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2578 miles; current,
+3 miles per hour; depth of water, 20 feet.</p>
+
+<p>The town of Sarayacu is situated on a small creek, about three miles
+from the place on the river which is called the Puerto del Sarayacu.
+Between Pucacura and Sarayacu is Esquina, a small settlement built on
+high land, which extends along the river for a mile or more. This
+place (Esquina) and Pucacura are <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>about the only places on the banks
+of the Ucayali, below Sarayacu, that are not overflowed at high water.
+The floods of the Ucayali, which regularly recur every year at certain
+seasons, render the banks of the river an undesirable, perhaps even an
+impracticable, location for an agricultural population. It is possible
+that a crop might be raised and gathered during the dry season, but
+the farms would have to be abandoned whenever the river rose to its
+maximum height. At Paca, about twelve miles above Sarayacu, the banks
+on both sides of the river are high; such places are much more
+frequently met with above than below Sarayacu, but still they are the
+exception to the general character of the country near the river,
+which continues to be low and subject to overflow until the highlands
+are reached near the confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>PACAMASHI.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 7&deg; 53' 15" south; longitude, 74&deg; 40' 45" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7&deg; 51' 38" east; thermometer, 77&deg;; elevation above
+sea-level, 435 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2733 miles; current,
+3 miles per hour; width of the river, 600 yards.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>YARINACOCHA.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 8&deg; 15' south; longitude, 74&deg; 31' 30" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7&deg; 38' 30" east; thermometer, 79&deg;; elevation above
+sea-level, 447 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2800 miles; current,
+3 miles per hour; width of river, 1200 yards.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span><br />
+
+<h4>MOUTH OF THE PACHITEA RIVER.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 8&deg; 43' 30" south; longitude, 74&deg; 32' 30" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 8&deg; 45' 40" east; thermometer, 75&deg;; elevation above
+sea-level, 508 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2891 miles; current,
+3 miles per hour; width of the river, 600 yards.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>VUELTA DEL DIABLO.</h4>
+
+<p>Distance from the Atlantic, 3091 miles. This strait is the first
+serious difficulty encountered in ascending the Ucayali; the current
+dashes with much violence against the trunks of large trees which
+lodge in, and almost block up, the passage.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>CONFLUENCE OF THE TAMBO AND URABAMBA RIVERS.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 10&deg; 41' south; longitude, 73&deg; 41' west of Greenwich;
+elevation above sea-level, 661 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3142
+miles; depth of water, 12 feet.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>ESPERANZA.</h4>
+
+<p>Esperanza is situated on the Perene river about 11 miles above the
+junction of the Ene and Perene, which form the Tambo. The navigation
+for steamers drawing 10 feet of water terminates at the junction of
+the Perene and Ene. From thence to Fort San Ramon, a distance of sixty
+miles, canoes could navigate, but with some difficulty, owing to the
+swiftness of the current, which at San Ramon runs at the rate of 6
+miles per hour. Small stern-wheel, flat-bottomed steamers, such as are
+in use on the swift, narrow and shallow rivers west of the
+Mississippi, could probably <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span>be employed with success in establishing
+communication between Fort San Ramon and the Ucayali.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE UCAYALI RIVER.</h4>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="Distances on the Amazon">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" width="80%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdr" width="20%">Ucayali River. Miles.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Atlantic ocean to mouth of the Ucayali<br />(Amazon River.)</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">2189</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Mouth of the Ucayali to Pucacura</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">293</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Pucacura to Sarayacu</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">96</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Sarayacu to Pacamashi</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">155</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Pacamashi to Yarinacocha</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">67</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Yarinacocha to mouth of the Pachitea river</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">91</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Mouth of the Pachitea to Vuelta del Diablo</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">200</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Vuelta del Diablo to confluence of the Tambo
+  and Urubamba</td>
+  <td class="tdrp2">51</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba to the
+  Ucayali, source of the Urubamba river, a
+  continuation of the Ucayali</td>
+  <td class="tdrp2">375</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Ucayali river, from its source to the Atlantic</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">3517</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Distance from the Atlantic to the head of
+  steamer navigation on the Ucayali</td>
+  <td class="tdrp2">3142</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>PACHITEA RIVER.</h4>
+
+<p>The banks of the Ucayali and Pachitea, at their confluence, are low,
+subject to overflow and unsuitable for settlement. About nine miles
+above its mouth we come to the first Indian village on the Pachitea, a
+male Conebo hamlet, with nothing to recommend it except that it is
+situated on ground a little higher than the flats which surround it.
+On the left bank of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span>Ucayali a few miles below the mouth of the
+Pachitea, there is a place called Hoje, which is not subject to
+overflow at high water, but in other respects it is not an eligible
+position for a town or post. The Pachitea is navigable at low water
+for steamers drawing nine feet of water to the confluence of the
+Palcazu and Pichis rivers.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>MOUTH OF THE PACHITEA.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 8&deg; 43' 30" south; longitude, 74&deg; 32' 30" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 8&deg; 45' 40" east; thermometer, 75&deg;; elevation above
+sea-level, 508 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2891 miles; current,
+3 miles per hour; width of the Pachitea at its mouth, 400 yards.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>CU&Ntilde;UYACU.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 9&deg; 5' 52" south; longitude, 74&deg; 48' 15" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 8&deg; 59' 26" east; elevation above sea-level, 557
+feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2951 miles; current, 2-1/2 miles per
+hour; width of the river, 400 yards.</p>
+
+<p>Cu&ntilde;uyacu means hot water, and is descriptive of the place, for there
+are here several thermal springs welling up from the sand beach. At
+Chunta Isla, between the mouth of the Pachitea and Cu&ntilde;uyacu, the
+Cashibo Indians frequently attack from ambush strangers who are
+ascending the river.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>INCA ROCA.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 9&deg; 9' 4" south; longitude, 74&deg; 55' 45" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 8&deg; 6' 26" east; distance <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span>from the Atlantic, 2963
+miles; current, 2-1/2 miles per hour.</p>
+
+<p>Inca Roca is a rocky beach overhung by sandstone cliffs sixty-five
+feet high; on the face of the cliffs are carved numerous figures,
+amongst them the figure of the sun and of the Llama are conspicuous,
+hence the place was named Inca Roca.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>CONFLUENCE OF THE PALCAZU AND PICHIS RIVERS.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 9&deg; 54' 9" south; longitude, 74&deg; 58' 45" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7&deg; 34' 4" east; elevation above sea-level, 518
+feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3082 miles; current, 2-3/4 miles per
+hour.</p>
+
+<p>At the junction of the Palcazu and Pichis, the two rivers forming the
+Pachitea, there is high land suitable for a town or post.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE PACHITEA RIVER.</h4>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="Distances on the Amazon">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" width="80%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdr" width="20%">Miles.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Mouth of the Pachitea to Cu&ntilde;uyacu</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">60</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Cu&ntilde;uyacu to Inca Roca</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">12</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Inca Roca to confluence of the Pichis and
+  Palacazu</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">119</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">From the confluence of the Pichis and Palacazu,
+  forming the Pachitea river, to the Atlantic</td>
+  <td class="tdrp2">3082</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>PALACAZU RIVER.</h4>
+
+<p>The Palacazu is a somewhat narrow stream, with a current of 3-1/4
+miles per hour and a depth which at low water will permit a steamer
+drawing seven feet of water to ascend to Puerto del Mairo.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span><br />
+
+<h4>PUERTO DEL MAIRO.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 9&deg; 55' 22" south; longitude, 75&deg; 17' 45" west of Greenwich;
+thermometer, 75&deg;; elevation above sea-level, 795 feet; distance from
+the Atlantic, 3119 miles; current, 3-1/2 miles per hour.</p>
+
+<p>Puerto del Mairo is 45 miles distant from the large city of Huanaco,
+which has constant communication and trade with Lima. At present the
+route between Huanaco and Puerto del Mairo is only a footpath through
+the forest, but it is probable that a good road for pack-mules could
+be constructed at little expense, and that a railway is not
+impracticable.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>PICHIS RIVER.</h4>
+
+<p>The Pichis is a branch of the Pachitea river. The Cashibos and Campas
+Indians inhabiting its banks are warlike tribes and fiercely oppose
+all attempts to examine their country. Nothing was known of the river,
+above its mouth, until it was explored and surveyed, in 1873, by the
+Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon, accompanied by a
+military escort. It was necessary for the Commission to bestow names
+on notable places as they proceeded to discover them, and these names
+were afterwards used in making the chart of the river.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>MOUTH OF THE PICHIS.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 9&deg; 54' 9" south; longitude, 74&deg; 58' 45" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7&deg; 34' 4" east; elevation above sea-level, 618
+feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3082 miles; current, 2-1/2 miles per
+hour.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span><br />
+
+<h4>ROCHELLE ISLA.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 9&deg; 57' 11" south; longitude, 75&deg; 2' west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 8&deg; 35' 36" east; elevation above the sea-level,
+630 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3100 miles; current, 2-1/2 miles
+per hour.</p>
+
+<p>Up to Rochelle Isla, named after the senior member of the Peruvian
+Hydrographical Commission, navigation is clear and unobstructed for
+any steamer that can ascend the Pachitea; that is, for any steamer not
+drawing more than nine feet of water. Beyond this island the
+navigation of the river becomes much more difficult, though not
+altogether impracticable. The River Trinidad, so named on account of
+its having been discovered on Trinity Sunday, empties itself into the
+Pichis ten miles above Rochelle Isla; it is a fine, large river,
+flowing from the eastward, with deep water and a current of 3 miles
+per hour at its mouth.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>TEMPESTAD PLAYA.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 10&deg; 5' 6" south; longitude, 74&deg; 55' 45" west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7&deg; 46' east; distance from the Atlantic, 3123
+miles. Tempestad Playa received its name in consequence of a violent
+tempest which was there encountered by the namers.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>MOUTH OF THE HERRERAYACU RIVER.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 10&deg; 20' 3" south; longitude, 74&deg; 54' west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 7&deg; 59' 26" east; distance from the Atlantic, 3156
+miles.</p>
+
+<p>The Herrerayacu river was named after the major who commanded the
+escort of soldiers accompanying <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>the Hydrographical Commission; it has
+a current of 3-1/2 miles per hour, and is navigable for canoes a
+distance of four or five miles, up to Terminacion Playa in latitude
+10&deg; 22' 33" south; longitude, 74&deg; 54' west of Greenwich. Mountain
+ranges are plainly in sight from Terminacion Playa, which is 3160
+miles distant from the Atlantic.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>PUERTO TUCKER.</h4>
+
+<p>Latitude, 10&deg; 22' 55" south; longitude, 74&deg; 49' west of Greenwich;
+magnetic variation, 9&deg; 7' 30" east; elevation above sea-level, 700
+feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3167 miles; current, 3-1/2 miles per
+hour.</p>
+
+<p>Puerto Tucker was named after the President of the Hydrographical
+Commission. It is at the head of canoe navigation, not far from the
+source, of the Pichis river; from it a range of lofty mountains,
+distant some twenty or thirty miles, bears from S. to S.W. This range
+must be the eastern Cordillera of Peru.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE PICHIS RIVER.</h4>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="Distances on the Amazon">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" width="80%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdr" width="20%">Miles.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Mouth of the Pichis to the Atlantic ocean</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">3082</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Mouth of the Pichis to Rochelle Isla</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">18</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Rochelle Isla to mouth of Trinidad river</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">10</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Mouth of Trinidad river to Tempestad Playa</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">13</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Tempestad Playa to mouth of the Herrerayacu</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">33</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Mouth of the Herrerayacu to Puerto Tucker</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">11</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Puerto Tucker to Atlantic ocean</td>
+  <td class="tdrp">3167</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<h4>FOOTNOTES</h4>
+<br />
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The latitudes, longitudes and other data given in these
+notes are taken from the journal of the Peruvian Hydrographical
+Commission of the Amazon. Some of them have been published, by
+permission, in the third edition of Professor Orton's "Andes and the
+Amazon."</p></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="CONCLUSION" id="CONCLUSION"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>CONCLUSION.<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>The Upper Amazon river is destined to become much better known than it
+is at present; it cannot be long before commerce takes possession of
+such an inviting field. Ocean steamers run regularly to Ma&ntilde;aos, a
+thousand miles from the mouth of the river, and they might extend
+their voyage, certainly during nine months in the year, to Nauta at
+the mouth of the Ucayali; from Nauta smaller steamers could ascend the
+Amazon to Borja, the Huallaga to Yurimaguas, and the Ucayali to the
+confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba. A road is projected from Limon,
+near Borja, to Chachapoyas, where it would connect with the route to
+Lima. From Yurimaguas to Mayubamba, and thence on to Lima, there is
+already established a much traveled route. From Esperanza, near the
+confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba; it is probable that
+flat-bottomed, stern-wheel steamers, such as are used on the Nicaragua
+route across Central America, could ascend the Tambo to Fort San
+Ramon, a place which it is to be hoped will be connected by railway
+with Tarma and Lima. When this latter route is opened, as it is
+destined to be sooner or later, it will become the great artery of
+communication between the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of South
+America.</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<div class="tr">
+<p class="cen"><a name="TN" id="TN"></a>Typographical errors corrected in text:</p>
+<br />
+Page &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8: &nbsp;Explorarion replaced with Exploration<br />
+Page &nbsp;&nbsp;26: &nbsp;V-shapped replaced with V-shaped<br />
+Page &nbsp;&nbsp;59: &nbsp;'the Government should thing it necessary' replaced with 'the Government should think it necessary'<br />
+Page &nbsp;&nbsp;97: &nbsp;'Brainha to Monte Alegre' replaced with 'Prainha to Monte Alegre'<br />
+Page &nbsp;&nbsp;98: &nbsp;Parinasi replaced with Parinari<br />
+Page &nbsp;&nbsp;98: &nbsp;Hullaga replaced with Huallaga<br />
+Page 101: &nbsp;Huallagu replaced with Huallaga<br />
+Page 108: &nbsp;Inco Roca replaced with Inca Roca<br />
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Life of Rear Admiral John Randolph
+Tucker, by James Henry Rochelle
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOHN RANDOLPH TUCKER ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Life of Rear Admiral John Randolph Tucker, by 
+James Henry Rochelle
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Life of Rear Admiral John Randolph Tucker
+
+Author: James Henry Rochelle
+
+Release Date: October 30, 2008 [EBook #27101]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOHN RANDOLPH TUCKER ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive/American
+Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Transcriber's Note:                                       |
+    |                                                           |
+    | Inconsistent hyphenation in the original document has     |
+    | been preserved.                                           |
+    |                                                           |
+    | The symbol for degrees has been replaced with deg. for    |
+    | this e-text version.                                      |
+    |                                                           |
+    | Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. For     |
+    | a complete list, please see the end of this document.     |
+    |                                                           |
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: JOHN RANDOLPH TUCKER]
+
+
+
+
+LIFE OF REAR ADMIRAL
+
+JOHN RANDOLPH TUCKER
+
+
+COMMANDER IN THE NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES, CAPTAIN
+AND FLAG-OFFICER IN THE NAVY OF THE CONFEDERATE
+STATES, REAR ADMIRAL IN THE NAVY
+OF THE REPUBLIC OF PERU AND PRESIDENT
+OF THE PERUVIAN HYDROGRAPHICAL
+COMMISSION OF THE AMAZON
+
+
+WITH AN APPENDIX
+
+CONTAINING NOTES ON NAVIGATION OF THE UPPER
+AMAZON RIVER AND ITS PRINCIPAL
+TRIBUTARIES
+
+By CAPTAIN JAMES HENRY ROCHELLE
+
+AND CONTAINING A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE
+AUTHOR, AND PORTRAITS OF ADMIRAL
+TUCKER AND CAPTAIN ROCHELLE
+
+
+
+
+WASHINGTON
+THE NEALE PUBLISHING COMPANY
+431 ELEVENTH STREET
+MCMIII
+
+
+
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1903,
+BY MATTIE R. TYLER.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+A SKETCH OF THE AUTHOR                                               9
+
+DEATH OF CAPTAIN ROCHELLE                                           17
+
+PREFATORY NOTE                                                      18
+
+
+PART I.
+
+THE TUCKERS--BIRTH OF JOHN RANDOLPH TUCKER. BOYHOOD--APPOINTED A
+    MIDSHIPMAN IN THE UNITED STATES NAVY--FIRST CRUISE--"THE
+    ROARING LADS OF THE BRANDYWINE"--PASSES EXAMINATION FOR
+    PROMOTION--APPOINTED A PAST MIDSHIPMAN--PROMOTED TO THE RANK
+    OF LIEUTENANT--MARRIAGE--MEXICAN WAR. CAPTURE OF
+    TOBASCO--COMMANDS UNITED STATES BOMB-BRIG _Stromboli_--MADE
+    A COMMANDER--COMMANDS UNITED STATES RECEIVING SHIP
+    _Pennsylvania_--ORDNANCE OFFICER AT THE NORFOLK NAVY
+    YARD--RESIGNS ON THE SECESSION OF VIRGINIA                      19
+
+
+PART II.
+
+APPOINTED A COMMANDER IN THE VIRGINIA NAVY--IN CHARGE OF THE
+    DEFENSES OF JAMES RIVER--TRANSFERRED TO THE CONFEDERATE
+    STATES NAVY--PLACED IN COMMAND OF THE _Patrick
+    Henry_--FITTING OUT UNDER DIFFICULTIES--FIRST PARTIALLY
+    ARMORED AMERICAN VESSEL. LIEUTENANT POWELL'S PLAN FOR
+    ARMORED GUNBOATS--OFFICERS OF THE _Patrick Henry_--GUARDING
+    JAMES RIVER--SCALING THE GUNS--"NAVAL SKIRMISH"--A FLAG
+    WHICH WAS NOT PRESENTED--BATTLE OF HAMPTON ROADS. SINKING OF
+    THE _Cumberland_; AN AMERICAN _Vengeur_--BURNING OF THE
+    _Congress_--COMBAT BETWEEN THE _Virginia_ AND THE
+    _Monitor_--FLAG-OFFICER TATNALL TAKES COMMAND OF THE
+    CONFEDERATE SQUADRON--SALLY INTO HAMPTON ROADS--PLAN FOR
+    CARRYING THE _Monitor_ BY BOARDING--EVACUATION OF
+    NORFOLK--TOWING UNFINISHED GUNBOATS TO RICHMOND--FEDERAL
+    SQUADRON ENTERS JAMES RIVER--CREWS OF THE _Patrick Henry_,
+    _Jamestown_ AND _Virginia_ MAN THE NAVAL BATTERIES AT
+    DREWRY'S BLUFF--ACTION AT DREWRY'S BLUFF--THE _Galena_; A
+    WELL-FOUGHT VESSEL. REPULSE OF THE FEDERAL SQUADRON--TUCKER
+    ORDERED TO COMMAND THE IRON-CLAD STEAMER _Chicora_ AT
+    CHARLESTON--SUCCESSFUL ATTACK ON THE BLOCKADING
+    SQUADRON--TUCKER POSTED AND APPOINTED FLAG-OFFICER OF THE
+    CHARLESTON SQUADRON--COMMANDING OFFICERS OF THE CHARLESTON
+    SQUADRON--DUPONT'S ATTACK ON CHARLESTON--CONFEDERATE
+    TORPEDO-BOATS AT CHARLESTON; DAMAGE DONE BY THEM--CHARLESTON
+    NAVAL BATTALION SERVING WITH THE ARMY--EVACUATION OF
+    CHARLESTON--ONE BATTALION OF THE CHARLESTON SQUADRON SERVES
+    WITH THE ARMY AT WILMINGTON--TUCKER, WITH THE CHARLESTON
+    SQUADRON BRIGADE, MARCHES THROUGH NORTH CAROLINA AND ARRIVES
+    AT RICHMOND--TUCKER ORDERED TO COMMAND AT DREWRY'S
+    BLUFF--CONFEDERACY AT ITS LAST GASP--EVACUATION OF
+    RICHMOND--TUCKER NOT INFORMED OF THE INTENTION TO EVACUATE
+    RICHMOND--SUCCEEDS IN JOINING HIS BRIGADE OF SAILORS TO
+    MAJOR-GEN. CUSTIS LEE'S DIVISION--ACTION AT SAYLOR'S CREEK;
+    DIDN'T KNOW THEY WERE WHIPPED, THOUGHT THE FIGHT HAD JUST
+    BEGUN--SURRENDER--PRISONER OF WAR--RELEASED ON
+    PAROLE--EMPLOYED BY THE SOUTHERN EXPRESS COMPANY                23
+
+
+PART III.
+
+TUCKER OFFERED THE COMMAND OF THE PERUVIAN FLEET, WITH THE RANK
+    OF REAR ADMIRAL--ARRIVES IN LIMA--NO PRECEDENT FOR THE
+    RETURN OF MONEY--COMMISSIONED A REAR ADMIRAL IN THE NAVY OF
+    PERU--COMMANDS THE ALLIED FLEETS OF PERU AND CHILE--SPANISH
+    WAR--TUCKER'S PLAN FOR A NAVAL CAMPAIGN; PROJECTED
+    EXPEDITION AGAINST MANILA--CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES--TUCKER
+    RETIRES FROM THE COMMAND OF THE FLEET, AND IS APPOINTED
+    PRESIDENT OF THE PERUVIAN HYDROGRAPHICAL COMMISSION OF THE
+    AMAZON--CROSSES THE ANDES AND REACHES THE AMAZON--EXPLORES
+    THE YAVARI RIVER--ORDERED TO THE UNITED STATES TO
+    SUPERINTEND THE BUILDING OF AN EXPLORING STEAMER--RETURNS TO
+    THE AMAZON WITH STEAMER _Tambo_. EXPEDITION UP THE UCAYALI
+    AND EXPLORATION OF THE TAMBO RIVER--ORDERED TO THE UNITED
+    STATES TO PROCURE A STEAMER OF LIGHT DRAUGHT OF
+    WATER--RETURNS TO THE AMAZON WITH STEAMER _Mairo_--SECOND
+    EXPEDITION UP THE UCAYALI--CANOE EXPEDITION UP THE PACHITEA
+    AND EXPLORATION OF THE PICHIS RIVER--EXPEDITION UP THE
+    AMAZON AND HUALLAGA RIVERS--ORDERED TO LIMA. ORDERED TO NEW
+    YORK TO SUPERINTEND THE CHARTS MADE BY THE HYDROGRAPHICAL
+    COMMISSION--PUBLICATION OF CHARTS ABANDONED ON ACCOUNT OF
+    THE FINANCIAL CONDITION OF PERU--LETTER FROM PRESIDENT
+    PARDO--LETTER FROM MINISTER FREYRE--TUCKER RETIRES TO HIS
+    HOME IN PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA--OCCUPATIONS AND AMUSEMENTS OF
+    OLD AGE--DEATH--CHARACTER AND QUALITIES--CONCLUSION             55
+
+NAVIGATION OF THE UPPER AMAZON                                      81
+
+CONCLUSION                                                         112
+
+
+
+
+Life of Rear Admiral John Randolph Tucker
+
+A SKETCH OF THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+JAMES HENRY ROCHELLE, the author of the following pages, and the
+subject of this sketch, was of French-English and Celtic, or
+Scotch-Irish, extraction--English through his paternal
+great-grandmother, who was the daughter of Hinchia Gilliam, and his
+wife (nee) Harrison; Scotch-Irish through his maternal ancestry. The
+name itself proclaims its French (Huguenot) origin.
+
+It is well known that when Louis XIV revoked the edict of Nantes many
+French Protestants, called Huguenots, fled from their homes to escape
+persecutions worse than death. About forty thousand took refuge in
+England, and in 1690 William III sent a number of them to America. A
+party of them made their way up the James river and made a settlement,
+which they called Mannakintown, or "Manacan," because the lands
+formerly belonged to the Manacan Indians. Feeling that they no longer
+had to defend themselves against oppression and cruelty, and that in a
+free country their religion was no stigma, the characteristics of the
+race came out. With order and work Manacan became a flourishing town.
+Among those who had made a temporary home there was John Rochelle,
+who came with the other Huguenot exiles, and, if Pope be right, he
+soon enjoyed
+
+    "All the joys of sense--
+    _Health, peace and competence._"
+
+But in a few years the spirit of discord entered among these exiles,
+who had found peace, liberty and homes. The three Rochelle brothers
+sought other homes; William settled in North Carolina, James went to
+South Carolina, and John bought of William and Jonas Longbottom two
+hundred and twelve acres of land on the south side of the Nottoway
+river in the then parish of Albemarle. Here he lived, and married Mary
+Gilliam, daughter of Hinchia Gilliam and his wife (nee) Harrison. They
+had issue four sons--John, Levi, Hinchia and Nathaniel. John, the
+oldest son, married his cousin, Judith Gilliam, famed for her beauty,
+and they became the parents of nine children--Benjamin, John, Willis,
+Clements, Elizabeth (who will live in history as the mother of the
+famous soldier, George Henry Thomas), James, Lucy, and Mary.
+
+James was born in the year 1786. At an early age he entered the
+clerk's office of his county as deputy to the then clerk, Samuel
+Kello. In 1815 he was chosen clerk and held the office until his
+death.
+
+On the 19th of April, 1817, he married Martha (Hines) Gray, widow of
+Dr. Henry Mills Gray. Many children were born unto them, but only
+three lived beyond the early years of infancy--John, Martha and James
+Henry.
+
+James Henry Rochelle was born at his father's home, near the
+Courthouse, on the 1st day of November, 1826. His boyhood was passed
+in the refining influence of a Virginia home, of the period when
+Virginia was the garden spot of America, when her daughters were the
+"mothers of Presidents" and her sons were statesmen, "_Sans peur et
+sans reproche_."
+
+On the 9th of September, 1841, he was appointed acting midshipman in
+the United States Navy; served six months at sea, and then received
+his warrant as midshipman. During the war with Mexico, young Rochelle
+served on both the _Falmouth_ and _Decatur_, in the gulf. He was with
+Commodore Perry, and participated in all the brilliant exploits of the
+naval forces, and remained on the Mexican coast until there was added
+to the United States a territory as large as Germany, France and
+Spain, all three added together.
+
+In September, 1847, he reported at Annapolis, the Naval School, and
+was one of the 245 midshipman belonging to the famous "Classe 41,"
+which passed in 1848. He was at once ordered to the frigate
+_Constitution_, then in Boston harbor, ready to sail to the blue
+waters of the Mediterranean and the sunny coast of Italy. On this
+cruise he paid a visit to the beautiful and historical Island of
+Malta, and here, in the very cradle of Free Masonry, he became a
+member of that ancient institution. He saw three years' sea service
+before returning home.
+
+In 1852 the United States Government sent a naval force, under the
+command of Perry, to open intercourse with Japan and her then unknown
+people. Rochelle received orders to report for duty on the ship
+_Southampton_. Perry sailed from Norfolk on the 24th of November,
+1852. With great judgment and ability he rendered his mission a
+success, and sailed for home from Linada, in Japan, on the 1st of
+October, 1854, and after an eventful voyage reached New York in the
+spring of 1855.
+
+After a home leave of some months, Rochelle was promoted on the 14th
+of September to master, and on the next day was commissioned
+lieutenant and assigned to duty on the Coast Survey Squadron. He
+assisted in the survey of New York harbor, Casco bay and the Florida
+reefs.
+
+His next cruise was in the expedition to Paraguay. Unfortunately, few
+of his many letters home were preserved. We give one written in 1859:
+
+
+                 U.S. STEAMER _Southern Star_,
+                 MONTEVIDEO, REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY,
+                                             March 11, 1859.
+
+_My Dear Mother_:
+
+    The steamer _Harriet Lane_, one of the vessels of the Paraguay
+    expedition, will sail for New York on tomorrow morning, and as
+    she is very fast I have determined to write by her, although
+    it will not be long before we follow her to the United States.
+    We are preparing for sea now and expect to sail on the 17th of
+    this month for Norfolk, touching at Pernambuco and Barbadoes
+    for coal. We will be at home, I think, by the 20th of May or
+    1st of June, though it is possible that we may be detained
+    longer than I expect on the way.
+
+    I sincerely trust that I shall find you all well at home, and
+    that I will have a long leave to spend with you. I wrote you
+    in my letter that we had no difficulty in settling our affairs
+    with Paraguay. Lopez acceded at once to all the demands which
+    were made upon him, and expressed himself gratified at their
+    moderation. The health of the squadron is excellent and the
+    cruise has been a pleasant one. No accident or circumstances
+    have occurred to mar its efficiency or concord. If another
+    vessel should leave in time to get home much before we do, I
+    will write again, but I doubt if such an opportunity will
+    occur. You must not, of course, write to me again. Give my
+    best love to Sister, Jimmy, Letitia and Mattie, and my
+    affectionate regards to Mr. Edwards and Major Shands.
+
+        Ever your affectionate son,
+                                              J.H. ROCHELLE.
+
+To follow Rochelle through all of his naval life would take more space
+than we now have and would be to repeat scenes and events already
+dealt with by him in the following pages. When the war came on he was
+serving on the sloop-of-war _Cumberland_. Captain Scharf very
+correctly says: "It required no sacrifice and entailed no
+inconvenience to remain loyal to the Union, but to resign from that
+service involved every consideration which might deter a man not
+actuated by exalted principles." It was "exalted principles" which
+caused Rochelle to resign his commission in the Navy, where he had
+served with honor and advancement for twenty years, and to offer his
+sword to his native State. From the columns of the Richmond _Dispatch_
+we quote:
+
+"All know how hot and furious the war was. The Anglo-Saxon race, the
+first and foremost people on earth, are wise in counsel and fierce in
+war. Fighting commenced at once. Captain Rochelle was placed under the
+command of Captain Tucker, on the James river, on the war steamer
+_Patrick Henry_, and with the _Merrimac_ fought the _Monitor_ and
+wooden fleet of the North in Hampton Roads, the first naval battle in
+which armored ships were used. That engagement covered the new and
+little Confederate Navy with glory. When Norfolk was evacuated, and
+our little wooden fleet fell back to Richmond after the destruction of
+the _Merrimac_, which could not be carried up the James river on
+account of its great draught of water, the heavy guns of the _Patrick
+Henry_ were carried by Tucker and Rochelle with great difficulty up on
+Drewry's Bluff, and aided very much in repulsing the attack of the
+_Galena_ and other Northern gunboats, who hoped to carry Richmond by a
+_coup de main_. After the evacuation of Norfolk and the peninsula
+between the York and James rivers, the siege of Charleston, S.C.,
+having commenced, he was sent there and soon after placed in command
+of one of the largest iron-clad steamers in the Confederate Navy. Here
+he remained during the remainder of the siege and until the advance of
+Sherman through South Carolina and in the rear of Charleston forced
+the evacuation of that vital point in the Confederacy. His ship, along
+with others, was destroyed, and he returned to Richmond with a small
+body of seamen, where the Southerners made their last stand around
+Richmond and Petersburg _pro ara et pro forcis_. On reaching Richmond
+he, along with Captain Parker, distinguished alike in arms and
+letters, were placed in command of the Naval Academy and cadets which
+the Confederates had established there--an arduous, important and
+distinguished position. He remained in that position until the
+evacuation of Richmond, when he marched the cadets in a body to
+Washington, in Georgia, where they were disbanded after the capture of
+President Davis and the dissolution of the Confederacy.
+
+"The war being ended, he returned to his ancestral home in
+Southampton. His old comrade-in-arms, Tucker, who had been at one time
+Admiral in the Peruvian Navy, and was then about to make a survey of
+the upper Amazon river for the Peruvians, sent for him, and he
+accepted a position under that Government to make a hydrographic
+survey of that vast fluvial system in the mountains of Peru east of
+the Andes. He remained in Iquitos three years and then returned home,
+where he devoted his time to reading, letters, and the society of his
+friends. He was a doughty warrior and soldier, and from the beginning
+loved a career of arms. He sorrowed over the rupture of the
+Government, but when his State went out he nobly stood by her; went to
+the front, and never grounded his arms until there was nothing left
+to fight for. He knew to win would bring honor and safety, and failure
+would make him a rebel, and while success on the Northern side gave to
+many of his old comrades in arms on that side marble and bronze
+statues in the new Pantheon at Washington, yet with the courage of his
+convictions, in disaster his only regret was that he did not win. Of
+such stern stuff are the cavaliers of Virginia made, and such as these
+are yet to lift her from the dust and crown their old mother again
+with glory."
+
+
+
+
+"DEATH OF CAPT. JAMES H. ROCHELLE.
+
+               "COURTLAND, SOUTHAMPTON COUNTY,
+
+                                             "April 3, 1889.
+
+"On the morning of the 31st of March, after an illness of only one
+day, this county, and his many friends, met with a heavy loss in the
+death of Capt. James Henry Rochelle. This distinguished soldier was a
+veteran of two wars. Euripides, I think it was, said no man should be
+called fortunate or happy until he had been placed with his good name
+by death beyond the reach of accident or change. Then, indeed, is this
+noble soldier happy, for he lived without reproach and died without
+fear. Another noble son of Virginia has gone down below the horizon of
+time, but his name will be held in sweet remembrance by his old
+comrades and his memory cherished and honored by his kinsmen."
+
+
+
+
+Life of Rear Admiral John Randolph Tucker
+
+BY JAMES HENRY ROCHELLE.
+
+
+PREFATORY NOTE.
+
+In writing this biographical sketch I have performed not a task, but a
+labor of love, for I was, during many years, both in times of peace
+and of war, intimately associated with the distinguished sailor whose
+career I have attempted to trace.
+
+The appendix was added in consequence of letters I received asking for
+information in regard to the navigation of the upper Amazon river and
+its tributaries, a highway for commerce destined to be much better
+known in the near future than it is at present.
+
+                                                      J.H.R.
+COURTLAND, VIRGINIA,
+    _July 1, 1888._
+
+
+
+
+PART I.
+
+    THE TUCKERS--BIRTH OF JOHN RANDOLPH TUCKER.
+        BOYHOOD--APPOINTED A MIDSHIPMAN IN THE UNITED STATES
+        NAVY--FIRST CRUISE--"THE ROARING LADS OF THE
+        BRANDYWINE"--PASSES EXAMINATION FOR PROMOTION--APPOINTED
+        A PAST MIDSHIPMAN--PROMOTED TO THE RANK OF
+        LIEUTENANT--MARRIAGE--MEXICAN WAR. CAPTURE OF
+        TOBASCO--COMMANDS UNITED STATES BOMB-BRIG
+        _Stromboli_--MADE A COMMANDER--COMMANDS UNITED STATES
+        RECEIVING SHIP _Pennsylvania_--ORDNANCE OFFICER AT THE
+        NORFOLK NAVY YARD--RESIGNS ON THE SECESSION OF VIRGINIA
+
+
+During the first years of the present century John Tucker, of the
+Island of Bermuda, came to Virginia, where resided many of his
+kinsmen, a branch of the Tucker family having settled in Virginia
+prior to the War of the Revolution. The family has produced a number
+of gifted men who have been honorably prominent in the political and
+social life of the State, but no member of it has been more
+distinguished or more esteemed than the subject of the present sketch.
+
+John Randolph Tucker was born on the 31st day of January, 1812, at
+Alexandria, near Washington, on the Virginia side of the Potomac
+river, in which city his father had made his home and had there
+married Miss Susan Douglas, the daughter of Dr. Charles Douglas, an
+English physician, who emigrated to America soon after the Revolution.
+
+Young Tucker received his early education in the good private schools
+of his native city, which he continued to attend until he entered the
+United States Navy as a midshipman on the 1st of June, 1826, being
+then in the fifteenth year of his age.
+
+The profession upon which he entered was one for which he was by
+nature peculiarly adapted, and to the end of his days he loved the sea
+and all that was connected with the life of a sailor. It has been said
+of a great admiral that he could perform with his own hands the duties
+of every station on board a ship-of-war, from seaman-gunner to
+admiral, and the same may be, without exaggeration, said of Tucker.
+
+He was fortunate in beginning his naval career on the Mediterranean
+Station, where he made his first cruise in the frigate _Brandywine_.
+Before the establishment of the Naval Academy at Annapolis the best
+school for training a cadet in the etiquette, spirit and, perhaps,
+even in the seamanship of the service, was a smart frigate of the
+Mediterranean Squadron. If we may trust the traditions which have been
+handed down to us in song and story about "the roaring lads of the
+_Brandywine_," the training on board the ship in which Tucker first
+served was well calculated to develop all that was dashing and daring
+in the young gentlemen of her steerage mess.
+
+After six years' service as a midshipman, Tucker passed the requisite
+examination for promotion, but he had to wait for his turn to fill a
+vacancy, and, consequently, was not promoted to the rank of lieutenant
+until the 20th of December, 1837. As a lieutenant, he made a good deck
+officer and a very excellent executive or first-lieutenant. In the
+latter capacity he served on board the bomb-brig _Stromboli_, in the
+Gulf of Mexico, during the war between Mexico and the United States.
+The _Stromboli_ was actively employed, and Tucker participated in the
+capture of Tobasco and other naval operations against the enemy.
+During the latter part of the war Tucker succeeded to the command of
+the _Stromboli_ as Lieutenant-Commanding, retaining the command until
+the cessation of hostilities.
+
+His last cruise whilst belonging to the United States Navy was made as
+executive officer of the frigate _Cumberland_, the flag-ship of
+Flag-Officer Stringham, on the Mediterranean Station, thus ending his
+active service in the United States Navy where it began, after an
+interval of thirty years.
+
+Soon after his promotion to a lieutenancy Tucker was married, at
+Norfolk, Virginia, on the 7th of June, 1838, to Virginia, daughter of
+Captain Thomas Tarleton Webb, of the United States Navy. This union
+was, uninterruptedly, most happy and harmonious until it was dissolved
+by the death of Mrs. Tucker in 1858. She left several children, three
+of whom--Randolph Tucker, of Richmond, Virginia; Tarleton Webb Tucker,
+of Memphis, Tennessee; and Virginius Tucker, of Norfolk,
+Virginia--are now living and prospering.
+
+On September 14th, 1855, Tucker received his commission as a
+Commander, and at the same time was ordered to command the
+_Pennsylvania_, an old three-decker ship-of-the-line which was in
+commission as receiving-ship at Norfolk. His next duty was as Ordnance
+Officer of the Norfolk Navy Yard, and it was whilst he was employed on
+this duty that the secession of Virginia caused him to forward his
+resignation to the Secretary of the Navy.
+
+There is no intention of discussing in this biographical sketch the
+questions which were in controversy between the Northern and Southern
+States until they were finally settled by the arbitrament of arms; it
+is sufficient to say that nothing but the sincerest conviction that
+the highest duty required the sacrifice could have induced an officer
+in Tucker's position to leave an established and an illustrious navy
+to enter the service of a people who had neither ships nor sailors.
+
+
+
+
+PART II.
+
+    APPOINTED A COMMANDER IN THE VIRGINIA NAVY--IN CHARGE OF THE
+        DEFENSES OF JAMES RIVER--TRANSFERRED TO THE CONFEDERATE
+        STATES NAVY--PLACED IN COMMAND OF THE _Patrick
+        Henry_--FITTING OUT UNDER DIFFICULTIES--FIRST PARTIALLY
+        ARMORED AMERICAN VESSEL. LIEUTENANT POWELL'S PLAN FOR
+        ARMORED GUNBOATS--OFFICERS OF THE _Patrick
+        Henry_--GUARDING JAMES RIVER--SCALING THE GUNS--"NAVAL
+        SKIRMISH"--A FLAG WHICH WAS NOT PRESENTED--BATTLE OF
+        HAMPTON ROADS. SINKING OF THE _Cumberland_; AN AMERICAN
+        _Vengeur_--BURNING OF THE _Congress_--COMBAT BETWEEN THE
+        _Virginia_ AND THE _Monitor_--FLAG-OFFICER TATNALL TAKES
+        COMMAND OF THE CONFEDERATE SQUADRON--SALLY INTO HAMPTON
+        ROADS--PLAN FOR CARRYING THE _Monitor_ BY
+        BOARDING--EVACUATION OF NORFOLK--TOWING UNFINISHED
+        GUNBOATS TO RICHMOND--FEDERAL SQUADRON ENTERS JAMES
+        RIVER--CREWS OF THE _Patrick Henry_, _Jamestown_ AND
+        _Virginia_ MAN THE NAVAL BATTERIES AT DREWRY'S
+        BLUFF--ACTION AT DREWRY'S BLUFF--THE _Galena_; A
+        WELL-FOUGHT VESSEL. REPULSE OF THE FEDERAL
+        SQUADRON--TUCKER ORDERED TO COMMAND THE IRON-CLAD
+        STEAMER _Chicora_ AT CHARLESTON--SUCCESSFUL ATTACK ON
+        THE BLOCKADING SQUADRON--TUCKER POSTED AND APPOINTED
+        FLAG-OFFICER OF THE CHARLESTON SQUADRON--COMMANDING
+        OFFICERS OF THE CHARLESTON SQUADRON--DUPONT'S ATTACK ON
+        CHARLESTON--CONFEDERATE TORPEDO-BOATS AT CHARLESTON;
+        DAMAGE DONE BY THEM--CHARLESTON NAVAL BATTALION SERVING
+        WITH THE ARMY--EVACUATION OF CHARLESTON--ONE BATTALION OF
+        THE CHARLESTON SQUADRON SERVES WITH THE ARMY AT
+        WILMINGTON--TUCKER, WITH THE CHARLESTON SQUADRON BRIGADE,
+        MARCHES THROUGH NORTH CAROLINA AND ARRIVES AT
+        RICHMOND--TUCKER ORDERED TO COMMAND AT DREWRY'S
+        BLUFF--CONFEDERACY AT ITS LAST GASP--EVACUATION OF
+        RICHMOND--TUCKER NOT INFORMED OF THE INTENTION TO
+        EVACUATE RICHMOND--SUCCEEDS IN JOINING HIS BRIGADE OF
+        SAILORS TO MAJOR-GEN. CUSTIS LEE'S DIVISION--ACTION AT
+        SAYLOR'S CREEK; DIDN'T KNOW THEY WERE WHIPPED, THOUGHT
+        THE FIGHT HAD JUST BEGUN--SURRENDER--PRISONER OF
+        WAR--RELEASED ON PAROLE--EMPLOYED BY THE SOUTHERN EXPRESS
+        COMPANY
+
+
+Tucker was appointed a Commander in the Virginia Navy, with rank from
+the date of the commission in the United States Navy which he had
+resigned. He was at first assigned by the Governor to the defense of
+James river, but in a short time was ordered to assume command of the
+steamer _Patrick Henry_.
+
+When Virginia became one of the Confederate States, all the officers
+of the Virginia Navy were transferred to the Confederate States Navy,
+with the same rank they had held in the United States Navy. The
+_Patrick Henry_ was also transferred by the State of Virginia to the
+Confederate States. This vessel was a paddle-wheel steamer of about
+1,400 tons burthen; she was called the _Yorktown_ before the war, and
+was one of a line of steamers running between Richmond and New York;
+she was reputed to be a fast boat, and deserved the reputation.
+
+When Virginia seceded this vessel was in James river, and, together
+with her sister steamer _Jamestown_, of the same line, was seized by
+the authorities of the State, taken up to the Rockett's wharf, at
+Richmond, and the command conferred, as has been said, upon Commander
+Tucker; this assignment of duty being afterwards confirmed by the
+Secretary of the Confederate States Navy. Naval Constructor Joseph
+Pearse, with a number of mechanics from the Norfolk Navy Yard, who had
+been brought to Richmond for the purpose, commenced the necessary
+alterations, which had previously been determined upon, and in a short
+time the passenger steamer _Yorktown_ was converted into the very
+creditable man-of-war _Patrick Henry_, of 12 guns and one hundred and
+fifty officers and men. Lieutenant William Llewellyn Powell, who soon
+afterwards resigned from the Navy, entered the Army as Colonel of
+Artillery, and died a Brigadier-General at Fort Morgan before its
+fall, was her executive officer while she was being fitted out, and to
+him, as well as to Constructor Joseph Pearse, much credit is due for
+having made her as serviceable as she was for purposes of war. Her
+spar-deck cabins were removed, and her deck strengthened so as to
+enable it to bear a battery. Her boilers were slightly protected by
+iron plates one inch in thickness. V-shaped iron shields on the
+spar-deck, forward and aft of her engines, afforded some protection to
+the machinery, but none to the walking beams, which rose far above the
+hurricane-deck. It is probable that Lieutenant Powell suggested the
+first American attempt to protect steamers with iron armor, unless the
+Stevens floating-battery, which was so long building at Hoboken for
+the United States, was such an attempt. It is known that Powell
+forwarded, during the summer of 1861, plans to the Confederate Navy
+Department for converting river craft and canal boats into iron-clad
+gunboats.
+
+The armament of the _Patrick Henry_ consisted of ten medium
+32-pounders in broadside, one ten-inch shell gun pivoted forward, and
+one eight-inch solid-shot gun pivoted aft. The eight-inch solid-shot
+gun was the most effective gun on board, and did good service both at
+the battle of Hampton Roads and the repulse of the Federal squadron at
+Drewry's Bluff. The captain of this gun was an excellent seaman-gunner
+named Smith, who was afterwards promoted to be a boatswain in the
+C.S. Navy. A few weeks before the battle of Hampton Roads two of the
+medium 32-pounders were exchanged for two six-inch guns, banded and
+rifled, a gun much used in the Confederate Navy, and effective, though
+far inferior to the six-inch rifled guns of the present day.
+
+The _Patrick Henry_ was rigged as a brigantine, square yards to the
+foremast and fore-and-aft sails alone to the mainmast. At Norfolk,
+when she was about to be employed in running by the batteries of
+Newport News at night, it was thought best to take both of her masts
+out in order to make her less liable to be discovered by the enemy.
+Signal poles, carrying no sails, were substituted in their place.
+
+No list of the officers of the _Patrick Henry_ at the time she went
+into commission can now be given, but the following is a list of those
+on board at the battle of Hampton Roads, so far as can be ascertained:
+
+Commander John Randolph Tucker, commander; Lieutenant James Henry
+Rochelle, executive officer; Lieutenants William Sharp and Francis
+Lyell Hoge; Surgeon John T. Mason; Paymaster Thomas Richmond Ware;
+Passed Assistant Surgeon Frederick Garretson; Acting Master Lewis
+Parrish; Chief Engineer Hugh Clark; Lieutenant of Marines Richard T.
+Henderson; Midshipmen John Tyler Walker, Alexander McComb Mason, and
+M.P. Goodwyn.
+
+The vessel, being properly equipped, so far as the limited resources
+at hand could be used, proceeded down James river and took a position
+off Mulberry Island, on which point rested the right of the Army of
+the Peninsula, under Magruder. The time passed wearily and drearily
+enough whilst the _Patrick Henry_ lay at anchor off Mulberry Island.
+The officers and crew very rarely went on shore, the steamer being
+kept always with banked fires, prepared to repel an attack, which
+might have been made at any moment, the Federal batteries at Newport
+News and the vessels stationed there, the frigate _Savannah_, sloop
+_Cumberland_, and steamer _Louisiana_, being about fourteen miles
+distant.
+
+To relieve the monotony of the irksome duty on which the _Patrick
+Henry_ was employed, Tucker determined to take her down the river,
+feel of the enemy, and warn him of what might be expected if boat
+expeditions should attempt to ascend the river. On the afternoon of
+Friday, September 13th, 1861, the _Patrick Henry_ weighed her anchor
+at Mulberry Island, and steamed down James river towards Newport News.
+Choosing her distance from that point, she opened fire upon the
+Federal squadron, which was promptly returned, principally by the
+_Savannah_, _Louisiana_, and a battery of light artillery, which had
+been moved up the left bank of the river. After giving the crew a good
+exercise at their guns, the _Patrick Henry_ was steamed back to her
+anchorage off Mulberry Island.
+
+About the last of November, Tucker received information that one or
+two of the Federal gunboats came up the river every night and anchored
+about a mile and a half above their squadron at Newport News. Hoping
+to be able to surprise and capture these boats, the commander of the
+_Patrick Henry_ got her underway at 4 o'clock A.M. on December 2d,
+1861. The morning was dark and suitable for the enterprise, and all
+lights on board the _Patrick Henry_ were either extinguished or
+carefully concealed. No vessel of the enemy was met with in the river,
+but at daylight four steamers were discovered, lying at anchor near
+the frigate _Congress_ and sloop _Cumberland_, off the batteries of
+Newport News. As the _Patrick Henry_ could not have returned unseen,
+Tucker took a position about a mile distant from the batteries, and
+opened on the Federal vessels with his port battery and pivot guns.
+The fire was promptly returned, many of the shots from the rifled guns
+passing over the _Patrick Henry_, and one, going through her
+pilot-house and lodging in the starboard hammock-netting, did some
+injury to the vessel, besides wounding slightly one of the pilots and
+a seaman by the splinters it caused. The skirmish, if such a term can
+be applied to a naval operation, lasted about two hours, during which
+time the _Patrick Henry_ fired twenty-eight shells and thirteen solid
+shots, but with what effect on the enemy is not known. From this best
+kind of drill practice, the Confederate steamer returned to her
+anchorage off Mulberry Island, continued her guard of the river, and
+waited for some opportunity for more active employment.
+
+In February, 1862, the ladies of Charles City, a county bordering on
+James river, desired to present to the _Patrick Henry_ a flag which
+they had made for her as an evidence of their appreciation of her
+services in keeping boat expeditions and the enemy's small steamers
+from ascending the river. But the presentation of this flag did not
+take place; the C.S. steamers _Jamestown_, 2, and _Teaser_, v, had
+reinforced the _Patrick Henry_, and such incessant preparations were
+going on that no time could be spared for the ceremony. The occasion
+of these preparations was the expectation of being soon engaged in the
+attack which it was understood that the Confederate iron-clad
+_Virginia_ was about to make on the Federal batteries and men-of-war
+at Newport News. No care or preparation could make the _Patrick Henry_
+as well fitted for war as a vessel of the same size built especially
+for the military marine service; but the best that could be done to
+make her efficient was done, and not without success, as the part the
+vessel took in the closely following battle of Hampton Roads
+conclusively demonstrates.
+
+On the 7th of March, 1862, the James river squadron, consisting of the
+_Patrick Henry_, 12, Commander J.R. Tucker; _Jamestown_, 2, Lieutenant
+Commanding J.N. Barney, and _Teaser_, 1, Lieutenant Commanding W.A.
+Webb, proceeded down the river, and anchored at nightfall off Day's
+Neck Point, some six miles distant from Newport News. This movement
+was effected in order to be near at hand when the _Virginia_ made her
+expected attack on the Federal forces.
+
+The 8th of March, 1862, was a bright, placid, beautiful day--more like
+a May than a March day. About 1 o'clock in the afternoon, the
+_Virginia_ came steaming out from behind Craney Island, attended by
+the gunboats _Beaufort_ and _Raleigh_. As soon as the _Virginia_ was
+seen, the James river squadron got underway under all the steam the
+boilers would bear, and proceeded to join her in her attack on the
+enemy. As Tucker's small squadron approached the Newport News
+batteries he formed it in line ahead, the _Patrick Henry_, 12,
+leading; next the _Jamestown_, 2, and lastly the _Teaser_, 1; this
+order being maintained until the batteries were passed. The batteries
+were run with less loss than was anticipated; the enemy probably
+expected the Confederate vessels to pass in the usual channel, about
+eight hundred yards from the guns of the Federal works, but by
+Tucker's directions the _Patrick Henry_ was run by much nearer the
+batteries, and the _Jamestown_ and _Teaser_ followed her closely.
+Probably in consequence of this deviation from the middle of the
+channel the Federal guns were not well aimed, and most of the shot
+from the batteries passed over the Confederate vessels. As the James
+river squadron ranged up abreast of the first battery, the vessels
+delivered their fire, and the flash from their guns had scarcely
+vanished when the Federal works were wrapped in smoke, and their
+projectiles came hissing through the air. The _Patrick Henry_ was
+struck several times during the passage; one shot passing through the
+crew of No. 3 gun, wounding two men and killing one, a volunteer from
+the army, who had come on board to serve only for the fight. His last
+words as he fell were, "Never mind me, boys!"
+
+Whilst the James river squadron was passing the batteries, the
+_Virginia_ had rammed and sunk the _Cumberland_, a ship which was
+fought most gallantly to the bitter end, going down with her colors
+flying and her guns firing, like the celebrated French ship _Vengeur_.
+
+Having run by the batteries with no material damage, the James river
+squadron joined the _Virginia_ and afforded her valuable aid in the
+battle she was waging. Whilst the forward guns of the _Patrick Henry_
+were engaging one enemy, the after guns were firing at another, and
+the situation of the Confederate wooden vessels at this time seemed
+well nigh desperate. The Newport News batteries were on one side, on
+the other the frigates _Minnesota_, _St. Lawrence_ and _Roanoke_ were
+coming up from Old Point Comfort, and in front the beach was lined
+with field batteries and sharpshooters. Fortunately for the wooden
+vessels, both Confederate and Federal, the _Minnesota_, _St. Lawrence_
+and _Roanoke_ grounded, and the smaller vessels which accompanied them
+returned to Old Point Comfort. The _Minnesota_, though aground, was
+near enough to take part in the action, and opened a heavy fire on
+the Confederate squadron.
+
+The frigate _Congress_, early in the action, had been run aground,
+with a white flag flying. Tucker, as soon as he saw that the
+_Congress_ had shown a white flag, gave orders that no shot should be
+fired at her from the _Patrick Henry_, and he steadily refused to let
+any gun be aimed at her, notwithstanding that the Confederate gunboats
+_Raleigh_, _Teaser_ and _Beaufort_ had attempted to take possession of
+the surrendered vessel, and had been driven off by a heavy artillery
+and infantry fire from the Federal troops on the beach. After the
+Confederate gunboats had been forced to retire from the _Congress_,
+Flag-Officer Buchanan hailed the _Patrick Henry_ and directed
+Commander Tucker to burn that frigate. The pilots of the _Patrick
+Henry_ declared they could not take her alongside of the _Congress_ on
+account of an intervening shoal, which determined Tucker to approach
+as near as the shoal would permit and then send his boats to burn the
+Federal frigate. The boats were prepared for the service, and the
+boats' crews and officers held ready whilst the _Patrick Henry_
+steamed in towards the _Congress_.
+
+This movement of the _Patrick Henry_ placed her in the most imminent
+peril; she was brought under the continuous and concentrated fire of
+three points; on her port quarters were the batteries of Newport News,
+on her port bow the field batteries and sharpshooters on the beach,
+and on her starboard bow the _Minnesota_. It soon became evident that
+no wooden vessel could long float under such a fire; several shots
+struck the hull, and a piece of the walking-beam was shot away. As the
+sponge of the after pivot gun was being inserted in the muzzle of the
+piece, the handle was cut in two by a shot from the enemy; half in
+prayer and half in despair at being unable to perform his duty, the
+sponger exclaimed, "Oh, Lord! how is the gun to be sponged?" He was
+much relieved when the quarter-gunner of his division handed him a
+spare sponge. This state of things could not last long; a shot from a
+rifled gun of one of the field batteries on the beach penetrated the
+steam-chest, the engine-room and fire-room were filled with steam,
+four of the firemen were scalded to death and several others severely
+injured; the engineers and firemen were driven up on deck, and the
+engines stopped working: the vessel was enveloped in a cloud of
+escaped steam, and the enemy, seeing that some disaster to the boiler
+had occurred, increased his fire. At the moment, until the chief
+engineer made his report, no one on the spar-deck knew exactly what
+had happened, the general impression being that the boilers had
+exploded. It is an unmistakable evidence of the courage and discipline
+of the crew that the fire from the _Patrick Henry_ did not slacken,
+but went on as regularly as if nothing unusual had occurred. As the
+vessel was drifting towards the enemy in her disabled condition, the
+jib was hoisted to pay her head around, and the _Jamestown_,
+Lieutenant Commanding Barney, gallantly and promptly came to her
+assistance and towed her out of action.
+
+The engineers soon got one boiler in working order. The other was so
+badly damaged that they were unable to repair it for immediate use,
+and with steam on one boiler alone the _Patrick Henry_ was again taken
+into action. The closing in of night put an end to the conflict, as in
+the dark it was impossible to distinguish friend from foe. The victory
+remained without dispute with the Confederate squadron, and was
+witnessed, as was the combat between the _Virginia_ and the _Monitor_
+on the day following, by multitudes of spectators from Norfolk and the
+neighboring camps of the Confederate troops, as well as by many on the
+Federal side of the Roads.
+
+It has been stated that the total Federal loss in this battle was
+nearly four hundred. The numerical strength of the Confederate force
+engaged was about six hundred, of which the total loss was about
+sixty. The loss on board the _Patrick Henry_ being five killed and
+nine wounded.
+
+The part taken by the _Patrick Henry_ in this battle--it was a battle
+and not a combat--seems to have been lost sight of in consequence of
+the great power, as a new force in naval warfare, displayed by the
+_Virginia_, but the Federal commanders bear witness to the efficient
+service done by the Confederate wooden vessels. Lieutenant Commanding
+Pendergrast, of the _Congress_, reported that "the _Patrick Henry_ and
+_Thomas Jefferson_ (_Jamestown_), rebel steamers, approached us from
+up the James river, firing with precision and doing us great damage,"
+and Captain Van Brunt, of the _Minnesota_, reported that the _Patrick
+Henry_ and _Jamestown_ "took their positions on my port bow and stern
+and their fire did most damage in killing and wounding men, insomuch
+as they fired with rifled guns."
+
+The closing in of night having put an end to hostilities until
+morning, the Confederate squadrons anchored under Sewell's Point, at
+the mouth of the harbor of Norfolk. The crews were kept busy until a
+late hour of the night, making such repairs and preparations as were
+necessary for resuming operations in the morning. Soon after midnight
+a column of fire ascended in the darkness, followed by a terrific
+explosion--the Federal frigate _Congress_, which had been on fire all
+the evening, had blown up, the fire having reached her magazine.
+
+Flag Officer Buchanan, having been wounded in the action, was sent to
+the Naval Hospital at Norfolk on the morning of the 9th, just prior to
+the getting under way of the squadron. The command ought, in
+conformity with military and naval usage, to have been formally
+transferred to the next senior officer of the squadron, who was
+Commander J.R. Tucker, of the _Patrick Henry_; but this obviously
+proper course was not followed, and Flag Officer Buchanan's flag was
+kept flying on board the _Virginia_, though he himself, in point of
+fact, was not and could not be in command of that vessel, or the
+Confederate squadron, since he was not within signal distance of
+either, being laid up in bed at the Norfolk Naval Hospital. Tucker
+did not assume command of the squadron, but simply continued to
+command the _Patrick Henry_.
+
+At the first peep of dawn, on the morning of the 9th of March, the
+Confederate squadron was under way, having in view for its first
+object the destruction of the _Minnesota_, that frigate being still
+aground near Newport News. As the daylight increased, the _Minnesota_
+was discovered in her old position, but no longer alone and
+unsupported. Close alongside of her there lay such a craft as the eyes
+of a seaman does not delight to look upon; no masts, no smokestack, no
+guns--at least nothing of the sort could be seen about her. And yet
+the thing had a grim, pugnacious look, as if there was tremendous
+power of some sort inherent in her, and ready to be manifested
+whenever the occasion required it. The _Monitor_ (for it was that
+famous vessel) promptly steamed out to meet the _Virginia_, as the
+latter vessel bore down on the _Minnesota_, and the celebrated combat
+between these iron-clads was joined immediately. It was the first
+action that had ever been fought between armored vessels, and as such
+will ever be remembered and commented upon. The combat resulted in a
+drawn fight as far as the _Virginia_ and _Monitor_ was concerned, but
+it established the power of iron-clad steamers as engines of war, and
+completely revolutionized the construction of the navies of the world.
+
+That the combat between the _Virginia_ and the _Monitor_ was an
+indecisive action is clear. The _Monitor_ received the most damage in
+the fight, and was the first to retire from it into shoal water,
+though the fight was afterwards renewed. On the other hand, the
+_Virginia_ did not accomplish her object, which was the destruction of
+the _Minnesota_, and she did not accomplish it in consequence of the
+resistance offered by the _Monitor_. The two vessels held each other
+in check, the _Virginia_ protecting Norfolk, and the _Monitor_ doing
+the same for the Federal wooden fleet in Hampton Roads and the
+Chesapeake waters. The injuries received by the _Virginia_ in ramming
+the _Cumberland_, on the previous day, were probably greater than
+those inflicted on her by the _Monitor_; in neither case were they
+severe enough to disable or force her to withdraw from action.
+
+On her return to Norfolk harbor, the _Virginia_ was accompanied by the
+_Patrick Henry_ and the other vessels of the Confederate squadron. The
+Confederate wooden steamers had taken no part in the action between
+the _Virginia_ and the _Monitor_, except to fire an occasional shot at
+the _Monitor_, as she passed, at very long range; no wooden vessel
+could have floated a quarter of an hour in an engagement at close
+quarters with either of the two iron-clads.
+
+Flag Officer Tatnall having relieved Flag Officer Buchanan, who was
+incapacitated from command on account of severe wounds received in the
+first day's fight in Hampton Roads, and all the vessels of the
+squadron having been refitted, on the 13th of April the squadron again
+sallied out to attack the enemy. It was expected that the _Monitor_
+would be eager to renew the combat with the _Virginia_, and it was
+agreed upon that, in case the _Virginia_ failed to capture or destroy
+the Federal iron-clad, an attempt should be made to carry the latter
+by boarding. This duty was assigned to the gunboats _Beaufort_ and
+_Raleigh_ and two other small steamers. One of these small steamers
+was the tender of the Norfolk Navy Yard; she was manned for the
+occasion by officers and men from the _Patrick Henry_, under the
+command of the executive-officer of that vessel, and was christened by
+the men _Patrick Henry, Junior_.
+
+The Confederate squadron steamed about in Hampton Roads for two days,
+but the _Monitor_ did not leave her anchorage at Fortress Monroe, her
+passiveness being due, it seems, to orders from Washington not to
+engage the _Virginia_ unless she attempted to pass Old Point Comfort.
+
+General J. Bankhead Magruder, commanding the Confederate Army of the
+Peninsula, was urgent in demanding the return of the James river
+squadron, and consequently the _Patrick Henry_ and _Jamestown_ were
+ordered to run by the Newport News batteries at night, and resume
+their old duty in James river. The _Jamestown_ ran up the river on the
+19th and the _Patrick Henry_ on the 20th of April; the _Beaufort_,
+_Raleigh_ and _Teaser_ were also sent up the river; the headquarters
+of this detached squadron, of which Tucker was the senior officer, was
+at Mulberry Island, on which point rested the right flank of the
+Confederate Army of the Peninsula.
+
+Up to this time the _Patrick Henry_ was brigantine rigged, but to fit
+her better for running by batteries without being discovered, both of
+her masts were now taken out and short signal poles substituted for
+them.
+
+When the Confederate authorities determined upon the evacuation of
+Norfolk, the James river squadron was employed to remove what public
+property could be saved from the Navy Yard to Richmond. The hulls of
+several uncompleted vessels were towed past the Federal batteries at
+Newport News. The running past the batteries was always done at night,
+moonless nights being chosen whenever it was practicable to select the
+time of making the trip. So far as known, the vessels employed on this
+service were never detected by the enemy; at least they were never
+fired upon.
+
+Soon after the evacuation of Norfolk, whilst the Confederate forces
+were retiring from the Peninsula to the lines around Richmond, a
+Federal squadron, consisting of the _Monitor_, _Galena_, _Naugatuck_,
+_Aroostook_ and _Port Royal_, entered James river. The _Monitor_ alone
+could with ease and without serious injury to herself have destroyed
+in fight all the Confederate vessels in James river, and no course was
+open to Tucker but to take his squadron up the river and make a stand
+at the place below Richmond best adapted for defense. The place most
+wisely selected was Drewry's Bluff, where the river had been
+obstructed by rows of piles, and the piles defended by four army guns
+mounted in a breastwork on the crest of the bluff, about two hundred
+feet above the river. When the Confederate squadron arrived at
+Drewry's Bluff, the defenses which had been constructed at the place
+were not in a condition to have prevented the Federal squadron from
+passing on to Richmond; but in the day which the Federal vessels
+wasted in silencing the fire of the half-deserted Confederate
+batteries on the lower river, the works at Drewry's Bluff were
+materially strengthened. The _Jamestown_ and several smaller vessels
+were sunk in the river channel, the two rifled guns of the _Jamestown_
+having been previously landed and mounted in pits dug in the brow of
+the bluff. The eight-inch solid-shot gun of the _Patrick Henry_ and
+her two six-inch rifles were also landed, thus forming a formidable
+naval battery countersunk on the brow of the hill, consisting of one
+eight-inch solid-shot gun and four six-inch rifles. Besides the naval
+battery, there were several army guns mounted in a breastwork and
+served by a battalion of Artillery, under the command of Major A.
+Drewry, who was the owner of the bluff, and from whom the place took
+its name.
+
+The naval guns were manned by the crews of the _Patrick Henry_,
+_Jamestown_ and _Virginia_--the crew of the _Virginia_ arriving at the
+bluff soon after she had been destroyed by Flag Officer Tatnall, to
+prevent her from falling into the hands of the enemy. It is not always
+possible for a sea captain to preserve the vessel he commands; but it
+is always possible to act with firmness, skill and judgment under
+trying and adverse circumstances, and this Flag Officer Tatnall seems
+to have done. A court-martial, composed of officers of high
+professional attainments and acknowledged personal merit, acquitted
+him of all blame for the loss of the _Virginia_.
+
+The following naval officers may be named as participating in the
+engagement of Drewry's Bluff, though there were others whose names are
+not at this time procurable: Of the _Patrick Henry_, Commander John
+Randolph Tucker, Lieutenant James Henry Rochelle, Lieutenant Francis
+Lyell Hoge, and others; of the _Jamestown_, Lieutenant Commanding J.
+Nicholas Barney, Acting Master Samuel Barron, Jr., and others; of the
+_Virginia_, Lieutenant Catesby Roger Jones, Lieutenant Hunter
+Davidson, Lieutenant John Taylor Wood, Lieutenant Walter Raleigh Butt,
+and others. Commander E. Farrand was the ranking and commanding
+officer present, having been sent down from Richmond to command the
+station.
+
+It was on the 15th of May, 1862, that the Federal vessels _Galena_,
+_Monitor_, _Naugatuck_, _Aroostook_, and _Port Royal_ made the
+well-known attack on the Confederate batteries at Drewry's Bluff,
+which was the only obstacle barring the way to Richmond, the capital
+of the Confederate States.
+
+The _Galena_ and _Monitor_ engaged the batteries at short distance,
+the other three Federal vessels keeping just within long range of the
+Confederate guns. The _Monitor_, after the action commenced, finding
+that her position was too near the bluff to allow of her guns being
+elevated sufficiently to throw their shot to the crest of the cliff,
+retired to a more favorable position. The Confederates wasted but few
+shot on her, knowing they would not pierce her armor.
+
+The _Galena_ was managed and fought with great skill and daring.
+Approaching to within about six hundred yards of the Confederate
+batteries, she was deliberately moored, her battery sprung and a
+well-directed fire opened upon the Confederate works. From half past
+six o'clock in the morning until about eleven, when the action ceased,
+she kept this position, receiving nearly the whole of the Confederate
+fire. The most effective gun on the Bluff was the eight-inch solid
+shot gun of the _Patrick Henry_. Knowing by previous experience the
+power of the gun, Tucker gave it his personal supervision. At 11
+o'clock A.M. a shot from this gun passed into one of the bow posts of
+the _Galena_, and was followed by an immediate gushing forth of smoke,
+showing that the vessel was on fire or had sustained some serious
+damage, a conclusion confirmed by her moving off down the river,
+accompanied by the other four vessels of the Federal squadron. It was
+at Drewry's Bluff that Midshipman Carroll, of Maryland, was killed. He
+was struck by a projectile whilst standing by Tucker's side, whose
+aide he was.
+
+For some days it was expected that another attack on the Confederate
+position would be made, but no other effort to capture Richmond with
+iron-clads was attempted. A half a dozen armored vessels, built
+expressly for being forced through obstructions and by batteries,
+could have passed Drewry's Bluff and captured Richmond, but the force
+with which the attempt was actually made was neither well adapted for
+the undertaking nor sufficiently strong for success.
+
+The _Galena's_ loss was thirteen killed and eleven wounded, and one
+officer and two men were wounded on board the other Federal vessels.
+On the Confederate side the loss, including the battalion of
+Artillery, as well as the force of sailors, was eleven killed and nine
+wounded.
+
+After the Federal repulse at Drewry's Bluff, the officers and crew of
+the _Patrick Henry_, _Virginia_ and _Jamestown_ were permanently
+attached to the naval batteries at that place, Tucker continuing to
+command his men on shore.
+
+In August, 1862, Tucker was ordered to command the iron-clad steamer
+_Chicora_, which vessel had just been launched at Charleston. She was
+a casemate iron-clad, with armor four inches in thickness, and carried
+a battery of two nine-inch smooth-bore shell guns, and two six-inch
+Brooks rifles, throwing a projectile weighing sixty pounds. Flag
+Officer Duncan N. Ingraham commanded the Charleston squadron, and flew
+his flag on board the _Palmetto State_, Lieutenant Commanding John
+Rutledge. The _Palmetto State_ was an iron-clad, similar to the
+_Chicora_ in build and armor, carrying a battery of one seven-inch
+rifled gun forward, one six-inch rifled gun aft, and one eight-inch
+shell gun on each broadside.
+
+On the night of January 31st, 1863, the two Confederate iron-clads
+made a successful attack on the Federal blockading squadron off
+Charleston. Passing the bar of Charleston harbor at early dawn, the
+Confederate iron-clads quickly drove the blockading vessels out to
+sea, and the blockade was broken, at least for some hours. In his
+official report of this action Flag Officer Ingraham says, "I cannot
+speak in too high terms of the conduct of Commander Tucker and
+Lieutenant Commanding Rutledge; the former handled his vessel in a
+beautiful manner and did the enemy much damage. I refer you to his
+official report."
+
+The official report to which Flag Officer Ingraham refers the
+Confederate Secretary of the Navy is as follows:
+
+
+"CONFEDERATE STATES STEAMER _Chicora_,
+                                        "January 31st, 1863.
+
+    "_Sir_--In obedience to your order, I got under way at 11.30
+    P.M. yesterday, and stood down the harbor in company with the
+    Confederate States steamer _Palmetto State_, bearing your
+    flag. We crossed the bar at 4.40 A.M., and commenced the
+    action at 5.20 A.M. by firing into a schooner-rigged
+    propeller, which we set on fire and have every reason to
+    believe sunk, as she was nowhere to be seen at daylight. We
+    then engaged a large sidewheel steamer, twice our length from
+    us on the port bow, firing three shots into her with telling
+    effect, when she made a run for it. This vessel was supposed
+    to be the _Quaker City_. We then engaged a schooner-rigged
+    propeller and a large sidewheel steamer, partially crippling
+    both, and setting the latter on fire, causing her to strike
+    her flag; at this time the latter vessel, supposed to be the
+    _Keystone State_, was completely at my mercy, I having taken
+    position astern, distant some two hundred yards. I at once
+    gave the order to cease firing upon her, and directed
+    Lieutenant Bier, First Lieutenant of the _Chicora_, to man a
+    boat and take charge of the prize, if possible to save her; if
+    that was not possible, to rescue her crew. While the boat was
+    in the act of being manned, I discovered that she was
+    endeavoring to make her escape by working her starboard wheel,
+    the other being disabled, her colors being down. I at once
+    started in pursuit and renewed the engagement. Owing to her
+    superior steaming qualities she soon widened the distance to
+    some two hundred yards. She then hoisted her flag and
+    commenced firing her rifled guns; her commander, by this
+    faithless act, placing himself beyond the pale of civilized
+    and honorable warfare.[1] We next engaged two schooners, one
+    brig, and one bark-rigged propeller, but not having the
+    requisite speed were unable to bring them to close quarters.
+    We pursued them six or seven miles seaward. During the latter
+    part of the combat, I was engaged at long range with a
+    bark-rigged steam sloop-of-war; but in spite of all our
+    efforts, was unable to bring her to close quarters, owing to
+    her superior steaming qualities. At 7.30 A.M., in obedience to
+    your orders, we stood in shore, leaving the partially crippled
+    and fleeing enemy about _seven miles clear of the bar_,
+    standing to the southward and eastward. At 8 A.M., in
+    obedience to signal, we anchored in four fathoms waters off
+    the Beach Channel."
+
+    "It gives me pleasure to testify to the good conduct and
+    efficiency of the officers and crew of the _Chicora_. I am
+    particularly indebted to the pilots, Messrs. Payne and Aldert,
+    for the skillful pilotage of the vessel."
+
+    "It gives me pleasure to report that I have no injuries or
+    casualties."
+
+    "Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
+
+                           "J.R. TUCKER, _Commander, C.S.N._
+    "_Flag Officer_ D.N. INGRAHAM, C.S.N.,
+      "_Commanding Station, Charleston, S.C._"
+
+The result of this engagement was a complete demonstration of the
+futility of any attempt on the part of wooden vessels to contend with
+iron-clads. The Federal squadron consisted of the _Housatonic_,
+_Meresdita_, _Keystone State_, _Quaker City_, _Augusta_, _Flag_,
+_Memphis_, _Stettin_, _Ottawa_, and _Unadilla_, ten vessels, all of
+them unarmored, and three, the _Housatonic_, _Ottawa_ and _Unadilla_,
+built for war service, the other seven being merchant steamers
+converted into men-of-war. The Confederate squadron consisted of only
+two vessels, both iron-clads, the _Palmetto State_ and _Chicora_,
+which received no damage whatever during the engagement, either to
+their hulls, machinery, or crew, whilst several of the ten Federal
+wooden vessels were seriously injured, though none of them were sunk,
+their escape from capture or destruction being due to the swiftness of
+their flight. Their loss was twenty-five killed and twenty-two
+wounded.
+
+The blockade of Charleston harbor was soon, indeed immediately,
+re-established, and kept up by the armored frigate _New Ironsides_ and
+a number of heavy "Monitors." There was, from the end of this battle
+to the evacuation of Charleston by the Confederates, no time when
+there would have been the least probability of the success of another
+dash by the Confederate vessels in the harbor upon the Federal
+squadron blockading.
+
+In the month of February, 1863, Tucker was promoted to the rank of
+Captain in the Provisional Navy of the Confederate States, and in
+March following was appointed Flag Officer of the Confederate Forces
+Afloat at Charleston, the _Chicora_ bearing his flag.
+
+On the 7th of April, 1863, Admiral Dupont made his attack on
+Charleston, with a squadron consisting of the armored frigate _New
+Ironsides_ and eight "Monitors." Tucker, with his usual good judgment,
+held the _Chicora_ and _Palmetto State_, aided by a number of rowboats
+armed with torpedoes, ready to make a desperate and final assault upon
+the Federal squadron if it should succeed in passing the Confederate
+forts guarding the entrance to the harbor. Admiral Dupont's squadron
+was repulsed by the forts, and the Confederate squadron was not
+engaged.
+
+The Confederate naval forces afloat at Charleston did not possess
+either the strength or swiftness necessary for an attack on the
+Federal blockading squadron with any reasonable prospect of success,
+and Tucker therefore turned his attention to attacks by means of
+torpedo-boats fitted out from his squadron. On the 5th of October,
+1863, Lieutenant W.T. Glassell, with a small double-ender steam
+torpedo-boat, made an attempt to sink the _New Ironsides_, lying off
+Morris' Island. The _New Ironsides_ was not sunk, but she was
+seriously damaged and was sent North for repairs. The torpedo-boat was
+filled with water, and her commander, pilot, and engineer, all that
+were on board of her, were thrown overboard by the shock of the
+striking and exploding of the torpedo against the bottom of the
+iron-clad. The torpedo-boat was finally taken back into Charleston
+harbor by the pilot and engineer, but Lieutenant Glassell was made
+prisoner after having been in the water about an hour. A torpedo-boat
+commanded by Lieutenant Dixon of the Confederate Army, and manned by
+six volunteers from Tucker's squadron and one from the army, attacked
+and sunk, on the night of February 17th, 1864, the United States
+steamer _Housatonic_ lying in the North Channel. The torpedo-boat with
+all on board went to the bottom, but most of the crew of the
+_Housatonic_ were saved by taking refuge in the rigging, which was not
+submerged when the vessel rested on the bottom.
+
+The boat attack on Fort Sumter, made by the Federals on September 8th,
+1863, was easily repulsed, and the Charleston squadron materially
+aided in the repulse.
+
+A battalion of sailors from the recruits on board the receiving-ship
+_Indian Chief_, under the command of Lieutenant Commanding William
+Galliard Dozier, was detached by Tucker to co-operate with the army on
+James' Island in August, 1864. This battalion rendered good service,
+and upon its return to the squadron was kept organized and ready to
+respond whenever a call for assistance was made upon the Navy by the
+Army.
+
+Early in 1864 some changes were made in the commanding officers of the
+squadron; Commander Isaac Newton Brown was ordered to the
+_Charleston_, Commander Thomas T. Hunter to the _Chicora_, and
+Lieutenant Commanding James Henry Rochelle to the _Palmetto State_. No
+other changes were made in the commands of the squadron while it
+existed.
+
+The three iron-clads under Tucker's command at Charleston were all
+slow vessels, with imperfect engines, which required frequent
+repairing; for that day, and considering the paucity of naval
+resources in the South, they were fairly officered, manned and armed.
+All of them were clad with armor four inches thick, and they were all
+of the type of the _Virginia_, or _Merrimac_, as that vessel is
+frequently but erroneously called. The commander of the vessels were
+all formerly officers of the United States Navy, who were citizens of
+the Southern States and had resigned their commissions in the Federal
+service when their States seceded from the Union. The lieutenants and
+other officers were appointed from civil life, but they were competent
+to perform the duties required of them, and conducted themselves well
+at all times and under all circumstances. The crews of each vessel
+numbered from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and sixty men,
+some of them able-seamen, and most of them efficient and reliable men.
+Each vessel carried a torpedo, fitted to the end of a spar some
+fifteen or twenty feet long projecting from the bows in a line with
+the keel, and so arranged that it could be carried either triced up
+clear of the water or submerged five or six feet below the surface.
+The squadron was in a good state of discipline and drill, and, so far
+as the personnel was concerned, in a very efficient condition.
+
+Every night one or two of the iron-clads anchored in the channel near
+Fort Sumter for the purpose of resisting a night attack on that place
+or a dash into the harbor by the Federal squadron.
+
+Not long before the evacuation of Charleston an iron-clad named the
+_Columbia_ was launched there. She had a thickness of six inches of
+iron on her casemate, and was otherwise superior to the other three
+iron-clads of the squadron. Unfortunately, she was run aground whilst
+coming out of dock, and so much injured as not to be able to render
+any service whatever.
+
+Charleston was evacuated by the Confederate forces on the 18th of
+February, 1865. Several days previous to the evacuation a detachment
+from the squadron of about three hundred men, under the command of
+Lieutenant Commanding James Henry Rochelle, consisting of the officers
+and crews of the _Palmetto State_, _Columbia_, and the recruits from
+the receiving-ship _Indian Chief_, were dispatched by rail to
+Wilmington, which the detachment reached only a few days before it
+was, in turn, abandoned by the Confederate Army. The Charleston naval
+detachment was ordered to co-operate with the Army as a body of
+infantry, and was assigned to duty with General Hoke's division, of
+which it formed the extreme right, resting on Cape Fear river. The
+position was exposed to an annoying fire from the Federal gunboats in
+the river, to which no reply could be made, but from which some loss
+was suffered. The evacuation of Wilmington took place on the 22d of
+February, 1865, and the Charleston squadron's naval battalion marched
+out with Hoke's division, to which it remained attached until
+somewhere in the interior of North Carolina it reunited with Tucker's
+command.
+
+With the officers and crews of the _Charleston_ and _Chicora_, Tucker
+left Charleston on the 18th of February, 1865, the day of the
+evacuation of the city by the Confederate Army. As far as Florence in
+South Carolina the Charleston naval brigade traveled by rail, but at
+that point Tucker received a telegram informing him that the Federal
+forces were about cutting the railway communication between Florence
+and Wilmington. This was the last message that came over the wires,
+and Tucker, knowing that the enemy had succeeded in seizing the
+railroad, abandoned his intention of making for Wilmington, and
+marched his command across the country to Fayetteville, where he
+received orders from the Navy Department to bring his force to
+Richmond. On the way from Fayetteville to Richmond the detached
+Charleston naval battalion was reunited to the main body under
+Tucker, and the whole brigade proceeded together to Richmond, and from
+Richmond it was sent to garrison the Confederate batteries at Drewry's
+Bluff, of which place Tucker was ordered to assume command, the naval
+forces afloat in James river being under the command of Rear Admiral
+Raphael Semmes.
+
+When Tucker took command at Drewry's Bluff the Confederate cause was
+at its last gasp. Richmond was evacuated by the Confederate Army and
+Government on the night of the 2d of April, 1865. Strange to relate,
+Tucker received no orders to retire with his command, and he held his
+post steadily until, early on the morning of the 3d, the Confederate
+iron-clads in James river were burnt by their own commanders. When he
+knew the troops were marching out of Richmond and saw the Confederate
+iron-clads burning in the river, Tucker thought it was not only
+justifiable but necessary for him to act without orders, and he
+retired with his command from Drewry's Bluff. General R.E. Lee told
+Tucker, when they met, that of all the mistakes committed by the
+Richmond authorities he regretted none more than the neglect to
+apprise the naval force at Drewry's Bluff of the intended evacuation
+of the city.
+
+The naval brigade from Drewry's Bluff, under Flag Officer Tucker,
+joined the rear guard of the Confederate Army, and was attached to
+General Custis Lee's division of General Ewell's corps, with which it
+marched until the battle of Saylor's Creek on the 16th of April, 1865.
+The naval brigade held the right of the line at that battle, and
+easily repulsed all the assaults made upon it. A flag of truce was
+sent by the Federal General commanding at that point to inform Tucker
+that the Confederate troops on his right and left had surrendered, and
+that further resistance was useless and could only end in the
+destruction of the sailors. Tucker, believing that the battle had only
+commenced, refused to surrender, and held his position until reliable
+information, which he could not doubt, reached him of the surrender of
+General Ewell and his army corps. The naval brigade surrendered by
+Tucker numbered some three hundred sailors, who, the opposing force
+said, did not know when they were whipped. Tucker's sword, which he
+rendered to General Keifer, was returned to him some years after the
+war by that gentleman, then a prominent member of Congress.
+
+Tucker was sent North and confined as a prisoner of war until the
+entire cessation of hostilities, when he was released on parole. On
+his return to Virginia he found that both the Confederate and State
+Governments were things of the past, and that he would have to mend
+his broken fortunes, if mend them he could, by engaging in the
+business pursuits of civil life. He succeeded, not without difficulty,
+in obtaining employment as an agent of the Southern Express Company,
+and was stationed at Raleigh, North Carolina, to take charge of the
+business matters of the Company in that city.
+
+[Footnote 1: The _Keystone State_ did not surrender, rescue or no
+rescue, and her escape ought probably to be regarded as a rescue.]
+
+
+
+
+PART III.
+
+    TUCKER OFFERED THE COMMAND OF THE PERUVIAN FLEET, WITH THE
+        RANK OF REAR ADMIRAL--ARRIVES IN LIMA--NO PRECEDENT FOR
+        THE RETURN OF MONEY--COMMISSIONED A REAR ADMIRAL IN THE
+        NAVY OF PERU--COMMANDS THE ALLIED FLEETS OF PERU AND
+        CHILE--SPANISH WAR--TUCKER'S PLAN FOR A NAVAL CAMPAIGN;
+        PROJECTED EXPEDITION AGAINST MANILA--CESSATION OF
+        HOSTILITIES--TUCKER RETIRES FROM THE COMMAND OF THE
+        FLEET, AND IS APPOINTED PRESIDENT OF THE PERUVIAN
+        HYDROGRAPHICAL COMMISSION OF THE AMAZON--CROSSES THE
+        ANDES AND REACHES THE AMAZON--EXPLORES THE YAVARI
+        RIVER--ORDERED TO THE UNITED STATES TO SUPERINTEND THE
+        BUILDING OF AN EXPLORING STEAMER--RETURNS TO THE AMAZON
+        WITH STEAMER _Tambo_. EXPEDITION UP THE UCAYALI AND
+        EXPLORATION OF THE TAMBO RIVER--ORDERED TO THE UNITED
+        STATES TO PROCURE A STEAMER OF LIGHT DRAUGHT OF
+        WATER--RETURNS TO THE AMAZON WITH STEAMER
+        _Mairo_--SECOND EXPEDITION UP THE UCAYALI--CANOE
+        EXPEDITION UP THE PACHITEA AND EXPLORATION OF THE PICHIS
+        RIVER--EXPEDITION UP THE AMAZON AND HUALLAGA
+        RIVERS--ORDERED TO LIMA. ORDERED TO NEW YORK TO
+        SUPERINTEND THE CHARTS MADE BY THE HYDROGRAPHICAL
+        COMMISSION--PUBLICATION OF CHARTS ABANDONED ON ACCOUNT OF
+        THE FINANCIAL CONDITION OF PERU--LETTER FROM PRESIDENT
+        PARDO--LETTER FROM MINISTER FREYRE--TUCKER RETIRES TO HIS
+        HOME IN PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA--OCCUPATIONS AND AMUSEMENTS
+        OF OLD AGE--DEATH--CHARACTER AND QUALITIES--CONCLUSION.
+
+
+While residing in Raleigh, North Carolina, Tucker received a letter
+from the Peruvian Minister to the United States, requesting an
+interview on affairs of importance. Going to Washington, Tucker saw
+the Minister, and the result of the interview was that he accepted a
+proposition to go to Peru and enter the Navy of that Republic as a
+rear-admiral, his commission to be dated from the time of his arrival
+at Lima. He was allowed to take with him two staff officers, one with
+the rank of captain and the other with that of commander.
+
+When Tucker entered the Navy of Peru, that Republic was engaged in a
+war with Spain. Spain had never recognized the independence of her
+former South American colonies, and thinking a favorable opportunity
+had arisen for asserting her dormant claims, the Spanish Government
+sent an iron-clad frigate, accompanied by several smaller vessels, to
+attack the Chilean and Peruvian seaport cities on the Pacific coast.
+The attack upon Valparaiso, the chief port of Chile, was successful,
+but the Spanish squadron was beaten off at Callao by the Peruvian
+batteries. Whilst preparing for the defense of Callao, the Peruvian
+Government determined to place its naval establishment on such a
+footing that it would be able to meet any force Spain could send to
+the Pacific. Tucker had, and most deservedly, the reputation of being
+a hard fighter, a thorough disciplinarian, and a splendid seaman;
+hence the Peruvian Government of President Prado directed its Minister
+at Washington to engage his services if possible. The cause was one
+which enlisted all Tucker's sympathies, and he agreed to take command
+of the Peruvian fleet. Tucker became much attached to Peru, and served
+the Republic zealously and faithfully. He had many warm friends in
+Lima, and no matter what party held the Government, the trust and
+confidence reposed in him by the authorities in Lima was always
+implicit.
+
+Tucker arrived in Lima accompanied by his personal staff, David Porter
+McCorkle, captain of the fleet, and Walter Raleigh Butt, commander and
+aide. Just before their leaving New York the Peruvian Minister handed
+Tucker a bag of gold, with which he was told to pay all the traveling
+expenses of himself and staff; this was done, but when the party
+arrived at Lima the bag was still half full. Tucker insisted on
+returning this surplus to the Government, but there was no precedent
+for such a thing, and it was not without some difficulty that there
+could be found an officer of the treasury authorized to receive and
+receipt for the unexpected money.
+
+The appointment of a foreigner to command their fleet was distasteful
+to some of the Peruvian officers, and this fact coming to Tucker's
+knowledge, he informed General Prado, the President of the Republic,
+that he had no wish that any officer should be forced to serve
+unwillingly under his command, and preferred resigning if the
+dissatisfaction at the appointment of a stranger to command the fleet
+was general or deep-seated. The officers who were dissatisfied were
+relieved from duty, and others were easily found who were not only
+willing but anxious to serve under Tucker.
+
+The Peruvian squadron was lying at Valparaiso when Tucker hoisted his
+flag on board the frigate _Independencia_. The Chilean squadron was
+also lying at Valparaiso, and Tucker, as senior officer present, was
+in command of the allied fleets of both Peru and Chile.
+
+An efficient state of drill and discipline was soon established in the
+fleets. A feeble attempt at mutiny broke out on one occasion during
+the temporary absence of Tucker, but it was easily quelled without
+bloodshed, and no similar attempt was ever again made whilst Tucker
+was in command. Officers of the Peruvian Navy, who were themselves
+opposed to giving foreigners high rank in their service, admitted that
+the fleet had never been in so good a condition for effective service
+as whilst it was under Tucker.
+
+The Spanish squadron had retired from the coast, but was expected to
+return as soon as it had been refitted and revictualed, but no
+apprehension was felt as to the result of another attack by the
+Spanish, for the allied fleets were believed to be fully equal to the
+task of protecting the coasts and ports of the Republics.
+
+Tucker's plan of naval operations was to sail with a small squadron,
+composed of the most efficient vessels under his command, for Manila,
+a most important dependency of Spain in the East Indies. He expected
+to take the Spaniards entirely by surprise, to capture all Spanish
+vessels in port, and to hold Manila and the other ports of the
+Philippine Islands until peace was established.
+
+In order to provide for the reappearance of the Spanish fleet on the
+coast during his absence, Tucker advised the allied Governments to
+enroll as a naval reserve all the Peruvian and Chilean masters, mates
+and crews of merchant vessels, pilots and mariners engaged in
+employments on shore. A part of his plan was that all merchant
+steamers carrying the flags of the Republics, which could be made
+available for war purposes, should be inspected and held ready for
+active service in the Navy and manned by the naval reserve whenever
+the Government should think it necessary to employ them. This force,
+with the harbor defense iron-clads, and the forts and batteries on
+shore, Tucker thought would be a sufficient protection for the coast,
+whilst his squadron of the most efficient sea-going vessels was absent
+in the East Indies, where the capture of Manila would have dealt a
+heavy blow to Spain, and rendered an honorable peace, carrying with it
+an acknowledgment of the independence of Peru and Chile, a matter of
+easy attainment.
+
+This plan, which would probably have been entirely successful if
+carried out with skill, daring and judgment, as it would have been by
+Tucker, was favorably considered by the Governments of the allied
+Republics, but it was not carried out, probably on account of the
+financial embarrassments under which the Republics labored, and which
+rendered it exceedingly difficult to find the funds required to fit
+out the expedition.
+
+The Manila expedition having been abandoned, and the Spanish fleet
+which had been employed on the Pacific coast having returned home,
+Tucker requested permission to visit Lima, in order that he might lay
+before General Prado, President of the Republic, a plan for making an
+exploration and survey of the Peruvian or Upper Amazon River and its
+tributaries. The President heartily approved of the enterprise, for
+the Government was at that very time considering the practicability of
+opening better communications between the west coast and the eastern
+part of the country, and of finding an outlet by the waters of the
+Amazon for the rich productions of the interior.
+
+Tucker resigned his commission as rear-admiral in the Navy of the
+Republic, and was immediately appointed President of the Peruvian
+Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. He left Lima with a full
+corps of assistants, and made his way across the mountains to the head
+of navigation on the Palcazu river, where the party was received on
+board a Government steamer that had been dispatched from Iquitos to
+meet them. The headquarters of the Commission was established at
+Iquitos, the principal settlement on the Upper Amazon river, and the
+place where the Government factories and magazines were located.
+
+In the small steamer _Naps_, belonging to the Government, Tucker made
+an exploring expedition of two hundred and fifty miles up Yavari, the
+river which forms the boundary between Peru and Brazil.
+
+None of the Peruvian steamers on the Amazon being suitable for
+exploring and surveying purposes, the Government at Lima ordered
+Tucker to proceed to the United States and procure such a vessel as
+was required for the duty pertaining to his Commission. In obedience
+to this order Tucker spent some months in the United States, and had a
+steamer built by Messrs. Pusey, Jones & Co., of Wilmington, Delaware,
+expressly adapted to the navigation of the shoals and rapids of the
+Upper Amazon. This vessel, named the _Tambo_, was delivered to Tucker
+at Para, the Brazilian city at the mouth of the Lower Amazon.
+Embarking on board the _Tambo_, Tucker took the steamer up the river
+to Iquitos, where supplies were taken on board sufficient to last for
+several months. He then proceeded to make an important expedition up
+the Upper Amazon, the Ucayali and the Tambo rivers. The Tambo river
+had never been explored, and it was thought that it presented a
+feasible route for navigation to San Ramon, a military station in the
+heart of the interior, only about thirty miles distant from the large
+and important city of Tarmo, which is connected by railway with Lima.
+
+Leaving Iquitos, the _Tambo_, with the Commission on board, passed up
+the Amazon to the mouth of the Ucayali river, up the Ucayali past the
+rapids of the "Devil's Leap," and entered the Tambo river. The Tambo
+was found to be a narrow stream, full of rocks and rapids and not
+practicable for navigation by steamers. When the steamer _Tambo_ could
+ascend no higher, Tucker fitted out a small boat and pulled some
+twenty miles farther up the river, but everywhere found such
+obstructions as rendered it an impracticable route to the interior. It
+is, perhaps, to be regretted that time did not allow of an examination
+of the other affluents of the Usayali trending towards San Ramon and
+Tarmo.
+
+On his return to Iquitos, Tucker was again dispatched to the United
+States to procure another and smaller exploring steamer. During his
+absence Captain James Henry Rochelle was directed by the Government at
+Lima to take charge of the Hydrographical Commission as its acting
+president.
+
+After an absence of some months, Tucker returned to Iquitos with the
+new steamer, which was named the _Mayro_, and was little more than a
+large steam launch, intended for use where a vessel of greater draught
+of water could not be employed.
+
+The next expedition decided upon was for the exploration of the water
+route towards Huanaco, by way of the entirely unknown river Pichis.
+Most of the tributaries of the Ucayali had been traveled more or less
+by the Jesuit priests from the College of Ocopa, but none of them had
+attempted the route of the Pichis, the banks of which were in
+possession of roving tribes of Indians, who permitted no stranger to
+pass through their country. It was thought possible, and even
+probable, from the stories told by the natives, that the head of the
+Pichis river would be found well suited for being the eastern terminus
+of the trans-Andean railway.
+
+In February, 1873, the _Mayro_, with a detachment of the Commission on
+board, was dispatched from Iquitos, with orders to await at the mouth
+of the Pachitea river the coming of the _Tambo_. Tucker embarked on
+board the _Tambo_ on the 1st of April with the main body of the
+Commission, and arrived at the confluence of the Pachitea and Ucayali,
+seven hundred and sixty-five miles from Iquitos, on the 13th of May.
+The river had commenced to fall, which rendered it prudent not to
+ascend the Pachitea in steamers, for had one of them got aground
+whilst the water was falling, it would probably have remained in that
+situation until the next annual rise of the river.
+
+The water of the Amazon, and the same may be said of all its
+tributaries, begins to rise about October, and continues to increase
+its flood until December. In December there is a short period of no
+rise, or perhaps even a slight fall, after which the river again
+continues to rise until May, when the permanent fall commences and
+continues until the following October, when the annual flood again
+sets in. Sand bars are constantly forming and shifting in the channel
+of the river, and for a steamer to run on one of them whilst the water
+is falling endangers the detention of the vessel until she is floated
+off by the annual rise in October.
+
+The annual fall of the river having set in when the _Tambo_ reached
+the mouth of the Pachitea, Tucker determined to continue the
+expedition in canoes. Six of the largest and best canoes that could be
+procured from the Indians were fitted out, and the whole Commission
+embarked in them, accompanied by its escort of a dozen Peruvian
+soldiers under the command of Major Ramon Herrera.
+
+From the 19th to the 30th of May the Commission prosecuted its survey
+of the Pachitea without interruption, but on the 30th, at a place
+called Cherrecles Chingana, fifteen or twenty Cashibo Indians came
+down to the left or north bank of the river, and by signs and gestures
+signified a desire for friendly communication. The canoes were paddled
+in to them, and some few presents of such articles as could be spared
+were distributed among them, and, apparently, received most
+thankfully. But the Cashibos did not let the occasion pass without
+showing the treachery for which they are notorious. When the interview
+was ended, seemingly in the most amicable manner, and as the canoes of
+the Commission were paddling off, a flight of arrows was discharged at
+them by a party of Cashibos who had been lying in ambush during the
+interview. A few volleys from the Remington rifles, with which all
+the members of the Commission were armed, soon dispersed the savages
+and drove them to the jungle.
+
+Of all the savage tribes that roam about the head waters of the
+Ucayali, the Cashibos alone are cannibals. They are brave, cunning and
+treacherous, and are only surpassed by the Campas in their hatred of
+the white man. The Campas inhabit the spurs and hills at the foot of
+the eastern Cordilleras, where the Ucayali and Pichis rivers have
+their origin. They are a fierce, proud and numerous tribe, and are
+held in great fear by their lowland neighbors. They permit no
+strangers, especially no whites, to enter their country, and the
+members of the expedition under Tucker were the first white men who
+ever ascended the Pichis into the regions of this warlike tribe.
+
+The canoes of the expedition entered the mouth of the Pichis on the
+6th of June. Being an unknown river, it became necessary to give names
+to the prominent points as they were discovered; and these names were
+used subsequently in making the charts of the surveys of the
+Commission.
+
+The navigation of the Pichis was found to be clear and unobstructed
+from its mouth for a distance of fifteen miles up to Rochelle Island,
+which is in latitude 9 deg. 57' 11" south, longitude 75 deg. 2' 0"
+west of Greenwich, and three thousand one hundred miles from the
+Atlantic coast, following the course of the Amazon river. Rochelle
+Island was reached on the 7th of June, and was named after Captain
+James Henry Rochelle, the senior member of the Commission. Any
+steamer which can navigate the Pachitea can ascend the Pichis this far
+without difficulty, but above Rochelle Island the navigation becomes
+more difficult, and probably impracticable for any but steamers of
+very light draught and strong steam power.
+
+On the 15th of June the expedition arrived at the head of canoe
+navigation on the Pichis. The point was named Port Tucker, after the
+president of the Commission. Port Tucker is in latitude 10 deg. 22'
+55" south, longitude 74 deg. 49' 0" west of Greenwich, distant three
+thousand one hundred and sixty-seven miles from the mouth of the
+Amazon, following the course of the river, and one hundred and ninety
+miles in a direct line from the Pacific coast. The lofty mountains so
+plainly in sight from Port Tucker are the eastern spurs of the Andes,
+the chosen land of the savage and numerous Campas Indians.
+
+Several days before the expedition reached the shoals which terminate
+the navigation of the Pichis, the tom-toms or drums of the Campas were
+heard night and day beating the assembly of the warriors. The purpose
+for which the braves were to be assembled was not a matter about which
+there was the least doubt, but probably sufficient numbers were not
+got together in time to execute their intentions, for no attack was
+made on the Commission whilst it was in the Campas country.
+
+During this expedition the Palcazu river was also ascended to Port
+Prado, or Puerto del Mairo, the head of navigation for steamers of
+light draught. Port Prado is in latitude 9 deg. 55' 22" south,
+longitude 75 deg. 17' 45" west of Greenwich, distant three thousand
+one hundred and nineteen miles from the mouth of the Amazon, following
+the river, and only about forty miles from the important interior city
+of Huanaco, to which place it is in contemplation to extend the
+trans-Andean railway. If the road were continued from Huanaco to Port
+Prado there would be a complete trans-continental line of
+communication by railway and steamboats from Lima in Peru to the mouth
+of the Amazon.
+
+Two new rivers were discovered by the Commission flowing into the
+Pichis. One of them was named the Trinidad, from having been
+discovered on Trinity Sunday, and the other was called Herrera-yacu,
+after Major Ramon Herrera, of the Peruvian Army, who commanded the
+escort of the Commission. The supplies of the expedition were running
+too short to allow of any but a cursory examination of these two
+rivers. The Trinidad, trending to the westward, can only be of value
+as affording a water route to the plains lying between the Pichis and
+the Ucayali, but it is possible that the Herrera-yacu may furnish a
+nearer water route to Cerro de Pasco than any yet known.
+
+Whilst the canoes of the Commission were descending the Pachitea, they
+were attacked by the Cashibos, who assembled on the banks of the
+river, and, waiting until the leading canoes had passed, let fly
+flights of arrows at the canoe which brought up the rear. The Cashibos
+were dispersed by a few rounds from the Remington rifles of the
+Commission, and the explorers met with no further forcible opposition
+on the way to the steamers awaiting them at the mouth of the Pachitea,
+where they arrived after a canoe voyage of forty-one days, during
+which many difficulties and some dangers were encountered and
+overcome. Not a single person under Tucker's command was killed, or
+died from sickness, during this expedition, and, singular to relate,
+after all the hardships and exposure endured the explorers were in
+much better health when they returned to their steamers than when they
+left them at the beginning of the expedition.
+
+On the 15th of July, 1873, the steamers _Tambo_ and _Mayro_,
+comprising the exploring squadron, reached Iquitos after an absence of
+three months and ten days. From the 15th of July to the 18th of
+September the Hydrographical Commission was on shore at Iquitos,
+employed making charts of the surveys of the late expedition, whilst
+the steamers were being refitted for further service.
+
+On the 18th of September the Commission again embarked and proceeded
+to the mouth of the Yavari river, which forms the boundary between
+Peru and Brazil. The greatest pains were taken to properly establish
+this point. On a small island in the middle of the river, and very
+near its confluence with the Amazon, many astronomical observations
+were taken, resulting in giving the latitude 4 deg. 18' 45" south,
+longitude 69 deg. 53' 10" west of Greenwich, the distance from the
+Atlantic coast by the courses of the Amazon being one thousand eight
+hundred and eleven miles. From the Brazilian frontier the main stream
+of the Amazon was surveyed and its tributaries examined by the
+Commission up to Borja, where the river rushes from a narrow gorge of
+the mountains and leaps into the lowlands. Borja is in latitude 4 deg.
+31' 37" south, longitude 77 deg. 29' 43" west of Greenwich. From the
+Atlantic coast to Borja, a distance of two thousand six hundred and
+sixty miles, the Amazon is navigable, without serious obstruction or
+difficulty, for either river or sea-going steamers of several hundred
+tons burthen.
+
+It would take many long years to make a thorough survey of the waters
+of the Amazon, which is, in fact, more of an inland sea than a river,
+with hundreds of branches forming a network of communicating channels
+extending for sixty or seventy miles on each side of the main stream.
+At the height of the annual floods the whole country, with the
+exception of the highest land, on which the towns are invariably
+built, is covered with water, forming a vast swamp and jungle,
+traversed in every direction by navigable channels, which at the
+season of low waters become rivers or natural canals.
+
+The principal object for which the Commission presided over by Tucker
+had been instituted was accomplished when the main channels of the
+river and of its affluents was traced from the Peruvian and Brazilian
+frontiers to the head of navigation of the main river and of its
+tributaries, so as to show the nearest approach by water
+communication to the eastern terminus of the trans-Andean railway.
+This duty having been executed, Tucker was ordered to proceed to Lima
+for conference with the Government as to the results of the
+explorations and surveys he had made.
+
+After consultation with Tucker, Senor Pardo, the President of the
+Republic, directed that charts of the surveys made by the
+Hydrographical Commission should be published in New York, and that
+Tucker and two members of the Commission should be detailed to prepare
+the work for the press and superintend the engraving of the plates.
+The other members of the Commission returned to their homes, having
+completed the duty for which they were engaged.
+
+There were some changes from time to time in the Peruvian
+Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon, but the following list of its
+members may be taken as correct:
+
+President--John Randolph Tucker. Members--James Henry Rochelle, David
+Porter McCorkle, Walter Raleigh Butt. Secretaries--Timoteo Smith,
+Maurice Mesnier. Surgeon--Francis Land Galt. Civil Engineers--Manuel
+Charron, Manuel Rosas, Thomas Wing Sparrow, Nelson Berkeley Noland.
+Steam Engineers--John W. Durfey, David W. Bains.
+
+On arriving in the United States, Tucker established an office in New
+York, and, assisted by Captain Rochelle and Mr. Sparrow, soon had the
+charts and plans, with explanatory notes, ready for the hands of the
+printers and engravers; but in consequence of the financial
+difficulties into which Peru had fallen, the publication was delayed
+from time to time and finally abandoned altogether, as is shown by the
+following letter from Senor Pardo, President of the Republic:
+
+
+                                       LIMA, Marzo 13, 1877.
+    "_Sr. J.R. Tucker._
+          "_39 Broadway, New York City._
+
+    "_Estimado amigo_:--He recibido su apreciable carta de 10 del
+    pasado, que me es grato contestar manifestandole que las
+    graves dificultades economicas porgue hoi atravissa la
+    Republica, oblejan el Gobierno a dar por terminada la comiseon
+    de que fue ud encargado para la publicacion de los Mapas y
+    Cartas topograficas de las regiones Amazonicas.
+
+    "En esta virtud, se sirvira ud. entregar al senor Freyre,
+    Ministro del Peru en Washington, las reforidas Cartos, Mapas,
+    y todas las demas utiles pertenecientes al Gobierno del Peru,
+    que hoi existen en poder de la Comision que ud. preside; todo
+    bajo de inuentario y con las formalidades necesarias.
+
+    "En cuanto al pagar de sus suldos y los de los Sennores que
+    forman parte de esa Comision, he ordinado al Ministro de
+    Hacienda disponga lo conveniente para su pronto abono, y juzgo
+    que asi-luego les servan completamente satisfechos.
+
+    "Deseandole a ud. la mejor conservacion, me as grato
+    reiterarle las expresiones de mi amistad y particular estima."
+
+                         "Su afrino S.S.
+                                                    "PARDO."
+
+[TRANSLATION.]
+
+
+                                      "LIMA, March 13, 1877.
+    "_J.R. Tucker, Esq._
+          "_39 Broadway, New York City._
+
+    "_Esteemed Friend_:--I have received and answer with pleasure
+    your appreciated letter of the 10th ultimo, apprising you that
+    the grave economical difficulties which at present afflict the
+    Republic, obliges the Government to order the termination of
+    the commission with which you are charged for the publication
+    of the maps and charts of the Amazonian regions.
+
+    "For this reason, you will be pleased to deliver to Mr.
+    Freyre, Minister of Peru in Washington, the referred to
+    charts, maps and all other articles belonging to the
+    Government of Peru, which now remain in charge of the
+    Commission over which you preside; all to be delivered under
+    inventories and with the necessary forms.
+
+    "In regard to the payment of the salaries of yourself and the
+    other gentlemen who form part of the Commission, I have
+    ordered the Minister of the Treasury to take measures for the
+    prompt disbursement of what may be due, and I judge that in a
+    short times these claims will be completely satisfied.
+
+    "With my best wishes, it gives me pleasure to repeat the
+    expression of my friendship and particular esteem.
+
+               "Truly your faithful Servt.,
+                                                    "PARDO."
+
+In compliance with the directions of President Pardo, the charts made
+by the Commission were delivered to the Peruvian Legation at
+Washington. These charts were all ready for publication, and had they
+been published would have afforded much valuable information in regard
+to the Upper Amazon and its tributaries, water courses which are daily
+becoming more and more important to commerce, and which are destined
+in the not distant future to be navigated by lines of ocean as well as
+by lines of river steamers.
+
+The following letter from Colonel Manuel Freyre, Peruvian Minister at
+Washington, describes the charts and plans which Tucker delivered to
+the Legation, and which it is to be hoped are still preserved:
+
+
+                                   "_Legacion del Peru._
+                              "WASHINGTON, Marzo 22 de 1877.
+    "_Senor Don Juan R. Tucker, Ex-Presidente de la
+          Comision Hidrografica del Amazonas._
+
+    "La caja que dijo le. depositada en poder del Consul Tracy, ha
+    sido recibida en esta Legacion, y contiene los siguientes
+    planos; a saber:
+
+    "1st. Un plano del Rio Amazonas Peruano, desde lo boca del rio
+    Yavari hasta Borja, termino de la navegacion a vapor, dibujado
+    sobre diez pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por cada das
+    millas. Los rios Ytaya y Pastaza estan incluidos en esta
+    Plano, que cuenta 848 millas del rio Peruano Amazonas, 45
+    millas del rio Ytaya, y 7 millas del rio Pastaza."
+
+    "2d. Un plano del rio Yavari desde su boca hasta la
+    confluencia de los rios Yacarana y Yavarasina, dibujado,
+    sobre das pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por cada dos
+    millas. Este plano cuenta 220 millas del rio Yavari.
+
+    "3d. Un plano del rio Nanay desde su boca hasta el termino de
+    la navegacion para vapores de poco calado debujado sobre dos
+    pliegos. Este plano contiene 160 millas del rio Nanay.
+
+    "4th. Un plano del rio Tigre-Yacu desde su boca hasta un punto
+    111 millas aniba de la boca, dibujado sobre dos pliegos y en
+    una escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas."
+
+    "5th. Un plano del rio Huallaga desde la boca hasta
+    Rumi-Callirina, el termino de la navegacion para vapores,
+    dibujado sobre dos pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por
+    cada dos millas. Este plano cuenta 169 millas del rio
+    Huallaga.
+
+    "6th. Un plano del rio Morona desde su boca hasta un punto 37
+    millas arriba de dicha boca, dibujado sobre un pliego y en una
+    escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas."
+
+    "7th. Un plano del rio Potro desde la boca hasta el termino de
+    la navegacion para vapores de poco calada, dibujada sobre un
+    pliego y en una escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas.
+    Este plano contiene 64 millas del rio Potro.
+
+    "8th. Un plano del rio Ucayali desde la boca hasta la
+    confluencia de los rios Urubamba y Tambo, dibujado sobre nueve
+    pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por cada das millas.
+    Los rios Urubamba y Tambo, desde sus bocas hasta el mas alto
+    punto donde espracticable la navegacion a vapor, estan
+    incluidos en este plano, que contiene 885 millas del rio
+    Ucayali, 24 millas del rio Urubamba, y 53 millas del rio
+    Tambo."
+
+    "9th. Un plano del rio Pachitea desde su boca hasta la
+    confluencia de los rios Palcazu y Pichis, dibujado sobre dos
+    pliegos y en una escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas.
+    Este plano contiene 191 millas del rio Pachitea."
+
+    "10th. Un plano del rio Palcazu desde la boca hasta el puerto
+    del Mairo, dibujado sobre un pliego y en una escala de una
+    pulgada por cada dos millas. Estate plano contiene 37 millas
+    del rio Palcazu.
+
+    "11th. Un plano del rio Pichis desde la boca hasta el termino
+    de navegacion en canoas, dibujado sobre un pliego y en una
+    escala de una pulgada por cada dos millas. Una parte del rio
+    Herrera-yacu y otro parte del rio Trinidad se hallan en este
+    plano, que contiene 85 millas del rio Pichis, 4 millas del rio
+    Trinidad, y 5 millas del rio Herrera-yacu.
+
+    "12th. Un plano del rio Amazonas Peruano y sus afluentes,
+    dibujados sobre un pliego y en una escala de una pulgada por
+    cada quince millas. Este plana contiene 1661 millas del rio
+    Amazonas Peruano y sus afluentes.
+
+    "13th. Todas las mencionadas planos estan dibujados sobre
+    treinta y cinco pliegos, siendo cada pliego treinta pulgados
+    de largo por quince pulgada de ancho.
+
+    "14th. Un plano del rio Amazonas Peruano y sus afluentes,
+    dibujado sabre un pliego y en una escala de una pulgada por
+    cada diez millas, siendo el pliego cines pies de largo por
+    cinco pies de ancho. Este plano contiene en un solo pliego
+    todos los reconocimientos verificados por la Comision
+    Hidrografica del Amazonas, que son por todo 2945 millas.
+
+    "Loo demas planos dan los mismos reconocimientos mas
+    detalladamenente.
+
+    "15th. Un plano del pueblo de Yquitos, dibujado sobre un
+    pliego.
+
+               "Dios que a le.
+                                             "MANL. FREYRE."
+
+[TRANSLATION.]
+
+
+                                    "_Legation of Peru._
+                               "WASHINGTON, March 22d, 1877.
+    "_John R. Tucker, Esq., Ex-President of the Hydrographical
+        Commission of the Amazon._
+
+    "The box deposited by you with Consul Tracy has been received
+    at this Legation, and contains the following charts, to wit:
+
+    "1st. A chart of the Peruvian Amazon river, from the mouth of
+    the River Yavari to Borja, the termination of steam
+    navigation, drawn upon ten sheets, and on a scale of one inch
+    to each two miles. The Rivers Itaya and Pastaza are included
+    in this chart, which contains 848 miles of the Peruvian Amazon
+    river, 45 miles of the Itaya river, and 7 miles of the Pastaza
+    river.
+
+    "2d. A chart of the Yavari river from its mouth to the
+    confluence of the Rivers Yacarana and Yavarasino, drawn upon
+    two sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two miles. This
+    chart comprises 220 miles of the Yavari river.
+
+    "3d. A chart of the River Nanay from its mouth to the
+    termination of navigation for steamers of light draught,
+    drawn upon two sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two
+    miles. This chart contains 160 miles of the River Nanay.
+
+    "4th. A chart of the River Tigre-yacu, from its mouth to a
+    point 111 miles above its mouth, drawn upon two sheets and on
+    a scale of one inch for each two miles.
+
+    "5th. A chart of the River Huallaga, from its mouth to
+    Rumi-Callirina, the termination of steamer navigation, drawn
+    upon two sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two miles.
+    This chart comprises 169 miles of the Huallaga river.
+
+    "6th. A chart of the River Morona, from its mouth to a point
+    37 miles above its mouth, drawn upon one sheet and on a scale
+    of one inch for each two miles.
+
+    "7th. A chart of the River Patro, from its mouth to the
+    termination of navigation for steamers of small draught, drawn
+    upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch for each two miles.
+    This chart contains 64 miles of the Patro river.
+
+    "8th. A chart of the River Ucayali, from its mouth to the
+    confluence of the Rivers Urubamba and Tambo, drawn upon nine
+    sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two miles. The
+    Rivers Urubamba and Tambo, from their mouths to the highest
+    point to which steamer navigation is practicable, are included
+    in this chart, which contains 885 miles of the River Ucayali,
+    24 miles of the River Urubamba, and 53 miles of the River
+    Tambo.
+
+    "9th. A chart of the River Pachitea, from its mouth to the
+    confluence of the Rivers Palcazu and Pichis, drawn upon two
+    sheets and on a scale of one inch for each two miles. This
+    chart contains 191 miles of the River Pachitea.
+
+    "10th. A chart of the River Palcazu, from its mouth to Port
+    Mairo, drawn upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch each
+    for two miles. This chart contains 37 miles of the River
+    Palcazu.
+
+    "11th. A chart of the Pechis river, from its mouth to the
+    termination of canoe navigation, drawn upon one sheet and on a
+    scale of one inch for each two miles. A part of the River
+    Herrera-yacu, and also a part of the River Trinidad, are
+    included in this chart, which contains 85 miles of the River
+    Pichis, 4 miles of the River Trinidad, and 5 miles of the
+    River Herrera-yacu.
+
+    "12th. A chart of the Peruvian Amazon river and its affluents,
+    drawn upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch for each 15
+    miles. This chart contains 1661 miles of the Peruvian Amazon
+    river and its affluents.
+
+    "13th. A chart of the River Ucayali and its affluents, drawn
+    upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch for each 15 miles.
+    This chart contains 1284 miles of the River Ucayali and its
+    affluents.
+
+    "All the above mentioned charts are drawn upon 35 sheets, each
+    sheet being 30 inches long and 15 inches broad.
+
+    "14th. A chart of the Peruvian Amazon river and its affluents,
+    drawn upon one sheet and on a scale of one inch for each ten
+    miles, the sheet being 5 feet long by 5 feet broad. This chart
+    contains, on one single sheet, all the surveys made by the
+    Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. The other charts give
+    the same surveys more in detail.
+
+    "15th. A plan of the town of Iquitos, drawn upon one sheet.
+
+               "May God guard you.
+                                             "MANL. FREYRE."
+
+Tucker was in the sixty-seventh year of his age when he retired to his
+home in the City of Petersburg, Virginia, where he had purchased a
+comfortable house with a lawn and garden attached. Here he passed the
+evening of an active life in the enjoyment of a private fortune,
+which, though not large, was sufficient to supply all his moderate
+wants and simple tastes. Relatives and friends frequently visited him;
+he read much, and books, especially the older English classics, were a
+source of much pleasure to him; the improvement of his lawn and garden
+was a pursuit which afforded him unfailing interest and occupation.
+
+On the 12th of June, 1883, he was apparently in his usual good health.
+In the course of the morning a friend called on him, and they
+conversed together for some time, seated in the shade of a tree on the
+lawn. His friend having taken his departure, Tucker reseated himself
+for a few minutes in his chair, suddenly arose, straightened up his
+tall form to its full height, and fell forward--dead. Physicians were
+immediately summoned, but all the efforts to revive him were
+ineffectual. He had died from disease of the heart; passing away from
+this world without a struggle or a sigh, and going where souls as pure
+as his have nothing to fear.
+
+His remains were taken to Norfolk, Virginia, where they were received
+by old friends and comrades, who knew and loved him well, and
+interred by the side of his wife's grave, in a beautiful private
+cemetery near the city.
+
+Admiral Tucker possessed many of the qualities of a great commander.
+His judgment was excellent, and it was very rarely the case that he
+was mistaken as to what it was possible for the force at his disposal
+to accomplish. He always commanded the respect and confidence, as well
+as the good will, of his men. A strict disciplinarian, the prompt and
+unhesitating obedience to orders he exacted was cheerfully rendered by
+his subordinates. His plans were coolly and deliberately formed, and,
+having been once determined upon, were carried out with energy and
+resolution. In the ordinary intercourse of private life he was so
+gentle, generous and genial that his friends and associates felt for
+him a regard approaching affection. In youth he was an eminently
+handsome man and in maturer years his presence was imposing. Sailors
+and Indians are fond of giving personally descriptive names to those
+with whom they are thrown in contact; when Tucker was a lieutenant he
+was called "Handsome Jack" by the men-before-the-mast, and the
+warriors of the savage tribes that wander about the head waters of the
+Amazon knew him as the "Apo," the meaning of the word being "High
+Chief."
+
+In concluding this sketch of the eventful life of John Randolph
+Tucker, it is but doing justice to his memory to say that the
+sea-service never produced a more thorough and accomplished sailor,
+and that there never was bred to the profession of arms a more
+honorable and gallant gentleman.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: JAMES HENRY ROCHELLE]
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+ON THE
+
+Navigation of the Upper Amazon
+
+AND ITS
+
+PRINCIPAL TRIBUTARIES
+
+BY
+
+CAPTAIN JAMES HENRY ROCHELLE
+
+Member of the late Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of
+the Amazon.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+THE AMAZON.
+
+
+Springing from Lake Laracocha, in the heart of the Andes, the Amazon
+winds its way through the eastern Cordillera of Peru, a rapid and
+turbulent stream, until, passing through a narrow gorge in the
+mountains at the pongo de Manseriche, it leaps into the lowlands and
+flows for two thousand six hundred and sixty miles in a direction
+nearly east through the vast plains of Peru and Brazil, fed on its way
+by tributaries which are themselves great rivers, and finally pouring
+its immense volume of water into the Atlantic ocean. From the Atlantic
+up to the Peruvian frontier the river is known as the Lower or
+Brazilian Amazon, and sometimes as the Solimoens; above the Brazilian
+frontier the river lies wholly in Peruvian territory and takes the
+name of the Peruvian Amazon or Maranon, but is commonly spoken of as
+the Upper Amazon. It is of the navigation of the Upper Amazon that
+these notes will treat.
+
+
+RISE AND FALL OF THE RIVER.
+
+The waters of the Upper Amazon and its tributaries begins to rise
+annually in October, remains stationary for a short time in December,
+then continues to rise until May, when it commences to fall. November,
+December, January, February, March and April are considered the
+months of high water, and June, July, August and September comprise
+the low-water season. October and May are sometimes months of high and
+sometimes of low water.
+
+
+DEPTH OF WATER.
+
+During the season of low water a minimum depth of twenty-four feet is
+found in the channel of the Upper Amazon, from the Brazilian frontier
+to the mouth of the Ucayali river at Nanta, eighteen feet from the
+mouth of the Ucayali to the mouth of the Huallaga river, and twelve
+feet from the mouth of the Huallaga to Borja, where further navigation
+is rendered impracticable by the rapids and falls of the pongo de
+Manseriche.
+
+
+CURRENT.
+
+From the Brazilian frontier to the mouth of the Ucayali river the
+current of the Amazon is three miles per hour; from the mouth of the
+Ucayali to the mouth of the Potro river three and one-fourth miles per
+hour; from the mouth of the Potro to the mouth of the Morona river
+three and a-half miles per hour; and from the mouth of the Morona to
+Borja, at the head of steamer navigation, the current is three and
+three-fourths miles per hour. This is the usual and average current to
+be met with, but it increases or diminishes with the rise and fall of
+the river and, also, with the narrowing or broadening of the channel.
+
+
+PILOTS.
+
+In order to prevent running upon sand-bars, which are constantly
+forming and shifting and frequently changing the bed of the channel,
+the services of experienced pilots are indispensable to the safe
+navigation of the Upper Amazon and its tributaries. It is not
+difficult to obtain such pilots, and they are frequently expert
+hunters and fishermen as well as pilots.
+
+
+BEST TIME FOR NAVIGATING THE RIVER.
+
+When a steamer on the Upper Amazon runs aground, it is almost always
+in consequence either of the ignorance of the pilot or of the
+unskillful handling of the vessel. To get aground when the water is
+falling endangers the detention of the vessel until she is floated off
+by the next rise of the river, which may not occur for months; getting
+aground when the water is rising usually necessitates a delay of only
+a few hours, as the rising water soon floats the vessel off. Hence it
+is, of course, that the navigation of the Amazon is attended with much
+less difficulty when the waters of the river are rising than when they
+are falling.
+
+
+FUEL.
+
+Coal is not to be found on the Upper Amazon; the steamers burn wood,
+which is abundant, cheap and makes good fuel. Wood should be ordered
+in advance at certain points, but in case a steamer gives out of fuel
+all that has to be done is to haul in to the bank, send the crew on
+shore with axes, and cut as much wood as is required.
+
+
+DISCHARGING AND RECEIVING CARGO.
+
+In the absence of wharves on the Upper Amazon and its tributaries,
+vessels lay alongside of the banks whilst discharging or receiving
+cargo. The banks at the usual stopping places afford good landings;
+wharves are not needed and it would be difficult to construct them so
+that they could be used at all stages of the water.
+
+
+IMPORTS.
+
+It may be well to say a word about the trade of the Upper Amazon.
+There are no import or export duties for this part of Peru, nor are
+any duties paid on goods passing up the Brazilian Amazon to Peru.
+Coarse cotton cloth is worn by nine-tenths of the inhabitants who are
+civilized enough to wear clothes at all. The demand for this cloth is
+large and will grow from year to year, and of all coarse cotton cloth
+in the market the American is preferred. The plantain is the native
+substitute for bread, but wheat flour is used by the mercantile and
+official classes; there is a steady demand for Baltimore and Richmond
+flour, which brands are supposed, probably with reason, to stand the
+climate better than flour manufactured elsewhere. Bacon hams sell for
+one dollar per pound, but the demand for them is small and the article
+is soon spoiled by the climate. Axes, hoes, spades and machettes are
+much in demand, and there is a limited demand for improved firearms;
+ready made clothing, and articles of household furniture for the
+houses of the richer persons of the community, are usually imported
+from Europe.
+
+
+EXPORTS.
+
+The exports of the region of the Upper Amazon are not as valuable as
+they are destined to become when the productions of the rich valleys
+of eastern Peru find an outlet to market by way of the river. Among
+the principal articles of export may be enumerated, hats, from
+Mayubamba (Panama hats); rum, made from the sugar cane (cachaca);
+dried fish (payshi); and Indian rubber (jebe). The Indian-rubber tree
+abounds in the forests of the Upper Amazon, and the gathering of the
+gum is a profitable industry. Specimens of gold have been obtained
+from the natives about the pongo de Manseriche, and rich deposits of
+the precious metal will without doubt be discovered at some future
+time, but no search even can be made for it until the fierce and cruel
+savages, who have undisputed possession of the country beyond Borja,
+shall have been subdued.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE YAVARI RIVER.
+
+Commencing at the Yavari river, which forms the boundary between Peru
+and Brazil on the south side of the Amazon river, and following the
+Upper Amazon and its principal tributaries up to the head of
+navigation, the first place to be noted is the mouth of the Yavari
+river:[2] Latitude 4 deg. 18' 45" south; longitude, 69 deg. 53' 10"
+west of Greenwich; magnetic variation, 5 deg. 38' 54" east;
+thermometer (Fahrenheit), 76 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 266
+feet; distance from the Atlantic ocean, following the course of the
+river, 1811 miles; current, in the Amazon, 4-1/2 miles per hour; width
+of the Yavari river at its mouth, 500 yards; width of the Amazon, 1200
+yards; depth of water in the channel of the Amazon, 36 feet. As the
+Yavari river marks the boundary between Peru and Brazil on the south
+side of the Amazon, special pains were taken to ascertain correctly
+the latitude and longitude of its mouth; the observations for the
+latitude and longitude were taken on a small islet, probably
+overflowed at high water, in the middle of the lower mouth of the
+river.
+
+It was said in Iquitos that, in 1874, Captain Guillermo Black,
+President of the Peruvian Boundary Commission, ascended the Yavari in
+a small steamer a distance of 500 miles from its mouth, and 300 miles
+farther in canoes to a point where there was barely two feet of water
+in the channel, at which point the latitude was determined to be 7
+deg. 1' 22" south, and the longitude 74 deg. 8' 25" west of Greenwich;
+elevation above the sea-level, 800 feet.
+
+
+TABATINGA (BRAZIL).
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 1825 miles; current, 4-1/2 miles per hour;
+depth of water, 36 feet; width of river, 800 yards.
+
+Tabatinga is the Brazilian frontier post on the north side of the
+Amazon. Captain Azevedo, of the Brazilian Navy, gives the latitude of
+this place as 4 deg. 14' 30" south; longitude, 70 deg. 2' 24" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 6 deg. 35' 10" east.
+
+
+LETITIA.
+
+Latitude, 4 deg. 10' 57" south; longitude, 69 deg. 59' 21" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 5 deg. 57' 40" east; elevation above
+sea-level, 274 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 1828 miles.
+
+Letitia is the Peruvian frontier post on the north bank of the Amazon.
+A fort, intended to command the passage of the river, was projected
+but not erected at this point. It is probable that the passage of
+steamers up the Amazon cannot be stopped by forts and batteries at any
+point on the river below Tamshiyacu.
+
+
+LORETO.
+
+Latitude, 3 deg. 54' 20" south; longitude, 70 deg. 7' 45" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 5 deg. 11' 24" east; thermometer, 78
+deg.; elevation above sea-level, 286 feet; distance from the Atlantic,
+1865 miles; current, 3 miles per hour; width of river, 1300 yards.
+
+Loreto is the most eastern Peruvian town of any importance on the
+Amazon. It is situated on the north or left bank of the river. Near
+it resides a tribe of Indians, partly civilized, called the Ticunas.
+
+
+CAMACHEROS.
+
+Situated on the right or south bank of the river; current 2-1/4 miles
+per hour; width of river, 1800 yards.
+
+
+MAUCALLACTA.
+
+Situated on the right or south bank of the river; width of river, 2500
+yards.
+
+
+PEBAS.
+
+One mile from the Amazon, on the left or north bank, and one mile up
+the River Ambiyacu. The current of the Amazon at Pebas is 2-1/2 miles
+per hour; distance from the Atlantic, 2009 miles.
+
+
+ORAM.
+
+On south or right bank of the river; current, 2-1/2 miles per hour;
+width of river, 1000 yards; depth of water, 36 feet.
+
+
+IQUITOS.
+
+Latitude, 3 deg. 44' 15" south; longitude, 73 deg. 7' 30" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 5 deg. 55' east; thermometer, 78 deg.;
+elevation above sea-level, 295 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2126
+miles; current, 3 miles per hour; depth of water, 36 feet.
+
+Iquitos is on the north bank of the Amazon, at a point where the river
+is divided by an island into two channels; from the town to the island
+the river is 1800 yards wide, and the channel on the other side of
+the island has about the same width. The Government buildings and
+works are situated at this place, and it is the largest and most
+important town on the Upper Amazon. It is a place of considerable
+trade, and in it are established several mercantile houses which
+import their goods directly from Europe and the United States by way
+of Para. The anchorage is good at all times, and vessels, whilst
+discharging or receiving cargo, can lay in security alongside the high
+bank that lines the whole front of the town. This is an advantage not
+to be underrated when it is remembered that there are no wharves on
+the Upper Amazon.
+
+
+TAMSHIYACU.
+
+Situated on a high bank on the south side of the river, distant 2146
+miles from the Atlantic; thermometer, 76 deg.. At this place the river
+is narrow, has only one channel, and the current is strong. It is
+probably the only position on the Amazon, below the mouth of the
+Ucayali, where vessels could be prevented from passing, up or down, by
+heavy guns mounted in forts or batteries.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE UCAYALI RIVER.
+
+Latitude, 4 deg. 28' 30" south; longitude, 73 deg. 21' 30" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 2' east; thermometer, 80 deg.;
+elevation above sea-level, 318 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2189
+miles; current in the Amazon, 3 miles per hour; depth of water in the
+channel of the Amazon, 30 feet; width of the Amazon, 1300 yards.
+Unfortunately, immediately at the month of the Ucayali neither the
+banks of that river nor those of the Amazon afford a place suitable
+for the location of a town. Nauta, on the north bank of the Amazon,
+seven miles above the mouth of the Ucayali, is the nearest place at
+which it is practicable to build houses not liable to be swept away by
+the annual floods.
+
+
+NAUTA.
+
+Latitude, 4 deg. 31' 30" south; longitude, 73 deg. 27' west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 2' east; thermometer, 78 deg.;
+elevation above sea-level, 320 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2195
+miles; current 3-1/4 miles per hour; depth of water, 30 feet; width of
+river, 1200 yards. Situated on the north bank of the Amazon, near the
+confluence of that river and the Ucayali, Nauta is well located for
+grasping the trade of both rivers, and ought to become a place of
+importance. Of course, the six or seven miles that vessels have to
+ascend the Amazon to reach the place after leaving the Ucayali
+constitutes a drawback, especially in the case of vessels not
+propelled by steam; but no desirable place can be found below and near
+the mouth of the Ucayali where buildings could be erected and vessels
+could load and unload with facility at the season of high water. Below
+and adjoining Nauta the banks are high and present a better site for a
+town than the one on which it stands.
+
+
+SAN REGIS.
+
+Distant from the Atlantic 2230 miles; current, 3-1/3 miles per hour;
+average current between Nauta and San Regis, 3-1/4 miles per hour.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE TIGREYACU RIVER.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2245 miles; current, 3-1/2 miles per hour;
+average current between San Regis and the mouth of the Tigreyacu,
+3-1/4 miles per hour. The Tigreyacu can be navigated by steamers of
+considerable size for some distance; its waters are dark and clear,
+and those tributaries of the Amazon having dark and clear waters are
+usually unhealthy, whilst those having muddy and discolored waters
+have always been found to be healthy.
+
+
+SANTA CRUZ DE PARINARI.
+
+Latitude, 4 deg. 36' 30" south; longitude 74 deg. 6' 30" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 27' 20" east; thermometer, 78
+deg.; elevation above sea-level, 351 feet; distance from the Atlantic,
+2273 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.
+
+
+PARANARI.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2293 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.
+
+
+VACA MARINA.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2334 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.
+
+
+ELVIRA.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2352 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.
+
+
+SAN PEDRO.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2393 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per
+hour.
+
+
+FONTEVERA.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2408 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE HUALLAGA RIVER.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2430 miles; current in Amazon, 3-1/4 miles
+per hour. One hundred and twenty-three miles up the Huallaga is the
+town of Yurimaguas, a centre of trade, to which steamers from Para
+frequently ascend.
+
+
+CEDRO ISLA.
+
+Distant from the Atlantic 2445 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE PASTAGA RIVER.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2514 miles; current in the Amazon, 3-1/4
+miles per hour. The Pastaga has a rapid current and is full of
+obstructions to navigation; it is with much difficulty that canoes
+even can be forced up the river for any distance. On its head waters
+the Indians wash a considerable quantity of gold from the sand of the
+bed of the channel.
+
+
+BARRANCA.
+
+Latitude, 4 deg. 59' 53" south; longitude, 76 deg. 38' 38" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 46' 26" east; thermometer, 78
+deg.; elevation above sea-level, 453 feet; distance from the Atlantic,
+2545 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour. Barranca is situated on a
+red clay bluff, about seventy feet high, on the north or left bank of
+the river, which is here narrow. Communication is kept up between
+Barranca and Moyabamba by way of the Aypena river to its head and
+thence by land. Barranca has been used as, but is not well adapted to
+be, a military post; gunboats could lay out of sight below, around a
+bend of the river, and shell it without being themselves exposed to
+its fire.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE POTRO RIVER.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2564 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.
+The Potro is navigable for small steamers a distance of sixty miles
+from its mouth, and is of importance as a link in the projected route
+from Chachapoyas to Limon on the Amazon.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE MORONA RIVER.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2576 miles; current, 3-1/2 miles per hour.
+Steamers ascend the Morona 300 miles, and at some stages of the water
+a greater distance.
+
+
+LIMON.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2588 miles; current, 3-3/4 miles per hour.
+Limon is the terminus of a projected route from Chachapoyas to the
+Amazon; it is a place of no importance whatever in any other respect.
+
+
+PUNTA ACHUAL.
+
+Latitude, 4 deg. 15' 27" south; longitude 77 deg. 1' 28" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 8 deg. 18' 18" east; thermometer, 80
+deg.; elevation above sea-level, 509 feet; distance from the Atlantic,
+2612 miles; current, 3-3/4 miles per hour. Two miles above Punta
+Achual, at the Vuelta Calentura, or Calentura passage, the first
+serious difficulty is encountered in navigating the Upper Amazon; the
+difficulty there encountered is a strong current combined with a
+whirlpool in the channel of the river, but, with full heads of steam
+on, steamers are able to pass the vuelta and proceed on to Borja. At
+Vuelta Calentura the course of the river is from N.N.W. to S.S.E.
+
+
+BORJA.
+
+Latitude, 4 deg. 31' 37" south; longitude, 77 deg. 29' 43" west of
+Greenwich; thermometer, 76 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 516 feet;
+distance from the Atlantic, 2660 miles; current, 3-3/4 miles per hour.
+At Borja the navigation of the Upper Amazon ends; the river in its
+whole course from Laracocha to Borja, a distance of 500 miles, is a
+mountain torrent, impracticable for navigation even by canoes. The
+length of the Amazon, from its source at Laracocha to the Atlantic
+ocean, is 3160 miles, but the distance from the Atlantic to the source
+of the Ucayali is still greater. It usually takes a steamer 69
+steaming hours to ascend the river from Iquitos to Borja, and 35
+steaming hours to descend from Borja to Iquitos.
+
+
+DISTANCES.
+
+In the following list of distances between places on the Amazon, from
+its mouth to its source in Lake Laracocha, the distances for the Lower
+Amazon are taken from the best Brazilian authorities that could be
+consulted; the distances for the Upper Amazon, from the Brazilian
+frontier to the head of steamer navigation at Borja, were measured by
+the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon; and the
+distance from Borja, the head of navigation, to the source of the
+river in Lake Laracocha, is given as estimated by the best Peruvian
+authorities.
+
+
+LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE AMAZON.
+
+                                                        Lower
+                                                       Amazon.
+                                                        Miles.
+Atlantic ocean to Para                                    75
+Para to Breves                                           146
+Breves to Garupa                                         123
+Garupa to Porto de Moz                                    48
+Porto de Moz to Prainha                                   96
+Prainha to Monte Alegre                                   44
+Monte Alegre to Santarem                                  60
+Santarem to Obidos                                        68
+Obidos to Villa Bella                                     95
+Villa Bella to Serpa                                     137
+Serpa to Manaos                                          110
+  From the Atlantic to Manaos, 1002 miles.
+Manaos to Cudajos                                        155
+Cudajos to Coary                                          84
+Coary to Tefe (Ega)                                      107
+Tefe (Ega) to Fonte Boa                                  133
+Fonte Boa to Tonantius                                   140
+Tonantius to San Paulo                                    95
+San Paulo, mouth of the Yavari river                      90
+  The mouth of the Yavari marks the boundary line
+    between Peru and Brazil on the south side of the
+    Amazon.
+Mouth of the Yavari to Tabatinga                          14
+  Brazilian frontier port on the north side of the
+    Amazon. From the Atlantic to Tabatinga,
+    1825 miles.
+Tabatinga to Letitia                                       3
+    Peruvian frontier post.
+
+                                                        Upper
+                                                       Amazon.
+                                                        Miles.
+Letitia to Loreto                                         37
+Loreto to Pebas                                          144
+Pebas to Iquitos                                         117
+Iquitos to Tamshiyacu                                     20
+Tamshiyacu to mouth of the Ucayali river                  43
+Mouth of the Ucayali river to Nauta                        6
+Nauta to San Regis                                        50
+San Regis to Santa Cruz de Parinari                       28
+Santa Cruz de Parinari to Parinari                        20
+Parinari to Vaca Marina                                   41
+Vaca Marina to Elvira                                     18
+Elvira to San Pedro                                       41
+San Pedro to Fontevera                                    15
+Fontevera to mouth of the Huallaga river                  22
+Mouth of the Huallaga river to Cedro Isla                 15
+Cedro Isla to mouth of the Pastaza river                  69
+Mouth of the Pastaza river to Barranca                    31
+Barranca to Mouth of the Potro river                      19
+Mouth of the Potro river to mouth of the Morona river     12
+Mouth of the Morona river to Limon                        12
+Limon to Punta Achual                                     24
+Punta Achual to Borja                                     48
+  From the Atlantic to Borja, the head of navigation,
+    2660 miles.
+Borja to Lake Laracocha                                  500
+    Source of the Amazon.
+    Length of the Amazon river from its source to its
+    mouth, 3160 miles.
+
+
+HUALLAGA RIVER.
+
+The Huallaga has its source in Lake Chiquicoba, flows by the important
+central city of Huanaco, and thence in a direction nearly north, for
+450 miles, until its confluence with the Amazon. The mouth of the
+Huallaga is 2430 miles distant from the Atlantic, and its current is
+about 3 miles per hour. Eighteen feet of water can usually be carried
+up to Yurimaguas, and steamers ascend 40 miles higher to a place
+called Rumicallarina; above Rumicallarina the river is navigable for a
+great distance by canoes. About 8 miles below Yurimaguas the river is
+divided by an island, on each side of which there are sand-bars that
+steamers drawing more than 11 feet of water are sometimes unable to
+pass during the months of June, July and August.
+
+
+LAGUNA.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2447 miles; current, 3 miles per hour.
+
+
+SANTA LUCIA.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2473 miles; current, 3 miles per hour.
+
+
+SANTA MARIA.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2528 miles; current, 3 miles per hour.
+
+
+YURIMAGUAS.
+
+Latitude, 5 deg. 5' 55" south; longitude, 75 deg. 59' 58" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 47' east; thermometer, 77 deg.;
+elevation above sea-level, 440 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2554
+miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per hour.
+
+The advantage which Yurimaguas possesses over all the other river
+ports on the Upper Amazon is that of its being the point where
+travelers from Lima and articles of export from Moyubamba, a city of
+10,000 inhabitants, meet the steamers from Para. Canoes ascend the
+Huallaga from Yurimaguas to Chasuta in eight days and make the return
+trip in three; from Chasuta there is a mule road to Moyubamba,
+Chachapoyas and Cajamarca, and from the latter place a railway runs to
+Lima. This is the best route from the Amazon to the Pacific coast, and
+the only one which does not involve long marches on foot. Steamers
+drawing five or six feet of water could make regular trips to Chasuta
+at any season of the year, even at lowest water, and meeting larger
+steamers at Yurimaguas would establish better communication with the
+rich country of the interior. On the Huallaga, above Yurimaguas and a
+little back from the river, are to be found the best locations for
+colonies. Thirty miles above Yurimaguas, on the right bank of the
+river, is situated Shucushiyacu, a place well known as commanding a
+fine view of mountain and river scenery.
+
+
+CAINARACHI.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 2592 miles; current, 3-1/4 miles per
+hour.
+
+
+RUMICALLARINA.
+
+Latitude, 5 deg. 58' 32" south; longitude, 75 deg. 47' 32" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 8 deg. 8' 10" east; thermometer, 77
+deg.; elevation above sea-level, 486 feet; distance from the Atlantic,
+2600 miles; current, 3-1/2 miles per hour; depth of water, 36 feet;
+width of river, 200 yards.
+
+Rumicallarina is at the head of navigation for steamers on the
+Huallaga. Any steamer which can ascend the river to Yurimaguas can
+continue on to Rumicallarina, beyond which place only five or six
+feet, at the season of low water, can be carried to Chasuta.
+
+
+LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE HUALLAGA.
+
+Atlantic ocean to mouth of the Huallaga, 2430 miles By the Amazon
+river.
+
+                                                      Huallaga
+                                                        River.
+                                                        Miles.
+Mouth of the Huallaga to Laguna                           17
+Laguna to Santa Lucia                                     26
+Santa Lucia to Santa Maria                                55
+Santa Maria to Yurimaguas                                 26
+Yurimaguas to Cainarachi                                  38
+Cainarachi to Rumicallarina                                8
+Rumicallarina to Chasuta                                  50
+Chasuta to Lake Chiquicoba                               300
+                                                         ---
+  Length of the Huallaga river                           520
+Distance from the source of the Huallaga to the
+  mouth of the Amazon                                   2950
+
+
+UCAYALI RIVER.
+
+The Ucayali river has its origin in the Andean region, about Lake
+Titicaca, and flows, under various names, in a direction nearly north
+until it mingles its waters with those of the Amazon, to which river
+it bears the same relation that the Missouri does to the Mississippi;
+that is to say, like the Missouri, its length and volume of water
+entitles it to be considered a continuation and not a tributary of the
+main river. During the season of low water 24 feet can be carried from
+Nauta, at the mouth of the river, to Sarayacu; 18 feet from Sarayacu
+to the mouth of the Pachitea river; and 12 feet from the mouth of the
+Pachitea to the confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba. The average
+current from the mouth of the river to Pucacura is 2 miles per hour,
+and from Pucacura to the confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba 3 miles
+per hour. The Tambo is probably navigable for steamers drawing eight
+or ten feet of water to the confluence of the Ene and Perene, and
+thence the Perene would afford communication, at least by canoes, to
+San Ramon, a Peruvian military post; from San Ramon to Tarma, and from
+Tarma to Lima, would, of course, be the continuation of the route to
+the Pacific slope. The first step towards the opening of this most
+desirable of all the routes between the Pacific coast and the Amazon
+would be the establishment of a battalion post at the confluence of
+the Ene and Perene, communicating at regular and stated intervals with
+San Ramon. The distance between the two posts would be about 60 miles
+of canoe navigation, and would soon become a traveled route forming
+the connecting link between eastern and western Peru.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE UCAYALI.
+
+Latitude, 4 deg. 28' 30" south; longitude, 73 deg. 21' 30" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 2' east; thermometer, 80 deg.;
+elevation above sea-level, 318 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2180
+miles; current, 2 miles per hour; the width of the Ucayali at its
+mouth is half a mile.
+
+
+PUCACURA.
+
+Latitude, 6 deg. 4' 45" south; longitude, 75 deg. 1' west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 22' 10" east; thermometer, 79
+deg.; elevation above sea-level, 377 feet; distance from the Atlantic,
+2482 miles; current, 3 miles per hour.
+
+
+SARAYOCU.
+
+Latitude, 6 deg. 35' 15" south; longitude, 74 deg. 58' 30" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 52' 8" east; thermometer, 79
+deg.; elevation above sea-level, 410 feet; distance from the Atlantic,
+2578 miles; current, 3 miles per hour; depth of water, 20 feet.
+
+The town of Sarayacu is situated on a small creek, about three miles
+from the place on the river which is called the Puerto del Sarayacu.
+Between Pucacura and Sarayacu is Esquina, a small settlement built on
+high land, which extends along the river for a mile or more. This
+place (Esquina) and Pucacura are about the only places on the banks
+of the Ucayali, below Sarayacu, that are not overflowed at high water.
+The floods of the Ucayali, which regularly recur every year at certain
+seasons, render the banks of the river an undesirable, perhaps even an
+impracticable, location for an agricultural population. It is possible
+that a crop might be raised and gathered during the dry season, but
+the farms would have to be abandoned whenever the river rose to its
+maximum height. At Paca, about twelve miles above Sarayacu, the banks
+on both sides of the river are high; such places are much more
+frequently met with above than below Sarayacu, but still they are the
+exception to the general character of the country near the river,
+which continues to be low and subject to overflow until the highlands
+are reached near the confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba.
+
+
+PACAMASHI.
+
+Latitude, 7 deg. 53' 15" south; longitude, 74 deg. 40' 45" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 51' 38" east; thermometer, 77
+deg.; elevation above sea-level, 435 feet; distance from the Atlantic,
+2733 miles; current, 3 miles per hour; width of the river, 600 yards.
+
+
+YARINACOCHA.
+
+Latitude, 8 deg. 15' south; longitude, 74 deg. 31' 30" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 38' 30" east; thermometer, 79
+deg.; elevation above sea-level, 447 feet; distance from the Atlantic,
+2800 miles; current, 3 miles per hour; width of river, 1200 yards.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE PACHITEA RIVER.
+
+Latitude, 8 deg. 43' 30" south; longitude, 74 deg. 32' 30" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 8 deg. 45' 40" east; thermometer, 75
+deg.; elevation above sea-level, 508 feet; distance from the Atlantic,
+2891 miles; current, 3 miles per hour; width of the river, 600 yards.
+
+
+VUELTA DEL DIABLO.
+
+Distance from the Atlantic, 3091 miles. This strait is the first
+serious difficulty encountered in ascending the Ucayali; the current
+dashes with much violence against the trunks of large trees which
+lodge in, and almost block up, the passage.
+
+
+CONFLUENCE OF THE TAMBO AND URABAMBA RIVERS.
+
+Latitude, 10 deg. 41' south; longitude, 73 deg. 41' west of Greenwich;
+elevation above sea-level, 661 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3142
+miles; depth of water, 12 feet.
+
+
+ESPERANZA.
+
+Esperanza is situated on the Perene river about 11 miles above the
+junction of the Ene and Perene, which form the Tambo. The navigation
+for steamers drawing 10 feet of water terminates at the junction of
+the Perene and Ene. From thence to Fort San Ramon, a distance of sixty
+miles, canoes could navigate, but with some difficulty, owing to the
+swiftness of the current, which at San Ramon runs at the rate of 6
+miles per hour. Small stern-wheel, flat-bottomed steamers, such as are
+in use on the swift, narrow and shallow rivers west of the
+Mississippi, could probably be employed with success in establishing
+communication between Fort San Ramon and the Ucayali.
+
+
+LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE UCAYALI RIVER.
+
+                                                       Ucayali
+                                                        River.
+                                                        Miles.
+Atlantic ocean to mouth of the Ucayali                  2189
+    (Amazon River.)
+Mouth of the Ucayali to Pucacura                         293
+Pucacura to Sarayacu                                      96
+Sarayacu to Pacamashi                                    155
+Pacamashi to Yarinacocha                                  67
+Yarinacocha to mouth of the Pachitea river                91
+Mouth of the Pachitea to Vuelta del Diablo               200
+Vuelta del Diablo to confluence of the Tambo
+  and Urubamba                                            51
+Confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba to the
+  Ucayali, source of the Urubamba river, a
+  continuation of the Ucayali                            375
+Ucayali river, from its source to the Atlantic          3517
+Distance from the Atlantic to the head of
+  steamer navigation on the Ucayali                     3142
+
+
+PACHITEA RIVER.
+
+The banks of the Ucayali and Pachitea, at their confluence, are low,
+subject to overflow and unsuitable for settlement. About nine miles
+above its mouth we come to the first Indian village on the Pachitea, a
+male Conebo hamlet, with nothing to recommend it except that it is
+situated on ground a little higher than the flats which surround it.
+On the left bank of the Ucayali a few miles below the mouth of the
+Pachitea, there is a place called Hoje, which is not subject to
+overflow at high water, but in other respects it is not an eligible
+position for a town or post. The Pachitea is navigable at low water
+for steamers drawing nine feet of water to the confluence of the
+Palcazu and Pichis rivers.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE PACHITEA.
+
+Latitude, 8 deg. 43' 30" south; longitude, 74 deg. 32' 30" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 8 deg. 45' 40" east; thermometer, 75
+deg.; elevation above sea-level, 508 feet; distance from the Atlantic,
+2891 miles; current, 3 miles per hour; width of the Pachitea at its
+mouth, 400 yards.
+
+
+CUNUYACU.
+
+Latitude, 9 deg. 5' 52" south; longitude, 74 deg. 48' 15" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 8 deg. 59' 26" east; elevation above
+sea-level, 557 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 2951 miles; current,
+2-1/2 miles per hour; width of the river, 400 yards.
+
+Cunuyacu means hot water, and is descriptive of the place, for there
+are here several thermal springs welling up from the sand beach. At
+Chunta Isla, between the mouth of the Pachitea and Cunuyacu, the
+Cashibo Indians frequently attack from ambush strangers who are
+ascending the river.
+
+
+INCA ROCA.
+
+Latitude, 9 deg. 9' 4" south; longitude, 74 deg. 55' 45" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 8 deg. 6' 26" east; distance from the
+Atlantic, 2963 miles; current, 2-1/2 miles per hour.
+
+Inca Roca is a rocky beach overhung by sandstone cliffs sixty-five
+feet high; on the face of the cliffs are carved numerous figures,
+amongst them the figure of the sun and of the Llama are conspicuous,
+hence the place was named Inca Roca.
+
+
+CONFLUENCE OF THE PALCAZU AND PICHIS RIVERS.
+
+Latitude, 9 deg. 54' 9" south; longitude, 74 deg. 58' 45" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 34' 4" east; elevation above
+sea-level, 518 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3082 miles; current,
+2-3/4 miles per hour.
+
+At the junction of the Palcazu and Pichis, the two rivers forming the
+Pachitea, there is high land suitable for a town or post.
+
+
+LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE PACHITEA RIVER.
+
+                                                        Miles.
+Mouth of the Pachitea to Cunuyacu                         60
+Cunuyacu to Inca Roca                                     12
+Inca Roca to confluence of the Pichis and Palacazu       119
+From the confluence of the Pichis and Palacazu,
+  forming the Pachitea river, to the Atlantic           3082
+
+
+PALACAZU RIVER.
+
+The Palacazu is a somewhat narrow stream, with a current of 3-1/4
+miles per hour and a depth which at low water will permit a steamer
+drawing seven feet of water to ascend to Puerto del Mairo.
+
+
+PUERTO DEL MAIRO.
+
+Latitude, 9 deg. 55' 22" south; longitude, 75 deg. 17' 45" west of
+Greenwich; thermometer, 75 deg.; elevation above sea-level, 795 feet;
+distance from the Atlantic, 3119 miles; current, 3-1/2 miles per hour.
+
+Puerto del Mairo is 45 miles distant from the large city of Huanaco,
+which has constant communication and trade with Lima. At present the
+route between Huanaco and Puerto del Mairo is only a footpath through
+the forest, but it is probable that a good road for pack-mules could
+be constructed at little expense, and that a railway is not
+impracticable.
+
+
+PICHIS RIVER.
+
+The Pichis is a branch of the Pachitea river. The Cashibos and Campas
+Indians inhabiting its banks are warlike tribes and fiercely oppose
+all attempts to examine their country. Nothing was known of the river,
+above its mouth, until it was explored and surveyed, in 1873, by the
+Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon, accompanied by a
+military escort. It was necessary for the Commission to bestow names
+on notable places as they proceeded to discover them, and these names
+were afterwards used in making the chart of the river.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE PICHIS.
+
+Latitude, 9 deg. 54' 9" south; longitude, 74 deg. 58' 45" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 34' 4" east; elevation above
+sea-level, 618 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3082 miles; current,
+2-1/2 miles per hour.
+
+
+ROCHELLE ISLA.
+
+Latitude, 9 deg. 57' 11" south; longitude, 75 deg. 2' west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 8 deg. 35' 36" east; elevation above
+the sea-level, 630 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3100 miles;
+current, 2-1/2 miles per hour.
+
+Up to Rochelle Isla, named after the senior member of the Peruvian
+Hydrographical Commission, navigation is clear and unobstructed for
+any steamer that can ascend the Pachitea; that is, for any steamer not
+drawing more than nine feet of water. Beyond this island the
+navigation of the river becomes much more difficult, though not
+altogether impracticable. The River Trinidad, so named on account of
+its having been discovered on Trinity Sunday, empties itself into the
+Pichis ten miles above Rochelle Isla; it is a fine, large river,
+flowing from the eastward, with deep water and a current of 3 miles
+per hour at its mouth.
+
+
+TEMPESTAD PLAYA.
+
+Latitude, 10 deg. 5' 6" south; longitude, 74 deg. 55' 45" west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 46' east; distance from the
+Atlantic, 3123 miles. Tempestad Playa received its name in consequence
+of a violent tempest which was there encountered by the namers.
+
+
+MOUTH OF THE HERRERAYACU RIVER.
+
+Latitude, 10 deg. 20' 3" south; longitude, 74 deg. 54' west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 7 deg. 59' 26" east; distance from the
+Atlantic, 3156 miles.
+
+The Herrerayacu river was named after the major who commanded the
+escort of soldiers accompanying the Hydrographical Commission; it has
+a current of 3-1/2 miles per hour, and is navigable for canoes a
+distance of four or five miles, up to Terminacion Playa in latitude 10
+deg. 22' 33" south; longitude, 74 deg. 54' west of Greenwich. Mountain
+ranges are plainly in sight from Terminacion Playa, which is 3160
+miles distant from the Atlantic.
+
+
+PUERTO TUCKER.
+
+Latitude, 10 deg. 22' 55" south; longitude, 74 deg. 49' west of
+Greenwich; magnetic variation, 9 deg. 7' 30" east; elevation above
+sea-level, 700 feet; distance from the Atlantic, 3167 miles; current,
+3-1/2 miles per hour.
+
+Puerto Tucker was named after the President of the Hydrographical
+Commission. It is at the head of canoe navigation, not far from the
+source, of the Pichis river; from it a range of lofty mountains,
+distant some twenty or thirty miles, bears from S. to S.W. This range
+must be the eastern Cordillera of Peru.
+
+
+LIST OF DISTANCES ON THE PICHIS RIVER.
+
+                                                        Miles.
+Mouth of the Pichis to the Atlantic ocean               3082
+Mouth of the Pichis to Rochelle Isla                      18
+Rochelle Isla to mouth of Trinidad river                  10
+Mouth of Trinidad river to Tempestad Playa                13
+Tempestad Playa to mouth of the Herrerayacu               33
+Mouth of the Herrerayacu to Puerto Tucker                 11
+Puerto Tucker to Atlantic ocean                         3167
+
+[Footnote 2: The latitudes, longitudes and other data given in these
+notes are taken from the journal of the Peruvian Hydrographical
+Commission of the Amazon. Some of them have been published, by
+permission, in the third edition of Professor Orton's "Andes and the
+Amazon."]
+
+
+
+
+CONCLUSION.
+
+
+The Upper Amazon river is destined to become much better known than it
+is at present; it cannot be long before commerce takes possession of
+such an inviting field. Ocean steamers run regularly to Manaos, a
+thousand miles from the mouth of the river, and they might extend
+their voyage, certainly during nine months in the year, to Nauta at
+the mouth of the Ucayali; from Nauta smaller steamers could ascend the
+Amazon to Borja, the Huallaga to Yurimaguas, and the Ucayali to the
+confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba. A road is projected from Limon,
+near Borja, to Chachapoyas, where it would connect with the route to
+Lima. From Yurimaguas to Mayubamba, and thence on to Lima, there is
+already established a much traveled route. From Esperanza, near the
+confluence of the Tambo and Urubamba; it is probable that
+flat-bottomed, stern-wheel steamers, such as are used on the Nicaragua
+route across Central America, could ascend the Tambo to Fort San
+Ramon, a place which it is to be hoped will be connected by railway
+with Tarma and Lima. When this latter route is opened, as it is
+destined to be sooner or later, it will become the great artery of
+communication between the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of South
+America.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Typographical errors corrected in text:                   |
+    |                                                           |
+    | Page   8: Explorarion replaced with Exploration           |
+    | Page  26: V-shapped replaced with V-shaped                |
+    | Page  59: 'the Government should thing it necessary'      |
+    |           replaced with                                   |
+    |           'the Government should think it necessary'      |
+    | Page  97: 'Brainha to Monte Alegre' replaced with         |
+                'Prainha to Monte Alegre'                       |
+    | Page  98: Parinasi replaced with Parinari                 |
+    | Page  98: Hullaga replaced with Huallaga                  |
+    | Page 101: Huallagu replaced with Huallaga                 |
+    | Page 108: Inco Roca replaced with Inca Roca               |
+    |                                                           |
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Life of Rear Admiral John Randolph
+Tucker, by James Henry Rochelle
+
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