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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Manual or an Easy Method of Managing Bees, by 
+John M. Weeks
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Manual or an Easy Method of Managing Bees
+
+Author: John M. Weeks
+
+Release Date: October 27, 2008 [EBook #27065]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK METHOD OF MANAGING BEES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Roger Frank
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+A
+MANUAL
+OR AN
+EASY METHOD
+OF
+
+MANAGING BEES,
+
+IN THE MOST
+PROFITABLE MANNER TO THEIR OWNER,
+WITH
+INFALLIBLE RULES TO PREVENT THEIR
+DESTRUCTION BY THE MOTH.
+
+BY JOHN M. WEEKS,
+Of Salisbury, Vt.
+
+SECOND EDITION.
+
+MIDDLEBURY:
+ELAM R. JEWETT, PRINTER.
+
+1837.
+
+
+
+
+Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1836.
+By John M. Weeks,
+in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Vermont.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+It appears to the writer of the following pages, that a work of this
+description is much needed in our country.
+
+The cultivation of the bee (Apis Mellifica) has been too long neglected in
+most parts of the United States.
+
+This general neglect has unquestionably originated from the fact, that the
+European enemy to the bees, called the moth, has found its way into this
+country, and has located and naturalized itself here; and has made so much
+havoc among the bees, that many districts have entirely abandoned their
+cultivation. Many Apiarians, and men of the highest literary attainments,
+as well as experience, have nearly exhausted their patience, in examining
+the peculiar nature and habits of this insect; and have tried various
+experiments to devise some means of preventing its depredations. But,
+after all that has been done, the spoiler moves onward with little
+molestation, and very few of our citizens are willing to engage in the
+enterprize of cultivating this most useful and profitable of all insects,
+the honey-bee.
+
+The following work is comprised in a set of plain, concise rules, by
+which, if strictly adhered to and practised, any person, properly
+situated, may cultivate bees, and avail himself of all the benefits of
+their labors.
+
+If the Apiarian manages strictly in accordance with the following rules,
+the author feels confident that no colony will ever materially suffer by
+the moth, or will ever be destroyed by them.
+
+The author is aware of the numerous treatises published on this subject;
+but they appear to him, for the most part, to be the result not so much of
+experience as of vague and conjectural speculation, and not sufficiently
+embodying what is practical and useful.
+
+This work is intended as an accompaniment to the Vermont hive, and will be
+found to be the result of observation and experience, and it is thought
+comprises all that is necessary to make a skilful Apiarian.
+
+                                                             THE AUTHOR.
+
+INDEX
+
+   CHAPTER
+
+   Rule I.  On the construction of the hive,                     5
+
+  Rule II.  On swarming and hiving,                             11
+
+ Rule III.  On ventilating,                                     23
+
+  Rule IV.  On preventing robberies,                            24
+
+   Rule V.  On equalizing colonies, by doubling, trebling, &c,  26
+
+  Rule VI.  On removing honey,                                  30
+
+ Rule VII.  The method of compelling swarms to make extra
+            Queens, and keep them for the use of their owner,   33
+
+Rule VIII.  On supplying swarms with Queens, when necessary,    38
+
+  Rule IX.  On multiplying colonies to any desirable extent,
+            without swarming,                                   42
+
+   Rule X.  On preventing the depredations of the moth,         43
+
+  Rule XI.  On feeding,                                         56
+
+ Rule XII.  On wintering,                                       60
+
+Rule XIII.  On transferring bees from one hive to another,      60
+
+      XIV.  General Observations,                               65
+
+
+
+
+MANUAL, &c.
+
+
+
+
+RULE I.
+
+ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF A BEE-HIVE.
+
+
+A bee-hive should be made of sound boards, free from shakes and cracks; it
+should also be planed smooth, inside and out, made in a workmanlike
+manner, and painted on its outside.
+
+REMARKS.
+
+That a bee-hive should be made perfect, so as to exclude light and air, is
+obvious from the fact, that the bees will finish what the workman has
+neglected, by plastering up all such cracks and crevices, or bad joints,
+as are left open by the joiner. The substance they use for this purpose is
+neither honey nor wax, but a kind of glue or cement of their own
+manufacturing, and is used by the bees to fill up all imperfect joints and
+exclude all light and air. This cement or glue is very congenial to the
+growth of the moth in the first stages of its existence.
+
+The moth miller enters the hive, generally, in the night--makes an
+incision into the glue or cement with her sting, and leaves her eggs
+deposited in the glue, where it remains secure from the bees; it being
+guarded by the timber on its sides. Thus, while a maggot, (larva) the moth
+uses the cement for food until it arrives so far towards a state of
+maturity as to be able to spin a web, which is more fully explained in
+remarks on Rule 10.
+
+The size of a hive should be in accordance with the strictest rules of
+economy, and adapted to the peculiar nature and economy of the honey-bee,
+in order to make them profitable to their owner.
+
+The lower apartment of the hive, where they store their food, raise their
+young bees, and perform their ordinary labors, should hold as much as a
+box thirteen inches and one half or fourteen inches square in the clear.
+
+If the hive is much larger than the one described above, with the chamber
+in proportion, which should hold about two-thirds as much as the lower
+apartment, the bees will not be likely to swarm during the season.
+
+Bees in large hives never swarm; and those in hives much less than the one
+already described, do but little else than raise young bees and lay up a
+sufficient quantity of food to supply them through the coming winter, and
+are more liable to be robbed.
+
+All hives of bees that swarm are liable to swarm too much, and reduce
+their colonies so low in numbers as to materially injure them, and is
+frequently the cause of their destruction by the moth, which is more
+particularly explained in remarks on Rule 2.
+
+The changer of the hive should be made perfectly tight, so as to exclude
+all light from the drawers.
+
+Drawers should be small like No. 2, for all purposes except such as are
+used for multiplying colonies and transferring, which should always be
+large like No. 1.
+
+Hives should have elects on their sides, so as to suspend them in the air
+some distance from the floor of the apiary, the better to secure the bees
+from destruction by mice, reptiles, and other vermin.
+
+The back side or rear of the lower apartment of the hive should slant
+forward, so as to render the same smallest at the bottom, the better to
+secure the combs from falling when cracked by frost or nearly melted in
+hot weather.
+
+No timbers or boards should be placed very near the lower edge of the
+hive, because it facilitates the entrance of depredators. That the back
+side should slant forward, is obvious from the fact, that bees generally
+rest one edge of their combs on that side, and build towards the front in
+such a manner as to enter upon the same sheet where they intend to deposit
+their stores, when they first enter the hive, without being compelled to
+take any unnecessary steps.
+
+The bottom of the hive should slant downward from rear to front, so as to
+afford the greatest facility to the bees to clear their tenement of all
+offensive substances, and let the water, which is occasioned by the breath
+and vapor of the bees, run off in cold water. It also aids the bees very
+much in preventing the entrance of robbers.
+
+The bottom board should be suspended by staples and hooks near each corner
+of the hive, in such a manner as to afford a free entrance and egress to
+the bees on all its sides, which will better enable them to keep their
+tenement clear of the moths.
+
+There should be a button attached to the lower edge of the rear of the
+hive, so as to enable the apiarian to govern the bottom board in such a
+manner as to give all the air they need, or close the hive at pleasure.
+
+The hive should have two sticks placed at equal distances, extending from
+front to rear, resting on the rear, with a screw driven through the front
+into the end of the stick, which holds it fast in its place, and a
+ventilator hear the top of the lower apartment of the hive, to let off the
+vapor which frequently causes the death of the bees in the winter by
+freezing.
+
+The door to the chamber should be made to fit in the rabitings of the same
+against the jambs, in such a manner as to exclude the light from the
+windows of the drawers, and also to prevent the entrance of the little
+ants. It should also be hung by butts, or fastened by a bar, running
+vertically across the centre of the door, and confined by staples at each
+end. There should be three sheet-iron slides, one of which should be
+nearly as wide as the chamber, and one or two inches longer than the
+length of the chamber. The other two should be the same length of the
+first, and half its width only.
+
+All hives and all their appendages should be made exactly of a size and
+shape in the same apiary. The trouble of equalizing colonies is far less
+than it is to accommodate hives to swarms. Much perplexity and sometimes
+serious difficulties occur, where the apiarian uses different sized hives
+and drawers. But this part of the subject will be more fully discussed
+under its proper rule.
+
+
+
+
+RULE II.
+
+ON SWARMING AND HIVING.
+
+
+The apiarian, or bee-owner, should have his hives in readiness, and in
+their places in the apiary, with the drawers in their chambers bottom up,
+so as to prevent entrance.
+
+When a swarm comes forth and has alighted, cut off the limb if
+convenient--shake it gently, so as to disengage the bees, and let them
+fall gently on to the table, board, or ground, (as the case may be,) place
+the hive over them before many rise into the air, taking care at the same
+time to lay one or more sticks in such a manner as to raise the hive so as
+to give the bees rapid ingress and egress. If the bees act reluctantly in
+taking possession of their new habitation, disturb them by brushing them
+with a goose-quill or some other instrument, not harsh, and they will soon
+enter. In case it is found necessary to invert the hive to receive the
+bees, (which is frequent, from the manner of their alighting,) then, first
+secure the drawers down to the floor by inserting a handkerchief or
+something above them; now invert the hive and shake or brush the bees into
+it; now turn it gently right end up on the table, or other place,
+observing the rule aforesaid.
+
+REMARKS.
+
+Bees swarm from nine o'clock in the morning to three o'clock in the
+afternoon on a fair day, differing in the season according to the climate.
+In Vermont they generally swarm from the middle of May to the fifteenth of
+July; in late seasons some later. I have known them to swarm as early as
+seven in the morning and as late as four in the afternoon. I have also
+known them to come forth when it rained so hard as nearly to defeat them
+by beating down many to the ground which were probably lost from their
+colony; and I once had a swarm come forth on the sixteenth day of August.
+
+Experience and observation have taught that the Queen leaves the old stock
+first, and her colony rapidly follow. They fly about a few minutes,
+apparently in the greatest confusion, until the swarm is principally out
+of the hive. They then alight, generally on the limb of some tree, shrub,
+or bush, or some other place convenient for them to cluster in a bunch not
+far from the old stock, and make their arrangements for a journey to a new
+habitation. Perhaps not one swarm in a thousand knows where they are going
+until after they have left the old stock, alighted, and formed into a
+compact body or cluster; and not then until they have sent off an embassy
+to search out a place for their future residence. Now if the bees are
+hived immediately after they have alighted, before they send off their
+embassy to seek a new tenement, they will never fly away, admitting they
+have sufficient room, (for it is want of room that makes them swarm in the
+first place,) and their hive is clear of every thing that is offensive to
+them.
+
+The old custom of washing hives with salt and water and other substances,
+to give them a pleasant effluvia, should be speedily abolished. Nothing
+but bees should ever be put into a hive.
+
+When bees die, the hive should be cleared of its contents, and scraped out
+clean, and the chamber rubbed with cloth wet in clean water; then set it
+in its place in the apiary, and there let it stand until wanted for use.
+An old hive, thus prepared, is as good as a new one for the reception of a
+swarm. The apiarian should examine before using to see that the hive is
+free from spiders and cobwebs.
+
+When bees are not hived immediately after they have clustered in a body,
+they should be removed to the apiary, or several rods from the place where
+they alighted, as soon as they can be hived, to prevent their being found
+on the return of the embassy. Since I have thus practised, I have never
+lost a swarm by flight.
+
+Experience has taught that it is best to remove the new swarm to the place
+where it is intended to stand during the season, immediately after hiving.
+Fewer bees are lost by a speedy removal, than when permitted to stand
+until evening, because they are creatures of habit, and are every moment
+establishing themselves in their location. It also prevents their being
+found by the embassy when they return. The longer bees stand in the place
+where they are hived, the greater will be the number lost when removed.
+But more of this hereafter.
+
+When bees are collected in drawers for the purpose of equalizing colonies,
+by doubling, &c., they should be permitted to stand until evening before
+they are united, it being a more favorable time for them to become
+acquainted with each other by degrees; and the scent of the bees in the
+lower apartment will enter through the apertures during the night so much
+that there is a greater degree of sameness in the peculiar smell of the
+two colonies, which takes off their animosity, if they chance to have
+any.
+
+No confusion or noise which is uncommon to the bees should ever be made
+during their swarming or hiving. The only effect of noise, ringing of
+bells, &tc., that I could ever discover, was, to render them more hostile
+and unmanageable.
+
+When bees are treated in accordance with their true nature, they are
+sometimes hostile, which originates from two causes: First, some of them
+lie out of the hive before swarming and some of them, in consequence of
+their confusion in swarming, are not apprised of the intention of the
+Queen to leave the old stock and seek a new habitations and they sally
+forth with the swarm without filling their sacks with stores, which always
+makes them more irritable than when their stomachs are rilled with food.
+
+The Vermont hive possesses advantages in this respect, as well as others,
+far superior to the old box. Instead of lying out before swarming, as in
+the old box, they go up into the drawers, and are constantly employed in
+depositing the delicious fruits of their labors; and being in the hive,
+where they can hear and observe all the movements of the Queen, they go
+forth well stored with provisions suited to the peculiar exigency of the
+case; which ordinarily prevents all feelings of hostility.
+
+The second reason why bees are sometimes irritable, and are disposed to
+sting when they swarm, is, the air is forbidding to them, by being cold or
+otherwise, so as to impede them in their determined emigration. In all
+such cases, the apiarian should be furnished with a veil, made of
+millinet, or some light covering which may be worn over his hat, and let
+down so low as to cover his face and bosom, and fixed in such a manner as
+to prevent their stinging. He should also put on a pair of thick woolen
+gloves or stockings over his hands, thus managing them without the least
+danger.
+
+A clean hive is all that is needed for a swarm of bees, with careful and
+humane treatment.
+
+A cluster of bees should never be shook or jarred any more than merely to
+disengage them from the limb or place where they are collected, nor should
+they fall any great distance, because their sacks are full when they
+swarm, which renders them both clumsy and harmless, and harsh treatment
+makes them irritable and unmanageable.
+
+I know of no rule by which the exact day of their first swarming can be
+known with certainty. The apiarian will estimate near the time by the
+number of bees in and about the hive, as it will become very much
+crowded.
+
+The day of second swarming, and all after that during the same season, may
+be most certainly predicted as follows: Listen near the entrance of the
+hive in the evening. If a swarm is coming forth the next day, the Queen
+will be heard giving an alarm at short intervals. The same alarm may be
+heard the next morning. The observer will generally hear two Queens at a
+time in the same hive, the one much louder than the other. The one making
+the least noise is yet in her cell, and in her minority. The sound emitted
+by the Queens is peculiar, differing materially from that of any other
+bee. It consists of a number of monotonous notes in rapid succession,
+similar to those emitted by the mud-wasp when working her mortar and
+joining it to her cells, to raise miss-wasps. If, after all, the weather
+is unfavorable to their swarming two or three days while in this peculiar
+stage, they will not be likely to swarm again the same season.
+
+Two reasons, and two only, can be assigned why bees ever swarm. The first
+is, want of room, and the second, to avoid the battle of the Queens. It is
+indeed true that there are exceptions. Perhaps one in a hundred swarms may
+come forth before their hive is filled with comb; but from nearly forty
+years experience in their cultivation, I never saw an instance of it,
+where the hive was not full of bees at their first swarming. When bees go
+from the old stock to the tree without alighting, it is when they lie out
+of the hive before swarming, and the embassy are sent forth before the
+swarm leaves the old stock. When the first swarm comes forth, eggs, young
+brood, or both, are left in the combs, but no Queen; for the old Queen
+always goes forth with the swarm, and leaves the old stock entirely
+destitute. Not a single Queen, in any stage of minority, is left in the
+hive. The bees very soon find themselves destitute of the means of
+propagating their species, (for the Queen is the only female in the hive,)
+and immediately set themselves to work in constructing several royal
+cells, (probably to be more sure of success,) take a grub (larva) from the
+cell of a common worker, place it in the new-made royal cell, feed it on
+royal jelly, and in a few days they a Queen. Now as the eggs are laid in
+about three litters per week, the bees, to be still more sure of
+succeeding in their enterprize, take maggots, differing in age, so that if
+more than one Queen is hatched, one will be older than the others. This
+fact accounts for hearing more than one Queen at the same time, because
+one comes out a perfect fly, while the other is a nymph, or little
+younger, and has not yet made her escape from the cell where she was
+raised; and yet both answer the alarm of the other, the youngest more
+feebly than the elder.
+
+Bees will never swarm but once the same season unless they make more than
+one Queen, immediately after the departure of the first swarm; and not
+then, if the bees permit the oldest Queen to come in contact with the cell
+where the young ones are growing. Queens entertain the most deadly
+animosity towards each other, and will commence an attack upon each other
+the first moment opportunity offers. The old Queen will even tear all the
+cradles or cells to pieces where young ones are growing, and destroy all
+the chrysalis Queens in the hive.
+
+If the weather becomes unfavorable to swarming, the next day after the
+alarm of the Queen is heard, and continues so for several days, the oldest
+Queen may come in contact with the others, or gain access to their cells;
+in either case the life of one of them is destroyed by the other, and the
+colony will not be likely to send forth another swarm the same season. If
+the old Queen succeeds in taking the life of the younger, or _vice versa_,
+the remaining nymphs will be likely to share the same fate of their
+martyred sisters, by the hand of the reigning Queen, who considers all
+others in the same hive as her competitors.
+
+Second swarms would be as large and numerous as any others, if it was not
+the fact that they come forth to avoid the battle of the Queens. Bees are
+very tenacious to preserve the lives of their sovereigns, particularly
+those of their own raising; and when they find they have more than one in
+the hive, they will guard each so strong as to prevent, if possible, their
+coming within reach of each other. They being thus strongly guarded to
+prevent the fight, is unquestionably the cause of their giving the alarm,
+as described in the foregoing article. The knowledge of the existence of
+another Queen in the same hive inspires them with the greatest uneasiness
+and rage; and when the oldest one finds herself defeated in gaining access
+to her competitor, she sallies forth with as many as see fit to follow
+her, and seeks a new habitation.
+
+Bees will not swarm but once in a season, if the second one does not come
+forth within seventeen days from the departure of the first, unless they
+swarm for want of room, in which case no Queen will be heard before
+swarming.
+
+The drawers should be turned over, so as to let the bees into them as soon
+as they have built their combs nearly to the bottom of the hive. If the
+swarm is so large that the lower apartment will not hold all of them, they
+should be let into one or both of the drawers, at the time of hiving;
+otherwise they may go off for want of room. Bees should be let into the
+drawers in the spring as soon as blossoms are seen.
+
+
+
+
+RULE III.
+
+ON VENTILATING THE HIVE.
+
+
+Graduate the bottom board and ventilator at pleasure, by means of the
+button or otherwise, so as to give them more or less air, as the
+circumstances may require.
+
+REMARKS.
+
+Bees require more air in order to enable them to endure the heat of summer
+and the severity of winter, than at any other time. If they are kept out
+in the cold, they need as much air in the winter as in the heat of summer.
+It is in a mild temperature only, that it is safe to keep them from the
+pure air. If placed below frost in a dry sand-bank, they seem to need
+scarcely more than is contained in their hive at the time they are buried,
+during the whole winter. If kept in a clean, dry cellar, the mouth so
+contracted as to keep out mice, gives them enough. But if they are kept in
+the apiary, there should be a slow current of air constantly pressing in
+at the bottom and off at the top thro' the ventilator.
+
+
+
+
+RULE IV.
+
+ON PREVENTING ROBBERIES.
+
+
+At the moment it is observed, that robbers are within, or about the hive,
+raise the bottom board so near the edge of the hive as to prevent the
+ingress or egress of the bees, and stop the mouth or common entrance and
+ventilator. At the same time take care that a small space on all sides of
+the hive be left open, so as to afford them all the air they need. Open
+the mouth only at evening, and close early in the morning, before the
+robbers renew their attack.
+
+REMARKS.
+
+Bees have a peculiar propensity to rob each other, and every precaution
+necessary to prevent it, should be exercised by the cultivator. Families
+in the same apiary are more likely to engage in this unlawful enterprize
+than any others, probably because they are located so near each other, and
+are more likely to learn their comparative strength. I never could
+discover any intimacy between colonies of the same apiary, except when
+they stood on the same bench; and then, all the social intercourse seems
+to subsist between the nearest neighbors only.
+
+Bees are not likely to engage in warfare and rob each other, except in the
+spring and fall, and at other times in the season, when food is not easily
+obtained from blossoms.
+
+Bees do not often engage in robbery in the spring, unless it is in such
+hives as have had their combs broken by frost or otherwise, so as to cause
+the honey to drip down upon the bottom board. Much care should be
+exercised by the apiarian to see that all such hives are properly
+ventilated, and at the same time closed in such a manner as to prevent the
+entrance of robbers in the day-time, until they have mended the breach, so
+as to stop the honey from running.
+
+Clear water should be given them every day, so long as they are kept in
+confinement.
+
+I have known many good stocks to be lost in the spring, by being robbed;
+and all for want of care. Bees rob each other when they can find but
+little else to do; they will rob at any time when frost has destroyed the
+flowers, or the weather is so cold as to prevent their collecting honey
+from them. Cold, chilly weather prevents the flowers from yielding honey
+without frost, as was the case in the summer of 1835, in many places.
+
+Bees need but little air at any time when they rob, and yet more is
+necessary for them when confined by compulsory means, than otherwise. When
+deprived of their liberty, they soon become restless, and use their best
+efforts to make their way out of the hive--hence the importance of leaving
+a small space all around the bottom, to admit air and to prevent their
+melting down.
+
+
+
+
+RULE V.
+
+ON EQUALIZING COLONIES.
+
+
+Hive one swarm in the lower apartment of the hive; collect another swarm
+in a drawer, and insert the same in the chamber of the hive containing the
+first. Then, if the swarms are small, collect another small swarm in
+another drawer, and insert the same in the chamber of the hive containing
+the first, by the side of the second. In case all the bees from either of
+the drawers, amalgamate and go below with the first swarm, and leave the
+drawer empty, then it may be removed, and another small swarm added in the
+same manner.
+
+REMARKS.
+
+It is of prime importance to every bee cultivator, that all his colonies
+be made as nearly equal in numbers and strength, as possible. Every
+experienced bee-master must be aware that small swarms are of but little
+profit to their owner. Generally, in a few days after they are hived, they
+are gone;--no one can trace their steps: some suppose they have fled to
+the woods--others, that they were robbed: but after all, no one is able to
+give any satisfactory account of them. Some pieces of comb only are left,
+and perhaps myriads of worms and millers finish off the whole. Then the
+moth is supposed to be their destroyer, but the true history of the case
+is generally this: The bees become discouraged, or disheartened, for want
+of numbers to constitute their colony, abandon their tenement, and join
+with their nearest neighbors, leaving their combs to the merciless
+depredations of the moth. They are sometimes robbed by their adjoining
+hives, and then the moths finish or destroy what is left.
+
+Second swarms are generally about half as large as the first, and third
+swarms half as large as second ones.
+
+Now if second swarms are doubled, so as to make them equal in number with
+the first, the owner avails himself of the advantage of a strong colony,
+which will not be likely to become disheartened for want of numbers, nor
+overcome by robbers from stronger colonies.
+
+It is far less trouble, and less expense, for the bee-owner lo equalize
+his colonies, than to prepare hives and drawers of different sizes to fit
+colonies.
+
+When colonies and hives are made as near alike as possible, many evils are
+avoided, and many advantages realized: every hive will fit a place in the
+apiary--every drawer a hive, and every bottom board and slide may in any
+case be used without mistakes.
+
+Swarms may be doubled at any time before they become so located as to
+resume their former hostility, which will not be discovered in less than
+three or four days. Bees are provided with a reservoir, or sack, to carry
+their provision in; and when they swarm, they go loaded with provision
+suited to their emergency, which takes off all their hostility towards
+each other; and until these sacks are emptied, they are not easily vexed,
+and as they are compelled to build combs before they can empty them, their
+contents are retained several days. I have doubled, at a fortnight's
+interval in swarming, with entire success. The operation should be
+performed within two or three days--at the farthest four days. The sooner
+it is done, the less hazardous is the experiment.
+
+As a general rule, second swarms only should be doubled. Third and fourth
+swarms should always have their Queen taken from them, and the bees
+returned to the parent stock, according to Rule 10.
+
+
+
+
+RULE VI.
+
+ON REMOVING HONEY.
+
+
+Insert a slide under the drawer, so far as to cut off all communication
+between the lower apartment and the drawer. Insert another slide between
+the first slide and the drawer. Now draw out the box containing the honey,
+with the slide that is next to it. Set the drawer on its window end, a
+little distance from the apiary, and remove the slide. Now supply the
+place of the drawer, thus removed, with an empty one, and draw the first
+inserted slide.
+
+REMARKS.
+
+Care must be exercised in performing this operation. The apertures through
+the floor into the chamber must be kept closed by the slides during the
+process, so as to keep the bees from rushing up into the chamber when the
+box is drawn out. The operator must likewise see that the entrances into
+the drawer are kept covered with the slide, in such a manner as to prevent
+the escape of any of the bees, unless he is willing to be stung by them.
+
+If the bees are permitted to enter the chamber in very warm weather, they
+will be likely to hold the occupancy of it, and build comb there, which
+will change the hive into one no better than an old-fashioned box.
+
+I have succeeded best in removing honey by the following method, to
+wit:--Shut the window-blinds so as to darken one of the rooms in the
+dwelling-house--raise up one casement of a window--then carry the drawer
+and place the same on a table, or stand, by the window, on its light or
+glass end, with the apertures towards the light. Now remove the slide, and
+step immediately back into the dark part of the room. The bees will soon
+learn their true condition, and will gradually leave the drawer, and
+return home to the parent stock; thus leaving the drawer and its contents
+for their owner; not however until they have sucked every drop of running
+honey, if there should chance to be any, which is not often the case, if
+their work is finished.
+
+There are two cases in which the bees manifest some reluctance in leaving
+the drawer. The first is, when the combs are in an unfinished state--some
+of the cells not sealed over. The bees manifest a great desire to remain
+there, probably to make their stores more secure from robbers, by affixing
+caps to the uncovered cells, to prevent the effluvia of running honey,
+which is always the greatest temptation to robbers.
+
+Bees manifest the greatest reluctance in leaving the drawer, when young
+brood are removed in it, which never occurs, except in such drawers as
+have been used for feeding in the winter or early in the spring. When the
+Queen has deposited eggs in all the empty cells below, she sometimes
+enters the drawers; and if empty cells are found, she deposits eggs there
+also. In either case, it is better to return the drawer, which will be
+made perfect by them in a few days.
+
+Special care is necessary in storing drawers of honey, when removed from
+the care and protection of the bees, in order to preserve the honey from
+insects, which are great lovers of it, particularly the ant. A chest, made
+perfectly tight, is a good store-house.
+
+If the honey in the drawers is to be preserved for winter use, it should
+be kept in a room so warm as not to freeze. Frost cracks the combs, and
+the honey will drip as soon as warm weather commences. Drawers should be
+packed with their apertures up, for keeping or carrying to market. All
+apiarians who would make the most profit from their bees, should remove
+the honey as soon as the drawers are rilled, and supply their places with
+empty ones. The bees will commence their labors in an empty box that has
+been filled, sooner than any others.
+
+
+
+
+RULE VII.
+
+THE METHOD OF COMPELLING SWARMS TO MAKE AND KEEP EXTRA QUEENS, FOR
+THEIR APIARIAN, OR OWNER.
+
+
+Take a drawer containing bees and brood comb, and place the same in the
+chamber of an empty hive; taking care to stop the entrance of the hive,
+and give them clean water, daily, three or four days. Then unstop the
+mouth of the hive, and give them liberty. The operator must observe Rule 6
+in using the slides.
+
+REMARKS.
+
+The prosperity of every colony depends entirely on the condition of the
+Queen, when the season is favorable to them.
+
+Every bee-master should understand their nature in this respect, so as to
+enable him to be in readiness to supply them with another Queen when they
+chance to become destitute.
+
+The discovery of the fact, that bees have power to change the nature of
+the grub (larva) of a worker to that of a Queen, is attributed to Bonner.
+But neither Bonner nor the indefatigable Huber, nor any other writer, to
+my knowledge, has gone so far in the illustration of this discovery as to
+render it practicable and easy for common people to avail themselves of
+its benefits.
+
+The Vermont hive is the only one, to my knowledge, in which bees can be
+compelled to make and keep extra Queens for the use of their owner,
+without extreme difficulty, as well as danger, by stings, in attempting
+the experiment.
+
+The idea of raising her royal highness, and elevating and establishing her
+upon the throne of a colony, may, by some, be deemed altogether visionary
+and futile; but I will assure the reader, that it is easier done than can
+be described. I have both raised them, and supplied destitute swarms
+repeatedly.
+
+When the drawer containing bees and brood comb is removed, the bees soon
+find themselves destitute of a female, and immediately set themselves to
+work in constructing one or more royal cells. When completed, which is
+commonly within forty-eight hours, they remove a grub (larva) from the
+worker's cell, place the same in the new-made Queen's cell, feed it on
+that kind of food which is designed only for Queens, and in from eight to
+sixteen days they have a perfect Queen.
+
+As soon as the bees have safely deposited the grub in the new-made royal
+cell, the bees may have their liberty. Their attachment to their young
+brood, and their fidelity to their Queen, in any stage of its minority, is
+such, that they will never leave nor forsake them, and will continue all
+their ordinary labors, with as much regularity as if they had a perfect
+Queen.
+
+In making Queens in small boxes or drawers, the owner will not be troubled
+by their swarming the same season they are made. There are so few bees in
+the drawer, they are unable to guard the nymph Queens, if there are any,
+from being destroyed by the oldest, or the one which escapes from her cell
+first.
+
+In examining the drawer, in which I raised an extra Queen, I found not
+only the Queen, but two royal cells, one of which was in perfect shape;
+the other was mutilated, probably by the Queen which came out first. Now
+when there are so few bees to guard the nymphs, it would not be very
+difficult for the oldest Queen to gain access to the cells, and destroy
+all the minor Queens in the drawer.
+
+When a drawer is removed to an empty hive, for the purpose of obtaining an
+extra Queen, it should be placed some distance from the apiary, the better
+to prevent its being robbed by other swarms. When it is some distance from
+other colonies, they are not so likely to learn its comparative strength.
+There is but little danger however, of its being robbed, until after the
+bees are out of danger of losing their Queen, which generally occurs in
+the swarming season.
+
+The Queen is sometimes lost, in consequence of the young brood being too
+far advanced at the time of the departure of the old Queen with her swarm.
+If the grubs had advanced very near the dormant or chrysalis state, before
+the bees learnt their necessity for a Queen, and the old Queen neglected
+to leave eggs, which is sometimes the case, then it would be impossible
+for the bees to change their nature, and the colony would be lost, unless
+supplied with another.
+
+
+
+
+RULE VIII.
+
+ON SUPPLYING SWARMS, DESTITUTE OF A QUEEN, WITH ANOTHER.
+
+
+Take the drawer from the hive, which was placed there according to Rule 7,
+and insert the same into the chamber of the hive to be supplied; observing
+Rule 6 in the use of the slides.
+
+REMARKS.
+
+Colonies destitute of a Queen may be supplied with another the moment it
+is found they have none; which is known only by their actions.
+
+Bees, when deprived of their female sovereign, cease their labors; no
+pollen or beebread is seen on their legs; no ambition seems to actuate
+their movements; no dead bees are drawn out; no deformed bees, in the
+various stages of their minority, are extracted, and dragged out of their
+cells, and dropped down about the hive, as is usual among all healthy and
+prosperous colonies.
+
+Colonies that have lost their Queen, when standing on the bench by the
+side of other swarms, will run into the adjoining hive without the least
+resistance. They will commence their emigration by running in confused
+platoons of hundreds, from their habitation to the next adjoining hive.
+They immediately wheel about and run home again, and thus continue,
+sometimes for several days, in the greatest confusion, constantly
+replenishing their neighbor's hive, by enlarging her colony, and, at the
+same time, reducing their own, until there is not a single occupant left;
+and remarkable as it is, they leave every particle of their stores for
+their owner or the depredations of the moth.
+
+Colonies lose their Queens more frequently during the swarming season than
+any other.
+
+In the summer of 1830, I lost three good stocks of bees in consequence of
+their losing their Queens, one of which was lost soon after the first
+swarming--the two others not many days after the second swarming--all of
+which manifested similar actions, and ended in the same results, which
+will be more particularly explained in remarks on Rule 10.
+
+The Queen is sometimes lost, when she goes forth with a swarm, in
+consequence of being too feeble to fly with her young colony; in which
+case the bees return to their parent stock in a few minutes. In fact all
+occurrences of this kind originate in the inability of the Queen. If she
+returns to the old stock, the swarm will come out again the next day, if
+the weather is favorable. If the Queen is too feeble to return, and the
+apiarian neglects to look her up, and restore her to her colony again,
+(which he ought to do,) the bees will not swarm again until they have made
+another, or are supplied, which may be done immediately by giving them any
+spare Queen, I have done it with entire success, and never failed in the
+experiment.
+
+The Queen, when lost in swarming, is easily found, unless the wind is so
+strong as to have blown her a considerable distance. A few bees are always
+found with her, which probably serve as her aids, and greatly assist the
+apiarian in spying her out. She is frequently found near the ground, on a
+spire of grass, the fence, or any place most convenient for her to alight,
+when her strength fails her. I once had quite a search for her majesty,
+without much apparent success. At the same time there were flying about me
+a dozen or more common workers. At last her royal highness was discovered,
+concealed from my observation in a fold of my shirt sleeve. I then
+returned her to her colony, which had already found their way home to the
+parent stock.
+
+The Queen may be taken in the hand without danger, for she never stings by
+design, except when conflicting with another Queen; and yet she has a
+stinger at least one third longer, but more feeble than a worker.
+
+The Queen is known by her peculiar shape, size, and movements. She differs
+but little in color from a worker, and has the same number of legs and
+wings. She is much larger than any of the bees. Her abdomen is very large
+and perfectly round, and is shaped more like the sugar-loaf, which makes
+her known to the observer the moment she is seen. Her wings and proboscis
+are short. Her movements are stately and majestic. She is much less in
+size after the season for breeding is over. She is easily selected from
+among a swarm, at any season of the year, by any one who has often seen
+her.
+
+
+
+
+RULE IX.
+
+ON MULTIPLYING COLONIES TO ANY DESIRABLE EXTENT, WITHOUT THEIR SWARMING.
+
+
+This large drawer, No. 1, should always be used for this purpose. Insert
+slides, as in Rule 6, and remove the drawer containing bees and
+brood-comb; place the same in the chamber of an empty hive; stop the
+entrances of both the new and old hives, taking care to give them air, as
+in Rule 4. Give clean water daily, three or four days. Now let the bees,
+in both hives, have their liberty.
+
+REMARKS.
+
+This operation is both practicable and easy, and is of prime importance to
+all cultivators, who wish to avoid the necessity of hiving them when they
+swarm; and yet it will not prevent swarming, except in that part of the
+divided colony which contains the Queen at the time of their separation.
+The other part being compelled to make another Queen, (and they generally
+make two or more) will be likely to swarm to avoid their battle, as
+explained in remarks on Rule 2. The hive containing the old Queen may
+swarm for want of room; but, at any rate, in performing the operation, it
+has saved the trouble of hiving one swarm, and prevented all danger of
+their flight to the woods.
+
+Multiplying colonies by this rule is a perfectly safe method of managing
+them, admitting they are not allowed to swarm themselves so low as to
+leave unoccupied combs, which will be explained in remarks on Rule 10.
+
+
+
+
+RULE X.
+
+ON PREVENTING THE DEPREDATIONS OF THE MOTH.
+
+
+All such stocks as are infested with the moth, will manifest it as soon as
+warm weather commences in the spring, by dropping some of the worms upon
+the bottom board. Let the apiarian clean off the bottom board every other
+morning; at the same time strew on a spoonful or two of fresh, pulverized
+salt.
+
+Immediately after a second swarm has come forth from a hive, the same
+season, the old stock should be examined; and if swarming has reduced
+their numbers so low as to leave unoccupied combs, the apiarian should
+take the Queen from the swarm, and let them return to the old stock. In
+case they remain in a cluster, hive them in a drawer, and return them
+immediately.
+
+Third and fourth swarms should always have their Queens taken from them
+and the bees returned to the parent stock.
+
+REMARKS.
+
+"This insect (the moth) is a native of Europe; but has found its way into
+this country, and naturalized itself here."--THATCHER.
+
+This unwelcome visitor has interested the attention and called forth all
+the energies of the most experienced apiarians of our country, and of many
+of the greatest naturalists in the world. Their movements have been
+observed and scrutinized by the most learned--their nature has been
+studied; various experiments have been tried to prevent their
+depredations; but after all, the monster in gaudy hue marches onward,
+committing the greatest havoc and devastation, with but little
+molestation. I have lost my whole stock at least four times since 1808, as
+I supposed by the moth. I tried all the experiments recommended in this
+and other countries, that came to my knowledge; but after all, I could not
+prevent their ravages.
+
+In 1830, I constructed a hive (which has since been patented) which I
+supposed would afford all the facilities for managing bees in every manner
+that their nature would admit of, and at the same time render their
+cultivation most profitable to their owner. By constructing windows of
+glass, on every side of the hive, nearly the size of its sides, and
+darkening them by closing doors on the outside of the windows, which may
+be opened at pleasure, I have been able to discover many important facts,
+both in relation to the nature and economy of the bee, and its enemy the
+moth; but, probably, much yet remains to be learned concerning both.
+
+The moth, when first discovered by the common observer, is a white worm or
+maggot, with a reddish crusted head, and varies in size according to its
+living. Those which have full and unmolested access to the contents of a
+hive, will frequently grow as large as a turkey-quill, and an inch and a
+half in length. Others are scarcely an inch in length when full grown.
+They have sixteen short legs, and taper each way from the centre of their
+bodies to their head and exterior or abdomen.
+
+The worms, like the silk-worm, wind themselves into a cocoon, and pass the
+dormant (chrysalis) state of their existence, and in a few days come out
+of their silken cases perfect winged insects or millers, and are soon
+ready to deposit their eggs, from which another crop will be raised.
+
+The miller, or perfect moth, is of a grayish color, from three-fourths of
+an inch to an inch in length. They usually lie perfectly still in the day
+time, with their head downwards, lurking in and about the apiary. They
+enter the hive in the night, and deposit their eggs in such places as are
+uncovered, of course unguarded by the bees. These eggs hatch in a short
+time, varying according to circumstances, probably from two or three days
+to four or five months. At an early stage of their existence, while yet a
+small worm, they spin a web, and construct a silken shroud, or fortress,
+in which they envelope themselves, and form a sort of path, or gallery, as
+they pass onward in their march; at the same time being perfectly secure
+from the bees, in their silken case, which they widen as they grow larger,
+with an opening in their front only, near their head, they commit the
+greatest havoc and devastation on the eggs, young bees and all, that come
+in their way as they pass.
+
+When the moth has arrived to his full state of maturity, he makes
+preparation to change to a miller, by winding into a cocoon, as has been
+already explained. The miller is surprisingly quick in all its movements,
+exceeding by far the agility of the quickest bee, either in flight or on
+its legs. Hence the enemy becomes so formidable that the bees are easily
+overcome and soon fall a sure prey to him.
+
+Now, in order to remedy the evils of the moths, and prevent their ravages,
+and at the same time aid the bees in their prosperity, and make them
+profitable to their owner, I found it necessary to use a hive differing
+materially from the old box, and commenced operations in the one already
+referred to, (called the Vermont hive,) in a course of experiments which
+have produced results perfectly satisfactory. From six years experience in
+its use, I have not the least doubt that bees may be managed to the best
+advantage, and without ever being materially injured by the moths.
+
+A bee-hive should be made in a perfect workmanlike manner, so as to have
+no open joints; the boards should be free from shakes and cracks, because
+the bees will make their tenement perfectly tight, so as to exclude light
+and air, by plastering up all such places as are left open by the workman,
+with a kind of mortar, or glue, of their own make, which is neither honey
+nor wax, but is very congenial to the growth of worms in the first stages
+of their larva state, and being secured from the bees by the timber, in a
+short time they are able to defend themselves by a silken shroud.
+
+Now the miller enters the hive and makes an incision into the bee-glue, or
+cement, with her sting, and leaves her eggs. These eggs hatch there, and
+the brood subsist on the glue until they have arrived so far toward
+maturity as to enable them to encase themselves in a silken shroud; and
+then they move onward.
+
+Now unless the bees chance to catch him by the collar, or nape of his
+neck, while feeding, and drag him out of his place of concealment, they
+will be compelled to cut away the combs all around his silken path, or
+gallery, and drag out the worm and his fortress all together. At the same
+time, the bees are compelled to cut away the combs so far as to destroy
+many of their young brood in making room to remove the annoyance. I have
+known them to cut away their combs from four to eight or ten inches to re
+move this silken shroud, and have known them to cut and drag out their
+only remaining Queen before she was transformed to the perfect fly, which
+occasioned the entire loss of the whole colony.
+
+Repeated experiments have demonstrated the fact, that placing bees on the
+ground, or high in the air, is no security against the moths. I have lost
+some of my best stocks by placing them on the ground, when those on the
+bench were not injured by them. I have made a groove in the bottom board,
+much wider than the thickness of the boards to the hive, and filled the
+same with loam: I then placed the hive on the same, in such a manner as to
+prevent any crack or vacancy for the worms; and yet in raising the hive
+four weeks afterwards, I found them apparently full grown all around the
+hive in the dirt. I have found them very plenty in a tree ninety feet from
+the ground.
+
+The best method, in common practice, to prevent the depredations of the
+moth, is, to suspend the bottom board so far below the lower edge of the
+hive as to give the bees free entrance and egress all around the same
+during the moth season, or to raise the common hive, by placing under it
+little blocks at each corner, which produces nearly the same effect. But I
+know of but one rule, which is an infallible one, to prevent their
+depredations, and that is this: keep the combs well guarded by bees. See
+Rule 10.
+
+Large hives, that never swarm, are never destroyed by the moth, unless
+they lose their Queen, melt down, or meet with some casualty, out of the
+ordinary course of managing them. They are not often in the least annoyed
+by them, unless there are bad joints, cracks, or shakes, so as to afford
+some lurking places for the worms. The reason for their prosperous
+condition is obvious. The stock of bees are so numerous that their combs
+are all kept well guarded during the moth season, so that no miller can
+enter and deposit her eggs.
+
+Hives made so small as to swarm, are liable to reduce their colonies so
+small as to leave combs unguarded, especially when they swarm three or
+four times the same season. All swarms, after the first, sally forth to
+avoid the battle of the Queens; constantly making a greater draft, in
+proportion to the number left, until the combs are partly exposed, which
+gives the miller free access to their edges.--The seeds of rapine and
+plunder are thus quickly sown, and soon vegetate, and fortify themselves
+by their silken fortress, before the bees are aware that their frontiers
+are invaded. While the moths are thus engaged in establishing their posts
+on the frontiers of the bees, the latter are constantly and indefatigably
+engaged in providing themselves with another Queen, to supply the place of
+the old one, which has departed with a swarm, and raising young bees to
+replenish their reduced colony. Now as the moths have got possession of
+the ground on their frontiers, it requires a tremendous effort on the part
+of the bees to save their little colony from a complete overthrow.
+
+If late, or second and third swarms are always returned immediately,
+according to the rule, the combs are kept so guarded that the moths are
+compelled to keep their distance, or be stung to death before they can
+accomplish their purposes.
+
+Hives made so large as not to swarm may lose their Queen, and then they
+will abandon their habitation and emigrate into the adjoining hive,
+leaving all their stores to their owner, which, unless immediately taken
+care of, the moths will not fail to destroy.
+
+The moths are often complained of when they are not guilty. Hives are
+frequently abandoned by their occupants, in consequence of the loss of
+their Queen, unnoticed by any observer, and before any thing is known of
+their fate, the hive is destitute of bees, and filled with moths.
+
+In the summer of 1834, one of my neighbors had a very large hive that
+never swarmed, which lost their Queen; and in the course of a few days the
+bees entirely vacated their tenement, and emigrated into an adjoining
+hive, leaving the whole of their stores, which amounted to 215 lbs. of
+honey in the comb.
+
+No young bees or moths were discovered in the hive. Instances of this kind
+frequently occur, and the true cause is unknown, from inattention.
+
+The Queen may be superannuated, or may become diseased in the breeding
+season, so as to render her unfruitful; or she may die of old age. In
+either case, the colony will be lost, unless supplied with another Queen,
+as explained in remarks on Rule 8; for when the Queen becomes unfruitful
+by either of the foregoing causes, the bees are not apprized of the loss
+which will in future be sustained by them, until after the means of
+repairing the same are gone beyond their reach. All the grubs may have
+passed the various stages of their transformation, or at least advanced so
+far towards the perfect insect, that their nature cannot be changed to a
+Queen.
+
+The Queen is much more tenacious of life than any other bee, and may live
+to a great age. But one Queen exists in the same hive any great length of
+time. When there are more than one, the peculiar sound of each, as
+explained in remarks on Rule 2, is heard by the other, which always
+results in a battle between them, or the issue of a swarm in the course of
+a day or two.
+
+Bees, when placed in a dark room in the upper part of the house, or some
+out-house, are easily cultivated a short time with little trouble, and are
+sometimes made profitable to their owner; but as they are liable to some
+of the same casualties as those kept in swarming hives, they cannot be as
+profitable.
+
+Large colonies never increase their stock in proportion to the swarming
+colonies. There is but one female in a large colony, and they can do but
+little more in raising young bees than to keep their stock good by
+replenishing them as fast as they die off or are destroyed by the birds,
+reptiles and insects, which are great admirers of them, and sometimes
+swallow them by dozens. Now if it requires five swarming colonies to be
+equal in number to the one first described, it is not difficult to imagine
+that five times as many bees may be raised by the swarming colonies: for
+one Queen will probably lay as many eggs as another.
+
+The swarming hives are no more liable to be destroyed by the moth during
+the swarming season, than others, if the hives are kept well replenished
+with bees according to Rule 10.
+
+
+
+
+RULE XI.
+
+ON FEEDING BEES.
+
+
+If it is found that a swarm need feeding, hitch on the feeder, well stored
+with good honey, while the weather is warm in October.
+
+The apiarian should use the same precaution in feeding, as directed in
+Rule 4, to prevent robberies.
+
+REMARKS.
+
+The best time to feed is in the fall, before cold weather commences. All
+hives should be weighed, and the weight marked on the hive before bees are
+hived in them. Then, by weighing a stock as soon as frost has killed the
+blossoms in the fall, the apiarian will be able to form a just estimate of
+their necessities.
+
+When bees are fed in the fall, they will carry up and deposit their food
+in such a manner as will be convenient for them in the winter. If feeding
+is neglected until cold weather the bees must be removed to a warm room,
+or dry cellar, and then they will carry up their food, generally, no
+faster than they consume it.
+
+A feeder should be made like a box with five sides closed, leaving a part
+of the sixth side open, to admit the bees from their common entrance with
+its floor level, when hitched on the front of the hive. It should be of
+sufficient depth to lay in broad comb, filled with honey. If strained
+honey without combs is used for feeding, a float, perforated with many
+holes, should be laid over the whole of the honey in the box, or feeder,
+so as to prevent any of the bees from drowning; and at the same time, this
+float should be so thin as to enable them to reach the honey. It should be
+made so small that it will settle down as fast as the honey is removed by
+the bees. As soon as warm weather commences in the spring, the feeder may
+be used. Small drawers cannot be depended on as feeders, except in the
+spring and summer, unless they are kept so warm that the vapor of the bees
+will not freeze in them. It would be extremely hazardous for the bees to
+enter a frosty drawer. They will sooner starve than attempt the
+experiment. Drawers may be used without danger from robbers, but when the
+feeder is used, robbers must be guarded against as directed in Rule 4.
+
+Care should be exercised, in fall-feeding, to supply them with good honey,
+otherwise the colony may be lost before spring by disease. Poor honey may
+be given them in the spring, at the time when they can obtain and provide
+themselves with medicine, which they only best understand.
+
+Sugar dissolved, or molasses, may be used in the spring to some advantage,
+but ought not to be substituted for honey, when it can be obtained.
+
+Bees sometimes die of starvation, with plenty of honey in the hive at the
+same time. In cold weather they crowd together in a small compass in order
+to keep warm; and then their breath and vapor collect in frost, in all
+parts of the hive, except in the region they occupy. Now, unless the
+weather moderates, so as to thaw the ice, the bees will be compelled to
+remain where they are located until their stores are all consumed that are
+within their reach. One winter we had cold weather ninety-four days in
+succession, during which time the bees could not move from one part of the
+hive to another. I examined all my hives on the eighty-third day, and on
+the ninetieth day I found four swarms dead. I immediately examined for the
+cause, which was as already stated. I then carried all my hives into a
+warm room and thawed them, so that the bees could move. Some hives that I
+supposed were dead, revived; some few swarms I found nearly destitute of
+stores, which I carried into the cellar, turned them bottom up, cut out a
+few of the combs, so as to make room to lay in combs filled with honey,
+which served as good feeders.
+
+
+
+
+RULE XII.
+
+ON WINTERING BEES.
+
+
+On the near approach of winter, as soon as the bees have receded from the
+drawers and gone below, insert a slide, take out the drawers, and supply
+their places with empty ones, bottom up. Suspend the bottom board at least
+one eighth of an inch below the lower edge of the hive, and open the
+ventilator.--Clean off the bottom board as often as the weather changes
+from cold to warm. Close no doors upon them, unless they are kept in a
+spacious room, and in such a place that the breath and steam of the bees
+will not freeze.
+
+REMARKS.
+
+Various methods have been practised by different individuals. Some have
+buried them in the ground, others kept them in the cellar, chamber, &c.
+One course only will be observed in this place.
+
+
+
+
+RULE XIII.
+
+ON TRANSFERRING SWARMS.
+
+
+This operation should never be effected by compulsion.
+
+FIRST METHOD. Insert drawer No. 1 into the chamber of the hive, to be
+transferred as early as the first of May. If the bees fill the drawer,
+they will recede from the lower apartment and winter in the drawer. As
+early in the spring as the bees carry in bread plentifully on their legs,
+remove the drawer, which will contain the principal part of the bees, to
+an empty hive. Now remove the old hive a few feet in front, and place the
+new one containing the drawer where the old one stood. Now turn the old
+hive bottom up. If there are any bees left in the old hive, they will soon
+return and take possession of their new habitation.
+
+SECOND METHOD. Take drawer No. 1, well filled by any hive the same season,
+insert the same into the chamber of the hive, to be transferred in
+September, (August would be better.) If the bees need transferring, they
+will repair to the drawer and make the same their winter quarters. Then
+proceed in the spring as directed in the first method.
+
+REMARKS.
+
+This management should excite a deep interest in every cultivator, both in
+a temporal and moral point of view. Temporal, because the lives of all the
+bees are preserved; moral, because we are accountable to God for all our
+acts. We are not to be justified in taking the lives of animals or
+insects, which are but lent blessings, unless some benefit to the owner
+can be derived from their death, which will outweigh the evils resulting
+from such a sacrifice. Duty compels me to protest in the strongest terms
+and feelings, against the inhuman practice of taking the lives of the most
+industrious and comforting insects to the wants of the human family by
+fire and brimstone.
+
+When bees have occupied one tenement for several years, the combs become
+thick and filthy, by being filled up with old bread and cocoons, made by
+the young bees when transformed from a larva to the perfect fly.
+
+Bees always wind themselves in their cells, in a silken cocoon, or shroud,
+to pass their torpid and defenceless (chrysalis) state.--These cocoons are
+very thin, and are never removed by the bees. They are always cleaned
+immediately after the escape of the young bees, and others are raised in
+the same cells. Thus a number of bees are raised, which leaves an
+additional cocoon as often as the transformation of one succeeds that of
+another, which often occurs in the course of the season. Now in the course
+of a few years the cells become so contracted, in consequence of being
+thus filled up, that the bees come forth but mere dwarfs and sometimes
+cease to swarm. Combs are rendered useless by being filled up with old
+bread, which is never used except for feeding young bees. A greater
+quantity of this bread is stored up yearly than is used by them, and in a
+few years they have but little room to perform their ordinary
+labors.--Hence the necessity of transferring them, or the inhuman sentence
+of death must be passed upon them, not by being hung by the neck until
+they are dead, but by being tortured to death by fire and brimstone.
+
+It is obvious to every cultivator that old stocks should be transferred. I
+have repeatedly transferred them in the most approved manner, by means of
+an apparatus constructed for that purpose; but the operation always
+resulted in the loss of the colony afterwards, or a swarm which would have
+come from them. When it is necessary to transfer a swarm, insert drawer
+No. 1 into their chamber in the spring, say the first of May. If they till
+the drawer, let it remain there; if they need to be changed to a new hive,
+they will recede from the lower apartment and make the drawer their winter
+quarters, which should remain until warm weather has so far advanced as to
+afford them bread. Then they may be removed to an empty hive, as directed
+in the Rule. Now the drawer contains no bread, and should remain in the
+old stock until the bees can provide themselves with a sufficient quantity
+of that article to feed their young bees with; for bread is not collected
+early enough and in sufficient quantities to feed their young as much as
+nature requires. If the bees fail in filling the drawer, one should be
+used that is filled by another swarm.
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
+
+
+The reader might have expected many things demonstrated in this work,
+which are omitted by design.
+
+The structure of the worker is too well understood by every owner of bees
+to need a particular description. So also of the drone; and the Queen has
+already been sufficiently described to enable any one to select her out
+from among her subjects. If any further description is desired, the
+observer can easily satisfy himself by the use of a microscope.--Every
+swarm of bees is composed of three classes or sorts, to wit: one Queen or
+female, drones or males, and neuters or workers. The Queen is the only
+female in the hive, and lays all the eggs from which all the young bees
+are raised to replenish their colony. She possesses no authority over
+them, other than that of influence, which is derived from the fact that
+she is the mother of all the bees; and they, being endowed with knowledge
+of the fact that they are wholly dependent on her to propagate their
+species, treat her with the greatest kindness, tenderness and reverence,
+and manifest at all times the most sincere attachment to her by feeding
+and guarding her from all danger.
+
+The government of a hive is nearer republican than any other, because it
+is administered in exact accordance with their nature. It is their
+peculiar natural instinct, which prompts them in all their actions. The
+Queen has no more to do with the government of the hive than the other
+bees, unless influence may be called government. If she finds empty cells
+in the hive, during the breeding season, she will deposit eggs there,
+because it is her nature to do so; and the nature of the workers prompts
+them so take care and nurse all the young larvae, labor and collect food
+for their sustenance, guard and protect their habitations, and do and
+perform all things, in due obedience, not to the commands of the Queen,
+but to their own peculiar instinct.
+
+The drone is probably the male bee, notwithstanding the sexual union has
+never been witnessed by any man; yet so many experiments have been tried,
+and observations made, that but little doubt can be entertained of its
+truth. That the sexual intercourse takes place high in the air, is highly
+probable from the fact, that other insects of the fly tribe do copulate in
+the air, when on the wing, as I have repeatedly seen. That the drone is
+the male bee, is probable from the fact that the drones are not all killed
+at once; but at least one in each hive is permitted to live several months
+after the general massacre.
+
+I examined four swarms, whose colonies were strong and numerous, three
+months after the general massacre of the drones, and in three hives I
+found one drone each; the other was probably overlooked, as the bees were
+thrown into the fire as fast as they were examined. But there are many
+mysterious things concerning them, and much might be written to little
+purpose; and as it is designed to go no further in illustrations than is
+necessary to aid the apiarian in good management, many little speculations
+have been entirely omitted in the work, and the reader is referred to the
+writings of Thatcher, Bonner, and Huber, who are the most voluminous and
+extensive writers on bees within my knowledge.
+
+Bees are creatures of habit, and the exercise of caution in managing them
+is required. A stock of bees should be placed where they are to stand
+through the season before they form habits of location, which will take
+place soon after they commence their labors in the spring. They learn
+their home by the objects surrounding them in the immediate vicinity of
+the hive. Moving them, (unless they are carried beyond their knowledge,)
+is often fatal to them. The old bees forget their new location, and on
+their return, when collecting stores, they haze about where they formerly
+stood, sad perish. I have known some fine stocks ruined by moving them six
+feet and from that to a mile and a half. It is better to move them before
+swarming than afterwards. The old bees only will be lost. As the young
+ones are constantly hatching, their habits will be formed at the new
+stand, and the combs will not be as likely to become vacated, so as to
+afford opportunity to the moths to occupy any part of their ground.
+
+Swarms, when first hived, may be moved at pleasure without loss of bees,
+admitting they are all in the hive; their habits will be formed in exact
+proportion to their labors.--The first bee that empties his sack and goes
+forth in search of food, is the one whose habits are first established. I
+have observed many bees to cluster near the place where the hive stood,
+but a few hours after hiving, and perish. Now if the swarm had been placed
+in the apiary, immediately after they were hived, the number of bees found
+there would have been less.
+
+Bees may be moved at pleasure at any season of the year, if they are
+carried several miles, so as to be beyond their knowledge of country. They
+may be carried long journeys by travelling nights only, and affording them
+opportunity to labor and collect food in the day time.
+
+The importance of this part of bee-management is the only apology I can
+make for dwelling so long on this point. I have known many to suffer
+serious losses in consequence of moving their bees after they were well
+settled in their labors.
+
+Bees should never be irritated, under any pretence whatever. They should
+be treated with attention and kindness. They should be kept undisturbed by
+cattle and all other annoyances, so that they may be approached at any
+time with safety.
+
+An apiary should be so situated, that swarming may be observed, and at the
+same time where the bees can obtain food easily, and in the greatest
+abundance.
+
+It has been a general practice to front bee-houses either to the east or
+south. This doctrine should be exploded with all other whims. Apiaries
+should be so situated as to be convenient to their owner, as much as any
+other buildings.
+
+I have them front towards all the cardinal points, but can distinguish no
+difference in their prosperity.
+
+Young swarms should be scattered as much as convenient during the summer
+season, at least eight feet apart. They should be set in a frame and so
+covered as to exclude the sun and weather from the hive.
+
+It is not surprising that this branch of rural economy, in consequence of
+the depredations of the moth, is so much neglected.--Notwithstanding, in
+some parts of our country, the business of managing bees has been entirely
+abandoned for years, I am confident they may be cultivated in such a
+manner as to render them more profitable to their owners, than any branch
+of agriculture, in proportion to the capital necessary to be invested in
+their stock. They are not taxable property, neither does it require a
+large land investment, nor fences; neither does it require the owner to
+labor through the summer to support them through the winter.--Care is,
+indeed, necessary, but a child, or a superannuated person can perform most
+of the duties of an apiarian. The cobwebs must be kept away from the
+immediate vicinity of the hive, and all other annoyances removed.
+
+The management of bees is a delightful employment, and may be pursued with
+the best success in cities and villages, as well as towns and country. It
+is a source of great amusement, as well as comfort and profit. They
+collect honey and bread from most kinds of forest trees, as well as garden
+flowers, orchards, forests, and fields; all contribute to their wants, and
+their owner is gratified with a taste of the whole. Sweet mignonette
+cannot be too highly recommended.--This plant is easily cultivated by
+drills in the garden, and is one of the finest and richest flowers in the
+world from which the honey-bee can extract its food.
+
+The Vermont hive is the only one I can use to much advantage or profit,
+and yet there are some other improvements, which are far superior to the
+old box. In the summer of 1834, I received in swarms and extra honey from
+my best stock, thirty dollars; and from my poorest, fifteen dollars. My
+early swarms afforded extra honey which was sold, amounting to from five
+to ten dollars each hive; and all ray late swarms which were doubled,
+stored a sufficient quantity of food to supply them through the following
+winter.
+
+The rules in the foregoing work, perhaps, may be deemed, in some
+instances, too particular; yet, in all cases, they will be found to be
+safe and unfailing in their application, though liable to exceptions, such
+as are incident to all specific rules.
+
+SUPPLEMENTARY REMARKS.
+
+ON RULE FIRST.--The underside of the chamber floor should be planed
+smooth; then scratched with a sharp scratch, so as to enable the bees to
+hold fast; otherwise they may fall suddenly upon the bottom board, which
+may induce them to leave the hive and flee to the woods. That the inside
+of the hive should be made smooth, is evident from the fact, that comb
+adheres much more firmly to a smooth board than it doss to the small
+fibres or splinters which are left by the saw, and is less likely to drop.
+These remarks were omitted in the work by mistake.
+
+RULE SECOND--ON SWARMING AND HIVING,--The Drawers should be turned, so as
+to let the bees into them at the time of hiving; unless the swarm is so
+small that they can locate in a drawer.
+
+REMARKS.--Bees commence making comb, where the whole colony have room to
+work. Now if the bees can all get into the drawer, they will begin there;
+of course they will raise young bees and deposit bread in the drawer. If
+the swarm is so large as to be unable to work in the drawer, there is no
+danger of letting them in. At the same time there may be danger if they
+are prevented from entering, because they sometimes go off for want of
+room in the lower apartment. I therefore, recommend letting the bees into
+the drawers at the time of hiving them, in all cases, except when the
+swarms are small, then the rule should be strictly adhered to.
+Notwithstanding I have hived hundreds of swarms in eight years last past,
+and have not lost a single swarm by flight to the woods, yet I frequently
+hear of losses of this kind, which appears to render these remarks
+necessary. My practice in hiving, is to get the bees into the hive as quick
+as possible, hang on the bottom board, fasten the same forward by means of
+the button so as to prevent the escape of any of the bees, except through
+the mouth of the hive; place the hive immediately where I intend it shall
+stand through the season. Let the bottom board down 3/8ths of an inch, on
+the third day after swarming.
+
+REMARKS ON RULE 10.--Small swarms should have the Queens taken from them
+and the bees returned to the parent stock, so as to keep the old hive well
+replenished with bees during the moth season; likewise to avoid the loss
+of the old stock by freezing in the winter. Too much swarming frequently
+occasions the loss of the old stock the winter following, because their
+numbers are so reduced that the necessary animal heat cannot be kept up to
+prevent them from perishing by cold. There may be more than one queen in
+all swarms after the first[1], as in all cases when bees make one queen
+they make a plurality of them, and if more than one is hatched at the time
+of swarming, in the confusion which takes place in the hive, during
+swarming, all the queens which are hatched will sally forth with the
+swarm; hence, in taking away queens, the bee master should look for them
+until the bees begin to return to the parent stock. Cut off a limb and
+shake the bees on a table to find the queens.
+
+-----
+
+  [1] Large colonies sometimes loose their queen and have been
+      known to make more, in which case, in order to avoid the
+      conflict of the queens, they have been known to swarm out
+      several bushels of Bees.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Manual or an Easy Method of Managing
+Bees, by John M. Weeks
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