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diff --git a/27050-0.txt b/27050-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6ed383c --- /dev/null +++ b/27050-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5777 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of De Canibus Britannicis, by John Caius + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: De Canibus Britannicis + Of Englishe Dogges + +Author: John Caius + +Translator: Abraham Fleming + +Release Date: October 26, 2008 [EBook #27050] + +Language: Latin + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE CANIBUS BRITANNICIS *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope + + + + + +[Transcriber’s Note: + +This text contains characters that require UTF-8 (unicode) file +encoding, including a few Greek words: + + œ (oe ligature) + ẽ ũ (e, u with “tilde”) + λοιμός, λιμός (accented Greek) + +If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, +if a diacritic does not appear directly above its letter--or if the +apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, +make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set +to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. As a +last resort, use the Latin-1 version of the file instead. + +Forms such as “y^e” (for “the”) represent “y” with small “e” printed +directly above. + +The e-text consists of two titles: Caius’s original _De Canibus +Britannicis_ and Fleming’s translation _Of English Dogges_, both from +the 1912 Cambridge edition of Caius’s _Complete Works_. The separate +texts are followed by a combined text, giving the Latin original and the +English translation in small alternating segments. Note that the single +large table of the Caius original was broken into five smaller “Dialls” +in the translation. + +Numbers in parentheses were printed in the gutter; they represent pages +(translation) or leaves (Latin) of the original editions, as used in +their respective Indexes. Sidenotes (Latin only) are shown in brackets. + +Additional notes are at the end of the e-text.] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + + IOANNIS CAII + BRITANNI + + DE + _Canibus Britannicis libellus._ + + +_Ad Gesnerum._ + +Scripsimus ad te (charissime Gesnere) superioribus annis variam +historiam de variis quadrupedum, avium, atque piscium formis, variis +herbarum atque fruticum speciebus & figuris. Scripsimus & de canibus +quædam ad te seorsum, quæ in libro tuo de iconibus animalium ordine +secundo mansuetorum quadrupedum, ubi de Canibus Scoticis scribis, & in +fine epistolæ tuæ ad Gulielmum Turnerum de libris a te editis, inter +libros nondum excusos, te editurum polliceris. Sed quia de Canibus +nostris quædam in eo libello mihi videbantur desiderari, editionem +prohibui, & alium promisi. Quamobrem, ut promissis meis starem, +& expectationi tuæ satisfacerem, homini omnis cognitionis cupido, +universitatem generis, differentiam atque usum, mores & ingenium, veluti +(1b) methodo quadam conabor explicare. Dispertiar in tres species, +Generosam, Rusticam, & Degenerem; sic ut de illa primò, de hac postremò, +de rustica, medio loco tibi dicam. Omnes Britannicos vocabo; tum quòd +una Insula Britannia, ut Anglicos omnes, sic quoque Scoticos omnes +complectatur: tum quòd venatibus magis indulgemus, quia voluptati ex +feris & venatione, propter animalium copiam, atque hominum otium, magis +Britanni sumus dediti, quàm eorum animalium indigi & negotiosi Scoti. +[Ex generosis venaticis.] Ergo cum omnis ratio generosæ venationis, vel +in persequendis feris, vel in capiendis avibus finiatur, canum, quibus +hæc aguntur, duo genera sunt: alterum quod feras investiget, alterum +quod aves persequatur. Utraque Latinis uno & communi nomine dici possunt +venatica. Sed Anglis cum aliud esse videatur feras sectari, aliud aves +capere, ut primum venationem, secundum aucupium nominant, ita canum +nomina volunt esse diversa: ut qui feras lacessunt, venatici; qui aves, +aucupatorii dicerentur. Venaticos rursum divido in quinque genera. Aut +enim odoratu, aut visu fatigant feras, aut pernicitate vincunt, aut +odoratu & pernicitate superant, aut dolo capiunt. + +[Sagax.] Qui odoratu fatigat, & prompta alacritate in venando utitur, +& incredibili ad investigandum sagacitate narium valet: a qua re nos +sagacem hunc appellamus, quem Græci ab investigando ἰχνευτὴν, à nare +ῥινηλάτην dicunt. Huic labra propensa sunt, & aures ad os usque pendulæ, +corporisque (2) media magnitudo. [Leverarius.] Hunc Leverarium +vocitabimus, ut universum genus in certas species atque nomina +reducamus: cum alioqui usus aut officii nomine, in unitatem speciei +adigi nullo modo queant. Nam alius leporis, alius vulpis, alius cervi, +alius platycerotis, alius taxi, alius lutræ, alius mustelæ, alius +cuniculi (quem tamen non venamur nisi casse & viverra) tantum odore +gaudet: & in suo quisque genere & desiderio egregius est. Sunt ex his +qui duos, ut vulpem atque leporem, variatis vicibus sequi student, sed +non ea felicitate, qua id quod natura sequi docuit: errant enim sæpius. +[Terrarius.] Sunt qui vulpem atque taxum solum, quos Terrarios vocamus; +quod subeant terræ cuniculos, more viverrarum in venatu cuniculorum, +& ita terrent mordentque vulpem atque taxum, ut vel in terra morsu +lacerent, vel è specu in fugam aut casses cuniculorum ostiis inductas +compellant. Sed hi in sagacium genere minimi sunt. [Sanguinarius.] Qui +insequuntur, majores: propenso & hi labro atque aure, nec vivas tantum +uti memorati omnes, sed & mortuas quoque conspersi sanguinis odore +persequuntur. Sive enim vivæ sauciantur feræ, atque è manibus venatorum +elabuntur, sive mortuæ ex vivario sublatæ sunt (sed profusione sanguinis +utræque) isti canes odore facilè persentiscunt, & subsequuntur. Eam ob +causam ex argumento sanguinarii appellantur. Cum tamen fieri solet ut +furum astutia nullo consperso sanguine abripiatur fera, etiam sicca +hominis vestigia (2b) per extentissima spatia nullo errore sequi nôrunt, +in quantalibet multitudine secernere, per abditissima & densissima loca +appetere, & si flumina tranent etiam persequi, cumque ad ulteriorem +ripam perventum est, circuitu quodam qua fugitum est investigare, si +primo statim odore in vestigium furis non inciderint. Sic enim arte +inveniunt, quod fortuna nequeunt, ut rectè videatur ab Æliano scriptum +lib. 6. cap. 59. de animalibus, τὸ ἐνθυμητικὸν καὶ διαλεκτικὸν, καὶ +μέντοι καὶ τὸ αἱρετὸν, hoc est, considerationem, ratiocinationem, atque +etiam participationem seu arbitrium canibus hisce venaticis inesse; nec +ante cessant persequi, quàm sunt fures comprehensi. Eos luce in tenebris +habent heri, nocte producunt, quo alacriores in persequendo sint assueti +tenebris, quibus prædones delectantur maximè. Iidem, cum fures +insequuntur, non ea donantur libertate qua cum feras, nisi in magna +celeritate fugientium furum, sed loro retenti herum ducunt qua velit +ille celeritate, sive pedes sit, sive eques. In confiniis Angliæ atque +Scotiæ propter frequentia pecorum & jumentorum spolia, multus usus hujus +generis canum est, & principio discit pecudem & armentum persequi, +postea furem relicto armento. In hoc genere nullus est aquaticus +naturaliter, nisi eos ita nominare placeat, qui Lutram insequuntur, +qui subinde ripas, subinde aquas frequentant. Non recusant tamen omnes, +aviditate prædæ tranantis flumina, etiam aquis se committere. Sed hoc +desiderii potius est, quàm naturæ. Quod autem ex (3) his aliquas Brachas +nostri, Rachas Scoti sua lingua nominant, in causa sexus est, non genus. +Sic enim canes fœminas in venatico genere vocare solent nostri. Ad +postremum, in natura sagacium est, ut alii pervestigando taceant ante +excitatam feram, alii statim ad primum odorem voce prodant animal, etsi +remotum adhuc, & in cubili; & quo juniores, eo petulantioris oris & +mendacioris sunt. Ætas enim & venandi assiduitas experientiam in his +facit & certitudinem, ut in aliis omnibus, maximè, cum norint +obtemperare domino vel inhibenti vel animanti. [Agasæus.] Quod visu +lacessit, nare nihil agit, sed oculo; oculo vulpem leporemque +persequitur, oculo seligit medio de grege feram, & eam non nisi bene +saginatam & opimam oculo insequitur, oculo perditam requirit, oculo, si +quando in gregem redeat, secernit, cæteris relictis omnibus, secretamque +cursu denuo fatigat ad mortem. Agasæum nostri abs re, quòd intento sit +in feram oculo, vocant. Usus ejus est, in septentrionalibus Angliæ +partibus magis quam meridionalibus; locis planis & campestribus, quàm +dumosis & sylvestribus; equitibus magis quàm peditibus, quo ad cursum +equos incitent (quibus delectantur magis quàm ipsa præda) assuescantque +sepes fossasque inoffensè & intrepidè transilire & aufugere, quò +insessores per necessitates & pericula salutem fuga sibi quærant, aut +hostem insequendo cum velint cædant. At si quando canis aberraverit, +dato signo quàm mox accurrit, & feram de integro subsequens, clara voce, +cursuque celeri ut ante lacessit. [Leporarius.] Quod pernicitate vincit, +(3b) leporarius dicitur, quòd præcipua ejus cura, præcipuusque usus est +in persequendo lepore. Quanquam & in capiendo platycerote, cervo, +dorcade, vulpe, & hoc genus aliis feris, & viribus & memorata velocitate +valent: sed plus minus pro suo quisque desiderio, & corporis firmitudine +aut exilitate. Est enim strigosum genus: in quo alii majores sunt, alii +minores: alii pilo sessili, alii hirto. Majores majoribus, minores +minoribus feris destinamus. Cujus naturam in venatione, magnam; in hoc, +miram deprehendi: quòd (referente Joanne Froisarto historico lib. hist. +suæ 4.) leporarius Richardi secundi Anglorum regis, qui ante neminem +præter regem agnoverat, venientem Henricum Lancastriæ ducem ad castellum +Flinti ut Richardum comprehenderet, relicto Richardo, Henricum solitis +in Richardum favoribus exceperit; quasi adversitates Richardi futuras +intellexerat & præsentiscerat. Id quod Richardus probe animadvertit, +atque ut præsagium futuri interitus verbis non dissimulavit. [Levinarius +seu lorarius.] Quod sagacitate simul & pernicitate potest, & genere, & +compositione corporis medium est inter sagacem illum & leporarium, & +à levitate appellatur levinarius, à loro (quo ducitur) lorarius. Hic +propter velocitatem & gravius feram urget, & citius capit. [Vertagus.] +Quod dolo agit, vertagum nostri dicunt, quòd se, dum prædatur, vertat, +& (4) circumacto corpore, impetu quodam in ipso specus ostio feram +opprimit & intercipit. Is hoc utitur astu. Cum in vivarium cuniculorum +venit, eos non lacessit cursu, non latratu terret, nec ullas +inimicitias ostentat, sed velut amicus aliud agens, taciturna +solertia prætergreditur, observatis diligenter eorum cuniculis. Eò cum +pervenerit, ita se humi componit, ut & adversum ventum semper habeat, +& cuniculum lateat. Sic enim ille revertentis aut exeuntis cuniculi +odorem facilè sentit, & suus cuniculo omnino tollitur, & prospectu fera +fallitur. Ad hunc modum compositus canis, & prostratus, aut exeuntem +cuniculum & imprudentem in ipso specus ingressu versutè opprimit, aut +revertentem excipit, atque ad latentem herum ore perducit. Minor hic est +sagaci illo, strigosior, & erectiore aure. Corporis figura leporarium +spurium diceres, si major esset. Et quamvis eo minor multò sit, uno +tamen die tot potest capere, quot justum equi onus esse possunt. Dolus +enim illi pro virtute est, & corporis agilitas. [Canis furax.] Huic +similis canis furax est, qui jubente hero noctu progreditur, & sine +latratu odore adverse persequens cuniculos, cursu prehendit quot herus +permiserit, & ad heri stationem reportat. Vocant incolæ canem nocturnum, +quòd venetur noctu. Sed hæc de iis qui feras insequuntur. + +[Ex generosis aucupatoriis.] Qui aves, proximum locum habent. Eos +Aucupatorios dici ante proposuimus. Hi ex generosorum numero etiam sunt, +& duûm generum. Alii enim per sicca tantum venantur: (4b) Alii per aquas +tantum aves persequuntur. Qui per sicca tantum, aut libero vestigio & +latratu avem investigant & excitant, aut tacito indicio eandem +commonstrant. Primum genus Accipitri servit; secundum reti. +[Hispaniolus.] Peculiaria nomina primum genus non habet, nisi ab ave +ad quam venandam natura est propensius. Qua de causa falconarii hos +phasianarios, hos perdiciarios, vocare solent. Vulgus tamen nostrum +communi nomine Hispaniolos nominat, quasi ex Hispania productum istud +genus primo esset. Omnes maxima ex parte candidi sunt: & si quas maculas +habeant, rubræ sunt, raræ, & majores. Sunt & ruffi atque nigri, sed +perpauci. Est & hodie novum genus ex Gallia advectum (ut novitatis omnes +sumus studiosi) sed ex toto in albo obfuscatum maculosè, quem Gallicanum +vocitamus. [Index.] Secundum genus est, quod tacito pede atque ore avem +quærit, & nutum juvantis heri sequitur, vel promovendo se, vel +reducendo, vel in alterutram partem dextram aut sinistram declinando. +Cum avem dico, Perdicem & Coturnicem intelligo. Cum invenerit, cauto +silentio, suspenso vestigio, & occulto speculatu, humiliando se +prorepit, & cum propè est, procumbit, & pedis indicio locum stationis +avium prodit: unde canem indicem vocare placuit. Loco commonstrato, +auceps exporrectum rete avi inducit. Quo facto, canis ad consuetum heri +indicium seu vocabulum quam mox assurgit, & propinquiori præsentia aves +perturbat, atque ut inexplicabilius irretiantur, facit. [Lepus tympanum +pulsat.] Quod artificium in (5) cane, animali domestico, mirum videri +non debet, cum & lepus agreste animal, & saltare, & tympanum +anterioribus pedibus numero pulsare tympanistarum more, & canem dente +atque ungue petere, pedibusque crudeliter cædere, in Anglia visus est +omnium admiratione, anno salutis nostræ 1564. Nec est vanum istud, eoque +relatum lubentius, quòd operæ pretium putarem, nihil prætereundum esse, +in quo naturæ spectanda sit providentia. [Aquaticus seu inquisitor.] Qui +per aquas aucupatur propensione naturali accedente mediocri documento, +major his est, & promisso naturaliter hirtus pilo. Ego tamen ab armis ad +posteriores suffragines, caudamque extremam, ad te (Gesnere) detonsum +pinxi, ut usus noster postulat, quo pilis nudus expeditior sit, & minus +per natationes retardetur. Aquaticus à nostris appellatur, ab aquis quas +frequentat sumpta appellatione. Eo aut aves in aquis aucupamur (& +præcipue anates; unde etiam anatarius dicitur, quod id excellenter +facit) aut Scorpione occisas educimus, aut spicula sagittasve fallente +ictu recuperamus, aut amissa requirimus: quo nomine & canes inquisitores +eosdem appellamus. [Anatum fallaciæ.] Quanquam Anas & canem & aucupem +quoque egregiè subinde fallat, tum urinando, tum etiam dolo naturali. +Etenim si quis hominum, ubi incubant aut excludunt, propinquabit, +egressæ matres venientibus se sponte offerunt, & simulata debilitate vel +pedum vel alarum, (5b) quasi statim capi possint, egressus fingunt +tardiores. Hoc mendacio sollicitant obvios, & eludunt, quoad profecti +longius, à nidis avocentur; caventque diligenter revertendo, ne indicium +loci conversatio frequens faciat. [Anaticularum providentia.] Nec +anaticularum studium segnius ad cavendum. Cum enim visas se +persentiscunt, sub cespitem confugiunt aut carectum, quorum obtectu tam +callidè proteguntur, ut lateant etiam deprehensæ, nisi fraudem canis +odore detegat. [Canis piscator.] Canem piscatorem (de quo scribit Hector +Boethus) qui inter saxa pisces odore perquirit, nullum planè novi inter +nostros, neque ex relatione aliquando audivi, etsi in ea re perscrutanda +perdiscendaque diligentior fuerim inter piscatores & venatores: [Lutra.] +nisi Lutram piscem dicas, ut à multis creditur: [Pupinus.] quo modo & +Pupinus avis piscis esse dicitur & habetur. Sed qui perquirit piscem (si +quis perquirat) venationisne causa, an famis faciat, more cæterorum +canum, qui per inediam cadaverum morticinam carnem appetere solent, tum +demum ad te scribam, cum de ea re certior fiam. Interim id scio, Ælianum +& Aetium Lutram κύνα ποτάμιον solere appellare. Intelligo etiam Lutram +hoc habere cum cane commune, quòd per inopiam piscium excursiones in +terram faciat, atque agnos laniet, rursusque ad aquam satur redeat. +Sed inter nostros canes is non est. [Phoca.] Phoca etiam inter scopulos +atque saxa prædatur piscem, sed in numero canum nostratium habitus non +est, etsi canis marinus à nostris (6) appelletur. [Ex generosis +delicatis, Melitæus seu fotor.] Est & aliud genus canum generosorum apud +nos, sed extra horum ordinem, quos Melitæos Callimachus vocat, à Melita +insula in freto Siculo (quæ hodie usu derivante Malta vulgo dicitur, & +christiano milite nobilis existit) unde ortum id genus habuit maximè: +atque à Melita Siculi Pachyni, ut author Strabo est. Perexiguum id est +planè, & fœminarum lusibus ac deliciis tantum expetitum, quibus, quo +minus est, eo gratius est, ut sinu gestent in cubiculis, & manu in +pilentis, genus sanè ad omnia inutile, nisi quòd stomachi dolorem sedat, +applicatum sæpius, aut in sinu ægri gestatum frequentius, caloris +moderatione. Quin & transire quoque morbos ægritudine eorum +intelligitur, plerumque & morte: quasi malo in eos transeunte caloris +similitudine. + +Generosorum canum genus jam explicui: Nunc rusticum adjicio. [Ex +rusticis.] In eo memorabilia duo tantum genera sunt: pecuarium seu +pastorale, & villaticum seu Molossum: alterum ad propellendas injurias +ferarum, alterum adversus insidias hominum utile. [Pastoralis.] +Pastorale nostrum mediocre est, quòd illi cum Lupo, naturali pecori +inimico, res non est, cum apud nos nullus est, beneficio optimi +principis Edgari, qui, quò genus universum deleretur, Cambris (apud quos +in magna copia erant) vectigalis nomine in annos imperavit trecentos +lupos. [Lupi nulli in Britannia.] Sunt qui scribunt Ludwallum Cambriæ +principem pendisse annuatim Edgaro regi 3000 luporum tributi nomine, +atque ita annis quatuor omnem Cambriam atque adeo omnem Angliam orbasse +lupis. [Edgarus.] Regnavit autem Edgarus circiter annum (6b) Domini 959. +A quo tempore non legimus nativum in Anglia visum lupum: advectum tamen +quæstus faciundi causa ex alienis regionibus, ut spectetur tantum, +tanquam animal rarum & incognitum, sæpius vidimus. Sed ad canem +pastoralem. Is ad certam heri jubentis vocem, aut ex pugno concluso & +inflato clariorem sibilum, errantes oves in eum locum redigit, in quem +pastor maximè desiderat; sic ut levi negotio, & immoto ferè pede, pastor +quo velit modo ovibus moderetur, vel ut se promoveant, vel gradum +sistant, pedem referant, vel in hanc illamve partem se inclinent. Etenim +non ut in Gallia & Germania, non ut in Syria & Tartaria, sic in Anglia +quoque oves pastorem sequuntur, sed contra, pastor oves. Quandoque etiam +nullo procurrente aut circumeunte cane, ad solum ex pugno sibilum sese +congregant palantes oves, metu canis credo, memores unà cum sibilo +prodire quoque & canem solere. Id quod in itinere diligenter sæpius +observavimus, ad pastoris sibilum refrænantes equos, quo videremus rei +experimentum. Eodem etiam cane ovem vel mactandum prehendit, vel +sanandum pastor capit, nulla prorsus læsione. + +[Villaticus seu Catenarius.] Villaticum vastum genus est & robustum, +corpore quidem grave & parum velox, sed aspectu truculentum, voce +terrificum, & quovis Arcadico (qui tamen ex leonibus creditur provenire) +potentius atque acrius. Quòd villis fideliter custodiendis (7) +destinamus, cum metus est à furibus, villaticum appellamus. His quoque +utile id est contra vulpem atque taxum, qui rem pecuariam faciunt. Valet +etiam ad sues agrestes persequendos, domesticos è frugibus aut arvis +abigendos, taurosque capiendos atque retinendos, cum usus aut venatio +postulat, singuli singulos, aut summum duo singulos, quamvis +intractabiles. Est enim acerrimum genus & violentum, formidabile etiam +homini, quem non reformidat. Neque enim ad arma expavescit; quóque +acrius fiat, assuescunt nostri naturam arte & consuetudine juvare. +Etenim ursos, tauros, arctylos, aliaque fera animalia, præfectis +certaminum arctophylacibus, nullo millo, nullo corio defenses exagitare: +sæpe etiam cum homine sude, clava, enseve armato concertare decent, +atque ita ferociores acrioresque reddunt, & imperterritos faciunt. Vis +illis supra fidem, & pertinax mordacitas, usque adeo ut tres ursum, +quatuor vel leonem comprehendant. [Henricus septimus.] Quod videns +aliquando (ut fama est) HENRICUS septimus, Angliæ rex prudentissimus, +quotquot erant suspendi jussit, indignatus ut infimi & ignobilis generis +canes, generoso leoni, & animalium regi violentiam inferant: memorabili +exemplo subditorum, ne quid contra regem gens rebellis audeat. Haud +absimilis etiam historia de eo fertur, quod falconem quendam suum, +à falconariis vehementer laudatum, quòd in aquilam quid (7b) auderet, +quam mox occidi jussit, ob eandem rationem. Hoc genus canis, etiam +catenarium, à catena ligamento, qua ad januas interdiu detinetur, +ne solutum lædat, & tamen latratu terreat, appellatur. [Cicero.] Et +quanquam Cicero pro S. Ross. opinetur, si canes luce latrent, iis crura +suffringantur, nostri tamen homines propter securitatem vitæ atque rei +longe aliter sentiunt. [Fures.] Nam furum apud nos plena sunt omnia, +etiam luce, neque infamem mortem suspendia metuunt. In causa est non +curta res solum, sed vestis vitæque luxus atque fastus etiam, sed +petulantia, sed otium & superbia Salaconum μεγαλοῤῥούντων, qui nihil +aliud quàm ut equi insultare solo & gressus glomerare superbos, quàm +gyro breviori flecti, qui nihil aliud quàm cevere, quàm otiosè +mendicando accusata non merente corporis infirmitate spoliare. +[Valentinianus.] Sed his Valentinianus imperator benè prospexit, legibus +latis, ut qui nullo corporis morbo laborantes, corporis infirmitatem +desidiosi ignavique prætexentes, mendicarent, perpetui colono ei +inservirent, qui eorum ignaviam proderet atque accusaret, ne eorum +desidia onerosa populo, odiosave sit exemplo. [Alfredi vigilantia.] +Alfredus quoque regno administrando tanta vigilantia justitiaque usus +est, ut si quis per vias publicas incedens, marsupium auro plenum +vesperi perdidisset, manè, atque adeo post mensem unum, integrum & +intactum inveniret, uti Ingulphus Croylandensis in historia refert. +Nostra autem ætate, nihil ferè securum, ne in ædibus quidem, quamvis +accuratè conclusis. [Canis custos.] Custos quoque (Græcis οἰκουρὸς) +a (8) custodiendis non solum villis, sed & mercatorum ædibus, & quibus +ampla res est domi, canis iste nominatur. Eam ob rem canes publicæ +alebantur Romæ in Capitolio, ut significent si fures venerint. [Canis +laniarius.] Dicitur & Laniarium, quòd eorum usus multus sit laniis +agendis & capiendis bestiis. [Molossicus.] Sed & Molossicum quoque & +Molossum latinis dicitur, à Molossia Epiri regione, ubi hoc genus canes +boni & acres erant. [Mandatarius.] Est ex hoc genere quem Mandatarium ex +argumento appellamus: quòd domini mandato literas aliasve res de loco in +locum transferat, vel mellio inclusas, vel eidem alligatas. Quæ ne +intercipiantur, vel pugna, vel fuga si impar sit, diligenter cavet. +[Lunarius.] Est & Lunarium, quòd nihil aliud quàm excubias agit, quàm +insomnes noctes totas protrahit baubando ad lunam, ut Nonii verbo utar. +[Aquarius.] Ex quibus grandiores atque graviores, etiam rotæ amplioris +circumactu, aquam ex altis puteis ad usus rusticos hauriunt, quos +Aquarios appellamus ex officio: [Sarcinarius.] & sarctores ærarios vagos +manticis ferendis memorabili patientia levant; à qua re sarcinarios +nuncupamus. Præter has villaticorum qualitates atque usus, hanc unam +habent præcipuam, quòd amantes dominorum sunt, & odium gerant in +externos. [Defensor.] Quo fit ut per itinera dominis in præsidio sunt, +quos à furibus defendunt, vivos salvosque conservant: a qua re etiam +canes defensores jure dici possunt. [Canum amor & fides.] At si quando +vel multitudine, vel majori vi opprimatur dominus atque concidat, usu +compertum (8b) est, herum non deserere ne mortuum quidem, sed eum ad +multos dies per famis & cœli injuriæ patientiam peramanter observare, +& homicidam, si occasio dabitur, interficere, aut saltem prodere vel +latratu, vel ira, vel hostili insultu, quasi mortem heri ulturum. +[Kingestoune.] Hujus rei exemplo fuit nostra memoria canis cujusdam +viatoris, qui Londino recta Kingestonum, octo regum coronatione +percelebre oppidum, profecturus, cum bonam itineris partem confecisset, +latronum insidiis in Comparco, valli amplo & spatioso, nemoribus obsito, +& latrociniis infami loco, occubuit. Canis item ille Britannus genere, +quem Blondus sua memoria scribit, non longe Parisiis hero à rivali +interempto, & homicidam prodidisse, & ni canis ultionem homicida +deprecatus esset, jugulaturum fuisse. In incendiis quoque in conticinio +seu intempesta nocte incidentibus, eo usque latrant annosi canes, etiam +prohibiti, dum à domesticis excitatis percipiatur focus; & tum sua +sponte cessant à latratu, quod usu compertum est in Britannia. Nec minor +erat fides in eo cane qui domino profundam foveam per venatum incidenti +nunquam abfuit, dum sui unius indicio sublatus is per funem fuit: in +quem, cum oris cavernæ proximus esset, insiliebat canis, tanquam ulnis +amplexurus revertentem herum, impatiens longioris moræ. [Canum ingenia.] +Sunt qui focum non patiuntur dissipari, sed prunas in focum pede +removent, prius cogitabundi (9) aspicientes qua ratione id possit à se +fieri. Quod si pruna ardentior fuerit, cinere obruunt, ac dein nare in +locum promovent. Sunt quoque qui noctu villici officium præstant. Cum +enim lectum petit herus, & omnia centum ærei claudunt vectes, æternaque +ferri robora, nec custos absistit limine Janus (ut scribit Virgilius) +tum si prodire jubeat herus canem, is per fundos omnes oberrat, quovis +villico diligentior, & si alienum quid invenerit sive hominem, sive +bestiam, abigit, domesticis relictis animalibus atque servis. Sed quanta +in his fidelitas, tanta varietas in ingeniis. Nam sunt qui ore infræno +latrent tantum nullo morsu; verum hi minus tremendi, quòd timidiores +sunt. Canes enim timidi vehementius latrant, ut est in proverbio. Sunt +qui latrent atque mordeant. Ab his cavendum quidem, quia admonent futuræ +injuriæ, sed non lacessendum, quoniam ira concitantur ad dentem, ipsi +etiam natura acerbiores. Sunt qui sine voce prosiliunt, impetu involant, +jugulum petunt, & crudelius lacerant. Hos formidato, quia ammosiores +sunt, & incautos opprimunt. [Notæ ignaviæ aut audaciæ.] Istis notis +ignavum genus a strenuo, audax a timido discernunt nostri. Etenim ex +malo genere, ne catulum quidem habendum existimant, quòd nullum +necessariis usibus humanis commodiorem canem isto putent. Nam si quis +commemoratos eorum usus ad summas velit revocare, quis hominum clarius +aut tanta vociferatione bestiam vel furem prædicat, quam iste latratu? +quis domitor ferarum potentior? quis famulus (9b) amantior domini? quis +fidelior comes? quis custos incorruptior? quis excubitor vigilantior? +quis ultor aut vindex constantior? quis nuncius expeditior? quis +aquarius laboriosior? quis denique sarctor ærarius gestandis sarcinis +tolerantior? Atque hæc quidem de canibus Britannicis generosis atque +rusticis, qui genus suum servant, diximus. [Ex degeneribus.] De +degeneribus, & ex horum diverso genere mixtis, quòd nullam insignem veri +generis qualitatem formamque referant, non est quod velim plura +scribere, sed ut inutiles ablegare, nisi quòd vel advenas latratu +excipiant, etiam luce, & eorum adventus domesticos commonefaciant, +[Admonitor.] unde canes admonitores appellamus: vel quòd in officio +culinario, cum assandum est, inserviant, & rota minore gradiendo, verua +circumagant, pondereque suo æquabiliter versent, ut ne calo aut lixa +quidem artificiosius; [Versator.] quos hinc canes versatores, seu +veruversatores nostrum vulgus nominat: postremos omnium generum, quæ +primo memoravimus. [Tympanista.] Sunt etiam canes nostri degeneres & ad +tympanum saltare, & ad lyræ modos se movere docti, multaque alia erecti +pronique facere, quæ à vagis quæstuosisque heris exequi didicerunt. +[Lyciscus.] Lyciscum nullum istic in Anglia habemus nativum, ut ne lupum +quidem ut est ante comprehensum, nec aliud genus ullum præter Lacænam & +Urcanum: [Lacæna.] illam ex cane & vulpe (quam multam habet Anglia, & +domi inter canes vel animi vel morbi causa sæpè alit) [Urcanus.] hunc ex +urso & cane catenario; quos licet inimicos, pruriens tamen libido sæpè +ita hic conjungit, ut alibi solet. Nam cum tigride Hircanos, cum leone +Arcadicos, cum lupo Gallicos commiscuisse (10) legimus. In hominibus +quoque quibus ratio est, inimicos animos conciliat stulta illa res & +naturalis, ut Moria loquitur. Est hic urcanus, sæva bestia, & +intractabilis iræ (ut Gratii poetæ verbis utar) cæteros canes nostros +omnes feroci crudelitate superans, vel aspectus torvitate terribilis, in +pugna acris & vehemens, tantaque mordacitate, ut citius discerpas quàm +dissolvas; nec lupum nec taurum, ursum aut leonem reformidat: vel cum +cane illo Alexandri Indico certe conferendus. Sed de his hactenus ut de +Britannicis verba fecimus. [Externi canes.] Externos aliquos & eos +majusculos, Islandicos dico & Littuanicos, usus dudum recepit: quibus +toto corpore hirtis, ob promissum longumque pilum, nec vultus est, nec +figura corporis. [Externa prælata.] Multis tamen quòd peregrini sunt, & +grati sunt, & in Melitæorum locum assumpti sunt: usque adeo deditum est +humanum genus etiam sine ratione novitatibus. ἐρῶμεν ἀλλοτρίων, +παρορῶμεν συγγενεῖς, miramur aliena, nostra non diligimus. Neque hoc in +canibus solum, sed in artificibus quoque usu venit. Nostros enim licet +doctos & peritos fastidimus, belluam è longinqua barbarie alienoque solo +profectam (10b) tanquam asinum Cumani, aut hominem Thalem, nostri +suspiciunt. Id quod Hippocrates sub initio libri sui περὶ ἀγμῶν recte +sua ætate observavit, & nos libello nostro seu consilio de Ephemera +Britannica ad populum Britannicum copiosius explicuimus. Atque in hoc +genere quo quisque indoctior, audacior, incogitantior, hoc pluris fit +apud nostros, atque etiam apud torquatos istos principes atque proceres. +Cæterum de externis canibus nihil dico, quòd de Britannicis tantum voto +tuo satisfacere studeo, Conrade vir doctissime. [Canis Getulus.] Inter +ea tamen quæ aliàs ad te dedi, de cane Getulo seorsum scripsi, quòd rara +species ejus videbatur. De cætero genere, ipse plenissimè scribis. Verum +cum longius jam produximus hunc libellum quàm priorem ad te, brevius +tamen quam pro natura rei, quòd habuimus rationem studiorum tuorum, +memoriæ causa quæ de canibus Britannicis diximus, in diagramma +reducemus. Et quia vulgaribus nominibus delectaris, ut ex literis tuis +didici, ea quoque Latinis apponemus, & singulorum rationes exponemus, +quo nihil tibi sit incognitum aut desideratum. + + +Canes ergo Britannici, aut sunt + + { Nomina + { Latina + { Anglica + + Generosi. + Venatici. + Sagax. + Hunde + Terrarius. + Terrare. + Leverarius. + Harier. + Sanguinarius. + Blud-hunde. + Agasæus. + Gasehunde. + Leporarius. + Grehunde. + Levinarius seu Lorarius. + Leviner, or Lyemmer. + Vertagus. + Tumbler. + Aucupatorii. + Hispaniolus. + Spainel. + Index. + Setter. + Aquaticus, seu Inquisitor. + Water-spainel, or Fynder. + Delicati. + Melitæus, seu Fotor. + Spainel-gentle, or Comforter. + Rustici. + Pastoralis. + Shepherd’s Dog. + Villaticus, seu Catenarius. + Mastive, or Bandedog. + Degeneres. + Admonitor. + Wappe. + Versator. + Turn-spit. + Saltator. + Dancer. + + +Ista vocabula nostratia cum nihil apud te, hominem (11) peregrinum, +loquantur sine interpretatione, ut Latinorum vocabulorum rationem prius +reddidimus, ita Anglicorum jam reddemus, quo tibi pateant universa, eo +etiam quo prius observato ordine. + +[Sagax.] Hunde igitur (quem inter venaticos sagacem diximus) a verbo +nostro hunte, quod apud nostros venari significat, unica tantum immutata +litera derivata appellatione, nomen habet. Quod si a vocabulo vestrati +hunde, (quod canem in universum apud vos significat) propter vocum +similitudinem appellari credas (mi Gesnere) ut non magnopere repugnabo, +cum adhuc retinemus multa Germanica vocabula, a Saxonibus cum Angliam +occuparunt nobis relicta, ita illud admonebo, commune quidem nomen canis +apud nos dogge esse, venatici vero canis hunde. + +[Agasæus.] Similiter à verbo nostrati, Gase, (quòd fixius rem aliquam & +attentius contueri est) Gasehunde appellatur nostris, quem ante Agasæum +nominari diximus. Neque enim odoratu, sed prospectu attento & diligenti +feram persequitur iste canis, ut jam ante memoravimus; etsi non sum +nescius etiam apud Latinos Agasæi vocabulum inter canum nomina reperiri. + +[Leporarius.] A Gre quoque, Grehunde apud nostros invenit nomen, quod +præcipui gradus inter canes sit, & primæ generositatis. (11b) Gre enim +apud nostros gradum denotat. Hunc latinè Leporarium dicebamus. + +[Levinarius.] A levitate Leviner, à loro Lyemmer, appellatur is quem +Levinarium & Lorarium latinè nominavimus. Nam Lyemme nostra lingua, +Lorum significat. Quod autem a levitate Leviner, hoc est a latina voce +Britannicam, diducimus: cur in libris nostris sparsim a Græcis +dictionibus & Latinis Italicis & Germanicis, Gallicis & Hispanicis +nostratia multa derivamus, unde ortum eadem multa habuerunt: [Lib. de +symphonia.] & quemadmodum ab origine sua etiam multa per corruptionem +jam declinarunt, libello nostro de symphonia seu consonantia vocum +Britannicarum fusius explicabimus. + +[Vertagus.] Postremus inter venaticos Vertagus est, quem Tumbler +vocitamus; quòd tumble apud nos vertere est Latinis, & tumbiere Gallis, +unde ortum habet id nomen Tumbler, mutata vocali in liquidam nostro +more: contra quàm in lingua Gallica & Italica, in quibus liquida ante +vocalem, magna ex parte in aliam vocalem vertitur, ut impiere & piano, +pro implere & plano, quæ exempli gratia adduce, cum infinita sint. + +[Aucupatorii.] Post Venaticos sequuntur Aucupatorii; inter quos primus +est Hispaniolus, quem ab Hispania voce nomen accepisse prius diximus. +Nostri omissa aspiratione & prima vocali, Spainel & Spaniel expediti +sermonis causa proferunt. + +[Index.] Secundus Index, quem nostri a Setter nominare solent, a verbo +sette, quod locum designare nostris Britannis significat. + +[Aquaticus.] (12) Post hunc subsequitur aquaticus, hoc est a +Waterspainel, a vocibus Water & Spaine (hoc est aqua & Hispania) deducto +nomine. Nam aqua, in qua se exercet canis iste, Water; & Hispania (unde +primum genus hoc tractum ex nomine creditur) Spaine apud nostros +vocitatur. Non quòd isti canes non sint etiam nativi in Britannia, sed +quòd generale & commune nomen canum, qui ex Hispania primò profecti +putantur, istæ canum species (ut & cæteri Aucupatorii) adhuc vulgo +referunt, etsi in Britannia oriantur, & peculiari aliqua vocis nota, +aut qualitatis indicio secernantur apud nos; ut est ista species vocis +Water, hoc est aquæ, appositione. [Inquisitor.] Alio etiam nomine a +Finder canis iste appellatur, quòd quærendo invenit res deperditas, quæ +res nostris, fynde, hoc est invenire, dicitur. Nos tamen ab inquirendo +latinum nomen huic fecimus, quòd præcipua pars inventionis in inquirendo +est. + +A venaticis & aucupatoriis transitus est ad Delicatos, Rusticos, & +Degeneres. [Delicati.] Delicatum, Melitæum & Spainel gentle, hoc est +Hispaniolum generosum, nominavimus, à generositatis nomine data +appellatione, quòd inter nobiles viros atque fœminas versari, & iis in +deliciis atque ad lusus esse consuevit: ut erat illud Gorgonis κυνίδιον +apud Theocritum in Syracusiis, quod discedens servæ diligentiæ pari cura +cum infante commiserat, ut catellum quidem illa intro revocaret, puerum +verò vagientem placaret. Ad alia omnia (12b) inutilis canis iste est, +nisi ad ea quæ jam ante diximus, nisi ad fovendum stomachum debilitatum +frigore, nisi ad prodendum adulterium, quod fecisse hujus generis +catellum quendam Siculum refert Ælianus, libro septimo, capite vicesimo +quinto animalium. + +[Rustici.] Rusticos, Shepeherdes dogges, Mastives, & Bandedogges +nominavimus: illorum quidem deducto nomine a pastore, qui Shepeherde +apud nos dicitur, quòd custodit oves, quæ nostris, Shepe, appellantur: +istorum a ligamento, quod Bande, & Sagina, quod maste, villicis nostris +hominibus dicitur. Est enim crassum genus canum, & bene saginatum +catenarium hoc. Etsi non sum nescius Augustinum Niphum, Mastinum +(mastivum nostri dicunt) pecuarium existimare: & Albertum Lyciscum ex +cane & lupo genitum esse scribere: quamvis idem pro Molosso magna ex +parte vertat. + +[Versator.] Ad postremum, degeneres Wappe & Turnespete nominari +dicebamus: hunc a verbo nostrati turne, quòd est verto & spete, seu +spede ad imitationem Italorum, quod veru dicitur; illum a naturali canis +voce Wau, quam in latratu edit admonendo. Unde, originaliter Waupe +dicendum fuit. Sed euphoniæ bonæque consonantiæ gratia, vocali in +consonantem mutata, Wappe a nostris vocitatur. Etsi non me fugit Nonium, +a voce naturali Bau, formare suum baubari, non a Wau, quemadmodum & +Græci à suo βαύζειν. + +[Saltator.] (13) Jam verò quod dansare nostris, saltare sit Latinis, si +didiceris, non est de canis saltatoris nostrati nomine amplius quod ipse +expetas. + +Ita habes (mi Gesnere) non solum canum nostratium genera, sed & nomina +quoque Latina atque Anglica, officia atque usus, differentias atque +mores, naturas & ingenia, ut non sit quod desideres in hoc argumento +amplius. Et quanquam forsan omni ex parte non satisfecerim tibi in +edendo (cui in desideriis omnis festinatio in mora esse videatur) quòd +inhibuerim editionem rudioris illius libelli, quem ad te tanquam ad +privatum amicum, non ad editionem publicam ante annos quinque dederim; +tamen in hoc spero me satisfecisse tibi, quòd mora fecit aliquanto +meliorem, & δεύτεραι φροντίδες lectu commodiorem. + + + _Joannis Caii Britanni de Canibus Britannicis libelli finis._ + + _Iste liber scriptus fuit ante mortem Gesneri, etsi non ante + publicatus, ut est ille de rariorum animalium atque + stirpium historia._ + + + + + In lib. Ioannis Caij Britanni + _de canibus Britannicis,_ + _index._ + + + A + + Admonitor. Fol. 9.a + Agasæus. 3.a. 11.a + Alfredi iustitia in fures. 7.b + Anatis providentia. 5.a + Anaticularum fallatiæ. 5.b + Aquaticus canis. 5.a. 12.a + Aquarius. 8.a + Aucupatorij. 11.b + + B + + Blondus. 8.b + Bracha. 2.b + + C + + Canis cathenarius. 6.b + Canis tympanista. 9.b + Canis custos. 7.b + Canes externi. 10.a + Canis defensor. 8.a + Canis Lucernarius. 8.a + Canis mandatarius. 8.a + Canis piscator. 5.b + Canis pastoralis. 6.a + Canis Getulus. 10.a + Canis sarcinarius. 8.a + Canis timidus quo modo à strenuo + discernendus. 9.a + Canis ultor. 8.b + Canis index. 4.b + Canis excubitor. 8.a + Canis furax. 4.a + Comparcum. 8.b + + D + + Degeneres canes. 9.a + Delicatus canis. 6.a. 12.a + Defensor. 8.a + + E + + Edgarus rex lupos sustulit. 6.b + Excubitor canis. 8.a + Externi canes. 10.a + Externa prælata. 10.a + + F + + Fotor. 6.a + Furum plena omnia. 7.b + + G + + Generosi venatici. 1.b + Generosi aucupatorij. 4.a + Generosi delicati. 6.a + Getulus canis. 10.a + + H + + Henrici septimi exemplum castigatæ + rebellionis. 7.a + Hispaniolus. 4.b + + I + + Index canis. 4.b. 11.b + Ingulphus Croylandensis historicus. 7.b + Inquisitor. 5.a. & 12.a + Islandicus canis. 10.a + + K + + Kyngeston, seu Kingestoune, octo regum (Edwardi + primi, Athelstani, Edmundi, Aldredi, Edwini, + Edgari, Edeldredi, Edwardi cognomento ferrei + lateris) coronatione percelebre oppidum. + 8.b + + L + + Laniarius. 8.a + Lacæna. 9.b + Leverarius. 2.a + Leporarius. 3.b. 11.a + Henrici secundi. 3.b + Levinarius. 3.b. 11.b + Lepus tympanista. 5.a + Liber de symphonia vocum Britannicarum. 11.b + Littuanicus canis. 10.a + Lorarius. 3.b + Lupos ex Anglia sustulit Edgarus rex. 6.a + Lupi nulli in Britannia. 6.a + Lutra an piscis? an canis piscator? 5.b + Lucernarius. 8.a + Lunarius. 8.a + Lyciscus. 9.a + + M + + Mandatarius. 8.a + Melitæus. 6.a + Mendici valentes. 7.b + Molossus. 6.a. &. b. &. 8.a + + O + + οἰκουρός. 8.a + Oves pastorem sequentes. 6.b + + P + + Pastoralis canis. 6.a + Phoca. 5.b + Pupinus piscis & avis. 5.b + Pervigil canis. 8.a + + R + + Rustici canes. 6.a. 11.b + Rebellionis exemplum castigatum. 7.a + + S + + Sagax. 1.b. 11.a + Saltator. 9.a. 12.b + Salacones. 7.b + Sanguinarius. 2.a + Sarcinarius. 8.a + + T + + Terrarius. 2.a + Tympanista. 9.a + + V + + Valentiniani imperatoris in validos + mendicos lex. 7.b + Venatici canes. 1.b + Vertagus. 3.b. 11.b + Versator. 9.b. 12.b + Villaticus. 6.b + Vrcanus. 9.b + + +_Indicis finis._ + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + Of Englishe Dogges, + _the diuersities, the names,_ + +the natures, and the properties.+ + + A Short + _Treatise written in latine_ + + +by Iohannes Caius of late + memorie, Doctor of Phisicke + in the Uniuersitie + of Cambridge,+ + + +And newly drawne into Englishe + by Abraham Fleming + Student.+ + + _Natura etiam in brutis vin + ostendit suam._ + + Scene and allowed. + + ¶ Imprinted at London + + +by Rychard Johnes, and are to be + solde ouer against S. Sepulchres + Church without Newgate.+ + 1576. + + + + +¶ A Prosopopoicall speache _of the Booke._ + + Some tell of starres th’influence straunge, + Some tell of byrdes which flie in th’ayre, + Some tell of beastes on land which raunge, + Some tell of fishe in riuers fayre, + Some tell of serpentes sundry sortes, + Some tell of plantes the full effect, + Of English dogges I sound reportes, + Their names and natures I detect, + My forhed is but baulde and bare: + But yet my body’s beutifull, + For pleasaunt flowres in me there are, + And not so fyne as plentifull: + And though my garden plot so greene, + Of dogges receaue the trampling feete, + Yet is it swept and kept full cleene, + So that it yeelds a sauour sweete. + + _Ab. Fle._ + + + + +DOCTISSIMO VIRO, ET + + Patrono suo singulari D. Perne, E- + _liensis ecclesiæ Cathedralis dignissi-_ + mo Decano, Abrahamus Flemingus, + ευδαιμονιαν. + + +Scripsit non multis abhinc annis (optime Patrone) et non impolitè +scripsit, vir omnibus optimarum literarum remis instructissimus, de +doctorum grege non malè meritus, tuæ dignitati familiaritatis nexu +coniunctissimus, clarissimum Cantabrigiensis academiæ lumen, gẽma, +et gloria, Johannes Caius, ad Conradum Gesnerum summum suum, hominem +peritissimum, indagatorem rerum reconditarum sagacissimum, pulcherrimaq. +historiarum naturalium panoplia exornatũ, epitomen de canibus +Britannicis non tam breuem quàm elegantem, et vtilem, epitomen inquam +variis variorum experimentorum argumentis concinnatam; in cuius +titulum cũ forte incidissem, et nouitate rei nonnihil delectarer, +interpretationem Anglicam aggressus sum. Postquam vero finem penso +imposuissem, repentina quædam de opusculi dedicatione cogitatio +oboriebatur tãdemque post multas multarum rerum iactationes, +beneficiorum tuorum (Ornatissime vir) vnica recordatio, instar +rutilantis stellæ, quæ radiorum splendore quaslibet caliginosas +teterrimæ obliuionis nebulas dissipat, et memoriæ serenitatem, plusquã +solarem, inducit, mihi illuxit; nec nõ officii ratio quæ funestissimis +insensæ fortunæ fulminibus conquassata, lacerata, et convulsa, penè +perierat, fractas vires multumq. debilitatas colligebat, pristinum +robur recuperauit, tandemque aliquando ex Lethea illa palude neruose +emergebat, atque eluctata est. Quã voraginẽ simulatque euaserat, sic +effloruit, adeoque increuit, vt vnamquamque animi mei cellulã in sui +ditionem atque imperii amplitudinem raperet. Nunc vero in contemplatione +meritorum tuorum versari non desino, quorum magnitudinem nescio an tam +tenui et leuidensi orationis filo possim circumscribere: Hoc, Ædepol, +me non mediocriter mouet, non leuiter torquet, non languide pungit. Est +præterea alia causa quæ mihi scrupulum injicit, et quodammodo exulcerat, +ingrati nempe animi suspicio a qua, tanquam ab aliqua Lernæa Hydra, +pedibus (vt aiunt) Achilleis semper fugi, et tamẽ valde pertimesco ne +officij mora et procrastinatio (vt ita dicam) obscænam securitatis labem +nomini meo inurat, eoque magis expauesco quod peruulgatum illud atque +decantatum poetæ carmen memoriæ occurrebat. + + Dedecus est semper sumere nilque dare. + +Sed (Ornatissime vir) quemadmodũ metus illius mali me magnopere +affligebat atque fodicabat, ita spes alterius boni, nempe humanitatis +tuæ, qua cæteris multis interuallis præluxeris, erigit suffulcitque: +Ea etiam spes alma et opima iubet et hortatur aliquod quale quale sit, +officij specimen cum allacritate animi prodere. Hisce itaque +persuasionibus victus me morigerum præbui, absolutamque de canibus +Britannicis interpretationẽ Anglicam, tibi potissimum vtpote patrono +singulari, et vnico Mæcenati dedicandũ proposui: non quod tam ieiuno et +exili munere immensum meritorum tuorum mare metiri machiner, non quod +religiosas aures sacratasque, prophanæ paginæ explicatione obtundere +cupiam, nec quod nugatoriis friuolisque narrationibus te delectari +arbitrer, cum in diuinioribus excercitationibus totus sis: sed potius +(cedat fides dicto) quod insignis ille egregiusque liber alium artium, +et præcipuè medicæ facultatis princeps (qui hoc opusculum contexuit) ita +viguit dum vixerat adeoque inclaruit, vt haud scio (vt ingenué fatear +quod sentio) an post funera parem sibi superstitem reliquerit. Deinde +quod hunc libellum summo studio et industria elaboratum in transmarinas +regiones miserat, ad hominem omni literarum genere, et præsertim +occultarũ rerum cognitione, quæ intimis naturæ visceribus et medullis +insederat (O ingeniũ niueo lapillo dignũ) cuius difficultates +Laberyntheis anfractibus flexuosisque recessibus impeditas perscrutari +et iuuestigare (deus bone, quam ingẽs labor, quam infinitum opus,) +excultum, Conradum Gesnerum scriberet, qui tantam gratiam conciliauit vt +non solum amicissimo osculo exciperet, sed etiam stud lose lectitaret, +accuratè vteretur, inexhaustis denique viribus, tanquam perspicacissimus +draco vellus aureum, et oculis plusquam aquilinis custodiret, Postremo +quemadmodum hanc epitomen a viro verè docto ad virum summa nominis +celebritate decoratum scriptam fuisse accepimus, ita eandem ipsam (pro +titulo Britannico) Britãnico sermone, licet ineleganti, vsitata et +populari, ab esuriente Rhetore donatam, tuis (eruditissime vir) manibus +commendo vt tuo sub patrocino in has atque illas regionis nostræ partes +intrepide proficiscatur: obtestorque vt hunc libellum, humilem et +obscuram inscriptionem gerentem, argumentum nouum et antehæc non auditum +complectientem, ab omni tamen Sybaritica obscœnitate remotissimum, æqui +bonique consulas. + + +Tuæ dignitati deditissimus + + _Abrahamus_ + _Flemingus._ + + + + +To the well disposed Reader. + + +As euery manifest effect proceedeth frõ som certain cause, so the +penning of this present abridgement (gentle and courteous reader) issued +from a speciall occasion. For Conradus Gesnerus, a man whiles he liued, +of incomparable knowledge, and manyfold experience, being neuer +satisfied with the sweete sappe of vnderstanding, requested _Iohannes +Caius_ a profound clarke and a rauennous deuourer of learning (to his +praise be it spoke though the language be somewhat homely) to write a +breuiary or short treatise of such dogges as were ingendred within the +borders of England: To the contentation of whose minde and the vtter +accomplishement of whose desire, _Caius_ spared no study, (for the +acquaintance which was betweene them, as it was confirmed by +continuaunce, and established vpon vnfainednes, so was it sealed with +vertue and honesty) withdrew himself from no labour, repined at no +paines, forsooke no trauaile, refused no indeuour, finally pretermitted +no opportunity or circumstaunce which seemed pertinent and requisite to +the performance of this litle libell. In the whole discourse wherof, the +booke, to consider the substaunce, being but a pamphlet or skantling, +the argument not so fyne and affected, and yet the doctrine very +profitable and necessarye, he vseth such a smoothe and comely style, and +tyeth his inuention to such methodicall and orderly proceedings, as the +elegantnes and neatnesse of his Latine phrase, (being pure, perfect, +and vn mingled) maketh the matter which of it selfe is very base and +clubbishe, to appeare (shall I say tollerable) nay rather commendable +and effectuall. The sundry sortes of Englishe dogges he discouereth so +euidently, their natures he rippeth vp so apparantly, their manners he +openeth so manifestly, their qualities he declareth so skilfully, their +proportions he painteth out so perfectly, their colours he describeth so +artificially, and knytteth all these in such shortnesse and breuity, +that the mouth of th’aduersary must needes confesse & giue sentence that +commendation ought to bee his rewarde, and praise his deserued pension. +An ignoraunt man woulde neuer have beene drawne into this opinion, to +thincke that there had bene in England such variety & choice of dogges, +in all respectes (not onely for name but also for qualitie) so diuerse +and vnlike: But what cannot learning attaine? what cannot the kay of +knowledge open? what cannot the lampe of vnderstanding lighten? what +secretes cannot discretion detect? finally what cannot experience +comprehend? what huge heapes of histories hath _Gesnerus_ hourded vp in +volumes of a large syze? Fishes in floudes, Cattell on lande, Byrdes in +the ayre, how hath he sifted them by their naturall differences? +how closely and in how narrow a compasse hath he couched mighty and +monstruous beasts, in bygnesse lyke mountaines, the bookes themselues +being lesser then Molehilles. The lyfe of this man was not so great a +restority of comfort, as his death was an vlcer or wound of sorrow: +the losse of whom _Caius_ lamented, not so much as he was his faithfull +friende, as for that he was a famous Philosopher, and yet the former +reason (being, in very deede, vehement and forceable) did stinge him +with more griefe, then he peraduenture was willing to disclose. And +though death be counted terrible for the time, and consequently vnhappy, +yet _Caius_ aduoucheth the death of _Gesner_ most blessed, luckie, and +fortunate, as in his Booke intituled _De libris proprijs_ appeareth. But +of these two Eagles sufficient is spoken as I suppose, and yet litle +enough in consideration of their dignitie and worthines. Neurthelesse +litle or mickle, something or nothing, substaunce or shadow take all in +good part, my meaning is by a fewe wordes to wynne credit to this worke, +not so much for mine owne Englishe Translation as for the singuler +commendation of them, challenged of dutie and desart. Wherefore gentle +Reader I commit them to thy memorie, and their bookes to thy courteous +censure. They were both learned men, and painefull practitioners in +their professions, so much the more therfore are their workes worthy +estimation, I would it were in me to aduaunce them as I wishe, the worst +(and yet both, no doubt, excellent) hath deserued a monument of +immortality. Well there is no more to be added but this, that as the +translatiõ of this booke was attempted, finished, and published of +goodwill (not onely to minister pleasure, as to affoord profit) so it is +my desire and request that my labour therin employed may be acceptable, +as I hope it shalbe to men of indifferent Judgement. As for such as +shall snarr and snatch at the Englishe abridgement, and teare the +Translatour, being absent, with the teeth of spightfull enuye, I +conclude in breuity there eloquence is but currishe, if I serue in their +meate with wrong sawce, ascribe it not to vnskilfulnesse in coquery, but +to ignoraunce in their diet, for as the Poet sayeth + + _Non satis est ars sola coquo, seruire palato:_ + _Nanque coquus dontini debet habere gulam:_ + + It is not enough that a cooke vnderstand, + Except his Lordes stomack he holde in his hand. + +To winde vp all in a watcheworde I saye no more, But doe well, and +Farewell, + + His and his Friendes, + + Abraham + Fleming. + + + + The first Section of this + _discourse_. + + ¶ The Preamble or entraunce, into + this treatise. + + +I wrote vnto you (well beloued friende _Gesner_) not many yeares past, a +manifolde historie, contayning the diuers formes and figures of Beastes, +Byrdes, and Fyshes, the sundry shapes of plantes, and the fashions of +Hearbes, &c. + +I wrote moreouer, vnto you seuerally, a certayne abridgement of Dogges, +which in your discourse vpon the fourmes of Beastes in the seconde order +of mylde and tameable Beastes, where you make mencion of Scottishe +Dogges, and in the wynding vp of your Letter written and directed to +Doctour _Turner_, comprehending a Catalogue or rehersall of your bookes +not yet extant, you promised to set forth in print, and openly to +publishe in the face of the worlde among such your workes as are not yet +come abroade to lyght and sight. But, because certaine circumstaunces +were wanting in my breuiary of Englishe Dogges (as seemed vnto mee) I +stayed the publication of the same, making promise to sende another +abroade, which myght be commytted to the handes, the eyes, the eares, +the mindes, and the iudgements of the Readers. Wherefore that I myght +perfourme that preciselye, which I promised solempnly, accomplishe my +determination, and satisfy your expectacion: which art a man desirous +and (2) capeable of all kinde of knowledge, and very earnest to be +acquaincted with all experimentes: I wyll expresse and declare in due +order, the grand and generall kinde of Englishe Dogges, the difference +of them, the vse, the propertyes, and the diuerse natures of the same, +making a tripartite diuision in this sort and maner. + +All Englishe Dogges be eyther of, + + { A gentle kinde, seruing the game. + { A homely kind, apt for sundry necessary vses. + { A currishe kinde, meete for many toyes. + +Of these three sortes or kindes so meane I to entreate, that the first +in the first place, the last in the last roome, and the myddle sort in +the middle seate be handled. I cal thẽ vniuersally all by the name of +English dogges, as well because England only, as it hath in it English +dogs, so it is not without Scottishe, as also for that wee are more +inclined and delighted with the noble game of hunting, for we Englishmen +are adicted and giuen to that exercise, & painefull pastime of pleasure, +as well for the plenty of fleshe which our Parkes and Forrests doe +foster, as also for the oportunitie and conuenient leasure which we +obtaine, both which, the Scottes want. Wherfore seeing that the whole +estate of kindly hunting consisteth principally, + + In these two pointes, + + { In chasing the beast } that is in { hunting } + { In taking the byrde } { fowleing } + +It is necessary and requisite to vnderstand, that there are two sortes +of Dogges by whose meanes, the feates within specifyed are wrought, +and these practyses of actiuitie cunningly and curiously compassed, + + Two kindes of Dogges + + { One which rouseth the beast + and continueth the chase, } + { Another which springeth the byrde + and bewrayeth flight by pursuite, } + +Both which kyndes are tearmed of the Latines by one common name that is, +_Canes Venatici_, hunting dogges. But (3) because we Englishe men make a +difference betweene hunting and fowleling, for that they are called by +these seuerall wordes, _Venatio_ & _Aucupium_, so they tearme the Dogges +whom they vse in these sundry games by diuers names, as those which +serue for the beast, are called _Venatici_, the other which are vsed for +the fowle are called _Aucupatorij_. + + The first kind called _Venatici_ I deuide into fiue sortes. + + { The first in perfect smelling + { The second in quicke spying + { The thirde in swiftnesse and quicknesse + { The fourth in smelling & nymblenesse + { The fifte in subtiltie and deceitfulnesse, + + excelleth. + + +Of the Dogge called a Harier, in Latine _Leuerarius_. + +That kinde of Dogge whom nature hath indued with the vertue of smelling, +whose property it is to vse a lustines, a readines, and a couragiousnes +in hunting, and draweth into his nostrells the ayre or sent of the beast +pursued and followed, we call by this word _Sagax_, the _Græcians_ by +thys word ἰχνευτήν of tracing or chasing by y^e foote, or ῥινηλάτην, +of the nostrells, which be the instrumentes of smelling. Wee may knowe +these kinde of Dogges by their long, large, and bagging lippes, by their +hanging eares, reachyng downe both sydes of their chappes, and by the +indifferent and measurable proportion of their making. This sort of +Dogges we call _Leuerarios_ Hariers, that I may comprise the whole nũber +of them in certaine specialties, and apply to them their proper and +peculier names, for so much as they cannot all be reduced (4) and +brought vnder one sorte, considering both the sundrye uses of them, +and the difference of their seruice wherto they be appointed. + + Some for + + { The Hare + { The Foxe + { The Wolfe + { The Harte + { The Bucke + { The Badger + { The Otter + { The Polcat + { The Lobster + { The Weasell + { The Conny, &c. + + Some for one thing and some for another. + +As for the Conny, whom we haue lastly set downe, wee use not to hunt, +but rather to take it, somtime with the nette sometime with a ferret, +and thus euery seuerall sort is notable and excellent in his naturall +qualitie and appointed practise. Among these sundry sortes, there be +some which are apt to hunt two diuers beasts, as the Foxe otherwhiles, +and other whiles the Hare, but they hunt not with such towardnes and +good lucke after them, as they doe that whereunto nature hath formed and +framed them, not onely in externall composition & making, but also in +inward faculties and conditions, for they swarue oftentimes, and doo +otherwise then they should. + + +Of the Dogge called a Terrar, in Latine _Terrarius_. + +Another sorte there is which hunteth the Foxe and the Badger or Greye +onely, whom we call Terrars, because they (after the manner and custome +of ferrets in searching for Connyes) creepe into the grounde, and by +that meanes make afrayde, nyppe, and byte the Foxe and the Badger in +such (5) sort, that eyther they teare them in peeces with theyr teeth +beyng in the bosome of the earth, or else hayle and pull them perforce +out of their lurking angles, darke dongeons, and close caues, or at the +least through cõceaued feare, driue them out of their hollow harbours, +in so much that they are compelled to prepare speedy flight, and being +desirous of the next (albeit not the safest) refuge, are otherwise taken +and intrapped with snares and nettes layde ouer holes to the same +purpose. But these be the least in that kynde called _Sagax_. + + +Of the Dogge called a Bloudhounde in Latine _Sanguinarius_. + +The greater sort which serue to hunt, hauing lippes of a large syze, +& eares of no small lenght, doo, not onely chase the beast whiles it +liueth, (as the other doo of whom mencion aboue is made) but beyng dead +also by any maner of casualtie, make recourse to the place where it +lyeth, hauing in this poynt an assured and infallible guyde, namely, the +sent and sauour of the bloud sprinckled heere and there vpon the ground. +For whether the beast beyng wounded, doth notwithstanding enioye life, +and escapeth the handes of the huntesman, or whether the said beast +beyng slayne is conuayed clenly out of the parcke (so that there be some +signification of bloud shed) these Dogges with no lesse facilitie and +easinesse, then auiditie and greedinesse can disclose and bewray the +same by smelling, applying to their pursute, agilitie and nimblenesse, +without tediousnesse, for which consideration, of a singuler specialtie +they deserued to bee called _Sanguinarij_ bloudhounds. And albeit +peraduenture it may chaunce, (As whether it chaunceth sealdome or +sometime I am ignorant) that a peece of fleshe be subtily stolne and +cunningly conuayed away with such prouisos and precaueats as thereby +all apparaunce (6) of bloud is eyther preuented, excluded, or concealed, +yet these kinde of dogges by a certaine direction of an inwarde assured +notyce and priuy marcke, pursue the deede dooers, through long lanes, +crooked reaches, and weary wayes, without wandring awry out of the +limites of the land whereon these desperate purloyners prepared their +speedy passage. Yea, the natures of these Dogges is such, and so +effectuall is their foresight, that they cã bewray, seperate, and pycke +them out from among an infinite multitude and an innumerable company, +creepe they neuer so farre into the thickest thronge, they will finde +him out notwithstandying he lye hidden in wylde woods, in close and +ouergrowen groues, and lurcke in hollow holes apte to harbour such +vngracious guestes. Moreouer, although they should passe ouer the water, +thinking thereby to auoyde the pursute of the houndes, yet will not +these Dogges giue ouer their attempt, but presuming to swym through the +streame, perseuer in their pursute, and when they be arriued and gotten +the further bancke, they hunt vp and downe, to and fro runne they, from +place to place shift they, vntill they haue attained to that plot of +grounde where they passed ouer. And this is their practise, if perdie +they cãnot at y^e first time smelling, finde out the way which the deede +dooers tooke to escape. So at length get they that by arte, cunning, +and diligent indeuour, which by fortune and lucke they cannot otherwyse +ouercome. In so much as it seemeth worthely and wisely written by +Ælianus in his sixte Booke, and xxxix. Chapter. Τὸ ἐνθυμητικον καὶ +διαλεκτικὸν. to bee as it were naturally instilled and powred into these +kinde of Dogges. For they wyll not pause or breath from their pursute +vntill such tyme as they bee apprehended and taken which committed the +facte. The owners of such houndes vse to keepe them in close and darke +channells in the day time, and let them lose at liberty in the night +season, to th’intent that they myght with more courage and boldnesse +practise to follow the fellon in the euening and solitarie houres of +darkenesse, when such yll disposed varlots are principally purposed (7) +to play theyr impudent pageants, & imprudent pranckes. These houndes +(vpon whom this present portion of our treatise runneth) when they are +to follow such fellowes as we haue before rehersed, vse not that liberty +to raunge at wil, which they have otherwise when they are in game, +(except upon necessary occasion, wheron dependeth an urgent and +effectuall perswasion) when such purloyners make speedy way in flight, +but beyng restrained and drawne backe from running at randon with the +leasse, the ende whereof the owner holding in his hand is led, guyded, +and directed with such swiftnesse and slownesse (whether he go on foote, +or whether he ryde on horsebacke) as he himselfe in hart would wishe for +the more easie apprehension of these venturous varlots. In the borders +of England & Scotland, (the often and accustomed stealing of cattell so +procuring) these kinde of Dogges are very much vsed and they are taught +and trayned up first of all to hunt cattell as well of the smaller as of +the greater grouth, and afterwardes (that qualitie relinquished and +lefte) they are learned to pursue such pestilent persons as plant theyr +pleasure in such practises of purloyning as we have already declared. +Of this kinde there is none that taketh the water naturally, except it +please you so to suppose of them whych follow the Otter, whych sometimes +haunte the lande, and sometime vseth the water. And yet neuerthelesse +all the kind of them boyling and broyling with greedy desire of the pray +which by swymming passeth through ryuer and flood, plung amyds the +water, and passe the streame with their pawes. But this propertie +proceedeth from an earnest desire wherwith they be inflamed, rather then +from any inclination issuyng from the ordinance and appoyntment of +nature. And albeit some of this sort in English be called _Brache_, in +Scottishe _Rache_, the cause hereof resteth in the shee sex and not in +the generall kinde. For we English men call bytches, belonging to the +(8) hunting kinde of Dogges, by the tearme aboue mencioned. To bee short +it is proper to the nature of houndes, some to keepe silence in hunting +untill such tyme as there is game offered. Othersome so soone as they +smell out the place where the beast lurcketh, to bewray it immediatly by +their importunate barcking, notwithstanding it be farre of many furlongs +cowchyng close in his cabbyn. And these Dogges the younger they be, the +more wantonly barcke they, and the more liberally, yet, oftimes without +necessitie, so that in them, by reason of theyr young yeares and want of +practise, small certaintie is to be reposed. For continuance of tyme, +and experience in game, ministreth to these houndes not onely cunning in +running, but also (as in the rest) an assured foresight what is to bee +done, principally, being acquainted with their masters watchwordes, +eyther in reuoking or imboldening them to serue the game. + + +Of the Dogge called the Gasehounde, in Latine _Agaseus_. + +This kinde of Dogge which pursueth by the eye, preuayleth little, or +neuer a whit, by any benefite of the nose that is by smelling, but +excelleth in perspicuitie and sharpenesse of sight altogether, by the +vertue whereof, being singuler and notable, it hunteth the Foxe and the +Hare. Thys Dogge will choose and seperate any beast from among a great +flocke or hearde, and such a one will it take by election as is not +lancke, leane and hollow, but well spred, smoothe, full, fatte, and +round, it followes by the direction of the eyesight, which in deede is +cleere, constant, and not uncertaine, if a beast be wounded and gone +astray this Dogge seeketh after it by the stedfastnes of the eye, if it +chaunce peraduenture to returne & bee mingled with the residue of the +flocke, this Dogge spyeth it out by the vertue of his eye, leauing the +rest of the cattell vntouched, and after he hath set sure sight upõ it +he seperateth it from among the company and hauing so done neuer ceaseth +(9) untill he haue wearyed the Beast to death. Our countrey men call +this dogge _Agasæum_. A gasehounde because the beames of his sight are +so stedfastly setled and vnmoueably fastened. These Dogges are much and +vsually occupyed in the Northern partes of England more then in the +Southern parts, & in fealdy landes rather then in bushy and wooddy +places, horsemen vse them more then footemen to th’intent that they +might prouoke their horses to a swift galloppe (wherwith they are more +delighted then with the pray it selfe) and that they myght accustome +theyr horse to leape ouer hedges & ditches, without stoppe or stumble, +without harme or hassard, without doubt or daunger, and so escape with +safegard of lyfe. And to the ende that the ryders themselues when +necessitie so constrained, and the feare of further mischiefe inforced, +myght saue themselues vndamnifyed, and preuent each perilous tempest by +preparing speedy flight, or else by swift pursute made vpon theyr +enimyes, myght both ouertake them, encounter with them, and make a +slaughter of them accordingly. But if it fortune so at any time that +this Dogge take a wrong way, the master making some vsuall signe and +familiar token, he returneth forthwith, and taketh the right and ready +trace, beginning his chase a fresh, & with a cleare voyce, and a swift +foote followeth the game with as much courage and nimblenesse as he did +at the first. + + +Of the Dogge called the Grehounde, in Latine _Leporarius_. + +There is another kinde of Dogge which for his incredible swiftnesse is +called _Leporarius_ a Grehounde, because the principall seruice of them +dependeth and consisteth in starting and hunting the hare, which Dogges +likewyse are indued with no lesse strength then lightnes in maintenance +of the (10) game, in seruing the chase, in taking the Bucke, the Harte, +the Dowe, the Foxe, and other beastes of semblable kinde ordained for +the game of hunting. But more or lesse, each one according to the +measure and proportion of theyr desire, and as might and habilitie of +theyr bodyes will permit and suffer. For it is a spare and bare kinde of +Dogge, (of fleshe but not of bone) some are of a greater sorte, and some +of a lesser, some are smooth skynned, & some are curled, the bigger +therefore are appoynted to hunt the bigger beasts, & the smaller serue +to hunt the smaller accordingly. The nature of these dogges I finde to +be wonderful by y^e testimoniall of histories. For, as Iohn Froisart the +Historyographer in his 4. _lib._ reporteth. A Grehound of King Richard, +the second y^t wore the Crowne, and bare the Scepter of the Realme of +England, neuer knowing any man, beside the kings person, whẽ _Henry +Duke_ of _Lancaster_ came to the castle of _Flinte_ to take King +_Richarde_. The Dogge forsaking his former Lord & master came to _Duke +Henry_, fawned upon him with such resemblaunces of goodwyll and +conceaued affection, as he fauoured King _Richarde_ before: he followed +the Duke, and vtterly left the King. So that by these manifest +circumstances a man myght iudge this Dogge to haue bene lightened wyth +the lampe of foreknowledge & vnderstãding, touchyng his olde masters +miseryes to come, and vnhappinesse nye at hand, which King _Richarde_ +himselfe euidently perceaued, accounting this deede of his Dogge a +Prophecy of his ouerthrowe. + + +Of the Dogge called the Leuiner, or Lyemmer in Latine _Lorarius_. + +Another sort of dogges be there, in smelling singuler, and in swiftnesse +incomparable. This is (as it were) a myddle kinde betwixt the Harier and +the Grehounde, as well for his kinde, as for the frame of his body. And +it is called in latine _Leuinarius_, _a Leuitate_, of lyghtnesse, and +therefore may well be called a lyghthounde, it is also called by this +worde _Lorarius_, _a Loro_, wherwith it is led. This Dogge for the (11) +excellency of his conditions, namely smelling and swift running, doth +followe the game with more eagernes, and taketh the pray with a iolly +quicknes. + + +Of the Dogge called a Tumbler, in Latine _Vertagus_. + +This sorte of Dogges, which compasseth all by craftes, fraudes, +subtelties and deceiptes, we Englishe men call Tumblers, because in +hunting they turne and tumble, winding their bodyes about in circle +wise, and then fearcely and violently venturing upõ the beast, doth +soddenly gripe it, at the very entrance and mouth of their receptacles, +or closets before they can recouer meanes, to saue and succour +themselues. This dogge vseth another craft and subteltie, namely, when +he runneth into a warren, or setteth a course about a connyburrough, +he huntes not after them, he frayes them not by barcking, he makes no +countenance or shadow of hatred against them, but dissembling +friendship, and pretending fauour, passeth by with silence and +quietnesse, marking and noting their holes diligently, wherin (I warrant +you) he will not be ouershot nor deceaued. When he commeth to the place +where Connyes be, of a certaintie, he cowcheth downe close with his +belly to the groũd, Prouided alwayes by his skill and polisie, that y^e +winde bee neuer with him but against him in such an enterprise. And that +the Connyes spie him not where he lurcketh. By which meanes he obtaineth +the sent and sauour of the Connyes, carryed towardes him with the wind & +the ayre, either going to their holes, or cõming out, eyther passing +this way, or running that way, and so prouideth by his circumspection, +that the selly simple Conny is debarred quite from his hole (which is +the hauen of their hope and the harbour of their health) and +fraudulently circumuented and taken, before they can get the aduantage +(12) of their hole. Thus hauing caught his pray he carryeth it speedily +to his Master, wayting his Dogges returne in some conuenient lurcking +corner. These Dogges are somewhat lesser than the houndes, and they be +lancker & leaner, beside that they be somwhat prick eared. A man that +shall marke the forme and fashion of their bodyes, may well call them +mungrell Grehoundes if they were somwhat bigger. But notwithstanding +they counteruaile not the Grehound in greatnes, yet will he take in one +dayes space as many Connyes as shall arise to as bigge a burthen, and as +heauy a loade as a horse can carry, for deceipt and guile is the +instrument wherby he maketh this spoyle, which pernicious properties +supply the places of more commendable qualities. + + +Of the Dogge called the theeuishe Dogge in Latine _Canis furax_. + +The like to that whom we have rehearsed, is the theeuishe Dogge, which +at the mandate and bydding of his master steereth and leereth abroade in +the night, hunting Connyes by the ayre, which is leuened with their +sauour and conueyed to the sense of smelling by the meanes of the winde +blowing towardes him. During all which space of his hunting he will not +barcke, least he shoulde bee preiudiciall to his owne aduantage. And +thus watcheth and snatcheth up in course as many Connyes as his Master +will suffer him, and beareth them to his Masters standing. The farmers +of the countrey and uplandishe dwellers, call this kinde of Dogge a +nyght curre, because he hunteth in the darke. But let thus much seeme +sufficient for Dogges which serue the game and disport of hunting. + + + (13) ¶ A Diall pertaining to the + _first Section._ + + Dogges seruing y^e pastime of hunting beastes. + are diuided into + + { Hariers + { Terrars + { Bloudhounds + { Gasehounds + { Grehounds + { Leuiners or + { Lyemmers + { Tumblers + { Stealers + + In Latine called _Venatici_. + + + + + The seconde Section of (14) + _this discourse_. + + Of gentle Dogges seruing the hauke, and first + of the Spaniell, called in Latine + _Hispaniolus_. + + +Svch Dogges as serue for fowling, I thinke conuenient and requisite to +place in this seconde Section of this treatise. These are also to bee +reckoned and accounted in the number of the dogges which come of a +gentle kind, and of those which serue for fowling. + + There be two sortes + + { The first findeth game on the land. + { The other findeth game on the water. + +Such as delight on the land, play their partes, eyther by swiftnesse of +foote, or by often questing, to search out and to spring the byrde for +further hope of aduauntage, or else by some secrete signe and priuy +token bewray the place where they fall. + + The first kinde of such serue { The Hauke, + The seconde, { The net, or, traine, + +The first kinde haue no peculier names assigned vnto them, saue onely +that they be denominated after the byrde which by naturall appointment +he is alotted to take, for the which consideration. (15) + + Some be called Dogges, + + { For the Falcon } + { The Phesant } + { The Partridge } + + and such like, + +The common sort of people call them by one generall word, namely +Spaniells. As though these kinde of Dogges came originally and first of +all out of Spaine, The most part of their skynnes are white, and if they +be marcked with any spottes, they are commonly red, and somewhat great +therewithall, the heares not growing in such thicknesse but that the +mixture of them maye easely bee perceaued. Othersome of them be reddishe +and blackishe, but of that sorte there be but a very few. There is also +at this day among vs a newe kinde of dogge brought out of Fraunce (for +we Englishe men are maruailous greedy gaping gluttons after nouelties, +and couetous coruorauntes of things that be seldom, rare, straunge, and +hard to get.) And they bee speckled all ouer with white and black, which +mingled colours incline to a marble blewe, which bewtifyeth their +skinnes and affordeth a seemely show of comlynesse. These are called +French dogges as is aboue declared already. + + +The Dogge called the Setter, in Latine _Index_. + +Another sort of Dogges be there, seruiceable for fowling, making no +noise either with foote or with tounge, whiles they followe the game. +These attend diligently vpon theyr Master and frame their conditions to +such beckes, motions, and gestures, as it shall please him to exhibite +and make, either going forward, drawing backeward, inclining to the +right hand, or yealding toward the left, (In making mencion of fowles, +my meaning is of the Partridge & the Quaile) when he hath founde the +byrde, he keepeth sure and fast silence, he stayeth his steppes and wil +proceede no further, and with a (16) close, couert, watching eye, layeth +his belly to the grounde and so creepeth forward like a worme. When he +approcheth neere to the place where the birde is, he layes him downe, +and with a marcke of his pawes betrayeth the place of the byrdes last +abode, whereby it is supposed that this kinde of dogge is called +_Index_, Setter, being in deede a name most consonant and agreable to +his quality. The place being knowne by the meanes of the dogge, the +fowler immediatly openeth and spreedeth his net, intending to take them, +which being done the dogge at the accustomed becke or vsuall signe of +his Master ryseth vp by and by, and draweth neerer to the fowle that by +his presence they might be the authors of their owne insnaring, and be +ready intangled in the prepared net, which conning and artificiall +indeuour in a dogge (being a creature domesticall or householde seruaunt +brought vp at home with offalls of the trencher & fragments of +victualls,) is not much to be maruailed at, seing that a Hare (being a +wilde and skippishe beast) was seene in England to the astonishment of +the beholders, in the yeare of our Lorde God, 1564, not onely dauncing +in measure, but playing with his former feete vppon a tabberet, and +obseruing iust number of strokes (as a practicioner in that arte) +besides that nipping & pinching a dogge with his teeth and clawes, & +cruelly thumping him with y^e force of his feete. This is no trumpery +tale, nor trifling toye (as I imagine) and therefore not vnworthy to bee +reported, for I recken it a requitall of my trauaile, not to drowne in +the seas of silence any speciall thing, wherin the prouidence and +effectuall working of nature is to be pondered. + + +Of the Dogge called the water Spaniell, or finder, in Latine _Aquaticus +seu Inquisitor_. + +That kinde of Dogge whose seruice is required in fowling vpon the water, +partly through a naturall towardnesse, and partly by diligent teaching, +is indued with that property. (17) This sort is somewhat bigge, and of a +measurable greatnesse, hauing long, rough, and curled heare, not +obtayned by extraordinary trades, but giuen by natures appointment, yet +neuerthelesse (friend _Gesner_) I have described and set him out in this +maner, namely powlde and netted from the shoulders to the hindermost +legges, and to the end of his tayle, which I did for vse and customs +cause, that beyng as it were made somewhat bare and naked, by shearing +of such superfluitie of heare, they might atchiue the more lightnesse, +and swiftnesse, and be lesse hindered in swymming, so troublesome and +needelesse a burthen being shaken of. This kinde of dogge is properly +called, _Aquaticus_, a water spaniel because he frequenteth and hath +vsual recourse to the water where all his game & exercise lyeth, namely, +waterfowles, which are taken by the helpe & seruice of them, in their +kind. And principally duckes and drakes, wherupon he is lykewise named a +dogge for the ducke, because in that quallitie he is excellent. With +these dogges also we fetche out of the water such fowle as be stounge to +death by any venemous worme, we vse them also to bring vs our boultes & +arrowes out of the water, (missing our marcke) whereat we directed our +leuell, which otherwise we should hardly recouer, and oftentimes they +restore to vs our shaftes which we thought neuer to see, touche or +handle againe, after they were lost, for which circumstaunces they are +called _Inquisitores_, searchers, and finders. Although the ducke +otherwhiles notably deceaueth both the dogge and the master, by dyuing +vnder the water, and also by naturall subtilty, for if any man shall +approche to the place where they builde, breede, and syt, the hennes go +out of their neastes, offering themselues voluntarily to the hãds, as it +were, of such as draw nie their neasts. And a certaine weaknesse of +their winges pretended, and infirmitie of their feete dissembled, they +go so slowely and so leasurely, that to a mans thinking it were no +masteryes to take them. By which deceiptfull tricke they doe as it were +(18) entyse and allure men to follow them, till they be drawne a long +distaunce from theyr neastes, which being compassed by their prouident +conning, or conning prouidence, they cut of all inconueniences which +might growe of their returne, by using many carefull and curious +caueates, least theyr often haunting bewray y^e place where the young +ducklings be hatched. Great therfore is theyr desire, & earnest is theyr +study to take heede, not only to theyr broode but also to themselues. +For when they haue an ynckling that they are espied they hide themselues +vnder turfes or sedges, wherwith they couer and shrowde themselues so +closely and so craftely, that (notwithstanding the place where they +lurcke be found and perfectly perceaued) there they will harbour without +harme, except the water spaniell by quicke smelling discouer theyr +deceiptes. + + +Of the Dogge called the Fisher, in Latine _Canis Piscator_. + +The Dogge called the fisher, wherof _Hector Boethus_ writeth, which +seeketh for fishe by smelling among rockes & stones, assuredly I knowe +none of that kinde in Englande, neither haue I receaued by reporte that +there is any suche, albeit I haue bene diligent & busie in demaunding +the question as well of fishermen, as also of huntesmen in that behalfe +being carefull and earnest to learne and vnderstand of them if any such +were, except you holde opinion that the beauer or Otter is a fishe (as +many haue beleeued) & according to their beliefe affirmed, and as the +birde _Pupine_, is thought to be a fishe and so accounted. But that +kinde of dogge which followeth the fishe to apprehend and take it (if +there bee any of that disposition and property) whether they do this for +the game of hunting, or for the heate of hunger, as other Dogges do +which rather then they wil be famished for want of foode, couet the +carckases of carrion and putrifyed fleshe. When I am fully resolued and +disburthened of this doubt I wil send you certificate in writing. In the +meane season I am not ignorant of that both Ælianus, and Ælius, call the +Beauer (19) κύνα ποτάμιον a water dogge, or a dogge fishe, I know +likewise thus much more, that the Beauer doth participate this propertie +with the dogge, namely, that when fishes be scarse they leaue the water +and raunge vp and downe the lande, making an insatiable slaughter of +young lambes vntil theyr paunches be replenished, and whẽ they haue fed +themselues full of fleshe, then returne they to the water, from whence +they came. But albeit so much be graunted that this Beauer is a dogge, +yet it is to be noted that we recken it not in the beadrowe of Englishe +dogges as we haue done the rest. The sea Calfe, in like maner, which our +country mẽ for breuitie sake call a Seele, other more largely name a +_Sea Vele_, maketh a spoyle of fishes betweene rockes and banckes, but +it is not accounted in the catalogue or nũber of our Englishe dogges, +notwithstanding we call it by the name of a Sea dogge or a sea Calfe. +And thus much for our dogges of the second sort called in Latine +_Aucupatorij_, seruing to take fowle either by land or water. + + + ¶ A Diall pertaining to the + _second Section_. + + Dogges seruing the disport of fowling. + are diuided into + + { Land spaniels + { Setters + { Water spaniels or finders. + + called in latine _Canes Aucupatorij_ + +The fisher is not of their number, but seuerall. + + + + + The thirde Section of this (20) + _abridgement_. + + +Nowe followeth in due order and conuenient place our Englishe Dogges of +the thirde gentle kinde, what they are called to what vse they serue, +and what sort of people plant their pleasure in thẽ, which because they +neede no curious canuassing and nye syfting, wee meane to bee so much +the briefer. + + + Of the delicate, neate, and pretty kind of dogges + called the Spaniel gentle, or the comforter, + in Latine _Melitæus + or Fotor_. + +There is, besides those which wee haue already deliuered, another sort +of gentle dogges in this our Englishe soyle but exempted from the order +of the residue, the Dogges of this kinde doth _Callimachus_ call +_Melitæos_, of the Iseland _Melita_, in the sea of _Sicily_, (what at +this day is named _Malta_, an Iseland in deede, famous and renoumed, +with couragious and puisaunt souldiours valliauntly fighting vnder the +banner of Christ their vnconquerable captaine) where this kind of dogges +had their principall beginning. + +These dogges are litle, pretty, proper, and fyne, and sought for to +satisfie the delicatenesse of daintie dames, and wanton womens wills, +instrumentes of folly for them to play and dally withall, to tryfle away +the treasure of time, to withdraw their mindes from more commendable +exercises, and to content (21) their corrupted concupiscences with vaine +disport (A selly shift to shunne yrcksome ydlnesse.) These puppies the +smaller they be, the more pleasure they prouoke, as more meete play +fellowes for minsing mistrisses to beare in their bosoms, to keepe +company withal in their chambers, to succour with sleepe in bed, and +nourishe with meate at bourde, to lay in their lappes, and licke their +lippes as they ryde in their waggons, and good reason it should be so, +for coursnesse with fynenesse hath no fellowship, but featnesse with +neatenesse hath neighbourhood enough. That plausible prouerbe verified +vpon a Tyraunt, namely that he loued his sowe better then his sonne, may +well be applyed to these kinde of people who delight more in dogges that +are depriued of all possibility of reason, then they doe in children +that be capeable of wisedome and iudgement. But this abuse peraduenture +raigneth where there hath bene long lacke of issue, or else where +barrennes is the best blossome of bewty. + + +The vertue which remaineth in the Spainell gentle otherwise called the +comforter. + +Notwithstanding many make much of those pretty puppies called Spaniels +gentle, yet if the question were demaunded what propertie in them they +spye, which shoulde make them so acceptable and precious in their sight, +I doubt their aunswere would be long a coyning. But seeing it was our +intent to trauaile in this treatise, so that y^e reader might reape some +benefite by his reading, we will communicate vnto you such coniectures +as are grounded upon reason. And though some suppose that such dogges +are fyt for no seruice, I dare say, by their leaues, they be in a wrong +boxe. Among all other qualities therfore of nature, which be knowne (for +some conditions are couered with continuall and thicke clouds, that the +eye of our capacities can not pearse through thẽ) we (22) find that +these litle dogs are good to asswage the sicknesse of the stomacke being +oftentimes thervnto applyed as a plaster preseruatiue, or borne in the +bosom of the diseased and weake person, which effect is performed by +theyr moderate heate. Moreouer the disease and sicknesse chaungeth his +place and entreth (though it be not precisely marcked) into the dogge, +which to be no vntruth, experience can testify, for these kinde of +dogges sometimes fall sicke, and sometime die, without any harme +outwardly inforced, which is an argument that the disease of the +gentleman, or gentle woman or owner whatsoeuer, entreth into the dogge +by the operation of heate intermingled and infected. And thus haue I +hetherto handled dogges of a gentle kinde whom I haue comprehended in a +triple diuisiõ. Now it remaineth that I annex in due order such dogges +as be of a more homely kinde. + + + A Diall pertaining to the + _thirde Section_. + + In the third section is cõtained one kind of dog which is called the + + Spaniell gentle or the cõforter, + + It is also called + + { A chamber cõpanion, + { A pleasaunt playfellow, + { A pretty worme, + + generally called _Canis delicatus_. + + + + + (23) The fourth Section of this + _discourse_. + + + Dogges of a course kind seruing for many necessary + vses called in Latine _Canes rustici_, and first of + the shepherds dogge called in Latine + _Canis Pastoralis_. + +Dogges of the courser sort are + + { The shepherds dogge + { The mastiue or Bandogge. + +These two are the principall. + +The first kinde, namely the shepherds hounde is very necessarye and +profitable for the auoyding of harmes and inconueniences which may come +to men by the meanes of beastes. The second sort serue to succour +against the snares and attemptes of mischiefous men. Our shepherdes +dogge is not huge, vaste, and bigge, but of an indifferent stature and +growth, because it hath not to deale with the bloudthyrsty wolf, +sythence there be none in England, which happy and fortunate benefite is +to be ascribed to the puisaunt Prince _Edgar_, who to thintent y^t the +whole countrey myght be euacuated and quite cleered from wolfes, charged +& commaunded the welshemẽ (who were pestered with these butcherly +beastes aboue measure) to paye him yearely tribute which was (note the +wisedome of the King) three hundred Wolfes. Some there be which write +that _Ludwall_ Prince of Wales paide yeerely to King _Edgar_ three +hundred wolfes in the name of an exaction (as we haue sayd before.) And +that by the meanes hereof, within the compasse and tearme of (24) foure +yeares, none of those noysome, and pestilent Beastes were left in the +coastes of England and Wales. This _Edgar_ wore the Crowne royall, and +bare the Scepter imperiall of this kingdome, about the yeere of our +Lorde, nyne hundred fifty, nyne. Synce which time we reede that no Wolfe +hath bene seene in England, bred within the bounds and borders of this +countrey, mary there have bene diuers brought ouer from beyonde the +seas, for greedynesse of gaine and to make money, for gasing and gaping, +staring, and standing to see them, being a straunge beast, rare, and +seldom seene in England. But to returne to our shepherds dogge. This +dogge either at the hearing of his masters voyce, or at the wagging and +whisteling in his fist, or at his shrill and horse hissing bringeth the +wandring weathers and straying sheepe, into the selfe same place where +his masters will and wishe is to haue thẽ, wherby the shepherd reapeth +this benefite, namely, that with litle labour and no toyle or mouing of +his feete he may rule and guide his flocke, according to his owne +desire, either to haue them go forward, or to stand still, or to drawe +backward, or to turne this way, or to take that way. For it is not in +Englande, as it is in _Fraunce_, as it is in _Flaunders_, as it is in +_Syria_, as it in _Tartaria_, where the sheepe follow the shepherd, for +heere in our country the sheepherd followeth the sheepe. And somtimes +the straying sheepe, when no dogge runneth before them, nor goeth about +& beside them, gather themselues together in a flocke, when they heere +the sheepherd whistle in his fist, for feare of the Dogge (as I imagine) +remembring this (if vnreasonable creatures may be reported to haue +memory) that the Dogge commonly runneth out at his masters warrant which +is his whistle. This haue we oftentimes diligently marcked in taking our +journey from towne to towne, when wee haue hard a sheepherd whistle we +haue rayned in our horse and stoode styll a space, to see the proofe and +triall of this matter. Furthermore with this dogge doth the sheepherd +take sheepe for y^e slaughter, and to be (25) healed if they be sicke, +no hurt or harme in the world done to the simple creature. + + +Of the mastiue or Bandogge called in Latine _Villaticus_ or +_Cathenarius_. + +This kinde of Dogge called a mastyue or Bandogge is vaste, huge, +stubborne, ougly, and eager, of a heuy and burthenous body, and therfore +but of litle swiftnesse, terrible, and frightfull to beholde, and more +fearce and fell then any _Arcadian_ curre (notwithstãding they are sayd +to ha{n}e their generation of the violent Lyon.) They are called +_Villatici_, because they are appoynted to watche and keepe farme places +and coũtry cotages sequestred from commõ recourse, and not abutting vpon +other houses by reason of distaunce, when there is any feare conceaued +of theefes, robbers, spoylers, and night wanderers. They are seruiceable +against the Foxe and the Badger, to drive wilde and tame swyne out of +Medowes, pastures, glebelandes and places planted with fruite, to bayte +and take the bull by the eare, when occasion so requireth. One dogge or +two at the vttermost, sufficient for that purpose be the bull neuer so +monsterous, neuer so fearce, neuer so furious, neuer so stearne, neuer +so vntameable. For it is a kinde of dogge capeable of courage, violent +and valiaunt, striking could feare into the harts of men, but standing +in feare of no man, in so much that no weapons will make him shrincke, +nor abridge his boldnes. Our Englishe men (to th’ intent that theyr +dogges might be the more fell and fearce) assist nature with arte, vse, +and custome, for they teach theyr dogges to baite the Beare, to baite +the Bull and other such like cruell and bloudy beastes (appointing an +ouerseer of the game) without any collar to defend theyr throtes, and +oftentimes they traine them vp in fighting and wrestling with a man +hauing for the safegarde of his lyfe, eyther a Pikestaffe, a (26) +clubbe, or a sworde and by vsing them to such exercises as these, theyr +dogges become more sturdy and strong. The force which is in them +surmounteth all beleefe, the fast holde which they take with their teeth +exceedeth all credit, three of them against a Beare, fowre against a +Lyon are sufficient, both to try masteryes with them and vtterly to +ouermatch them. Which thing _Henry_ the seuenth of that name, King of +England (a Prince both politique & warlike) perceauing on a certaine +time (as the report runneth) commaunded all such dogges (how many soeuer +they were in number) should be hanged, beyng deepely displeased, and +conceauing great disdaine, that an yll fauoured rascall curre should +with such violent villany, assault the valiaunt Lyon king of all +beastes. An example for all subiectes worthy remembraunce, to admonishe +them that it is no aduantage to them to rebell against y^e regiment of +their ruler, but to keepe them within the limits of Loyaltie. I reede an +history aunswerable to this of the selfe same _Henry_, who hauing a +notable and an excellent fayre Falcon, it fortuned that the kings +Falconers, in the presence and hearing of his grace, highly commended +his Maiesties Falcon, saying that it feared not to intermeddle with an +Eagle, it was so venturous a byrde and so mighty, which when the King +harde, he charged that the Falcon should be killed without delay, +for the selfe same reason (as it may seeme) which was rehersed in the +cõclusion of the former history concerning the same king. This dogge is +called, in like maner, _Cathenarius_, _a Cathena_, of the chaine +wherwith he is tyed at the gates, in y^e day time, least beyng lose he +should doe much mischiefe and yet might giue occasion of feare and +terror by his bigge barcking. And albeit _Cicero_ in his oration had +_Pro. S. Ross._ be of this opinion, that such Dogges as barcke in the +broade day light shoulde haue their legges broken, yet our countrymen, +on this side the seas for their carelessnes of lyfe setting all at +cinque and sice, are of a contrary iudgement. For theefes roge vp & down +in euery corner, no place is free from them, no not y^e princes pallace, +(27) nor the country mans cotage. In the day time they practise +pilfering, picking, open robbing, and priuy stealing, and what +legerdemaine lacke they? not fearing the shamefull and horrible death of +hanging. The cause of which inconuenience doth not onely issue from +nipping neede & wringing want, for all y^t steale, are not pinched with +pouerty, but som steale to maintaine their excessiue and prodigall +expences in apparell, their lewdnes of lyfe, their hautines of hart, +theyr wantonnes of maners, theyr wilfull ydlenes, their ambitious +brauery, and the pryde of the sawcy _Salacones’_ μεγαλορρούντων vaine +glorious and arrogant in behauiour, whose delight dependeth wholly to +mount nimbly on horsebacke, to make them leape lustely, spring and +praunce, galloppe and amble, to runne a race, to wynde in compasse, and +so forthe, liuing all together vpon the fatnesse of the spoyle. Othersom +therbe which steale, being thereto prouoked by penury & neede, like +masterlesse mẽ applying themselues to no honest trade, but raunging vp +and downe impudently begging, and complayning of bodily weakenesse where +is no want of abilitie. But valiaunt _Valentine_ th’emperour, by holsome +lawes prouided that suche as hauing no corporall sicknesse, solde +themselues to begging, pleded pouerty wyth pretended infirmitie, & +cloaked their ydle and slouthfull life with colourable shifts and cloudy +cossening, should be a perpetuall slaue and drudge to him, by whom their +impudent ydlenes was bewrayed, and layde against them in publique place, +least the insufferable slouthfullnes of such vagabondes should be +burthenous to the people, or being so hatefull and odious, should growe +into an example. _Alfredus_ likewise in the gouernment of his common +wealth, procured such increase of credite to Justice and vpright dealing +by his prudent actes and statutes, that if a mã trauailing by the hygh +way of the countrey vnder his dominion, chaunced to lose a budget full +of gold, or his capcase farsed with things of great value, late in the +euening, he should finde it where (28) he lost it, safe, sound, and +vntouched the next morning, yea (which is a wonder) at any time for a +whole monethes space if he sought for it, as _Ingulphus Croyladensis_ in +his History recordeth. But in this our vnhappy age, in these (I say) our +deuelishe dayes nothing can scape the clawes of the spoyler, though it +be kept neuer so sure within the house, albe it the doores bee lockt and +boulted round about. This dogge in like maner of _Græcians_ is called +οἰκουρος. + + +Of the latinists _Canis Custos_, in Englishe the Dogge keeper. + +Borrowing his name of his seruire, for he doth not onely keepe farmers +houses, but also merchaunts maisons, wherin great wealth, riches, +substaunce, and costly stuffe is reposed. And therfore were certaine +dogges founde and maintained at the common costes and charges of the +Citizens of _Rome_ in the place called _Capitolium_, to giue warning of +theefes comming. This kind of dogge, is also called, + + +In latine _Canis Laniarius_ in Englishe the Butchers Dogge. + +So called for the necessity of his vse, for his seruice affoordeth great +benefite to the Butcher as well in following as in taking his cattell +when neede constraineth, vrgeth, and requireth. This kinde of dogge is +likewise called, + + +In latine _Molossicus_ or _Molossus_. + +After the name of a countrey in _Epirus_ called _Molossia_, which +harboureth many stoute, stronge, and sturdy Dogges of this sort, for the +dogges of that countrey are good in deede, or else their is no trust to +be had in the testimonie of writers. This dogge is also called, + + +In latine _Canis Mandatarius_ a Dogge messinger or Carrier. + +Upon substanciall consideration, because at his masters voyce and +commaundement, he carrieth letters from place to place, wrapped vp +cunningly in his lether collar, fastened therto, or sowed close therin, +who, least he should be hindered in his passage vseth these helpes very +skilfully, namely resistaunce (29) in fighting if he be not ouermatched, +or else swiftnesse & readinesse in running away, if he be vnable to +buckle with the dogge that would faine haue a snatch at his skinne. This +kinde of dogge is likewise called, + + +In latine _Canis Lunarius_, in Englishe the Mooner. + +Because he doth nothing else but watch and warde at an ynche, wasting +the wearisome night season without slombering or sleeping, bawing & +wawing at the Moone (that I may vse the word of _Nonius_) a qualitie in +mine opinion straunge to consider. This kinde of dogge is also called. + + +In latine _Aquarius_ in Englishe a water drawer. + +And these be of the greater and the waighter sort drawing water out of +wells and deepe pittes, by a wheele which they turne rounde about by the +mouing of their burthenous bodies. This kinde of dogge is called in like +maner. + + +_Canis Sarcinarius_ in Latine, and may aptly be englished a Tynckers +Curre. + +Because with marueilous pacience they beare bigge budgettes fraught with +Tinckers tooles, and mettall meete to mend kettels, porrige pottes, +skellets, and chafers, and other such like trumpery requisite for their +occupacion and loytering trade, easing him of a great burthen which +otherwise he himselfe should carry vpon his shoulders, which condition +hath challenged vnto them the foresaid name. Besides the qualities which +we haue already recounted, this kind of dogges hath this principall +property ingrafted in them, that they loue their masters liberally, and +hate straungers despightfully, wherevpon it followeth that they are to +their masters, in traueiling a singuler safgard, defending them +forceably from the inuasion of villons and theefes, preseruing their +lyfes from losse, and their health from hassard, theyr fleshe from +hacking and hewing with such like desperate daungers. For which +consideration they are meritoriously (30) tearmed, + + +In Latine _Canes defensores_ defending dogges in our mother tounge. + +If it chaunce that the master bee oppressed, either by a multitude, or +by the greater violence & so be beaten downe that he lye groueling on +the grounde, (it is proued true by experience) that this Dogge forsaketh +not his master, no not when he is starcke deade: But induring the force +of famishment and the outragious tempestes of the weather, most +vigilantly watcheth and carefully keepeth the deade carkasse many dayes, +indeuouring, furthermore, to kil the murtherer of his master, if he may +get any aduantage. Or else by barcking, by howling, by furious iarring, +snarring, and such like meanes betrayeth the malefactour as desirous to +haue the death of his aforesayde Master rigorouslye reuenged. An example +hereof fortuned within the compasse of my memory. The Dogge of a +certaine wayefaring man trauailing from the Citie of London directly to +the Towne of Kingstone (most famous and renowned by reason of the +triumphant coronation of eight seuerall Kings) passing ouer a good +portion of his iourney was assaulted and set vpon by certaine +confederate theefes laying in waight for the spoyle in _Comeparcke_, +a perillous bottom, compassed about wyth woddes to well knowne for the +manyfolde murders & mischeefeous robberies theyr committed. Into whose +handes this passinger chaunced to fall, so that his ill lucke cost him +the price of his lyfe. And that Dogge whose syer was Englishe (which +_Blondus_ registreth to haue bene within the banckes of his remẽbrance) +manifestly perceauyng that his Master was murthered (this chaunced not +farre from _Paris_) by the handes of one which was a suiter to the same +womã, whom he was a wooer vnto, dyd both bewraye the bloudy butcher, and +attempted to teare out the villons throate if he had not sought meanes +to auoyde the reuenging rage of the Dogge. In fyers also which fortune +in the silence (31) and dead time of the night, or in stormy weather of +the sayde season, the older dogges barcke, ball, howle, and yell (yea +notwithstandyng they bee roughly rated) neyther will they stay their +tounges till the householde seruauntes, awake, ryse, searche, and see +the burning of the fyre, which beyng perceaued they vse voluntary +silence, and cease from yolping. This hath bene, and is founde true by +tryall, in sundry partes of England. There was no faynting faith in that +Dogge, which when his Master by a mischaunce in hunting stumbled and +fell toppling downe a deepe dytche beyng vnable to recouer of himselfe, +the Dogge signifying his masters mishappe, reskue came, and he was +hayled up by a rope, whom the Dogge seeyng almost drawne up to the edge +of the dytche, cheerefully saluted, leaping and skipping vpon his master +as though he woulde haue imbraced hym, beyng glad of his presence, whose +longer absence he was lothe to lacke. Some Dogges there be, which will +not suffer fyery coales to lye skattered about the hearthe, but with +their pawes wil rake up the burnyng coales, musying and studying fyrst +with themselues how it myght conueniently be done. And if so bee that +the coales cast to great a heate then will they buyry them in ashes and +so remoue them forwarde to a fyt place wyth theyr noses. Other Dogges +bee there which exequute the office of a Farmer in the nyghte tyme. For +when his master goeth to bedde to take his naturall sleepe, And when, + + A hundred barres of brasse and yron boltes, + Make all things safe from startes and from reuoltes. + VVhen Ianus keepes the gate with Argos eye, + That daungers none approch, ne mischiefes nye. + +As Virgill vaunteth in his verses, Then if his master byddeth him go +abroade, he lingereth not, but raungeth ouer all his lands lying there +about, more diligently, I wys, then any farmer himselfe. And if he finde +anything their that is straunge and pertaining to other persons besides +his master, (32) whether it be man, woman, or beast, he driueth them out +of the ground, not medling with any thing which doth belong to the +possession and vse of his master. But how much faythfulnes, so much +diuersitie there is in their natures, + + +For there be some, + + { Which barcke only with free and open throate but will not bite, + { Which doe both barcke and byte, + { Which bite bitterly before they barcke, + +The first are not greatly to be feared, because they themselues are +fearefull, and fearefull dogges (as the prouerbe importeth) barcke most +vehemently. + +The second are daungerous, it is wisedome to take heede of them because +they sounde, as it were, an _Alarum_ of an afterclappe, and these dogges +must not be ouer much moued or prouoked, for then they take on +outragiously as if they were madde, watching to set the print of their +teeth in the fleshe. And these kinde of dogges are fearce and eager by +nature. + +The thirde are deadly, for they flye upon a man, without vtteraunce of +voyce, snatch at him, and catche him by the throate, and most cruelly +byte out colloppes of fleashe. Feare these kind of Curres, (if thou be +wise and circumspect about thine owne safetie) for they bee stoute and +stubberne dogges, and set vpon a man at a sodden vnwares. By these +signes and tokens, by these notes and argumentes our men discerne the +cowardly curre from the couragious dogge the bolde from the fearefull, +the butcherly from the gentle and tractable. Moreouer they coniecture +that a whelpe of an yll kinde is not worthe the keeping and that no +dogge can serue the sundry vses of men so aptly and so conueniently as +this sort of whom we haue so largely written already. For if any be +disposed to drawe the aboue named seruices into a table, what mã more +clearely, and with more vehemency of voyce giueth warning eyther of a +wastefull beast, or of a spoiling theefe then this? who by his barcking +(as good as a burning beacon) (33) foreshoweth hassards at hand? What +maner of beast stronger? what seruaũt to his master more louing? what +companion more trustie? what watchman more vigilant? what reuenger more +constant? what messinger more speedie? what water bearer more painefull? +Finally what packhorse more patient? And thus much concerning English +Dogges, first of the gentle kinde, secondly of the courser kinde. Nowe +it remaineth that we deliuer vnto you the Dogges of a mungrell or a +currishe kinde, and then will wee perfourme our taske. + + + ¶ A Diall pertaining to the + _fourth Section_. + + Dogs comprehended in y^e fourth section are these + + { The shepherds dogge + { The Mastiue or Bandogge, + + which hath sundry names diriued frõ sundry circũstances as + + { The keeper or watch man + { The butchers dogge + { The messinger or carrier + { The Mooner + { The water drawer + { The Tinckers curr + { The fencer, + + called in Latine _Canes Rustici_. + + + + + (34) The fifth Section of this + _treatise_. + + Containing Curres of the mungrell and rascall sort and + first of the Dogge called in Latine, _Admonitor_, + and of vs in Englishe VVappe + or VVarner. + + +Of such dogges as keepe not their kinde, of such as are mingled out of +sundry sortes not imitating the conditions of some one certaine spice, +because they resẽble no notable shape, nor exercise any worthy property +of the true perfect and gentle kind, it is not necessarye that I write +any more of them, but to banishe them as vnprofitable implements, out of +the boundes of my Booke, vnprofitable I say for any vse that is +commendable, except to intertaine straũgers with their barcking in the +day time, giuyng warnyng to them of the house, that such & such be newly +come, wherevpon we call them admonishing Dogges, because in that point +they performe theyr office. + + +Of the Dogge called Turnespete in Latine _Veruuersator_. + +There is comprehended, vnder the curres of the coursest kinde, a +certaine dogge in kytchen seruice excellent. For whẽ any meate is to bee +roasted they go into a wheele which they turning rounde about with the +waight of their bodies, so (35) diligently looke to their businesse, +that no drudge nor skullion can doe the feate more cunningly. Whom the +popular sort herevpon call Turnespets, being the last of all those which +wee haue first mencioned. + + +Of the Dogge called the Daunser, in Latine _Saltator_ or _Tympanista_. + +There be also dogges among vs of a mungrell kind which are taught and +exercised to daunce in measure at the musicall sounde of an instrument, +as, at the iust stroke of the drombe, at the sweete accent of the +Cyterne, & tuned strings of the harmonious Harpe showing many pretty +trickes by the gesture of their bodies. As to stand bolte upright, to +lye flat vpon the grounde, to turne rounde as a ringe holding their +tailes in their teeth, to begge for theyr meate, and sundry such +properties, which they learne of theyr vagabundicall masters, whose +instrumentes they are to gather gaine, withall in Citie, Country, Towne, +and Village. As some which carry olde apes on their shoulders in +coloured iackets to moue men to laughter for a litle lucre. + + +Of other Dogges, a short conclusion, wonderfully ingendred within the +coastes of this country. + +Three sortes of them, + + { The first bred of a bytch and a wolfe, } In Latine _Lyciscus_. + { The second of a bytche and a foxe, } In Latine _Lacæna_. + { The third of a beare and a bandogge, } In Latine _Vrcanus_. + +Of the first we haue none naturally bred within the borders of England. +The reason is for the want of wolfes, without whom no such kinde of +Dogge can bee ingendred. Againe (36) it is deliuered vnto thee in this +discourse, how and by what meanes, by whose benefite, and within what +circuite of tyme, this country was cleerely discharged of rauenyng +wolfes, and none at all left, no, not to the least number, or the +beginnyng of a number, which is an _Vnari_. + +Of the second sort we are not vtterly voyde of some, because this our +Englishe soyle is not free from foxes (for in deede we are not without a +multitude of them in so much as diuerse keepe, foster, and feede them in +their houses among their houndes and dogges, eyther for some maladie of +mind, or for some sicknesse of body,) which peraduenture the savour of +that subtill beast would eyther mitigate or expell. + +The thirde kinde which is bred of a Beare and a Bandogge we want not +heare in England, (A straunge & wonderfull effect, that cruell enimyes +should enter into y^e worke of copulation & bring forth so sauage a +curre.) Undoubtedly it is euen so as we haue reported, for the fyery +heate of theyr fleshe, or rather the pricking thorne, or most of all, +the tyckling lust of lechery, beareth such swinge and sway in them, that +there is no contrairietie for the time, but of constraint they must +ioyne to ingender. And why should not this bee consonant to truth? why +shoulde not these beastes breede in this lande, as well as in other +forreigne nations? For wee reede that Tigers and dogges in _Hircania_, +that Lyons and Dogges in _Arcadia_, and that wolfes and dogges in +_Francia_, couple and procreate. In men and women also lyghtened with +the lantarne of reason (but vtterly voide of vertue) that foolishe, +frantique, and fleshely action, (yet naturally sealed in vs) worketh so +effectuously, y^t many tymes it doth reconcile enimyes, set foes at +freendship, vnanimitie, & atonement, as _Moria_ mencioneth. The _Vrcane_ +which is bred of a beare and a dogge, + + Is fearce, is fell, is stoute and stronge, + And byteth sore to fleshe and bone, + His furious force indureth longe + In rage he will be rul’de of none. + +That I may vse the wordes of the Poet _Gratius_, This (37) dogge +exceedeth all other in cruell conditions, his leering and fleering +lookes, his stearne and sauage vissage, maketh him in sight feareful and +terrible, he is violent in fighting, & wheresoeuer he setteth his +tenterhooke teeth, he taketh such sure & fast hold that a man may sooner +teare and rende him in sunder, then lose him and seperate his chappes. +He passeth not for the Wolfe, the Beare, the Lyon, nor the Bull, and may +wortherly (as I thinke) be companiõ with _Alexanders_ dogge which came +out of _India_. But of these, thus much, and thus farre may seeme +sufficient. + + +A starte to outlandishe Dogges in this conclusion, not impertinent to +the Authors purpose. + +Vse and custome hath intertained other dogges of an outlandishe kinde, +but a fewe and the same beyng of a pretty bygnesse, I meane Iseland, +dogges curled & rough al ouer, which by reason of the lenght of their +heare make showe neither of face nor of body. And yet these curres, +forsoothe, because they are so straunge are greatly set by, esteemed, +taken vp, and made of many times in the roome of the Spaniell gentle or +comforter. The natures of men is so moued, nay rather marryed to +nouelties without all reason, wyt, iudgement or perseueraunce. Ἐρῶμεν +ἀλλοτριῶν, παρορῶμεν συγγενεῖς. + + Outlandishe toyes we take with delight, + Things of our owne nation we haue in despight. + +Which fault remaineth not in vs concerning dogges only, but for +artificers also. And why? it is to manyfest that wee disdayne and +contempne our owne workmen, be they neuer so skilfull, be they neuer so +cunning, be they neuer so excellent. A beggerly beast brought out of +barbarous borders, frõ the vttermost countryes Northward, &c., we stare +at, we gase at, we muse, we maruaile at, like an asse of _Cumanum_, like +Thales with the brasen shancks, like the man in the Moone. + +(38) The which default _Hippocrates_ marcked when he was alyue, as +euidently appeareth in the beginnyng of his booke περὶ ἀγμῶν, so +intituled and named: + +And we in our worcke entituled _De Ephemera Britanica_, to the people of +England haue more plentifully expressed. In this kinde looke which is +most blockishe, and yet most waspishe, the same is most esteemed, and +not amonge Citizens onely and iolly gentlemen, but among lustie Lordes +also, and noble men, and daintie courtier ruffling in their ryotous +ragges. Further I am not to wade in the foorde of this discourse, +because it was my purpose to satisfie your expectation with a short +treatise (most learned _Conrade_) not wearysome for me to wryte, nor +tedious for you to peruse. Among other things which you haue receaued at +my handes heretofore, I remember that I wrote a seuerall description of +the Getulian Dogge, because there are but a fewe of them and therefore +very seldome scene. As touching Dogges of other kyndes you your selfe +haue taken earnest paine, in writing of them both lyuely, learnedly and +largely. But because wee haue drawne this libell more at length then the +former which I sent you (and yet briefer than the nature of the thing +myght well beare) regardyng your more earnest and necessary studdies. I +will conclude makyng a rehearsall notwithstanding (for memoryes sake) of +certaine specialties contayned in the whole body of this my breuiary. +And because you participate principall pleasure in the knowledge of the +common and vsuall names of Dogges (as I gather by the course of your +letters) I suppose it not amysse to deliuer vnto you a shorte table +contayning as well the Latine as the Englishe names, and to render a +reason of euery particular appellation, to th’intent that no scruple may +remaine in this point, but that euery thing may bee sifted to the bare +bottome. + + + A Diall pertaining to the + _fifte Section_. + + Dogges contained in this last Diall or Table are + + { The wapp or warner, + { The Turnespet, + { The dauncer, + + called in Latine _Canes Rustici_ + + + + + A Supplement or Addition, containing + a demonstration of Dogges + names how they had their + Originall. + + +The names contayned in the generall table, for so much as they signifie +nothing to you being a straunger, and ignoraunt of the Englishe tounge, +except they be interpreted: As we haue giuen a reason before of y^e +latine words so meane we to doe no lesse of the Englishe that euery +thing maye be manyfest vnto your vnderstanding. Wherein I intende to +obserue the same order which I haue followed before. + + +The names of such Dogges as be contained in the first section. + +_Sagax_, in Englishe Hunde, is deriued of our English word (40) hunte. +One letter chaunged in another, namely, T, into D, as Hunt, Hunde, whom +(if you coniecture to be so named of your country worde _Hunde_ which +signifieth the generall name Dogge, because of the similitude and +likenesse of the wordes I will not stand in contradiction (friende +_Gesner_) for so much as we retaine among vs at this day many Dutche +wordes which the _Saxons_ left at such time as they occupyed this +country of Britane. Thus much also vnderstand, that as in your language +_Hunde_ is the common word, so in our naturall tounge dogge is the +vniuersall, but _Hunde_ is perticuler and a speciall, for it signifieth +such a dogge onely as serueth to hunt, and therfore it is called a +hunde. + + +Of the Gasehounde. + +The Gasehounde called in latine _Agasæus_, hath his name of the +sharpenesse and stedfastnesse of his eyesight. By which vertue he +compasseth that which otherwise he cannot by smelling attaine. As we +haue made former relation, for to gase is earnestly to viewe and +beholde, from whence floweth the deriuation of this dogges name. + + +Of the Grehounde. + +The Grehounde called _Leporarius_, hath his name of this word, Gre, +which word soundeth, _Gradus_ in latine, in Englishe degree. Because +among all dogges these are the most principall, occupying the chiefest +place, and being simply and absolutely the best of the gentle kinde of +houndes. + + +Of the Leuyner or the Lyemmer. + +This dogge is called a Leuyner, for his lyghtnesse, which in latine +soundeth _Leuitas_, Or a Lyemmer which worde is borrowed of Lyemme, +which the latinists name _Lorum_: and wherefore we call him a Leuyner of +this worde _Leuitas_? (as we doe many things besides) why we deriue and +drawe a thousand of our tearmes, out of the _Greeke_, the _Latine_, the +_Italian_, the _Dutch_, the _French_, and the _Spanishe_ tounge? (Out of +which fountaines in deede, they had their originall issue.) How many +words are buryed in the graue of forgetfulnes? growne out of vse? +wrested awrye? and peruersly corrupted by diuers (41) defaultes? we wil +declare at large in our booke intituled, _Symphonia vocum +Britannicarum_. + + +Of the Tumbler. + +Among houndes the Tumbler called in latine _Vertagus_, is the last, +which commeth of this worde Tumbler flowyng first of al out of the +French fountaine. For as we say Tumble so they, _Tumbier_, reseruing one +sense and signification, which the latinists comprehende vnder this +worde _Vertere_, So that we see thus much, that Tumbler commeth of +_Tumbier_, the vowell, I, chaunged into the _Liquid_, L, after y^e maner +of our speache. Contrary to the French and the Italian tounge. In which +two languages, A _Liquid_ before a _Vowell_ for the most part is turned +into another _Vowell_, As, may be perceaued in the example of these two +wordes, _Implere_ & _plano_, for _Impiere_ & _piano_, L, before, E, +chaunged into, I, and L, before A, turned into I, also. This I thought +conuenient for a taste. + + +The names of such Dogges as be contained in the second Section. + +After such as serue for hunting orderly doe follow such as serue for +hawking and fowling, Among which the principall and chiefest is the +Spaniell, called in Latine _Hispaniolus_, borrowing his name of +_Hispania_ Spaine, wherein wee Englishe men not pronouncing the +Aspiration H, Nor the _Vowell_ I, for quicknesse and redinesse of speach +say roundly A Spaniell. + + +Of the Setter. + +The second sort of this second diuision and second section, is called a +Setter, in latine _Index_, Of the worde Set which signifieth in Englishe +that which the Latinistes meane by this word _Locum designare_, y^e +reason is rehersed before more largely, it shall not neede to make a new +repetition. + + +(42) Of the water Spaniell or Finder. + +The water Spaniell consequently followeth, called in Latine Aquaticus, +in English a waterspaniell, which name is compounde of two simple +wordes, namely Water, which in Latine soũdeth _Aqua_, wherein he +swymmeth. And _Spaine_, _Hispania_, the country frõ whence they came, +Not that England wanted such kinde of Dogges, (for they are naturally +bred and ingendred in this country.) But because they beare the generall +and common name of these Dogges synce the time they were first brought +ouer out of Spaine. And wee make a certaine difference in this sort of +Dogges, eyther for some thing which in theyr voyce is to be marked, or +for some thing which in their qualities is to be considered, as for an +example in this kinde called the Spaniell by the apposition and putting +to of this word water, which two coupled together sounde waterspaniell. +He is also called a fynder, in Latine _Inquisitor_, because that by +serious and secure seeking, he findeth such things as be lost, which +word _Finde_ in English is that which the Latines meane by this Verbe +_Inuenire_. This dogge hath this name of his property because the +principall point of his seruice consisteth in the premisses. + + +The names of such Dogges as be contained in the thirde Section. + +Now leauing the suruie we of hunting and hauking dogs, it remaineth that +we runne ouer the residue, whereof some be called, fine dogs, some +course, other some mungrels or rascalls. The first is the Spaniell +gentle called _Canis Melitæus_, because it is a kinde of dogge accepted +among gentles, Nobles, Lordes, Ladies, &c. who make much of them +vouchsafeing to admit them so farre into their company that they will +not onely lull them in theyr lappes, but kysse them with their lippes, +and make them theyr prettie playfellowes. Such a one was _Gorgons_ litle +puppie mencioned by _Theocritus_ in _Siracusis_, (43) who taking his +iourney, straightly charged & commaunded his mayde to see to his Dogge +as charely and warely as to his childe: To call him in alwayes that he +wandred not abroade, as well as to rock the babe a sleepe, crying in the +cradle. This puppitly and peasantly curre, (which some frumpingly tearme +fysteing hounds) serue in a maner to no good vse except, (As we haue +made former relation) to succour and strengthen quailing and quammning +stomackes to bewray bawdery, and filthy abhominable leudnesse (which a +litle dogge of this kinde did in _Sicilia_) As _Ælianus_ in his .7. +booke of beastes and .27. chapter recordeth. + + +The names of such dogges as be contained in the fourth Section. + +Of dogges vnder the courser kinde, wee will deale first with the +shepherds dogge, whom we call the Bandogge, the Tydogge, or the Mastyue, +the first name is imputed to him for seruice _Quoniam pastori +famulatur_, because he is at the shepherds his masters commaundement. +The seconde a _Ligamento_ of the band or chaine wherewith he is tyed, +The thirde a _Sagina_, Of the fatnesse of his body. + +For this kinde of dogge which is vsually tyed, is myghty, grosse, and +fat fed. I know this that _Augustinus Niphus_, calleth this _Mastinus_ +(which we call Mastiuus.) And that _Albertus_ writeth how the _Lyciscus_ +is ingendred by a beare and a wolfe. Notwithstanding the self same +Author taketh it for the most part _pro Molosso_. A dogge of such a +countrey. + + +The names of such dogges as be contained in the fifte Section. + +Of mungrels and rascalls somwhat is to be spoken. And among these, of +y^e _VVappe_ or _Turnespet_, which name is made of two simple words, +that is, of _Turne_, which in latine soundeth _Vertere_, and of _spete_ +which is _Veru_, or _spede_, for the Englishe word inclineth closer to +the Italian imitation: _Veruuersator_, Turnspet. He is called also +VVaupe, of the naturall noise of (44) his voyce _VV_au, which he maketh +in barcking. But for the better and the redyer sounde, the vowell, u, is +chaunged into the cõsonant, p, so y^t for waupe we say wappe. And yet I +wot well that _Nonius_ boroweth his _Baubari_ of the natural voyce +_Bau_, as the _Græcians_ doe their βάυζειν of wau. + +Now when you vnderstand this that _Saltare_ in latine signifieth +_Dansare_ in Englishe. And that our dogge therevpon is called a daunser +and in the latine _Saltator_, you are so farre taught as you were +desirous to learne, And now suppose I, there remaineth nothing, but that +your request is fully accomplished. + + +The winding vp of this worke, called the Supplement, &c. + +Thus (Friend _Gesner_) you haue, not only the kindes of our countrey +dogges, but their names also, as well in latine as in Englishe, their +offices, seruices, diuersities, natures, & properties, that you can +demaunde no more of me in this matter. And albeit I haue not satisfied +your minde peraduẽture (who suspectest al speede in the performaunce of +your requeste employed, to be meere delayes) because I stayde the +setting fourth of that vnperfect pamphlet which, fiue yeares ago, I sent +to you as a priuate friende for your owne reeding, and not to be +printed, and so made common, yet I hope (hauing like the beare lickt +ouer my younge) I haue waded in this worke to your contentation, which +delay hath made somewhat better and δευτέραι φροντίδες, after witte more +meete to be perused. + + +The ende of this treatise. + +FINIS. + + + + +[Decoration] + + _An Alphabetical Index, declaring the_ + whole discourse of this abridgement. The number importeth the Page. + + + _A._ + + Abridgement of Dogges. 1 + Abstinence from lost goods. 27 + Aelianus his opinion of bloodhoundes. 6 + Aelianus and Aelius, opinion of the beauer. 19 + Alfredus maintained iustice. 27 + An example of rebellion, and the reward of the same. 26 + An example of loue in a dogge. 31 + Arcadian dogge. 36 + + _B._ + + Bandogges bayte the Beare and the Bull. 25 + Blondus opinion of a dogge. 30 + Blooddy and butcherlye curres. 32 + Beauer called a water dogge. 19 + Beauer wherein hee is lyke a dogge. 19 + Beasts preuented of succor. 5 + Bloodhoundes howe they are knowne. 5 + Bloodhounds conditions in hũting. ibidem + Bloodhounds whence they borrowe their names. ibid. + Bloodhoundes pursue without wearinesse. 6 + Bloodhoundes discerne theeues from true men. 6 + Bloodhoundes hunte by water and by land. ibid. + Bloodhoundes when they cease from hunting. ibidem + Bloodhoundes why they are kept close in the daye, + and let lose in the night. ibide. + Bloodhounds haue not lybertye alwayes + to raunge at wyll. 7 + Bloodhoundes are their maisters guides. ibid. + Borders of England pestred with pylferers. ibidem + Bloodhounds why they are vsed in England + and Scotland. ibi. + Bloodhoundes take not the water naturally. ibidem + Bloodhoundes called Brache in Scottishe. ibidem + Bloodhounds when they barck. 8 + Butchers dogge. 28 + Butchers dogge why so called. ibide. + + _C._ + + Caius booke of dogges twyse written. 1 + Conny is not hunted. 4 + Connye caught with the ferryt. ibidem + Conny taken with the net. ibi. + Continuaunce of tyme breedeth cunning. 8 + Castle of Flint. 10 + Cunnies preuented of succor. 11 + Callimachus. 20 + Cõforter called Meliteus. ibid. + Comforters proportion described. ibide. + Comforters condicions declared. ibidem + Comforters to what ende they serue. ibidem + Comforters the pretier, the pleasaunter. 21 + Comforters, companions of ydle dames. ibidem + Comforters why they are so much estemed + among gentlefolkes. ibidem + Comforters, what vertue is in them. ibide. + Conditions natural, som secrete, some manifest. ibide. + Comforters called by sundrye names. ibide. + Cicero pro S. Ross. 26 + Countrey cotages annoyed with theeues. ibidem + Capitolium kept dogges at the common charge. ibide. + Carrier why he is so called. 28 + Carriers seruice and properties. ibidem + Comeparcke, a perillous place. 30 + Cõmendation of the mastiue. 32 + + _D._ + + Dogges for hunting two kindes generally. 2 + Diuerse dogges diuerse vses. 4 + Deceipt is th’ instrument of the Tumbler. 12 + Dogges for the faulcon, the phesaunt, + and the partridge. 15 + Dogs are houshold seruants. 16 + Ducks deceaue both dogge and maister. 17 + Ducks subtyle of nature. ibi. + Ducks dissẽble weaknesse. ibi. + Ducks prudent and prouident. ibidem + Ducks regarde them selues and their broode. ibid. + Dogges of a course kind. ibi. + Dissembling theeues. 27 + Dissembling dogges. 30 + Defending dogges stick to their maisters + to the death. ibide. + Defending dogges greedy of reuengement. ibidem + Diuersitie of mastiues. 32 + Daungerous dogges. ibid. + Daunsers qualities. 35 + Daunsers begge for their meate. ibidem + Daunsers vsed for lucre and gaine. ibid. + Dogges wonderfullye ingendred. ibidem + + _E._ + + England is not without Scottish dogges. 2 + Election in a gase hound. 8 + England and VVales are cleare from wolues. 24 + Edgar what tyme King of England. ibidem + Epirus a countrey in Græcia. 28 + + _F._ + + Foxe hunted by the gasehound. 8 + Flight preuenteth peryl. 9 + Froisart historiographer. 10 + Flint Castle. ibide. + Fiench dogges howe their skins be speckled. 15 + Fisher dogge none in Englande. 18 + Fisher dogge, doubtfull if there be any such. ibidem + Faulcon and an Eagle fight. 26 + Faulcon kylled for fighting with an Eagle. ibid. + Fire betraied by a dogge. 30 + Fire raked vp by a dogge. 31 + Farmars keepe dogges. ibid. + Feareful dogges barke sorest. 32 + Foxes kept for sundrye causes. 36 + Foxes holsome in houses. ibid. + + _G._ + + Gesner desirous of knowledge. 1 + Gesner earnest in experimentes. ibi. + Gasehounde whence he hath his name. 9 + Gasehoundes vsed in the North. ibidem + Gasehound somtimes loseth his waye. ibidem + Grehound light footed. ibid. + Grehounds special seruice. ibi. + Grehoundes strong and swifte. ibidem + Grehounds game. 10 + Grehounds spare of body. ibi. + Grehounds nature wonderfull. ibid. + Grehounde of King Richarde. ibid. + Gentle dogge. 14 + Gratius Poet his opinion. 37 + Getulian dogge. 38 + + _H._ + + Hunting wherin it consisteth. 2 + Hunting and fowleing doo differ. 3 + Hunting dogges, fiue speciall kinds. ibid. + Harryer excelleth in smelling. ibidem + Harryer how he is known. ibi. + Hare hunted by the gasehound. 8 + Henry Duke of Lancaster. 10 + Hole of the Conny, their hauen of health. 11 + Hare daunsing in measure. 16 + Hare beating and thumping a dogge. ibidem + Heare a hinderaunce to the water Spaniell + in swymming. 17 + Heare an vnprofitable burthen. ibi. + Hector Boethus. 18 + Henry the seuenth. 26 + Henries commaundement to hang all bandogges. ibid. + Henries Faulconer, and his Faulcon. ibi. + Hippocrates. 38 + + _I._ + + Justice mayntained by Alfred. 27 + Ingulphus Croyladensis historiographer. 28 + Ianus watching. 31 + Indian dogges. 37 + Iseland curres, rough and rugged. ibid. + Iselande curres mutch sette by. ibidem + + _K._ + + King Richarde of England. 10 + King Edgars trybute out of VVales. 23 + King Henrie the seuenth. 26 + King of all beasts, the Lyon. ibi. + King of all Birds, the Eagle. ibi. + Keepers seruice. 28 + Kingston, or Kingstoune verye famous in olde time. 30 + Kinges crowned at Kingstoune, to the number of eyght, + theyr names are these. Edward the first, Athelstan, + Edmunde, Aldred, Edwin, Edgar, Edeldred, Edwarde, + syrnamed Yron rybbes. ibid. + + _L._ + + Leuiner quicke of smelling, and swyft of running. 10 + Leuiner, why so called. ibi. + Leuiner foloweth the game eagerly. ibi. + Leuiner taketh his pray speedilie. ibid. + Lyon King of all beasts. 26 + Lust of the flesh reconcileth enemies. 36 + + _M._ + + Maisters becke a direction to the gasehound. 9 + Melita or Malta. 20 + Mastiues proportiõ described. 20 + Mastiue, why he is called Villaticus. ibi. + Mastiues vse and seruice. ibi. + Mastiues are mankind. ibi. + Mastiues of great might. 16 + Molossia. 28 + Mooner, why so termed. 29 + Mooner watchfull. ibi. + Mungrellesl. [34] + Maisterles men carrie Apes about. 35 + Man in the moone. 37 + + _N._ + + Nature hath made some dogges for hunting. 4 + Naturall properties of the water spaniel. 16 + No VVolues in Englande nor VVales. 24 + No place free from theeues. 27 + Nothing escapeth the spoiler. 18 + Nonius bau wau. 19 + Names of the mastiue. 33 + Names of the spaniel gentle. 22 + Names of Dogges whence they were deriued. 39, 40, 41, 42, &c. + + _O._ + + One Dogge hunteth diuerse beastes. 4 + Owners of bloudhoundes howe they vse them. 6 + Order of the Tumbler in hunting. 11 + Of the Cumaneasse. 37 + Of brasen shanckt Thales. ibi. + Otter. 7 + + _P._ + + Properties of a bloudhound issuing from desire. 7 + Proportion and making of the water spaniel. 17 + Pupine a byrd and a fyshe. 18 + Princes pallace pestered with theeues. 16 + Paris in Fraunce. 30 + + _R._ + + Rome maintained dogges. 28 + Rare toyes meete for Englishemen. 37 + + _S._ + + Smelling is not incident to the gasehound. 8 + Spaniels of a gentle kinde. 14 + Spaniels two sortes. ibide. + Spaniel of the lande what properties. ibidem + Spaniel for the hauke and the nette. ibide. + Spaniels some haue speciall names. ibide. + Spaniel a name vniuersall. 15 + Spaniels the colour of their skinnes. ibidem + Setters make no noyse, or very litle, in their game. ibidem + Setters giue attendaunce. ibide. + Setters behauiour. ibide. + Setter whence he hath his name. 16 + Sea calfe not numbred amonge Englishe dogges. 19 + Sea calfe called a dogge fishe. ibi. + Seele or sea veale. ibidem + Spaniell gentle or the comforter. 20 + Shepherdes dogge. 23. + The necessity of their seruice. ibi. + The proportion of them. ibidem + Shepherdes what benefite they reape by their dogges. 24 + Sheepherdes in what countryes they go + before their sheepe. ibidem + Sheepe howe they flocke at the sheepherds whistle. ibid. + Sheepherds Dogge choose and take. ibid. + Salacones vaineglorious. 37 + + _T._ + + Terrars hunt the badger and the Foxe. 4 + Terrars hunt as ferryts hunt. ibi. + Terrars conditions. ibid. + Terrars holde fast with theyr teeth. 5 + Tumblers crafty and fraudulent. 11 + Tumblers why so named. ibid. + their trade in hũting. ibi. + their dissembling of friendship. ibi. + they hunt against the wind. 12 + Theeuish dogges. ibidem + Theeuish Dogge, a night curre. ibidem + Theeues feare no law, 27. + Some steale for neede. ibid. + Some to maintaine brauery. ibi. + Tynckers curres beare burthens 29. + their conditions. ibi. + they loue their masters. ibid. + Two suiters to one woman. 30 + Turnespet painefull in the kytchen. 34 + Thales with the brasen feete. 37 + + _V._ + + Vertue of the comforter. 21 + Valentines law for vagabundes. 27 + Virgils vearse. 31 + + _W._ + + VVatchwordes make Dogges perfect in game. 8 + VVonder of a Hare or Leuerit. 16 + VVater spaniell called the finder. ibidem + VVater spaniels what properties. ibidem. + VVater spaniels their proportion. 17. + howe they be described by _D. Caius_. ibidem + VVhy so called. ibidem + VVhere their game lyeth and what it is. ibidem + VVhy they are called fynders. ibidem + VVanton women, wanton puppies. 20 + VVolues bloudsucking beastes. 23. + none England nor wales. ibidem. + three hundred payde yearely to Prince Edgar. ibid. + VVarner what seruice he doth. 34 + VVappes vnprofitable dogges. ibidem + + _Y._ + + Young dogges barcke much. 8 + Yolping and yelling in a bandogge. 31 + Yll kinde whelpes not regarded. 33 + + +_The ende of the Index._ + + + + + ¶ Faultes escaped + _thus to b’amended_. + + In the last page of the Epistle Dedicatory, _Quæ_ for _Qui_ + Page. 3. _Grecians_ for _Græcians_, + Page. 28. _Canis Cultos_ for _Canis Custos_, + Page. 38. _Britanica_ for _Britannica_. + +Other faultes we referre to the correction of the Reader. + +There bee also certaine _Accents_ wanting in the Greeke words which, +because we had them not, are pretermitted: so haue wee byn fayne to let +the Greeke words run their full length, for lacke of _Abbreuiations_. + + +_Studio & industriæ,_ + + _Abrahami_ + _Flemingi._ + + +CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. + + + * * * * + * * * * * + + +Errors and Inconsistencies (English Translation) + + +_Fleming’s Errata_ + +The form “X for Y” means is “X is a misprint for Y”, not “substitute +X for Y”. + + In the last page of the Epistle Dedicatory, _Quæ_ for _Qui_ + [qui tantam gratiam conciliauit] + Page. 3. _Grecians_ for _Græcians_, + [the _Græcians_ by thys word ιχνευτήν] + [_the spelling “Grecians” also occurs on p. 25, where it has + been changed for consistency:_ + This dogge in like maner of _Græcians_ is called οἰκουρος] + Page. 28. _Canis Cultos_ for _Canis Custos_, + [Of the latinists _Canis Custos_, in Englishe the Dogge keeper.] + Page. 38. _Britanica_ for _Britannica_. + [our worcke entituled _De Ephemera Britanica_] + +References to Greek accents and abbreviations apply to the book +as originally published. As noted in the editor’s introduction (quoted +at the end of the e-text), Greek was regularized in this reprint. Minor +errors are listed below. + + +_Typographical Errors_ + +Headers in the form “Of the Dogge called...” were printed with or +without commas and have not been regularized. Variation between W +and VV is unchanged. + +Title Page (printed in facsimile) + + _Natura etiam in brutis vin ostendit suam._ [_error for “vim”_] + [_If this line is a quotation or paraphrase, it has not been + identified._] + Scene and allowed. [_error for “Seene”_] + +Main text (errors introduced or retained in the reprint) + + hortatur aliquod quale quale sit + [_duplication probably intentional_] + with the teeth of spightfull enuye, [euuye] + a difference betweene hunting and fowleling, [_text unchanged_] + κύνα ποτάμιον a water dogge [κὐναποτάμιον] + which are vsed for the fowle are called _Aucupatorij_. [, for .] + they are sayd to ha{n}e their generation of the violent Lyon + [_letter “n” printed in italics: error for “haue”?_] + the sawcy _Salacones’_ μεγαλορρούντων + [μεγαλὄρροῦντων _with extraneous and incorrect accents_] + This dogge in like maner of _Græcians_ is called οἰκουρος. + [_for “Græcians”, see notes on author’s errata, above_] + [_missing . at paragraph-end_] + An example hereof [And example] + Dogs comprehended in y^e fourth section are these [secion] + which is most blockishe, [blocklishe] + [“Diall”, 5th section] called in Latine _Canes Rustici_ + [_text given as printed: apparent error for “Degeneres”_] + as Hunt, Hunde, whom (if you coniecture to be so named + [_open parenthesis as shown_] + Of the Leuyner or the Lyemmer. [Leuyuer] + _Ælianus_ in his .7. booke [his. / 7. _at line break_] + as the _Græcians_ doe their βάυζειν of wau. [, for .] + +Index + +The random abbreviations of “ibidem” are unchanged. + + Hare daunsing in measure. 16 [_comma , for period ._] + Mungrellesl. [34] [_line printed as shown, including brackets_] + Maisterles men carrie Apes about. 35 [Maiterles] + [_the body text consistently spells “Master”; the Index uses + “Maister”_] + VVolues bloudsucking beastes. 23. [_first . missing_] + none England nor wales. ibidem. [nor wales ibidem,] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +[Transcriber’s Note: + +This parallel section omits the Latin and English introductions of +Fleming’s translation, and both Indexes.] + + +IOANNIS CAII BRITANNI + +De _Canibus Britannicis libellus._ + +_Ad Gesnerum._ + + The first Section of this + _discourse_. + + ¶ The Preamble or entraunce, into + this treatise. + +Scripsimus ad te (charissime Gesnere) superioribus annis variam +historiam de variis quadrupedum, avium, atque piscium formis, variis +herbarum atque fruticum speciebus & figuris. + + I wrote vnto you (well beloued friende _Gesner_) not many yeares + past, a manifolde historie, contayning the diuers formes and figures + of Beastes, Byrdes, and Fyshes, the sundry shapes of plantes, and + the fashions of Hearbes, &c. + +Scripsimus & de canibus quædam ad te seorsum, quæ in libro tuo de +iconibus animalium ordine secundo mansuetorum quadrupedum, ubi de +Canibus Scoticis scribis, & in fine epistolæ tuæ ad Gulielmum +Turnerum de libris a te editis, inter libros nondum excusos, +te editurum polliceris. + + I wrote moreouer, vnto you seuerally, a certayne abridgement of + Dogges, which in your discourse vpon the fourmes of Beastes in the + seconde order of mylde and tameable Beastes, where you make mencion + of Scottishe Dogges, and in the wynding vp of your Letter written + and directed to Doctour _Turner_, comprehending a Catalogue or + rehersall of your bookes not yet extant, you promised to set forth + in print, and openly to publishe in the face of the worlde among + such your workes as are not yet come abroade to lyght and sight. + +Sed quia de Canibus nostris quædam in eo libello mihi videbantur +desiderari, editionem prohibui, & alium promisi. Quamobrem, ut +promissis meis starem, & expectationi tuæ satisfacerem, homini omnis +cognitionis cupido, universitatem generis, differentiam atque usum, +mores & ingenium, veluti methodo quadam conabor explicare. + + But, because certaine circumstaunces were wanting in my breuiary of + Englishe Dogges (as seemed vnto mee) I stayed the publication of the + same, making promise to sende another abroade, which myght be + commytted to the handes, the eyes, the eares, the mindes, and the + iudgements of the Readers. Wherefore that I myght perfourme that + preciselye, which I promised solempnly, accomplishe my + determination, and satisfy your expectacion: which art a man + desirous and capeable of all kinde of knowledge, and very earnest to + be acquaincted with all experimentes: I wyll expresse and declare in + due order, the grand and generall kinde of Englishe Dogges, the + difference of them, the vse, the propertyes, and the diuerse natures + of the same, making a tripartite diuision in this sort and maner. + +Dispertiar in tres species, Generosam, Rusticam, & Degenerem; sic ut +de illa primò, de hac postremò, de rustica, medio loco tibi dicam. + + All Englishe Dogges be eyther of, + + { A gentle kinde, seruing the game. + { A homely kind, apt for sundry necessary vses. + { A currishe kinde, meete for many toyes. + + Of these three sortes or kindes so meane I to entreate, that the + first in the first place, the last in the last roome, and the myddle + sort in the middle seate be handled. + +Omnes Britannicos vocabo; tum quòd una Insula Britannia, ut Anglicos +omnes, sic quoque Scoticos omnes complectatur: tum quòd venatibus +magis indulgemus, quia voluptati ex feris & venatione, propter +animalium copiam, atque hominum otium, magis Britanni sumus dediti, +quàm eorum animalium indigi & negotiosi Scoti. + + I cal thẽ vniuersally all by the name of English dogges, as well + because England only, as it hath in it English dogs, so it is not + without Scottishe, as also for that wee are more inclined and + delighted with the noble game of hunting, for we Englishmen are + adicted and giuen to that exercise, & painefull pastime of pleasure, + as well for the plenty of fleshe which our Parkes and Forrests doe + foster, as also for the oportunitie and conuenient leasure which we + obtaine, both which, the Scottes want. + +[Ex generosis venaticis.] Ergo cum omnis ratio generosæ venationis, +vel in persequendis feris, vel in capiendis avibus finiatur, canum, +quibus hæc aguntur, duo genera sunt: alterum quod feras investiget, +alterum quod aves persequatur. + + Wherfore seeing that the whole estate of kindly hunting consisteth + principally, + + In these two pointes, + + { In chasing the beast } that is in { hunting } + { In taking the byrde } { fowleing } + + It is necessary and requisite to vnderstand, that there are two + sortes of Dogges by whose meanes, the feates within specifyed are + wrought, and these practyses of actiuitie cunningly and curiously + compassed, + + Two kindes of Dogges + + { One which rouseth the beast and continueth the chase, + { Another which springeth the byrde and bewrayeth flight + by pursuite, + +Utraque Latinis uno & communi nomine dici possunt venatica. + + Both which kyndes are tearmed of the Latines by one common name that + is, _Canes Venatici_, hunting dogges. + +Sed Anglis cum aliud esse videatur feras sectari, aliud aves capere, +ut primum venationem, secundum aucupium nominant, ita canum nomina +volunt esse diversa: ut qui feras lacessunt, venatici; qui aves, +aucupatorii dicerentur. + + But because we Englishe men make a difference betweene hunting and + fowleling, for that they are called by these seuerall wordes, + _Venatio_ & _Aucupium_, so they tearme the Dogges whom they vse in + these sundry games by diuers names, as those which serue for the + beast, are called _Venatici_, the other which are vsed for the fowle + are called _Aucupatorij_, + +Venaticos rursum divido in quinque genera. Aut enim odoratu, aut visu +fatigant feras, aut pernicitate vincunt, aut odoratu & pernicitate +superant, aut dolo capiunt. + + The first kind called _Venatici_ I deuide into fiue sortes. + + { The first in perfect smelling + { The second in quicke spying + { The thirde in swiftnesse and quicknesse + { The fourth in smelling & nymblenesse + { The fifte in subtiltie and deceitfulnesse, + + excelleth. + + + Of the Dogge called a Harier, in Latine _Leuerarius_. + +[Sagax.] Qui odoratu fatigat, & prompta alacritate in venando +utitur, & incredibili ad investigandum sagacitate narium valet: +a qua re nos sagacem hunc appellamus, quem Græci ab investigando +ἰχνευτὴν, à nare ῥινηλάτην dicunt. Huic labra propensa sunt, & aures +ad os usque pendulæ, corporisque media magnitudo. + + That kinde of Dogge whom nature hath indued with the vertue of + smelling, whose property it is to vse a lustines, a readines, and a + couragiousnes in hunting, and draweth into his nostrells the ayre or + sent of the beast pursued and followed, we call by this word + _Sagax_, the _Græcians_ by thys word ἰχνευτήν of tracing or chasing + by y^e foote, or ῥινηλάτην, of the nostrells, which be the + instrumentes of smelling. Wee may knowe these kinde of Dogges by + their long, large, and bagging lippes, by their hanging eares, + reachyng downe both sydes of their chappes, and by the indifferent + and measurable proportion of their making. + +[Leverarius.] Hunc Leverarium vocitabimus, ut universum genus in +certas species atque nomina reducamus: cum alioqui usus aut officii +nomine, in unitatem speciei adigi nullo modo queant. + + This sort of Dogges we call _Leuerarios_ Hariers, that I may + comprise the whole nũber of them in certaine specialties, and apply + to them their proper and peculier names, for so much as they cannot + all be reduced and brought vnder one sorte, considering both the + sundrye uses of them, and the difference of their seruice wherto + they be appointed. + +Nam alius leporis, alius vulpis, alius cervi, alius platycerotis, +alius taxi, alius lutræ, alius mustelæ, alius cuniculi (quem tamen +non venamur nisi casse & viverra) tantum odore gaudet: & in suo +quisque genere & desiderio egregius est. + + Some for + + { The Hare + { The Foxe + { The Wolfe + { The Harte + { The Bucke + { The Badger + { The Otter + { The Polcat + { The Lobster + { The Weasell + { The Conny, &c. + + Some for one thing and some for another. + + As for the Conny, whom we haue lastly set downe, wee use not to + hunt, but rather to take it, somtime with the nette sometime with a + ferret, and thus euery seuerall sort is notable and excellent in his + naturall qualitie and appointed practise. + +Sunt ex his qui duos, ut vulpem atque leporem, variatis vicibus +sequi student, sed non ea felicitate, qua id quod natura sequi +docuit: errant enim sæpius. + + Among these sundry sortes, there be some which are apt to hunt two + diuers beasts, as the Foxe otherwhiles, and other whiles the Hare, + but they hunt not with such towardnes and good lucke after them, + as they doe that whereunto nature hath formed and framed them, + not onely in externall composition & making, but also in inward + faculties and conditions, for they swarue oftentimes, and doo + otherwise then they should. + + + Of the Dogge called a Terrar, in Latine _Terrarius_. + +[Terrarius.] Sunt qui vulpem atque taxum solum, quos Terrarios +vocamus; quod subeant terræ cuniculos, more viverrarum in venatu +cuniculorum, & ita terrent mordentque vulpem atque taxum, ut vel in +terra morsu lacerent, vel è specu in fugam aut casses cuniculorum +ostiis inductas compellant. Sed hi in sagacium genere minimi sunt. + + Another sorte there is which hunteth the Foxe and the Badger or + Greye onely, whom we call Terrars, because they (after the manner + and custome of ferrets in searching for Connyes) creepe into the + grounde, and by that meanes make afrayde, nyppe, and byte the Foxe + and the Badger in such sort, that eyther they teare them in peeces + with theyr teeth beyng in the bosome of the earth, or else hayle and + pull them perforce out of their lurking angles, darke dongeons, and + close caues, or at the least through cõceaued feare, driue them out + of their hollow harbours, in so much that they are compelled to + prepare speedy flight, and being desirous of the next (albeit not + the safest) refuge, are otherwise taken and intrapped with snares + and nettes layde ouer holes to the same purpose. But these be the + least in that kynde called _Sagax_. + + + Of the Dogge called a Bloudhounde in Latine _Sanguinarius_. + +[Sanguinarius.] Qui insequuntur, majores: propenso & hi labro atque +aure, nec vivas tantum uti memorati omnes, sed & mortuas quoque +conspersi sanguinis odore persequuntur. + + The greater sort which serue to hunt, hauing lippes of a large syze, + & eares of no small lenght, doo, not onely chase the beast whiles it + liueth, (as the other doo of whom mencion aboue is made) but beyng + dead also by any maner of casualtie, make recourse to the place + where it lyeth, hauing in this poynt an assured and infallible + guyde, namely, the sent and sauour of the bloud sprinckled heere and + there vpon the ground. + +Sive enim vivæ sauciantur feræ, atque è manibus venatorum elabuntur, +sive mortuæ ex vivario sublatæ sunt (sed profusione sanguinis +utræque) isti canes odore facilè persentiscunt, & subsequuntur. +Eam ob causam ex argumento sanguinarii appellantur. + + For whether the beast beyng wounded, doth notwithstanding enioye + life, and escapeth the handes of the huntesman, or whether the said + beast beyng slayne is conuayed clenly out of the parcke (so that + there be some signification of bloud shed) these Dogges with no + lesse facilitie and easinesse, then auiditie and greedinesse can + disclose and bewray the same by smelling, applying to their + pursute, agilitie and nimblenesse, without tediousnesse, for which + consideration, of a singuler specialtie they deserued to bee called + _Sanguinarij_ bloudhounds. + +Cum tamen fieri solet ut furum astutia nullo consperso sanguine +abripiatur fera, etiam sicca hominis vestigia per extentissima +spatia nullo errore sequi nôrunt, + + And albeit peraduenture it may chaunce, (As whether it chaunceth + sealdome or sometime I am ignorant) that a peece of fleshe be + subtily stolne and cunningly conuayed away with such prouisos and + precaueats as thereby all apparaunce of bloud is eyther preuented, + excluded, or concealed, yet these kinde of dogges by a certaine + direction of an inwarde assured notyce and priuy marcke, pursue the + deede dooers, through long lanes, crooked reaches, and weary wayes, + without wandring awry out of the limites of the land whereon these + desperate purloyners prepared their speedy passage. + +in quantalibet multitudine secernere, per abditissima & densissima +loca appetere, & si flumina tranent etiam persequi, cumque ad +ulteriorem ripam perventum est, circuitu quodam qua fugitum est +investigare, si primo statim odore in vestigium furis non inciderint. + + Yea, the natures of these Dogges is such, and so effectuall is their + foresight, that they cã bewray, seperate, and pycke them out from + among an infinite multitude and an innumerable company, creepe they + neuer so farre into the thickest thronge, they will finde him out + notwithstandying he lye hidden in wylde woods, in close and + ouergrowen groues, and lurcke in hollow holes apte to harbour such + vngracious guestes. Moreouer, although they should passe ouer the + water, thinking thereby to auoyde the pursute of the houndes, yet + will not these Dogges giue ouer their attempt, but presuming to swym + through the streame, perseuer in their pursute, and when they be + arriued and gotten the further bancke, they hunt vp and downe, to + and fro runne they, from place to place shift they, vntill they haue + attained to that plot of grounde where they passed ouer. And this is + their practise, if perdie they cãnot at y^e first time smelling, + finde out the way which the deede dooers tooke to escape. + +Sic enim arte inveniunt, quod fortuna nequeunt, ut rectè videatur ab +Æliano scriptum lib. 6. cap. 59. de animalibus, τὸ ἐνθυμητικὸν καὶ +διαλεκτικὸν, καὶ μέντοι καὶ τὸ αἱρετὸν, hoc est, considerationem, +ratiocinationem, atque etiam participationem seu arbitrium canibus +hisce venaticis inesse; nec ante cessant persequi, quàm sunt fures +comprehensi. + + So at length get they that by arte, cunning, and diligent indeuour, + which by fortune and lucke they cannot otherwyse ouercome. In so + much as it seemeth worthely and wisely written by Ælianus in his + sixte Booke, and xxxix. Chapter. Τὸ ἐνθυμητικον καὶ διαλεκτικὸν. to + bee as it were naturally instilled and powred into these kinde of + Dogges. For they wyll not pause or breath from their pursute vntill + such tyme as they bee apprehended and taken which committed the + facte. + +Eos luce in tenebris habent heri, nocte producunt, quo alacriores in +persequendo sint assueti tenebris, quibus prædones delectantur +maximè. + + The owners of such houndes vse to keepe them in close and darke + channells in the day time, and let them lose at liberty in the night + season, to th’intent that they myght with more courage and boldnesse + practise to follow the fellon in the euening and solitarie houres of + darkenesse, when such yll disposed varlots are principally purposed + to play theyr impudent pageants, & imprudent pranckes. + +Iidem, cum fures insequuntur, non ea donantur libertate qua cum +feras, nisi in magna celeritate fugientium furum, sed loro retenti +herum ducunt qua velit ille celeritate, sive pedes sit, sive eques. + + These houndes (vpon whom this present portion of our treatise + runneth) when they are to follow such fellowes as we haue before + rehersed, vse not that liberty to raunge at wil, which they have + otherwise when they are in game, (except upon necessary occasion, + wheron dependeth an urgent and effectuall perswasion) when such + purloyners make speedy way in flight, but beyng restrained and + drawne backe from running at randon with the leasse, the ende + whereof the owner holding in his hand is led, guyded, and directed + with such swiftnesse and slownesse (whether he go on foote, or + whether he ryde on horsebacke) as he himselfe in hart would wishe + for the more easie apprehension of these venturous varlots. + +In confiniis Angliæ atque Scotiæ propter frequentia pecorum & +jumentorum spolia, multus usus hujus generis canum est, & principio +discit pecudem & armentum persequi, postea furem relicto armento. + + In the borders of England & Scotland, (the often and accustomed + stealing of cattell so procuring) these kinde of Dogges are very + much vsed and they are taught and trayned up first of all to hunt + cattell as well of the smaller as of the greater grouth, and + afterwardes (that qualitie relinquished and lefte) they are learned + to pursue such pestilent persons as plant theyr pleasure in such + practises of purloyning as we have already declared. + +In hoc genere nullus est aquaticus naturaliter, nisi eos ita +nominare placeat, qui Lutram insequuntur, qui subinde ripas, subinde +aquas frequentant. Non recusant tamen omnes, aviditate prædæ +tranantis flumina, etiam aquis se committere. Sed hoc desiderii +potius est, quàm naturæ. + + Of this kinde there is none that taketh the water naturally, except + it please you so to suppose of them whych follow the Otter, whych + sometimes haunte the lande, and sometime vseth the water. And yet + neuerthelesse all the kind of them boyling and broyling with greedy + desire of the pray which by swymming passeth through ryuer and + flood, plung amyds the water, and passe the streame with their + pawes. But this propertie proceedeth from an earnest desire wherwith + they be inflamed, rather then from any inclination issuyng from the + ordinance and appoyntment of nature. + +Quod autem ex his aliquas Brachas nostri, Rachas Scoti sua lingua +nominant, in causa sexus est, non genus. Sic enim canes fœminas in +venatico genere vocare solent nostri. + + And albeit some of this sort in English be called _Brache_, in + Scottishe _Rache_, the cause hereof resteth in the shee sex and not + in the generall kinde. For we English men call bytches, belonging to + the hunting kinde of Dogges, by the tearme aboue mencioned. + +Ad postremum, in natura sagacium est, ut alii pervestigando taceant +ante excitatam feram, alii statim ad primum odorem voce prodant +animal, etsi remotum adhuc, & in cubili; & quo juniores, eo +petulantioris oris & mendacioris sunt. Ætas enim & venandi +assiduitas experientiam in his facit & certitudinem, ut in aliis +omnibus, maximè, cum norint obtemperare domino vel inhibenti vel +animanti. + + To bee short it is proper to the nature of houndes, some to keepe + silence in hunting untill such tyme as there is game offered. + Othersome so soone as they smell out the place where the beast + lurcketh, to bewray it immediatly by their importunate barcking, + notwithstanding it be farre of many furlongs cowchyng close in his + cabbyn. And these Dogges the younger they be, the more wantonly + barcke they, and the more liberally, yet, oftimes without + necessitie, so that in them, by reason of theyr young yeares and + want of practise, small certaintie is to be reposed. For continuance + of tyme, and experience in game, ministreth to these houndes not + onely cunning in running, but also (as in the rest) an assured + foresight what is to bee done, principally, being acquainted with + their masters watchwordes, eyther in reuoking or imboldening them to + serue the game. + + + Of the Dogge called the Gasehounde, in Latine _Agaseus_. + +[Agasæus.] Quod visu lacessit, nare nihil agit, sed oculo; oculo +vulpem leporemque persequitur, oculo seligit medio de grege feram, +& eam non nisi bene saginatam & opimam oculo insequitur, + + This kinde of Dogge which pursueth by the eye, preuayleth little, or + neuer a whit, by any benefite of the nose that is by smelling, but + excelleth in perspicuitie and sharpenesse of sight altogether, by + the vertue whereof, being singuler and notable, it hunteth the Foxe + and the Hare. Thys Dogge will choose and seperate any beast from + among a great flocke or hearde, and such a one will it take by + election as is not lancke, leane and hollow, but well spred, + smoothe, full, fatte, and round, it followes by the direction of the + eyesight, which in deede is cleere, constant, and not uncertaine, + +oculo perditam requirit, oculo, si quando in gregem redeat, secernit, +cæteris relictis omnibus, secretamque cursu denuo fatigat ad mortem. +Agasæum nostri abs re, quòd intento sit in feram oculo, vocant. + + if a beast be wounded and gone astray this Dogge seeketh after it by + the stedfastnes of the eye, if it chaunce peraduenture to returne & + bee mingled with the residue of the flocke, this Dogge spyeth it out + by the vertue of his eye, leauing the rest of the cattell vntouched, + and after he hath set sure sight upõ it he seperateth it from among + the company and hauing so done neuer ceaseth untill he haue wearyed + the Beast to death. Our countrey men call this dogge _Agasæum_. A + gasehounde because the beames of his sight are so stedfastly setled + and vnmoueably fastened. + +Usus ejus est, in septentrionalibus Angliæ partibus magis quam +meridionalibus; locis planis & campestribus, quàm dumosis & +sylvestribus; equitibus magis quàm peditibus, quo ad cursum equos +incitent (quibus delectantur magis quàm ipsa præda) assuescantque +sepes fossasque inoffensè & intrepidè transilire & aufugere, + + These Dogges are much and vsually occupyed in the Northern partes of + England more then in the Southern parts, & in fealdy landes rather + then in bushy and wooddy places, horsemen vse them more then + footemen to th’intent that they might prouoke their horses to a + swift galloppe (wherwith they are more delighted then with the pray + it selfe) and that they myght accustome theyr horse to leape ouer + hedges & ditches, without stoppe or stumble, without harme or + hassard, without doubt or daunger, and so escape with safegard of + lyfe. + +quò insessores per necessitates & pericula salutem fuga sibi quærant, +aut hostem insequendo cum velint cædant. + + And to the ende that the ryders themselues when necessitie so + constrained, and the feare of further mischiefe inforced, myght + saue themselues vndamnifyed, and preuent each perilous tempest by + preparing speedy flight, or else by swift pursute made vpon theyr + enimyes, myght both ouertake them, encounter with them, and make a + slaughter of them accordingly. + +At si quando canis aberraverit, dato signo quàm mox accurrit, & +feram de integro subsequens, clara voce, cursuque celeri ut ante +lacessit. + + But if it fortune so at any time that this Dogge take a wrong way, + the master making some vsuall signe and familiar token, he returneth + forthwith, and taketh the right and ready trace, beginning his chase + a fresh, & with a cleare voyce, and a swift foote followeth the game + with as much courage and nimblenesse as he did at the first. + + + Of the Dogge called the Grehounde, in Latine _Leporarius_. + +[Leporarius.] Quod pernicitate vincit, leporarius dicitur, quòd +præcipua ejus cura, præcipuusque usus est in persequendo lepore. +Quanquam & in capiendo platycerote, cervo, dorcade, vulpe, & hoc +genus aliis feris, & viribus & memorata velocitate valent: sed plus +minus pro suo quisque desiderio, & corporis firmitudine aut +exilitate. + + There is another kinde of Dogge which for his incredible swiftnesse + is called _Leporarius_ a Grehounde, because the principall seruice + of them dependeth and consisteth in starting and hunting the hare, + which Dogges likewyse are indued with no lesse strength then + lightnes in maintenance of the game, in seruing the chase, in taking + the Bucke, the Harte, the Dowe, the Foxe, and other beastes of + semblable kinde ordained for the game of hunting. But more or lesse, + each one according to the measure and proportion of theyr desire, + and as might and habilitie of theyr bodyes will permit and suffer. + +Est enim strigosum genus: in quo alii majores sunt, alii minores: +alii pilo sessili, alii hirto. Majores majoribus, minores minoribus +feris destinamus. + + For it is a spare and bare kinde of Dogge, (of fleshe but not of + bone) some are of a greater sorte, and some of a lesser, some are + smooth skynned, & some are curled, the bigger therefore are + appoynted to hunt the bigger beasts, & the smaller serue to hunt the + smaller accordingly. + +Cujus naturam in venatione, magnam; in hoc, miram deprehendi: quòd +(referente Joanne Froisarto historico lib. hist. suæ 4.) leporarius +Richardi secundi Anglorum regis, qui ante neminem præter regem +agnoverat, venientem Henricum Lancastriæ ducem ad castellum Flinti +ut Richardum comprehenderet, relicto Richardo, Henricum solitis in +Richardum favoribus exceperit; + + The nature of these dogges I finde to be wonderful by y^e + testimoniall of histories. For, as Iohn Froisart the Historyographer + in his 4. _lib._ reporteth. A Grehound of King Richard, the second + y^t wore the Crowne, and bare the Scepter of the Realme of England, + neuer knowing any man, beside the kings person, whẽ _Henry Duke_ of + _Lancaster_ came to the castle of _Flinte_ to take King _Richarde_. + The Dogge forsaking his former Lord & master came to _Duke Henry_, + fawned upon him with such resemblaunces of goodwyll and conceaued + affection, as he fauoured King _Richarde_ before: he followed the + Duke, and vtterly left the King. + +quasi adversitates Richardi futuras intellexerat & præsentiscerat. +Id quod Richardus probe animadvertit, atque ut præsagium futuri +interitus verbis non dissimulavit. + + So that by these manifest circumstances a man myght iudge this Dogge + to haue bene lightened wyth the lampe of foreknowledge & + vnderstãding, touchyng his olde masters miseryes to come, and + vnhappinesse nye at hand, which King _Richarde_ himselfe euidently + perceaued, accounting this deede of his Dogge a Prophecy of his + ouerthrowe. + + + Of the Dogge called the Leuiner, or Lyemmer in Latine _Lorarius_. + +[Levinarius seu lorarius.] Quod sagacitate simul & pernicitate +potest, & genere, & compositione corporis medium est inter sagacem +illum & leporarium, & à levitate appellatur levinarius, à loro (quo +ducitur) lorarius. Hic propter velocitatem & gravius feram urget, +& citius capit. + + Another sort of dogges be there, in smelling singuler, and in + swiftnesse incomparable. This is (as it were) a myddle kinde betwixt + the Harier and the Grehounde, as well for his kinde, as for the + frame of his body. And it is called in latine _Leuinarius_, + _a Leuitate_, of lyghtnesse, and therefore may well be called a + lyghthounde, it is also called by this worde _Lorarius_, _a Loro_, + wherwith it is led. This Dogge for the excellency of his conditions, + namely smelling and swift running, doth followe the game with more + eagernes, and taketh the pray with a iolly quicknes. + + + Of the Dogge called a Tumbler, in Latine _Vertagus_. + +[Vertagus.] Quod dolo agit, vertagum nostri dicunt, quòd se, dum +prædatur, vertat, & circumacto corpore, impetu quodam in ipso specus +ostio feram opprimit & intercipit. + + This sorte of Dogges, which compasseth all by craftes, fraudes, + subtelties and deceiptes, we Englishe men call Tumblers, because in + hunting they turne and tumble, winding their bodyes about in circle + wise, and then fearcely and violently venturing upõ the beast, doth + soddenly gripe it, at the very entrance and mouth of their + receptacles, or closets before they can recouer meanes, to saue and + succour themselues. + +Is hoc utitur astu. Cum in vivarium cuniculorum venit, eos non +lacessit cursu, non latratu terret, nec ullas inimicitias ostentat, +sed velut amicus aliud agens, taciturna solertia prætergreditur, +observatis diligenter eorum cuniculis. + + This dogge vseth another craft and subteltie, namely, when he + runneth into a warren, or setteth a course about a connyburrough, he + huntes not after them, he frayes them not by barcking, he makes no + countenance or shadow of hatred against them, but dissembling + friendship, and pretending fauour, passeth by with silence and + quietnesse, marking and noting their holes diligently, wherin + (I warrant you) he will not be ouershot nor deceaued. + +Eò cum pervenerit, ita se humi componit, ut & adversum ventum semper +habeat, & cuniculum lateat. Sic enim ille revertentis aut exeuntis +cuniculi odorem facilè sentit, & suus cuniculo omnino tollitur, +& prospectu fera fallitur. + + When he commeth to the place where Connyes be, of a certaintie, he + cowcheth downe close with his belly to the groũd, Prouided alwayes + by his skill and polisie, that y^e winde bee neuer with him but + against him in such an enterprise. And that the Connyes spie him not + where he lurcketh. + +Ad hunc modum compositus canis, & prostratus, aut exeuntem cuniculum +& imprudentem in ipso specus ingressu versutè opprimit, aut +revertentem excipit, atque ad latentem herum ore perducit. + + By which meanes he obtaineth the sent and sauour of the Connyes, + carryed towardes him with the wind & the ayre, either going to their + holes, or cõming out, eyther passing this way, or running that way, + and so prouideth by his circumspection, that the selly simple Conny + is debarred quite from his hole (which is the hauen of their hope + and the harbour of their health) and fraudulently circumuented and + taken, before they can get the aduantage of their hole. Thus hauing + caught his pray he carryeth it speedily to his Master, wayting his + Dogges returne in some conuenient lurcking corner. + +Minor hic est sagaci illo, strigosior, & erectiore aure. Corporis +figura leporarium spurium diceres, si major esset. Et quamvis eo +minor multò sit, uno tamen die tot potest capere, quot justum equi +onus esse possunt. Dolus enim illi pro virtute est, & corporis +agilitas. + + These Dogges are somewhat lesser than the houndes, and they be + lancker & leaner, beside that they be somwhat prick eared. A man + that shall marke the forme and fashion of their bodyes, may well + call them mungrell Grehoundes if they were somwhat bigger. But + notwithstanding they counteruaile not the Grehound in greatnes, yet + will he take in one dayes space as many Connyes as shall arise to as + bigge a burthen, and as heauy a loade as a horse can carry, for + deceipt and guile is the instrument wherby he maketh this spoyle, + which pernicious properties supply the places of more commendable + qualities. + + + Of the Dogge called the theeuishe Dogge in Latine _Canis furax_. + +[Canis furax.] Huic similis canis furax est, qui jubente hero noctu +progreditur, & sine latratu odore adverse persequens cuniculos, +cursu prehendit quot herus permiserit, & ad heri stationem reportat. +Vocant incolæ canem nocturnum, quòd venetur noctu. Sed hæc de iis +qui feras insequuntur. + + The like to that whom we have rehearsed, is the theeuishe Dogge, + which at the mandate and bydding of his master steereth and leereth + abroade in the night, hunting Connyes by the ayre, which is leuened + with their sauour and conueyed to the sense of smelling by the + meanes of the winde blowing towardes him. During all which space of + his hunting he will not barcke, least he shoulde bee preiudiciall to + his owne aduantage. And thus watcheth and snatcheth up in course as + many Connyes as his Master will suffer him, and beareth them to his + Masters standing. The farmers of the countrey and uplandishe + dwellers, call this kinde of Dogge a nyght curre, because he hunteth + in the darke. But let thus much seeme sufficient for Dogges which + serue the game and disport of hunting. + + + ¶ A Diall pertaining to the + _first Section._ + + Dogges seruing y^e pastime of hunting beastes. + are diuided into + + { Hariers + { Terrars + { Bloudhounds + { Gasehounds + { Grehounds + { Leuiners or + { Lyemmers + { Tumblers + { Stealers + + In Latine called _Venatici_. + + + + + The seconde Section of + _this discourse_. + + Of gentle Dogges seruing the hauke, and first + of the Spaniell, called in Latine + _Hispaniolus_. + + +[Ex generosis aucupatoriis.] Qui aves, proximum locum habent. Eos +Aucupatorios dici ante proposuimus. + + Svch Dogges as serue for fowling, I thinke conuenient and requisite + to place in this seconde Section of this treatise. These are also to + bee reckoned and accounted in the number of the dogges which come of + a gentle kind, and of those which serue for fowling. + +Hi ex generosorum numero etiam sunt, & duûm generum. Alii enim per +sicca tantum venantur: Alii per aquas tantum aves persequuntur. + + There be two sortes + + { The first findeth game on the land. + { The other findeth game on the water. + +Qui per sicca tantum, aut libero vestigio & latratu avem investigant +& excitant, aut tacito indicio eandem commonstrant. + + Such as delight on the land, play their partes, eyther by swiftnesse + of foote, or by often questing, to search out and to spring the + byrde for further hope of aduauntage, or else by some secrete signe + and priuy token bewray the place where they fall. + +Primum genus Accipitri servit; secundum reti. + + The first kinde of such serue { The Hauke, + The seconde, { The net, or, traine, + +[Hispaniolus.] Peculiaria nomina primum genus non habet, nisi ab ave +ad quam venandam natura est propensius. Qua de causa falconarii hos +phasianarios, hos perdiciarios, vocare solent. + + The first kinde haue no peculier names assigned vnto them, saue + onely that they be denominated after the byrde which by naturall + appointment he is alotted to take, for the which consideration. + + Some be called Dogges, + + { For the Falcon + { The Phesant + { The Partridge + + and such like, + +Vulgus tamen nostrum communi nomine Hispaniolos nominat, quasi ex +Hispania productum istud genus primo esset. Omnes maxima ex parte +candidi sunt: & si quas maculas habeant, rubræ sunt, raræ, +& majores. Sunt & ruffi atque nigri, sed perpauci. + + The common sort of people call them by one generall word, namely + Spaniells. As though these kinde of Dogges came originally and first + of all out of Spaine, The most part of their skynnes are white, and + if they be marcked with any spottes, they are commonly red, and + somewhat great therewithall, the heares not growing in such + thicknesse but that the mixture of them maye easely bee perceaued. + Othersome of them be reddishe and blackishe, but of that sorte there + be but a very few. + +Est & hodie novum genus ex Gallia advectum (ut novitatis omnes sumus +studiosi) sed ex toto in albo obfuscatum maculosè, quem Gallicanum +vocitamus. + + There is also at this day among vs a newe kinde of dogge brought out + of Fraunce (for we Englishe men are maruailous greedy gaping + gluttons after nouelties, and couetous coruorauntes of things that + be seldom, rare, straunge, and hard to get.) And they bee speckled + all ouer with white and black, which mingled colours incline to a + marble blewe, which bewtifyeth their skinnes and affordeth a seemely + show of comlynesse. These are called French dogges as is aboue + declared already. + + + The Dogge called the Setter, in Latine _Index_. + +[Index.] Secundum genus est, quod tacito pede atque ore avem quærit, +& nutum juvantis heri sequitur, vel promovendo se, vel reducendo, +vel in alterutram partem dextram aut sinistram declinando. Cum avem +dico, Perdicem & Coturnicem intelligo. + + Another sort of Dogges be there, seruiceable for fowling, making no + noise either with foote or with tounge, whiles they followe the + game. These attend diligently vpon theyr Master and frame their + conditions to such beckes, motions, and gestures, as it shall please + him to exhibite and make, either going forward, drawing backeward, + inclining to the right hand, or yealding toward the left, (In making + mencion of fowles, my meaning is of the Partridge & the Quaile) + +Cum invenerit, cauto silentio, suspenso vestigio, & occulto +speculatu, humiliando se prorepit, & cum propè est, procumbit, +& pedis indicio locum stationis avium prodit: unde canem indicem +vocare placuit. Loco commonstrato, auceps exporrectum rete avi +inducit. + + when he hath founde the byrde, he keepeth sure and fast silence, he + stayeth his steppes and wil proceede no further, and with a close, + couert, watching eye, layeth his belly to the grounde and so + creepeth forward like a worme. When he approcheth neere to the place + where the birde is, he layes him downe, and with a marcke of his + pawes betrayeth the place of the byrdes last abode, whereby it is + supposed that this kinde of dogge is called _Index_, Setter, being + in deede a name most consonant and agreable to his quality. + +Quo facto, canis ad consuetum heri indicium seu vocabulum quam mox +assurgit, & propinquiori præsentia aves perturbat, atque ut +inexplicabilius irretiantur, facit. + + The place being knowne by the meanes of the dogge, the fowler + immediatly openeth and spreedeth his net, intending to take them, + which being done the dogge at the accustomed becke or vsuall signe + of his Master ryseth vp by and by, and draweth neerer to the fowle + that by his presence they might be the authors of their owne + insnaring, and be ready intangled in the prepared net, + +[Lepus tympanum pulsat.] Quod artificium in cane, animali domestico, +mirum videri non debet, cum & lepus agreste animal, & saltare, +& tympanum anterioribus pedibus numero pulsare tympanistarum more, +& canem dente atque ungue petere, pedibusque crudeliter cædere, +in Anglia visus est omnium admiratione, anno salutis nostræ 1564. + + which conning and artificiall indeuour in a dogge (being a creature + domesticall or householde seruaunt brought vp at home with offalls + of the trencher & fragments of victualls,) is not much to be + maruailed at, seing that a Hare (being a wilde and skippishe beast) + was seene in England to the astonishment of the beholders, in the + yeare of our Lorde God, 1564, not onely dauncing in measure, but + playing with his former feete vppon a tabberet, and obseruing iust + number of strokes (as a practicioner in that arte) besides that + nipping & pinching a dogge with his teeth and clawes, & cruelly + thumping him with y^e force of his feete. + +Nec est vanum istud, eoque relatum lubentius, quòd operæ pretium +putarem, nihil prætereundum esse, in quo naturæ spectanda sit +providentia. + + This is no trumpery tale, nor trifling toye (as I imagine) and + therefore not vnworthy to bee reported, for I recken it a requitall + of my trauaile, not to drowne in the seas of silence any speciall + thing, wherin the prouidence and effectuall working of nature is to + be pondered. + + + Of the Dogge called the water Spaniell, or finder, in Latine + _Aquaticus seu Inquisitor_. + +[Aquaticus seu inquisitor.] Qui per aquas aucupatur propensione +naturali accedente mediocri documento, major his est, & promisso +naturaliter hirtus pilo. Ego tamen ab armis ad posteriores +suffragines, caudamque extremam, ad te (Gesnere) detonsum pinxi, ut +usus noster postulat, quo pilis nudus expeditior sit, & minus per +natationes retardetur. + + That kinde of Dogge whose seruice is required in fowling vpon the + water, partly through a naturall towardnesse, and partly by diligent + teaching, is indued with that property. This sort is somewhat bigge, + and of a measurable greatnesse, hauing long, rough, and curled + heare, not obtayned by extraordinary trades, but giuen by natures + appointment, yet neuerthelesse (friend _Gesner_) I have described + and set him out in this maner, namely powlde and netted from the + shoulders to the hindermost legges, and to the end of his tayle, + which I did for vse and customs cause, that beyng as it were made + somewhat bare and naked, by shearing of such superfluitie of heare, + they might atchiue the more lightnesse, and swiftnesse, and be lesse + hindered in swymming, so troublesome and needelesse a burthen being + shaken of. + +Aquaticus à nostris appellatur, ab aquis quas frequentat sumpta +appellatione. Eo aut aves in aquis aucupamur (& præcipue anates; +unde etiam anatarius dicitur, quod id excellenter facit) aut +Scorpione occisas educimus, aut spicula sagittasve fallente ictu +recuperamus, aut amissa requirimus: quo nomine & canes inquisitores +eosdem appellamus. + + This kinde of dogge is properly called, _Aquaticus_, a water spaniel + because he frequenteth and hath vsual recourse to the water where + all his game & exercise lyeth, namely, waterfowles, which are taken + by the helpe & seruice of them, in their kind. And principally + duckes and drakes, wherupon he is lykewise named a dogge for the + ducke, because in that quallitie he is excellent. With these dogges + also we fetche out of the water such fowle as be stounge to death by + any venemous worme, we vse them also to bring vs our boultes & + arrowes out of the water, (missing our marcke) whereat we directed + our leuell, which otherwise we should hardly recouer, and oftentimes + they restore to vs our shaftes which we thought neuer to see, touche + or handle againe, after they were lost, for which circumstaunces + they are called _Inquisitores_, searchers, and finders. + +[Anatum fallaciæ.] Quanquam Anas & canem & aucupem quoque egregiè +subinde fallat, tum urinando, tum etiam dolo naturali. Etenim si +quis hominum, ubi incubant aut excludunt, propinquabit, egressæ +matres venientibus se sponte offerunt, & simulata debilitate vel +pedum vel alarum, quasi statim capi possint, egressus fingunt +tardiores. + + Although the ducke otherwhiles notably deceaueth both the dogge and + the master, by dyuing vnder the water, and also by naturall + subtilty, for if any man shall approche to the place where they + builde, breede, and syt, the hennes go out of their neastes, + offering themselues voluntarily to the hãds, as it were, of such as + draw nie their neasts. And a certaine weaknesse of their winges + pretended, and infirmitie of their feete dissembled, they go so + slowely and so leasurely, that to a mans thinking it were no + masteryes to take them. + +Hoc mendacio sollicitant obvios, & eludunt, quoad profecti longius, +à nidis avocentur; caventque diligenter revertendo, ne indicium loci +conversatio frequens faciat. + + By which deceiptfull tricke they doe as it were entyse and allure + men to follow them, till they be drawne a long distaunce from theyr + neastes, which being compassed by their prouident conning, or + conning prouidence, they cut of all inconueniences which might growe + of their returne, by using many carefull and curious caueates, least + theyr often haunting bewray y^e place where the young ducklings be + hatched. Great therfore is theyr desire, & earnest is theyr study to + take heede, not only to theyr broode but also to themselues. + +[Anaticularum providentia.] Nec anaticularum studium segnius ad +cavendum. Cum enim visas se persentiscunt, sub cespitem confugiunt +aut carectum, quorum obtectu tam callidè proteguntur, ut lateant +etiam deprehensæ, nisi fraudem canis odore detegat. + + For when they haue an ynckling that they are espied they hide + themselues vnder turfes or sedges, wherwith they couer and shrowde + themselues so closely and so craftely, that (notwithstanding the + place where they lurcke be found and perfectly perceaued) there they + will harbour without harme, except the water spaniell by quicke + smelling discouer theyr deceiptes. + + + Of the Dogge called the Fisher, in Latine _Canis Piscator_. + +[Canis piscator.] Canem piscatorem (de quo scribit Hector Boethus) +qui inter saxa pisces odore perquirit, nullum planè novi inter +nostros, neque ex relatione aliquando audivi, etsi in ea re +perscrutanda perdiscendaque diligentior fuerim inter piscatores & +venatores: + + The Dogge called the fisher, wherof _Hector Boethus_ writeth, which + seeketh for fishe by smelling among rockes & stones, assuredly I + knowe none of that kinde in Englande, neither haue I receaued by + reporte that there is any suche, albeit I haue bene diligent & busie + in demaunding the question as well of fishermen, as also of + huntesmen in that behalfe being carefull and earnest to learne and + vnderstand of them if any such were, + +[Lutra.] nisi Lutram piscem dicas, ut à multis creditur: + + except you holde opinion that the beauer or Otter is a fishe (as + many haue beleeued) & according to their beliefe affirmed, + +[Pupinus.] quo modo & Pupinus avis piscis esse dicitur & habetur. +Sed qui perquirit piscem (si quis perquirat) venationisne causa, +an famis faciat, more cæterorum canum, qui per inediam cadaverum +morticinam carnem appetere solent, tum demum ad te scribam, cum de +ea re certior fiam. + + and as the birde _Pupine_, is thought to be a fishe and so + accounted. But that kinde of dogge which followeth the fishe to + apprehend and take it (if there bee any of that disposition and + property) whether they do this for the game of hunting, or for the + heate of hunger, as other Dogges do which rather then they wil be + famished for want of foode, couet the carckases of carrion and + putrifyed fleshe. When I am fully resolued and disburthened of this + doubt I wil send you certificate in writing. + +Interim id scio, Ælianum & Aetium Lutram κύνα ποτάμιον solere +appellare. Intelligo etiam Lutram hoc habere cum cane commune, quòd +per inopiam piscium excursiones in terram faciat, atque agnos +laniet, rursusque ad aquam satur redeat. Sed inter nostros canes is +non est. + + In the meane season I am not ignorant of that both Ælianus, and + Ælius, call the Beauer κύνα ποτάμιον a water dogge, or a dogge + fishe, I know likewise thus much more, that the Beauer doth + participate this propertie with the dogge, namely, that when fishes + be scarse they leaue the water and raunge vp and downe the lande, + making an insatiable slaughter of young lambes vntil theyr paunches + be replenished, and whẽ they haue fed themselues full of fleshe, + then returne they to the water, from whence they came. But albeit so + much be graunted that this Beauer is a dogge, yet it is to be noted + that we recken it not in the beadrowe of Englishe dogges as we haue + done the rest. + +[Phoca.] Phoca etiam inter scopulos atque saxa prædatur piscem, sed +in numero canum nostratium habitus non est, etsi canis marinus à +nostris appelletur. + + The sea Calfe, in like maner, which our country mẽ for breuitie sake + call a Seele, other more largely name a _Sea Vele_, maketh a spoyle + of fishes betweene rockes and banckes, but it is not accounted in + the catalogue or nũber of our Englishe dogges, notwithstanding we + call it by the name of a Sea dogge or a sea Calfe. And thus much for + our dogges of the second sort called in Latine _Aucupatorij_, + seruing to take fowle either by land or water. + + + ¶ A Diall pertaining to the + _second Section_. + + Dogges seruing the disport of fowling. + are diuided into + + { Land spaniels + { Setters + { Water spaniels or finders. + + called in latine _Canes Aucupatorij_ + + The fisher is not of their number, but seuerall. + + + + + The thirde Section of this + _abridgement_. + + Nowe followeth in due order and conuenient place our Englishe Dogges + of the thirde gentle kinde, what they are called to what vse they + serue, and what sort of people plant their pleasure in thẽ, which + because they neede no curious canuassing and nye syfting, wee meane + to bee so much the briefer. + + +[Ex generosis delicatis, Melitæus seu fotor.] Est & aliud genus +canum generosorum apud nos, sed extra horum ordinem, quos Melitæos +Callimachus vocat, à Melita insula in freto Siculo (quæ hodie usu +derivante Malta vulgo dicitur, & christiano milite nobilis existit) +unde ortum id genus habuit maximè: atque à Melita Siculi Pachyni, +ut author Strabo est. + + Of the delicate, neate, and pretty kind of dogges + called the Spaniel gentle, or the comforter, + in Latine _Melitæus + or Fotor_. + + There is, besides those which wee haue already deliuered, another + sort of gentle dogges in this our Englishe soyle but exempted from + the order of the residue, the Dogges of this kinde doth + _Callimachus_ call _Melitæos_, of the Iseland _Melita_, in the sea + of _Sicily_, (what at this day is named _Malta_, an Iseland in + deede, famous and renoumed, with couragious and puisaunt souldiours + valliauntly fighting vnder the banner of Christ their vnconquerable + captaine) where this kind of dogges had their principall beginning. + +Perexiguum id est planè, & fœminarum lusibus ac deliciis tantum +expetitum, quibus, quo minus est, eo gratius est, ut sinu gestent in +cubiculis, & manu in pilentis, + + These dogges are litle, pretty, proper, and fyne, and sought for to + satisfie the delicatenesse of daintie dames, and wanton womens + wills, instrumentes of folly for them to play and dally withall, to + tryfle away the treasure of time, to withdraw their mindes from more + commendable exercises, and to content their corrupted concupiscences + with vaine disport (A selly shift to shunne yrcksome ydlnesse.) + These puppies the smaller they be, the more pleasure they prouoke, + as more meete play fellowes for minsing mistrisses to beare in their + bosoms, to keepe company withal in their chambers, to succour with + sleepe in bed, and nourishe with meate at bourde, to lay in their + lappes, and licke their lippes as they ryde in their waggons, and + good reason it should be so, for coursnesse with fynenesse hath no + fellowship, but featnesse with neatenesse hath neighbourhood enough. + That plausible prouerbe verified vpon a Tyraunt, namely that he + loued his sowe better then his sonne, may well be applyed to these + kinde of people who delight more in dogges that are depriued of all + possibility of reason, then they doe in children that be capeable of + wisedome and iudgement. But this abuse peraduenture raigneth where + there hath bene long lacke of issue, or else where barrennes is the + best blossome of bewty. + + + The vertue which remaineth in the Spainell gentle otherwise called + the comforter. + +genus sanè ad omnia inutile, nisi quòd stomachi dolorem sedat, +applicatum sæpius, aut in sinu ægri gestatum frequentius, caloris +moderatione. + + Notwithstanding many make much of those pretty puppies called + Spaniels gentle, yet if the question were demaunded what propertie + in them they spye, which shoulde make them so acceptable and + precious in their sight, I doubt their aunswere would be long a + coyning. But seeing it was our intent to trauaile in this treatise, + so that y^e reader might reape some benefite by his reading, we will + communicate vnto you such coniectures as are grounded upon reason. + And though some suppose that such dogges are fyt for no seruice, I + dare say, by their leaues, they be in a wrong boxe. Among all other + qualities therfore of nature, which be knowne (for some conditions + are couered with continuall and thicke clouds, that the eye of our + capacities can not pearse through thẽ) we find that these litle dogs + are good to asswage the sicknesse of the stomacke being oftentimes + thervnto applyed as a plaster preseruatiue, or borne in the bosom of + the diseased and weake person, which effect is performed by theyr + moderate heate. + +Quin & transire quoque morbos ægritudine eorum intelligitur, +plerumque & morte: quasi malo in eos transeunte caloris +similitudine. + + Moreouer the disease and sicknesse chaungeth his place and entreth + (though it be not precisely marcked) into the dogge, which to be no + vntruth, experience can testify, for these kinde of dogges sometimes + fall sicke, and sometime die, without any harme outwardly inforced, + which is an argument that the disease of the gentleman, or gentle + woman or owner whatsoeuer, entreth into the dogge by the operation + of heate intermingled and infected. + +Generosorum canum genus jam explicui: Nunc rusticum adjicio. + + And thus haue I hetherto handled dogges of a gentle kinde whom I + haue comprehended in a triple diuisiõ. Now it remaineth that I annex + in due order such dogges as be of a more homely kinde. + + + A Diall pertaining to the + _thirde Section_. + + In the third section is cõtained one kind of dog + which is called the + + Spaniell gentle or the cõforter, + + It is also called + + { A chamber cõpanion, + { A pleasaunt playfellow, + { A pretty worme, + + generally called _Canis delicatus_. + + + + + The fourth Section of this + _discourse_. + + Dogges of a course kind seruing for many necessary + vses called in Latine _Canes rustici_, and first of + the shepherds dogge called in Latine + _Canis Pastoralis_. + + +[Ex rusticis.] In eo memorabilia duo tantum genera sunt: pecuarium +seu pastorale, & villaticum seu Molossum: + + Dogges of the courser sort are + + { The shepherds dogge + { The mastiue or Bandogge. + + These two are the principall. + +alterum ad propellendas injurias ferarum, alterum adversus insidias +hominum utile. + + The first kinde, namely the shepherds hounde is very necessarye and + profitable for the auoyding of harmes and inconueniences which may + come to men by the meanes of beastes. The second sort serue to + succour against the snares and attemptes of mischiefous men. + +[Pastoralis.] Pastorale nostrum mediocre est, quòd illi cum Lupo, +naturali pecori inimico, res non est, cum apud nos nullus est, +beneficio optimi principis Edgari, qui, quò genus universum +deleretur, Cambris (apud quos in magna copia erant) vectigalis +nomine in annos imperavit trecentos lupos. + + Our shepherdes dogge is not huge, vaste, and bigge, but of an + indifferent stature and growth, because it hath not to deale with + the bloudthyrsty wolf, sythence there be none in England, which + happy and fortunate benefite is to be ascribed to the puisaunt + Prince _Edgar_, who to thintent y^t the whole countrey myght be + euacuated and quite cleered from wolfes, charged & commaunded the + welshemẽ (who were pestered with these butcherly beastes aboue + measure) to paye him yearely tribute which was (note the wisedome of + the King) three hundred Wolfes. + +[Lupi nulli in Britannia.] Sunt qui scribunt Ludwallum Cambriæ +principem pendisse annuatim Edgaro regi 3000 luporum tributi nomine, +atque ita annis quatuor omnem Cambriam atque adeo omnem Angliam +orbasse lupis. + + Some there be which write that _Ludwall_ Prince of Wales paide + yeerely to King _Edgar_ three hundred wolfes in the name of an + exaction (as we haue sayd before.) And that by the meanes hereof, + within the compasse and tearme of foure yeares, none of those + noysome, and pestilent Beastes were left in the coastes of England + and Wales. + +[Edgarus.] Regnavit autem Edgarus circiter annum Domini 959. A quo +tempore non legimus nativum in Anglia visum lupum: advectum tamen +quæstus faciundi causa ex alienis regionibus, ut spectetur tantum, +tanquam animal rarum & incognitum, sæpius vidimus. + + This _Edgar_ wore the Crowne royall, and bare the Scepter imperiall + of this kingdome, about the yeere of our Lorde, nyne hundred fifty, + nyne. Synce which time we reede that no Wolfe hath bene seene in + England, bred within the bounds and borders of this countrey, mary + there have bene diuers brought ouer from beyonde the seas, for + greedynesse of gaine and to make money, for gasing and gaping, + staring, and standing to see them, being a straunge beast, rare, + and seldom seene in England. + +Sed ad canem pastoralem. Is ad certam heri jubentis vocem, aut ex +pugno concluso & inflato clariorem sibilum, errantes oves in eum +locum redigit, in quem pastor maximè desiderat; sic ut levi negotio, +& immoto ferè pede, pastor quo velit modo ovibus moderetur, vel ut +se promoveant, vel gradum sistant, pedem referant, vel in hanc +illamve partem se inclinent. + + But to returne to our shepherds dogge. This dogge either at the + hearing of his masters voyce, or at the wagging and whisteling in + his fist, or at his shrill and horse hissing bringeth the wandring + weathers and straying sheepe, into the selfe same place where his + masters will and wishe is to haue thẽ, wherby the shepherd reapeth + this benefite, namely, that with litle labour and no toyle or mouing + of his feete he may rule and guide his flocke, according to his owne + desire, either to haue them go forward, or to stand still, or to + drawe backward, or to turne this way, or to take that way. + +Etenim non ut in Gallia & Germania, non ut in Syria & Tartaria, sic +in Anglia quoque oves pastorem sequuntur, sed contra, pastor oves. +Quandoque etiam nullo procurrente aut circumeunte cane, ad solum ex +pugno sibilum sese congregant palantes oves, metu canis credo, +memores unà cum sibilo prodire quoque & canem solere. + + For it is not in Englande, as it is in _Fraunce_, as it is in + _Flaunders_, as it is in _Syria_, as it in _Tartaria_, where the + sheepe follow the shepherd, for heere in our country the sheepherd + followeth the sheepe. And somtimes the straying sheepe, when no + dogge runneth before them, nor goeth about & beside them, gather + themselues together in a flocke, when they heere the sheepherd + whistle in his fist, for feare of the Dogge (as I imagine) + remembring this (if vnreasonable creatures may be reported to haue + memory) that the Dogge commonly runneth out at his masters warrant + which is his whistle. + +Id quod in itinere diligenter sæpius observavimus, ad pastoris +sibilum refrænantes equos, quo videremus rei experimentum. Eodem +etiam cane ovem vel mactandum prehendit, vel sanandum pastor capit, +nulla prorsus læsione. + + This haue we oftentimes diligently marcked in taking our journey + from towne to towne, when wee haue hard a sheepherd whistle we haue + rayned in our horse and stoode styll a space, to see the proofe and + triall of this matter. Furthermore with this dogge doth the + sheepherd take sheepe for y^e slaughter, and to be healed if they be + sicke, no hurt or harme in the world done to the simple creature. + + + Of the mastiue or Bandogge called in Latine _Villaticus_ or + _Cathenarius_. + +[Villaticus seu Catenarius.] Villaticum vastum genus est & robustum, +corpore quidem grave & parum velox, sed aspectu truculentum, voce +terrificum, & quovis Arcadico (qui tamen ex leonibus creditur +provenire) potentius atque acrius. + + This kinde of Dogge called a mastyue or Bandogge is vaste, huge, + stubborne, ougly, and eager, of a heuy and burthenous body, and + therfore but of litle swiftnesse, terrible, and frightfull to + beholde, and more fearce and fell then any _Arcadian_ curre + (notwithstãding they are sayd to ha{n}e their generation of the + violent Lyon.) + +Quòd villis fideliter custodiendis destinamus, cum metus est à +furibus, villaticum appellamus. His quoque utile id est contra +vulpem atque taxum, qui rem pecuariam faciunt. + + They are called _Villatici_, because they are appoynted to watche + and keepe farme places and coũtry cotages sequestred from commõ + recourse, and not abutting vpon other houses by reason of distaunce, + when there is any feare conceaued of theefes, robbers, spoylers, + and night wanderers. They are seruiceable against the Foxe and the + Badger, + +Valet etiam ad sues agrestes persequendos, domesticos è frugibus aut +arvis abigendos, taurosque capiendos atque retinendos, cum usus aut +venatio postulat, singuli singulos, aut summum duo singulos, quamvis +intractabiles. + + to drive wilde and tame swyne out of Medowes, pastures, glebelandes + and places planted with fruite, to bayte and take the bull by the + eare, when occasion so requireth. One dogge or two at the vttermost, + sufficient for that purpose be the bull neuer so monsterous, neuer + so fearce, neuer so furious, neuer so stearne, neuer so vntameable. + +Est enim acerrimum genus & violentum, formidabile etiam homini, quem +non reformidat. Neque enim ad arma expavescit; quóque acrius fiat, +assuescunt nostri naturam arte & consuetudine juvare. + + For it is a kinde of dogge capeable of courage, violent and + valiaunt, striking could feare into the harts of men, but standing + in feare of no man, in so much that no weapons will make him + shrincke, nor abridge his boldnes. Our Englishe men (to th’ intent + that theyr dogges might be the more fell and fearce) assist nature + with arte, vse, and custome, + +Etenim ursos, tauros, arctylos, aliaque fera animalia, præfectis +certaminum arctophylacibus, nullo millo, nullo corio defenses +exagitare: sæpe etiam cum homine sude, clava, enseve armato +concertare decent, atque ita ferociores acrioresque reddunt, +& imperterritos faciunt. + + for they teach theyr dogges to baite the Beare, to baite the Bull + and other such like cruell and bloudy beastes (appointing an + ouerseer of the game) without any collar to defend theyr throtes, + and oftentimes they traine them vp in fighting and wrestling with + a man hauing for the safegarde of his lyfe, eyther a Pikestaffe, + a clubbe, or a sworde and by vsing them to such exercises as these, + theyr dogges become more sturdy and strong. + +Vis illis supra fidem, & pertinax mordacitas, usque adeo ut tres +ursum, quatuor vel leonem comprehendant. + + The force which is in them surmounteth all beleefe, the fast holde + which they take with their teeth exceedeth all credit, three of them + against a Beare, fowre against a Lyon are sufficient, both to try + masteryes with them and vtterly to ouermatch them. + +[Henricus septimus.] Quod videns aliquando (ut fama est) HENRICUS +septimus, Angliæ rex prudentissimus, quotquot erant suspendi jussit, +indignatus ut infimi & ignobilis generis canes, generoso leoni, & +animalium regi violentiam inferant: memorabili exemplo subditorum, +ne quid contra regem gens rebellis audeat. + + Which thing _Henry_ the seuenth of that name, King of England (a + Prince both politique & warlike) perceauing on a certaine time (as + the report runneth) commaunded all such dogges (how many soeuer they + were in number) should be hanged, beyng deepely displeased, and + conceauing great disdaine, that an yll fauoured rascall curre should + with such violent villany, assault the valiaunt Lyon king of all + beastes. An example for all subiectes worthy remembraunce, to + admonishe them that it is no aduantage to them to rebell against y^e + regiment of their ruler, but to keepe them within the limits of + Loyaltie. + +Haud absimilis etiam historia de eo fertur, quod falconem quendam +suum, à falconariis vehementer laudatum, quòd in aquilam quid +auderet, quam mox occidi jussit, ob eandem rationem. Hoc genus +canis, etiam catenarium, à catena ligamento, qua ad januas interdiu +detinetur, ne solutum lædat, & tamen latratu terreat, appellatur. + + I reede an history aunswerable to this of the selfe same _Henry_, + who hauing a notable and an excellent fayre Falcon, it fortuned that + the kings Falconers, in the presence and hearing of his grace, + highly commended his Maiesties Falcon, saying that it feared not to + intermeddle with an Eagle, it was so venturous a byrde and so + mighty, which when the King harde, he charged that the Falcon should + be killed without delay, for the selfe same reason (as it may seeme) + which was rehersed in the cõclusion of the former history concerning + the same king. This dogge is called, in like maner, _Cathenarius_, + _a Cathena_, of the chaine wherwith he is tyed at the gates, in y^e + day time, least beyng lose he should doe much mischiefe and yet + might giue occasion of feare and terror by his bigge barcking. + +[Cicero.] Et quanquam Cicero pro S. Ross. opinetur, si canes luce +latrent, iis crura suffringantur, nostri tamen homines propter +securitatem vitæ atque rei longe aliter sentiunt. + + And albeit _Cicero_ in his oration had _Pro. S. Ross._ be of this + opinion, that such Dogges as barcke in the broade day light shoulde + haue their legges broken, yet our countrymen, on this side the seas + for their carelessnes of lyfe setting all at cinque and sice, are of + a contrary iudgement. + +[Fures.] Nam furum apud nos plena sunt omnia, etiam luce, neque +infamem mortem suspendia metuunt. + + For theefes roge vp & down in euery corner, no place is free from + them, no not y^e princes pallace, nor the country mans cotage. In + the day time they practise pilfering, picking, open robbing, and + priuy stealing, and what legerdemaine lacke they? not fearing the + shamefull and horrible death of hanging. + +In causa est non curta res solum, sed vestis vitæque luxus atque +fastus etiam, sed petulantia, sed otium & superbia Salaconum +μεγαλοῤῥούντων, qui nihil aliud quàm ut equi insultare solo & +gressus glomerare superbos, quàm gyro breviori flecti, qui nihil +aliud quàm cevere, quàm otiosè mendicando accusata non merente +corporis infirmitate spoliare. + + The cause of which inconuenience doth not onely issue from nipping + neede & wringing want, for all y^t steale, are not pinched with + pouerty, but som steale to maintaine their excessiue and prodigall + expences in apparell, their lewdnes of lyfe, their hautines of hart, + theyr wantonnes of maners, theyr wilfull ydlenes, their ambitious + brauery, and the pryde of the sawcy _Salacones’_ μεγαλορρούντων + vaine glorious and arrogant in behauiour, whose delight dependeth + wholly to mount nimbly on horsebacke, to make them leape lustely, + spring and praunce, galloppe and amble, to runne a race, to wynde in + compasse, and so forthe, liuing all together vpon the fatnesse of + the spoyle. Othersom therbe which steale, being thereto prouoked by + penury & neede, like masterlesse mẽ applying themselues to no honest + trade, but raunging vp and downe impudently begging, and complayning + of bodily weakenesse where is no want of abilitie. + +[Valentinianus.] Sed his Valentinianus imperator benè prospexit, +legibus latis, ut qui nullo corporis morbo laborantes, corporis +infirmitatem desidiosi ignavique prætexentes, mendicarent, perpetui +colono ei inservirent, qui eorum ignaviam proderet atque accusaret, +ne eorum desidia onerosa populo, odiosave sit exemplo. + + But valiaunt _Valentine_ th’emperour, by holsome lawes prouided that + suche as hauing no corporall sicknesse, solde themselues to begging, + pleded pouerty wyth pretended infirmitie, & cloaked their ydle and + slouthfull life with colourable shifts and cloudy cossening, should + be a perpetuall slaue and drudge to him, by whom their impudent + ydlenes was bewrayed, and layde against them in publique place, + least the insufferable slouthfullnes of such vagabondes should be + burthenous to the people, or being so hatefull and odious, should + growe into an example. + +[Alfredi vigilantia.] Alfredus quoque regno administrando tanta +vigilantia justitiaque usus est, ut si quis per vias publicas +incedens, marsupium auro plenum vesperi perdidisset, manè, atque +adeo post mensem unum, integrum & intactum inveniret, uti Ingulphus +Croylandensis in historia refert. + + _Alfredus_ likewise in the gouernment of his common wealth, procured + such increase of credite to Justice and vpright dealing by his + prudent actes and statutes, that if a mã trauailing by the hygh way + of the countrey vnder his dominion, chaunced to lose a budget full + of gold, or his capcase farsed with things of great value, late in + the euening, he should finde it where he lost it, safe, sound, and + vntouched the next morning, yea (which is a wonder) at any time for + a whole monethes space if he sought for it, as _Ingulphus + Croyladensis_ in his History recordeth. + +Nostra autem ætate, nihil ferè securum, ne in ædibus quidem, quamvis +accuratè conclusis. + + But in this our vnhappy age, in these (I say) our deuelishe dayes + nothing can scape the clawes of the spoyler, though it be kept neuer + so sure within the house, albe it the doores bee lockt and boulted + round about. + + +[Canis custos.] Custos quoque (Græcis οἰκουρὸς) a custodiendis non +solum villis, sed & mercatorum ædibus, & quibus ampla res est domi, +canis iste nominatur. Eam ob rem canes publicæ alebantur Romæ in +Capitolio, ut significent si fures venerint. + + This dogge in like maner of _Græcians_ is called οἰκουρος. Of the + latinists _Canis Custos_, in Englishe the Dogge keeper. + + Borrowing his name of his seruire, for he doth not onely keepe + farmers houses, but also merchaunts maisons, wherin great wealth, + riches, substaunce, and costly stuffe is reposed. And therfore were + certaine dogges founde and maintained at the common costes and + charges of the Citizens of _Rome_ in the place called _Capitolium_, + to giue warning of theefes comming. + + +[Canis laniarius.] Dicitur & Laniarium, quòd eorum usus multus sit +laniis agendis & capiendis bestiis. + + This kind of dogge, is also called, In latine _Canis Laniarius_ in + Englishe the Butchers Dogge. + + So called for the necessity of his vse, for his seruice affoordeth + great benefite to the Butcher as well in following as in taking his + cattell when neede constraineth, vrgeth, and requireth. + + +[Molossicus.] Sed & Molossicum quoque & Molossum latinis dicitur, +à Molossia Epiri regione, ubi hoc genus canes boni & acres erant. + + This kinde of dogge is likewise called, In latine _Molossicus_ or + _Molossus_. + + After the name of a countrey in _Epirus_ called _Molossia_, which + harboureth many stoute, stronge, and sturdy Dogges of this sort, for + the dogges of that countrey are good in deede, or else their is no + trust to be had in the testimonie of writers. + + +[Mandatarius.] Est ex hoc genere quem Mandatarium ex argumento +appellamus: quòd domini mandato literas aliasve res de loco in locum +transferat, vel mellio inclusas, vel eidem alligatas. Quæ ne +intercipiantur, vel pugna, vel fuga si impar sit, diligenter cavet. + + This dogge is also called, In latine _Canis Mandatarius_ a Dogge + messinger or Carrier. + + Upon substanciall consideration, because at his masters voyce and + commaundement, he carrieth letters from place to place, wrapped vp + cunningly in his lether collar, fastened therto, or sowed close + therin, who, least he should be hindered in his passage vseth these + helpes very skilfully, namely resistaunce in fighting if he be not + ouermatched, or else swiftnesse & readinesse in running away, if he + be vnable to buckle with the dogge that would faine haue a snatch at + his skinne. + + +[Lunarius.] Est & Lunarium, quòd nihil aliud quàm excubias agit, +quàm insomnes noctes totas protrahit baubando ad lunam, ut Nonii +verbo utar. + + This kinde of dogge is likewise called, In latine _Canis Lunarius_, + in Englishe the Mooner. + + Because he doth nothing else but watch and warde at an ynche, + wasting the wearisome night season without slombering or sleeping, + bawing & wawing at the Moone (that I may vse the word of _Nonius_) + a qualitie in mine opinion straunge to consider. + + +[Aquarius.] Ex quibus grandiores atque graviores, etiam rotæ +amplioris circumactu, aquam ex altis puteis ad usus rusticos +hauriunt, quos Aquarios appellamus ex officio: + + This kinde of dogge is also called. In latine _Aquarius_ in Englishe + a water drawer. + + And these be of the greater and the waighter sort drawing water out + of wells and deepe pittes, by a wheele which they turne rounde about + by the mouing of their burthenous bodies. + + +[Sarcinarius.] & sarctores ærarios vagos manticis ferendis +memorabili patientia levant; à qua re sarcinarios nuncupamus. + + This kinde of dogge is called in like maner. _Canis Sarcinarius_ in + Latine, and may aptly be englished a Tynckers Curre. + + Because with marueilous pacience they beare bigge budgettes fraught + with Tinckers tooles, and mettall meete to mend kettels, porrige + pottes, skellets, and chafers, and other such like trumpery + requisite for their occupacion and loytering trade, easing him of a + great burthen which otherwise he himselfe should carry vpon his + shoulders, which condition hath challenged vnto them the foresaid + name. + + +Præter has villaticorum qualitates atque usus, hanc unam habent +præcipuam, quòd amantes dominorum sunt, & odium gerant in externos. +[Defensor.] Quo fit ut per itinera dominis in præsidio sunt, quos à +furibus defendunt, vivos salvosque conservant: a qua re etiam canes +defensores jure dici possunt. + + Besides the qualities which we haue already recounted, this kind of + dogges hath this principall property ingrafted in them, that they + loue their masters liberally, and hate straungers despightfully, + wherevpon it followeth that they are to their masters, in traueiling + a singuler safgard, defending them forceably from the inuasion of + villons and theefes, preseruing their lyfes from losse, and their + health from hassard, theyr fleshe from hacking and hewing with such + like desperate daungers. For which consideration they are + meritoriously tearmed, + + In Latine _Canes defensores_ defending dogges in our mother tounge. + +[Canum amor & fides.] At si quando vel multitudine, vel majori vi +opprimatur dominus atque concidat, usu compertum est, herum non +deserere ne mortuum quidem, sed eum ad multos dies per famis & cœli +injuriæ patientiam peramanter observare, & homicidam, si occasio +dabitur, interficere, aut saltem prodere vel latratu, vel ira, +vel hostili insultu, quasi mortem heri ulturum. + + If it chaunce that the master bee oppressed, either by a multitude, + or by the greater violence & so be beaten downe that he lye + groueling on the grounde, (it is proued true by experience) that + this Dogge forsaketh not his master, no not when he is starcke + deade: But induring the force of famishment and the outragious + tempestes of the weather, most vigilantly watcheth and carefully + keepeth the deade carkasse many dayes, indeuouring, furthermore, to + kil the murtherer of his master, if he may get any aduantage. Or + else by barcking, by howling, by furious iarring, snarring, and such + like meanes betrayeth the malefactour as desirous to haue the death + of his aforesayde Master rigorouslye reuenged. + +[Kingestoune.] Hujus rei exemplo fuit nostra memoria canis cujusdam +viatoris, qui Londino recta Kingestonum, octo regum coronatione +percelebre oppidum, profecturus, cum bonam itineris partem +confecisset, latronum insidiis in Comparco, valli amplo & spatioso, +nemoribus obsito, & latrociniis infami loco, occubuit. + + An example hereof fortuned within the compasse of my memory. The + Dogge of a certaine wayefaring man trauailing from the Citie of + London directly to the Towne of Kingstone (most famous and renowned + by reason of the triumphant coronation of eight seuerall Kings) + passing ouer a good portion of his iourney was assaulted and set + vpon by certaine confederate theefes laying in waight for the spoyle + in _Comeparcke_, a perillous bottom, compassed about wyth woddes to + well knowne for the manyfolde murders & mischeefeous robberies theyr + committed. Into whose handes this passinger chaunced to fall, so + that his ill lucke cost him the price of his lyfe. + +Canis item ille Britannus genere, quem Blondus sua memoria scribit, +non longe Parisiis hero à rivali interempto, & homicidam prodidisse, +& ni canis ultionem homicida deprecatus esset, jugulaturum fuisse. + + And that Dogge whose syer was Englishe (which _Blondus_ registreth + to haue bene within the banckes of his remẽbrance) manifestly + perceauyng that his Master was murthered (this chaunced not farre + from _Paris_) by the handes of one which was a suiter to the same + womã, whom he was a wooer vnto, dyd both bewraye the bloudy butcher, + and attempted to teare out the villons throate if he had not sought + meanes to auoyde the reuenging rage of the Dogge. + +In incendiis quoque in conticinio seu intempesta nocte incidentibus, +eo usque latrant annosi canes, etiam prohibiti, dum à domesticis +excitatis percipiatur focus; & tum sua sponte cessant à latratu, +quod usu compertum est in Britannia. + + In fyers also which fortune in the silence and dead time of the + night, or in stormy weather of the sayde season, the older dogges + barcke, ball, howle, and yell (yea notwithstandyng they bee roughly + rated) neyther will they stay their tounges till the householde + seruauntes, awake, ryse, searche, and see the burning of the fyre, + which beyng perceaued they vse voluntary silence, and cease from + yolping. This hath bene, and is founde true by tryall, in sundry + partes of England. + +Nec minor erat fides in eo cane qui domino profundam foveam per +venatum incidenti nunquam abfuit, dum sui unius indicio sublatus is +per funem fuit: in quem, cum oris cavernæ proximus esset, insiliebat +canis, tanquam ulnis amplexurus revertentem herum, impatiens +longioris moræ. + + There was no faynting faith in that Dogge, which when his Master by + a mischaunce in hunting stumbled and fell toppling downe a deepe + dytche beyng vnable to recouer of himselfe, the Dogge signifying his + masters mishappe, reskue came, and he was hayled up by a rope, whom + the Dogge seeyng almost drawne up to the edge of the dytche, + cheerefully saluted, leaping and skipping vpon his master as though + he woulde haue imbraced hym, beyng glad of his presence, whose + longer absence he was lothe to lacke. + +[Canum ingenia.] Sunt qui focum non patiuntur dissipari, sed prunas +in focum pede removent, prius cogitabundi aspicientes qua ratione id +possit à se fieri. Quod si pruna ardentior fuerit, cinere obruunt, +ac dein nare in locum promovent. Sunt quoque qui noctu villici +officium præstant. + + Some Dogges there be, which will not suffer fyery coales to lye + skattered about the hearthe, but with their pawes wil rake up the + burnyng coales, musying and studying fyrst with themselues how it + myght conueniently be done. And if so bee that the coales cast to + great a heate then will they buyry them in ashes and so remoue them + forwarde to a fyt place wyth theyr noses. Other Dogges bee there + which exequute the office of a Farmer in the nyghte tyme. + +Cum enim lectum petit herus, & omnia centum ærei claudunt vectes, +æternaque ferri robora, nec custos absistit limine Janus (ut scribit +Virgilius) tum si prodire jubeat herus canem, is per fundos omnes +oberrat, quovis villico diligentior, & si alienum quid invenerit +sive hominem, sive bestiam, abigit, domesticis relictis animalibus +atque servis. + + For when his master goeth to bedde to take his naturall sleepe, + And when, + + A hundred barres of brasse and yron boltes, + Make all things safe from startes and from reuoltes. + VVhen Ianus keepes the gate with Argos eye, + That daungers none approch, ne mischiefes nye. + + As Virgill vaunteth in his verses, Then if his master byddeth him go + abroade, he lingereth not, but raungeth ouer all his lands lying + there about, more diligently, I wys, then any farmer himselfe. And + if he finde anything their that is straunge and pertaining to other + persons besides his master, whether it be man, woman, or beast, he + driueth them out of the ground, not medling with any thing which + doth belong to the possession and vse of his master. + +Sed quanta in his fidelitas, tanta varietas in ingeniis. + + But how much faythfulnes, so much diuersitie there is in their + natures, + + +Nam sunt qui ore infræno latrent tantum nullo morsu; verum hi minus +tremendi, quòd timidiores sunt. Canes enim timidi vehementius +latrant, ut est in proverbio. Sunt qui latrent atque mordeant. + + For there be some, + + { Which barcke only with free and open throate but will not bite, + { Which doe both barcke and byte, + { Which bite bitterly before they barcke, + + The first are not greatly to be feared, because they themselues are + fearefull, and fearefull dogges (as the prouerbe importeth) barcke + most vehemently. + +Ab his cavendum quidem, quia admonent futuræ injuriæ, sed non +lacessendum, quoniam ira concitantur ad dentem, ipsi etiam natura +acerbiores. + + The second are daungerous, it is wisedome to take heede of them + because they sounde, as it were, an _Alarum_ of an afterclappe, and + these dogges must not be ouer much moued or prouoked, for then they + take on outragiously as if they were madde, watching to set the + print of their teeth in the fleshe. And these kinde of dogges are + fearce and eager by nature. + +Sunt qui sine voce prosiliunt, impetu involant, jugulum petunt, +& crudelius lacerant. Hos formidato, quia ammosiores sunt, & incautos +opprimunt. + + The thirde are deadly, for they flye upon a man, without vtteraunce + of voyce, snatch at him, and catche him by the throate, and most + cruelly byte out colloppes of fleashe. Feare these kind of Curres, + (if thou be wise and circumspect about thine owne safetie) for they + bee stoute and stubberne dogges, and set vpon a man at a sodden + vnwares. + +[Notæ ignaviæ aut audaciæ.] Istis notis ignavum genus a strenuo, +audax a timido discernunt nostri. Etenim ex malo genere, ne catulum +quidem habendum existimant, quòd nullum necessariis usibus humanis +commodiorem canem isto putent. + + By these signes and tokens, by these notes and argumentes our men + discerne the cowardly curre from the couragious dogge the bolde from + the fearefull, the butcherly from the gentle and tractable. Moreouer + they coniecture that a whelpe of an yll kinde is not worthe the + keeping and that no dogge can serue the sundry vses of men so aptly + and so conueniently as this sort of whom we haue so largely written + already. + +Nam si quis commemoratos eorum usus ad summas velit revocare, quis +hominum clarius aut tanta vociferatione bestiam vel furem prædicat, +quam iste latratu? quis domitor ferarum potentior? quis famulus +amantior domini? quis fidelior comes? quis custos incorruptior? quis +excubitor vigilantior? quis ultor aut vindex constantior? quis +nuncius expeditior? quis aquarius laboriosior? quis denique sarctor +ærarius gestandis sarcinis tolerantior? + + For if any be disposed to drawe the aboue named seruices into a + table, what mã more clearely, and with more vehemency of voyce + giueth warning eyther of a wastefull beast, or of a spoiling theefe + then this? who by his barcking (as good as a burning beacon) + foreshoweth hassards at hand? What maner of beast stronger? what + seruaũt to his master more louing? what companion more trustie? what + watchman more vigilant? what reuenger more constant? what messinger + more speedie? what water bearer more painefull? Finally what + packhorse more patient? + +Atque hæc quidem de canibus Britannicis generosis atque rusticis, +qui genus suum servant, diximus. + + And thus much concerning English Dogges, first of the gentle kinde, + secondly of the courser kinde. Nowe it remaineth that we deliuer + vnto you the Dogges of a mungrell or a currishe kinde, and then will + wee perfourme our taske. + + + ¶ A Diall pertaining to the + _fourth Section_. + + Dogs comprehended in y^e fourth section are these + + { The shepherds dogge + { The Mastiue or Bandogge, + + which hath sundry names diriued frõ sundry circũstances as + + { The keeper or watch man + { The butchers dogge + { The messinger or carrier + { The Mooner + { The water drawer + { The Tinckers curr + { The fencer, + + called in Latine _Canes Rustici_. + + + + + The fifth Section of this + _treatise_. + + Containing Curres of the mungrell and rascall sort and + first of the Dogge called in Latine, _Admonitor_, + and of vs in Englishe VVappe + or VVarner. + + +[Ex degeneribus.] De degeneribus, & ex horum diverso genere mixtis, +quòd nullam insignem veri generis qualitatem formamque referant, non +est quod velim plura scribere, sed ut inutiles ablegare, nisi quòd +vel advenas latratu excipiant, etiam luce, & eorum adventus +domesticos commonefaciant, + + Of such dogges as keepe not their kinde, of such as are mingled out + of sundry sortes not imitating the conditions of some one certaine + spice, because they resẽble no notable shape, nor exercise any + worthy property of the true perfect and gentle kind, it is not + necessarye that I write any more of them, but to banishe them as + vnprofitable implements, out of the boundes of my Booke, + vnprofitable I say for any vse that is commendable, except to + intertaine straũgers with their barcking in the day time, giuyng + warnyng to them of the house, that such & such be newly come, + +[Admonitor.] unde canes admonitores appellamus: + + wherevpon we call them admonishing Dogges, because in that point + they performe theyr office. + + + Of the Dogge called Turnespete in Latine _Veruuersator_. + +vel quòd in officio culinario, cum assandum est, inserviant, & rota +minore gradiendo, verua circumagant, pondereque suo æquabiliter +versent, ut ne calo aut lixa quidem artificiosius; + + There is comprehended, vnder the curres of the coursest kinde, a + certaine dogge in kytchen seruice excellent. For whẽ any meate is to + bee roasted they go into a wheele which they turning rounde about + with the waight of their bodies, so diligently looke to their + businesse, that no drudge nor skullion can doe the feate more + cunningly. + +[Versator.] quos hinc canes versatores, seu veruversatores nostrum +vulgus nominat: postremos omnium generum, quæ primo memoravimus. + + Whom the popular sort herevpon call Turnespets, being the last of + all those which wee haue first mencioned. + + + Of the Dogge called the Daunser, in Latine _Saltator_ or + _Tympanista_. + +[Tympanista.] Sunt etiam canes nostri degeneres & ad tympanum +saltare, & ad lyræ modos se movere docti, multaque alia erecti +pronique facere, quæ à vagis quæstuosisque heris exequi didicerunt. + + There be also dogges among vs of a mungrell kind which are taught + and exercised to daunce in measure at the musicall sounde of an + instrument, as, at the iust stroke of the drombe, at the sweete + accent of the Cyterne, & tuned strings of the harmonious Harpe + showing many pretty trickes by the gesture of their bodies. As to + stand bolte upright, to lye flat vpon the grounde, to turne rounde + as a ringe holding their tailes in their teeth, to begge for theyr + meate, and sundry such properties, which they learne of theyr + vagabundicall masters, whose instrumentes they are to gather gaine, + withall in Citie, Country, Towne, and Village. As some which carry + olde apes on their shoulders in coloured iackets to moue men to + laughter for a litle lucre. + + + Of other Dogges, a short conclusion, wonderfully ingendred within + the coastes of this country. + + Three sortes of them, + + { The first bred of a bytch and a wolfe, } In Latine _Lyciscus_. + { The second of a bytche and a foxe, } In Latine _Lacæna_. + { The third of a beare and a bandogge, } In Latine _Vrcanus_. + +[Lyciscus.] Lyciscum nullum istic in Anglia habemus nativum, ut ne +lupum quidem ut est ante comprehensum, nec aliud genus ullum præter +Lacænam & Urcanum: + + Of the first we haue none naturally bred within the borders of + England. The reason is for the want of wolfes, without whom no such + kinde of Dogge can bee ingendred. Againe it is deliuered vnto thee + in this discourse, how and by what meanes, by whose benefite, and + within what circuite of tyme, this country was cleerely discharged + of rauenyng wolfes, and none at all left, no, not to the least + number, or the beginnyng of a number, which is an _Vnari_. + +[Lacæna.] illam ex cane & vulpe (quam multam habet Anglia, & domi +inter canes vel animi vel morbi causa sæpè alit) + + Of the second sort we are not vtterly voyde of some, because this + our Englishe soyle is not free from foxes (for in deede we are not + without a multitude of them in so much as diuerse keepe, foster, and + feede them in their houses among their houndes and dogges, eyther + for some maladie of mind, or for some sicknesse of body,) which + peraduenture the savour of that subtill beast would eyther mitigate + or expell. + +[Urcanus.] hunc ex urso & cane catenario; quos licet inimicos, +pruriens tamen libido sæpè ita hic conjungit, ut alibi solet. + + The thirde kinde which is bred of a Beare and a Bandogge we want not + heare in England, (A straunge & wonderfull effect, that cruell + enimyes should enter into y^e worke of copulation & bring forth so + sauage a curre.) Undoubtedly it is euen so as we haue reported, for + the fyery heate of theyr fleshe, or rather the pricking thorne, or + most of all, the tyckling lust of lechery, beareth such swinge and + sway in them, that there is no contrairietie for the time, but of + constraint they must ioyne to ingender. And why should not this bee + consonant to truth? why shoulde not these beastes breede in this + lande, as well as in other forreigne nations? + +Nam cum tigride Hircanos, cum leone Arcadicos, cum lupo Gallicos +commiscuisse legimus. In hominibus quoque quibus ratio est, inimicos +animos conciliat stulta illa res & naturalis, ut Moria loquitur. + + For wee reede that Tigers and dogges in _Hircania_, that Lyons and + Dogges in _Arcadia_, and that wolfes and dogges in _Francia_, couple + and procreate. In men and women also lyghtened with the lantarne of + reason (but vtterly voide of vertue) that foolishe, frantique, + and fleshely action, (yet naturally sealed in vs) worketh so + effectuously, y^t many tymes it doth reconcile enimyes, set foes at + freendship, vnanimitie, & atonement, as _Moria_ mencioneth. + +Est hic urcanus, sæva bestia, & intractabilis iræ (ut Gratii poetæ +verbis utar) cæteros canes nostros omnes feroci crudelitate +superans, vel aspectus torvitate terribilis, in pugna acris & +vehemens, tantaque mordacitate, ut citius discerpas quàm dissolvas; +nec lupum nec taurum, ursum aut leonem reformidat: vel cum cane illo +Alexandri Indico certe conferendus. Sed de his hactenus ut de +Britannicis verba fecimus. + + The _Vrcane_ which is bred of a beare and a dogge, + + Is fearce, is fell, is stoute and stronge, + And byteth sore to fleshe and bone, + His furious force indureth longe + In rage he will be rul’de of none. + + That I may vse the wordes of the Poet _Gratius_, This dogge + exceedeth all other in cruell conditions, his leering and fleering + lookes, his stearne and sauage vissage, maketh him in sight feareful + and terrible, he is violent in fighting, & wheresoeuer he setteth + his tenterhooke teeth, he taketh such sure & fast hold that a man + may sooner teare and rende him in sunder, then lose him and seperate + his chappes. He passeth not for the Wolfe, the Beare, the Lyon, + nor the Bull, and may wortherly (as I thinke) be companiõ with + _Alexanders_ dogge which came out of _India_. But of these, thus + much, and thus farre may seeme sufficient. + + + A starte to outlandishe Dogges in this conclusion, not impertinent + to the Authors purpose. + +[Externi canes.] Externos aliquos & eos majusculos, Islandicos dico +& Littuanicos, usus dudum recepit: quibus toto corpore hirtis, ob +promissum longumque pilum, nec vultus est, nec figura corporis. + + Vse and custome hath intertained other dogges of an outlandishe + kinde, but a fewe and the same beyng of a pretty bygnesse, I meane + Iseland, dogges curled & rough al ouer, which by reason of the + lenght of their heare make showe neither of face nor of body. + +[Externa prælata.] Multis tamen quòd peregrini sunt, & grati sunt, +& in Melitæorum locum assumpti sunt: usque adeo deditum est humanum +genus etiam sine ratione novitatibus. ἐρῶμεν ἀλλοτρίων, παρορῶμεν +συγγενεῖς, miramur aliena, nostra non diligimus. + + And yet these curres, forsoothe, because they are so straunge are + greatly set by, esteemed, taken vp, and made of many times in the + roome of the Spaniell gentle or comforter. The natures of men is so + moued, nay rather marryed to nouelties without all reason, wyt, + iudgement or perseueraunce. Ἐρῶμεν ἀλλοτριῶν, παρορῶμεν συγγενεῖς. + + Outlandishe toyes we take with delight, + Things of our owne nation we haue in despight. + +Neque hoc in canibus solum, sed in artificibus quoque usu venit. +Nostros enim licet doctos & peritos fastidimus, belluam è longinqua +barbarie alienoque solo profectam tanquam asinum Cumani, aut hominem +Thalem, nostri suspiciunt. + + Which fault remaineth not in vs concerning dogges only, but for + artificers also. And why? it is to manyfest that wee disdayne and + contempne our owne workmen, be they neuer so skilfull, be they neuer + so cunning, be they neuer so excellent. A beggerly beast brought out + of barbarous borders, frõ the vttermost countryes Northward, &c., + we stare at, we gase at, we muse, we maruaile at, like an asse of + _Cumanum_, like Thales with the brasen shancks, like the man in the + Moone. + +Id quod Hippocrates sub initio libri sui περὶ ἀγμῶν recte sua ætate +observavit, & nos libello nostro seu consilio de Ephemera Britannica +ad populum Britannicum copiosius explicuimus. + + The which default _Hippocrates_ marcked when he was alyue, + as euidently appeareth in the beginnyng of his booke περὶ ἀγμῶν, + so intituled and named: + + And we in our worcke entituled _De Ephemera Britanica_, to the + people of England haue more plentifully expressed. + +Atque in hoc genere quo quisque indoctior, audacior, incogitantior, +hoc pluris fit apud nostros, atque etiam apud torquatos istos +principes atque proceres. Cæterum de externis canibus nihil dico, +quòd de Britannicis tantum voto tuo satisfacere studeo, Conrade vir +doctissime. + + In this kinde looke which is most blockishe, and yet most waspishe, + the same is most esteemed, and not amonge Citizens onely and iolly + gentlemen, but among lustie Lordes also, and noble men, and daintie + courtier ruffling in their ryotous ragges. Further I am not to wade + in the foorde of this discourse, because it was my purpose to + satisfie your expectation with a short treatise (most learned + _Conrade_) not wearysome for me to wryte, nor tedious for you to + peruse. + +[Canis Getulus.] Inter ea tamen quæ aliàs ad te dedi, de cane Getulo +seorsum scripsi, quòd rara species ejus videbatur. De cætero genere, +ipse plenissimè scribis. Verum cum longius jam produximus hunc +libellum quàm priorem ad te, brevius tamen quam pro natura rei, quòd +habuimus rationem studiorum tuorum, memoriæ causa quæ de canibus +Britannicis diximus, in diagramma reducemus. + + Among other things which you haue receaued at my handes heretofore, + I remember that I wrote a seuerall description of the Getulian + Dogge, because there are but a fewe of them and therefore very + seldome scene. As touching Dogges of other kyndes you your selfe + haue taken earnest paine, in writing of them both lyuely, learnedly + and largely. But because wee haue drawne this libell more at length + then the former which I sent you (and yet briefer than the nature of + the thing myght well beare) regardyng your more earnest and + necessary studdies. I will conclude makyng a rehearsall + notwithstanding (for memoryes sake) of certaine specialties + contayned in the whole body of this my breuiary. + +Et quia vulgaribus nominibus delectaris, ut ex literis tuis didici, +ea quoque Latinis apponemus, & singulorum rationes exponemus, quo +nihil tibi sit incognitum aut desideratum. + + And because you participate principall pleasure in the knowledge of + the common and vsuall names of Dogges (as I gather by the course of + your letters) I suppose it not amysse to deliuer vnto you a shorte + table contayning as well the Latine as the Englishe names, and to + render a reason of euery particular appellation, to th’intent that + no scruple may remaine in this point, but that euery thing may bee + sifted to the bare bottome. + +Canes ergo Britannici, aut sunt + + { Nomina + { Latina + { Anglica + + Generosi. + Venatici. + Sagax. + Hunde + Terrarius. + Terrare. + Leverarius. + Harier. + Sanguinarius. + Blud-hunde. + Agasæus. + Gasehunde. + Leporarius. + Grehunde. + Levinarius seu Lorarius. + Leviner, or Lyemmer. + Vertagus. + Tumbler. + Aucupatorii. + Hispaniolus. + Spainel. + Index. + Setter. + Aquaticus, seu Inquisitor. + Water-spainel, or Fynder. + Delicati. + Melitæus, seu Fotor. + Spainel-gentle, or Comforter. + Rustici. + Pastoralis. + Shepherd’s Dog. + Villaticus, seu Catenarius. + Mastive, or Bandedog. + Degeneres. + Admonitor. + Wappe. + Versator. + Turn-spit. + Saltator. + Dancer. + + + A Diall pertaining to the + _fifte Section_. + + Dogges contained in this last Diall or Table are + + { The wapp or warner, + { The Turnespet, + { The dauncer, + + called in Latine _Canes Rustici_ + + + + + A Supplement or Addition, containing + a demonstration of Dogges + names how they had their + Originall. + +Ista vocabula nostratia cum nihil apud te, hominem peregrinum, +loquantur sine interpretatione, ut Latinorum vocabulorum rationem +prius reddidimus, ita Anglicorum jam reddemus, quo tibi pateant +universa, eo etiam quo prius observato ordine. + + The names contayned in the generall table, for so much as they + signifie nothing to you being a straunger, and ignoraunt of the + Englishe tounge, except they be interpreted: As we haue giuen a + reason before of y^e latine words so meane we to doe no lesse of the + Englishe that euery thing maye be manyfest vnto your vnderstanding. + Wherein I intende to obserue the same order which I haue followed + before. + + + The names of such Dogges as be contained in the first section. + +[Sagax.] Hunde igitur (quem inter venaticos sagacem diximus) a verbo +nostro hunte, quod apud nostros venari significat, unica tantum +immutata litera derivata appellatione, nomen habet. Quod si a +vocabulo vestrati hunde, (quod canem in universum apud vos +significat) propter vocum similitudinem appellari credas (mi +Gesnere) ut non magnopere repugnabo, cum adhuc retinemus multa +Germanica vocabula, a Saxonibus cum Angliam occuparunt nobis +relicta, ita illud admonebo, commune quidem nomen canis apud nos +dogge esse, venatici vero canis hunde. + + _Sagax_, in Englishe Hunde, is deriued of our English word hunte. + One letter chaunged in another, namely, T, into D, as Hunt, Hunde, + whom (if you coniecture to be so named of your country worde _Hunde_ + which signifieth the generall name Dogge, because of the similitude + and likenesse of the wordes I will not stand in contradiction + (friende _Gesner_) for so much as we retaine among vs at this day + many Dutche wordes which the _Saxons_ left at such time as they + occupyed this country of Britane. Thus much also vnderstand, that as + in your language _Hunde_ is the common word, so in our naturall + tounge dogge is the vniuersall, but _Hunde_ is perticuler and a + speciall, for it signifieth such a dogge onely as serueth to hunt, + and therfore it is called a hunde. + + + Of the Gasehounde. + +[Agasæus.] Similiter à verbo nostrati, Gase, (quòd fixius rem +aliquam & attentius contueri est) Gasehunde appellatur nostris, quem +ante Agasæum nominari diximus. Neque enim odoratu, sed prospectu +attento & diligenti feram persequitur iste canis, ut jam ante +memoravimus; etsi non sum nescius etiam apud Latinos Agasæi +vocabulum inter canum nomina reperiri. + + The Gasehounde called in latine _Agasæus_, hath his name of the + sharpenesse and stedfastnesse of his eyesight. By which vertue he + compasseth that which otherwise he cannot by smelling attaine. As we + haue made former relation, for to gase is earnestly to viewe and + beholde, from whence floweth the deriuation of this dogges name. + + + Of the Grehounde. + +[Leporarius.] A Gre quoque, Grehunde apud nostros invenit nomen, +quod præcipui gradus inter canes sit, & primæ generositatis. Gre +enim apud nostros gradum denotat. Hunc latinè Leporarium dicebamus. + + The Grehounde called _Leporarius_, hath his name of this word, Gre, + which word soundeth, _Gradus_ in latine, in Englishe degree. Because + among all dogges these are the most principall, occupying the + chiefest place, and being simply and absolutely the best of the + gentle kinde of houndes. + + + Of the Leuyner or the Lyemmer. + +[Levinarius.] A levitate Leviner, à loro Lyemmer, appellatur is quem +Levinarium & Lorarium latinè nominavimus. Nam Lyemme nostra lingua, +Lorum significat. Quod autem a levitate Leviner, hoc est a latina +voce Britannicam, diducimus: cur in libris nostris sparsim a Græcis +dictionibus & Latinis Italicis & Germanicis, Gallicis & Hispanicis +nostratia multa derivamus, unde ortum eadem multa habuerunt: + + This dogge is called a Leuyner, for his lyghtnesse, which in latine + soundeth _Leuitas_, Or a Lyemmer which worde is borrowed of Lyemme, + which the latinists name _Lorum_: and wherefore we call him a + Leuyner of this worde _Leuitas_? (as we doe many things besides) why + we deriue and drawe a thousand of our tearmes, out of the _Greeke_, + the _Latine_, the _Italian_, the _Dutch_, the _French_, and the + _Spanishe_ tounge? (Out of which fountaines in deede, they had their + originall issue.) + +[Lib. de symphonia.] & quemadmodum ab origine sua etiam multa per +corruptionem jam declinarunt, libello nostro de symphonia seu +consonantia vocum Britannicarum fusius explicabimus. + + How many words are buryed in the graue of forgetfulnes? growne out + of vse? wrested awrye? and peruersly corrupted by diuers defaultes? + we wil declare at large in our booke intituled, _Symphonia vocum + Britannicarum_. + + + Of the Tumbler. + +[Vertagus.] Postremus inter venaticos Vertagus est, quem Tumbler +vocitamus; quòd tumble apud nos vertere est Latinis, & tumbiere +Gallis, unde ortum habet id nomen Tumbler, mutata vocali in liquidam +nostro more: contra quàm in lingua Gallica & Italica, in quibus +liquida ante vocalem, magna ex parte in aliam vocalem vertitur, +ut impiere & piano, pro implere & plano, quæ exempli gratia adduce, +cum infinita sint. + + Among houndes the Tumbler called in latine _Vertagus_, is the last, + which commeth of this worde Tumbler flowyng first of al out of the + French fountaine. For as we say Tumble so they, _Tumbier_, reseruing + one sense and signification, which the latinists comprehende vnder + this worde _Vertere_, So that we see thus much, that Tumbler commeth + of _Tumbier_, the vowell, I, chaunged into the _Liquid_, L, after + y^e maner of our speache. Contrary to the French and the Italian + tounge. In which two languages, A _Liquid_ before a _Vowell_ for the + most part is turned into another _Vowell_, As, may be perceaued in + the example of these two wordes, _Implere_ & _plano_, for _Impiere_ + & _piano_, L, before, E, chaunged into, I, and L, before A, turned + into I, also. This I thought conuenient for a taste. + + + The names of such Dogges as be contained in the second Section. + +[Aucupatorii.] Post Venaticos sequuntur Aucupatorii; inter quos +primus est Hispaniolus, quem ab Hispania voce nomen accepisse prius +diximus. Nostri omissa aspiratione & prima vocali, Spainel & Spaniel +expediti sermonis causa proferunt. + + After such as serue for hunting orderly doe follow such as serue for + hawking and fowling, Among which the principall and chiefest is the + Spaniell, called in Latine _Hispaniolus_, borrowing his name of + _Hispania_ Spaine, wherein wee Englishe men not pronouncing the + Aspiration H, Nor the _Vowell_ I, for quicknesse and redinesse of + speach say roundly A Spaniell. + + + Of the Setter. + +[Index.] Secundus Index, quem nostri a Setter nominare solent, +a verbo sette, quod locum designare nostris Britannis significat. + + The second sort of this second diuision and second section, + is called a Setter, in latine _Index_, Of the worde Set which + signifieth in Englishe that which the Latinistes meane by this word + _Locum designare_, y^e reason is rehersed before more largely, it + shall not neede to make a new repetition. + + + Of the water Spaniell or Finder. + +[Aquaticus.] Post hunc subsequitur aquaticus, hoc est a +Waterspainel, a vocibus Water & Spaine (hoc est aqua & Hispania) +deducto nomine. Nam aqua, in qua se exercet canis iste, Water; & +Hispania (unde primum genus hoc tractum ex nomine creditur) Spaine +apud nostros vocitatur. + + The water Spaniell consequently followeth, called in Latine + Aquaticus, in English a waterspaniell, which name is compounde of + two simple wordes, namely Water, which in Latine soũdeth _Aqua_, + wherein he swymmeth. And _Spaine_, _Hispania_, the country frõ + whence they came, + +Non quòd isti canes non sint etiam nativi in Britannia, sed quòd +generale & commune nomen canum, qui ex Hispania primò profecti +putantur, istæ canum species (ut & cæteri Aucupatorii) adhuc vulgo +referunt, etsi in Britannia oriantur, & peculiari aliqua vocis nota, +aut qualitatis indicio secernantur apud nos; ut est ista species +vocis Water, hoc est aquæ, appositione. + + Not that England wanted such kinde of Dogges, (for they are + naturally bred and ingendred in this country.) But because they + beare the generall and common name of these Dogges synce the time + they were first brought ouer out of Spaine. And wee make a certaine + difference in this sort of Dogges, eyther for some thing which in + theyr voyce is to be marked, or for some thing which in their + qualities is to be considered, as for an example in this kinde + called the Spaniell by the apposition and putting to of this word + water, which two coupled together sounde waterspaniell. + +[Inquisitor.] Alio etiam nomine a Finder canis iste appellatur, quòd +quærendo invenit res deperditas, quæ res nostris, fynde, hoc est +invenire, dicitur. Nos tamen ab inquirendo latinum nomen huic +fecimus, quòd præcipua pars inventionis in inquirendo est. + + He is also called a fynder, in Latine _Inquisitor_, because that by + serious and secure seeking, he findeth such things as be lost, which + word _Finde_ in English is that which the Latines meane by this + Verbe _Inuenire_. This dogge hath this name of his property because + the principall point of his seruice consisteth in the premisses. + + + The names of such Dogges as be contained in the thirde Section. + +A venaticis & aucupatoriis transitus est ad Delicatos, Rusticos, +& Degeneres. + + Now leauing the suruie we of hunting and hauking dogs, it remaineth + that we runne ouer the residue, whereof some be called, fine dogs, + some course, other some mungrels or rascalls. + +[Delicati.] Delicatum, Melitæum & Spainel gentle, hoc est +Hispaniolum generosum, nominavimus, à generositatis nomine data +appellatione, quòd inter nobiles viros atque fœminas versari, & iis +in deliciis atque ad lusus esse consuevit: ut erat illud Gorgonis +κυνίδιον apud Theocritum in Syracusiis, quod discedens servæ +diligentiæ pari cura cum infante commiserat, ut catellum quidem illa +intro revocaret, puerum verò vagientem placaret. + + The first is the Spaniell gentle called _Canis Melitæus_, because it + is a kinde of dogge accepted among gentles, Nobles, Lordes, Ladies, + &c. who make much of them vouchsafeing to admit them so farre into + their company that they will not onely lull them in theyr lappes, + but kysse them with their lippes, and make them theyr prettie + playfellowes. Such a one was _Gorgons_ litle puppie mencioned by + _Theocritus_ in _Siracusis_, who taking his iourney, straightly + charged & commaunded his mayde to see to his Dogge as charely and + warely as to his childe: To call him in alwayes that he wandred not + abroade, as well as to rock the babe a sleepe, crying in the cradle. + +Ad alia omnia inutilis canis iste est, nisi ad ea quæ jam ante +diximus, nisi ad fovendum stomachum debilitatum frigore, nisi ad +prodendum adulterium, quod fecisse hujus generis catellum quendam +Siculum refert Ælianus, libro septimo, capite vicesimo quinto +animalium. + + This puppitly and peasantly curre, (which some frumpingly tearme + fysteing hounds) serue in a maner to no good vse except, (As we haue + made former relation) to succour and strengthen quailing and + quammning stomackes to bewray bawdery, and filthy abhominable + leudnesse (which a litle dogge of this kinde did in _Sicilia_) As + _Ælianus_ in his .7. booke of beastes and .27. chapter recordeth. + + + The names of such dogges as be contained in the fourth Section. + +[Rustici.] Rusticos, Shepeherdes dogges, Mastives, & Bandedogges +nominavimus: illorum quidem deducto nomine a pastore, qui Shepeherde +apud nos dicitur, quòd custodit oves, quæ nostris, Shepe, +appellantur: istorum a ligamento, quod Bande, & Sagina, quod maste, +villicis nostris hominibus dicitur. + + Of dogges vnder the courser kinde, wee will deale first with the + shepherds dogge, whom we call the Bandogge, the Tydogge, or the + Mastyue, the first name is imputed to him for seruice _Quoniam + pastori famulatur_, because he is at the shepherds his masters + commaundement. The seconde a _Ligamento_ of the band or chaine + wherewith he is tyed, The thirde a _Sagina_, Of the fatnesse of his + body. + +Est enim crassum genus canum, & bene saginatum catenarium hoc. Etsi +non sum nescius Augustinum Niphum, Mastinum (mastivum nostri dicunt) +pecuarium existimare: & Albertum Lyciscum ex cane & lupo genitum +esse scribere: quamvis idem pro Molosso magna ex parte vertat. + + For this kinde of dogge which is vsually tyed, is myghty, grosse, + and fat fed. I know this that _Augustinus Niphus_, calleth this + _Mastinus_ (which we call Mastiuus.) And that _Albertus_ writeth how + the _Lyciscus_ is ingendred by a beare and a wolfe. Notwithstanding + the self same Author taketh it for the most part _pro Molosso_. + A dogge of such a countrey. + + + The names of such dogges as be contained in the fifte Section. + +[Versator.] Ad postremum, degeneres Wappe & Turnespete nominari +dicebamus: hunc a verbo nostrati turne, quòd est verto & spete, seu +spede ad imitationem Italorum, quod veru dicitur; illum a naturali +canis voce Wau, quam in latratu edit admonendo. + + Of mungrels and rascalls somwhat is to be spoken. And among these, + of y^e _VVappe_ or _Turnespet_, which name is made of two simple + words, that is, of _Turne_, which in latine soundeth _Vertere_, + and of _spete_ which is _Veru_, or _spede_, for the Englishe word + inclineth closer to the Italian imitation: _Veruuersator_, Turnspet. + +Unde, originaliter Waupe dicendum fuit. Sed euphoniæ bonæque +consonantiæ gratia, vocali in consonantem mutata, Wappe a nostris +vocitatur. Etsi non me fugit Nonium, a voce naturali Bau, formare +suum baubari, non a Wau, quemadmodum & Græci à suo βαύζειν. + + He is called also VVaupe, of the naturall noise of his voyce _VV_au, + which he maketh in barcking. But for the better and the redyer + sounde, the vowell, u, is chaunged into the cõsonant, p, so y^t for + waupe we say wappe. And yet I wot well that _Nonius_ boroweth his + _Baubari_ of the natural voyce _Bau_, as the _Græcians_ doe their + βάυζειν of wau. + +[Saltator.] Jam verò quod dansare nostris, saltare sit Latinis, si +didiceris, non est de canis saltatoris nostrati nomine amplius quod +ipse expetas. + + Now when you vnderstand this that _Saltare_ in latine signifieth + _Dansare_ in Englishe. And that our dogge therevpon is called a + daunser and in the latine _Saltator_, you are so farre taught as you + were desirous to learne, And now suppose I, there remaineth nothing, + but that your request is fully accomplished. + + + The winding vp of this worke, called the Supplement, &c. + +Ita habes (mi Gesnere) non solum canum nostratium genera, sed & +nomina quoque Latina atque Anglica, officia atque usus, differentias +atque mores, naturas & ingenia, ut non sit quod desideres in hoc +argumento amplius. + + Thus (Friend _Gesner_) you haue, not only the kindes of our countrey + dogges, but their names also, as well in latine as in Englishe, + their offices, seruices, diuersities, natures, & properties, that + you can demaunde no more of me in this matter. + +Et quanquam forsan omni ex parte non satisfecerim tibi in edendo +(cui in desideriis omnis festinatio in mora esse videatur) quòd +inhibuerim editionem rudioris illius libelli, quem ad te tanquam ad +privatum amicum, non ad editionem publicam ante annos quinque +dederim; tamen in hoc spero me satisfecisse tibi, quòd mora fecit +aliquanto meliorem, & δεύτεραι φροντίδες lectu commodiorem. + + And albeit I haue not satisfied your minde peraduẽture (who + suspectest al speede in the performaunce of your requeste employed, + to be meere delayes) because I stayde the setting fourth of that + vnperfect pamphlet which, fiue yeares ago, I sent to you as a + priuate friende for your owne reeding, and not to be printed, and so + made common, yet I hope (hauing like the beare lickt ouer my younge) + I haue waded in this worke to your contentation, which delay hath + made somewhat better and δευτέραι φροντίδες, after witte more meete + to be perused. + + + _Joannis Caii Britanni de Canibus Britannicis libelli finis._ + + _Iste liber scriptus fuit ante mortem Gesneri, etsi non ante + publicatus, ut est ille de rariorum animalium atque + stirpium historia._ + + The ende of this treatise. + + FINIS. + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +[Transcriber’s Notes: + + +_Errors_ + +The editor’s general introduction says: + + In this volume no attempt has been made to produce a facsimile + reprint. Even if such a design had been entertained, the great + variety of form in which the original editions were issued would + have made it impossible to carry out the re-issue with any + uniformity. Obvious misprints have been corrected, but where a + difference in spelling in the same work or on the same page--_e.g._ + _baccalarius_, _baccalaureus_--is clearly due to the varying + practice of the writer and not to the printer, the words have been + left as they stood in the original. On the other hand the accents + in the very numerous Greek quotations have been corrected. + + +_Dog Hybrids and Lobster-Hunting Dogs_ + +In _All the Year Round_ for September 5, 1885, Charles Dickens (son of +the author) or an unnamed contributor wrote: + + Dr. Caius ... had his scholar’s errors, else he would not talk of + lobster-hound, and of the urcanus (dogbear), “bred of a bear and + a bandog.” + +The wolf-dog (_lyciscus_) and bear-dog (_urcanus_) each requires no +comment. The fox-dog (_lacæna_) is genetically impossible. + +Under _Leverarius_ (Harier), the Latin original names eight animals +hunted by dogs: + + Nam alius leporis, alius vulpis, alius cervi, alius platycerotis, + alius taxi, alius lutræ, alius mustelæ, alius cuniculi ... + +The English translation expands these to eleven: + + Some for / The Hare [lepus] / The Foxe [vulpes] / The Wolfe / + The Harte / The Bucke / The Badger [taxus] / The Otter [lutra] / + The Polcat / The Lobster / The Weasell / The Conny [cuniculus], &c. + +The addition of Wolfe--an animal said not to exist in England--is not +explained. The Harte (_cervus_) is the elk or red deer; the Bucke +(_platyceros_) is the roe deer. The Lobster is not a crustacean but +a regional term for “polecat”, listed in the OED with citations of +appropriate date. The three-way distinction between Polcat, Lobster and +Weasell (subsumed under the single Latin word _mustela_) is not +explained. + + +_Cicero_ + + And albeit _Cicero_ in his oration had _Pro. S. Ross._ be of this + opinion... + + _Pro S. Roscio Amerino_, 20 [56 end]: + + Quod si luce quoque canes latrent, cum deos salutatum aliqui + venerint, opinor, eis crura suffringantur, quod acres sint etiam + tum, cum suspicio nulla sit. + + +_“Abridgement”_ + +The translator uses this term at least six times to describe his work. +The body text is about twice as long as the Latin original; note in +particular the section on _Delicati_ (the _Melitæus_ or Maltese). + + +_Names and Etymologies_ + +Note that “Dutch” means “German” (Deutsch). “Boethus” is not Boethius +but the Scottish John Boece, variously called Boethus and Boethius. + +The word “Spaniel” does appear to mean “Spanish”, though its derivation +is not exactly as described. “Hound” is related to the Germanic “Hund”, +not to the English “Hunt”. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of De Canibus Britannicis, by John Caius + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE CANIBUS BRITANNICIS *** + +***** This file should be named 27050-0.txt or 27050-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/7/0/5/27050/ + +Produced by Louise Hope + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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