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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/27017-0.txt b/27017-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ec807af --- /dev/null +++ b/27017-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,613 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Yin Wen Zi, by Wen Yin + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Yin Wen Zi + +Author: Wen Yin + +Release Date: October 24, 2008 [EBook #27017] + +Language: Chinese + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK YIN WEN ZI *** + + + + +Produced by Yvonne + + + + +大道上 +大道無形,稱器有名。名也者,正形者也。形正由名,則名不可差,故仲尼云: +“必也正名乎!名不正,則言不順也。”大道不稱,眾有必名,生於不稱,則群 +形自得其方圓,名生於方圓,則眾名得其所稱也。以大道治者,則名、法、儒、 +墨自廢,以名、法、儒、墨治者,則不得離道。老子曰:“道者,萬物之奧,善 +人之寶,不善人之所寶。”是道治者,謂之善人,藉名、法、儒、墨者,謂之不 +善人,善人之與不善人,名分日離,不待審察而得也。道不足以治,則用法;法 +不足以治,則用術;術不足以治,則用權;權不足以治,則用勢。勢用,則反權; +權用,則反術;術用,則反法;法用,則反道;道用,則無為而自治。故窮則徼 +終,徼終則反始,始終相襲,無窮極也。有形者,必有名;有名者,未必有形。 +形而不名,未必失其方圓白黑之實。名而不可不尋,名以檢其差,故亦有名以檢 +形。形以定名,名以定事,事以檢名,察其所以然,則形名之與事物,無所隱其 +理矣。名有三科,法有四呈。一曰命物之名,方圓白黑是也;二曰毀譽之名,善 +惡貴賤是也;三曰況謂之名,賢愚愛憎是也。一曰不變之法,君臣上下是也;二 +曰齊俗之法,能鄙同異是也;三曰治眾之法,慶賞刑罰是也;四曰平準之法,律 +度權量是也。術者,人君之所密用,群下不可妄窺。勢者,制法之利器,群下不 +可妄為。人君有術,而使群下得窺非術之奧者;有勢,使群下得為非勢之重者, +大要在乎先正名分,使不相侵雜,然後術可秘、勢可專。名者,名形者也;形者, +應名者也。然形非正名也,名非正形也,則形之與名,居然別矣!不可相亂,亦 +不可相無。無名,故大道無稱;有名,故名以正形。今萬物具存,不以名正之, +則亂;萬名具列,不以形應之,則乖。故形名者,不可不正也。善名命善,惡名 +命惡,故善有善名,惡有惡名。聖賢仁智,命善者也;頑嚚凶愚,命惡者也。今 +即聖賢仁智之名,以求聖賢仁智之實,未之或盡也;即頑嚚凶愚之名,以求頑嚚 +凶愚之實,亦未或盡也。使善惡盡然有分,雖未能盡物之實,猶不患其差也。故 +曰:名不可不辨也。名稱者,何彼此而檢虛實者也。自古至今,莫不用此而得, +用彼而失。失者,由名分混;得者,由名分察。今親賢而疏不肖,賞善而罰惡, +賢、不肖、善、惡之名,宜在彼,親、疏、賞、罰之稱宜屬我。我之與彼,各得 +1一名,名之察者也。名賢不肖為親疏,名善惡為賞罰,合彼我之一稱,而不別 +之,名之混者也。故曰名稱者,不可不察也。語曰:好牛,又曰:不可不察也。 +“好”則物之通稱,“牛”則物之定形,以通稱隨定形,不可窮極者也。設復言 +“好馬”,則復連於“馬”矣,則“好”所通,無方也。設復言“好人”,則彼 +屬於人矣,則“好”非人,“人”非好也。則“好牛”、“好馬”、“好人”之 +名自離矣,故曰:名分不可相亂也。五色、五聲、五臭、五味,凡四類,自然存 +焉天地之間,而不期為人用。人必用之,終身各有好惡而不能辨其名分,名宜屬 +彼,分宜屬我。我愛白而憎黑,韻商而舍徵,好膻而惡焦,嗜甘而逆苦,白黑、 +商徵、膻焦、甘苦,彼之名也;愛憎、韻舍、好惡、嗜逆,我之分也。定此名分, +則萬事不亂也。故人以度審長短,以量受多少,以衡平輕重,以律均清濁,以名 +稽虛實,以法定治亂,以簡治煩惑,以易御險難,以萬事皆歸於一,百度皆準於 +法。歸一者,簡之至;準法者,易之極。如此,頑、嚚、聾、瞽,可與1察慧聰 +明,同治矣2。故有理而無益於治者,君子弗言;有能而無益於事者,君子弗為。 +君子非樂有言,有益於治,不得不言;君子非樂有為,有益於事,不得不為。故 +所言者,不出於名法權術;所為者,不出於農稼軍陣。周務而已,故明主任之1。 +治外之理,小人 之所1必言事外之能 ,小人之所必為2。小人亦知言損於治, +而不能不言;小人亦知能損於事,而不能不為。故所言者,極於儒墨是非之辨; +所為者,極於堅偽偏抗之行;求名而已,故明主誅之。古語曰:不知無害於君子, +知之無損於小人。工匠不能,無害於巧;君子不知,無害於治,此信矣。為善使 +人不能得從,此獨善也;為巧使人不能得從,此獨巧也。未盡善巧之理,為善與 +眾行之,為巧與眾能之,此善之善者、巧之巧者也。所貴聖人之治,不貴其獨治, +貴其能與眾共治;貴工倕之巧,不貴其獨巧,貴其能與眾共巧也。今世之人,行 +欲獨賢,事欲獨能,辨欲出群,勇欲絕眾。獨行之賢,不足以成化;獨能之事, +不足以周務;出群之辨,不可為戶說;絕眾之勇,不可與征陣。凡此四者,亂之 +所由生。是以,聖人任道以夷其險,立法以理其差,使賢愚不相棄,能鄙不相遺。 +能鄙不相遺,則能鄙齊功;賢愚不相棄,則賢愚等慮,此至治之術也。名定,則 +物不競;分明,則私不行。物不競,非無心,由名定,故無所措其心;私不行, +非無欲,由分明,故無所措其欲。然則心欲人人有之,而得同於無心無欲者,制 +之有道也。田駢曰:“天下之士,莫不處其門庭,臣其妻子,必遊宦諸侯之朝者, +利引之也。遊於諸侯之朝,皆志為卿大夫,而不擬於諸侯者,名限之也。”彭蒙 +曰:“雉兔在野,眾人逐之,分未定也。雞豕滿市,莫有志者,分定故也。”物 +奢,則仁、智相屈;分定,則貪、鄙不爭。圓者之轉,非能轉而轉,不得不轉也; +方者之止,非能止而止,不得不止也。因圓之自轉,使不得止;因方之自止,使 +不得轉,何苦物之失分。故因賢者之有用,使不得不用;因愚者之無用,使不得 +用。用與不用,皆非我用,因彼所用,與不可用,而自得其用,奚患物之亂乎? +物皆不能自能,不知自知。智非能智而智,愚非能愚而愚,好非能好而好,醜非 +能醜而醜。夫不能自能,不知自知,則智、好何所貴?愚、醜何所賤?則智不能 +得夸愚,好不能得嗤醜。此為得之道也。道行於世,則貧賤者不怨,富貴者不驕, +愚弱者不懾,智勇者不陵,定於分也。法行於世,則貧賤者不敢怨富貴,富貴者 +不敢陵貧賤;愚弱者不敢冀智勇,智勇者不敢鄙愚弱,此法之不及道也。世之所 +貴,同而貴之,謂之“俗”;世之所用,同而用之,謂之“物”。苟違於人,俗 +所不與;苟忮於眾,俗所共去。故心皆殊而為行若一,所好各異而資用必同,此 +俗之所齊、物之所飾。故所齊,不可不慎;所飾,不可不擇。昔齊桓好衣紫,闔 +境不鬻異采;楚莊愛細腰,一國皆有饑色。上之所以率下,乃治亂之所由也。故 +俗苟沴,必為治以矯之;物苟溢,必立制以檢之。累於俗,飾於物者,不可與為 +治矣。昔晉國苦奢,文公以儉矯之,乃衣不重帛,食不兼肉,無幾時,人皆大布 +之衣,脫粟之飯。越王勾踐,謀報吳,欲人之勇,路逢怒蛙而軾之,比及數年, +民無長幼,臨敵雖湯火不避。居上者之難,如此之驗。聖王知民情之易動,故作 +樂以和之,制禮以節之。在下者不得用其私,故禮樂獨行。禮樂獨行,則私欲寢 +廢;私欲寢廢,則遭賢之與遭愚均矣。若使遭賢則治,遭愚則亂,是治亂係於賢 +愚,不係於禮樂。是聖人之術,與聖主而俱沒。治世之法,逮易世而莫用,則亂 +多而治寡;亂多而治寡,則賢無所貴,愚無所賤矣。處名位,雖不肖, 不患物 +不親己;在貧賤,雖仁賢,1不患2物不疏己。親疏係乎勢利,不係於不肖與仁賢, +吾亦不敢據以為天理,以為地勢之自然者爾。今天地之間,不肖實眾,仁賢實寡。 +趨利之情,不肖特厚;廉恥之情,仁賢偏多。今以禮義招仁賢,所得仁賢者,萬 +不一焉;以名利招不肖,所得不肖者,觸地是焉。故曰:禮義成君子,君子未必 +須禮義;名利治小人,小人不可無名利。慶賞刑罰,君事也;守職效能,臣業也。 +君科功黜陟,故有慶賞刑罰;臣各慎所任,故有守職效能。君不可與臣業,臣不 +可侵君事,上下不相侵與,謂之名正。名正而法順也。接萬物使分,別海內使不 +雜,見侮不辱,見推不矜,禁暴息兵,救世之闘,此仁君之德,可以為主矣。守 +職分使不亂,慎所任而無私,飢飽一心,毀譽同慮,賞亦不忘,罰亦不怨,此居 +下之節,可為人臣矣。世有違1名以得實,亦有因名以失實者。齊宣王好射,說 +人之謂己能用強也,其實所用不過三石,以示左右,左右皆引試之,中闕而止, +皆曰:“此不下九石,非大王孰能用是?”宣王悅之。然則宣王用不過三石,而 +終身自以為九石。三石,實也;九石,名也。宣王悅其名而喪其實。齊有黃公者, +好謙卑。有二女,皆國色。以其美也,常謙辭毀之,以為醜惡。醜惡之名遠布, +年過而一國無聘者。衛有鰥夫,時冒娶之,果國色,然後曰:“黃公好謙,故毀 +其子不姝美。”於是爭禮之,亦國色也。國色,實也;醜惡,名也。此違名而得 +實矣。楚人擔山雉者,路人問:“何鳥也?”擔雉者欺之曰:“鳳凰也。”路人 +曰:“我聞有鳳凰。今直見之,汝販之乎?”曰:“然。”則十金,弗與;請加 +倍,乃與之。將欲獻楚王,經宿而鳥死,路人不遑惜金,惟恨不得以獻楚王。國 +人傳之,咸以為真鳳凰,貴,欲以獻之,遂聞楚王。王感其欲獻於己,召而厚賜 +之,過於買鳥之金十倍。魏田父有耕於野者,得寶玉徑尺,弗知其玉也。以告鄰 +人,鄰人陰欲圖之,謂之曰:“怪石也。畜之,弗利其家,弗如復之。”田父雖 +疑,猶錄以歸,置於廡下。其夜玉明,光照一室,田父稱家大怖。復以告鄰人, +曰:“此怪之徵,遄棄,殃可銷。”於是遽而棄於遠野。鄰人無何盜之,以獻魏 +王,魏王召玉工相之。玉工望之,再拜而卻立,敢賀曰:“王得此天下之寶,臣 +未嘗見。”王問價,玉工曰:“此玉無價以當之。五城之都,僅可一觀。”魏王 +立賜獻玉者千金,長食上大夫祿。凡天下萬里,皆有是非,吾所不敢誣,是者常 +是,非者常非,亦吾所信。然是雖常是,有時而不用;非雖常非,有時而必行。 +故用是而失有矣,行非而得有矣。是非之理不同,而更興廢,翻為我用,則是非 +焉在哉?觀堯、舜、湯、武之成,或順或逆,得時則昌。桀、紂、幽、厲之敗, +或是或非,失時則亡。五伯之主亦然。宋公以楚人戰於泓,公子目夷曰:“楚眾 +我寡,請其未悉濟而擊之。”宋公曰:“不可。吾聞不鼓不成列,寡人雖亡國之 +餘,不敢行也。”戰敗,楚人執宋公。齊人弒襄公,立公孫無知。召忽、夷吾奉 +公子糾奔魯,鮑叔牙奉公子小白奔莒。既而無知被殺,二公子爭國,糾宜立者也; +小白先入,故齊人立之。既而,使魯人殺糾,召忽死之,徵夷吾以為相。晉文公 +為驪姬之譖,出亡十九年,惠公卒,賂秦以求反國,殺懷公子而自立。彼一君正, +而不免於執;二君不正,霸業遂焉。己是而舉世非之,則不知己之是;己非而舉 +世是之,亦不知己所非。然則是非,隨眾賈而為正,非己所獨了。則犯眾者為非, +順眾者為是,故人君處權乘勢,處所是之地,則人所不得非也。居則物尊之,動 +則物從之,言則物誠之,行則物則之,所以居物上御群下也。國亂有三事:年飢 +民散,無食以聚之,則亂;治國無法,則亂;有法而不能用,則亂。有食以聚民, +有法而能行,國不治,未之有也。 +大道下 +仁、義、禮、樂,名、法、刑、賞,凡此八者,五帝三王治世之術也。故仁以道 +之,義以宜之,禮以行之,樂以和之,名以正之,法以齊之,刑以威之,賞以勸 +之。故仁者,所以博施於物,亦所以生偏私;義者,所以立節行,亦所以成華偽; +禮者,所以行恭謹,亦所以生惰慢;樂者,所以和情志,亦所以生淫放;名者, +所以正尊卑,亦所以生矜篡;法者,所以齊眾異,亦所以乖名分;刑者,所以威 +不服,亦所以生陵暴;賞者,所以勸忠能,亦所以生鄙爭。凡此八術,無隱於人, +而常存於世;非自顯於堯湯之時,非自逃於桀紂之朝。用得其道則天下治,失其 +道則天下亂,過此而往,雖彌綸天地,籠絡萬品,治道之外,非群生所餐挹,聖 +人錯而不言也。凡國之存亡有六徵:有衰國、有亡國、有昌國、有強國、有治國、 +有亂國。所謂亂、亡之國者,凶虐殘暴不與焉;所謂強、治之國者,威力仁義不 +與焉。君年長多媵,少子孫,疏宗疆,衰國也。君寵臣,臣愛君,公法廢,私欲 +行,亂國也。國貧小,家富大;君權輕,臣勢重,亡國也。凡此三徵,不待凶虐 +殘暴而後弱也;雖曰見存,吾必謂之亡者也。內無專寵,外無近習,支庶繁字, +長幼不亂,昌國也。農桑以時,倉廩充實,兵甲勁利,封疆脩理,強國也。上不 +勝其下,下不犯其上,上下不相勝犯,故禁令行,人人無私,雖經險易而國不可 +侵,治國也。凡此三徵,不待威力仁義而後強;雖曰見弱,吾必謂之存者也。治 +主之興,必有所先誅。先誅者,非謂盜,非謂姦,此二惡者,一時之大害,非亂 +政之本也;亂政之本,下侵上之權,臣用君之術,心不畏時之禁,行不軌時之法, +此大亂之道也。孔丘攝魯相,七日而誅少正卯。門人進問曰:“夫少正卯,魯之 +聞人也。夫子為政而先誅,得無失乎?”孔子曰:“居,吾語汝其故。人有惡者 +五,而竊盜姦私不與焉。一曰心達而險,二曰行僻而堅,三曰言偽而辨,四曰強 +記而博,五曰順非而澤。此五者,有一於人,則不免君子之誅,而少正卯兼有之, +故居處足以聚徒成群,言談足以飾邪熒眾,強記足以反是獨立,此小人雄桀也, +不可不誅也。是以,湯誅尹諧,文王誅潘正,太公誅華士,管仲誅付里乙,子產 +誅鄧析、史付,此六子者,異世而同心,不可不誅也。《詩》曰:‘憂心悄悄, +慍於群小。’小人成群,斯足畏也。” 語曰:“佞辯可以熒惑鬼神。”曰:“鬼 +神聰明正直,孰曰熒惑者?”曰:“鬼神誠不受熒惑,此尤佞辯之巧,靡不入也。 +夫佞辯者,雖不能熒惑鬼神,熒惑人明矣。探人之心,度人之欲,順人之嗜好, +而不敢逆;納人於邪惡,而求其利。人喜聞己之美也,善能揚之;惡聞己之過也, +善能飾之。得之於眉睫之閒,承之於言行之先。” 語曰:“惡紫之奪朱,惡利 +口之覆邦家。”斯言足畏而終身莫悟,危亡繼踵焉。老子曰:“以政治國,以奇 +用兵,以無事取天下。”政者,名法是也;以名法治國,萬物所不能亂。奇者, +權術是也;以權術用兵,萬物所不能敵。凡能用名法權術,而矯抑殘暴之情,則 +己無事焉;己無事,則得天下矣。故失治則任法,失法則任兵,以求無事,不以 +取彊。取彊,則柔者反能服之。老子曰:“民不畏死,如何以死懼之。”凡民之 +不畏死,由刑罰過。刑罰過,則民不賴其生;生無所賴,視君之威末如也。刑罰 +中,則民畏死;畏死,由生之可樂也。知生之可樂,故可以死懼之,此人君之所 +宜執,臣下之所宜慎。田子讀書,曰:“堯時太平。”宋子曰:“聖人之治以致 +此乎?”彭蒙在側,越次答曰:“聖法之治以至此,非聖人之治也。”宋子曰: +“聖人與聖法,何以異?”彭蒙曰:“子之亂名,甚矣!聖人者,自己出也。聖 +法者,自理出也。理出於己,己非理也;己能出理,理非己也。故聖人之治,獨 +治者也;聖法之治,則無不治矣!此萬物之利,唯聖人能該之。”宋子猶惑,質 +於田子,田子曰:“蒙之言然。” 莊里丈人,字長子曰“盜”。少子曰“毆”。 +盜出行,其父在後,追呼之曰:“盜!盜!”吏聞,因縛之。其父呼毆喻吏,遽 +而聲不轉,但言“毆,毆”,吏因毆之,幾殪。康衢長者,字僮曰“善搏”,字 +犬曰“善噬”,賓客不過其門者三年。長者怪而問之,乃以實對。於是改之,賓 +客往復。鄭人謂玉未理者為璞,周人謂鼠未腊者為璞。周人懷璞,謂鄭賈曰:“欲 +買璞乎?”鄭賈曰:“欲之。”出其璞視之,乃鼠也,因謝不取。父之於子也, +令有必行者,有必不行者。“去貴妻,賣愛妾”,此令必行者也。因曰:“汝無 +敢恨,汝無敢思!”令必不行者也。故為人上者,必慎所令。凡人富,則不羨爵 +祿;貧,則不畏刑罰。不羨爵祿者,自足於己也;不畏刑罰者,不賴存身也。二 +者,為國之所甚,而不知防之之術,故令不行而禁不止。若使令不行而禁不止, +則無以為治。無以為治,是人君虛臨其國,徒君其民,危亂可立而待矣。今使由 +爵祿而後富,則人必爭盡力於其君矣;由刑罰而後貧,則人咸畏罪而從善矣。故 +古之為國者,無使民自貧富。貧富皆由於君,則君專所制,民知所歸矣。貧則怨 +人,賤則怨時,而莫有自怨者,此人情之大趣也。然則不可以此是人情之大趣, +而一槩非之,亦有可矜者焉,不可不察也。今能同算鈞而彼富我貧,能不怨則美 +矣;雖怨,無所非也。才鈞智同,而彼貴我賤,能不怨則美矣;雖怨,無所非也。 +其敝在於不知乘權藉勢之異,而雖曰智能之同,是不達之過,雖君子之郵,亦君 +子之怒也。人貧則怨人,富則驕人。怨人者,苦人之不祿施於己也,起於情所難 +安而不能安,猶可恕也。驕人者,無苦而無故驕人,此情所易制而弗能制,弗可 +恕矣。眾人見貧賤,則慢而疏之;見富貴,則敬而親之。貧賤者,有請賕於己, +疏之可也;未必損己,而必疏之,以其無益於物之具故也。富貴者,有施與己, +親之可也;未必益己,而必親之,則彼不敢親我矣。三者獨立,無致親致疏之所, +人情終不能不以貧賤富貴易慮,故謂之大惑焉。窮獨貧賤,治世之所共矜,亂世 +之所共侮。治世非為矜窮獨貧賤而治,是治之一事也;亂世亦非侮窮獨貧賤而亂, +亦是亂之一事也。每事治則無亂,亂則無治。視夏商之盛,夏商之衰,則其驗也。 +貧賤之望富貴甚微,而富貴不能酬其甚微之望。夫富者之所惡,貧者之所美;貴 +者之所輕,賤者之所榮,然而弗酬、弗與,同苦樂故也。雖弗酬之,於物弗傷。 +今萬民之望人君,亦如貧賤之望富貴,其所望者,蓋欲料長幼,平賦斂,時其飢 +寒,省其疾痛,賞罰不濫,使役以時,如此而已,則於人君弗損也。然而弗酬、 +弗與,同勞逸故也。故為人君,不可弗與民同勞逸焉。故富貴者,可不酬貧賤者; +人君不可不酬萬民。不酬萬民,則萬民之所不願戴;所不願戴,則君位替矣!危 +莫甚焉!禍莫大焉! +逸文 +尹文子見齊宣王,宣王歎國寡賢,尹文子曰:“使國悉賢,孰處王下?” +王曰:“國悉不肖,可乎?”尹文子曰:“國悉不肖,孰理王朝?”王曰:“賢 +與不肖皆無,可乎?”尹文子曰:“不然,有賢有不肖,故王尊於上,臣卑於下, +進賢退不肖,所以有上下也。” +虎求百獸食之,得狐。狐曰:“子無食我也。天帝令我長百獸,今子食我,是逆 +天帝命也。子以我言不信,吾為子先行,子隨我后,觀百獸之見我不走乎?”虎 +以爲然,故遂與行。獸見之皆走。虎不知獸之畏己而走,以爲為狐也。 +瞽者無目,而耳不可以�,察視也,精於聽也。 +聾者不歌,無以自樂;盲者不觀,無以接物。 +數:十、百、千、萬、億。億、萬、千、百、十,皆起於一,推之億億無差矣。 +千人曰俊,萬人曰傑。 +以智力求者,喻如奕棋,進退取與,攻劫放舍,在我者也。 +博者,盡關塞之宜,得周通之路,而不能制齒之大小,在遇者也。 +堯為天子,衣不重帛,食不兼味,土階三尺,茅茨不翦。 +堯德化布於四海,仁惠被於蒼生。 +兩智不能相使,兩貴不能相臨,兩辨不能相屈,力均勢敵故也。 +專用聰明,則功不成;專用晦昧,則事必悖。一明一晦,眾之所載。 +四方上下曰宇。 +將戰,有司讀誥誓,三令五申之,既畢,然後即敵。 +鐘鼓之聲,努而擊之則武,憂而擊之則悲,喜而擊之則樂。其意變,其聲亦變。 +意誠,感之達於金石,而況於人乎? + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Yin Wen Zi, by Wen Yin + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK YIN WEN ZI *** + +***** This file should be named 27017-0.txt or 27017-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/7/0/1/27017/ + +Produced by Yvonne + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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