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diff --git a/27007-8.txt b/27007-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..42715fa --- /dev/null +++ b/27007-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4431 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 210, November 5, +1853, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Number 210, November 5, 1853 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc. + +Author: Various + +Editor: George Bell + +Release Date: October 24, 2008 [EBook #27007] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + + + + +{429} + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + + +No. 210.] +SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 5. 1853. +[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d. + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS. + + Page + NOTES:-- + Lord Halifax and Mrs. Catherine Barton, by Professor + De Morgan 429 + Dr. Parr on Milton 433 + Parts of MSS., by John Macray 434 + William Blake 435 + + FOLK LORE:--Legends of the County Clare--The + Seven Whisperers 436 + Italian-English, German-English, and the Refugee Style, + by Philarète Chasles 436 + Shakspeare Correspondence, by Thos. Keightley, &c. 437 + + MINOR NOTES:--Decomposed Cloth--First and Last + --Cucumber Time--MS. Sermons of the Eighteenth + Century--Boswell's "Johnson"--Stage Coaches-- + Antecedents--The Letter X--A Crow-bar 438 + + QUERIES:-- + MINOR QUERIES:--Bishop Grehan--Doxology-- + Arrow-mark--Gabriel Poyntz--Queen Elizabeth's + and Queen Anne's Motto, "Semper eadem"--Bees + --Nelly O'Brien and Kitty Fisher--"Homo unius + libri"--"Now the fierce bear," &c.--Prejudice + against Holy Confirmation--Epigram on MacAdam + --Jane Scrimshaw--The Word "Quadrille"--The + Hungarians in Paules--Ferns Wanted--Craton the + Philosopher--The Solar Annual Eclipse in the Year + 1263--D'Israeli: how spelt?--Richard Oswald-- + Cromwell's Descendants--Letter of Archbishop + Curwen to Archbishop Parker 440 + + MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Margaret Patten-- + Etymology of "Coin"--Inscription at Aylesbury-- + "Guardian Angels, now protect me," &c.--K. C. B.'s + --Danish and Swedish Ballads--Etymology of + "Conger"--"Si vis me flere, dolendum est primum + tibi" 442 + + REPLIES:-- + Medal and Relic of Mary Queen of Scots, by John + Evans, &c. 444 + Early Use of Tin.--Derivation of the Name of Britain 445 + Pictorial Editions of the Book of Common Prayer 446 + Yew-Trees in Churchyards, by Fras. Crossley, &c. 447 + Osborn Family 448 + Inscriptions on Bells, by W. Sparrow Simpson and + J. L. Sisson 448 + Ladies' Arms borne in a Lozenge 448 + The Myrtle Bee, by C. Brown 450 + Captain John Davis, by Bolton Corney 450 + + PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Clouds in Photographs + --"The Stereoscope considered in relation to + the Philosophy of Binocular Vision"--Muller's + Processes--Positives on Glass 451 + + REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Peculiar Ornament in + Crosthwaite Church--Nursery Rhymes--Milton's + Widow--Watch-paper Inscriptions--Poetical Tavern + Signs--Parish Clerks' Company--"Elijah's Mantle" + --Histories of Literature--Birthplace of General + Monk--Books chained to Desks in Churches, &c. 452 + + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Notes on Books, &c. 455 + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 456 + Notices to Correspondents 456 + Advertisements 456 + + * * * * * + + +Notes. + +LORD HALIFAX AND MRS. CATHERINE BARTON. + +Those who have written on the life of Newton have touched with the utmost +reserve upon the connexion which existed between his half-niece Catherine +Barton, and his friend Charles Montague, who died Earl of Halifax. They +seem as if they were afraid that, by going fairly into the matter, they +should find something they would rather not tell. The consequence is, that +when a writer at home or abroad, Voltaire or another, hints with a sneer +that a pretty niece had more to do with Newton's appointment to the Mint +than the theory of gravitation, those who would like to know as much as can +be known of the whole truth find nothing in any attainable biography except +either total silence or a very awkward and hesitating account of half +something. + +On looking again into the matter, the juxtaposition of all the +circumstances induced in my mind a strong suspicion that Mrs. C. Barton was +_privately married_ to Lord Halifax, probably before his elevation to the +peerage, and that the marriage was no very great secret among their +friends. As yet I can but say that the hypothesis of a private marriage is, +to me, the most probable of those among which a choice must be made: +farther information may be obtained by publication of the case in "N. & +Q.," the most appropriate place of deposit for the provisional result of +unfinished inquiries. + +Charles Montague (born April, 1661, died May 19, 1715) made acquaintance +with Newton when both were at Trinity College in 1680 and 1681. Newton was +nineteen years older than Montague, and had been twelve years Lucasian +professor. At the beginning of their friendship, the Lucasian professor +must be called the patron of the young undergraduate, who was looking for a +fellowship with the intention of taking orders, a design which he did not +find sufficient encouragement to abandon until after he had sat in the +Convention. By 1690, the rising politician had become the patron of the +author of the _Principia_, who in that {430} year or the next became an +aspirant for public employment. The friendship of Newton and Montague +lasted until the death of the latter, interrupted only by a coolness (on +Newton's side at least) in 1691, arising out of a suspicion in Newton's +mind that Montague was not sincere in his intentions towards his friend. + +Catherine Barton (born 1680, died 1739) was the daughter of Robert Barton +and Newton's half-sister, Hannah Smith (Baily's _Flamsteed, Supplement_, p. +750.). Lieut.-Col. Barton, usually called her husband, was her brother. The +pedigrees published by Turnor recognise this fact: Swift distinctly states +it, and Rigaud proves it in various ways in letters to Baily, which lately +passed through my hands on their way to the Observatory at Greenwich. The +mistake ought never to have been made, for _Mrs. C. Barton_ (as she was +usually denominated) must, according to usage, have been reputed single so +long as her Christian name was introduced. + +Mrs. C. Barton married Mr. Conduitt, then or afterwards Newton's assistant, +and his successor: this marriage probably took place in 1718, the year in +which Newton introduced Conduitt into the Royal Society. Among the Turnor +memorials of Newton, now in possession of the Royal Society, is a watch +leaving the inscription "Mrs. C. Conduitt to Sir Isaac Newton, January, +1708." This date cannot be correct, for Swift in 1710, Halifax in 1712, +Flamsteed in 1715, and Monmort in 1716, call her Barton: all but Flamsteed +were intimate acquaintances. Any one who looks at the inscription will see +that it is not as old as the watch: it is neither ornamented nor placed in +a shield or other envelope, while the case is beautifully chased, and has +an elaborate design, representing Fame and Britannia examining the portrait +of Newton. Moreover, "Mrs. Conduitt" would never have described herself as +"Mrs. C. Conduitt." + +Montague was not, so far as usual accounts state, what even in our day +would be called a libertine. He married the Countess of Manchester (the +widow of a relative) before his entry into public life, and was deeply +occupied in party politics and fiscal administration. I am told that +Davenant impugns his morals: this may be the exception which proves the +rule; some of the lampoons directed against the Whig minister are +preserved, and these do not attack his private character in the matter +under allusion, so far as I can learn. + +All the cotemporary evidence yet adduced as to the relation between Lord +Halifax and Catherine Barton, is contained in one sentence in the _Life_ of +the former, two codicils of his will, and one allusion of Flamsteed's. The +_Life_, with the will attached, was appended to two different publications +of the works of Halifax, in 1715 and 1716. The passage from the _Life_ is +as follows (p. 195.): + + "I am likewise to account for another Omission in the Course of this + History, which is that of the Death of the Lord _Halifax's_ Lady; upon + whose Decease his Lordship took a Resolution of living single thence + forward, and cast his Eye upon the Widow of one Colonel _Barton_, and + Neice to the famous Sir _Isaac Newton_, to be Super-intendent of his + domestick Affairs. But as this Lady was young, beautiful, and gay, so + those that were given to censure, pass'd a Judgment upon her which she + no Ways merited, since she was a Woman of strict Honour and Virtue; and + tho' she might be agreeable to his Lordship in every Particular, that + noble Peer's Complaisance to her, proceeded wholly from the great + Esteem he had for her Wit and most exquisite Understanding, as will + appear from what relates to her in his Will at the Close of these + Memoirs." + +This sentence is an insertion (the _first_ omission is as far back as p. +64.). It speaks of Mrs. C. Barton as if she were dead: and it is worthy of +note that this lady, who lived to communicate to Fontenelle materials for +his _éloge_ of Newton, had excellent opportunity, had it pleased her, to +have contradicted or varied any part of the account given by Halifax's +biographer; and this without appearing. The actual communication made to +Fontenelle by her husband, Mr. Conduitt, is in existence, and was printed +by Mr. Turnor; it contains no allusion to the subject. Farther, it appears +by the biographer's account that she had passed as a widow, which is not to +be wondered at: the _Colonel_ Barton who was the son of circumstances, must +have been created before her brother (who died in 1711) attained such rank, +perhaps before he entered the army at all. + +The will gives very different evidence from that for which it is +subpoenaed: it is dated April 10, 1706. In the first codicil (dated April +12, 1706) Lord Halifax leaves Mrs. Barton all his jewels and 3000l. "as a +small token," he says, "of the great love and affection I have long had for +her." In a second codicil (dated February 1, 1712) the first codicil is +revoked, and the bequest is augmented to 5000l., the rangership, lodge, and +household furniture of Bushey Park, and the manor of Apscourt, for her +life. These are given, says Lord Halifax, "as a token of the sincere love, +affection, and esteem, I have long had for her person, and as a small +recompense for the pleasure and happiness I have had in her conversation." +In this same codicil "Mrs. Catherine Barton" is described as Newton's +niece, and 100l. is left to Newton "as a mark of the great honour and +esteem I have for so great a man." The concluding sentence of the codicil +is as follows: + + "And I strictly charge and command my executor to give all aid, help, + and assistance to her in possessing and enjoying what I have hereby + given her; and also {431} in doing any act or acts necessary to + transfer her an annuity of two hundred pounds _per annum_, purchased in + Sir Isaac Newton's name, which I hold for her in trust, as appears by a + declaration of trust in that behalf." + +This codicil immediately became the subject of remark, and the terms of it +seem to have been understood as they would be now. Flamsteed, writing in +July, 1715 (Halifax died in May), says: + + "If common fame be true, he died worth 150,000l.; out of which he gave + Mrs. Barton, Sir I. Newton's niece, for her _excellent conversation_ + [the Italics are Baily's, the original, I suppose, underlined], a + curious house, 5000l. with lands, jewels, plate, money, and household + furniture, to the value of 20,000l. or more." + +I pay no attention to the statement that (_Biogr. Brit._, Montague, note +BB.) Lord Halifax was disappointed in a second marriage. It amounts only to +this, that Lord Shaftsbury, having a certain lady in his heart and in his +eye, was afraid he had a rival, and described the person talked of in terms +which make it pretty certain that Halifax was intended. But it by no means +follows that because a certain person is "talked of" for a lady, and a +lover put in fear by the rumour, the person is really a rival: and not even +a biographer would have shown himself so unfit for a novelist as to have +drawn such a conclusion, unless he had been biassed by the wish to show +that Halifax was attached to another than Mrs. Barton. + +It must of course be supposed that the introduction of Montague to Newton's +niece was a consequence of his acquaintance with Newton, and took place in +or near 1696, when Newton came to London, where his niece soon began to +reside with him. And since, in 1706, the connexion, whatever it was, had +been of long standing, we may infer that it had probably commenced in 1700. +The case is then as follows. Montague received into his house, as +"superintendent of his domestic affairs" after the death of his wife, the +niece of his old and revered friend Newton, a conspicuous officer of the +crown, a member of Parliament, and otherwise one of the most famous men +living. This niece had been partly educated by Newton; she had lived in his +house; we know of no other protector that she could have had, in London; +and the supposition that she left any roof except Newton's to take shelter +under that of Montague, would be purely gratuitous. She was unmarried, +beautiful, and gay; and probably not so much as, certainly not much more +then, twenty years old. A handsome annuity was bought for her in Newton's +name, and held in trust by Halifax: if it had been bought _by Newton_, +Conduitt would have mentioned it in his list of the benefactions which +Newton's relatives received from him, especially after the publicity which +it had obtained from Halifax's will. That she did not tenant the +housekeeper's room while the friends of Halifax were round his table, may +be inferred from the epigrams, poor as they are, which were made in her +honour as a celebrated beauty and wit, in a collection of verses (reprinted +in Dryden's _Miscellanies_) on the best known toasts of the day. Halifax +bequeathed her a provision which might have suited his widow, in terms +which must have been intended to show that she had been either his wife or +his mistress; while in the same document he brought prominently forward his +respect for Newton, the fact of her being Newton's niece, and the annuity +which he had bought for her in Newton's name. An uncontradicted paragraph +in the life of Halifax, published immediately after the will, and evidently +not intended to bring forward any fact not perfectly well known, records +her residence in the house of that nobleman and the consequent rumours +concerning her character, affirms that she was a virtuous woman, and refers +to the will to prove it: though the will denies it in the plainest English, +on any supposition except that of a private marriage. Finally, the lady +married a respectable man after the death of Lord Halifax, and lived with +him in the house of her illustrious uncle. + +That she was either the wife or the mistress of Halifax, I take to be +established; it is the natural conclusion from the facts above stated, all +made public during her life, all left uncontradicted by herself, by her +husband, by her daughter, by Lord Lymington her son-in-law, and by the +uncle who had stood to her in the place of a father. It is impossible that +Newton could have been ignorant that his niece was living in Montague's +house, enjoyed an annuity bought in his own name, and was regarded by the +world as the mistress of his friend and political patron. The language of +the codicil shows that, be the nature of the connexion what it might, +Halifax meant to tell the world that it might be proclaimed in all its +relation to the name of Newton. To those who cannot, under all the +circumstances, believe the connexion to have been what is called platonic, +the probability that there was a private marriage is precisely the +probability that Newton would not have sanctioned the dishonour of his own +niece: and even if the connexion were only that of friendship, Newton must +have sanctioned the appearance and the forms of a dishonourable intimacy: +the co-habitation, the settlement, and the defiance of opinion. Now there +is no reason to suppose of Newton that he would be a party to either +proceeding, which would not apply as well to any man then alive: to Locke, +for instance. Looking at the morals of the day, we are by no means +justified in throwing off at once, with disgust, the bare idea of the +possibility of a distinguished philosopher consenting to an illicit +intercourse between his friend and his niece: we are bound, {432} in +discussing probabilities, to distinguish 1850 from 1700. But, even putting +out of view the purity of Newton's private life, and of the lives of his +most intimate friends, there is that in the weaker part of his character +which is of itself almost conclusive. Right or wrong, Newton never faced +opinion. As soon as he found that publication involved opposition, from +that time forward he published only with the utmost reluctance, and under +the strongest persuasions; except when, as in the case of some of his +theological writings, he confided the manuscript to a friend, to be +anonymously published abroad. The _Principia_ was extorted from him by the +Royal Society; the first publication on fluxions was under the name of +Wallis; the _Optics_ were delayed until the death of Hooke; the first +appearance against Leibnitz was anonymous; the second originated in a hint +from the King. This morbid fear, which is often represented as modesty, +would have made him, had he acted a part with regard to his niece which he +could not avow, conduct it with the utmost reserve. The philosopher who +would have let the theory of gravitation die in silence rather than +encounter the opposition which a discovery almost always creates, would not +have allowed his _name_ to be connected with the annuity which was the +price of his niece's honour, or which carried all the appearance of it, +even supposing him base enough to have connived at the purchase. And in +such a case, Halifax would have taken care to respect the secrecy which he +would have known to have been essential to Newton's comfort: he would not +have published to the world that his mistress was Newton's niece, and that +Newton was a party to a settlement upon her. There seems to me, about the +codicil as it stands, a declaration that the connexion with Newton's niece +was such as, if people knew all, Newton might have sanctioned. And the +supposition of a private marriage, generally understood among the friends +of the parties, seems to me to make all the circumstances take an air of +likelihood which no other hypothesis will give them: and this is all my +conclusion. + +If there were a marriage, the most probable reason for the concealment was, +that it was contracted at a time when the birth and station of Mrs. Barton +would have rendered her production at court as the wife of Montague an +impediment to his career. He was raised to the peerage in 1700, and as the +connexion was of long standing in 1706, it may well be supposed that it +commenced at the time when (in his own opinion at least) his prospects of +such elevation might have been compromised by a decided misalliance. The +lower the tone of morals, the greater the ridicule which attaches to +unequal _marriages_. Montague, though of noble family, was the younger son +of a younger son, and not rich: it was common among the Tories to sneer at +him as a _parvenu_. He had made his first appearance in the great world as +the husband of a countess-dowager, and it may be that the _parvenu_ was +weak enough to shrink from producing, as his second wife, a woman of very +much lower rank, the granddaughter of a country clergyman, and the daughter +of a man of no pretension to station. That Mr. Macaulay has not underrated +the position of the country clergy, is known to all who have dipped into +the writings of the seventeenth century. It is not, however, necessary to +explain why the supposed marriage should have been private. As the world is +constituted, no rules of inference can be laid down in reference to the +irregular relations of the sexes. + +With reference to the insinuation that Newton owed his official position +rather to his niece than to his ability, it can be completely shown that, +on the worst possible supposition, the office in the Mint could have had +nothing to do with Mrs. C. Barton. Newton was appointed to the lower office +(the _Wardenship_) in March, 1695-96, when the young lady was not sixteen +years old, and before she could have been a resident under her uncle's +roof. The state of the coinage had caused much uneasiness; it was one of +the difficulties, and its restoration was one of the successes, of the day. +The best scientific advice was taken: Locke, Newton, and Halley were +consulted, and all were placed in office nearly at the same time; Newton in +the London Mint, Halley in the Chester Mint, Locke in the Council of Trade. +Neither Locke nor Halley had any nieces. Before Newton's appointment there +was some negociation of a public character: the Wardenship was not vacant, +and the government seems to have tried to induce Newton to take something +subordinate. March 14, Newton wrote to Halley, in reference to a current +rumour,--"I neither put in for any place in the Mint, nor would meddle with +Mr. Hoar's [the comptroller's] place, were it offered me." On the 19th, +Montague informs Newton that he is to have the _Wardenship_, vacant by the +removal of Mr. Overton to the Customs. Four years afterwards, when the +great operation on the coinage, by many declared impracticable, had +completely succeeded, Newton, a principal adviser and the principal +administrator, obtained the Mastership in the course of promotion. Montague +was raised to the peerage in the following year, and mainly, as the patent +states, for the same service. So that, though Montague was the patron as to +the Wardenship, yet scientific assistance was then so sorely needed, that +no hypothesis relative to any niece would be necessary to explain the +phenomenon of Newton's appointment: while, as to the Mastership it may +almost be said that Montague was more indebted to Newton for his peerage, +than Newton to Montague for that promotion which any minister must, under +the circumstances, have granted. {433} + +In no account of Newton that I ever read is it stated that Mrs. Barton was +an intimate friend of Swift, probably through Halifax. Having been told +that there is frequent mention of her in Swift's _Journal to Stella_, I +examined that series and the rest of the correspondence, in which her name +occurs about twenty times. One letter from herself, under the name of +Conduitt (November 29, 1733), is indorsed by the Dean, "My old friend Mrs. +Barton, now Mrs. Conduitt," and establishes the identity of Swift's friend +with Newton's niece: otherwise, it proves nothing here. The other points to +be noticed are as follows. + +1710, September 28, November 30, March 7; 1711, April 3, July 18, October +14 and 25, Swift visited or dined with Mrs. Barton at her _lodgings_. He +was also at this time on good terms with Halifax, and dined with him +November 28, 1710, and with Mrs. Barton on November 30. According to the +idiom of the day, _lodgings_ was a name for every kind of residence, and +even for the apartments of a guest in the house of his host. For anything +to the contrary in the mere word, the lodgings might have been in the house +of Lord Halifax, or of Newton himself. But, on the other hand, the future +Dean, much as he writes to Stella of every kind of small talk, never +mentions Halifax and Mrs. Barton together, never makes the slightest +allusion to either in connexion with the other, though in one and the same +letter he minutes his having dined with Halifax on the 28th, and with Mrs. +Barton on the 30th. There must have been intentional suppression in this. +All the world knew that there was some _liaison_ between the two; yet when +Swift (1711, Nov. 20) records his having been "teased with whiggish +discourse" by Mrs. Barton, he does not even drop a sarcasm about her +politics having been learnt from Halifax. This is the more remarkable as +the two seem to have been almost the only persons who are mentioned as +talking whiggery to him. To this list, however, may be added Lady Betty +Germain, well known to the readers of Swift's poetry, who joined Mrs. +Barton in inflicting the vexation, and at whose house the conversation took +place. It thus appears that Mrs. Barton was received in a manner which +shows that she was regarded as a respectable woman. The suppression on the +part of Swift may indicate respect for his two friends (that he highly +respected Mrs. Barton appears clear), and observance of a convention +established in their circle. But perhaps it is rather to be attributed to +his own position with respect to Stella, which was certainly peculiar, +though no one can say what their understanding was at the date of the +journal. This journal came again into Swift's hands before it was +published; so that we can only treat it as containing what he finally chose +to preserve. Allusions may have been struck out. + +There is another point which our modern manners will not allow to be very +closely handled in print, but on which I am disposed to lay some stress. On +September 28, 1710, and April 3, 1711, Swift visited Mrs. Barton at her +lodgings. On each of these occasions she regaled him with a good story, +which there is no need to repeat: there is no harm in either, and they are +far from being the most singular communications which he made to Stella; +but they go beyond what, even in that day, will be considered as the +probable conversation of a maiden lady of thirty-one, with a bachelor man +of the world of forty-three. But they by no means exceed what we know to be +the license then taken by married women; and Swift's tone with respect to +the stories, combined with his obvious respect for Mrs. Barton, may make +any one lean to the supposition that he believed himself to be talking to a +married woman. + +The reserve of Swift puts us quite at fault as to the locality of Mrs. +Barton's _lodgings_. They may have been in Lord Halifax's house; but if +not, it requires some supposition to explain why they were not in that of +Newton, with whom she had lived, and with whom she certainly lived after +the death of Halifax. Perhaps, when farther research is made in such +directions as may be indicated by the only unreserved statement of the +existing case which has ever been printed, the conclusion I arrive at, as +to me the _most probable_, may either be reinforced, or another substituted +for it. Be this as it may, such points as I have discussed, relating to +such men as Newton, will not remain in abeyance for ever, let biographers +be as timid as they will. + +A. DE MORGAN. + + * * * * * + +DR. PARR ON MILTON. + +Amongst my autographs I find the inclosed letter frown Dr. Parr. It is +written upon a half-sheet of paper, and in a very cramp and illegible hand. +To whom it is addressed, or when written, I am unable to say. As it relates +to the opinions held by Milton, perhaps you may think it worth insertion in +your work, particularly as Milton has been the subject of some papers in +"N. & Q." lately. + +W. M. F. + +_Copy of Letter from Dr. Parr, without date or address._ + + Dear Sir, + + I send you Johnson's _Life of Milton_. My former feelings again return + upon me, that Johnson did not mean to affirm that Milton prayed not + upon any occasion or in any manner; but that he was engaged in no + visible worship; that he prayed at no stated time; that he had not what + we may call any regular return of family or private devotion. Pray read + the sequel. That he lived without prayer can hardly be affirmed, this + {434} surely is decided in my favour: it may wear the appearance of + contradiction to the former passage, that omitting public prayer he + omitted all; in truth, the expression just quoted is too peremptory and + too general. But the sense of Johnson cannot be mistaken, if you attend + to the different views he had in each sentence; and I repeat my former + assertion, that Johnson did not think Milton destitute of a devout + spirit, or totally negligent of prayer in some form or other. + + Yours, very truly and respectfully, + J. PARR. + + * * * * * + +PARTS OF MSS. + +As an instance of the unfortunate dispersion of the parts of valuable MSS. +through different countries, occasioned probably, in the case now to be +mentioned, by public convulsions and the wild fury of revolutionary mobs in +France, will you afford me space to quote an interesting description of a +MS. from the catalogue of a library to be sold at Paris in December next? +The MSS. and printed books in this library belonged to the eminent +bookseller J. J. De Bure, whose ancestor was the distinguished and +well-known bibliographer Guillaume de Bure. The publicity given to +descriptions like the present through the medium of "N. & Q." may +ultimately lead, on some occasions, to the scattered volumes being brought +together again, either by way of purchase, or in exchange for other works. + +JOHN MACRAY. + +Oxford. + + _"Catalogue des Livres rares et précieux, manuscrits et imprimés, de la + Bibliothèque de feu M. J. J. De Bure, ancien libraire du Roi et de la + Bibliothèque Royale, etc._ + + "No. 1395. Le Second Livre des Commentaires de la Guerre Gallèque, par + Caius Julius Cæsar, traduict en françois. In-8, mar. noir, avec des + fermoirs en argent. + + "Manuscrit sur vélin. + + "L'ouvrage ne porte pas de titre; on lit seulement sur le plat du + volume, Tomus Secundus, et au verso du 21 feuillet; c'y commence le + Second livre des Commentaires de la Guerre Gallèque. + + "Ce manuscrit a été fait pour François I^{er}; le chiffre de ce Prince + se trouve au premier feuillet. Le Vol. se compose de 94 feuillets de + texte, et de 4 feuillets de table. L'Ecriture est très-belle, et paraît + être de l'un des meilleurs calligraphes de l'époque de Francois I^{er}; + beaucoup de mots sont en or et en azur. + + "On remarque 22 miniatures, 15 médaillons d'Empereurs et d'autres + personnages Romains, 12 figures d'engins ou machines de guerre, et 2 + fleurons; en tout 58 peintures. + + "Ce n'est point, à proprement parler, une traduction des Commentaires. + L'auteur suppose, dans le préambule de cette partie de l'ouvrage, que + Francis I^{er} au _Commencement du Moys d'Auguste, l'an 1519, allant + courir le cerf en la fourest de Byevre, y fait la rencontre de César_. + + "De là, il établit un dialogue entre les deux personnages. François + I^{er} s'enquiert des circonstances de la guerre des Gaules, et César + lui en donne les détails tels qu'ils out été écrits par lui-même. + + "On ne présente malheureusement ici qu'un Tome ii. Le Tome i. est au + Musée Britannique: on le trouve indiqué sous le No. 6205. dans le + _Catalogue of the Harleian MSS. in the British Museum_, London, 1808, + Tome iii. in folio. Ce Tome i. est décrit dans l'ouvrage de M. Waagen, + _Kunstwerke and Künstler in England und Paris_, Berlin, 1837, Tome i. + p. 148. + + "Le Tome iii. était à vendre dans ces dernières années, au prix de 3000 + francs, chez M. Techener (_Bulletin du Bibliophile_, année 1850, No. + 1222. et p. 910.); nous ne savons où il est actuellement. + + "Notre volume est le plus précieux des trois. Il l'emporte sur les deux + autres par le nombre des peintures (le Tome i. n'en a que 14, et le + Tome iii. seulement 12) et par l'intérêt qu'offrent ces peintures + elles-mêmes. + + "La première, charmante miniature en camaïeu gris et or, représente + François I^{er} à cheval, courant le cerf; la dernière montre la prise + du cerf. + + "Parmi les autres sujets, également traités en grisaille, on remarque + plusieurs batailles entre les Romains et les Gaulois, rendues dans + leurs divers détails avec une finesse admirable d'exécution. Mais ce + qui, par-dessus tout, donne un prix infini à ce manuscrit, ce sont sept + portraits, en médaillons, qui reproduisent les traits de quelques + hommes de guerre du temps de François I^{er}. Ils sont peints avec une + vérité et une délicatesse vraiment merveilleuses; des noms Romains, qui + figurent dans les Commentaries de César, sont écrits à côté des + portraits; les noms véritables ont été tracées au-dessous, mais un peu + plus tard, et par une main différente. Voici ces noms:-- + + "1^o. _Quintus Pedius_, le grand-maistre de Boisy, âgé de 41 ans; 2^o. + _le Fiable Divitiacus d'Autun_, l'Amiral de Boisy, Seigneur de Bonivet, + âgé de 34 ans; 3^o. _Quintus Titurius Sabinus_, Odet de Fones (Foix), + Sieur de Lautrec, âgé de 41 ans; 4^o. _Iccius_, le Mareschal de + Chabanes, Seigneur de la Palice, âgé de 57 ans; 5^o. _Lucius + Arunculeius Cotta_, Anne de Montmorency, âgé de 22 ans, et depuis + Connestable de France; 6^o. _Publ. Sextius Baculus_, le Mareschal de + Fleuranges, Seigneur de la Marche (Mark), premier Seigneur de Sédan, + âgé de 24 ans; 7^o. _Publius Crassus_, le Sieur de Tournon, qui fust + tué à la bataille de Pavie, âgé de 36 ans. + + "La plupart des miniatures du volume sont signées G., 1519. La + perfection qui les distingue les avait d'abord fait attribuer au + célèbre miniaturiste _Guilo Clovio_; maintenant on croit pouvoir + affirmer qu'elles appartiennent à un peintre nommé Godefroy. Il se + trouve à la bibliothèque de l'Arsenal une traduction française des + Triomphes de Pétrarque, avec des miniatures qui sont incontestablement + de la même main et de la même époque. Or, l'une de ces miniatures est + signée _Godefroy_. + + "On peut voir le rapprochement que fait entre les deux manuscrits M. + Waagen, dans l'ouvrage cité ci-dessus, Tome iii. p. 395. Il ne saurait, + du reste, y avoir aucun doute sur le nom de l'artiste, lorsqu'on lit + dans le _Bulletin du Bibliophile_ (pages déjà citées) que {435} + plusieurs des miniatures du Tome iii. sont signées _Godofredi + pictoris_, 1520. + + "Ce précieux manuscrit ne sera pas vendu; il a été légué par M. de Bure + au département des Manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Impériale." + + * * * * * + +WILLIAM BLAKE. + +(_Continued from_ p. 71.) + +I venture to send you another Note regarding William Blake, claiming for +that humble individual the honour of being the pioneer in the establishment +of charity-schools in Britain, from which department of our social system +who can calculate the benefits accrued, and constantly accruing, to this +country! + +We look in vain through the _Silver Drops_ of William Blake for any record +of an existing institution, such as he would have his "noble ladies" rear +at Highgate. Among the many incentives he uses to prompt the charitable, we +do not find him holding up for their example any model (unless it be "Old +Sutton's brave hospital"); in all his amusing "Charity-school Sticks," his +tone is that of a man trying to persuade people that the thing he proposes +is feasible. "Some of them," says the sanguine Blake, "have scarce faith +enough to believe in the success of this great and good design. Nay, your +brother Cornish himself," continues he, in addressing one of his ladies, +although full of good works, "would have persuaded me to lay it down" upon +the ground of its impracticability. The language of Blake is everywhere +advocating this "_new_ way of charity." "If it be _new_," says he to an +objector, "the more's the pity;" and, with reference to the possibility of +failure, he would thus shame them into liberality. Speaking of his "fine, +handsome, and well cloathed boys; not too fine, because they are the +ladies'!" our enthusiast adds to this _soft sawdur_: + + "But now, if a year or two hence they should be grown, which God + forbid! poor ragged, half-starved, and no cloaths, country folks would + say, who ride or go that way, Were there not good ladies enough in and + about London to maintain _one_ little school?" + +Here then is _primâ facie_ evidence, I think, that my subject, poor crazy +William Blake, was the originator of one of the greatest social +improvements of modern times. + +The charity-school movement had obtained a strong hold upon the public mind +early in the past century; but although I have sought for the name of Blake +through many books professing to give an account of the early history of +such institutions, I have not yet met with the slightest allusion to him, +his school, or his _Silver Drops_. + +The superficial inquirer into the history of English charity-schools will +be told that the honour of the first erecting such, and caring for +destitute children, is popularly considered due to the parishes of St. +Botulph, Aldgate, and St. Margaret's, Westminster: and if he would farther +satisfy himself upon that point, he will see it claimed by the first named; +a slab in front of their schools, adjoining the Royal Mint, bearing an +inscription to the purport that it was the first Protestant charity-school, +erected by voluntary contributions in 1693. + +If it comes to the earliest London school for poor children, perhaps the +Catholics take the lead; for we find that it was part of the tactics of the +Jesuits, in the reign of James II., to promote their design of subverting +the Protestant religion by infusing their Romish tenets into the minds of +the children of the poor by providing schools for them in the Savoy and +Westminster. + +Blake says, with reference to this movement: + + "That the scheme he was engaged upon was a good work, because it will + in some measure stop the mouths of Papists, who are prone to say, Where + are your works, and how few are your hospitals, and how small is your + charity, notwithstanding your great preaching?" + +A remarkable little book, and a very fit companion for the _Silver Drops_ +of William Blake, to which it bears a striking similarity, is the _Pietas +Hallensis_ of Dr. Franck. In this, the German divine relates, in a style +which bears more than an accidental resemblance to the work of the Covent +Garden Philanthropist, how, little by little, by importunity and +perseverance, he nursed his own charitable plans, of a like kind, into full +life and vigour; and both Drs. Woodward and Kennett endorse and command the +"miraculous footsteps of Divine Providence" in the labours of Dr. Franck. +"Could we," says Dr. Kennett, "trace the obscurer footsteps of our own +charity-schools, the finger of God would be as evidently in them." Why the +Bishop of Peterborough should be ignorant of these earlier efforts to the +same end in his own country, is somewhat marvellous. Franck began his +charitable work at Glaucha in 1698; while Blake was labouring to establish +his Highgate School in 1685. That Franck should know nothing about our +pioneer in charitable education, is probable enough; but that the English +divines I have mentioned, with Wodrow, Gillies, and a host of others, +should be unaware that the proceedings at Halle were only the counterpart +of those done fourteen years before by Blake in their own land, is +certainly surprising, and affords another proof of the proneness of Britons +to extol everything foreign to the neglect of what is native and at their +own doors. + +Perhaps some of your readers will think I over-estimate the importance of +the question, whether the charity-school movement is of British or foreign +growth; or whether the honour of its application to the poor (for all +_charity_-schools are not for such) belongs to my subject William Blake, or +{436} some other philanthropic individual; if such there be, let them +repair to our Metropolitan Cathedral on the day of the annual assemblage of +the London charity children: and if, on contemplating the spectacle which +will there meet their eye, they do not think it an object of interest to +discover who, as Dr. Kennett says, "first cast in the _salt_ at the +fountain-head to heal the _waters_, and broke the ground that was before +barren," I pity them. + +In concocting this Note, I have had before me the following: + +1. Lysons's _Environs of London_, 1795, where will be found a short notice +of Blake. The author, following Gough, makes my subject a madman, and says +his scheme "failed after laying out 5000l. upon it." + +2. _Sermon preached for Charity-schools_, by Dr. Kennett, 1706. + +3. _Sermons of Dr. Smalridge and T. Yulden_, 1710 and 1728. These divines +give the precedence to Westminster School, "erected 1688." + +4. _Wodrow's Letters_, edited by Dr. McCrie, 3 vols., Edin. 1843. + +5. _Pietas Hallensis_: or an Abstract of the Marvellous Footsteps of Divine +Providence, in the building of a very large Hospital, or rather a Spacious +College, for Charitable and Excellent Uses; and in the maintaining of many +Orphans, and other Poor People therein at Glaucha, near Halle in Prussia, +related by the Rev. A. H. Franck, 3 parts, 12mo., London, 1707-16. Let the +curious reader compare this with Blake's book. + +J. O. + + * * * * * + +FOLK LORE. + +_Legends of the County Clare._--About nine miles westward from the town of +Ennis, in the midst of some of the wildest scenery in Ireland, lies the +small but very beautiful Lake of Inchiquin, famous throughout the +neighbouring country for its red trout, and for being in winter the haunt +of almost all the various kinds of waterfowl, including the wild swan, that +are to be found in Ireland, while the woods that border one of its sides +are amply stocked with woodcocks. At one extremity of the lake are the +ruins of the Castle of Inchiquin, part of which is built on a rock +projecting into the lake, there about one hundred feet deep, and this +legend is related of the old castle:--Once upon a time, the chieftain of +the Quins, whose stronghold it was, found in one of the caves (many of +which are in the limestone hills that surround the lake) a lady of great +beauty, fast asleep. While gazing on her in rapt admiration she awoke, and, +according to the customs of the Heroic Age, soon consented to become his +bride, merely stipulating that no one bearing the name of O'Brien should be +allowed to enter the castle gate: this being agreed to, the wedding was +celebrated with all due pomp, and in process of time one lovely boy blessed +their union. Among the other rejoicings at the birth of an heir to the +chief of the clan, a grand hunting-match took place, and the chase having +terminated near the castle, the chieftain, as in duty bound, requested the +assembled nobles to partake of his hospitality. To this a ready assent was +given, and the chiefs were ushered into the great hall with all becoming +state; and then for the first time did their host discover that one bearing +the forbidden name was among them The banquet was served, and now the +absence of the lady of the castle alone delayed the onslaught on the good +things spread before them. Surprised and half afraid at her absence, her +husband sought her chamber: on entering, he saw her sitting pensively with +her child at the window which overlooked the lake; raising her head as he +approached, he saw she was weeping, and as he advanced towards her with +words of apology for having broken his promise, she sprang through the +window with her child into the lake. The wretched man rushed forward with a +cry of horror: for one moment he saw her gliding over the waters, now +fearfully disturbed, chanting a wild dirge, and then, with a mingled look +of grief and reproach, she disappeared for ever! And the castle and the +lordship, with many a broad acre besides, passed from the Quins, and are +now the property of the O'Briens to this day; and while the rest of the +castle is little better than a heap of ruins, the fatal window still +remains nearly as perfect as when the lady sprang through it, an +irrefragable proof of the truth of the legend in the eyes of the peasantry. + +FRANCIS ROBERT DAVIES. + +_The Seven Whisperers._--I have been informed by an old and trustworthy +servant that about twenty years ago, as he was walking one clear starlight +night with two other persons, they heard, for the space of several minutes, +high up in the air, beautiful sounds like music, which gradually died away +towards the north. He spoke of it as an occurrence not very uncommon, and +said it was always called "The Seven Whisperers." On inquiry I found the +name well known amongst the poorer classes. + +Is it not an electrical phenomenon? + +METAOUO. + +Essex. + + * * * * * + +ITALIAN-ENGLISH, GERMAN-ENGLISH, AND THE REFUGEE STYLE. + +(Vol. vii., p. 149.) + +Every one has admired the odd bits of Italian-English which "N. & Q." +lately published, a true {437} philological curiosity. Such queer medleys +have been the result whenever two opposite idioms have been thrown together +and unskilfully stirred up. Very few foreigners indeed, Sclavonic nations +being excepted, and particularly the Russians, write French tolerably well. +The present Lord Mahon and Lady Montaigne, in an excellent _Essay on +Marriage_, are exceptions to the rule. Voltaire used to say,-- + + "Faites tous vos vers à Paris; + Et n'allez pas en Allemagne!" + +And very right he was. His kingly disciple committed more than once such +Irish rhymes as these: + + "Je vais cueillir dans leurs sentiers (des Muses) + De fraîches et charmantes roses; + Et je dédaigne les lauriers, + En exceptant les lauriers _sauces_." + +Forgetting the difference of pronunciation between the soft _s_ of _rose +(roze)_ and the lisping sound of the _c_ in _sauce (sôss)_. As I have not +by me the ponderous and voluminous works of the poetical monarch, I may +have altered some of the words of the quotation; but the rhymes _sauce_ and +_rose_ I aver to be true to the primitive copy. Even Protestant refugees, +born of French parents, brought up amongst their co-religionists and +countrymen, wrote a strange gibberish, often ungrammatical, always +unidiomatic, of which traces may be found even in Basnage and Ancillon. A +recent French theologian, the clever author of a Life of Spinosa, written +in Germany and published in Paris with some success, has such expressions +as these: + + "Les villes protestantes preferent la liberté avec Calvin QUE la + tyrannique concorde avec Luther."--_Hist. Crit. du Rationalisme_, p. + 49. + + "Et ailleuz: Stuttgard Dontil etait conservateur DE LA + Bibliothèque."-_Ib_. + +And M. Amand Saintes is a Frenchman, and a most erudite man. The Celebrated +Frau Bettina von Arnim, who dared to translate into English and to print in +Berlin (apud Trowitzsch and Son, 1838), under the new title of _Diary of a +Child_, her own untranslateable letters to Göthe, had at least the very +good excuse of her nationality for her peculiar English, the choicest, +funniest, maddest, and saddest English ever penned on this planet or in any +other, and of which I hope "N. & Q." will accept some small specimens, +taken at random among thousands such. To begin with the opening address: + + "_To the English Bards_. + + "Gentlemen!--The noble cup of your mellifluous tongue so often brimmed + with immortality, here filled with odd but pure and fiery draught, do + not refuse to taste if you relish its spirit to be homefelt, though not + home-born." + + "BETTINA ARNIM." + +We will next pass to the "Preamble": + + "The translating of Göthe's Correspondence with a Child into English + was generally disapproved of. Previous to its publication in Germany, + the well-renowned Mrs. Austin, by regard for the great German poet, + proposed to translate it; but after having perused it with attention, + the literate and the most famed bookseller of London thought + unadvisable the publication of a book that in every way widely differed + from the spirit and feelings of the English, and therefore it could not + be depended upon for exciting their interest. Mrs. Austin, by her + gracious mind to comply with my wishes, proposed to publish some + fragments of it, but as no musician ever likes to have only those + passages of his composition executed that blandish the ear, I likewise + refused my assent to the maiming of a work, that not by my own merit, + but by chance and nature became a work of art, that only in the + untouched development of its genius might judiciously be enjoyed and + appraised." + +Our next and last is taken from p. 133.: + + "From those venturesome and spirit-night-wanderings I came home with + garments wet with melted snow; they believed I had been in the garden. + When night I forgot all; on the next evening at the same time it came + back to my mind, and the fear too I had suffered; I could not conceive, + how I had ventured to walk alone on that desolate road in the night, + and to stay on such a waste dreadful spot; I stood leaning at the court + gate; to-day it was not so mild and still as yesterday; the gales rose + high and roared along; they sighed up at my feet and hastened on yonder + side, the fluttering poplars in the garden bowed and flung off their + snow-burden, the clouds drove away in a great hurry, what rooted fast + wavered yonder, and what could ever be loosened, was swept away by the + hastening breezes." (!!!). + +P. S.--Excuse my French-English. + +PHILARÈTE CHASLES, Mazarianæus + +Paris, Palais de l'Institut. + + * * * * * + +SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE. + +_Meaning of "Delighted" in some Places of Shakspeare._--I am sorry to be +obliged to differ so often in opinion with H. C. K., but as we are both, I +trust, solely actuated by the love of truth, he no doubt will excuse me. My +difference now with him is about "_delighted_ spirit," by which he +understands the "tender _delicate_ spirit," while I take it to be the +"_delectable_" or "_delightful_ spirit." As I think this is founded on the +Latin, I beg permission to quote the following portion of my note on Jug. +ii. 3. in my edition of Sallust: + + "_Incorruptus_, [Greek: aphthartos] , _i. e._ incapable of dissolution, + the _incorruptibilis_ of the Fathers of the Church. In imitation + probably of the Greek verbal adjective in [Greek: tos], as [Greek: + hairetos], [Greek: streptos], etc., the Latins, especially Sallust, + sometimes used the past part. as equivalent to an adj. in _bilis_: + comp. xliii, 5.; lxxvi. 1.; xci. 7.; Cat. I. 4., + + {438} + + 'Non _exorato_ stant adamante viæ;' Propert. IV. 11. 4., + 'Mare scopulis _inaccessum_;' Plin. _Nat. Hist._, XII. 14. + + It is in this sense that _flexus_ is to be understood in Virg. _Æn._, + v. 500." + +The same employment of the past part. is frequent in our old English +writers, and I rather think that they adopted it from the Latin. The +earliest instance which I find in my notes is from Golding, who renders the +_tonitrus et inevitabile fulmen_ of Ovid (_Met._ III. 301.): + + "With dry and dreadful thunderclaps and lightning to the same, + Of deadly and _unavoided_ dint." + +In Milton I have noticed the following participles used in this sense: +_unmoved_, _abhorred_, _unnumbered_, _unapproached_, _dismayed_, +_unreproved_, _unremoved_, _unsucceeded_, _preferred_. But as Milton was +addicted to Latinising, I will give some examples from Shakspeare himself: + + "Now thou art come unto a feast of death + A terrible and _unavoided_ danger."--_1 Hen. VI._, Act IV. Sc. 5. + + "We see the very wreck that we must suffer, + And _unavoided_ the danger now, + For suffering so the causes of our wreck."--_Rich. II._, Act II. Sc. 1. + + "All _unavoided_ is the doom of destiny."--_Rich. III._, Act IV. Sc. 4. + + "Inestimable stones, _unvalued_ jewels."--_Ib._, Act I. Sc. 4. + + "Tell them that when my mother went with child + Of that _insatiate_ Edward."--_Ib._, Act III. Sc. 5. + + "I am not glad that such a sore of time + Should seek a plaster by _contemned_ revolt."--_King John_, Act V. Sc 2. + + "The murmuring surge + That on the _unnumber'd_ idle pebbles chafes."--_Lear_, Act IV. Sc. 6. + + "O, _undistinguished_ space of woman's will."--_Ib._ + +I could give instances from Spenser and even from Pope, but shall only +observe that when we say "an _undoubted_ fact" we mean an _indubitable_ +one. + +THOS. KEIGHTLEY. + +P.S.--I am not disposed to quarrel with H. C. K.'s derivation of _awkward_ +(Vol. viii., p. 310.), but I must observe that the more exact correlative +of _toward_ seems to be _wayward_. The Anglo-Saxons appear to have +pronounced their [gh] as _g_; but after the Conquest it was pronounced hard +in some cases, and so _wayward_ and _awkward_ may have the same origin. + +_Shakspeare Portrait._--Can any of your correspondents state whether the +sign of Shakspeare, said to have been painted at a cost of 150l., and which +in 1764 graced a tavern then in Drury Lane, called "The Shakspeare," and in +that year was taken down and removed into the country, and used for a +similar purpose, still exists, add where? and is the artist who painted +such known? + +CHARLECOTT. + +_"Taming of the Shrew."_--I cannot help thinking that Christopher Sly +merely means that he is fourteenpence on the score for _sheer_ +ale,--nothing but ale; neither bread nor meat, horse housing, or bed. + +He has _drunk_ the entire amount, and glories in his iniquity, like a true +tippler. + +G. H. K. + +_Lord Bacon and Shakspeare._--Can any of those correspondents of "N. & Q." +who have devoted attention to the lives of two of England's greatest +worthies, Francis Bacon and William Shakspeare, account for the +extraordinary fact that, although these two highly gifted men were +cotemporaries, no mention of or allusion to the other is to be found in the +writings of either? Bacon was born in 1561, and died in 1626; Shakspeare, +who was born in 1563, and died ten years before the great chancellor, not +only loved + + "To suck the sweets of sweet philosophy," + +but breathes throughout every page of his wondrous writings a spirit of +philosophy as profound as his imagination is unlimited; yet nowhere, it is +believed, can he be traced as making the slight allusion to the great +father of modern philosophy. Bacon, on the other hand, whom one can +scarcely suppose to have been ignorant of the writings of the dramatist, +but who indeed may rather be believed to have known him personally, seems +altogether to ignore his existence, or the existence of any of his +matchless works. As the solution of this problem could not but throw much +light on that most interesting subject,--the history of the minds of +Shakespeare and Bacon,--I venture to throw it out as a fit subject for the +research of some of your contributors versed in the writings of these great +spirits of their own age, no less than of all time. + +THETA. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Notes. + +_Decomposed Cloth._--In Mr. Wright's valuable work on _The Celt, the Roman, +and the Saxon_, p. 308., is mentioned the discovery at York of a Roman +coffin, in which were distinctly visible "the colour, a rich purple," as +well as texture of the cloth with which the body it had contained had been +covered. + +I should think that the colour observed was not that of the ancient dye, +but rather was caused by phosphate of iron, formed by the combination of +iron contained in the soil or water, with phosphoric acid, arising from the +decomposition of animal matter. It may often be observed in similar cases, +as about animal remains found in bogs, and about ancient leather articles +found in {439} excavations, especially when any iron is in contact with +them, or in the soles of shoes or sandals studded with nails. + +W. C. TREVELYAN. + +Wallington. + +_First and Last._--There cannot be two words more different in meaning than +these, and yet they are both used to express the same sense! Of two authors +equally eminent, one shall write that a thing is of the _first_ and the +other of the _last_ importance, though each means the _greatest_ or +_utmost_. How is this? To me _first_ appears preferable, though _last_ may +be justifiable. Being on the subject of words, I am reminded of +_obnoxious_, which is applied in the strangest ways by different authors. +It is true that the Roman writers used _obnoxius_ in various senses; but it +does not seem so pliable or smooth in English. Generally it is held to +indicate _disagreeable_ or _inimical_, though our dictionaries do not admit +it to have either of those meanings! + +A. B. C. + +_Cucumber Time._--This term, which the working-tailors of England use to +denote that which their masters call "the flat season," has been imported +from a country which periodically sends many hundreds of its tailors to +seek employment in our metropolis. The German phrase is "Die saure Gurken +Zeit," or pickled gherkin time. A misunderstanding of the meaning of the +phrase may have given rise to the vulgar witticism, that tailors are +vegetarians, who "live on cucumber" while at play, and on "cabbage" while +at work. + +N. W. S. + +_MS. Sermons of the Eighteenth Century._--Having lately become possessed, +at the sale of an an old library, of some MS. Sermons by the Rev. J. +Harris, Rector of Abbotsbury, Dorset, from the year 1741 to 1763, I shall +be happy to place them in the hands of any descendant of that gentleman. + +W. EWART. + +Pimperne, Dorset. + +_Boswell's "Johnson."_--In vol. v. p. 272. of _my_ favourite edition, and +p. 784. of the edition in one volume, Johnson, writing to Brocklesby, under +date Sept. 2, 1784, calls Windham "inter stellas Luna minores." Boswell, in +a note, says, "It is remarkable that so good a Latin scholar as Johnson +should have been so inattentive to the metre, as by mistake to have written +_stellas_ instead of _ignes_." Now, with all due deference, a Captain of +Native Infantry ventures to suggest that both _stellas_ and _ignes_ are +wrong, and that Johnson was thinking of the noble opening of Horace's 15th +Epode: + + "Nox erat, et coelo fulgebat _Luna_ sereno, + _Inter minora_ sidera." + +F. C. + +Bangalore. + +_Stage Coaches._--It occurs to me as highly desirable that, before the +recollection of the old stage coach has faded from the memory of all but +the oldest inhabitant, an authentic statement should be placed on record of +the length of the stages, and the speed that was obtained, by this mode of +conveyance, in which England was for so many years without a rival. + +The speed of mail coaches is, I believe chronicled in the British Almanac +of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; but their speed, if I +mistake not, was surpassed by that of the "Rival," which travelled (from +Monmouth, I think) to London after the opening of the Great Western +Railway. + +Could any of your correspondents favour us with the time-bill of that +coach, detailing the length of the several stages, and the time of +performance? It would also be interesting to chronicle the period during +which this rivalry with the railway was maintained. + +GEO. E. FRERE. + +_Antecedents._--The word "antecedents," as a plural, and in the sense +attached to it by the French, is not to be found in any English dictionary +that I have the means of consulting. And yet it seems now to be commonly +used as an English expression, even by some of our best writers. + +When was this word first imported, and by whom? I have just met with an +instance of it in Jerdan's _Autobiography_, vol. i. p. 131.: + + "I got him (Hammon), with a full knowledge of his antecedents, into the + employment of a humane and worthy wine merchant of Bordeaux." + +HENRY H. BREEN. + +St. Lucia. + +_The Letter X._--The letter X on brewers' casks is probably thus derived: + + _Simplex_ = single x, or X. + _Duplex_ = double x, or XX. + _Triplex_ = treble x, or XXX. + +This was suggested by Owen's _Epigram_, lib. xii. 34.: + + "Laudatur vinum _simplex_, cervisia _duplex_, + Est bona duplicitas, optima simplicitas." + +B. H. C. + +_A Crow-bar._--In Johnson's _Dictionary_ the explanation given of this word +is "piece of iron used as a lever to force open doors, as the Latins called +a hook _corvus_." In Walters' _English and Welsh Dictionary_, the first +part of which was published about the year 1770, this word is printed +"_Croe_-bar." Is it probable that the word _crow_ has been derived front +the Camb.-Brit. word _cro_, a curve? and that the name has been given from +the circumstance of one end of a crow-bar being curved for the purpose of +making it more efficient as lever? + +N. W. S. + + * * * * * + + +{440} + +Minor Queries. + +_Bishop Grehan._--I want any information obtainable with reference to a +Roman Catholic bishop in Ireland named Grehan; his Christian name, family, +date of his bishopric, and name of it. Where can I find such particulars? + +O. L. R. G. + +_Doxology._--In his "Christmas Caroll" to the tune of "King Solomon," old +Tusser has the following: + + "To God the Son and Holy Ghost, + Let man give thanks, rejoice, and sing, + From world to world, from coast to coast, + For all good gifts so many ways, + That God doth send. + Let us in Christ give God the praise, + Till life shall end!" + +Query, Is this the origin of our own doxologies? + +L. A. M. + +Great Yarmouth. + +_Arrow-mark._--On an ancient pump of wood, extracted from the Poltimore +mine in North Devon, I perceive a deeply cut arrow-mark. What is the +inference as to the age of this relic from the mark referred to? The +fragment is that of a large oak tree hollowed out, and now decomposing from +exposure after its long burial. + +J. R. P. + +_Gabriel Poyntz._--There is a portrait here inscribed "Gabriel Poyntz, an. +Domini 1568, ætatis suæ 36:" and having a coat of arms painted on it, Barry +of eight, or and gules, with a crest very indistinct; but apparently a +lion's head, and the motto "Clainte refrainte." + +Can any of your correspondents inform me of the meaning of this motto, and +the language in which it is expressed; and also what the crest is? + +G. Poyntz was of South Okendon in Essex, and there is an account of his +family in Morant's _Essex_; from which it appears that he was descended +from the family of Poyntz of Tockington in _Gloucestershire_, of which +there is an account in Atkins' Gloucestershire. He was afterwards +knighted.--Any information as to him, in addition to that which is +contained in Morant, would be very acceptable. + +S. G. C. + +Bradley, Ashbourne. + +_Queen Elizabeth's and Queen Anne's Motto, "Semper eadem."_--Upon what +occasion, and by what authority was the motto "Semper eadem" used as the +royal motto in the reign of Elizabeth? + +The authority for Queen Anne's motto has been afforded by your +correspondent G. (Vol. viii., p. 255.); though he has not fully answered +the original Query (Vol. viii., p. 174.), as the motto in question was +signified to the public in the _London Gazette_, Dec. 21-24, 1702; was +ordered to be _continued_ in 1707, and to be _discontinued_ (by an order in +council) on the accession of the House of Hanover in 1714, when the old +motto "Dieu et mon droit" was resumed. + +Z. Z. Z. + +_Bees._--In these parts the increase of the apiary is known by the three +following names:--The first migration from the parent hive is (as all your +country readers are aware) a _swarm_; the next is called a _cast_; while +the third increase, in the same season, goes under the name of a _cote_. +Perhaps some one will kindly inform me if these names are common in other +parts of England; and if there are any other local designations for the +different departures of these insect colonists. + +JOHN P. STILWELL. + +Dorking. + +_Nelly O'Brien and Kitty Fisher._--Perhaps some of the readers of "N. & Q." +can tell me where information is to be found respecting these two +celebrated women, who have been immortalised by Sir Joshua Reynolds, and +whose portraits are sometimes to be met with. + +"Cleopatra dissolving the Pearl" is a portrait of Kitty, and he probably +introduced them both into some of his fancy pictures. + +As I happen to possess a good portrait of one of them, I should like to +know something of their history. + +CANTAB. + +University Club. + +_"Homo unius libri."_--To whom does this saying ing originally belong? The +_British Critic_ gives it to St. Thomas Aquinas: + + "When asked on one occasion who is in the way to become learned, he + answered, 'Whoever will content himself with the reading of a single + book."--_The British Critic_, No. LIX. p. 202. + +W. FRASER. + +Tor-Mohun. + +_"Now the fierce bear," &c._--Can any of your readers inform me who is the +author of the following lines? + + "Now the fierce bear and leopard keen, + All perished as they ne'er had been; + Oblivion's their best home. + . . . . + There is an oath on high, + That ne'er on brow of mortal birth, + Shall blend again the crowns of earth." + +[theta]. + +_Prejudice against Holy Confirmation._--I have found among my rural +parishioners an idea very prevalent, that it is wrong, or at least highly +improper, for a married woman to become a candidate for, or to receive holy +confirmation; and this quite apart from any sectarian views on the matter. +I should like to know if any of my {441} clerical brethren have noticed the +same superstition as I must call it. Labourers' wives in some cases have at +once stated their being married as a valid objection; and in others their +husbands, although Churchmen, have at once entered their _veto_ on their +being confirmed. Can it arise from any vague reminiscence of the practical +rule of the Church of England on the subject, which has been so long +ignored? + +W. FRASER. + +Tor-Mohun. + +_Epigram on MacAdam._--Who was the author of the following epigram? + + "My Essay on Roads, quoth MacAdam, lies there, + The result of a life's lucubration; + But does not the title page look rather bare? + I long for a Latin quotation. + + "A Delphin edition of Virgil stood nigh, + To second his classic desire; + When the road-maker hit on the shepherd's reply, + '_Miror Magis_,' I rather _add_-mire." + +[Old English W. N.] + +_Jane Scrimshaw._--Can any of your numerous correspondents inform me if +there is any other biographical notice of Jane Scrimshaw, who attained the +advanced age of 127, and resided for upwards of eighty years in the +Merchant Taylors' Almshouse, near Little Tower Hill, than that recorded in +Caulfield's _Memoirs of Remarkable Characters_? + +J. T. M. + +_The Word "Quadrille."_--May I trouble some kind reader to give me the +origin, derivation, full and literal meaning, and the several senses, in +their regular succession, of the above word _Quadrille_? There seems to be +much uncertainty attached to the word. + +VERITATIS AMICUS. + +Oxon. + +_The Hungarians in Paules._--Perhaps some of the ingenious contributors to +"N. & Q." may be able to assist P. C. S. S. to explain the following +passage in the dedication of a rare little book _Dekker's Dreame_ (Lond. +4to. 1620). It is inscribed:-- + + "To the truly accomplished gentleman, and worthy deserver of all men's + loves, Master Endymion Porter. Sir, if you aske why, from the heapes of + men, I picke you out only to be that _Murus ahæneus_ which must defend + me, lett me tell you (what you knowe allready) that bookes are like the + Hungarians in Paules, who have a priviledge to holde out their Turkish + history for anie one to reade. They beg nothing: the texted past-bord + talkes all--and if nothing be given, nothing is spoken, but God knowes + what they thinke!" + +An explanation of the above passage is very earnestly desired by + +P. C. S. S. + +_Ferns Wanted._--Specimens of the following rare ferns are much wanted to +complete a collection:--_Woodsia ilvensis_, _Woodsia alpina_, _Cystopteris +montana_, _Lastrea cristata_, _Lastrea recurva_, _Lastrea multiflora_, +_Asplenium alterniflorum_, _Trichomanes speciosum_. + +The undersigned will feel very much obliged to any charitable person, +residing near the _habitat_ of any of the above-mentioned ferns, who would +take the trouble to forward to him, if not a root, at least a specimen for +drying, he need scarcely say that any expenses will be most cheerfully +defrayed. + +HENRY COOPER KEY. + +Stretton Rectory, near Hereford. + +_Craton the Philosopher._--Two of the figures on the brass font in the +church of St. Bartholomew at Liège are superscribed Johannes Evangelista et +Craton Philosophus.--Can any reader of "N. & Q." say if anything is known +about the latter, who is represented as being baptized by the Evangelist? + +R. H. C. + +_The Solar Annual Eclipse in the Year 1263._--In the Norwegian account of +Haco's expedition against Scotland, A.D. 1263, published in the original +Islandic from the Flateyan and Frisian MSS., with a literal English version +by the Rev. James Johnstone, I read as follows: + + "While King Haco lay in Ronaldsvo, a great darkness drew over the sun; + so that only a little ring was bright round the sun, and it continued + so for some hours."--P. 45. + +King Haco, according to the account, left Bergen on his expedition "three +nights before the 'Selian' vigils ... with all his fleet," and, "having got +a gentle breeze, was two nights at sea when he reached that harbour of +Shetland called Breydeyiar Sound (Bressay Sound, I presume) with a great +part of his navy." Here he remained "near half a month, and from thence +sailed to the Orkneys; and continued some time at Elidarwick, which is near +Kirkwall.... After St. Olave's wake (July 18, O. S.) King Haco, leaving +Elidarwick, sailed south before the Mull of Ronaldsha, with all the navy;" +and being joined by Ronald from the Orkneys, with the ships that had +followed him, he "led the whole armament into Ronaldsha, which he left upon +the vigil of St. Lawrence (July 30, O. S.)." + +Now I wish to know, 1. On what day in August this eclipse took place, the +day of the week, commencement of the eclipse, &c. + +2. Whether any cotemporary, or other writer besides the Icelandic +historian, has recorded this eclipse? + +S. + +Fitzroy Street. + +_D'Israeli--how spelt?_--CAUCASUS is so fortunate as to possess all the +acknowledged works of D'Israeli the elder, as published by himself. In the +title-page of every one of them, the name {442} of the elegant and +accomplished author is spelt (as above) _with_ an apostrophe. In the late +edition of his collected works, by his no less accomplished son, the name +is printed _without_ the apostrophe. Indeed the name so appears in all the +works of Mr. D'Israeli the younger; a practice which he seems to have taken +up even in the lifetime of his father, who spelt it differently. Can any of +your readers inform CAUCASUS of the reason of this difference, and of the +authority for it, and which is the correct mode? He has vainly sought for +information in the Heralds' Visitation books for Buckinghamshire, preserved +in the British Museum. + +CAUCASUS. + +_Richard Oswald._--Could any of your correspondents give me any information +respecting Mr. Richard Oswald, the commissioner who negociated the Treaty +of 1782 at Paris, with Franklin, and his other colleagues, representing the +United States? Is there any obituary or biographical notice of him in +existence? + +L. + +_Cromwell's Descendants._--Oliver Cromwell's daughter Bridget was baptized +August 4, 1624; married to Ireton January 15, 1646-7; a widow Nov. 26, +1651; married to General Fleetwood, Lord President in Ireland, before 1652; +died at Stoke, near London, 1681.--Can any of your correspondents furnish +the date of this lady's marriage with Fleetwood; also, a list of her +children and grandchildren by Fleetwood? It is supposed that Captain +Fleetwood's daughter, _i. e._ the General's granddaughter, married a Berry. + +ERIN. + +_Letter of Archbishop Curwen to Archbishop Parker._--In _The Hunting of the +Romish Fox_, collected by Sir James Ware, and edited by Robert Ware (8vo., +Dublin, 1683), there is a long account of an image of the Saviour which, to +the astonishment of the good people of Dublin, and by the contrivance of +one Father Leigh, sweated blood in the year 1559. It is added, at p. 90.: + + "The Archbishop of Dublin wrote _this relation and to this effect_, to + his brother, Archbishop of Canterbury Matthew Parker, who was very + joyful at the receipt thereof, by reason," &c. + +The whole chapter in which this occurs is stated to be "taken out of the +Lord Cecil's _Memorials_." Can any of your readers give me assistance in +finding these _Memorials_, or this letter to Archbishop Parker, or a copy +of it? I intended to have made it an object of inquiry and search in +Dublin, but I have been prevented accomplishing my design of visiting that +country. Perhaps some of your Irish readers may be able to help me. + +JOHN BRUCE. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries with Answers. + +_Margaret Patten._--I have just seen a curious old picture, executed at +least a century ago, and which was lately found amongst some family papers. +It is a half-length of an old woman in homely looking garments; a dark blue +stuff gown, the sleeves partially rolled up, and white sleeving protruding +from under, not unlike the fashion of to-day; a white and blue checked +apron; around her neck a white tippet and a handkerchief, on her head a +"mutch," or close linen cap, and a lace or embroidered band across her +forehead to hide the absence of hair. She holds something undistinguishable +in one hand. + +The picture is about 10 × 8 inches, and is done on glass, evidently +transferred from an engraving on steel. The colours have been laid on with +hand, and then, to preserve and make an opaque back, it has received a +coating of plaster of Paris; altogether in its treatment resembling a +coloured photograph. + +By-the-bye, I am sorry I could not get a copy (photographic) of it, or that +would have rendered intelligible what I fear my lame descriptions cannot. +Beneath the figure is the following inscription: + + "MARGARET PATTEN, + + Born in the Parish of Lochnugh, near Pairsley in Scotland, now Liveing + in the Work House of St. Marg^{ts}, Westminsster, aged 138." + +There is no date appended. + +The word "Lochnugh" in the inscription is evidently spelt from the Scotch +pronunciation of Lochwinnoch, near Paisley. + +I should be very glad if any of your readers or correspondents in London +could ascertain if the name, &c. is to be found in the records of St. +Margaret's, Westminster, and also give me some facts as to the history of +this poor old Scotch woman, left destitute so far from home and kindred. + +If it can be authenticated, it will make another item for your list of +longevals. + +JAMES B. MURDOCH. + +Glasgow. + + [In the Board-room of the workhouse of St. Margaret's, Westminster, is + a portrait of Margaret Patten, which corresponds with the picture just + described, and bears the following inscription: + + "MARGARET PATTEN, aged 136: the Gift of John Dowsell, William Goff, + Matthew Burnett, Thomas Parker, Robert Wright, John Parquot, Overseers, + anno 1737." + +Margaret Patten was buried in the burial-ground of what was then called the +Broadway Church, now Christ Church, and there is a stone on the eastern +boundary wall inscribed, "Near this place lieth MARGARET PATTEN, who died +June 26, 1739, in the Parish Workhouse, aged 136." In Walcott's _Memorials +of {443} Westminster_, p. 288., we are told "she was a native of +Lochborough, near Paisley. She was brought to England to prepare Scotch +broth for King James II., but, owing to the abdication of that monarch, +fell into poverty and died in St. Margaret's workhouse, where her portrait +is still preserved. Her body was followed to the grave by the parochial +authorities and many of the principal inhabitants, while the children sang +a hymn before it reached its last resting-place."] + +_Etymology of "Coin."_--What is the etymology of our noun and verb _coin_ +and _to coin_? I do not know if I have been anticipated, but beg to suggest +the following:--_Coin_, a piece of cornered metal; _To coin_, the act of +cornering such block of metal. + +In Cornwall, the blocks of tin, when first run into moulds from the +smelting furnace, are _square_; and when the metal is to be fined or +assayed, the miner's phrase is, that it is to be _coined_; for the +_corners_ of the moulded block are _cut off_, and subjected to the _assay_; +and the decree of fineness proved is stamped on the now cornerless +block--thereafter called a _coin of tin_. It is, I conceive, by no means a +violent supposition that such _coins of tin_ were current as money very +many ages before either silver, gold, copper, bronze, lead, tin, or any +other metal moulded, stamped, engraved, or fashioned into such coins as we +now know had come into use. We know to what far-back ages the finding of +tin carries us, its find being entirely confined to Cornwall; its presence +near the surface in an ore readily reduced and easily melted making its +reduction into the metallic state possible in the very rudest state of +society and of the arts. + +C. D. LAMONT. + +Greenock. + + [See Dr. Richardson for the following derivation:--"Fr. _coigner_, It. + _cuniare_, Sp. _cunar_, _acuñar_, to wedge, and also to coin. Menage + and Spelman agree from the Latin _cuneus_. '_Cuneus_; sigillum ferreum, + quo nummus _cuditur_; a forma dictum: atque inde _coin_ quasi _cune_ + pro monetâ.' An iron seal with which metal is stamped; so called from + the shape. And hence money is called _coin_ (q. _cune_, + wedge).--_Spelman._" The Rev. T. R. Brown, in an unpublished + _Dictionary of Difficult Etymology_[1], suggests the following:--"Fr. + _coign_, a coin, stamp, &c.; Gaelic, _cuin_, a coin. Probably from the + Sanscrit _kan_, to shine, desire, covet; _kanaka_, gold, &c. The Hebrew + _ceseph_, money, coin, is derived in like manner from the verb + _casaph_, to desire, covet. The other meaning attached to the French + word _coign_, viz. a wedge, appears to be derived from quite a + different root."] + +[Footnote 1: This useful work makes two volumes 8vo.: but how is it the +learned Vicar of Southwick printed only _nine_ copies? Was he thinking of +the sacred _Nine_?] + +_Inscription at Aylesbury._--In the north transept of St. Mary's Church, +Aylesbury, occurs the following curious inscription on a tomb of the date +of 1584: + + "Yf, passing by this place, thou doe desire + To knowe what corpse here shry'd in marble lie, + The somme of that whiche now thou dost require + This slender verse shall sone to thee descrie. + + "Entombed here doth rest a worthie Dame, + Extract and born of noble house and bloud, + Her sire, Lord Paget, hight of worthie fame + Whose virtues cannot sink in Lethe floud. + Two brethern had she, barons of this realme, + A knight her freere, Sir Henry Lee, he hight, + To whom she bare three _impes_, which had to name, + John, Henry, Mary, slayn by fortune spight, + First two being yong, which cavs'd their parents mone, + The third in flower and prime of all her yeares: + All three do rest within this marble stone, + By which the fickleness of worldly joyes appears. + Good Frend sticke not to strew with crimson flowers + This marble stone, wherein her cindres rest, + For sure her ghost lives with the heavenly powers, + And guerdon hathe of virtuous life possest." + +Can any of your readers give me any other instances of children being +called _imps_? and also tell me wherefore the name was given them? and how +long it continued in use? + +T. W. D. BROOKS. + +Cropredy, Banbury. + + [The inscription is given in Lipscomb's _Buckinghamshire_. Horne Tooke + says _imp_ is the past participle of the A.-S. _impan_, to graft, to + plant. Mr. Steevens (Note on _2 Henry IV._, Act V. Sc. 5.) tells us, + "An _imp_ is a shoot in its primitive sense, but means a son in + Shakspeare." In Hollinshed, p. 951., the last words of Lord Cromwell + are preserved, who says, "And after him that his sonne Prince Edward, + that goodlie _impe_, may long reign over you." The word _imp_ is + perpetually used by Ulpian Fulwell, and other ancient writers, for + progeny: + + "And were it not thy royal _impe_ + Did mitigate our pain." + + Again, in the _Battle of Alcazar_, 1594: + + "Amurath, mighty emperor of the East, + That shall receive the _imp_ of royal race." + + See other examples in Todd's Johnson and Dr. Richardson's Dictionaries. + Shakspeare uses the word only in jocular and burlesque passages, which, + says Nares, is the natural course of a word growing obsolete.] + +_"Guardian Angels now protect me," &c._--I remember John Wesley, and also +his saying the "Devil should not have the best tunes." There was a pretty +love-song, a great favourite when I was a boy: + + "Guardian angels, now protect me, + Send to me the youth I love." + +the music of which Wesley introduced to his congregation as a hymn tune. +The music I have, and I shall be glad if any of your correspondents {444} +can oblige me with the first verse of this love-song; I only recollect the +above lines. + +WILLIAM GARDINER. + +Leicester. + + [The following is the song referred to by our correspondent: + + _The Forsaken Nymph._ + + "Guardian angels, now protect me, + Send to me the swain I love; + Cupid, with thy bow direct me; + Help me, all ye pow'rs above. + Bear him my sighs, ye gentle breezes, + Tell him I love and I despair, + Tell him for him I grieve, say 'tis for him I live; + O may the shepherd be sincere! + + "Through the shady grove I'll wander, + Silent as the bird of night, + Near the brink of yonder fountain, + First Leander bless'd my sight. + Witness ye groves and falls of water, + Echos repeat the vows he swore: + Can he forget me? will he neglect me? + Shall I never see him more? + + "Does he love, and yet forsake me, + To admire a nymph more fair? + If 'tis so, I'll wear the willow, + And esteem the happy pair. + Some lonely cave I'll make my dwelling, + Ne'er more the cares of life pursue; + The lark and Philomel only shall hear me tell, + What bids me bid the world adieu."] + +_K. C. B.'s._--I observe that in the _London Gazette_ of January 2, 1815, +which regulates the existing order of the Bath, it is commanded by the +sovereign that "there shall be affixed in the church of St. Peter at +Westminster escutcheons and banners of the arms of each K. C. B." Has this +command been regularly fulfilled on the creation of each K. C. B.? I +believe that on each creation fees are demanded by the Heralds' College, +for the professed purpose of exemplifying the knight's arms, and affixing +his escutcheon; but I never remember to have seen the escutcheons in +Westminster Abbey. + +TEWARS. + + [The order _never_ was fulfilled. If the knights were entitled to + armorial bearings, no fees whatever were demanded by or paid to the + Heralds' College. The statutes of 1815 were, however, abrogated and + annulled by the statutes of 1847, and the banners are not required to + be suspended in the Abbey. The erection of the banners and plates, + however, rested with the officers of the order, and the Heralds' + College had nothing to do with the matter.] + +_Danish and Swedish Ballads._--What are the best and most recent +collections of ancient Danish and Swedish ballad poetry? + +J. M. B. + + [We believe the best and most recent collection of Danish ballads is + the edition of _Udvalgte Danske Viser fra Middelalderen_, by + Abrahamson, Nyerup, Rabbek, &c., in five small 8vo. volumes, + Copenhagen, 1812. The best Swedish collection was _Svenska Folk-Visor + fran Forteden_, collected and edited by Geijer and Afzelius, and + published at Stockholm, 1814; but the more recent collection published + by Arwidson in 1834 is certainly superior. It is in three octavo + volumes, and is entitled _Svenska Fornsänger. En Samling of Kämp-visor, + Folk-visor, Lekar och Dansar, samt Barn- och Vall-Sänger_.] + +_Etymology of "Conger."_--What is the etymology of the word _Conger_, as +applied to the larger kind of deep sea eels by our fishermen (who, be it +remarked, never add eel. _Conger-eel_ is entirely used by shore-folk)? + +I imagine that it may be traced from the Danish _Kongr_, a king, or kings; +for being the greatest of eels, the fishermen, whose nets he tore, and +whose take he seriously reduced, might well call him in size, in strength, +and voracity--_Kongr_, the king. + +C. D. LAMONT. + +Greenock. + + [Todd and Webster derive it from the Latin _conger_ or _congrus_; Gr. + [Greek: gongros], formed of [Greek: graô], to eat, the fish being very + voracious; It. _gongro_; Fr. _congre_.] + +_"Si vis me flere, dolendum est primum tibi."_--This is, I think, the +ordinary form of a saying cited somewhere by Goldsmith, who calls it "so +trite a quotation that it almost demands an apology to repeat it." Whence +comes it originally? I am unable to give the exact reference to the passage +in Goldsmith, but in his _Citizen of the World_, letter 53rd, he has a +cognate idea: + + "As in common conversation the best way to make the audience laugh is + by first laughing yourself, so in writing," &c. + +W. T. M. + +Hong Kong. + + [Horace, _De Arte Poetica_, 102.] + + * * * * * + + +Replies. + +MEDAL AND RELIC OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. + +(Vol. viii., p. 293.) + +I possess a cast of this medal as described by your correspondent W. +FRASER, but which is a little indistinct in some of the letters of its +inscriptions. The yew-tree represented on it is generally supposed to be +that which stood at Cruikston Castle nearly Paisley; and its motto "Vires" +may perhaps have been intended to denote its natural strength and +durability. The date of the medal being 1566, and Mary's marriage with Lord +Darnly having taken place on July 29, 1565, the yew-tree may have been +introduced to commemorate some incident of their courtship, and gives +likelihood to the common tradition. I once had a small box composed partly +of its wood, and of {445} that of the "Torwood Oak" near Stirling, which +was presented to me about thirty-five years ago by an aged lady, whose +property it had been for a long time previously, and who placed much value +on it as a relic. Though visiting Cruikston Castle in early life, I never +heard of there being any feeling of "superstition" connected with such +little objects as the crosses, &c. which were long made from the wood of +the yew-tree. They are all, I think, to be viewed simply as curiosities +associated with the historical interest of the place, and similar examples +are to be found among our people in the numerous _quaichs_ (drinking-cups) +and other articles which have been formed from the "Torwood Oak" that +protected the illustrious Sir William Wallace from his enemies; from his +oak at Elderslie, said to have been planted by his hand, two miles to the +west of Paisley; and lately from such scraps of the old oaken rafters of +the Glasgow Cathedral as could be obtained in the course of its modern +repairs. + +As respects the yew-tree immediately concerned, some notices of its remains +may be found in a work entitled _The Severn Delineated_, by Charles Taylor, +Glasgow, 1831, at page 82. The author, who was a very curious local +antiquary, died in 1837, aged forty-two. As his book is now scarce, I may +be excused from subjoining rather a long extract, but which also throws +some light on other particulars of this subject: + + "Retreating from Househill (a seat in the vicinity) to Cruikston + Castle, the country is rich, and the scenery delightful. The castle + itself might be the subject of volumes, as it has been the theme of + many a poet, and the subject of many a painter's pencil. Its name is + known all over the world, or may be so, from the circumstance of its + once having been the residence of Mary Queen of Scots and Henry Lord + Darnly; and though the famed yew-tree decks not now the 'hallowed + mould,' as the poet expresses himself, + + 'Is there an eye that tearless could behold + This lov'd retreat of beauty's fairest flower?' + + About three years ago a large fragment fell from the south wing of this + ruin, despite of all the attention Sir John Maywell paid to keep it up. + The founder of this castle was one De Croc; hence the name Crockston, + Crocston, or Cruikston. This family (says Crawfurd), failing in ane + heiress, she was married to Sir Alexander Stewart of Torbolton, second + son to Walter, the second of that name, Great Stewart of Scotland, and + of this marriage are descended the families of Darnly and Lorn." + +Cruikston is now the property of Sir John Maywell of Nether Pollock. Of the +trunk of the once-- + + " . . . . . green yew, + The first that met the royal Mary's view; + When bright in charms the youthful princess led + The graceful Darnly to her throne and bed."-- + +Lady Maywell ordered to be made by an ingenious individual, at +Pollockshaws, an exact model of the castle, and some table and other +utensils, which are still in preservation at Pollock. Before its removal, +many are the snuff-boxes, toddy ladles, &c. that have been made of it, and +are still in preservation by the curious. The following couplet, composed +by the late Mr. W. Craig, surgeon, is inscribed on one of these ladles, +which has seen no little service: + + "Near Cruikston Castle's stately tower, + For many a year I stood; + My shade was of the hallow'd bower; + Where Scotland's queen was woo'd." + +Another medal of Queen Mary's, of considerable size, of which I have seen a +cast many years since, contained the following inscriptions: + + "O God graunt patience in that I suffer vrang." + +The reverse has in the centre: + + "Quho can compare with me in grief, + I die and dar nocht seek relief." + +With this legend around: + + "Hourt not the [heart symbol] quhais [heart whose] joy thou art." + + "They all appear [says Mr. Pinkerton] to have been done in France by + Mary's directions, who was fond of devices. Her cruel captivity could + not debar her from intercourse with her friends in France; who must + with pleasure have executed her orders as affording her a little + consolation." + +G. N. + +MR. FRASER'S supposed medal is a ryal (or possibly a ¾ ryal) of Mary and +Henry, commonly known as a Cruickstown dollar; from the idea that the tree +upon them is a representation of the famous yew-tree at Cruickstown Castle. +It appears, however, from the ordinance for coining these pieces, that the +tree is a "palm-tree crowned with a shell paddock (lizard) creeping up the +stem of the same." The motto across the tree is "DAT GLORIA VIRES." (See +Lindsay's _Scotch Coinage_, p. 51.) + +JOHN EVANS. + + * * * * * + +EARLY USE OF TIN.--DERIVATION OF THE NAME OF BRITAIN. + +(Vol. viii., p. 344.) + +The reply of Dr. Hincks appears to require the following. While seeking +information upon the first of these matters, I took up one of my old +school-books, and at the foot of a page found the following note: +"Britannia is from _Barat-anac_, the land of tin." I do not recollect to +have seen it elsewhere; but it appeared to me so apt and correct that I +adopted it at once. + +That the Shirutana of the Egyptian inscriptions, {446} or Shairetana, will +be found to be the same people as the Cirátas of the Hindu Puranas, I have +little doubt. + +Cirátas is there applied as a name to the people who were afterwards known +to us as the Phoenicians; but that either the Shirutana or the Cirátas will +be found to have discovered Britain, though they may have given it a name, +I do not expect. The Cirátas were a people of a later age to that of the +first inhabitants of Britain. The first inhabitants of Britain I call the +Celtæ, as I know no other name for them; but there seems reason for +thinking that this island was visited by an earlier tribe, though probably +they were of the same race. + +The origin of the Cirátas and first inhabitants of Britain is this:--A +powerful monarchy appears to have been established at the earliest dawn of +history in the country we now call Persia, long before there was any +Assyrian government, and under this monarchy that country was the true +centre of population, of knowledge, of languages, and of arts. Three +distinct races of men appear to have migrated in different directions from +this their common country. One of these divides into two parts, one +proceeding to the west, the other to the south-east of the place where the +division took place. The western party passed through Asia Minor, and also +by the north of the Black Sea, carrying with it all that was then known of +the different arts and sciences, until we find the descendants at this day +in the British Isles. The south-eastern party, also, continued its progress +to the part now known to us as India, where its descendants may be found at +this day. Long after the settlement in India, various tribes, all +proceeding from it, migrated from that country to the parts now known to us +as Egypt and Syria; and one of these tribes was the Cirátas. + +That the Cirátas, Shirutana, or Phoenicians, call them as you may, were the +first who passed the Pillar of Hercules in ships on their way to obtain tin +here at first-hand, is almost certain; and that the western party, as +described above, had broken ground to supply it long before their customers +came for it, is scarcely less so. They all had a common origin, and used +nearly the same language, religion, and laws. + +My Query has brought out a highly satisfactory elucidation of the origin of +the term _Britain_; and this, looking at the position in which that term +stood on the day the last Number of "N. & Q." was published is by no means +a slight acquisition. I now leave it. + +G. W. + +Stansted, Montfichet. + + * * * * * + +PICTORIAL EDITIONS OF THE BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER. + +(Vol. vii., pp. 18. 91. 321.; Vol. viii., p. 318.) + +The following list may prove an acceptable addition to those already +printed in your pages. Some of your correspondents perhaps will make it +more complete: + + 1707. Oxford. 8vo. Plates by John Sturt. + 1710. London. 8vo. Forty-four plates, with no engraver's name. + 1712. Oxford. 8vo. Plates by Sturt. + 1717. London. 8vo. Ruled with double red lines. Plates by Sturt. + +Lowndes speaks of a large paper impression in quarto of this same edition: +"The volume consists of one hundred and sixty-six plates, besides +twenty-two containing dedication, table, &c. Prefixed is a bust of King +George I.; and facing it, those of the Prince and Princess of Wales. Sturt +likewise published a set of fifty-five historical cuts for Common Prayer in +small 8vo." + + 1738. London. 8vo. With Old Version of the Psalms; and forty-four + curious plates, including Gunpowder Treason, the Martyrdom of Charles + I., and Restoration of Charles II. (Booksellers' Catal.) + + 1794. London. Published by J. Good and E. Harding, with plates after + Stothard by Bartolozzi and others (Lowndes). + +Lowndes also mentions "Illustrations to the Book of Common Prayer by +Richard Westall, London, 1813, 8 vo. (proofs) 4to.," and "Twelve +illustrations to ditto, engraved by John Scott, from designs by Burney and +Thurston, royal 8vo." + +I have reserved for more particular description two editions in my own +possession:--One is a small 8vo., ruled with red lines: "In the Savoy, +printed by the assignees of John Bill and Christopher Barker, Printers to +the King's Most Excellent Majesty, 1667." It contains fifty-nine plates: +these are identical with those in the _Antiquitates Christianæ_, or Bishop +Taylor's _Life of Christ_, and Cave's _Lives of the Apostles_ (folio +editions), which, if I mistake not, were engraved by William Faithorn. The +Act of Uniformity is given in black-letter. The Ordinal is wanting. The +three State Services are not enumerated in the Table of Contents, but are +added at the end of the book. The Old Version of the Psalms (with its usual +quaint title), a tract of 104 pp., is appended: "London: printed by Thos. +Newcomb for the Company of Stationers, 1671." The other edition is a 12mo.: +"London, printed by Charles Bill and the Executrix of Thomas Newcomb +deceased, Printers to the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty, 1708" (ruled with +red lines). In the frontispiece is represented a female figure kneeling +with a prayer book open before her: an angel {447} in the air holds a +scroll, on which is inscribed, "The Liturgy of the Church of England, +adorned with fifty-five historical cuts, P. La Vergne del., M. Van der +Gucht sc." Beneath the picture, "Sold by Robt. Whitledge at the Bible in +Ave Maria Lane, near Stationers' Hall." + +Some of the cuts are very curious, as No. 16., which represents the Devil +(adorned with a crown, sceptre, and tail) standing on the top of a high +conical rock, and our Blessed Lord at a little distance from him. The +appearance and attitude of the Apostles are somewhat grotesque. One of the +best is St. Philip (No. 39.), who is represented as a wrinkled, bearded old +man, contemplating a crucifix in his hand. + +No. 51. is a picture of Guy Fawkes approaching the Parliament House, with a +lantern in his hand. A large eye is depicted in the clouds above, which +sheds a stream of light on the hand of the conspirator. No. 52. is "The +Martyrdom of King Charles I." No. 53. "The Restoration of Monarchy and King +Charles II." A number of cavaliers on horseback, with their conical hats +and long tresses, occupy the foreground of this picture; the army appears +in the background. This is the last, though the scroll advertises +fifty-five cuts. + +The Prefaces and Calendar are printed in very small bad type. The four +State Services are enumerated in the Table of Contents. After the State +Services follow, "At the Healing;" the Thirty-nine Articles, and a Table of +Kindred and Affinity. This edition neither contains the Ordinal nor a +metrical version of the Psalms. Notwithstanding the date on the title-page, +_King George_ is prayed for throughout the book, except in the service "For +the Eighth Day of March," when Queen Anne's name occurs. + +Of the modern pictorial editions of the Book of Common Prayer may be +mentioned that of Charles Knight "illustrated by nearly seven hundred +beautiful woodcuts by Jackson, from drawings by Harvey, and six illuminated +titles; with Explanatory Notes by the Rev. H. Stebbing," royal 8vo., +London, 1838; reprinted in 1846. That of Murray, "illuminated by Owen +Jones, and illustrated with engravings from the works of the great +masters," royal 8vo., London, 1845; reprinted in 1850 in med. 8vo. That of +Whittaker in 12mo. and 8vo., "with notes and illuminations." The last, and +by far the best, pictorial edition is that of J. H. Parker of Oxford, "with +fifty illustrations; selected from the finest examples of the early Italian +and modern German schools, by the Rev. H. J. Rose and Rev. J. W. Burgon." + +JARLTZBERG. + + * * * * * + +YEW-TREES IN CHURCHYARDS. + +(Vol. viii., p. 346.) + +This has long been to me a vexed question, and I fear that none of your +correspondents have given a satisfactory answer. + +I have seen in London sprigs of yew and palm willow offered for sale before +Palm Sunday. At this period they may, I think, be always found in Covent +Garden Market. I saw them last year also in the greengrocers' shops at +Brighton. To me these are evident traces of an old custom of using the yew +as well as the willow. The origin is to be found in the Jewish custom of +carrying "branches of palm-trees, and boughs of _thick trees_, and willows +from the brook" (Leviticus xxiii. 39, 40.). + +Wordsworth alludes to this in his sonnet on seeing a procession at +Chamouny: + + "The Hebrews thus carrying in joyful state + Thick boughs of palm and willows from the brook, + March'd round the altar--to commemorate + How, when their course they from the desert took, + Guided by signs which ne'er the sky forsook, + They lodged in leafy tents and cabins low, + Green boughs were borne." + +In _A Voyage from Leith to Lapland_, 1851, vol. i. p. 132., there is an +account of the funeral of the poet Oehlenschläger. The author states,-- + + "The entire avenue was strewn, according to the old Scandinavian + custom, with evergreen boughs of fir, and bunches of fir and box, + mingled in some instances with artificial flowers. It is customary at + all funerals to strew evergreens before the door of the house where the + body lies, but it is only for some very distinguished person indeed + they are strewn all the way to the burial place." + +Forby, in his _East Anglican Vocabulary_, says it is a superstitious notion +that-- + + "If you bring yew into the house at Christmas amongst the evergreens + used to dress it, you will have a death in the family before the end of + the year." + +I believe the yew will be found generally on the south side of the church, +but always near the principal entrance, easy of access for the procession +on Palm Sunday, and perhaps for funerals, and that it was used as a +substitute for the palm, and coupled with "the willow from the brook," +hence called the palm willow. + +A HOLT WHITE. + +P. S.--I cannot agree with your correspondent J. G. CUMMING, that the yew +is one of "our few evergreens." I doubt our having in England any native +evergreen but the holly. + +The etymology of the name of the yew-tree clearly shows that it was not +planted in churchyards as an emblem of evil, but one of immortality. The +name of the tree in Celtic is _jubar_, pronounced _yewar_, _i. e._ "the +evergreen head." The town of {448} Newry in Ireland took its name from two +yew-trees which St. Patrick planted: _A-Niubaride_, pronounced _A-Newery_, +_i. e._ "the yew-trees," which stood until Cromwell's time, when some +soldiers ruthlessly cut them down. + +In the Note by MR. J. G. CUMMING, a derivation is evidently required for +the English word _yeoman_, which he suggests is taken from "yokeman." +Yeoman is from _e[=o]_, pronounced _yo_, _i. e._ free, worthy, respectable, +as opposed to the terms _villein_, serf, &c.; so that yeoman means a +freeman, a respectable person. + +FRAS. CROSSLEY. + + * * * * * + +OSBORN FAMILY. + +(Vol. viii., p. 270.) + +Mr. H. T. Griffith asks where may any pedigree of the _Osborne_ family, +previous to Edward Osborne, the ancestor of the Dukes of Leeds, be seen. In +reply, I am in possession of large collections relating to the Norman +Osbornes, from whom I have reasons to believe him to have been descended. +Those Osbornes can be proved to have been settled in certain of the midland +counties of England from the time of the attainder and downfall of the son +of William Fitzosborne, Earl of Hereford and premier peer, down to a +comparatively late period. A branch of them was possessed of the manor of +Kelmarsh in Northamptonshire; and their pedigree, beginning in 1461, may be +seen in Whalley's _Northamptonshire_: but this is necessarily very +imperfect, on account of the author's want of access to documents which +have subsequently been opened to the public. + +I may here notice that an inexcusable error has been committed and repeated +in several of the collections of records published by the Parliamentary +Commission, who have, in numerous instances, and without any warrant, +interpreted _Osb._ of the MSS. as "Osbert." Thus they have deprived +_Fitzosborne_, Bishop of Exeter (A.D. 1102), of some of his manors, and +within his own diocese, and conferred them on _Osbert the Bishop_, although +there never was a bishop of that name in England. I took the liberty of +pointing out this error to one of the chief editors concerned in these +works; but as he has taken no notice of my observations, I must infer that +he thinks it most prudent to excite no farther inquiry. + +The _Osborns_, now so numerous in London, appear to have come from the +Danish stem from which the Norman branch was originally derived. Their +number, which has increased even beyond the ordinary ratio of the +population, may perhaps be dated from the wife of one of them who (temp. +Jac. I.) had twenty-four sons, and was interred in old St. Paul's. + +I shall be very happy to afford any assistance in my power to the gentleman +who has occasioned these remarks. + +OMICRON. + + * * * * * + +INSCRIPTIONS ON BELLS. + +(Vol. vi., p. 554.; Vol. vii., pp. 454. 603.; Vol. viii., pp. 108. 248.) + +Many thanks are due to your correspondent CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A., for his +interesting series of inscriptions on bells. The following are, I think, +sufficiently curious to be added to your collection:-- + +Rouen Cathedral: + + "In the steeple of the great church, in the citie of Roane in Normandy, + is one great bell with the like inscription." [Like, that is, to the + inscription at St. Stephen's, Westminster: see "N. & Q." Vol. viii., p. + 108.] + + "Je suis George de Ambois, + Qui trente-cinque mille pois; + Mes luis qui me pesera, + Trente-six mille me trouvera." + + "I am _George of Ambois_, + Thirtie-five thousand in pois; + But he that shall weigh me, + Thirty-six thousand shall find me."--Weever, _Fun. Mon_., edit. fol. + 1631, p. 492. + +St. Matthew, Great Milton, Oxfordshire: + + 1. "I as treble begin. + 3. "I was third ring. + 8. (Great bell) "I to church the living call, and to the grave do + summons." + +Inscription suggested as being suitable for six bells, in the +_Ecclesiologist_ (New Series), vol. i. p. 209.: + + 1. "Ave Pater, Rex, Creator: + 2. Ave Fili, Lux, Salvator: + 3. Ave Pax et Charitas. + 4. Ave Simplex, Ave Trine; + 5. Ave Regnans sine fine, + 6. Ave Sancta Trinitas." + +Inscriptions are often to be found in Lombardic characters, and on bells of +great antiquity. Can any of your ecclesiological correspondents furnish me +with the date of the earliest known example? + +W. SPARROW SIMPSON. + +On bells in Southrepps Church, Norfolk: + + "Tuba ad Juditium. Campana ad Ecclesiam, 1641." + + "Miserere mei Jhesus Nazarenus Rex Judæorum." + +J. L. SISSON. + + * * * * * + +LADIES' ARMS BORNE IN A LOZENGE. + +(Vol. viii., pp. 37. 83. 277. 329.) + +I broached a theory with a concluding remark that it would give me great +pleasure to see one more reasonable take its place. I fear that, if all +your readers anxious to clear up an obscure point in an interesting science +take no more trouble than P. P., we shall find ourselves no {449} nearer +our object in the middle of your eightieth volume than we are now in your +eighth. + +What P. P. is pleased to term the "routine" reason is after all but one +among many, and is not better substantiated than some of the others quoted +by me; for though the lozenge has a "supposed" resemblance to the distaff +or fusil, heraldically it is but a supposed one, and by most writers the +difference is very distinctly indicated. + +Boyer says: + + "A fusil is a bearing in heraldry made in the form of a spindle, with + its yarn or thread wound about it. _Fusils are longer than lozenges_, + and taper or pointed at both ends." + +The same author thus describes a lozenge: + + "A Rhimbus, in geometry, is a figure of four equal and parallel sides, + but not rectangular." + +Robson says: + + "Fusil, a kind of spindle used in spinning. Its formation should be + particularly attended to, _as few painters or engravers make a + sufficient distinction between the fusil and lozenge_." + +Nisbet describes a lozenge to be-- + + "A figure that has equal sides and unequal angles, as the quarry of a + glass window placed erect pointways." + +He adds: + + "The Latins say, 'Lozengæ factæ sunt ad modum lozangiorum in vitreis.' + Heralds tell us that their use in armories came from the pavement of + marble stones of churches, fine palaces and houses, cut after the form + of lozenges, which pavings the French and Italians call loze and the + Spaniards _loza_." + +Sylvester de Petra-Sancta of the lozenge says much the same: + + "Scutulas oxigonias scu acutangulus erectas, et quasi gradiles, referri + debere ad latericias et antiquas domus olim, viz. Nobilium quia vulgus, + et infamiæ sortis homines, intra humiles casus, vet antra + inhabitantur." + +Of the fusil Nisbet writes: + + "The fusil is another Rhombular figure like the lozenge, but more long + than broad, and its upper and lower points are more acute than the two + side points." + +He adds that: + + "Chassanus and others make their sides round, as in his description of + them: 'Fusæ sunt acutæ in superiore et inferiore partibus, et rotundæ + ex utroque latere;' which description has occasioned some English + heralds, when so painted or engraven, to call them millers' picks, as + Sir John Boswell, in his _Concords of Armory_, and others, to call them + weavers' shuttles." + +Menestrier says of lozenges: + + "Lozange est une figure de quatre pointes, dont deux sont un peu plus + étendues que les autres, et assise sur une de ces pointes. C'est le + Rhomb des mathématiciens, et les quarreaux des vitres ordinaires en ont + la figure." + +Of fusils: + + "Fusées sont plus étendues en longue que les lozanges, et affilées en + point comme les fuseaux. Elles sont pièces d'architecture où l'on se + sert pour ornement de fusées et de pesons." + +The celebrated _Boke of St. Albans_ (1486) thus describes the difference +between a lozenge and fusil: + + "Knaw ye y^e differans betwix ffusillis and losyng. Wherefore it is to + be knaw that ffusillis ar euermore long, also fusyllis ar strattyr + ouerwart in the baly then ar mascules. And mascules ar larger ou'wartt + in the baly, and shorter in length than be fusyllis." + +The mascle is afterwards explained to be the lozenge pierced. Again: + + "And ye most take thys for a general enformacion and instruccion that + certanli losyng eu'more stand upright ... and so withowte dowte we have + the differans of the foresayd signes, that is to wete of mascules and + losynges." + +Dallaway, an elegant writer on Heraldry, says: + + "Of the lozenge the following extraordinary description is given in a + MS. of Glover, 'Lozenga est pars vitri in vitrea fenestra.' But it may + be more satisfactory to observe that the lozenge, with its diminutive, + are given to females instead of an escocheon for the insertion of their + armorial bearings, one of which is supposed to have been a cushion of + that shape, and the other is evidently the spindle used in spinning; + both demonstrative of the sedentary employments of women. On a very + splendid brass for Eleanor, relict of Thomas of Woodstocke, who died + 1384, she is delineated as resting her head upon two cushions, the + upper of which is placed lozenge-wise."--P. 140. + +The above is taken from his _Miscellaneous Observations on Heraldic +Ensigns_, the following from the body of his great work: + + "Females being heirs, or conveying feodal lordships to their husbands, + had, as early as the thirteenth century, the privilege of armorial + seals. The variations were progressive and frequent; at first the + female effigy had the kirtle or inner garment emblazoned, or held the + escocheon over her head, or in her right hand; then three escocheons + met in the centre, or four were joined at their bases, if the alliance + admitted of so many. Dimidiation, accollation, and impalement succeeded + each other at short intervals. But the modern practice of placing the + arms of females upon a lozenge appears to have originated about the + middle of the fourteenth century, when we have an instance of five + lozenges conjoined upon one seal; that of the heir female in the centre + impaling the arms of her husband, and surrounded by those of her + ancestors."--P. 400. + +I think this quotation from so learned a writer goes far towards settling +the whole question. I confess myself willing to have my theory placed +second to this, while I must discard the "distaff" {450} notion, unless +better substantiated than by the French saying from their Salique law, +which I here give for P. P.'s information: "Nunquam corona a lance +transibit ad fusum." I am willing to admit the antiquity of this notion; +for while the shape of the man's shield is traced by Sylvanus Morgan to +Adam's spade, he takes the woman's from Eve's spindle! + + "When Adam delved, and Eve span, + Who was then the gentleman?" + +In Geoffry Chaucer's time the lozenge appears to have been an ornament worn +by heralds in their dress or crown. In describing the habit of one, he +says: + + "They crowned were as kinges + With crowns wrought full of lozenges + And many ribbons and many fringes." + +As for the difference between the lozenge and fusil, I could multiply +opinions and examples, but hope those given will be sufficient. + +I cannot conclude these few hasty remarks without expressing a wish that +one of your correspondents in particular would take up this subject, to +handle which in a masterly manner, his position is a guaranty of his +ability. I refer to the gentleman holding the office of York Herald. + +BROCTUNA. + +Bury, Lancashire. + + * * * * * + +THE MYRTLE BEE. + +(Vol. viii., p. 173.) + +From a very early period, and throughout life, I have been accustomed to +shooting, and well remember the bird in question, but whether the term was +local or general, I am unable to state, never having met with it save in +one locality; and many years have elapsed since I saw one, although in the +habit of frequenting the neighbourhood where it was originally to be seen. +I attribute its disappearance to local causes. I met with it during a +series of years, ending about twenty-five years since, at which period I +lost sight of it. It was to be met with during the autumn and winter in +bogs scattered over with bog myrtle, on Chobham and the adjacent common; I +never met with it elsewhere. It is solitary. I am unacquainted with its +food, and only in a single instance had I ever one in my hand. Its tongue +is pointed, sharp, and appearing capable of penetration. Its colour +throughout dusky light blue, slightly tinged with yellow about the vent. +Tail about one inch, being rather long in proportion to the body, causing +the wings to appear forward, with a miniature pheasant-like appearance as +it flew, or rather darted, from bush to bush, with amazing quickness, its +wings moving with rapidity, straight in its flight, keeping near the +ground, appearing loth to wing, never passing an intervening bush if ever +so near; and I never saw one fly over eight or ten yards, and never wing a +second time, which induced our dogs (using a sporting phrase) to puzzle +them, causing a belief that they were in most instances trodden under the +water and grass in which the myrtle grew, and which nothing but a dog could +approach. I never saw one sitting or light on a branch of the myrtle, but +invariably flying from the _base_ of one plant to that of another. I am not +aware that any cabinet contains a preserved specimen, or that the bird has +ever been noticed by any naturalist as a British or foreign bird. + +Should W. R. D. S. covet farther information as to the probable cause of +its disappearance, and my never having met with it elsewhere, perhaps he +will favour me with his address. I cannot think the bird extinct. + +C. BROWN. + +Egham, Surrey. + + * * * * * + +CAPTAIN JOHN DAVIS. + +(Vol. viii., p. 385.) + +The earliest memoir of captain John Davis, the celebrated arctic navigator, +is that given by the reverend John Prince in his DANMONII ORIENTALES +ILLUSTRES, _or the worthies of Devon_, Exeter, 1701, folio. It is, however, +erroneous and defective in important particulars, and has misled some +eminent writers, as Campbell, Eyriès, Barrow, &c. + +Despite the assertions of master Prince, I _question_ if captain Davis +married a daughter of sir John Fulford; I am _sure_ he was not the first +pilot who conducted the Hollanders to the East-Indies; I am sure the +journal of the voyage is not printed in Hakluyt; I am sure the narrative of +his voyage with sir Edward Michelborne is neither dedicated to the earl of +Essex nor printed in Hakluyt; I am sure he did not write the _Rutter, or +brief directions for sailing into the East-Indies_; I am sure he wrote two +works of which Prince says nothing; I am sure he did not make _five_ +voyages to the East-Indies; and I am sure, to omit other oversights, that +he did not "return home safe again." To the latter point I shall now +confine myself. + +In 1604 king James, regardless of the charter held by the East-India +company, granted a license to sir Edward Michelborne, one of his +gentlemen-pensioners, to discover and trade with the "countries and +domynions of Cathaia, China, Japan," &c. This license, preserved in the +Rolls-chapel, is dated the twenty-fifth of June. On the fifth of December +sir Edward set sail from Cowes with the Tiger, a ship of 240 tons, and a +pinnace--captain Davis being, as I conceive, the _second_ in command. In +December 1605, being near the island of Bintang, they fell in with a junk +of 70 tons, carrying ninety Japanese, most of them {451} "in too gallant a +habit for saylers:" in fact, they were pirates! The unfortunate result +shall now be stated in the words of the _pirate_ Michelborne: + + "Vpon mutuall courtesies with gifts and feastings betweene vs, + sometimes fiue and twentie or sixe and twentie of their chiefest came + aboord: whereof I vould not suffer aboue sixe to have weapons. Their + was neuer the like number of our men aboord their iunke. I willed + captaine John Dauis in the morning [the twenty-seventh of December] to + possesse himselfe of their weapons, and to put the companie before + mast, and to leave some guard on their weapons, while they searched in + the rice, doubting that by searching and finding that which would + dislike them, they might suddenly set vpon my men, and put them to the + sword: as the sequell prooued. Captaine Dauis being beguiled with their + humble semblance, would not possesse himselfe of their weapons, though + I sent twice of purpose from my shippe to will him to doe it. They + passed all the day, my men searching in the rice, and they looking on: + at the sunne-setting, after long search and nothing found, saue a + little storax and beniamin: they seeing oportunitie, and talking to the + rest of their companie which were in my ship, being neere to their + iunke, they resolued, at a watch-word betweene them, to set vpon vs + resolutely in both ships. This being concluded, they suddenly killed + and droue ouer-boord, all my men that were in their ship; and those + which were aboord my ship sallied out of my cabbin, where they were + put, with such weapons as they had, finding certaine targets in my + cabbin, and other things that they vsed as weapons. My selfe being + aloft on the decke, knowing what was likely to follow, leapt into the + waste, where, with the boate swaines, carpenter and some few more, wee + kept them vnder the halfe-decke. At their first comming forth of the + cabbin, they met captain Dauis comming out of the gun-roome, whom they + pulled into the cabbin, and giuing him sixe or seuen mortall wounds, + they thrust him out of the cabbin before them. His wounds were so + mortall, that he dyed assoone as he came into the waste."--Purchas, i. + 137. + +BOLTON CORNEY. + + * * * * * + +PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE. + +_Clouds in Photographs._--I wish one of your photographic correspondents +would inform me, how _clouds_ can be put into photographs taken on paper? +Mr. Buckle's photographs all contain _clouds_? + +[Sigma]. + +"_The Stereoscope considered in relation to the Philosophy of Binocular +Vision_" is the title of a small pamphlet written by a frequent contributor +to this journal, Mr. C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY, in which he has "attempted to +sketch out such modifications of the theory of double vision as appear to +him to be entailed on the rationale of the stereoscope." The corroboration +thus indirectly afforded to the principles of Sir William Hamilton's +_Philosophy of Perception_ has induced MR. INGLEBY to dedicate his word to +that distinguished metaphysician. The essay will, we have no doubt, be +perused with great interest by many of our photographic friends, for whose +gratification we shall borrow its concluding paragraph. + + "In conclusion we must not forget to acknowledge our obligations to the + photographic art, not merely as one of the most suggestive results of + natural science, but as a means of the widest and soundest utility. To + antiquaries the services of photography have a unique value, for, by + perpetuating in the form of negatives those monuments of nature and art + which, though exempt from common accident, are still subject to gradual + decay from time, it places in the hands of us all microscopically exact + antitypes of objects which, from change or distance, are otherwise + inaccessible. To the artist they afford the means of facilitating the + otherwise laborious, and often mechanical, task of drawing in detail + from nature and from the human figure. + + "To the physician, to the naturalist, and to the man of science, the + uses of photography are various and important, and already the + discoveries which have been directly due to this modern art are of + stupendous utility. + + "To the metaphysician, its uses may be sufficiently gleaned from the + applications considered in the preceding pages. But to all these + classes of men the photographic art derives its chief glory from its + application to the stereoscope; and if, for elucidating the principles + of vision by means of this application, we have in any degree given a + stimulus to the practice and improvement of the photographic processes, + our pains have been happily and fruitfully bestowed." + +_Muller's Processes._--Would you inform me, through the medium of "N. & +Q.," what manufacture of paper is best adapted to the two processes of Mr. +Muller? I have tried several: with some I find that the combination of +their starch with the iodide of iron causes a dark precipitate upon the +face of the paper; and with those papers prepared with size, there appears +to me great difficulty (in his improved process after the paper is +moistened with aceto-nitrate of silver) to procure an equal distribution of +the iodide over its surface, as it invariably dries or runs off parts of +the paper, or is repelled by spots of size on the paper when dipped in the +iodide of iron bath.--A reply to the foregoing question would greatly +oblige + +A CONSTANT READER. + +Essex. + +_Positives on Glass._--Sometimes, when your sitter is gone, and you hold +your portrait up to the light to examine its density, you find in the face +and other parts which are dark, so viewed, minute _transparent_ specks, +scarcely bigger than a pin's point. When the picture is backed with black +lacquer, you have consequently small _black_ spots, which deform the +positive, especially when viewed through a lens of short focus. A friend of +mine {452} cures this defect very easily. After having applied the amber +varnish, he stops out the spots with a little oil-paint that matches the +lights of the picture; of course the paint is put upon the varnished side +of the glass. When the paint is dry, the black lacquer is carried over the +whole as usual. + +T. D. EATON. + +Norwich. + + * * * * * + + +Replies to Minor Queries. + +_Peculiar Ornament in Crosthwaite Church_ (Vol. viii., p. 200.).--I am +exceedingly obliged to CHEVERELLS for his reply to any Query. I am sorry to +say that I failed to make a note of the number of the circles; but, as far +as I can remember, there are six windows in each aisle, so in all there +would be twenty-four, each window having two carved upon it, one on the +right jamb without, and the other on the left within. + +R. W. ELLIOT. + +Clifton. + +_Nursery Rhymes_ (Vol. viii., p. 455.).--I would suggest to L. that a +consideration of _rhymes_ may sometimes indicate, by the change in the +pronunciation, the antiquity of the verse e.g., + + "Hush aby, baby, on the green _bough_, + When the wind blows the cradle will _rock_, + And when the bough breaks," &c. + +Here, according to modern pronunciation, the rhymes of the first couplet +are imperfect, so that it was probably composed in the Saxon era, or while +the word _bough_ was still pronounced _bog_ or _bock_. + +J. R. + +_Milton's Widow_ (Vol. vii., p. 596.; Vol. viii., pp. 12. 134. +200.).--Reading up my arrears of "N. & Q.," which a long absence from +England has caused to accumulate, I find frequent inquiries made for some +information which I once promised, relative to Milton's widow. I fear that +your correspondents on this subject have formed an exaggerated idea of the +importance of the expected note, and that they will see but a "ridiculus +mus" after all. As I have no means at hand at the present moment wherewith +to attempt to elucidate the Minshull genealogy, I shall content myself by +simply sending my original notes, namely, brief abstracts of the wills of +Thomas and Nathan Paget preserved at Doctors' Commons. + +Thomas Paget, minister of the gospel at Stockport, in Cheshire, makes his +will May 23, 1660; mentions his three daughters Dorothy, Elizabeth, and +Mary; and leaves estates at different places in Shropshire to his two sons, +Dr. Nathan and Thomas, whom he appoints his executors. He entreats _his +cousin Minshull, apothecarie in Manchester_, to be overseer of his will, +which was proved October 16, 1660. + +[I have before (Vol. v., p. 327.) shown the connexion between the Pagets +and Manchester.] + +Nathan Paget, Doctor in Medicine, will dated January 7, 1678, was then +living in the parish of St. Stephen's, Coleman Street, London, leaves +certain estates, and his house in London where he resided, to his brother +Thomas Paget, clerk. Bequests to his cousin John Goldsmith of the Middle +Temple, gent., and _his cousin Elizabeth Milton_, to the Society of +Physicians, and the poor of the parish of St. Stephen's. Will proved +January 15, 1678. + +I have omitted to note _what_ the bequests were. I will only add, that some +time ago I dropped my _alias_ of CRANMORE, and have occasionally appeared +in your sixth Volume as + +ARTHUR PAGET. + +_Watch-paper Inscriptions_ (Vol. viii., p. 316.).---I recollect, when at +school, having an old silver watch with the following printed lines inside +the case: + + "Time is--the present moment well employ; + Time was--is past--thou canst not it enjoy; + Time future--is not, and may never be; + Time present--is the only time for thee." + +JNO. D. ALLCROFT. + +_Poetical Tavern Signs_ (Vol. viii., p. 242.).--May I add to those +mentioned by your correspondent MR. WARDE, one at Chatham. On the +sign-board is painted "an arm embowed, holding a malt-shovel," underneath +which is written,-- + + "Good malt makes good beer, + Walk in, and you'll find it here." + +G. BRINDLEY ACWORTH. + +Star Hill, Rochester. + +At a small inn in Castleton, near Whitby, the sign represents Robin Hood +and Little John in their usual forest costume, and underneath appear the +following doggerel lines: + + "To gentlemen and yeomen good, + Come in and drink with Robin Hood; + If Robin Hood is not at home, + Come in and drink with Little John." + +F. M. + +_Parish Clerks' Company_ (Vol. viii., p. 341.).--The hall is in Silver +Street, Wood Street; the beadle is Mr. Bullard, No. 9. Grocers' Hall Court, +Poultry. + +If the circulars of the company were attended to, a great service would be +rendered to the public; but as there are about one hundred and sixty +churches in the metropolis, the chance of a parish clerk finding any +particular marriage, &c. is, at the best, but as one to one hundred and +sixty. Besides this, the parish registers are generally in the custody of +the clergyman, and it is therefore feared that the searches are but too +often {453} neglected, unless the reward is sufficiently tempting to induce +the loss of time and the probability of an unsuccessful examination. + +JOHN S. BURN. + +"_Elijah's Mantle_" (Vol. viii., p. 295.).--James Sayers, Esq., a solicitor +of Staple Inn, was the author of this beautiful poem, and he was also the +reputed author of some of Gilray's best caricatures. + +SUUM CUIQUE. + +_Histories of Literature_ (Vol. viii., p. 222.).--In addition to the works +of Hallam, Maitland, and Berrington mentioned by you, I would recommend +your correspondent ILMONASTERIENSIS to procure an _anonymous_ publication, +entitled _An Introduction to the Literary History of the Fourteenth and +Fifteenth Centuries_, London, 1798, 8vo. It is a much neglected work, +replete with interesting information relative to the state of literature +during the dark ages. I observe a copy in calf, marked 4s. 6d. in a +bookseller's catalogue published lately in this city. + +T. G. S. + +Edinburgh. + +_Birthplace of General Monk_ (Vol. viii., p. 316.).--I regret to find I am +in error in saying that Lysons positively assigns Landcross as Monk's +birthplace in the _Magna Britannia_. + +The mistake is of slight import as respects the Query, but accuracy in +citing authorities is at least desirable, and ought (in common justice) to +be ever most scrupulously regarded. + +"General Monk _appears_ to have been a native of this village; he was +baptised at Lancras, December 11, 1608," is, I find, the actual passage, +the substance of which (writing in Germany, far from any means of +reference), at the time believed I was more correctly quoting. + +F. KYFFIN LENTHALL. + +Reform Club. + +_Books chained to Desks in Churches_ (Vol. viii., pp. 93. 273.).--In the +library of St. Walburg's Church at Zutphen, consisting chiefly of Bibles +and other Latin works, the books are fastened to the desks by iron chains. +This was done, it is said, to prevent the Evil One from stealing them, a +crime of which he had been repeatedly guilty. The proof of this is found in +the stone-floor, where his foot-marks are impressed, and still show the +direction of his march: they also teach us the important fact, that the +feet of his tenebrious majesty are very like those of a large dog, and do +not, as is generally supposed, resemble those of a horse.--From the +_Navorscher_. + +L. V. H. + +In the chancel of Leyland Church, Lancashire, are four folio books chained +to a window seat which makes a sloping desk for them: they are Foxe's +_Martyrs_ and Jewell's _Apology_, both in black-letter, title-pages torn, +and much worn; and a _Preservative against Popery_, in 2 vols., dated 1738. + +P. P. + +A copy of the Bible was formerly affixed by a chain in Wimborne Minster, +Dorset, but has been removed to a certain library. + +The covers of a book are chained to a desk in the church of Kettering; the +book itself is gone. + +B. H. C. + +In the parish church of Borden, near Sittingbourne, Kent, a copy of _Comber +on the Common Prayer_ is chained to a stand in the chancel. + +ESTA. + +_Pedigree Indices_ (Vol. viii., p. 317.).--If CAPTAIN wishes to make a +search for a pedigree in the libraries at Cambridge, he will learn from the +MSS. Catalogue of 1697 in which of the libraries MS. volumes of heraldry +and genealogy ought to be found; he should then apply, either through some +master of arts, or with a proper letter of introduction in his hand, to the +librarian for leave to search the volumes. He will find that generally +every facility is afforded him which the safe keeping of historical +evidences allows. He will do well to select term-time for the period of +making a search; and before seeking admission to a college librarian, it +will be found convenient to both parties for him to give a day's notice, by +letter or card, to the librarian, who has often occupations and engagements +that cannot always be got rid of at the call of a chance visitor. + +CANTAB. + +There are not any published genealogical tables showing the various kindred +of William of Wykeham or Sir Thomas White similar to those contained in the +_Stemmata Chicheliana_. A few descents of kindred of Sir Thomas White may +be seen in Ashmole's _History of Berkshire_, 3 vols. 8vo. + +G. + +_Portrait of Hobbes_ (Vol. viii. p 368.).--I have an etching (size about 6½ +in. by 8½ in.) inscribed: + + "Vera et Viva Effigies THOMÆ HOBBES, Malmesburiensis." + +and under this: + + "I. Bapt. Caspar pinxit; W. Hollar fecit aqua forti, 1665." + +It is a half-length portrait, and represents Hobbes uncovered, with his +hands folded in his robe; and is without any arch or other ornament. + +Did Caspar paint more than one portrait of Hobbes? Is this the one +mentioned by Hollar, in his letter dated 1661, quoted by MR. SINGER. + +WM. MCCREE. + +_Tenets or Tenents_ (Vol. vii., p.205.; Vol. viii., p. 330.).--Were there +two editions of the _Vulgar Errors_ published in the same year, 1646? For +my copy, "printed by T. H. for Edward Dod, and {454} are to be sold in Ivie +Lane, 1646," and which I have always supposed to be of the first edition, +has "Tenents," very distinctly, on the title-page. On the fly-leaf, +opposite to the title-page, is the approbation of John Downame, dated March +14, 1645, and commencing thus: + + "I have perused these learned animadversions upon the common tenets and + opinions of men," &c. + +H. T. G. + +Hull. + +_Door-head Inscriptions_ (Vol. vii., pp. 23. 190. 588.; Vol. viii., pp. 38. +162.).--Over a house in Hexham, in the street called Gilligate, is the +following inscription: + + "C. D. 1683. J. D. + + Reason doth wonder, but Faith he tell can, + That a maid was a mother, and God was a man. + Let Reason look down, and Faith see the wonder; + For Faith sees above, and Reason sees under. + Reason doth wonder what by Scripture is meant, + Which says that Christ's body is our Sacrament: + That our bread is His body, and our drink is His blood, + Which cannot by Reason be well understood; + For Faith sees above, and Reason below, + For Faith can see more than Reason doth know." + +CEYREP. + +The following is reported to have been inscribed by the Pope (1725) over +the gate of the Apostolical Chancery: + + "Fide Deo--dic sæpe preces--peccare caveto-- + Sit humilis--pacem delige--magna fuge-- + Multa audi--dic pauca--tace secreta--minori + Parcito--majori cedito--ferto parem. + Propria fac--non differ opus--sis æquas egeno-- + Parta tuere--pati disce--memento mori." + +H. T. ELLACOMBE. + +_Hour-glass Stand_ (Vol. vii., p. 489.; Vol. viii., pp. 82. 209. +328.).--There is an hour-glass stand attached to the right-hand side of the +pulpit of Edingthorpe Church, Norfolk. The date of the pulpit is 1632. + +I. L. S. + +_Bulstrode Whitlock and Whitelocke Bulstrode_ (Vol. viii., p. +293.).--Bulstrode Whitlock was the son of Sir James Whitlock, Kt., by +Elizabeth, daughter of Edward Bulstrode, of Hedgley-Bulstrode, in the +county of Buckingham; and Whitelocke Bulstrode was the son of Sir Richard, +eldest son of the above-mentioned Edward Bulstrode. (See _Lives of the +Lords Chancellors, &c_., by an Impartial Hand, vol. ii p. 1.; and +Chalmers's _Biographical Dictionary_.) + +[Greek: Halieus]. + +Dublin. + +_Movable Metal Types anno 1435_ (Vol. vii., p. 405.).--Although I am not +able to give any information concerning Sister Margarite, or the convent at +Mur, I yet may observe, 1st, that the last three letters of the legend - - +K can hardly refer to Laurens Janzroon Coster, for his name in 1435 was +never spelt with K, but always with C; and, besides, if a proper name be +here intended, it will certainly be that of the binder. 2ndly, that in the +catalogue of the Haarlem City Library, from p. 77. to 112., mention is made +of six works, which, though bearing no date, were, it is more than +probable, printed with movable metal types before 1435. One of these, +_Aelii Donati Grammaticæ Latinæ Fragmenta duo_, was printed before 1425, +and the writer of the catalogue adds in his notes: + + "Ipsos typos, quibus hæ lamellæ sunt excusæ, fuisse _mobiles_, cum + nonnullæ literæ inversæ evidenter testantur, tum omnium expertissimorum + typographorum reique typographicæ peritissimorum arbitrûm, qui has + lacinias contemplati sunt, unanima et constans affirmavit sententia. + Quin et _fusos_ eos esse perhibuerunt plurimi, et in his Koningius, + magno quamvis studio negaverat typorum ligneorum mobilium acerrimus + propugnator Meermannus." + +From the _Navorscher_. CONSTANTEE. + +_Oaken Tombs_ (Vol. vii., p. 528.; Vol. viii., p. 179.).--In the chancel of +Brancepeth Church, co. Durham, are oaken effigies of a Lord and Lady +Neville, of which the following is a description. The figure of the man is +in a coat of mail, the hands elevated with gauntlets, wearing his casque, +which rests on a bull's or buffalo's head, a collar round his neck studded +with gems, and on the breast a shield with the arms of Neville. The female +figure has a high crowned bonnet, and the mantle is drawn close over the +feet, which rest on two dogs couchant. The tomb is ornamented with small +figures of ecclesiastics at prayer, but is without inscription. Leland +(_Itin._, i. 80.) says: + + "In the paroche church of Saint Brandon, at Branspeth, be dyvers tumbes + of the Nevilles. In the quire is a high tumbe, of one of them porturid + with his wife. This Neville lakkid heires male, wherapoan great + concertation rose betwixt the next heire male, and one the Gascoynes." + +CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A. + +_Stafford Knot_ (Vol. viii., p. 220.).--It was the badge or cognisance of +the house of Stafford, Earls of Stafford. + +HENRY GOUGH. + +Emberton, Bucks. + +_Hand in Bishop's Cannings Church_ (Vol. viii., p. 269.).--See an article +on this "Manus Meditationis," with a copy of the inscription, in the +_Ecclesiologist_, vol. v. p. 150. + +HENRY GOUGH. + +Emberton, Bucks. + +_Arms of Richard, King of the Romans_ (Vol. viii, p.265.).--I think it +might be proved that the border refers not to Poitou (which is represented +{455} by the crowned lion), but to Cornwall, the ancient feudal arms of +which are _Sable, fifteen bezants_, referring, as it would seem, to its +metallic treasures. See an article on the numerous arms derived from those +of this Richard, in the appendix to Mr. Lower's _Curiosities of Heraldry_. + +HENRY GOUGH. + +Emberton, Bucks. + +_Burial in an erect Position_ (Vol. viii., pp. 59. 233.).--So Ben Jonson +was buried at Westminster, probably on account of the large fee demanded +for a full-sized grave. It was long supposed by many that the story was +invented to account for the smallness of the gravestone; but the grave +being opened a few years ago, the dramatist's remains were discovered in +the attitude indicated by tradition. + +HENRY GOUGH. + +Emberton, Bucks. + +In the _Ingoldsby Legends_, vol. i. p. 106., we have: + + "No!--Tray's humble tomb would look but shabby + 'Mid the sculptured shrines of that gorgeous Abbey. + Besides, in the place + They say there's not space + To bury what wet-nurses call 'a Babby.' + Even 'rare Ben Jonson,' that famous wight, + I am told, is interr'd there bolt upright, + In just such a posture, beneath his bust, + As Tray used to sit in to beg for a crust." + +Is there any authority for the statement? + +ERICA. + +_Wooden Effigies_ (Vol. viii., p. 255.).--These are by no means uncommon, +though it is to be feared that many have perished within comparatively +recent times. In the church of Clifton Reynes, Bucks, there are wooden +effigies of two knights of the Reynes family with their wives. + +HENRY GOUGH. + +Emberton, Bucks. + +_Wedding Divination_ (Vol. vii., p. 545.).--The following mediæval +superstition may be quoted as a pretty exact parallel of the _wedding +divination_ alluded to by OXONIENSIS. It is from Wright's selection of +Latin stories of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Harl. MS. 463.:-- + + "Vidi in quibusdam partibus, quando mulieres nubebant, et de ecclesiâ + redibant, in ingressu domus in faciem corum frumentum projiciebant, + clamantes: 'Abundantia! Abundantia!' quod Gallicè dicitur _plentè_, + _plentè_; et tamen plerumque, antequam annus transiret, pauperes + mendici remanebant et abundantià omni bonorum carebant." + +H. C. K. + +---- Rectory, Hereford. + +_Old Fogie_ (Vol. viii., p. 154.).--If it will throw any additional light +on the controversy as to "fogie," I may add that for a long period of years +I have heard it applied only to the discharged invalided pensioners of the +army. On a late Queen's birthday review on the _Green_, the boys and girls +were in ecstasies at seeing the "old fogies" dressed out in new suits. It +is very often spoken derisively to a thick-headed stupid person, but which +cannot determine accurately its primary signification. + +G. N. + + * * * * * + + +Miscellaneous. + +Notes on Books, Etc. + +The noble President of the Society of Antiquaries is fast bringing to +completion the cheaper and revised edition of his _History of England from +the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles_, 1713-1783. The sixth +volume, which is now before us, embraces the eventful six years 1774-1780, +which saw the commencement of the great struggle with America, which ended +in the independence of the United States. In this, as in his preceding +volumes, the new materials which Lord Mahon has been so fortunate as to +collect from the family papers of the representatives of the political +leaders of the period, and which he has inserted in his appendix, +contribute very materially to the value and importance of his history. + +_Cheshire; its Historical and Literary Associations, illustrated in a +series of Biographical Sketches;_ and _The Cheshire and Lancashire +Historical Collector_, a small 8vo. sheet originally issued every month, +but now every fortnight, in consequence of increase of materials, and the +great encouragement which the undertaking has received, are two +contributions towards Cheshire topography, local history, bibliography, +&c., for which the good men of the Palatinate are indebted to the zeal of +Mr. T. Worthington Barlow, of the Society of Gray's Inn. + +It is always a subject of gratification to us when we see cheap yet +handsome reprints of our standard authors; for no better proof can be given +of the increase among us not only of a reading public, but of a public who +are disposed to read well. It is therefore with no small pleasure that we +have received from Mr. Routledge copies of his five shilling edition of +_The Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer, from the Text, and with the +Notes and Glossary of Thomas Tyrwhitt, condensed and arranged under the +Text_. It is obvious that considerable labour has been taken by the editor +in its preparation, for he has not contented himself with merely +transferring the contents of Tyrwhitt's Notes and Glossary to their proper +places beneath the text; but has availed himself of the labours of Messrs. +Craik, Saunders, Sir H. Nicolas, and our able correspondent A. E. B., to +give completeness to what is a very useful edition of old Dan Chaucer's +masterpiece. We have to thank the same publisher for a corresponding +edition of Spenser's _Faerie Queene_; so that no lover of those two +glorious old poets need any longer want a cheap and compact edition of +them. + +BOOKS RECEIVED.--_History of the Guillotine, revised from the Quarterly +Review_, by the Right Hon. J. W. Croker, which forms the new part of +Murray's _Railway {456} Reading_, is not only valuable as a _précis_ of all +that is known upon this very obscure subject, but for all its illustration +of the difficulty of arriving at historical truth.--_A Love Story; being +the History of the Courtship and Marriage of Dr. Dove of Doncaster_, that +delightful episode in Southey's most delightful book, _The Doctor_, forms +Part L. of Longman's _Traveller's Library_.--_The First Italian Book_ +appears a very successful attempt on the part of Signor Pifferi and Mr. +Dawson W. Turner to furnish a companion to the _First French Book_ of that +accomplished scholar, the late Rev. T. K. Arnold. + + * * * * * + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +TORRIANO PIAZZA UNIVERSALE DI PROVERBI ITALIANI. London, 1668. Folio. + +BIBLIOTHECA TOPOGRAPHICA BRITANNICA. Vol. IX. + +ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA. 7th Edition. Vol. XXII., Part 2. + +EXAMINER (Newspaper), No. 2297, February 7, 1853. + +WILLIAM SHAKSPEARE: A Biography, by Charles Knight (First Edition). + +*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be +sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + +Particulars of Price, &c. of the following Books to be sent direct to the +gentlemen by whom they are required, and whose names and addresses are +given for that purpose: + +CHAPMAN'S ARCHITECTURIÆ NAVALES MERCATURIÆ. 1768. Folio. Published in +Sweden. + + Wanted by _Robert Stewart_, Bookseller, Paisley. + + * * * * * + +TWO DIALOGUES IN THE ELYSIAN FIELDS, BETWEEN CARD. WOLSEY AND CARD. +XIMENES. To which are added Historical Accounts of Wolsey's two Colleges +and the Town of Ipswich. By Joseph Grove. London, 1761. 8vo. + + Wanted by _W. S. Fitch_, Ipswich. + + * * * * * + +ADDISON'S WORKS. First Edition. + +JONES' (OF HOYLAND) WORKS. 13 Vols. 8vo. + +WILKINSON'S ANCIENT EGYPT. Vols. IV. and V. + +BYRON'S LIFE AND LETTERS. 3 Vols. 8vo. + + Wanted by _Simms & Son_, Booksellers, Bath. + + * * * * * + +KANT'S LOGIC, translated by John Richardson. + +HISTORIC CERTAINTIES by Aristarchus Newlight. + +SONGS--"The Boatmen shout." Attwood. "Ah! godan lor felicita" (Faust). +Spohr. + + Wanted by _C. Mansfield Ingleby_, Birmingham. + + * * * * * + +THE SPECTATOR, printed by Alex. Lawrie & Co., London, 1804. Vols. I., II., +III., VI., VII., and VIII. + + Wanted by _J. T. Cheetham_, Firwood, Chadderton, near Oldham. + + * * * * * + +OXFORD ALMANACK for 1719. + +AMOENITATES ACADEMICÆ. Vol. I. Holmiæ, 1749. + +BROURÆ HIST. NAT. JAMAICÆ. London, 1756. Folio. + +AMMANUS I. STIRPES RARIORES. Petrop. 1739. + +PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS for 1683. + +ANNALS OF PHILOSOPHY for January, 1824. + +A POEM UPON THE MOST HOPEFUL AND EVER-FLOURISHING SPROUTS OF VALOUR, THE +INDEFATIGABLE CENTRYS OF THE PHYSIC GARDEN. + +POEM UPON MR. JACOB BOBART'S YEWMEN OF THE GUARDS TO THE PHYSIC GARDEN, TO +THE TUNE OF "THE COUNTER-SCUFFLE." Oxon. 1662. + + The above two Ballads are by Edmund Gayton. + + Wanted by _H. T. Bobart_, Ashby-de-la-Zouch. + + * * * * * + +PEYRAN'S COPTIC LEXICON. + +MURE ON THE CALENDAR AND ZODIACS OF ANCIENT EGYPT. + +GLADWIN'S PERSIAN MOONSHEE. 4to. + +JONES'S CLASSICAL LIBRARY (the 8vo. Edition). The Volume containing +Herodotus, Vol. I. + +THE CHRONICLES OF LONDON. 1827. + + Wanted by _Mr. Hayward_, Bookseller, Bath. + + * * * * * + + +Notices to Correspondents. + +_Owing to the length of_ PROFESSOR DE MORGAN'S _very interesting article +and the number of our Advertisements, we have enlarged our present Number +to Thirty-two pages._ + +BOOKS WANTED. _So many of our Correspondents seem disposed to avail +themselves of our plan of placing the booksellers in direct communication +with them, that we find ourselves compelled to limit each list of books to +two insertions. We would also express a hope that those gentlemen who may +at once succeed in obtaining any desired volumes will be good enough to +notify the same to us, in order that such books may not unnecessarily +appear in such list even a second time._ + +_The letters for_ A. Z., MR. DEMAYNE, MR. F. CROSSLEY, &c., _have been duly +forwarded._ + +X. Y. Z. _We have no doubt the early numbers of_ The Press _may be procured +on application to the publisher of that paper._ + +F. M. _The passage in_ King John, + + "My face so thin + That in my ear I dare not stick a rose, + Lest men should say, See where threefarthings goes!" + +_contains an allusion to the_ very thin _silver threefarthing pieces, +coined by Elizabeth, which bore a rose. In Boswell's Shakspeare_ (ed. +1821), vol. XV. p. 209., _will be found nearly two pages of illustrative +notes._ + +A CONSTANT READER _is informed that the line_ + + "Men are but children of a larger growth" + +_is from Dryden's_ All for Love. + +J. L. (Islington). DR. DIAMOND _informs us that he procured his naphtha +from Messrs. Simpson and Maule, of Kennington, but he would not advise the +use of varnish so made. It is apt to dry up in round spots, and which +sometimes print from the negative. He also adds, that one ounce of the +collodio-amber varnish as recommended by him will, with care, from its +great fluidity and ready-flowing qualities, effectually varnish upwards of +thirty glass negatives of the quarter plate size: thus the real expense is +very inconsiderable._ + +F. S. A. _Photography is perfectly applicable to the copying of MSS. or +printed leaves, either smaller, of the same size, or larger than the +original, the only requisite beyond a good lens being a camera of +sufficient length for a long focus. A plain surface exposed in front of a +lens requires a range behind it of the same distance to produce an equal +size copy; a magnified image being produced by a nearer approach to the +lens, and a smaller the farther the object is distant. Prints are often +copied by mere contact, without the use of any lens whatever. As a brother +F. S. A.,_ DR. DIAMOND _will be happy to give you some personal +instructions as to your requirements._ + +"NOTES AND QUERIES," Vols. i. _to_ vii., _price Three Guineas and a +Half.--Copies are being made up and may be had by order._ + +"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country +Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to +their Subscribers on the Saturday._ + + * * * * * + + +HEAL & SON'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS, sent free by post. It +contains designs and prices of upwards of ONE HUNDRED different Bedsteads; +also of every description of Bedding, Blankets, and Quilts. And their new +warerooms contain an extensive assortment of Bed-room Furniture, Furniture +Chintzes, Damasks, and Dimities, so as to render their Establishment +complete for the general furnishing of Bed-rooms. + +HEAL & SON, Bedstead and Bedding Manufacturers, 196. 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The Annals of Appetite: Soyer's Pantropheon. 5. Notes on +Mediæval Art in France and Germany, by J. G. Waller: Mayence, Heidelberg, +Basle, and Strasburg. 6. Remarks on the White Horse of Saxony and +Brunswick, by Stephen Martin Leake, Esq., Garter. 7. The Campaigns of +1793-95 in Flanders and Holland. Correspondence of Sylvanus Urban: +Counsels' Fees and Lawyers' Bills: Shops in Westminster Hall: The Family of +Phipps: Mr. John Knill of St. Ive's: Antiquity of the Mysterious Word +"Wheedle." With Notes of the Month: Historical and Miscellaneous Reviews; +Reports of the Archæological Societies of Wales, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, +Wiltshire, Somersetshire, Suffolk, and Essex; Historical Chronicle; and +OBITUARY, including Memoirs of Earl Brownlow, Lord Anderson, Right Hon. Sir +Frederick Adam, Adm. Sir Charles Adam, James Dodsley Cuff, Esq., Mr. +Adolphus Asher, Leon Jablonski, &c. Price 2s. 6d. + +NICHOLS & SONS, 25. Parliament Street. + + * * * * * + + +VOLUME I. IS NOW READY, + +Price only 6s., of the + +CHEAP RE-ISSUE OF EVELYN'S DIARY AND CORRESPONDENCE. + +New, Revised, and Enlarged Edition, comprising all the Important Additional +Notes, Letters, and other Illustrations. + +To be completed in FOUR MONTHLY VOLUMES, price only 6s. each bound. Printed +uniformly with the last Edition of Pepys's "Diary." + + "We rejoice to welcome this beautiful and compact edition of Evelyn: + one of the most valuable and interesting works in the language, now + deservedly regarded as an English classic."--_Examiner._ + +Published for HENRY COLBURN, by his successors HURST & BLACKETT, 15. Great +Marlborough Street. + + * * * * * + + +Just published, price 1s. + +THE STEREOSCOPE, + +Considered in relation to the Philosophy of Binocular Vision. An Essay, by +C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY, M.A., of Trinity College, Cambridge. + +London: WALTON & MABERLEY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster +Row. Cambridge: J. DEIGHTON. + +Also, by the same Author, price 1s., + +REMARKS on some of Sir William Hamilton's Notes on the Works of Dr. Thomas +Reid. + + "Nothing in my opinion can be more cogent than your refutation of M. + Jobert."--_Sir W. Hamilton._ + +London: JOHN W. PARKER. West Strand. Cambridge: E. JOHNSON. Birmingham: H. +C. LANGBRIDGE. + + * * * * * + + +LEEDS LIBRARY. + +LIBRARIAN.--Wanted a Gentleman of Literary Attainments, competent to +undertake the duties of Librarian in the Leeds Library. The Institution +consists of about 500 Proprietary Members, and an Assistant Librarian is +employed. The hours of attendance required will be from 10 A.M. to 8 P.M. +daily, with an interval of two hours. Salary 120l. a year. Applications, +with Certificates of Qualifications, must be sent by letter, post paid, not +later than 1st December next, to ABRAHAM HORSFALL, ESQ., Hon. Sec., 9. 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Newgate Street. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.--OTTEWILL'S REGISTERED DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERA, +is superior to every other form of Camera, for the Photographic Tourist, +from its capability of Elongation or Contraction to any Focal Adjustment, +its Portability, and its adaptation for taking either Views or +Portraits.--The Trade supplied. + +Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tripod Stands, Printing Frames, +&c., may be obtained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury Road, +Islington. + +New Inventions, Models, &c., made to order or from Drawings. + + * * * * * + + +IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.--J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand. have, +by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a Collodion equal, +they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of Negative, to any +other hitherto published; without diminishing the keeping properties and +appreciation of half tint for which their manufacture has been esteemed. + +Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of +Photography. Instruction in the Art. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION.--An EXHIBITION of PICTURES, by the most +celebrated French, Italian, and English Photographers, embracing Views of +the principal Countries and Cities of Europe, is now OPEN. Admission 6d. A +Portrait taken by MR. TALBOT'S Patent Process, One Guinea; Three extra +Copies for 10s. + +PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION, 168. NEW BOND STREET. + + * * * * * + + +HAMILTON'S MODERN INSTRUCTIONS FOR SINGING. 5s. + +HAMILTON'S MODERN INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PIANOFORTE. Forty-sixth Edition. 4s. + +HAMILTON'S DICTIONARY OF 3500 MUSICAL TERMS. 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HART, RECORD AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUARIAN (who is in the possession of +Indices to many of the early Public Records whereby his Inquiries are +greatly facilitated) begs to inform Authors and Gentlemen engaged in +Antiquarian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared to undertake searches +among the Public Records, MSS. in the British Museum, Ancient Wills, or +other Depositories of a similar Nature, in any Branch of Literature, +History, Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in which he has had +considerable experience. + +1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS, HATCHAM, SURREY. + + * * * * * + + +BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION. No. 1. Class X., +in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates, +may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made +Patent Levers. 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases. 8, 6, and 4 +guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. +Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with +Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket +Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every watch skilfully +examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers. 2l., 3l., and +4l. Thermometers from 1s. each. + +BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the +Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen. + +65. CHEAPSIDE. + + * * * * * + + +INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION, NERVOUSNESS, &c.--BARRY, DU BARRY & CO.'S +HEALTH-RESTORING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS. + + * * * * * + +THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD, the only natural, pleasant, and effectual +remedy (without medicine, purging, inconvenience, or expense, as it saves +fifty times its cost in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic, intestinal, +liver and bilious complaints, however deeply rooted, dyspepsia +(indigestion), habitual constipation, diarrhoea, acidity, heartburn, +flatulency, oppression, distension, palpitation, eruption of the skin, +rheumatism, gout, dropsy, sickness at the stomach during pregnancy, at sea, +and under all other circumstances, debility in the aged as well as infants, +fits, spasms, cramps, paralysis, &c. + +_A few out of 50,000 Cures:--_ + + Cure, No. 71, of dyspepsia; from the Right Hon. the Lord Stuart de + Decies:--"I have derived considerable benefits from your Revalenta + Arabica Food, and consider it due to yourselves and the public to + authorise the publication of these lines.--STUART DE DECIES." + + Cure, No. 49,832:--"Fifty years' indescribable agony from dyspepsia, + nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, flatulency, spasms, sickness + at the stomach, and vomitings have been removed by Du Barry's excellent + food.--MARIA JOLLY, Wortham Ling, near Diss, Norfolk." + + Cure, No. 180:--"Twenty-five years' nervousness, constipation, + indigestion, and debility, from which I had suffered great misery, and + which no medicine could remove or relieve, have been effectually cured + by Du Barry's food in a very short time.--W. R. REEVES, Pool Anthony, + Tiverton." + + Cure, No. 4,208:--"Eight years' dyspepsia, nervousness, debility, with + cramps, spasms, and nausea, for which my servant had consulted the + advice of many, have been effectually removed by Du Barry's delicious + food in a very short time. I shall be happy to answer any + inquiries.--REV. JOHN W. FLAVELL, Ridlington Rectory, Norfolk." + +_Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial._ + + "Bonn, July 19. 1852. + + "This light and pleasant Farina is one of the most excellent, + nourishing, and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many cases, + all kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful in confined habit of + body, as also diarrhoea, bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys + and bladder, such as stone or gravel; inflammatory irritation and cramp + of the urethra, cramp of the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and + hemorrhoids. This really invaluable remedy is employed with the most + satisfactory result, not only in bronchial and pulmonary complaints, + where irritation and pain are to be removed, but also in pulmonary and + bronchial consumption, in which it counteracts effectually the + troublesome cough; and I am enabled with perfect truth to express the + conviction that Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica is adapted to the cure of + incipient hectic complaints and consumption. + + "DR. RUD WURZER. + "Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D. in Bonn." + +London Agents:--Fortnum, Mason & Co., 182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her +Majesty the Queen; Hedges & Butler, 155. Regent Street; and through all +respectable grocers, chemists, and medicine venders. In canisters, suitably +packed for all climates, and with full instructions, 1lb. 2s. 9d.; 2lb. 4s. +6d.; 5lb. 11s.; 12lb. 22s.; super-refined, 5lb. 22s.; 10lb. 33s. The 10lb. +and 12lb. carriage free, on receipt of Post-office order.--Barry, Du Barry +Co., 77. Regent Street, London. + +IMPORTANT CAUTION.--Many invalids having been seriously injured by spurious +imitations under closely similar names, such as Ervalenta, Arabaca, and +others, the public will do well to see that each canister bears the name +BARRY, DU BARRY & CO., 77. Regent Street, London, in full, _without which +none is genuine_. + + * * * * * + + +{459} + +CHEAP BOOKS + +ON SALE AT + +WILLIAMS AND NORGATE'S + +14. HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. + + * * * * * + +Just completed, in 2 vols. 4to. With Prolegomena and Indexes. Published in +Germany at 33-1/3 Thalers or 5l., offered for 3l. 12s. + +SUIDÆ LEXICON. GRÆCE ET LATINE. Post GAISFORDIUM recensuit et annotatione +critica instruxit GODOFREDUS BERNHARDY. 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