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diff --git a/26991.txt b/26991.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..269443c --- /dev/null +++ b/26991.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1471 @@ +Project Gutenberg's A Short System of English Grammar, by Henry Bate + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Short System of English Grammar + For the Use of the Boarding School in Worcester (1759) + +Author: Henry Bate + +Release Date: October 22, 2008 [EBook #26991] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SHORT SYSTEM OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Lindy Walsh and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +A + +Short _System_ + +OF + +English GRAMMAR. + + +For the use of the + +BOARDING SCHOOL + +In WORCESTER. + + + +_By_ HENRY BATE _A. B._ + + + +_Worcester:_ Printed by R. LEWIS, +Bookseller, in _High-Street_. + + + + +THE PREFACE. + + +_Usage and Custom are the Rules and Measures of every_ Language, _and +the Rules of_ GRAMMAR _have nothing more to do, than to teach it. The_ +GRAMMAR _is to be fashioned from the particular_ Language, _it treats +of, and not the Language from the_ GRAMMAR. _For want of following this +regular Plan, our Modern_ GRAMMARIANS_ have introduced the_ GRAMMAR +Rules _of other_ Languages _into their own; as if all_ Language _was +founded on_ GRAMMAR, _and the Rules in one_ Language _would serve the +same End and Purpose in another._ + +The Latin, _for Instance, has only_ eight Parts of Speech, _and the +Writers of_ English GRAMMAR _have unthinkingly adopted the same Number; +whereas with the Article, which the_ Latin _has not, and which is of +great Service in a_ Language, _we have no less than nine. The_ Latin +_admits of_ Cases; _but as different_ Cases, _properly speaking, are +nothing more than the different Inflections and Terminations of Nouns_, +English Nouns _have no_ Cases. _It is not agreeable to the Principles +of_ GRAMMAR _to say that_--of a Rose--_is the Genitive Case of_--Rose, +_or_--to a Rose, _the Dative; for_ of _and_ to _are no Part of the +Word_ Rose, _but only_ prefix Particles _or_ Prepositions, _which shew +the different Relation of the Word_ Rose. _So likewise when we say_ +Alexander's Horse, _the Word_ Alexander's _is not the Genitive Case of_ +Alexander; _for strictly speaking the_ 's _is no Part of the Word_ +Alexander _but the final Letter of the Pronoun Possessive_ his, _and +without the_ Apostrophe _we shou'd read it thus;_ Alexander his Horse. +_If any of the_ Parts of Speech _have_ Cases, _the_ Pronouns _have, and +some of the_ Pronouns _may perhaps have_ two; _but for the Sake of +making every Thing as easy as I can to the Learner, I have taken the +Liberty of distinguishing such_ Pronouns _into_ Prefix _and_ +Subsequent, _and entirely laid aside_ Cases _as useless and +unnecessary. The_ Latin _has_ Genders, _the_ Adjective _in that +Language always varying to correspond with the_ Substantive; _but +our_Adjectives _never vary, and therefore the Distinction of_ Genders +_has nothing to do with_ English GRAMMAR, _but is idle, trifling, +impertinent._ + +EXPERIENCE _shews, that this Sort of pedantick Ignorance and Folly, has +made that dark and obscure, which it was intended to elucidate, and +unhappily puzzled and perplexed a great many more, than it has ever +instructed. Every attempt to make_ English easy _must be fruitless, +that is not formed upon a different Plan, and such is the following_ +short System of English GRAMMAR. + + + + +A +Short _System_ +OF +English GRAMMAR. + + + + +_Of_ GRAMMAR _and it's_ DIVISIONS. + + +Grammar is the Science of Letters or Language, and is the Art of +Speaking and Writing properly. + +It's Divisions are four; + +ORTHOGRAPHY ANALOGY +PROSODY SYNTAX + + +_Of_ ORTHOGRAPHY. + +Orthography comprehends _Writing_, and _Articulation_. _Articulation_ +treats of Simple Sounds, which are made by the Organs of Speech, and by +which we communicate our Ideas and Sentiments to one another. _Writing_ +represents the Living Speech, and makes as it were these Sounds and +Sentiments visible. + + +_Of_ PROSODY. + +Prosody treats of Pronunciation with respect of _Accent_, _Time_, and +_Quantity_. But as the Science of Letters, Sounds, and Pronunciation is +instilled into the Minds of the English Youth very early in Life, and +as this GRAMMAR is not intended for the Use of _Foreigners_, but for +them; I shall not trifle away their Time, in teaching them, what they +cannot be supposed to be unacquainted with; but proceed to the third +Part of GRAMMAR called _Analogy_. + + +_Of_ ANALOGY. + +Analogy is the mutual Relation, or Agreement of Words with one another, +and treats of all the _Parts of Speech_, which in English are _nine_. + +_Article_ _Verb_ _Conjunction_ +_Noun_ _Participle_ _Preposition_ +_Pronoun_ _Adverb_ _Interjection_ + + +_Of An_ ARTICLE. + +An Article is a _Part of Speech_ put before _Nouns_ to ascertain and +fix their Vague Signification. There are three Articles, _a_, _an_, and +_the_. _A_ and _an_ are Indefinite Articles and applied to Persons or +Things indifferently; as _an Oyster_, _a Prince_. The Article _the_ +distinguishes individually or particularly; as _the Oyster_, _the +Prince_. + + +_Of a_ NOUN. + +A Noun is a _Part of Speech_ which expresses the Subject spoke of; as +_Ink_, _Paper_, _Witness._ + +A Noun is either _Substantive_, or _Adjective_. + +A Noun _Substantive_ is the Name of a Thing considered simply in +itself, and without any Regard to it's Qualities; as _a Man_, _a +Woman_, _a Child_. + + +A Noun _Adjective_ is a Word added to the _Noun Substantive_, +expressing the Circumstance or Quality thereof; as _a good Man_, _an +old Woman_, _a young Child_. + + +_Of a_ PRONOUN. + +A Pronoun is a _Part of Speech_ substituted in the Place of a _Noun_, +to avoid the frequent and disagreeable Repetition of the same Word; as +_the Bird_ is joyous, _he_ chirps, _he_ sings; which without the +_Pronoun_ wou'd be thus; _the Bird_ is joyous, _the Bird_ chirps, _the +Bird _ sings. + +PRONOUNS PERSONAL. + +_I_ _He_ _Myself_ _I myself_ +_Me_ _Him_ _Yourself_ _You yourself_ +_You_ _She_ _Thyself_ _Thou thyself_ +_Thou_ _Her_ _Himself_ _He himself_ +_Thee_ _One's self_ _Herself_ _She herself_ + +PRONOUNS RELATIVE. + +_Who_, _whose_, _whom_, _what_, _which._ + +PRONOUNS DEMONSTRATIVE. + +_This_, _that._ + +PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE. + +_My_ _Ours_ _Your_ _Theirs_ +_Mine_ _Thy_ _Yours_ _Her_ +_Our_ _Thine_ _His_ _Hers_ + + +_Of_ NUMBER. + +Number expresses the Difference betwixt one Thing and many, and is +either _Singular_ or _Plural_. + +When a Thing is considered as single, or a Multitude of Things +considered as united together, it is of the _Singular Number_; as _a +Man_, _a Troop_. + +When several Things are considered as distinct from each other it is of +the _Plural Number_, as _Men_, _Soldiers_. + +The _Plural_ is usually formed in _Noun Substantives_ by adding _s_ to +the _Singular_; as _Article Articles_, _Noun Nouns_. + +But when the Pronunciation requires it, or when the _Singular_ ends in +_s_, _x_, _sh_, or _ch_, the _Plural_ is usually formed by adding the +Syllable _es_; as _Ass Asses_, _Fox Foxes_, _Sash Sashes_, _Church +Churches_. + +When the _Singular_ ends in _f_ or _fe_, the _Plural_ is usually form'd +by changing the _f_ or _fe_ into _ves_; as _Wife Wives_, _Self Selves_. + +Sometimes the _Plural_ is formed by adding the Syllable _en_; as _Ox +Oxen_; sometimes by changing the _Vowel_; as _Man Men_; and sometimes +the _Vowels and Consonants_; as _Penny Pence_, _Mouse Mice_, _Louse +Lice_. + +Some of the _Pronouns_ form their _Plural_ very irregular; as _I We_, +_Me Us_, _Thou Ye_, _Thee You_, _He They_, _Him Them_, _She They_, _Her +Them_. + +Some _Nouns_ have no _Singular Number_; as _Scissors_, the +_East-Indies_, the _West-Indies_. + +Some have no _Plural_; the Names of Kingdoms for Instance; as +_England_, _Ireland_, _Portugal_. + +Cities, Towns and Villages; as _Worcester_, _Kinver_, _Hagley_. + +Seas, and Rivers; as the _Mediterranean_, _Severn_. + +_Wheat_, _Barley_, _Gold_, _Silver_, _Pewter_, and a great many Words, +that cannot be reduced to any Rule want the _Plural Number_; as _Ale_, +_Beer_, _Bread_, _Butter_, _Honey_, _Milk_, _Hunger_, _Thirst_, +_Drunkenness_. + +The Termination of some _Nouns_ is the same both in the _Singular_ and +_Plural_; as _a Sheep_, _a Swine_, a Flock of _Sheep_, a Herd of +_Swine_, &c. + + +_Of_ COMPARISON. + +Comparison is the comparing the different Circumstances of Persons or +Things with each other, and serves to alter the Signification of a +Word, either by a gradual Increase, or a gradual Diminution; as _long +longer longest_, _short shorter shortest_. + +ADJECTIVES, _Adverbs_, and _Substantives_, have three Degrees of +Comparison, the _Positive_, the _Comparative_, and the _Superlative_. + +The _Positive_ lays down the Natural Signification simply and without +excess or Diminution; as _long_, _short_, _often_. + +The _Comparative_ raises or lowers the _Positive_ in Signification, and +is formed of the _Positive_ by adding the Syllable _er_; as _long +longer_, _short shorter_, _often oftener_. + +The _Superlative_ raises or lowers the Signification as much as +possible, and if formed of the _Positive_ by adding the Syllable _est_; +as _long longest_, _short shortest_, _often oftenest_. + +Sometimes they are compared by the _Adverbs_ _very, infinitely_; and +the _Adjectives_ _more, most_; _less, least_; as _long, very long, +infinitely long_; _short, more short, most short_; _commonly, less +commonly, least commonly_. + +These _Adjectives_ deviate from the general Rule, _good better best_, +_bad worse worst_, _little less least_, _much more most_. + +SUBSTANTIVES are compared by the _Adjectives_ _more, most_, the Words +_than_, or _that_, always following; as a Dunce, _more_ a Dunce _than_ +I or me, the _most_ a Dunce _that_ ever I did see. + + +_Of a_ VERB. + +A Verb is a _Part of Speech_, which serves to express, what we affirm +of, or attribute to any Subject, and is either _Active_ or _Passive_. + +A Verb _Active_ is that which expresses an _Action_; as _I kick_, _I +see_. + +A Verb _Passive_ is that which receives the _Action_ or expresses the +_Passion_; as _I am kick'd_, _I am seen_. + +A Verb has two _Numbers_ the _Singular_ and the _Plural_; and three +_Persons_ in each _Number_; as _I am, thou art, he is_. _We are, ye +are, they are._ + +The same is to be observed in every _Mood_ and in every _Tense_ but in +the _Infinitive_, which has neither _Number_ nor Person. + + +_Of_ MOODS. + +A mood is the Manner of _conjugating Verbs_ agreeably to the different +Actions or Affections to be expressed. + +There are _four Moods_, the _Indicative_, the _Imperative_, the +_Conjunctive_, and the _Infinitive._ + +The _Indicative Mood_ expresseth the _Action_ or _Passion_ simply +directly and absolutely; as _I love, I have loved, I will love_. + +The _Imperative_ commands or forbids; as _come_, _go_, _begone_. + +The _Conjunctive_ expresses the _Action_ or _Passion_ conditionally and +is always joined with the _Indicative_, or the same _Mood_; as _I will +love you, if you wou'd love me_; _I wou'd dance, if you wou'd dance_. + +The _Infinitive_ expresses the _Action_ or _Passion_ indeterminately +without any Regard to _Time_, _Place_, _Number_, or _Person_; as _to +love, to be loved_. + + +_Of the_ TENSES. + +Tense is an Inflection of Verbs, whereby they are made to signify, and +distinguish the Circumstance of _Time_. + +There are _five Tenses_, _the Present Tense_, _the Preterimperfect_, +_the Preterperfect_, _the Preterpluperfect_, and _the Future_. + +1. The _Present Tense_ expresses the Time, that now is; as _I sup_. + +2. The _Preterimperfect Tense_ denotes the historical Relation of a +past Action, but yet not perfectly compleated, when joined to another +Action that is perfectly compleated; as _when or while I supped he came +in_. + +3. The _Preterperfect Tense_ expresses the Time Past perfectly; as _I +have supped_. + +4. The _Preterpluperfect Tense_ expresses the Time Past doubly; as _I +had supped_. + +5. The _Future Tense_ expresses the Time to come; as _I shall sup, I +will sup_. + + +_Of the_ CONJUGATION. + +Conjugation is the Variation of Verbs through all their _Moods and +Tenses_; and the English Verbs are chiefly conjugated by _auxiliary +Signs_; as _to love_; or by _auxiliary Verbs_; as _I am loved, I have +loved_. + + +_Of the_ AUXILIARY SIGNS. + +The _auxiliary Signs_ are Words that serve to express the Variations of +the _Verb_. + +The _Imperative Mood_ has the _Signs_ _do, let_; as--_do thou love, let +him love_. + +The _Infinitive Mood_ has the _Signs_ _to, about_; as _to love, about +to love_. + +The other _Moods_ have the _auxiliary Signs_ following. + +_Singular_ + +1st _Person_ { I do, did, must, may, + { can, might, wou'd, cou'd, + { shou'd, shall, _or_ will. + +2d _Person_ { Thou do'st, did'st, must, + { may'st, can'st, might'st, + { wou'd'st, cou'd'st, shou'd'st, + { shalt _or_ wilt. + +3d _Person_ { He does, or do'th, did, must, + { may, can, might, wou'd, + { cou'd, shou'd, shall, _or_ + { will. + +_Plural_ + +1st _Person_ { We do, did, must, may, + { can, might, wou'd, cou'd, + { shou'd, shall, _or_ will. + +2d _Person_ { Ye do, did, must, may, + { can, might, wou'd, cou'd, + { shou'd, shall _or_ will. + +3d _Person_ { They do, did, must, may, + { can, might, wou'd, cou'd, + { shou'd, shall _or_ will. + + +_Of the_ AUXILIARY VERBS. + +The _auxiliary Verbs_ are only two, _to Have_ and _to Be_; which cannot +be conjugated without the _auxiliary Signs_, and without the reciprocal +Assistance of each other. + +_To HAVE._ + +INDICATIVE MOOD. + +_Present Tense._ + +_Sing._ I have; thou hast; he hath, _or_ has. _Plur._ We have; ye have; +they have. + +_Preterimperfect Tense._ + +_Sing._ I had; thou hadst; he had. _Plur._ We had; ye had; they had. + +_Preterperfect Tense._ + +_Sing._ I have had; thou hast had; he hath, _or_ has had. _Plur._ We +have had; ye have had; they have had. + +_Preterpluperfect Tense._ + +_Sing._ I had had; thou hadst had; he had had. _Plur._ We had had; ye +had had; they had had. + +_Future Tense._ + +_Sing._ I shall, or will have; thou shalt, or wilt have; he shall, _or_ +will have. _Plur._ We shall, _or_ will have; ye shall, _or_ will have; +they shall, _or_ will have. + +IMPERATIVE MOOD. + +_Present_ and _Future_. + +_Sing._ Let me have; do thou have, _or_ have thou; let him have. +_Plur._ Let us have; do ye have, _or_ have ye; let them have. + +CONJUNCTIVE MOOD. + +_Present Tense._ + +_Sing._ I may, _or_ can have; thou may'st, _or_ can'st have; he may, +_or_ can have. + +_Plur._ We may, _or_ can have; ye may, or can have; they may, _or_ can +have. + +_Preterimperfect Tense._ + +_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have; thou must, +might'st, woud'st, coud'st, _or_ shoud'st have; he must, might, wou'd, +cou'd, _or_ shou'd have. _Plur._ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ +shou'd have; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have; they must, +might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have. + +_Preterperfect Tense._ + +_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had; thou must, +might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st have had; he must, might, +wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had. _Plur._ We must, might, wou'd, +cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd +have had; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had. + +_Preterpluperfect Tense._ + +_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd had had; thou must, +might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st had had; he must, might, +wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd had had; _Plur._ We must, might, wou'd, +cou'd, _or_ shou'd had had; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd +had had; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd had had. + +_Future Tense._ + +_Sing._ I shall, _or_ will have had; thou shalt, _or_ wilt have had; he +shall, _or_ will have had; _Plur._ We shall, _or_ will have had; ye +shall, _or_ will have had; they shall, _or_ will have had. + +INFINITIVE MOOD. + +_Present_ ---- to have +_Perfect_ ---- to have had +_Future_ ---- about to have. + +PARTICIPLES. + +_Present_ ---- having +_Preterperfect_ ---- having had. + + +_To BE._ + +INDICATIVE MOOD. + +_Present Tense._ + +_Sing._ I am; thou art; he is. _Plur._ We are; ye are; they are. + +_Preterimperfect Tense._ + +_Sing._ I was; thou wast; he was; _Plur._ We were; ye were; they were. + +_Preterperfect Tense._ + +_Sing._ I have been; thou hast been; he hath been. _Plur._ We have +been; ye have been; they have been. + +_Preterpluperfect Tense._ + +_Sing._ I had been; thou hadst been; he had been. _Plur._ We had been; +ye had been; they had been. + +_Future Tense._ + +_Sing._ I shall, _or_ will be; thou shalt, _or_ wilt be; he shall, _or_ +will be. _Plur._ We shall, _or_ will be; ye shall, _or_ will be; they +shall, _or_ will be. + +IMPERATIVE MOOD. + +_Present_ and _Future_. + +_Sing._ Let me be; do thou be, _or_ be thou; let him be. _Plur._ Let us +be; do ye be, _or_ be ye; let them be. + +CONJUNCTIVE MOOD. + +_Present Tense._ + +_Sing._ I may, _or_ can be; thou may'st, _or_ canst be; he may, _or_ +can be. _Plur._ We may, _or_ can be; ye may, _or_ can be; they may, +_or_ can be. + +_Preterimperfect Tense._ + +_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd be; thou must, +might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st be; he must, might, wou'd, +cou'd, _or_ shou'd be. _Plur._ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ +shou'd be; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd be; they must, +might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd be. + +_Preterperfect Tense._ + +_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have been; thou must, +might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st have been; he must, might, +wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd, have been. _Plur._ We must, might, wou'd, +cou'd, _or_ shou'd have been; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd +have been; they must, might, wou'd cou'd, _or_ shou'd have been. + +_Preterpluperfect Tense._ + +_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had been; thou +must, might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st, have had been; he +must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had been. _Plur._ We must, +might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had been; ye must, might, wou'd, +cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had been; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ +shou'd have had been. + +_Future Tense._ + +_Sing._ I shall, _or_ will have been; thou shalt, _or_ wilt have been; +he shall _or_ will have been. _Plur._ We shall, _or_ will have been; ye +shall, _or_ will have been; they shall, _or_ will have been. + +INFINITIVE MOOD. + +_Present_ ---- to be +_Preterperfect_ ---- to have been +_Future_ ---- about to be. + +PARTICIPLES. + +_Present_ ---- being +_Preterperfect_ ---- having been. + + +_Of_ REGULAR VERBS. + +Regular _Verbs_ are those that are _conjugated_ by some established +Rules. + +The _Termination_ of the _Infinitive Mood Present Tense, of the Verb +Active, in regular Verbs_, is always the same as the _first Person_ of +the _Indicative Mood Present Tense singular_; as _to love, I love_. + +The _Termination_ of the _second Person Singular_ is formed out of the +_first_ by adding _st_ or _est_; as _I love, thou loves_t; _I read, +thou readest_. + +The _Termination_ of the _third Person singular_ is formed out of the +_first_ by adding _th_ or _eth_; as _I love, he loveth, I read, he +readeth_; or only by adding _s_; as _he loves, he reads_. + +The _Termination_ of the _first Person Preterimperfect Tense singular_, +is formed out of the _first Person Present Tense singular_ by adding +the Syllable _ed_; as _I love, I loved_. + +The _Termination_ of the _Participle Present of the Verb Active_, is +always formed out of the _first Person Present_ by adding the Syllable +_ing_; as _I love_, _loving_. + +The _Termination_ of the _Preterimperfect, the Preterperfect, and the +Preterpluperfect of the Indicative Mood; and the Preterperfect, the +Preterpluperfect and the Future of the Conjunctive, and the Participle +Passive_ is in regular Verbs the same; as _I loved, I have loved, I had +loved, I may have loved, I might have loved, I shall have loved, I am +loved_. And + +The _Termination_ of every other _Tense, Number or Person_, is the same +with the _Infinitive_. + + +_Of a_ VERB ACTIVE. + +A Verb _Active regular_ is conjugated by the _auxiliary Signs, the +auxiliary Verbs_, and the general Rules foregoing. + +_To LOVE._ + +INDICATIVE MOOD. + +_Present Tense._ + +_Sing._ I love, _or_ do love; thou lovest, _or_ dost love; he loveth, +_or_ loves, _or_ doth love. _Plur._ We love, _or_ do love; ye love, +_or_ do love; they love, _or_ do love. + +_Preterimperfect Tense._ + +_Sing._ I loved, _or_ did love; thou loved'st, _or_ did'st love; he +loved, _or_ did love. _Plur._ we loved, _or_ did love; ye loved, _or_ +did love; they loved, _or_ did love. + +_Preterperfect Tense._ + +_Sing._ I have loved; thou hast loved; he hath loved, _or_ has loved. +_Plur._ We have loved; ye have loved; they have loved. + +_Preterpluperfect Tense._ + +_Sing._ I had loved; thou hadst loved; he had loved. _Plur._ We had +loved; ye had loved; they had loved. + +_Future Tense._ + +_Sing._ I shall, _or_ will love; thou shalt, _or_ wilt love; he shall, +_or_ will love. _Plur._ We shall, _or_ will love; ye shall, _or_ will +love; they shall, _or_ will love. + +IMPERATIVE MOOD. + +_Present_ and _Future_. + +_Sing._ Let me love; do thou love, _or_ love thou; let him love. +_Plur._ Let us love; do ye love, _or_ love ye; let them love. + +CONJUNCTIVE MOOD. + +_Present Tense._ + +_Sing._ I may, _or_ can love; thou may'st, or can'st love; he may, _or_ +can love. _Plur._ We may, _or_ can love; ye may, _or_ can love; they +may, _or_ can love. + +_Preterimperfect Tense._ + +_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd love; thou must, +might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st love; he must, might, +wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd love. _Plur._ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd, +_or_ shou'd love; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd love; they +must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd love. + +_Preterperfect Tense._ + +_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have loved; thou must, +might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st have loved; he must, +might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have loved. _Plur._ We must, might, +wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have loved; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, +_or_ shou'd have loved; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd +have loved. + +_Preterpluperfect Tense._ + +_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had loved; thou +must, might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st have had loved; he +must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had loved. _Plur._ We must, +might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had loved; ye must, might, wou'd, +cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had loved; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ +shou'd have had loved. + +_Future Tense._ + +_Sing._ I shall, _or_ will have loved; thou shalt, _or_ wilt have +loved; he shall, or will have loved. _Plur._ We shall, _or_ will have +loved; ye shall, _or_ will have loved; they shall, _or_ will have +loved. + +INFINITIVE MOOD. + +_Present_ ---- to love +_Preterperfect_ ---- to have loved +_Future_ ---- about to love. + +PARTICIPLES. + +_Present_ ---- loving +_Preterperfect_ ---- having loved. + + +_Of a_ VERB PASSIVE. + +The _Verb Passive_ is nothing more than the _Participle Passive_ joined +to the _Auxiliary Verb to be_; as + +INDICATIVE MOOD. + +_Present Tense_ I am loved; _&c._ +_Preterimperfect_ I was loved; _&c._ +_Preterperfect_ I have been loved; _&c._ +_Preterpluperfect_ I had been loved; _&c._ +_Future_ I shall or will be loved; _&c._ + +IMPERATIVE MOOD. + +_Present_ and _Future_. Let me be loved _&c._ + +CONJUNCTIVE MOOD. + +_Present Tense._ + +_Sing._ I may, _or_ can be loved; thou _&c._ + +_Preterimperfect Tense._ + +_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd be loved; thou _&c._ + +_Preterperfect Tense._ + +_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have been loved; thou +_&c._ + +_Preterpluperfect Tense._ + +_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had been loved; +thou _&c_. + +_Future Tense._ + +_Sing._ I shall, _or_ will have been loved; thou _&c._ + +INFINITIVE MOOD. + +_Present_ ---- to be loved +_Preterperfect_ ---- to have been loved +_Future_ ---- about to be loved. + +PARTICIPLES. + +_Present_ ---- being loved +_Preterperfect_ ---- having been loved. + + +_Of a_ PARTICIPLE. + +A Participle is a _Part of Speech_, which partaketh of a _Verb_ and a +_Noun_. When it has a Relation to Time it may be considered as a +_Verb_; but when it is joined to a _Substantive_ or admits of +_Comparison_, it may be considered as an _Adjective_. + +When the _termination_ of the _Participle Passive_ is not formed by +adding the Syllable _ed_ to the _first Person_ of the _Indicative Mood +Present Tense Singular_; or when the _Termination_ of the _Participle +Passive_ differs from the _Termination of the Preter Tenses_, the +_Verb_ becomes _irregular_; but in all other Respects is conjugated as +the regular Verb; as I abide, thou abidest, &c. + +_Pres. Tense._ _Preter._ _Participle Passive._ + + Abide Abode Abode + Bite Bit Bitten + Catch Caught Catched + Do Did Done + Eat Eat Eaten + Fall Fell Fallen + Get Got Gotten + Hold Held Holden + Know Knew Known + Lie Lay Laid + Make Made Made + Rise Rose Risen + Shine Shone Shined + Tread Trod Trodden + Weave Wove Woven + _&c._ _&c._ _&c._ + +To these may be added the _Auxiliary Verbs_ ---- _To Have, and to Be_. + + +_Of an_ ADVERB. + +An Adverb is a _Part of Speech_ joined to a _Verb_, a _Noun Substantive_, +an _Adjective_ or _Participle_, and sometimes to another _Adverb_, to +express the Manner or Circumstance of the Thing signified; as _he +speaks properly_, _an orderly Man_, _truly good_, _extreamly loving_, +_very devoutly_. + +Adverbs are very numerous, and have Relation to + +Time; as _now_, _lately_, _always_. + +Place; as _here_, _there_, _no-where_. + +Order; as _by Turns_, _abreast_, _orderly_. + +Quantity; as _enough_, _more_, _entirely_. + +Number; as _once_, _twice_, _thrice_. + +Dobting; as _perhaps_, _may be_, _peradventure_. + +Asking; as _why?_ _whence?_ _wherefore?_. + +Affirmation; as _yes_, _indeed_, _certainly_. + +Negation; as _no_, _never_, _not at all_. + +Comparison; as _more_, _less_, _likewise_. + +Quality; as _justly_, _prudently_, _indifferently_. + + +_Of a_ CONJUNCTION. + +A Conjunction is _a Part of Speech_, which serves to connect and join +the several Parts of a Discourse together, and is of various Kinds. + +Copulative; _as and_, _also_, _moreover_. + +Disjunctive; _as or_, _neither_, _whether_. + +Adversative; _as but_, _yet_, _notwithstanding_. + +Conditional; _as if_, _unless_, _provided_. + +Casual; _as for_, _because_, _forasmuch_. + +Conclusive; _as then_, _so that_, _therefore_. + + +_Of a_ PREPOSITION. + +A Preposition is _a Part of Speech_, that serves to express the +particular Relation and Circumstance of some other _Part of Speech_, +and is either used in _Apposition_, as _in Heaven_; or in +_Composition_, as _Invisible_. + +PREPOSITIONS _used in_ APPOSITION. + +Above between of +about betwixt on +after beyond over +against by through +among for throughout +amongst from towards +at in under +before into unto +behind near upon +beneath near to with +below nigh within +beside nigh to without. + +PREPOSITIONS _used in_ COMPOSITION. + +A-base ap-point +ab-use as-certain +abs-tract at-taint +ac-commodate be-friend +ad-apt circum-ambient +af-fix co-adjutor +after-noon com-pound +amphi-theatre com-plot +ante-date con-strain +anti-christ contra-diction +an-archy counter-balance. +de-camp op-pression +Dis-appoint over-reach +dif-fusive out-landish +di-minish per-form +e-mission post-master +em-brace pre-eminence +en-close preter-natural +es-say pro-long +ex-terminate re-gain +extra-ordinary retro-grade +for-bear sub-join +fore-see super-fine +im-perfect trans-migration +in-glorious un-worthy +inter-view under-written +intro-duction up-right +ob-noxious with-draw +off-spring _&c._, _&c._, _&c._ + + +_Of an_ INTERJECTION. + +An Interjection _is a Part of Speech_, that serves to express some +sudden Motion or Passion of the Mind, transported with the Sensation of +Pleasure or Pain. + +Of Pleasure; as, _O brave!_ _O Heavens! O Joy!_ + +Of Pain; as _Alas! O my God! O Lord!_ + +INTERJECTIONS _of a_ lower Order. + +Of Caution; as, _hold! take Care!_ + +Of Admiration; as, _see! look! behold!_ + +Of Aversion; as, _fie! away you Fool!_ + +Of Silence; as, _be still! Silence!_ + + +_Of_ SYNTAX. + +Syntax is the Manner of constructing one Word with another prescribed +by the _Rules of_ GRAMMAR. + +RULE 1st. + +The Article _a_ is usually placed before a Word that begins with a +_Consonant_, the Article _an_ before a Word that begins with a _Vowel_, +and either _a_ or _an_ before a Word that begins with an _h_; and the +Article _the_, before a Word that begins either with a _Vowel_ or a +_Consonant_; as, _a Christian_, _an Infidel_, _a Heathen_, or _an +Heathen_; _the Christian_, _the Infidel_, _the Heathen_. + +RULE 2d. + +A Noun _Substantive_ is usually placed after its _Noun Adjective_; as +the _Second Chapter_, a _great Man_. But sometimes for the Sake of +greater Distinction the _Adjective_ is placed after, with the Article +_the_ before it, as _George the Second_, _Peter the Great_. In _Poetry_ +the _Adjective_ is placed either before or after its _Substantive_ +indifferently, as the Versification requires it. + +RULE 3d. + +All _Nouns and Pronouns_ are of the _third Person_ except _I and we_, +which are of the _first Person_, and _Thou, you and ye_, which are of +the _Second Person_; and except the _Relative Pronouns_ which are +always of the _same Person_ with the _Personal Pronoun_ to which they +relate; as _I love, thou lovest, he loveth; I who love, Thou who +lovest, he who loveth_. + +RULE 4th. + +The _prefix Pronouns_, _I, we, thou, you, ye, he, she, they, who_, are +usually placed before the _Verb_; and the _Subsequent Pronouns_, _me, +us, thee, him, her, them, whom_, are usually placed after; as _I love +the Dog, the Dog loves me_. But when a _Question_ is asked, or when the +_Verb_ is of the _Imperative Mood_, or in short Sentences, the _prefix +Pronouns_ are usually placed after; as _lovest thou me? love thou +thyself, said he, said they_. + +RULE 5th. + +When a Question is asked, and the _Verb_ has an _Auxiliary Sign_, or an +_Auxiliary Verb_, the _governing Noun_ or _Pronoun_ is placed +immediately after such _Auxiliary_; as _does the Sun shine? has he +washed his Hands?_ And when the _Verb_ has two or more _Auxiliaries_, +the _Noun or Pronoun_ is placed after the first; as _have I been +taught? Cou'd the Truth have been known?_ + +RULE 6th. + +The _Verb_ agrees with its _governing Noun_, _Pronoun Personal_, or +_Pronoun Relative_, in _Number_ and _Person_; as _the Birds sing_, +_thou lovest_, _he who loveth_. + +RULE 7th. + +A NOUN of _Multitude_ may have a _Verb_ either _Singular_ or _Plural_; +as _the People is mad_, or _the People are mad_. + +But if a _Substantive_ of the same Signification follows, that is not a +_Noun of Multitude_, then the _Verb_ is always Plural; as we do not say +_the People is a mad Man_, but _the People are mad Men_. + +RULE 8th. + +Two or more _Nouns_ or _Pronouns Singular_, will have a _Verb Plural_; +as _the Dog and Cat are very loving_. But when two or more +_Substantives Singular_ signify the same _Thing_ or _Person_, or when +the _Preposition_ OF intervenes, the _Verb_ is always _Singular_; as +_the River Severn is Navigable._ _William the Conqueror was a great +Man._ _This System of Grammar is compendious_. + +RULE 9th. + +The _subsequent Pronouns_ are usually placed after _Prepositions and +Interjections_; as _of me, to us, for thee, with her, from them, +against whom, O me!_ + + +_Of the_ POINTS _or_ PAUSES. + +The _Points_ or _Pauses_ have a Sort of musical Proportion. + +The _Period_ is marked thus (.)----Its _Time_ is equal to two _Colons_ +and is never placed but at the End of a Sentence, the Sense of which is +perfect and compleat; as _By me Kings reign, and Princes decree +Justice._ + +The _Colon_ is marked thus (:) ---- Its _Time_ is equal to two +_Semicolons_, and is placed where the Sense seems to be perfect and +compleat; but to which notwithstanding something may still be added; as +_give Instruction to a wise Man, and he will be yet wiser: Teach a just +Man and he will increase in Learning_. + +The _Semicolon_ is marked thus (;) ---- its _Time_ is equal to two +_Commas_, and is placed where the Sense is less compleat than the +_Colon_, and more compleat than the _Comma_; as _a wise Man's Heart is +at his right Hand; but a Fool's Heart is at his left_. + +The _Comma_ is marked thus (,) ---- It is the last and least _Pause_ or +_Time_ that is made use of, and serves to distinguish the simple +Numbers of a _Period_; as _arise, my Friend, and come away_. + + +_Of the other NOTES or CHARACTERS._ + +A Note of _Interrogation_ (?) is used when a Question is asked; as _who +comes there?_ + +A Note of _Admiration_ (!) is used after _Interjections_ or _short +Sentences_ to express our Wonder and Surprize; as _O!_ _O LORD!_ + +A Parenthesis (_rarely made use of by a good Writer_) is used to +inclose one Sentence within another. + +The _Paragraph_ is marked thus (¶) and denotes the beginning of a new +Discourse. + +An (') _Apostrophe_ is used when some Part of a Word is left out; as +_Alexander's Horse_, for _Alexander his Horse_. + +A _Hyphen_ (-) is used to join together two Words, as _Foot-stool_, +_&c._ and is used also when part of a Word is written in one Line, and +part in another. + +The _Caret_ is marked thus, (^) to shew where the Words in any Sentence +that are left out, shou'd come in; as + + is +_the Lady ^ beautiful._ + + +The _Subdivision_, or part of a Chapter is marked usually thus, Sec.. + + +The _Index_ points to some remarkable Passage thus, Index finger, +pointing to the right]. + +A _Quotation_ is a double _Comma_ reverse and set against some Lines on +the left side of a _Page_, to shew that they are quoted from another +_Author_, thus, ". + +The _Notes_ that refer to the _Margin_ are an _Asterisk_ made thus, *, +an _Obelisk_ thus, [Dagger symbol], also thus, ||. + +Besides these there are _literal Characters_, _numeral Characters_, and +_Abbreviations_, the Knowledge of which is not so easily to be acquired +by GRAMMAR _Rules_, as by diligent Observation and Experience. + + +_The_ END. + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's A Short System of English Grammar, by Henry Bate + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SHORT SYSTEM OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR *** + +***** This file should be named 26991.txt or 26991.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/9/9/26991/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Lindy Walsh and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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