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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/26903-h.zip b/26903-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9b339cb --- /dev/null +++ b/26903-h.zip diff --git a/26903-h/26903-h.htm b/26903-h/26903-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..09ecc09 --- /dev/null +++ b/26903-h/26903-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,572 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Determining the Age of Cattle by the Teeth, by George W. Pope + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;} + h1,h2,h3,hr {clear: both;} + hr {width: 65%; margin: 2em auto;} + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .pagenum {position: absolute; right: 1%; font-size: small; font-style: normal; text-align: right; text-indent: 0em;} + .bq {margin: 2em 10% 1em;} + .bq p {margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;} + .center,h1,h2,h3,.figc,.bk2,.p1,.p2,.p3 {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .figc {margin: 1.5em auto; width: 297px;} + .figd {margin: 3em auto; width: 83px;} + img {border: none;} + p.cap:first-letter {float: left; margin-right: .05em; padding-top: .05em; font-size: 300%; line-height: .8em;} + .dcap {text-transform: uppercase;} + .bk1 {margin: 1em auto 0; border: double 3px; width: 30em; padding: 2em 0 1em;} + .bk1 h2 {margin-top: 1.5em; margin-bottom: -.25em;} + .bk2 {border-top: solid 1px; padding: 1em 0 0;} + .p1,.p2 {line-height: 1.5;} + .p2,.cap {margin-top: 2em;} + .p3 {margin-top: 4em;} + .sp1 {margin-left: 20em;} + .rgt {margin: 0 auto 1em; width: 30em; text-align: right;} + .fs1,.bk2 {font-size: x-small;} +// --> +/* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Determining the Age of Cattle by the Teeth, by +George W. Pope + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Determining the Age of Cattle by the Teeth + +Author: George W. Pope + +Release Date: October 12, 2008 [EBook #26903] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AGE OF CATTLE BY TEETH *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Stephen Blundell and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="bk1"><h1><small>DETERMINING THE AGE OF CATTLE<br /> +BY THE TEETH</small></h1> + +<h2><small>GEORGE W. POPE</small></h2> + +<p class="center"><b><small>Quarantine Division</small></b></p> + +<div class="figd"> +<img src="images/001.png" width="83" height="120" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<p class="p1"><big>FARMERS' BULLETIN 1066</big><br /> +UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE</p> + +<p class="p2"><small>Contribution from the Bureau of Animal Industry<br /> +JOHN R. MOHLER, Chief</small></p> + +<p class="p3"><small>Washington, D. C.<span class="sp1">August, 1919</span></small></p> + +<div class="bk2">Show this bulletin to a neighbor. Additional copies may be obtained free from the<br /> +Division of Publications, United States Department of Agriculture</div></div> + +<div class="rgt"><span class="fs1"><b>WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1919</b></span></div> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p> +<h2><small>PUBLICATIONS OF U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE +RELATING TO CATTLE.</small></h2> + +<h3><small>AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION BY THE DEPARTMENT.</small></h3> + +<div class="bq"><p>Vesicular Stomatitis of Horses and Cattle. (Department Bulletin 662.)</p> + +<p>Hemorrhagic Septicemia. (Department Bulletin 674.)</p> + +<p>Breeds of Beef Cattle. (Farmers' Bulletin 612.)</p> + +<p>The Feeding of Dairy Cows. (Farmers' Bulletin 743.)</p> + +<p>Feeding and Management of Dairy Calves and Young Dairy Stock. (Farmers' +Bulletin 777.)</p> + +<p>Contagious Abortion of Cattle. (Farmers' Bulletin 790.)</p> + +<p>Breeds of Dairy Cattle. (Farmers' Bulletin 893.)</p> + +<p>Dehorning and Castrating Cattle. (Farmers' Bulletin 949.)</p> + +<p>Cattle Scab. (Farmers' Bulletin 1017.)</p></div> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> +<h2>DETERMINING THE AGE OF CATTLE +BY THE TEETH.</h2> + +<p class="cap"><span class="dcap">The age of cattle</span> can be approximated closely by the +appearance, development, and subsequent wear of their second +incisor teeth. Cattle have eight incisor teeth, all in the lower jaw. +In the calf at birth two or more of the temporary or first incisor teeth +are present. With the first month the entire eight incisors have appeared.</p> + +<div class="figc"> +<img src="images/002.png" width="297" height="113" alt="" title="" /> +<span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 1.—Internal face of incisors of the calf.</div> + +<p>As the animal approaches 2 years of age the center pair of temporary +incisor teeth or pinchers are replaced by the permanent pinchers +which at 2 years attain full development.</p> + +<div class="figc" style="width: 411px;"> +<img src="images/003.png" width="411" height="147" alt="" title="" /> +<span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 2.—Internal face of incisors at 2 years.</div> + +<p>At from 2½ to 3 years the permanent first intermediates are cut +and are usually fully developed at 3 years.</p> + +<div class="figc" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/004.png" width="400" height="144" alt="" title="" /> +<span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 3.—Internal face of incisors at 3 years.</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>At 3½ years the second intermediates or laterals are cut. They are +on a level with the first intermediates and begin to wear at 4 years.</p> + +<div class="figc" style="width: 461px;"> +<img src="images/005.png" width="461" height="169" alt="" title="" /> +<span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 4.—Internal face of incisors at 4 years.</div> + +<p>At 4½ to 5 years the corner teeth are replaced, the animal at 5 +years having the full complement of incisors with the corners fully +developed.</p> + +<div class="figc" style="width: 506px;"> +<img src="images/006.png" width="506" height="204" alt="" title="" /> +<span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 5.—Internal face of incisors at 5 years.</div> + +<p>At 5 to 6 years there is a leveling of the permanent pinchers, the +pinchers usually being leveled at six and both pairs of intermediates +partially leveled and the corner incisors showing wear.</p> + +<p>From seven to eight the pinchers are noticeably worn; from eight +to nine the middle pairs, and by ten years the corner teeth.</p> + +<p>After 6 years the arch gradually loses its rounded contour and +becomes nearly straight by the twelfth year. In the meantime the +teeth have gradually become triangular in shape, distinctly separated, +and show the progressive wearing to stubs.</p> + +<div class="figc" style="width: 467px;"> +<img src="images/007.png" width="467" height="126" alt="" title="" /> +<span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 6.—Internal face of incisors at 12 years.</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Determining the Age of Cattle by the +Teeth, by George W. 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Pope + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Determining the Age of Cattle by the Teeth + +Author: George W. Pope + +Release Date: October 12, 2008 [EBook #26903] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AGE OF CATTLE BY TEETH *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Stephen Blundell and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + DETERMINING THE AGE OF CATTLE + BY THE TEETH + + + GEORGE W. POPE + + Quarantine Division + + + [Device] + + + FARMERS' BULLETIN 1066 + UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE + + Contribution from the Bureau of Animal Industry + JOHN R. MOHLER, Chief + + + Washington, D. C. August, 1919 + + Show this bulletin to a neighbor. Additional copies may be obtained + free from the Division of Publications, United States Department of + Agriculture + + WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1919 + + + + +PUBLICATIONS OF U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE RELATING TO CATTLE. + +AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION BY THE DEPARTMENT. + + +Vesicular Stomatitis of Horses and Cattle. (Department Bulletin 662.) + +Hemorrhagic Septicemia. (Department Bulletin 674.) + +Breeds of Beef Cattle. (Farmers' Bulletin 612.) + +The Feeding of Dairy Cows. (Farmers' Bulletin 743.) + +Feeding and Management of Dairy Calves and Young Dairy Stock. (Farmers' +Bulletin 777.) + +Contagious Abortion of Cattle. (Farmers' Bulletin 790.) + +Breeds of Dairy Cattle. (Farmers' Bulletin 893.) + +Dehorning and Castrating Cattle. (Farmers' Bulletin 949.) + +Cattle Scab. (Farmers' Bulletin 1017.) + + + + +DETERMINING THE AGE OF CATTLE BY THE TEETH. + + +The age of cattle can be approximated closely by the appearance, +development, and subsequent wear of their second incisor teeth. Cattle +have eight incisor teeth, all in the lower jaw. In the calf at birth two +or more of the temporary or first incisor teeth are present. With the +first month the entire eight incisors have appeared. + +[Illustration: FIG 1.--Internal face of incisors of the calf.] + +As the animal approaches 2 years of age the center pair of temporary +incisor teeth or pinchers are replaced by the permanent pinchers which +at 2 years attain full development. + +[Illustration: FIG 2.--Internal face of incisors at 2 years.] + +At from 2-1/2 to 3 years the permanent first intermediates are cut and +are usually fully developed at 3 years. + +[Illustration: FIG 3.--Internal face of incisors at 3 years.] + +At 3-1/2 years the second intermediates or laterals are cut. They are on +a level with the first intermediates and begin to wear at 4 years. + +[Illustration: FIG 4.--Internal face of incisors at 4 years.] + +At 4-1/2 to 5 years the corner teeth are replaced, the animal at 5 years +having the full complement of incisors with the corners fully developed. + +[Illustration: FIG 5.--Internal face of incisors at 5 years.] + +At 5 to 6 years there is a leveling of the permanent pinchers, the +pinchers usually being leveled at six and both pairs of intermediates +partially leveled and the corner incisors showing wear. + +From seven to eight the pinchers are noticeably worn; from eight to nine +the middle pairs, and by ten years the corner teeth. + +After 6 years the arch gradually loses its rounded contour and becomes +nearly straight by the twelfth year. In the meantime the teeth have +gradually become triangular in shape, distinctly separated, and show the +progressive wearing to stubs. + +[Illustration: FIG 6.--Internal face of incisors at 12 years.] + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Determining the Age of Cattle by the +Teeth, by George W. 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