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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Temple of Nature; or, the Origin of
+Society, by Erasmus Darwin
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Temple of Nature; or, the Origin of Society
+       A Poem, with Philosophical Notes
+
+Author: Erasmus Darwin
+
+Release Date: October 9, 2008 [EBook #26861]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TEMPLE OF NATURE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Steven Gibbs, Christine P. Travers and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's note: Obvious printer's errors have been corrected, all
+other inconsistencies are as in the original. The author's spelling
+has been maintained.
+
+Some printed caracters could not be reproduce in this file and have
+been described [TN: description].]
+
+
+
+
+THE TEMPLE OF NATURE;
+
+OR,
+
+THE ORIGIN OF SOCIETY.
+
+
+T. Bensley, Printer, Bolt Court, Fleet Street, London.
+
+
+
+
+THE TEMPLE OF NATURE;
+
+OR,
+
+THE ORIGIN OF SOCIETY:
+
+A POEM,
+
+WITH PHILOSOPHICAL NOTES.
+
+
+BY
+
+ERASMUS DARWIN, M.D. F.R.S.
+
+AUTHOR OF THE BOTANIC GARDEN, OF ZOONOMIA, AND OF PHYTOLOGIA.
+
+
+
+
+  Unde hominum pecudumque genus, vitæque volantum,
+  Et quæ marmoreo fert monstra sub æquore pontus?
+  Igneus est illis vigor, & cælestis origo.
+
+                                        VIRG. Æn. VI. 728.
+
+
+
+
+LONDON: PRINTED FOR J. JOHNSON, ST. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD,
+
+BY T. BENSLEY, BOLT COURT, FLEET STREET.
+
+1803.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The Poem, which is here offered to the Public, does not pretend to
+instruct by deep researches of reasoning; its aim is simply to amuse
+by bringing distinctly to the imagination the beautiful and sublime
+images of the operations of Nature in the order, as the Author
+believes, in which the progressive course of time presented them.
+
+The Deities of Egypt, and afterwards of Greece, and Rome, were derived
+from men famous in those early times, as in the ages of hunting,
+pasturage, and agriculture. The histories of some of their actions
+recorded in Scripture, or celebrated in the heathen mythology, are
+introduced, as the Author hopes, without impropriety into his account
+of those remote periods of human society.
+
+In the Eleusinian mysteries the philosophy of the works of Nature,
+with the origin and progress of society, are believed to have been
+taught by allegoric scenery explained by the Hierophant to the
+initiated, which gave rise to the machinery of the following Poem.
+
+PRIORY NEAR DERBY,
+
+Jan. 1, 1802.
+
+
+
+
+ORIGIN OF SOCIETY.
+
+CANTO I.
+
+PRODUCTION OF LIFE.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+I. Subject proposed. Life, Love, and Sympathy 1. Four past Ages, a
+fifth beginning 9. Invocation to Love 15. II. Bowers of Eden, Adam and
+Eve 33. Temple of Nature 65. Time chained by Sculpture 75. Proteus
+bound by Menelaus 83. Bowers of Pleasure 89. School of Venus 97. Court
+of Pain 105. Den of Oblivion 113. Muse of Melancholy 121. Cave of
+Trophonius 125. Shrine of Nature 129. Eleusinian Mysteries 137. III.
+Morning 155. Procession of Virgins 159. Address to the Priestess 167.
+Descent of Orpheus into Hell 185. IV. Urania 205. GOD the First Cause
+223. Life began beneath the Sea 233. Repulsion, Attraction,
+Contraction, Life 235. Spontaneous Production of Minute Animals 247.
+Irritation, Appetency 251. Life enlarges the Earth 265. Sensation,
+Volition, Association 269. Scene in the Microscope; Mucor, Monas,
+Vibrio, Vorticella, Proteus, Mite 281. V. Vegetables and Animals
+improve by Reproduction 295. Have all arisen from Microscopic
+Animalcules 303. Rocks of Shell and Coral 315. Islands and Continents
+raised by Earthquakes 321. Emigration of Animals from the Sea 327.
+Trapa 335. Tadpole, Musquito 343. Diodon, Lizard, Beaver, Lamprey,
+Remora, Whale 351. Venus rising from the Sea, emblem of Organic Nature
+371. All animals are first Aquatic 385. Fetus in the Womb 389. Animals
+from the Mud of the Nile 401. The Hierophant and Muse 421-450.
+
+
+
+
+CANTO I.
+
+PRODUCTION OF LIFE.
+
+
+  I. By firm immutable immortal laws
+  Impress'd on Nature by the GREAT FIRST CAUSE,
+  Say, MUSE! how rose from elemental strife
+  Organic forms, and kindled into life;
+  How Love and Sympathy with potent charm
+  Warm the cold heart, the lifted hand disarm;
+  Allure with pleasures, and alarm with pains,
+  And bind Society in golden chains.
+
+    Four past eventful Ages then recite,
+  And give the fifth, new-born of Time, to light;                   10
+  The silken tissue of their joys disclose,
+  Swell with deep chords the murmur of their woes;
+  Their laws, their labours, and their loves proclaim,
+  And chant their virtues to the trump of Fame.
+
+    IMMORTAL LOVE! who ere the morn of Time,
+  On wings outstretch'd, o'er Chaos hung sublime;
+  Warm'd into life the bursting egg of Night,
+  And gave young Nature to admiring Light!--
+  YOU! whose wide arms, in soft embraces hurl'd
+  Round the vast frame, connect the whirling world!                 20
+  Whether immers'd in day, the Sun your throne,
+  You gird the planets in your silver zone;
+  Or warm, descending on ethereal wing,
+  The Earth's cold bosom with the beams of spring;
+  Press drop to drop, to atom atom bind,
+  Link sex to sex, or rivet mind to mind;
+  Attend my song!--With rosy lips rehearse,
+  And with your polish'd arrows write my verse!--
+  So shall my lines soft-rolling eyes engage,
+  And snow-white fingers turn the volant page;                      30
+  The smiles of Beauty all my toils repay,
+  And youths and virgins chant the living lay.
+
+    II. WHERE EDEN'S sacred bowers triumphant sprung,
+  By angels guarded, and by prophets sung,
+  Wav'd o'er the east in purple pride unfurl'd,
+  And rock'd the golden cradle of the World;
+  Four sparkling currents lav'd with wandering tides
+  Their velvet avenues, and flowery sides;
+  On sun-bright lawns unclad the Graces stray'd,
+  And guiltless Cupids haunted every glade;                         40
+  Till the fair Bride, forbidden shades among,
+  Heard unalarm'd the Tempter's serpent-tongue;
+  Eyed the sweet fruit, the mandate disobey'd,
+  And her fond Lord with sweeter smiles betray'd.
+  Conscious awhile with throbbing heart he strove,
+  Spread his wide arms, and barter'd life for love!--
+  Now rocks on rocks, in savage grandeur roll'd,
+  Steep above steep, the blasted plains infold;
+  The incumbent crags eternal tempest shrouds,
+  And livid light'nings cleave the lambent clouds;                  50
+  Round the firm base loud-howling whirlwinds blow,
+  And sands in burning eddies dance below.
+
+         [Footnote: _Cradle of the world_, l. 36. The nations, which
+         possess Europe and a part of Asia and of Africa, appear to
+         have descended from one family; and to have had their origin
+         near the banks of the Mediterranean, as probably in Syria,
+         the site of Paradise, according to the Mosaic history. This
+         seems highly probable from the similarity of the structure of
+         the languages of these nations, and from their early
+         possession of similar religions, customs, and arts, as well
+         as from the most ancient histories extant. The two former of
+         these may be collected from Lord Monboddo's learned work on
+         the Origin of Language, and from Mr. Bryant's curious account
+         of Ancient Mythology.
+
+         The use of iron tools, of the bow and arrow, of earthen
+         vessels to boil water in, of wheels for carriages, and the
+         arts of cultivating wheat, of coagulating milk for cheese,
+         and of spinning vegetable fibres for clothing, have been
+         known in all European countries, as long as their histories
+         have existed; besides the similarity of the texture of their
+         languages, and of many words in them; thus the word sack is
+         said to mean a bag in all of them, as [Greek: sakkon] in
+         Greek, saccus in Latin, sacco in Italian, sac in French, and
+         sack in English and German.
+
+         Other families of mankind, nevertheless, appear to have
+         arisen in other parts of the habitable earth, as the language
+         of the Chinese is said not to resemble those of this part of
+         the world in any respect. And the inhabitants of the islands
+         of the South-Sea had neither the use of iron tools nor of the
+         bow, nor of wheels, nor of spinning, nor had learned to
+         coagulate milk, or to boil water, though the domestication of
+         fire seems to have been the first great discovery that
+         distinguished mankind from the bestial inhabitants of the
+         forest.]
+
+    Hence ye profane!--the warring winds exclude
+  Unhallow'd throngs, that press with footstep rude;
+  But court the Muse's train with milder skies,
+  And call with softer voice the good and wise.
+  --Charm'd at her touch the opening wall divides,
+  And rocks of crystal form the polish'd sides;
+  Through the bright arch the Loves and Graces tread,
+  Innocuous thunders murmuring o'er their head;                     60
+  Pair after pair, and tittering, as they pass,
+  View their fair features in the walls of glass;
+  Leave with impatient step the circling bourn,
+  And hear behind the closing rocks return.
+
+    HERE, high in air, unconscious of the storm.
+  Thy temple, NATURE, rears it's mystic form;
+  From earth to heav'n, unwrought by mortal toil,
+  Towers the vast fabric on the desert soil;
+  O'er many a league the ponderous domes extend.
+  And deep in earth the ribbed vaults descend;                      70
+  A thousand jasper steps with circling sweep
+  Lead the slow votary up the winding steep;
+  Ten thousand piers, now join'd and now aloof,
+  Bear on their branching arms the fretted roof.
+
+    Unnumber'd ailes connect unnumber'd halls,
+  And sacred symbols crowd the pictur'd walls;
+  With pencil rude forgotten days design,
+  And arts, or empires, live in every line.
+  While chain'd reluctant on the marble ground,
+  Indignant TIME reclines, by Sculpture bound;                      80
+  And sternly bending o'er a scroll unroll'd,
+  Inscribes the future with his style of gold.
+  --So erst, when PROTEUS on the briny shore,
+  New forms assum'd of eagle, pard, or boar;
+  The wise ATRIDES bound in sea-weed thongs
+  The changeful god amid his scaly throngs;
+  Till in deep tones his opening lips at last
+  Reluctant told the future and the past.
+
+         [Footnote: _Pictur'd walls_, l. 76. The application of
+         mankind, in the early ages of society, to the imitative arts
+         of painting, carving, statuary, and the casting of figures in
+         metals, seems to have preceded the discovery of letters; and
+         to have been used as a written language to convey
+         intelligence to their distant friends, or to transmit to
+         posterity the history of themselves, or of their discoveries.
+         Hence the origin of the hieroglyphic figures which crowded
+         the walls of the temples of antiquity; many of which may be
+         seen in the tablet of Isis in the works of Montfaucon; and
+         some of them are still used in the sciences of chemistry and
+         astronomy, as the characters for the metals and planets, and
+         the figures of animals on the celestial globe.]
+
+         [Footnote: _So erst, when Proteus_, l. 83. It seems probable
+         that Proteus was the name of a hieroglyphic figure
+         representing Time; whose form was perpetually changing, and
+         who could discover the past events of the world, and predict
+         the future. Herodotus does not doubt but that Proteus was an
+         Egyptian king or deity; and Orpheus calls him the principle
+         of all things, and the most ancient of the gods; and adds,
+         that he keeps the keys of Nature, _Danet's Dict._, all which
+         might well accord with a figure representing Time.]
+
+    HERE o'er piazza'd courts, and long arcades,
+  The bowers of PLEASURE root their waving shades;                  90
+  Shed o'er the pansied moss a checker'd gloom,
+  Bend with new fruits, with flow'rs successive bloom.
+  Pleas'd, their light limbs on beds of roses press'd,
+  In slight undress recumbent Beauties rest;
+  On tiptoe steps surrounding Graces move,
+  And gay Desires expand their wings above.
+
+    HERE young DIONE arms her quiver'd Loves,
+  Schools her bright Nymphs, and practises her doves;
+  Calls round her laughing eyes in playful turns,
+  The glance that lightens, and the smile that burns;              100
+  Her dimpling cheeks with transient blushes dies,
+  Heaves her white bosom with seductive sighs;
+  Or moulds with rosy lips the magic words,
+  That bind the heart in adamantine cords.
+
+    Behind in twilight gloom with scowling mien
+  The demon PAIN, convokes his court unseen;
+  Whips, fetters, flames, pourtray'd on sculptur'd stone,
+  In dread festoons, adorn his ebon throne;
+  Each side a cohort of diseases stands,
+  And shudd'ring Fever leads the ghastly bands;                    110
+  O'er all Despair expands his raven wings,
+  And guilt-stain'd Conscience darts a thousand stings.
+
+    Deep-whelm'd beneath, in vast sepulchral caves,
+  OBLIVION dwells amid unlabell'd graves;
+  The storied tomb, the laurell'd bust o'erturns,
+  And shakes their ashes from the mould'ring urns.--
+  No vernal zephyr breathes, no sunbeams cheer,
+  Nor song, nor simper, ever enters here;
+  O'er the green floor, and round the dew-damp wall,
+  The slimy snail, and bloated lizard crawl;                       120
+  While on white heaps of intermingled bones
+  The muse of MELANCHOLY sits and moans;
+  Showers her cold tears o'er Beauty's early wreck,
+  Spreads her pale arms, and bends her marble neck.
+
+    So in rude rocks, beside the Ægean wave,
+  TROPHONIUS scoop'd his sorrow-sacred cave;
+  Unbarr'd to pilgrim feet the brazen door,
+  And the sad sage returning smil'd no more.
+
+         [Footnote: _Trophonius scoop'd_, l. 126. Plutarch mentions,
+         that prophecies of evil events were uttered from the cave of
+         Trophonius; but the allegorical story, that whoever entered
+         this cavern were never again seen to smile, seems to have
+         been designed to warn the contemplative from considering too
+         much the dark side of nature. Thus an ancient poet is said to
+         have written a poem on the miseries of the world, and to have
+         thence become so unhappy as to destroy himself. When we
+         reflect on the perpetual destruction of organic life, we
+         should also recollect, that it is perpetually renewed in
+         other forms by the same materials, and thus the sum total of
+         the happiness of the world continues undiminished; and that a
+         philosopher may thus smile again on turning his eyes from the
+         coffins of nature to her cradles.]
+
+    SHRIN'D in the midst majestic NATURE stands,
+  Extends o'er earth and sea her hundred hands;                    130
+  Tower upon tower her beamy forehead crests,
+  And births unnumber'd milk her hundred breasts;
+  Drawn round her brows a lucid veil depends,
+  O'er her fine waist the purfled woof descends;
+  Her stately limbs the gather'd folds surround,
+  And spread their golden selvage on the ground.
+
+         [Footnote: _Fam'd Eleusis stole_, l. 137. The Eleusinian
+         mysteries were invented in Egypt, and afterwards transferred
+         into Greece along with most of the other early arts and
+         religions of Europe. They seem to have consisted of scenical
+         representations of the philosophy and religion of those
+         times, which had previously been painted in hieroglyphic
+         figures to perpetuate them before the discovery of letters;
+         and are well explained in Dr. Warburton's divine legation of
+         Moses; who believes with great probability, that Virgil in
+         the sixth book of the Æneid has described a part of these
+         mysteries in his account of the Elysian fields.
+
+         In the first part of this scenery was represented Death, and
+         the destruction of all things; as mentioned in the note on
+         the Portland Vase in the Botanic Garden. Next the marriage of
+         Cupid and Psyche seems to have shown the reproduction of
+         living nature; and afterwards the procession of torches,
+         which is said to have constituted a part of the mysteries,
+         probably signified the return of light, and the resuscitation
+         of all things.
+
+         Lastly, the histories of illustrious persons of the early
+         ages seem to have been enacted; who were first represented by
+         hieroglyphic figures, and afterwards became the gods and
+         goddesses of Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Might not such a
+         dignified pantomime be contrived, even in this age, as might
+         strike the spectators with awe, and at the same time explain
+         many philosophical truths by adapted imagery, and thus both
+         amuse and instruct?]
+
+    From this first altar fam'd ELEUSIS stole
+  Her secret symbols and her mystic scroll;
+  With pious fraud in after ages rear'd
+  Her gorgeous temple, and the gods rever'd.                       140
+  --First in dim pomp before the astonish'd throng,
+  Silence, and Night, and Chaos, stalk'd along;
+  Dread scenes of Death, in nodding sables dress'd,
+  Froze the broad eye, and thrill'd the unbreathing breast.
+  Then the young Spring, with winged Zephyr, leads
+  The queen of Beauty to the blossom'd meads;
+  Charm'd in her train admiring Hymen moves,
+  And tiptoe Graces hand in hand with Loves.
+  Next, while on pausing step the masked mimes
+  Enact the triumphs of forgotten times,                           150
+  Conceal from vulgar throngs the mystic truth,
+  Or charm with Wisdom's lore the initiate youth;
+  Each shifting scene, some patriot hero trod,
+  Some sainted beauty, or some saviour god.
+
+    III. Now rose in purple pomp the breezy dawn,
+  And crimson dew-drops trembled on the lawn;
+  Blaz'd high in air the temple's golden vanes,
+  And dancing shadows veer'd upon the plains.--
+  Long trains of virgins from the sacred grove,
+  Pair after pair, in bright procession move,                      160
+  With flower-fill'd baskets round the altar throng,
+  Or swing their censers, as they wind along.
+  The fair URANIA leads the blushing bands,
+  Presents their offerings with unsullied hands;
+  Pleas'd to their dazzled eyes in part unshrouds
+  The goddess-form;--the rest is hid in clouds.
+
+    "PRIESTESS OF NATURE! while with pious awe
+  Thy votary bends, the mystic veil withdraw;
+  Charm after charm, succession bright, display,
+  And give the GODDESS to adoring day!                             170
+  So kneeling realms shall own the Power divine,
+  And heaven and earth pour incense on her shrine.
+
+    "Oh grant the MUSE with pausing step to press
+  Each sun-bright avenue, and green recess;
+  Led by thy hand survey the trophied walls,
+  The statued galleries, and the pictur'd halls;
+  Scan the proud pyramid, and arch sublime,
+  Earth-canker'd urn, medallion green with time,
+  Stern busts of Gods, with helmed heroes mix'd,
+  And Beauty's radiant forms, that smile betwixt.                  180
+
+         [Footnote: _The statued galleries_, l. 176. The art of
+         painting has appeared in the early state of all societies
+         before the invention of the alphabet. Thus when the Spanish
+         adventurers, under Cortez, invaded America, intelligence of
+         their debarkation and movements was daily transmitted to
+         Montezuma, by drawings, which corresponded with the Egyptian
+         hieroglyphics. The antiquity of statuary appears from the
+         Memnon and sphinxes of Egypt; that of casting figures in
+         metals from the golden calf of Aaron; and that of carving in
+         wood from the idols or household gods, which Rachel stole
+         from her father Laban, and hid beneath her garments as she
+         sat upon the straw. Gen. c. xxxi. v. 34.]
+
+    "Waked by thy voice, transmuted by thy wand,
+  Their lips shall open, and their arms expand;
+  The love-lost lady, and the warrior slain,
+  Leap from their tombs, and sigh or fight again.
+  --So when ill-fated ORPHEUS tuned to woe
+  His potent lyre, and sought the realms below;
+  Charm'd into life unreal forms respir'd,
+  And list'ning shades the dulcet notes admir'd.--
+
+    "LOVE led the Sage through Death's tremendous porch,
+  Cheer'd with his smile, and lighted with his torch;--            190
+  Hell's triple Dog his playful jaws expands,
+  Fawns round the GOD, and licks his baby hands;
+  In wondering groups the shadowy nations throng,
+  And sigh or simper, as he steps along;
+  Sad swains, and nymphs forlorn, on Lethe's brink,
+  Hug their past sorrows, and refuse to drink;
+  Night's dazzled Empress feels the golden flame
+  Play round her breast, and melt her frozen frame;
+  Charms with soft words, and sooths with amorous wiles,
+  Her iron-hearted Lord,--and PLUTO smiles.--                      200
+  His trembling Bride the Bard triumphant led
+  From the pale mansions of the astonish'd dead;
+  Gave the fair phantom to admiring light,--
+  Ah, soon again to tread irremeable night!"
+
+         [Footnote: _Love led the Sage_, l. 189. This description is
+         taken from the figures on the Barbarini, or Portland Vase,
+         where Eros, or Divine Love, with his torch precedes the manes
+         through the gates of Death, and reverting his smiling
+         countenance invites him into the Elysian fields.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Fawns round the God_, l. 192. This idea is copied
+         from a painting of the descent of Orpheus, by a celebrated
+         Parisian artist.]
+
+    IV. HER snow-white arm, indulgent to my song,
+  Waves the fair Hierophant, and moves along.--
+  High plumes, that bending shade her amber hair,
+  Nod, as she steps, their silver leaves in air;
+  Bright chains of pearl, with golden buckles brac'd,
+  Clasp her white neck, and zone her slender waist;                210
+  Thin folds of silk in soft meanders wind
+  Down her fine form, and undulate behind;
+  The purple border, on the pavement roll'd,
+  Swells in the gale, and spreads its fringe of gold.
+
+    "FIRST, if you can, celestial Guide! disclose
+  From what fair fountain mortal life arose,
+  Whence the fine nerve to move and feel assign'd,
+  Contractile fibre, and ethereal mind:
+
+    "How Love and Sympathy the bosom warm,
+  Allure with pleasure, and with pain alarm,                       220
+  With soft affections weave the social plan,
+  And charm the listening Savage into Man."
+
+    "GOD THE FIRST CAUSE!--in this terrene abode
+  Young Nature lisps, she is the child of GOD.
+  From embryon births her changeful forms improve,
+  Grow, as they live, and strengthen as they move.
+
+         [Footnote: _God the first cause_, l. 223.
+
+           A Jove principium, musæ! Jovis omnia plena.
+                                        VIRGIL.
+
+           In him we live, and move, and have our being.
+                                        ST. PAUL.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Young Nature lisps_, l. 224. The perpetual
+         production and increase of the strata of limestone from the
+         shells of aquatic animals; and of all those incumbent on them
+         from the recrements of vegetables and of terrestrial animals,
+         are now well understood from our improved knowledge of
+         geology; and show, that the solid parts of the globe are
+         gradually enlarging, and consequently that it is young; as
+         the fluid parts are not yet all converted into solid ones.
+         Add to this, that some parts of the earth and its inhabitants
+         appear younger than others; thus the greater height of the
+         mountains of America seems to show that continent to be less
+         ancient than Europe, Asia, and Africa; as their summits have
+         been less washed away, and the wild animals of America, as
+         the tigers and crocodiles, are said to be less perfect in
+         respect to their size and strength; which would show them to
+         be still in a state of infancy, or of progressive
+         improvement. Lastly, the progress of mankind in arts and
+         sciences, which continues slowly to extend, and to increase,
+         seems to evince the youth of human society; whilst the
+         unchanging state of the societies of some insects, as of the
+         bee, wasp, and ant, which is usually ascribed to instinct,
+         seems to evince the longer existence, and greater maturity of
+         those societies. The juvenility of the earth shows, that it
+         has had a beginning or birth, and is a strong natural
+         argument evincing the existence of a cause of its production,
+         that is of the Deity.]
+
+    "Ere Time began, from flaming Chaos hurl'd
+  Rose the bright spheres, which form the circling world;
+  Earths from each sun with quick explosions burst,
+  And second planets issued from the first.                        230
+  Then, whilst the sea at their coeval birth,
+  Surge over surge, involv'd the shoreless earth;
+  Nurs'd by warm sun-beams in primeval caves
+  Organic Life began beneath the waves.
+
+         [Footnote: _Earths from each sun_, l. 229. See Botan. Garden,
+         Vol. I. Cant. I. l. 107.]
+
+    "First HEAT from chemic dissolution springs,
+  And gives to matter its eccentric wings;
+  With strong REPULSION parts the exploding mass,
+  Melts into lymph, or kindles into gas.
+  ATTRACTION next, as earth or air subsides,
+  The ponderous atoms from the light divides,                      240
+  Approaching parts with quick embrace combines,
+  Swells into spheres, and lengthens into lines.
+  Last, as fine goads the gluten-threads excite,
+  Cords grapple cords, and webs with webs unite;
+  And quick CONTRACTION with ethereal flame
+  Lights into life the fibre-woven frame.--
+  Hence without parent by spontaneous birth
+  Rise the first specks of animated earth;
+  From Nature's womb the plant or insect swims,
+  And buds or breathes, with microscopic limbs.                    250
+
+         [Footnote: _First Heat from chemic_, l. 235. The matter of
+         heat is an ethereal fluid, in which all things are immersed,
+         and which constitutes the general power of repulsion; as
+         appears in explosions which are produced by the sudden
+         evolution of combined heat, and by the expansion of all
+         bodies by the slower diffusion of it in its uncombined state.
+         Without heat all the matter of the world would be condensed
+         into a point by the power of attraction; and neither fluidity
+         nor life could exist. There are also particular powers of
+         repulsion, as those of magnetism and electricity, and of
+         chemistry, such as oil and water; which last may be as
+         numerous as the particular attractions which constitute
+         chemical affinities; and may both of them exist as
+         atmospheres round the individual particles of matter; see
+         Botanic Garden, Vol. I. additional note VII. on elementary
+         heat.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Attraction next_, l. 239. The power of attraction
+         may be divided into general attraction, which is called
+         gravity; and into particular attraction, which is termed
+         chemical affinity. As nothing can act where it does not
+         exist, the power of gravity must be conceived as extending
+         from the sun to the planets, occupying that immense space;
+         and may therefore be considered as an ethereal fluid, though
+         not cognizable by our senses like heat, light, and
+         electricity.
+
+         Particular attraction, or chemical affinity, must likewise
+         occupy the spaces between the particles of matter which they
+         cause to approach each other. The power of gravity may
+         therefore be called the general attractive ether, and the
+         matter of heat may be called the general repulsive ether;
+         which constitute the two great agents in the changes of
+         inanimate matter.]
+
+         [Footnote: _And quick Contraction_, l. 245. The power of
+         contraction, which exists in organized bodies, and
+         distinguishes life from inanimation, appears to consist of an
+         ethereal fluid which resides in the brain and nerves of
+         living bodies, and is expended in the act of shortening their
+         fibres. The attractive and repulsive ethers require only the
+         vicinity of bodies for the exertion of their activity, but
+         the contractive ether requires at first the contact of a goad
+         or stimulus, which appears to draw it off from the
+         contracting fibre, and to excite the sensorial power of
+         irritation. These contractions of animal fibres are
+         afterwards excited or repeated by the sensorial powers of
+         sensation, volition, or association, as explained at large in
+         Zoonomia, Vol. I.
+
+         There seems nothing more wonderful in the ether of
+         contraction producing the shortening of a fibre, than in the
+         ether of attraction causing two bodies to approach each
+         other. The former indeed seems in some measure to resemble
+         the latter, as it probably occasions the minute particles of
+         the fibre to approach into absolute or adhesive contact, by
+         withdrawing from them their repulsive atmospheres; whereas
+         the latter seems only to cause particles of matter to
+         approach into what is popularly called contact, like the
+         particles of fluids; but which are only in the vicinity of
+         each other, and still retain their repulsive atmospheres, as
+         may be seen in riding through shallow water by the number of
+         minute globules of it thrown up by the horses feet, which
+         roll far on its surface; and by the difficulty with which
+         small globules of mercury poured on the surface of a quantity
+         of it can be made to unite with it.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Spontaneous birth_, l. 247. See additional Note,
+         No. I.]
+
+    "IN earth, sea, air, around, below, above,
+  Life's subtle woof in Nature's loom is wove;
+  Points glued to points a living line extends,
+  Touch'd by some goad approach the bending ends;
+  Rings join to rings, and irritated tubes
+  Clasp with young lips the nutrient globes or cubes;
+  And urged by appetencies new select,
+  Imbibe, retain, digest, secrete, eject.
+  In branching cones the living web expands,
+  Lymphatic ducts, and convoluted glands;                          260
+  Aortal tubes propel the nascent blood,
+  And lengthening veins absorb the refluent flood;
+  Leaves, lungs, and gills, the vital ether breathe
+  On earth's green surface, or the waves beneath.
+  So Life's first powers arrest the winds and floods,
+  To bones convert them, or to shells, or woods;
+  Stretch the vast beds of argil, lime, and sand,
+  And from diminish'd oceans form the land!
+
+         [Footnote: _In branching cones_, l. 259. The whole branch of
+         an artery or vein may be considered as a cone, though each
+         distinct division of it is a cylinder. It is probable that
+         the amount of the areas of all the small branches from one
+         trunk may equal that of the trunk, otherwise the velocity of
+         the blood would be greater in some parts than in others,
+         which probably only exists when a part is compressed or
+         inflamed.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Absorb the refluent flood_, l. 262. The force of
+         the arterial impulse appears to cease, after having propelled
+         the blood through the capillary vessels; whence the venous
+         circulation is owing to the extremities of the veins
+         absorbing the blood, as those of the lymphatics absorb the
+         fluids. The great force of absorption is well elucidated by
+         Dr. Hales's experiment on the rise of the sap-juice in a
+         vine-stump; see Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XXIII.]
+
+         [Footnote: _And from diminish'd oceans_, l. 268. The increase
+         of the solid parts of the globe by the recrements of organic
+         bodies, as limestone rocks from shells and bones, and the
+         beds of clay, marl, coals, from decomposed woods, is now well
+         known to those who have attended to modern geology; and Dr.
+         Halley, and others, have endeavoured to show, with great
+         probability, that the ocean has decreased in quantity during
+         the short time which human history has existed. Whence it
+         appears, that the exertions of vegetable and animal life
+         convert the fluid parts of the globe into solid ones; which
+         is probably effected by combining the matter of heat with the
+         other elements, instead of suffering it to remain simply
+         diffused amongst them, which is a curious conjecture, and
+         deserves further investigation.]
+
+    "Next the long nerves unite their silver train,
+  And young SENSATION permeates the brain;                         270
+  Through each new sense the keen emotions dart,
+  Flush the young cheek, and swell the throbbing heart.
+  From pain and pleasure quick VOLITIONS rise,
+  Lift the strong arm, or point the inquiring eyes;
+  With Reason's light bewilder'd Man direct,
+  And right and wrong with balance nice detect.
+  Last in thick swarms ASSOCIATIONS spring,
+  Thoughts join to thoughts, to motions motions cling;
+  Whence in long trains of catenation flow
+  Imagined joy, and voluntary woe.                                 280
+
+         [Footnote: _And young Sensation_, l. 270. Both sensation and
+         volition consist in an affection of the central part of the
+         sensorium, or of the whole of it; and hence cannot exist till
+         the nerves are united in the brain. The motions of a limb of
+         any animal cut from the body, are therefore owing to
+         irritation, not to sensation or to volition. For the
+         definitions of irritation, sensation, volition, and
+         association, see additional Note II.]
+
+    "So, view'd through crystal spheres in drops saline,
+  Quick-shooting salts in chemic forms combine;
+  Or Mucor-stems, a vegetative tribe,
+  Spread their fine roots, the tremulous wave imbibe.
+  Next to our wondering eyes the focus brings
+  Self-moving lines, and animated rings;
+  First Monas moves, an unconnected point,
+  Plays round the drop without a limb or joint;
+  Then Vibrio waves, with capillary eels,
+  And Vorticella whirls her living wheels;                         290
+  While insect Proteus sports with changeful form
+  Through the bright tide, a globe, a cube, a worm.
+  Last o'er the field the Mite enormous swims,
+  Swells his red heart, and writhes his giant limbs.
+
+         [Footnote: _Or Mucor-stems_, l. 283. Mucor or mould in its
+         early state is properly a microscopic vegetable, and is
+         spontaneously produced on the scum of all decomposing organic
+         matter. The Monas is a moving speck, the Vibrio an undulating
+         wire, the Proteus perpetually changes its shape, and the
+         Vorticella has wheels about its mouth, with which it makes an
+         eddy, and is supposed thus to draw into its throat invisible
+         animalcules. These names are from Linneus and Muller; see
+         Appendix to Additional Note I.]
+
+    V. "ORGANIC LIFE beneath the shoreless waves
+  Was born and nurs'd in Ocean's pearly caves;
+  First forms minute, unseen by spheric glass,
+  Move on the mud, or pierce the watery mass;
+  These, as successive generations bloom,
+  New powers acquire, and larger limbs assume;                     300
+  Whence countless groups of vegetation spring,
+  And breathing realms of fin, and feet, and wing.
+
+         [Footnote: _Beneath the shoreless waves_, l. 295. The earth
+         was originally covered with water, as appears from some of
+         its highest mountains, consisting of shells cemented together
+         by a solution of part of them, as the limestone rocks of the
+         Alps; Ferber's Travels. It must be therefore concluded, that
+         animal life began beneath the sea.
+
+         Nor is this unanalogous to what still occurs, as all
+         quadrupeds and mankind in their embryon state are aquatic
+         animals; and thus may be said to resemble gnats and frogs.
+         The fetus in the uterus has an organ called the placenta, the
+         fine extremities of the vessels of which permeate the
+         arteries of the uterus, and the blood of the fetus becomes
+         thus oxygenated from the passing stream of the maternal
+         arterial blood; exactly as is done by the gills of fish from
+         the stream of water, which they occasion to pass through
+         them.
+
+         But the chicken in the egg possesses a kind of aerial
+         respiration, since the extremities of its placental vessels
+         terminate on a membranous bag, which contains air, at the
+         broad end of the egg; and in this the chick in the egg
+         differs from the fetus in the womb, as there is in the egg no
+         circulating maternal blood for the insertion of the
+         extremities of its respiratory vessels, and in this also I
+         suspect that the eggs of birds differ from the spawn of fish;
+         which latter is immersed in water, and which has probably the
+         extremities of its respiratory organ inserted into the soft
+         membrane which covers it, and is in contact with the water.]
+
+         [Footnote: _First forms minute_, l. 297. See Additional Note
+         I. on Spontaneous Vitality.]
+
+    "Thus the tall Oak, the giant of the wood,
+  Which bears Britannia's thunders on the flood;
+  The Whale, unmeasured monster of the main,
+  The lordly Lion, monarch of the plain,
+  The Eagle soaring in the realms of air,
+  Whose eye undazzled drinks the solar glare,
+  Imperious man, who rules the bestial crowd,
+  Of language, reason, and reflection proud,                       310
+  With brow erect who scorns this earthy sod,
+  And styles himself the image of his God;
+  Arose from rudiments of form and sense,
+  An embryon point, or microscopic ens!
+
+    "Now in vast shoals beneath the brineless tide,
+  On earth's firm crust testaceous tribes reside;
+  Age after age expands the peopled plain,
+  The tenants perish, but their cells remain;
+  Whence coral walls and sparry hills ascend
+  From pole to pole, and round the line extend.                    320
+
+         [Footnote: _An embryon point_, l. 314. The arguments showing
+         that all vegetables and animals arose from such a small
+         beginning, as a living point or living fibre, are detailed in
+         Zoonomia, Sect. XXXIX. 4. 8. on Generation.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Brineless tide_, l. 315. As the salt of the sea
+         has been gradually accumulating, being washed down into it
+         from the recrements of animal and vegetable bodies, the sea
+         must originally have been as fresh as river water; and as it
+         is not saturated with salt, must become annually saline. The
+         sea-water about our island contains at this time from about
+         one twenty-eighth to one thirtieth part of sea salt, and
+         about one eightieth of magnesian salt; Brownrigg on Salt.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Whence coral walls_, l. 319. An account of the
+         structure of the earth is given in Botanic Garden, Vol. I.
+         Additional Notes, XVI. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXIII. XXIV.]
+
+    "Next when imprison'd fires in central caves
+  Burst the firm earth, and drank the headlong waves;
+  And, as new airs with dread explosion swell,
+  Form'd lava-isles, and continents of shell;
+  Pil'd rocks on rocks, on mountains mountains raised,
+  And high in heaven the first volcanoes blazed;
+  In countless swarms an insect-myriad moves
+  From sea-fan gardens, and from coral groves;
+  Leaves the cold caverns of the deep, and creeps
+  On shelving shores, or climbs on rocky steeps.                   330
+  As in dry air the sea-born stranger roves,
+  Each muscle quickens, and each sense improves;
+  Cold gills aquatic form respiring lungs,
+  And sounds aerial flow from slimy tongues.
+
+         [Footnote: _Drunk the headlong waves_, l. 322. See Additional
+         Note III.]
+
+         [Footnote: _An insect-myriad moves_, l. 327. After islands or
+         continents were raised above the primeval ocean, great
+         numbers of the most simple animals would attempt to seek food
+         at the edges or shores of the new land, and might thence
+         gradually become amphibious; as is now seen in the frog, who
+         changes from an aquatic animal to an amphibious one; and in
+         the gnat, which changes from a natant to a volant state.
+
+         At the same time new microscopic animalcules would
+         immediately commence wherever there was warmth and moisture,
+         and some organic matter, that might induce putridity. Those
+         situated on dry land, and immersed in dry air, may gradually
+         acquire new powers to preserve their existence; and by
+         innumerable successive reproductions for some thousands, or
+         perhaps millions of ages, may at length have produced many of
+         the vegetable and animal inhabitants which now people the
+         earth.
+
+         As innumerable shell-fish must have existed a long time
+         beneath the ocean, before the calcareous mountains were
+         produced and elevated; it is also probable, that many of the
+         insect tribes, or less complicate animals, existed long
+         before the quadrupeds or more complicate ones, which in some
+         measure accords with the theory of Linneus in respect to the
+         vegetable world; who thinks, that all the plants now extant
+         arose from the conjunction and reproduction of about sixty
+         different vegetables, from which he constitutes his natural
+         orders.
+
+         As the blood of animals in the air becomes more oxygenated in
+         their lungs, than that of animals in water by their gills; it
+         becomes of a more scarlet colour, and from its greater
+         stimulus the sensorium seems to produce quicker motions and
+         finer sensations; and as water is a much better vehicle for
+         vibrations or sounds than air, the fish, even when dying in
+         pain, are mute in the atmosphere, though it is probable that
+         in the water they may utter sounds to be heard at a
+         considerable distance. See on this subject, Botanic Garden,
+         Vol. I. Canto IV. l. 176, Note.]
+
+    "So Trapa rooted in pellucid tides,
+  In countless threads her breathing leaves divides,
+  Waves her bright tresses in the watery mass,
+  And drinks with gelid gills the vital gas;
+  Then broader leaves in shadowy files advance,
+  Spread o'er the crystal flood their green expanse;               340
+  And, as in air the adherent dew exhales,
+  Court the warm sun, and breathe ethereal gales.
+
+         [Footnote: _So Trapa rooted_, l. 335. The lower leaves of
+         this plant grow under water, and are divided into minute
+         capillary ramifications; while the upper leaves are broad and
+         round, and have air bladders in their footstalks to support
+         them above the surface of the water. As the aerial leaves of
+         vegetables do the office of lungs, by exposing a large
+         surface of vessels with their contained fluids to the
+         influence of the air; so these aquatic leaves answer a
+         similar purpose like the gills of fish, and perhaps gain from
+         water a similar material. As the material thus necessary to
+         life seems to be more easily acquired from air than from
+         water, the subaquatic leaves of this plant and of sisymbrium,
+         oenanthe, ranunculus aquatilis, water crow-foot, and some
+         others, are cut into fine divisions to increase the surface,
+         whilst those above water are undivided; see Botanic Garden,
+         Vol. II. Canto IV. l. 204. Note.
+
+         Few of the water plants of this country are used for
+         economical purposes, but the ranunculus fluviatilis may be
+         worth cultivation; as on the borders of the river Avon, near
+         Ringwood, the cottagers cut this plant every morning in
+         boats, almost all the year round, to feed their cows, which
+         appear in good condition, and give a due quantity of milk;
+         see a paper from Dr. Pultney in the Transactions of the
+         Linnean Society, Vol. V.]
+
+    "So still the Tadpole cleaves the watery vale
+  With balanc'd fins, and undulating tail;
+  New lungs and limbs proclaim his second birth,
+  Breathe the dry air, and bound upon the earth.
+  So from deep lakes the dread Musquito springs,
+  Drinks the soft breeze, and dries his tender wings,
+  In twinkling squadrons cuts his airy way,
+  Dips his red trunk in blood, and man his prey.                   350
+
+         [Footnote: _So still the Tadpole_, l. 343. The transformation
+         of the tadpole from an aquatic animal into an aerial one is
+         abundantly curious, when first it is hatched from the spawn
+         by the warmth of the season, it resembles a fish; it
+         afterwards puts forth legs, and resembles a lizard; and
+         finally losing its tail, and acquiring lungs instead of
+         gills, becomes an aerial quadruped.
+
+         The rana temporaria of Linneus lives in the water in spring,
+         and on the land in summer, and catches flies. Of the rana
+         paradoxa the larva or tadpole is as large as the frog, and
+         dwells in Surinam, whence the mistake of Merian and of Seba,
+         who call it a frog fish. The esculent frog is green, with
+         three yellow lines from the mouth to the anus; the back
+         transversely gibbous, the hinder feet palmated; its more
+         frequent croaking in the evenings is said to foretell rain.
+         Linnei Syst. Nat. Art. rana.
+
+         Linneus asserts in his introduction to the class Amphibia,
+         that frogs are so nearly allied to lizards, lizards to
+         serpents, and serpents to fish, that the boundaries of these
+         orders can scarcely be ascertained.]
+
+         [Footnote: _The dread Musquito springs_, l. 347. See
+         Additional Note IV.]
+
+    "So still the Diodons, amphibious tribe,
+  With two-fold lungs the sea or air imbibe;
+  Allied to fish, the lizard cleaves the flood
+  With one-cell'd heart, and dark frigescent blood;
+  Half-reasoning Beavers long-unbreathing dart
+  Through Erie's waves with perforated heart;
+  With gills and lungs respiring Lampreys steer,
+  Kiss the rude rocks, and suck till they adhere;
+  The lazy Remora's inhaling lips,
+  Hung on the keel, retard the struggling ships;                   360
+  With gills pulmonic breathes the enormous Whale,
+  And spouts aquatic columns to the gale;
+  Sports on the shining wave at noontide hours,
+  And shifting rainbows crest the rising showers.
+
+         [Footnote: _So still the Diodon_, l. 351. See Additional Note
+         V.]
+
+         [Footnote: _At noontide hours_, l. 363. The rainbows in our
+         latitude are only seen in the mornings or evenings, when the
+         sun is not much more than forty-two degrees high. In the more
+         northern latitudes, where the meridian sun is not more than
+         forty-two degrees high, they are also visible at noon.]
+
+    "So erst, ere rose the science to record
+  In letter'd syllables the volant word;
+  Whence chemic arts, disclosed in pictured lines,
+  Liv'd to mankind by hieroglyphic signs;
+  And clustering stars, pourtray'd on mimic spheres,
+  Assumed the forms of lions, bulls, and bears;                    370
+  --So erst, as Egypt's rude designs explain,
+  Rose young DIONE from the shoreless main;
+  Type of organic Nature! source of bliss!
+  Emerging Beauty from the vast abyss!
+  Sublime on Chaos borne, the Goddess stood,
+  And smiled enchantment on the troubled flood;
+  The warring elements to peace restored,
+  And young Reflection wondered and adored."
+
+         [Footnote: _As Egypt's rude design_, l. 371. See Additional
+         Note VI.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Rose young Dione_, l. 372. The hieroglyphic
+         figure of Venus rising from the sea supported on a shell by
+         two tritons, as well as that of Hercules armed with a club,
+         appear to be remains of the most remote antiquity. As the
+         former is devoid of grace, and of the pictorial art of
+         design, as one half of the group exactly resembles the other;
+         and as that of Hercules is armed with a club, which was the
+         first weapon.
+
+         The Venus seems to have represented the beauty of organic
+         Nature rising from the sea, and afterwards became simply an
+         emblem of ideal beauty; while the figure of Adonis was
+         probably designed to represent the more abstracted idea of
+         life or animation. Some of these hieroglyphic designs seem to
+         evince the profound investigations in science of the Egyptian
+         philosophers, and to have outlived all written language; and
+         still constitute the symbols, by which painters and poets
+         give form and animation to abstracted ideas, as to those of
+         strength and beauty in the above instances.]
+
+    Now paused the Nymph,--The Muse responsive cries,
+  Sweet admiration sparkling in her eyes,                          380
+  "Drawn by your pencil, by your hand unfurl'd,
+  Bright shines the tablet of the dawning world;
+  Amazed the Sea's prolific depths I view,
+  And VENUS rising from the waves in YOU!
+
+    "Still Nature's births enclosed in egg or seed
+  From the tall forest to the lowly weed,
+  Her beaux and beauties, butterflies and worms,
+  Rise from aquatic to aerial forms.
+  Thus in the womb the nascent infant laves
+  Its natant form in the circumfluent waves;                       390
+  With perforated heart unbreathing swims,
+  Awakes and stretches all its recent limbs;
+  With gills placental seeks the arterial flood,
+  And drinks pure ether from its Mother's blood.
+  Erewhile the landed Stranger bursts his way,
+  From the warm wave emerging into day;
+  Feels the chill blast, and piercing light, and tries
+  His tender lungs, and rolls his dazzled eyes;
+  Gives to the passing gale his curling hair,
+  And steps a dry inhabitant of air.                               400
+
+         [Footnote: _Awakes and stretches_, l. 392. During the first
+         six months of gestation, the embryon probably sleeps, as it
+         seems to have no use for voluntary power; it then seems to
+         awake, and to stretch its limbs, and change its posture in
+         some degree, which is termed quickening.]
+
+         [Footnote: _With gills placental_, l. 393. The placenta
+         adheres to any side of the uterus in natural gestation, or of
+         any other cavity in extra-uterine gestation; the extremities
+         of its arteries and veins probably permeate the arteries of
+         the mother, and absorb from thence through their fine coats
+         the oxygen of the mother's blood; hence when the placenta is
+         withdrawn, the side of the uterus, where it adhered, bleeds;
+         but not the extremities of its own vessels.]
+
+         [Footnote: _His dazzled eyes_, l. 398. Though the membrana
+         pupillaris described by modern anatomists guards the tender
+         retina from too much light; the young infant nevertheless
+         seems to feel the presence of it by its frequently moving its
+         eyes, before it can distinguish common objects.]
+
+    "Creative Nile, as taught in ancient song,
+  So charm'd to life his animated throng;
+  O'er his wide realms the slow-subsiding flood
+  Left the rich treasures of organic mud;
+  While with quick growth young Vegetation yields
+  Her blushing orchards, and her waving fields;
+  Pomona's hand replenish'd Plenty's horn,
+  And Ceres laugh'd amid her seas of corn.--
+  Bird, beast, and reptile, spring from sudden birth,
+  Raise their new forms, half-animal, half-earth;                  410
+  The roaring lion shakes his tawny mane,
+  His struggling limbs still rooted in the plain;
+  With flapping wings assurgent eagles toil
+  To rend their talons from the adhesive soil;
+  The impatient serpent lifts his crested head,
+  And drags his train unfinish'd from the bed.--
+  As Warmth and Moisture blend their magic spells,
+  And brood with mingling wings the slimy dells;
+  Contractile earths in sentient forms arrange,
+  And Life triumphant stays their chemic change."                  420
+
+         [Footnote: _As warmth and moisture_, l. 417.
+
+                           In eodem corpore sæpe
+           Altera pars vivit; rudis est pars altera tellus.
+           Quippe ubi temperiem sumpsêre humorque calorque,
+           Concipiunt; & ab his oriuntur, cuncta duobus.
+
+                                        OVID. MET. l. 1. 430.
+
+         This story from Ovid of the production of animals from the
+         mud of the Nile seems to be of Egyptian origin, and is
+         probably a poetical account of the opinions of the magi or
+         priests of that country; showing that the simplest animations
+         were spontaneously produced like chemical combinations, but
+         were distinguished from the latter by their perpetual
+         improvement by the power of reproduction, first by solitary,
+         and then by sexual generation; whereas the products of
+         natural chemistry are only enlarged by accretion, or purified
+         by filtration.]
+
+    Then hand in hand along the waving glades
+  The virgin Sisters pass beneath the shades;
+  Ascend the winding steps with pausing march,
+  And seek the Portico's susurrant arch;
+  Whose sculptur'd architrave on columns borne
+  Drinks the first blushes of the rising morn,
+  Whose fretted roof an ample shield displays,
+  And guards the Beauties from meridian rays.
+  While on light step enamour'd Zephyr springs,
+  And fans their glowing features with his wings,                  430
+  Imbibes the fragrance of the vernal flowers,
+  And speeds with kisses sweet the dancing Hours.
+
+    Urania, leaning with unstudied grace,
+  Rests her white elbow on a column's base;
+  Awhile reflecting takes her silent stand,
+  Her fair cheek press'd upon her lily hand;
+  Then, as awaking from ideal trance,
+  On the smooth floor her pausing steps advance,
+  Waves high her arm, upturns her lucid eyes,
+  Marks the wide scenes of ocean, earth, and skies;                440
+  And leads, meandering as it rolls along
+  Through Nature's walks, the shining stream of Song.
+
+    First her sweet voice in plaintive accents chains
+  The Muse's ear with fascinating strains;
+  Reverts awhile to elemental strife,
+  The change of form, and brevity of life;
+  Then tells how potent Love with torch sublime
+  Relights the glimmering lamp, and conquers Time.
+  --The polish'd walls reflect her rosy smiles,
+  And sweet-ton'd echoes talk along the ailes.                     450
+
+
+END OF CANTO I.
+
+
+
+
+ORIGIN OF SOCIETY.
+
+CANTO II.
+
+REPRODUCTION OF LIFE.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+I. Brevity of Life 1. Reproduction 13. Animals improve 31. Life and
+Death alternate 37. Adonis emblem of Mortal Life 45. II. Solitary
+reproduction 61. Buds, Bulbs, Polypus 65. Truffle; Buds of trees how
+generated 71. Volvox, Polypus, Tænia, Oysters, Corals, are without Sex
+83. Storge goddess of Parental Love; First chain of Society 92. III.
+Female sex produced 103. Tulip bulbs, Aphis 125. Eve from Adam's rib
+135. IV. Hereditary diseases 159. Grafted trees, bulbous roots
+degenerate 167. Gout, Mania, Scrofula, Consumption 177. Time and
+Nature 185. V. Urania and the Muse lament 205. Cupid and Psyche, the
+deities of sexual love 221. Speech of Hymen 239. Second chain of
+Society 250. Young Desire 251. Love and Beauty save the world 257.
+Vegetable sexes, Anthers and Stigmas salute 263. Vegetable sexual
+generation 271. Anthers of Vallisneria float to the Stigmas 279. Ant,
+Lampyris, Glow-Worm, Snail 287. Silk-Worm 293. VI. Demon of Jealousy
+307. Cocks, Quails, Stags, Boars 313. Knights of Romance 327. Helen
+and Paris 333. Connubial love 341. Married Birds, nests of the Linnet
+and Nightingale 343. Lions, Tigers, Bulls, Horses 357. Triumphal car
+of Cupid 361. Fish, Birds, Insects 371. Vegetables 389. March of Hymen
+411. His lamp 419. VII. Urania's advice to her Nymphs 425. Dines with
+the Muse on forbidden Fruit 435. Angels visit Abraham 447-458.
+
+
+
+
+CANTO II.
+
+REPRODUCTION OF LIFE.
+
+
+  I. "How short the span of LIFE! some hours possess'd,
+  Warm but to cool, and active but to rest!--
+  The age-worn fibres goaded to contract,
+  By repetition palsied, cease to act;
+  When Time's cold hands the languid senses seize,
+  Chill the dull nerves, the lingering currents freeze;
+  Organic matter, unreclaim'd by Life,
+  Reverts to elements by chemic strife.
+  Thus Heat evolv'd from some fermenting mass
+  Expands the kindling atoms into gas;                              10
+  Which sink ere long in cold concentric rings,
+  Condensed, on Gravity's descending wings.
+
+         [Footnote: _How short the span of Life_, l. 1. The thinking
+         few in all ages have complained of the brevity of life,
+         lamenting that mankind are not allowed time sufficient to
+         cultivate science, or to improve their intellect. Hippocrates
+         introduces his celebrated aphorisms with this idea; "Life is
+         short, science long, opportunities of knowledge rare,
+         experiments fallacious, and reasoning difficult."--A
+         melancholy reflection to philosophers!]
+
+         [Footnote: _The age-worn fibres_, l. 3. Why the same kinds of
+         food, which enlarge and invigorate the body from infancy to
+         the meridian of life, and then nourish it for some years
+         unimpaired, should at length gradually cease to do so, and
+         the debility of age and death supervene, would be liable to
+         surprise us if we were not in the daily habit of observing
+         it; and is a circumstance which has not yet been well
+         understood.
+
+         Before mankind introduced civil society, old age did not
+         exist in the world, nor other lingering diseases; as all
+         living creatures, as soon as they became too feeble to defend
+         themselves, were slain and eaten by others, except the young
+         broods, who were defended by their mother; and hence the
+         animal world existed uniformly in its greatest strength and
+         perfection; see Additional Note VII.]
+
+    "But REPRODUCTION with ethereal fires
+  New Life rekindles, ere the first expires;
+  Calls up renascent Youth, ere tottering age
+  Quits the dull scene, and gives him to the stage;
+  Bids on his cheek the rose of beauty blow,
+  And binds the wreaths of pleasure round his brow;
+  With finer links the vital chain extends,
+  And the long line of Being never ends.                            20
+
+         [Footnote: _But Reproduction_, l. 13. See Additional Note
+         VIII.]
+
+    "Self-moving Engines by unbending springs
+  May walk on earth, or flap their mimic wings;
+  In tubes of glass mercurial columns rise,
+  Or sink, obedient to the incumbent skies;
+  Or, as they touch the figured scale, repeat
+  The nice gradations of circumfluent heat.
+  But REPRODUCTION, when the perfect Elf
+  Forms from fine glands another like itself,
+  Gives the true character of life and sense,
+  And parts the organic from the chemic Ens.--                      30
+  Where milder skies protect the nascent brood,
+  And earth's warm bosom yields salubrious food;
+  Each new Descendant with superior powers
+  Of sense and motion speeds the transient hours;
+  Braves every season, tenants every clime,
+  And Nature rises on the wings of Time.
+
+         [Footnote: _Unbending springs_, l. 21. See Additional Note I.
+         4.]
+
+    "As LIFE discordant elements arrests,
+  Rejects the noxious, and the pure digests;
+  Combines with Heat the fluctuating mass,
+  And gives a while solidity to gas;                                40
+  Organic forms with chemic changes strive,
+  Live but to die, and die but to revive!
+  Immortal matter braves the transient storm,
+  Mounts from the wreck, unchanging but in form.--
+
+         [Footnote: _Combines with Heat_, l. 39. It was shown in note
+         on line 248 of the first Canto, that much of the aerial and
+         liquid parts of the terraqueous globe was converted by the
+         powers of life into solid matter; and that this was effected
+         by the combination of the fluid, heat, with other elementary
+         bodies by the appetencies and propensities of the parts of
+         living matter to unite with each other. But when these
+         appetencies and propensities of the parts of organic matter
+         to unite with each other cease, the chemical affinities of
+         attraction and the aptitude to be attracted, and of repulsion
+         and the aptitude to be repelled, succeed, and reduce much of
+         the solid matters back to the condition of elements; which
+         seems to be effected by the matter of heat being again set at
+         liberty, which was combined with other matters by the powers
+         of life; and thus by its diffusion the solid bodies return
+         into liquid ones or into gasses, as occurs in the processes
+         of fermentation, putrefaction, sublimation, and calcination.
+         Whence solidity appears to be produced in consequence of the
+         diminution of heat, as the condensation of steam into water,
+         and the consolidation of water into ice, or by the
+         combination of heat with bodies, as with the materials of
+         gunpowder before its explosion.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Immortal matter_, l. 43. The perpetual mutability
+         of the forms of matter seems to have struck the philosophers
+         of great antiquity; the system of transmigration taught by
+         Pythagoras, in which the souls of men were supposed after
+         death to animate the bodies of a variety of animals, appears
+         to have arisen from this source. He had observed the
+         perpetual changes of organic matter from one creature to
+         another, and concluded, that the vivifying spirit must attend
+         it.]
+
+    "So, as the sages of the East record
+  In sacred symbol, or unletter'd word;
+  Emblem of Life, to change eternal doom'd,
+  The beauteous form of fair ADONIS bloom'd.--
+  On Syrian hills the graceful Hunter slain
+  Dyed with his gushing blood the shuddering plain;                 50
+  And, slow-descending to the Elysian shade,
+  A while with PROSERPINE reluctant stray'd;
+  Soon from the yawning grave the bursting clay
+  Restor'd the Beauty to delighted day;
+  Array'd in youth's resuscitated charms,
+  And young DIONE woo'd him to her arms.--
+  Pleased for a while the assurgent youth above
+  Relights the golden lamp of life and love;
+  Ah, soon again to leave the cheerful light,
+  And sink alternate to the realms of night.                        60
+
+         [Footnote: _Emblem of Life_, l. 47. The Egyptian figure of
+         Venus rising from the sea seems to have represented the
+         Beauty of organic Nature; which the philosophers of that
+         country, the magi, appear to have discovered to have been
+         elevated by earthquakes from the primeval ocean. But the
+         hieroglyphic figure of Adonis seems to have signified the
+         spirit of animation or life, which was perpetually wooed or
+         courted by organic matter, and which perished and revived
+         alternately. Afterwards the fable of Adonis seems to have
+         given origin to the first religion promising a resurrection
+         from the dead; whence his funeral and return to life were
+         celebrated for many ages in Egypt and Syria, the ceremonies
+         of which Ezekiel complains as idolatrous, accusing the women
+         of Israel of lamenting over Thammus; which St. Cyril
+         interprets to be Adonis, in his Commentaries on Isaiah;
+         Danet's Diction.]
+
+    II. "HENCE ere Vitality, as time revolves,
+  Leaves the cold organ, and the mass dissolves;
+  The Reproductions of the living Ens
+  From sires to sons, unknown to sex, commence.
+  New buds and bulbs the living fibre shoots
+  On lengthening branches, and protruding roots;
+  Or on the father's side from bursting glands
+  The adhering young its nascent form expands;
+  In branching lines the parent-trunk adorns,
+  And parts ere long like plumage, hairs, or horns.                 70
+
+    "So the lone Truffle, lodged beneath the earth,
+  Shoots from paternal roots the tuberous birth;
+  No stamen-males ascend, and breathe above,
+  No seed-born offspring lives by female love.
+  From each young tree, for future buds design'd
+  Organic drops exsude beneath the rind;
+  While these with appetencies nice invite,
+  And those with apt propensities unite;
+  New embryon fibrils round the trunk combine
+  With quick embrace, and form the living line:                     80
+  Whose plume and rootlet at their early birth
+  Seek the dry air, or pierce the humid earth.
+
+         [Footnote: _So the lone Truffle_, l. 71. Lycoperdon tuber.
+         This plant never rises above the earth, is propagated without
+         seed by its roots only, and seems to require no light.
+         Perhaps many other fungi are generated without seed by their
+         roots only, and without light, and approach on the last
+         account to animal nature.]
+
+         [Footnote: _While these with appetencies_, l. 77. See
+         Additional Note VIII.]
+
+    "So safe in waves prolific Volvox dwells,
+  And five descendants crowd his lucid cells;
+  So the male Polypus parental swims,
+  And branching infants bristle all his limbs;
+  So the lone Tænia, as he grows, prolongs
+  His flatten'd form with young adherent throngs;
+  Unknown to sex the pregnant oyster swells,
+  And coral-insects build their radiate shells;                     90
+  Parturient Sires caress their infant train,
+  And heaven-born STORGE weaves the social chain;
+  Successive births her tender cares combine,
+  And soft affections live along the line.
+
+         [Footnote: _Prolific Volvox_, l. 83. The volvox globator
+         dwells in the lakes of Europe, is transparent, and bears
+         within it children and grandchildren to the fifth generation;
+         Syst. Nat.]
+
+         [Footnote: _The male polypus_, l. 85. The Hydra viridis and
+         fusca of Linneus dwell in our ditches and rivers under
+         aquatic plants; these animals have been shown by ingenious
+         observers to revive after having been dried, to be restored
+         when mutilated, to be multiplied by dividing them, and
+         propagated from portions of them, parts of different ones to
+         unite, to be turned inside outwards and yet live, and to be
+         propagated by seeds, to produce bulbs, and vegetate by
+         branches. Syst. Nat.]
+
+         [Footnote: _The lone Tænia_, l. 87. The tape-worm dwells in
+         the intestines of animals, and grows old at one extremity,
+         producing an infinite series of young ones at the other; the
+         separate joints have been called Gourd-worms, each of which
+         possesses a mouth of its own, and organs of digestion. Syst.
+         Nat.]
+
+         [Footnote: _The pregnant oyster_, l. 89. Ostrea edulis dwells
+         in the European oceans, frequent at the tables of the
+         luxurious, a living repast! New-born oysters swim swiftly by
+         an undulating movement of fins thrust out a little way from
+         their shells. Syst. Nat. But they do not afterwards change
+         their place during their whole lives, and are capable of no
+         other movement but that of opening the shell a little way:
+         whence Professor Beckman observes, that their offspring is
+         probably produced without maternal organs; and that those,
+         who speak of male and female oysters, must be mistaken: Phil.
+         Magaz. March 1800. It is also observed by H. I. le Beck, that
+         on nice inspection of the Pearl oysters in the gulf of Manar,
+         he could observe no distinction of sexes. Nicholson's
+         Journal. April 1800.]
+
+         [Footnote: _And coral insects_, l. 90. The coral habitation
+         of the Madrepora of Linneus consists of one or more star-like
+         cells; a congeries of which form rocks beneath the sea; the
+         animal which constructs it is termed Medusa; and as it
+         adheres to its calcareous cavity, and thence cannot travel to
+         its neighbours, is probably without sex. I observed great
+         masses of the limestone in Shropshire, which is brought to
+         Newport, to consist of the cells of these animals.]
+
+         [Footnote: _And heaven-born Storge_, l. 92. See Additional
+         Note IX.]
+
+    "On angel-wings the GODDESS FORM descends,
+  Round her fond broods her silver arms she bends;
+  White streams of milk her tumid bosom swell,
+  And on her lips ambrosial kisses dwell.
+  Light joys on twinkling feet before her dance
+  With playful nod, and momentary glance;                          100
+  Behind, attendant on the pansied plain,
+  Young PSYCHE treads with CUPID in her train.
+
+    III. "IN these lone births no tender mothers blend
+  Their genial powers to nourish or defend;
+  No nutrient streams from Beauty's orbs improve
+  These orphan babes of solitary love;
+  Birth after birth the line unchanging runs,
+  And fathers live transmitted in their sons;
+  Each passing year beholds the unvarying kinds,
+  The same their manners, and the same their minds.                110
+  Till, as erelong successive buds decay,
+  And insect-shoals successive pass away,
+  Increasing wants the pregnant parents vex
+  With the fond wish to form a softer sex;
+  Whose milky rills with pure ambrosial food
+  Might charm and cherish their expected brood.
+  The potent wish in the productive hour
+  Calls to its aid Imagination's power,
+  O'er embryon throngs with mystic charm presides,
+  And sex from sex the nascent world divides,                      120
+  With soft affections warms the callow trains,
+  And gives to laughing Love his nymphs and swains;
+  Whose mingling virtues interweave at length
+  The mother's beauty with the father's strength.
+
+         [Footnote: _A softer sex_, l. 114. The first buds of trees
+         raised from seed die annually, and are succeeded by new buds
+         by solitary reproduction; which are larger or more perfect
+         for several successive years, and then they produce sexual
+         flowers, which are succeeded by seminal reproduction. The
+         same occurs in bulbous rooted plants raised from seed; they
+         die annually, and produce others rather more perfect than the
+         parent for several years, and then produce sexual flowers.
+         The Aphis is in a similar manner hatched from an egg in the
+         vernal months, and produces a viviparous offspring without
+         sexual intercourse for nine or ten successive generations;
+         and then the progeny is both male and female, which cohabit,
+         and from these new females are produced eggs, which endure
+         the winter; the same process probably occurs in many other
+         insects.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Imagination's power_, l. 118. The manner in which
+         the similarity of the progeny to the parent, and the sex of
+         it, are produced by the power of imagination, is treated of
+         in Zoonomia. Sect. 39. 6. 3. It is not to be understood, that
+         the first living fibres, which are to form an animal, are
+         produced by imagination, with any similarity of form to the
+         future animal; but with appetencies or propensities, which
+         shall produce by accretion of parts the similarity of form
+         and feature, or of sex, corresponding with the imagination of
+         the father.]
+
+         [Footnote: _His nymphs and swains_, l. 122. The arguments
+         which have been adduced to show, that mankind and quadrupeds
+         were formerly in an hermaphrodite state, are first deduced
+         from the present existence of breasts and nipples in all the
+         males; which latter swell on titillation like those of the
+         females, and which are said to contain a milky fluid at their
+         birth; and it is affirmed, that some men have given milk to
+         their children in desert countries, where the mother has
+         perished; as the male pigeon is said to give a kind of milk
+         from his stomach along with the regurgitated food, to the
+         young doves, as mentioned in Additional Note IX. on Storge.
+
+         Secondly, from the apparent progress of many animals to
+         greater perfection, as in some insects, as the flies with two
+         wings, termed Diptera; which have rudiments of two other
+         wings, called halteres, or poisers; and in many flowers which
+         have rudiments of new stamina, or filaments without anthers
+         on them. See Botanic Garden, Vol. II. Curcuma, Note, and the
+         Note on l. 204 of Canto I. of this work. It has been supposed
+         by some, that mankind were formerly quadrupeds as well as
+         hermaphrodites; and that some parts of the body are not yet
+         so convenient to an erect attitude as to a horizontal one; as
+         the fundus of the bladder in an erect posture is not exactly
+         over the insertion of the urethra; whence it is seldom
+         completely evacuated, and thus renders mankind more subject
+         to the stone, than if he had preserved his horizontality:
+         these philosophers, with Buffon and Helvetius, seem to
+         imagine, that mankind arose from one family of monkeys on the
+         banks of the Mediterranean; who accidentally had learned to
+         use the adductor pollicis, or that strong muscle which
+         constitutes the ball of the thumb, and draws the point of it
+         to meet the points of the fingers; which common monkeys do
+         not; and that this muscle gradually increased in size,
+         strength, and activity, in successive generations; and by
+         this improved use of the sense of touch, that monkeys
+         acquired clear ideas, and gradually became men.
+
+         Perhaps all the productions of nature are in their progress
+         to greater perfection! an idea countenanced by modern
+         discoveries and deductions concerning the progressive
+         formation of the solid parts of the terraqueous globe, and
+         consonant to the dignity of the Creator of all things.]
+
+    "So tulip-bulbs emerging from the seed,
+  Year after year unknown to sex proceed;
+  Erewhile the stamens and the styles display
+  Their petal-curtains, and adorn the day;
+  The beaux and beauties in each blossom glow
+  With wedded joy, or amatorial woe.                               130
+  Unmarried Aphides prolific prove
+  For nine successions uninform'd of love;
+  New sexes next with softer passions spring,
+  Breathe the fond vow, and woo with quivering wing.
+
+    "So erst in Paradise creation's LORD,
+  As the first leaves of holy writ record,
+  From Adam's rib, who press'd the flowery grove,
+  And dreamt delighted of untasted love,
+  To cheer and charm his solitary mind,
+  Form'd a new sex, the MOTHER OF MANKIND.                         140
+  --Buoy'd on light step the Beauty seem'd to swim,
+  And stretch'd alternate every pliant limb;
+  Pleased on Euphrates' velvet margin stood,
+  And view'd her playful image in the flood;
+  Own'd the fine flame of love, as life began,
+  And smiled enchantment on adoring Man.
+  Down her white neck and o'er her bosom roll'd,
+  Flow'd in sweet negligence her locks of gold;
+  Round her fine form the dim transparence play'd,
+  And show'd the beauties, that it seem'd to shade.                150
+  --Enamour'd ADAM gaz'd with fond surprise,
+  And drank delicious passion from her eyes;
+  Felt the new thrill of young Desire, and press'd
+  The graceful Virgin to his glowing breast.--
+  The conscious Fair betrays her soft alarms,
+  Sinks with warm blush into his closing arms,
+  Yields to his fond caress with wanton play,
+  And sweet, reluctant, amorous, delay.
+
+         [Footnote: _The mother of mankind_, l. 140. See Additional
+         Note X.]
+
+    IV. "WHERE no new Sex with glands nutritious feeds,
+  Nurs'd in her womb, the solitary breeds;                         160
+  No Mother's care their early steps directs,
+  Warms in her bosom, with her wings protects;
+  The clime unkind, or noxious food instills
+  To embryon nerves hereditary ills;
+  The feeble births acquired diseases chase,
+  Till Death extinguish the degenerate race.
+
+         [Footnote: _Acquired diseases_, l. 165. See Additional Note
+         XI.]
+
+    "So grafted trees with shadowy summits rise,
+  Spread their fair blossoms, and perfume the skies;
+  Till canker taints the vegetable blood,
+  Mines round the bark, and feeds upon the wood.                   170
+  So, years successive, from perennial roots
+  The wire or bulb with lessen'd vigour shoots;
+  Till curled leaves, or barren flowers, betray
+  A waning lineage, verging to decay;
+  Or till, amended by connubial powers,
+  Rise seedling progenies from sexual flowers.
+
+         [Footnote: _So grafted trees_, l. 167. Mr. Knight first
+         observed that those apple and pear trees, which had been
+         propagated for above a century by ingraftment were now so
+         unhealthy, as not to be worth cultivation. I have suspected
+         the diseases of potatoes attended with the curled leaf, and
+         of strawberry plants attended with barren flowers, to be
+         owing to their having been too long raised from roots, or by
+         solitary reproduction, and not from seeds, or sexual
+         reproduction, and to have thence acquired those hereditary
+         diseases.]
+
+    "E'en where unmix'd the breed, in sexual tribes
+  Parental taints the nascent babe imbibes;
+  Eternal war the Gout and Mania wage
+  With fierce uncheck'd hereditary rage;                           180
+  Sad Beauty's form foul Scrofula surrounds
+  With bones distorted, and putrescent wounds;
+  And, fell Consumption! thy unerring dart
+  Wets its broad wing in Youth's reluctant heart.
+
+         [Footnote: _And, fell Consumption_, l. 183.
+
+           ... Hæret lateri lethalis arundo.
+                                        VIRGIL.]
+
+    "With pausing step, at night's refulgent noon,
+  Beneath the sparkling stars, and lucid moon,
+  Plung'd in the shade of some religious tower,
+  The slow bell counting the departed hour,
+  O'er gaping tombs where shed umbrageous Yews
+  On mouldering bones their cold unwholesome dews;                 190
+  While low aerial voices whisper round,
+  And moondrawn spectres dance upon the ground;
+  Poetic MELANCHOLY loves to tread,
+  And bend in silence o'er the countless Dead;
+  Marks with loud sobs infantine Sorrows rave,
+  And wring their pale hands o'er their Mother's grave;
+  Hears on the new-turn'd sod with gestures wild
+  The kneeling Beauty call her buried child;
+  Upbraid with timorous accents Heaven's decrees,
+  And with sad sighs augment the passing breeze.                   200
+  'Stern Time,' She cries, 'receives from Nature's womb
+  Her beauteous births, and bears them to the tomb;
+  Calls all her sons from earth's remotest bourn,
+  And from the closing portals none return!'
+
+    V. URANIA paused,--upturn'd her streaming eyes,
+  And her white bosom heaved with silent sighs;
+  With her the MUSE laments the sum of things,
+  And hides her sorrows with her meeting wings;
+  Long o'er the wrecks of lovely Life they weep,
+  Then pleased reflect, "to die is but to sleep;"                  210
+  From Nature's coffins to her cradles turn,
+  Smile with young joy, with new affection burn.
+
+    And now the Muse, with mortal woes impress'd,
+  Thus the fair Hierophant again address'd.
+  --"Ah me! celestial Guide, thy words impart
+  Ills undeserved, that rend the nascent heart!
+  O, Goddess, say, if brighter scenes improve
+  Air-breathing tribes, and births of sexual love?"--
+  The smiling Fair obeys the inquiring Muse,
+  And in sweet tones her grateful task pursues.                    220
+
+    "Now on broad pinions from the realms above
+  Descending CUPID seeks the Cyprian grove;
+  To his wide arms enamour'd PSYCHE springs,
+  And clasps her lover with aurelian wings.
+  A purple sash across HIS shoulder bends,
+  And fringed with gold the quiver'd shafts suspends;
+  The bending bow obeys the silken string,
+  And, as he steps, the silver arrows ring.
+  Thin folds of gauze with dim transparence flow
+  O'er HER fair forehead, and her neck of snow;                    230
+  The winding woof her graceful limbs surrounds,
+  Swells in the breeze, and sweeps the velvet grounds;
+  As hand in hand along the flowery meads
+  His blushing bride the quiver'd hero leads;
+  Charm'd round their heads pursuing Zephyrs throng,
+  And scatter roses, as they move along;
+  Bright beams of Spring in soft effusion play,
+  And halcyon Hours invite them on their way.
+
+         [Footnote: _Enamoured Psyché_, l. 223. A butterfly was the
+         ancient emblem of the soul after death as rising from the
+         tomb of its former state, and becoming a winged inhabitant of
+         air from an insect creeping upon earth. At length the wings
+         only were given to a beautiful nymph under the name of
+         Psyche, which is the greek word for the soul, and also became
+         afterwards to signify a butterfly probably from the
+         popularity of this allegory. Many allegorical designs of
+         Cupid or Love warming a butterfly or the Soul with his torch
+         may be seen in Spence's Polymetis, and a beautiful one of
+         their marriage in Bryant's Mythology; from which this
+         description is in part taken.]
+
+    "Delighted HYMEN hears their whisper'd vows,
+  And binds his chaplets round their polish'd brows,               240
+  Guides to his altar, ties the flowery bands,
+  And as they kneel, unites their willing hands.
+  'Behold, he cries, Earth! Ocean! Air above,
+  'And hail the DEITIES OF SEXUAL LOVE!
+  'All forms of Life shall this fond Pair delight,
+  'And sex to sex the willing world unite;
+  'Shed their sweet smiles in Earth's unsocial bowers,
+  'Fan with soft gales, and gild with brighter hours;
+  'Fill Pleasure's chalice unalloy'd with pain,
+  'And give SOCIETY his golden chain.'                             250
+
+    "Now young DESIRES, on purple pinions borne,
+  Mount the warm gales of Manhood's rising morn;
+  With softer fires through virgin bosoms dart,
+  Flush the pale cheek, and goad the tender heart.
+  Ere the weak powers of transient Life decay,
+  And Heaven's ethereal image melts away;
+  LOVE with nice touch renews the organic frame,
+  Forms a young Ens, another and the same;
+  Gives from his rosy lips the vital breath,
+  And parries with his hand the shafts of death;                   260
+  While BEAUTY broods with angel wings unfurl'd
+  O'er nascent life, and saves the sinking world.
+
+         [Footnote: _While Beauty broods_, l. 261.
+
+           Alma Venus! per te quoniam genus omne animantum
+           Concipitur, visitque exortum lumina coeli.
+                                        LUCRET.]
+
+    "HENCE on green leaves the sexual Pleasures dwell,
+  And Loves and Beauties crowd the blossom's bell;
+  The wakeful Anther in his silken bed
+  O'er the pleased Stigma bows his waxen head;
+  With meeting lips and mingling smiles they sup
+  Ambrosial dewdrops from the nectar'd cup;
+  Or buoy'd in air the plumy Lover springs,
+  And seeks his panting bride on Hymen-wings.                      270
+
+         [Footnote: _From the nectar'd cup_, l. 268. The anthers and
+         stigmas of flowers are probably nourished by the honey, which
+         is secreted by the honey-gland called by Linneus the nectary;
+         and possess greater sensibility or animation than other parts
+         of the plant. The corol of the flower appears to be a
+         respiratory organ belonging to these anthers and stigmas for
+         the purpose of further oxygenating the vegetable blood for
+         the production of the anther dust and of this honey, which is
+         also exposed to the air in its receptacle or honey-cup;
+         which, I suppose, to be necessary for its further
+         oxygenation, as in many flowers so complicate an apparatus is
+         formed for its protection from insects, as in aconitum,
+         delphinium, larkspur, lonicera, woodbine; and because the
+         corol and nectary fall along with the anthers and stigmas,
+         when the pericarp is impregnated.
+
+         Dr. B. S. Barton in the American Transactions has lately
+         shown, that the honey collected from some plants is
+         intoxicating and poisonous to men, as from rhododendron,
+         azalea, and datura; and from some other plants that it is
+         hurtful to the bees which collect it; and that from some
+         flowers it is so injurious or disagreeable, that they do not
+         collect it, as from the fritillaria or crown imperial of this
+         country.]
+
+    "The Stamen males, with appetencies just,
+  Produce a formative prolific dust;
+  With apt propensities, the Styles recluse
+  Secrete a formative prolific juice;
+  These in the pericarp erewhile arrive,
+  Rush to each other, and embrace alive.
+  --Form'd by new powers progressive parts succeed,
+  Join in one whole, and swell into a seed.
+
+         [Footnote: _With appetencies just_, l. 271. As in the
+         productions by chemical affinity one set of particles must
+         possess the power of attraction, and the other the aptitude
+         to be attracted, as when iron approaches a magnet; so when
+         animal particles unite, whether in digestion or reproduction,
+         some of them must possess an appetite to unite, and others a
+         propensity to be united. The former of these are secreted by
+         the anthers from the vegetable blood, and the latter by the
+         styles or pericarp; see the Additional Note VIII. on
+         Reproduction.]
+
+    "So in fond swarms the living Anthers shine
+  Of bright Vallisner on the wavy Rhine;                           280
+  Break from their stems, and on the liquid glass
+  Surround the admiring stigmas as they pass;
+  The love-sick Beauties lift their essenced brows,
+  Sigh to the Cyprian queen their secret vows,
+  Like watchful Hero feel their soft alarms,
+  And clasp their floating lovers in their arms.
+
+         [Footnote: _Of bright Vallisner_, l. 280. Vallisneria, of the
+         class of dioecia. The flowers of the male plant are produced
+         under water, and as soon as their farina or dust is mature,
+         they detach themselves from the plant, rise to the surface
+         and continue to flourish, and are wafted by the air or borne
+         by the current to the female flowers. In this they resemble
+         those tribes of insects, where the males at certain seasons
+         acquire wings, but not the females, as ants, coccus,
+         lampyris, phalæna, brumata, lichanella; Botanic Garden, Vol.
+         II. Note on Vallisneria.]
+
+    "Hence the male Ants their gauzy wings unfold,
+  And young Lampyris waves his plumes of gold;
+  The Glow-Worm sparkles with impassion'd light
+  On each green bank, and charms the eye of night;                 290
+  While new desires the painted Snail perplex,
+  And twofold love unites the double sex.
+
+         [Footnote: _And young Lampyris_, l. 288. The fire-fly is at
+         some seasons so luminous, that M. Merian says, that by
+         putting two of them under a glass, she was able to draw her
+         figures of them by night. Whether the light of this and of
+         other insects be caused by their amatorial passion, and thus
+         assists them to find each other; or is caused by respiration,
+         which is so analogous to combustion; or to a tendency to
+         putridity, as in dead fish and rotten wood, is still to be
+         investigated; see Botanic Garden, Vol. I. Additional Note
+         IX.]
+
+    "Hence, when the Morus in Italia's lands
+  To spring's warm beam its timid leaf expands;
+  The Silk-Worm broods in countless tribes above
+  Crop the green treasure, uninform'd of love;
+  Erewhile the changeful worm with circling head
+  Weaves the nice curtains of his silken bed;
+  Web within web involves his larva form,
+  Alike secured from sunshine and from storm;                      300
+  For twelve long days He dreams of blossom'd groves,
+  Untasted honey, and ideal loves;
+  Wakes from his trance, alarm'd with young Desire,
+  Finds his new sex, and feels ecstatic fire;
+  From flower to flower with honey'd lip he springs,
+  And seeks his velvet loves on silver wings.
+
+         [Footnote: _Untasted honey_, l. 302. The numerous moths and
+         butterflies seem to pass from a reptile leaf-eating state,
+         and to acquire wings to flit in air, with a proboscis to gain
+         honey for their food along with their organs of reproduction,
+         solely for the purpose of propagating their species by sexual
+         intercourse, as they die when that is completed. By the use
+         of their wings they have access to each other on different
+         branches or on different vegetables, and by living upon honey
+         probably acquire a higher degree of animation, and thus seem
+         to resemble the anthers of flowers, which probably are
+         supported by honey only, and thence acquire greater
+         sensibility; see Note on Vallisneria, l. 280 of this Canto.
+
+         A naturalist, who had studied this subject, thought it not
+         impossible that the first insects were the anthers and
+         stigmas of flowers, which had by some means loosened
+         themselves from their parent plant, like the male flowers of
+         vallisneria, and that other insects in process of time had
+         been formed from these, some acquiring wings, others fins,
+         and others claws, from their ceaseless efforts to procure
+         food or to secure themselves from injury. He contends, that
+         none of these changes are more incomprehensible than the
+         transformation of caterpillars into butterflies; see Botanic
+         Garden, Vol. I. Additional Note XXXIX.]
+
+    VI. "The Demon, Jealousy, with Gorgon frown
+  Blasts the sweet flowers of Pleasure not his own,
+  Rolls his wild eyes, and through the shuddering grove
+  Pursues the steps of unsuspecting Love;                          310
+  Or drives o'er rattling plains his iron car,
+  Flings his red torch, and lights the flames of war.
+
+    Here Cocks heroic burn with rival rage,
+  And Quails with Quails in doubtful fight engage;
+  Of armed heels and bristling plumage proud,
+  They sound the insulting clarion shrill and loud,
+  With rustling pinions meet, and swelling chests,
+  And seize with closing beaks their bleeding crests;
+  Rise on quick wing above the struggling foe,
+  And aim in air the death-devoting blow.                          320
+  There the hoarse stag his croaking rival scorns,
+  And butts and parries with his branching horns;
+  Contending Boars with tusk enamell'd strike,
+  And guard with shoulder-shield the blow oblique;
+  While female bands attend in mute surprise,
+  And view the victor with admiring eyes.--
+
+         [Footnote: _There the hoarse stag_, l. 321. A great want of
+         one part of the animal world has consisted in the desire of
+         the exclusive possession of the females; and these have
+         acquired weapons to combat each other for this purpose, as
+         the very thick shield-like horny skin on the shoulder of the
+         boar is a defence only against animals of his own species,
+         who strike obliquely upwards, nor are his tushes for other
+         purposes, except to defend himself, as he is not naturally a
+         carnivorous animal. So the horns of the stag are sharp to
+         offend his adversary, but are branched for the purpose of
+         parrying or receiving the thrusts of horns similar to his
+         own, and have therefore been formed for the purpose of
+         combating other stags for the exclusive possession of the
+         females, who are observed, like the ladies in the times of
+         chivalry, to attend the car of the victor.
+
+         The birds, which do not carry food to their young, and do not
+         therefore marry, are armed with spurs for the purpose of
+         fighting for the exclusive possession of the females, as
+         cocks and quails. It is certain that these weapons are not
+         provided for their defence against other adversaries, because
+         the females of these species are without this armour;
+         Zoonomia, Sect. XXXIX. 4, 8.]
+
+      "So Knight on Knight, recorded in romance,
+    Urged the proud steed, and couch'd the extended lance;
+    He, whose dread prowess with resistless force,
+    O'erthrew the opposing warrior and his horse,                  330
+    Bless'd, as the golden guerdon of his toils,
+    Bow'd to the Beauty, and receiv'd her smiles.
+
+      "So when fair HELEN with ill-fated charms,
+    By PARIS wooed, provoked the world to arms,
+    Left her vindictive Lord to sigh in vain
+    For broken vows, lost love, and cold disdain;
+    Fired at his wrongs, associate to destroy
+    The realms unjust of proud adulterous Troy,
+    Unnumber'd Heroes braved the dubious fight,
+    And sunk lamented to the shades of night.                      340
+
+      "Now vows connubial chain the plighted pair,
+    And join paternal with maternal care;
+    The married birds with nice selection cull
+    Soft thistle-down, gray moss, and scattered wool,
+    Line the secluded nest with feathery rings,
+    Meet with fond bills, and woo with fluttering wings.
+    Week after week, regardless of her food,
+    The incumbent Linnet warms her future brood;
+    Each spotted egg with ivory lips she turns,
+    Day after day with fond expectance burns,                      350
+    Hears the young prisoner chirping in his cell,
+    And breaks in hemispheres the obdurate shell.
+    Loud trills sweet Philomel his tender strain,
+    Charms his fond bride, and wakes his infant train;
+    Perch'd on the circling moss, the listening throng
+    Wave their young wings, and whisper to the song.
+
+         [Footnote: _The incumbent Linnet_, l. 348. The affection of
+         the unexperienced and untaught bird to its egg, which induces
+         it to sit days and weeks upon it to warm the enclosed
+         embryon, is a matter of great difficulty to explain; See
+         Additional Note IX. on Storge. Concerning the fabrication of
+         their nests, see Zoonomia, Sect. XVI. 13. on instinct.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Hears the young prisoner_, l. 351. The air-vessel
+         at the broad end of an incubated egg gradually extends its
+         edges along the sides of the shell, as the chick enlarges,
+         but is at the same time applied closer to the internal
+         surface of the shell; when the time of hatching approaches
+         the chick is liable to break this air-bag with its beak, and
+         thence begin to breathe and to chirp; at this time the edges
+         of the enlarged air-bag extend so as to cover internally one
+         hemisphere of the egg; and as one half of the external shell
+         is thus moist, and the other half dry, as soon as the mother
+         hearing the chick chirp, or the chick itself wanting
+         respirable air, strikes the egg, about its equatorial line,
+         it breaks into two hemispheres, and liberates the prisoner.]
+
+         [Footnote: _And whisper to the song_, l. 356. A curious
+         circumstance is mentioned by Kircherus de Musurgia, in his
+         Chapter de Lusciniis. "That the young nightingales, that are
+         hatched under other birds, never sing till they are
+         instructed by the company of other nightingales." And
+         Johnston affirms, that the nightingales that visit Scotland,
+         have not the same harmony as those of Italy, (Pennant's
+         Zoology, octavo, p. 255), which would lead us to suspect,
+         that the singing of birds, like human music, is an artificial
+         language rather than a natural expression of passion.]
+
+    "The Lion-King forgets his savage pride,
+  And courts with playful paws his tawny bride;
+  The listening Tiger hears with kindling flame
+  The love-lorn night-call of his brinded dame.                    360
+  Despotic LOVE dissolves the bestial war,
+  Bends their proud necks, and joins them to his car;
+  Shakes o'er the obedient pairs his silken thong,
+  And goads the humble, or restrains the strong.--
+  Slow roll the silver wheels,--in beauty's pride
+  Celestial PSYCHE blushing by his side.--
+  The lordly Bull behind and warrior Horse
+  With voice of thunder shake the echoing course,
+  Chain'd to the car with herds domestic move,
+  And swell the triumph of despotic LOVE.                          370
+
+    "Pleased as they pass along the breezy shore
+  In twinkling shoals the scaly realms adore,
+  Move on quick fin with undulating train,
+  Or lift their slimy foreheads from the main.
+  High o'er their heads on pinions broad display'd
+  The feather'd nations shed a floating shade;
+  Pair after pair enamour'd shoot along,
+  And trill in air the gay impassion'd song.
+  With busy hum in playful swarms around
+  Emerging insects leave the peopled ground,                       380
+  Rise in dark clouds, and borne in airy rings
+  Sport round the car, and wave their golden wings.
+  Admiring Fawns pursue on dancing hoof,
+  And bashful Dryads peep from shades aloof;
+  Emerging Nereids rise from coral cells,
+  Enamour'd Tritons sound their twisted shells;
+  From sparkling founts enchanted Naiads move,
+  And swell the triumph of despotic LOVE.
+
+         [Footnote: _With undulating train_, l. 373. The side fins of
+         fish seem to be chiefly used to poise them; as they turn upon
+         their backs immediately when killed, the air-bladder assists
+         them perhaps to rise or descend by its possessing the power
+         to condense the air in it by muscular contraction; and it is
+         possible, that at great depths in the ocean the air in this
+         receptacle may by the great pressure of the incumbent water
+         become condensed into so small a space, as to cease to be
+         useful to the animal, which was possibly the cause of the
+         death of Mr. Day in his diving ship. See note on Ulva, Botan.
+         Gard. V. II.
+
+         The progressive motion of fish beneath the water is produced
+         principally by the undulation of their tails. One oblique
+         plain of a part of the tail on the right side of the fish
+         strikes the water at the same time that another oblique plain
+         strikes it on the left side, hence in respect to moving to
+         the right or left these percussions of the water counteract
+         each other, but they coincide in respect to the progression
+         of the fish; this power seems to be better applied to push
+         forwards a body in water, than the oars of boats, as the
+         particles of water recede from the stroke of the oar, whence
+         the comparative power acquired is but as the difference of
+         velocity between the striking oar and the receding water. So
+         a ship moves swifter with an oblique wind, than with a wind
+         of the same velocity exactly behind it; and the common
+         windmill sail placed obliquely to the wind is more powerful
+         than one which directly recedes from it. Might not some
+         machinery resembling the tails of fish be placed behind a
+         boat, so as to be moved with greater effect than common oars,
+         by the force of wind or steam, or perhaps by hand?]
+
+         [Footnote: _On pinions broad display'd_, l. 375. The
+         progressive motion of birds in the air is principally
+         performed by the movement of their wings, and not by that of
+         their tails as in fish. The bird is supported in an element
+         so much lighter than itself by the resistance of the air as
+         it moves horizontally against the oblique plain made by its
+         breast, expanded tail and wings, when they are at rest; the
+         change of this obliquity also assists it to rise, and even
+         directs its descent, though this is owing principally to its
+         specific gravity, but it is in all situations kept upright or
+         balanced by its wings.
+
+         As the support of the bird in the air, as well as its
+         progression, is performed by the motion of the wings; these
+         require strong muscles as are seen on the breasts of
+         partridges. Whence all attempts of men to fly by wings
+         applied to the weak muscles of their arms have been
+         ineffectual; but it is not certain whether light machinery so
+         contrived as to be moved by their feet, might not enable them
+         to fly a little way, though not so as to answer any useful
+         purpose.]
+
+    "Delighted Flora, gazing from afar,
+  Greets with mute homage the triumphal car;                       390
+  On silvery slippers steps with bosom bare,
+  Bends her white knee, and bows her auburn hair;
+  Calls to her purple heaths, and blushing bowers,
+  Bursts her green gems, and opens all her flowers;
+  O'er the bright Pair a shower of roses sheds,
+  And crowns with wreathes of hyacinth their heads.--
+  --Slow roll the silver wheels with snowdrops deck'd,
+  And primrose bands the cedar spokes connect;
+  Round the fine pole the twisting woodbine clings,
+  And knots of jasmine clasp the bending springs;                  400
+  Bright daisy links the velvet harness chain,
+  And rings of violets join each silken rein;
+  Festoon'd behind, the snow-white lilies bend,
+  And tulip-tassels on each side depend.
+  --Slow rolls the car,--the enamour'd Flowers exhale
+  Their treasured sweets, and whisper to the gale;
+  Their ravelled buds, and wrinkled cups unfold,
+  Nod their green stems, and wave their bells of gold;
+  Breathe their soft sighs from each enchanted grove,
+  And hail THE DEITIES OF SEXUAL LOVE.                             410
+
+    "ONWARD with march sublime in saffron robe
+  Young HYMEN steps, and traverses the globe;
+  O'er burning sands, and snow-clad mountains, treads,
+  Blue fields of air, and ocean's briny beds;
+  Flings from his radiant torch celestial light
+  O'er Day's wide concave, and illumes the Night.
+  With dulcet eloquence his tuneful tongue
+  Convokes and captivates the Fair and Young;
+  His golden lamp with ray ethereal dyes
+  The blushing cheek, and lights the laughing eyes;                420
+  With secret flames the virgin's bosom warms,
+  And lights the impatient bridegroom to her arms;
+  With lovely life all Nature's frame inspires,
+  And, as they sink, rekindles all her fires."
+
+    VII. Now paused the beauteous Teacher, and awhile
+  Gazed on her train with sympathetic smile.
+  'Beware of Love! she cried, ye Nymphs, and hear
+  'His twanging bowstring with alarmed ear;
+  'Fly the first whisper of the distant dart,
+  'Or shield with adamant the fluttering heart;                    430
+  'To secret shades, ye Virgin trains, retire,
+  'And in your bosoms guard the vestal fire.'
+  --The obedient Beauties hear her words, advised,
+  And bow with laugh repress'd, and smile chastised.
+
+         [Footnote: _With laugh repress'd_, l. 434. The cause of the
+         violent actions of laughter, and of the difficulty of
+         restraining them, is a curious subject of inquiry. When pain
+         afflicts us, which we cannot avoid, we learn to relieve it by
+         great voluntary exertions, as in grinning, holding the
+         breath, or screaming; now the pleasurable sensation, which
+         excites laughter, arises for a time so high as to change its
+         name, and become a painful one; and we excite the convulsive
+         motions of the respiratory muscles to relieve this pain. We
+         are however unwilling to lose the pleasure, and presently put
+         a stop to this exertion; and immediately the pleasure recurs,
+         and again as instantly rises into pain. Which is further
+         explained in Zoonomia, Sect. 34. 1. 4. When this pleasurable
+         sensation rises into a painful one, and the customs of
+         society will not permit us to laugh aloud, some other violent
+         voluntary exertion is used instead of it to alleviate the
+         pain.]
+
+         [Footnote: _With smile chastised_, l. 434. The origin of the
+         smile has generally been ascribed to inexplicable instinct,
+         but may be deduced from our early associations of actions and
+         ideas. In the act of sucking, the lips of the infant are
+         closed round the nipple of its mother, till it has filled its
+         stomach, and the pleasure of digesting this grateful food
+         succeeds; then the sphincter of the mouth, fatigued by the
+         continued action of sucking, is relaxed; and the antagonist
+         muscles of the face gently acting, produce the smile of
+         pleasure, which is thus during our lives associated with
+         gentle pleasure, which is further explained in Zoonomia,
+         Sect. 16. 8. 4.]
+
+    Now at her nod the Nymphs attendant bring
+  Translucent water from the bubbling spring;
+  In crystal cups the waves salubrious shine,
+  Unstain'd untainted with immodest wine.
+  Next, where emerging from its ancient roots
+  Its widening boughs the Tree of Knowledge shoots;                440
+  Pluck'd with nice choice before the Muse they placed
+  The now no longer interdicted taste.
+  Awhile they sit, from higher cares released,
+  And pleased partake the intellectual feast.
+  Of good and ill they spoke, effect and cause,
+  Celestial agencies, and Nature's laws.
+
+    So when angelic Forms to Syria sent
+  Sat in the cedar shade by ABRAHAM'S tent;
+  A spacious bowl the admiring Patriarch fills
+  With dulcet water from the scanty rills;                         450
+  Sweet fruits and kernels gathers from his hoard,
+  With milk and butter piles the plenteous board;
+  While on the heated hearth his Consort bakes
+  Fine flour well kneaded in unleaven'd cakes.
+  The Guests ethereal quaff the lucid flood,
+  Smile on their hosts, and taste terrestrial food;
+  And while from seraph-lips sweet converse springs,
+  Lave their fair feet, and close their silver wings.
+
+
+END OF CANTO II.
+
+
+
+
+ORIGIN OF SOCIETY.
+
+CANTO III.
+
+PROGRESS OF THE MIND.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+I. Urania and the Muse converse 1. Progress of the Mind 42. II. The
+Four sensorial powers of Irritation, Sensation, Volition, and
+Association 55. Some finer senses given to Brutes 93. And Armour 108.
+Finer Organ of Touch given to Man 121. Whence clear ideas of Form 125.
+Vision is the Language of the Touch 131. Magic Lantern 139. Surprise,
+Novelty, Curiosity 145. Passions, Vices 149. Philanthropy 159. Shrine
+of Virtue 160. III. Ideal Beauty from the Female Bosom 163. Eros the
+God of Sentimental Love 177. Young Dione idolized by Eros 186. Third
+chain of Society 206. IV. Ideal Beauty from curved Lines 207. Taste
+for the Beautiful 222. Taste for the Sublime 223. For poetic
+Melancholy 231. For Tragedy 241. For artless Nature 247. The Genius of
+Taste 259. V. The Senses easily form and repeat ideas 269. Imitation
+from clear ideas 279. The Senses imitate each other 293. In dancing
+295. In drawing naked Nymphs 299. In Architecture, as at St. Peter's
+at Rome 303. Mimickry 319. VI. Natural Language from imitation 335.
+Language of Quails, Cocks, Lions, Boxers 343. Pantomime Action 357.
+Verbal Language from Imitation and Association 363. Symbols of ideas
+371. Gigantic form of Time 385. Wings of Hermes 391. VII. Recollection
+from clear ideas 395. Reason and Volition 401. Arts of the Wasp, Bee,
+Spider, Wren, Silk-Worm 411. Volition concerned about Means or Causes
+435. Man distinguished by Language, by using Tools, labouring for
+Money, praying to the Deity 438. The Tree of Knowledge of Good and
+Evil 445. VIII. Emotions from Imitation 461. The Seraph; Sympathy 467.
+Christian Morality the great bond of Society 483-496.
+
+
+
+
+CANTO III.
+
+PROGRESS OF THE MIND.
+
+
+  I. Now rose, adorn'd with Beauty's brightest hues,
+  The graceful HIEROPHANT, and winged MUSE;
+  Onward they step around the stately piles,
+  O'er porcelain floors, through laqueated ailes,
+  Eye Nature's lofty and her lowly seats,
+  Her gorgeous palaces, and green retreats,
+  Pervade her labyrinths with unerring tread,
+  And leave for future guests a guiding thread.
+
+    First with fond gaze blue fields of air they sweep,
+  Or pierce the briny chambers of the deep;                         10
+  Earth's burning line, and icy poles explore,
+  Her fertile surface, and her caves of ore;
+  Or mark how Oxygen with Azote-Gas
+  Plays round the globe in one aerial mass,
+  Or fused with Hydrogen in ceaseless flow
+  Forms the wide waves, which foam and roll below.
+
+         [Footnote: _How Oxygen_, l. 13. The atmosphere which
+         surrounds us, is composed of twenty-seven parts of oxygen gas
+         and seventy-three of azote or nitrogen gas, which are simply
+         diffused together, but which, when combined, become nitrous
+         acid. Water consists of eighty-six parts oxygen, and fourteen
+         parts of hydrogen or inflammable air, in a state of
+         combination. It is also probable, that much oxygen enters the
+         composition of glass; as those materials which promote
+         vitrification, contain so much of it, as minium and
+         manganese; and that glass is hence a solid acid in the
+         temperature of our atmosphere, as water is a fluid one.]
+
+    Next with illumined hands through prisms bright
+  Pleased they untwist the sevenfold threads of light;
+  Or, bent in pencils by the lens, convey
+  To one bright point the silver hairs of Day.                      20
+  Then mark how two electric streams conspire
+  To form the resinous and vitreous fire;
+  Beneath the waves the fierce Gymnotus arm,
+  And give Torpedo his benumbing charm;
+  Or, through Galvanic chain-work as they pass,
+  Convert the kindling water into gas.
+
+         [Footnote: _Two electric streams_, l. 21. It is the opinion
+         of some philosophers, that the electric ether consists of two
+         kinds of fluids diffused together or combined; which are
+         commonly known by the terms of positive and negative
+         electricity, but are by these electricians called vitreous
+         and resinous electricity. The electric shocks given by the
+         torpedo and by the gymnotus, are supposed to be similar to
+         those of the Galvanic pile, as they are produced in water.
+         Which water is decomposed by the Galvanic pile and converted
+         into oxygen and hydrogen gas; see Additional Note XII.
+
+         The magnetic ether may also be supposed to consist of two
+         fluids, one of which attracts the needle, and the other
+         repels it; and, perhaps, chemical affinities, and gravitation
+         itself, may consist of two kinds of ether surrounding the
+         particles of bodies, and may thence attract at one distance
+         and repel at another; as appears when two insulated
+         electrised balls are approached to each other, or when two
+         small globules of mercury are pressed together.]
+
+    How at the poles opposing Ethers dwell,
+  Attract the quivering needle, or repel.
+  How Gravitation by immortal laws
+  Surrounding matter to a centre draws;                             30
+  How Heat, pervading oceans, airs, and lands,
+  With force uncheck'd the mighty mass expands;
+  And last how born in elemental strife
+  Beam'd the first spark, and lighten'd into Life.
+
+    Now in sweet tones the inquiring Muse express'd
+  Her ardent wish; and thus the Fair address'd.
+  "Priestess of Nature! whose exploring sight
+  Pierces the realms of Chaos and of Night;
+  Of space unmeasured marks the first and last,
+  Of endless time the present, future, past;                        40
+  Immortal Guide! O, now with accents kind
+  Give to my ear the progress of the Mind.
+  How loves, and tastes, and sympathies commence
+  From evanescent notices of sense?
+  How from the yielding touch and rolling eyes
+  The piles immense of human science rise?--
+  With mind gigantic steps the puny Elf,
+  And weighs and measures all things but himself!"
+
+    The indulgent Beauty hears the grateful Muse,
+  Smiles on her pupil, and her task renews.                         50
+  Attentive Nymphs in sparkling squadrons throng,
+  And choral Virgins listen to the song;
+  Pleased Fawns and Naiads crowd in silent rings,
+  And hovering Cupids stretch their purple wings.
+
+    II. "FIRST the new actions of the excited sense,
+  Urged by appulses from without, commence;
+  With these exertions pain or pleasure springs,
+  And forms perceptions of external things.
+  Thus, when illumined by the solar beams,
+  Yon waving woods, green lawns, and sparkling streams,
+  In one bright point by rays converging lie                        61
+  Plann'd on the moving tablet of the eye;
+  The mind obeys the silver goads of light,
+  And IRRITATION moves the nerves of sight.
+
+         [Footnote: _And Irritation moves_, l. 64. Irritation is an
+         exertion or change of some extreme part of the sensorium
+         residing in the muscles or organs of sense in consequence of
+         the appulses of external bodies. The word perception includes
+         both the action of the organ of sense in consequence of the
+         impact of external objects and our attention to that action;
+         that is, it expresses both the motion of the organ of sense,
+         or idea, and the pain or pleasure that succeeds or
+         accompanies it. Irritative ideas are those which are preceded
+         by irritation, which is excited by objects external to the
+         organs of sense: as the idea of that tree, which either I
+         attend to, or which I shun in walking near it without
+         attention. In the former case it is termed perception, in the
+         latter it is termed simply an irritative idea.]
+
+    "These acts repeated rise from joys or pains,
+  And swell Imagination's flowing trains;
+  So in dread dreams amid the silent night
+  Grim spectre-forms the shuddering sense affright;
+  Or Beauty's idol-image, as it moves,
+  Charms the closed eye with graces, smiles, and loves;             70
+  Each passing form the pausing heart delights,
+  And young SENSATION every nerve excites.
+
+         [Footnote: _And young Sensation_, l. 72. Sensation is an
+         exertion or change of the central parts of the sensorium or
+         of the whole of it, _beginning_ at some of those extreme
+         parts of it which reside in the muscles or organs of sense.
+         Sensitive ideas are those which are preceded by the sensation
+         of pleasure or pain, are termed Imagination, and constitute
+         our dreams and reveries.]
+
+    "Oft from sensation quick VOLITION springs,
+  When pleasure thrills us, or when anguish stings;
+  Hence Recollection calls with voice sublime
+  Immersed ideas from the wrecks of Time,
+  With potent charm in lucid trains displays
+  Eventful stories of forgotten days.
+  Hence Reason's efforts good with ill contrast,
+  Compare the present, future, and the past;                        80
+  Each passing moment, unobserved restrain
+  The wild discordancies of Fancy's train;
+  But leave uncheck'd the Night's ideal streams,
+  Or, sacred Muses! your meridian dreams.
+
+         [Footnote: _Quick Volition springs_, l. 73. Volition is an
+         exertion or change of the central parts of the sensorium, or
+         of the whole of it _terminating_ in some of those extreme
+         parts of it which reside in the muscles and organs of sense.
+         The vulgar use of the word _memory_ is too unlimited for our
+         purpose: those ideas which we voluntarily recall are here
+         termed ideas of _recollection_, as when we will to repeat the
+         alphabet backwards. And those ideas which are suggested to us
+         by preceding ideas are here termed ideas of _suggestion_, as
+         whilst we repeat the alphabet in the usual order; when by
+         habits previously acquired B is suggested by A, and C by B,
+         without any effort of deliberation. Reasoning is that
+         operation of the sensorium by which we excite two or many
+         tribes of ideas, and then reexcite the ideas in which they
+         differ or correspond. If we determine this difference, it is
+         called judgment; if we in vain endeavour to determine it, it
+         is called doubting.
+
+         If we reexcite the ideas in which they differ, it is called
+         distinguishing. If we reexcite those in which they
+         correspond, it is called comparing.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Each passing moment_, l. 81. During our waking
+         hours, we perpetually compare the passing trains of our ideas
+         with the known system of nature, and reject those which are
+         incongruous with it; this is explained in Zoonomia, Sect.
+         XVII. 3. 7. and is there termed Intuitive Analogy. When we
+         sleep, the faculty of volition ceases to act, and in
+         consequence the uncompared trains of ideas become incongruous
+         and form the farrago of our dreams; in which we never
+         experience any surprise, or sense of novelty.]
+
+    "And last Suggestion's mystic power describes
+  Ideal hosts arranged in trains or tribes.
+  So when the Nymph with volant finger rings
+  Her dulcet harp, and shakes the sounding strings;
+  As with soft voice she trills the enamour'd song,
+  Successive notes, unwill'd, the strain prolong;                   90
+  The transient trains ASSOCIATION steers,
+  And sweet vibrations charm the astonish'd ears.
+
+         [Footnote: _Association steers_, l. 91. Association is an
+         exertion or change of some extreme part of the sensorium
+         residing in the muscles and organs of sense in consequence of
+         some antecedent or attendant fibrous contractions. Associate
+         ideas, therefore, are those which are preceded by other ideas
+         or muscular motions, without the intervention of irritation,
+         sensation, or volition between them; these are also termed
+         ideas of suggestion.]
+
+    "ON rapid feet o'er hills, and plains, and rocks,
+  Speed the scared leveret and rapacious fox;
+  On rapid pinions cleave the fields above
+  The hawk descending, and escaping dove;
+  With nicer nostril track the tainted ground
+  The hungry vulture, and the prowling hound;
+  Converge reflected light with nicer eye
+  The midnight owl, and microscopic fly;                           100
+  With finer ear pursue their nightly course
+  The listening lion, and the alarmed horse.
+
+    "The branching forehead with diverging horns
+  Crests the bold bull, the jealous stag adorns;
+  Fierce rival boars with side-long fury wield
+  The pointed tusk, and guard with shoulder-shield;
+  Bounds the dread tiger o'er the affrighted heath
+  Arm'd with sharp talons, and resistless teeth;
+  The pouncing eagle bears in clinched claws
+  The struggling lamb, and rends with ivory jaws;                  110
+  The tropic eel, electric in his ire,
+  Alarms the waves with unextinguish'd fire;
+  The fly of night illumes his airy way,
+  And seeks with lucid lamp his sleeping prey;
+  Fierce on his foe the poisoning serpent springs,
+  And insect armies dart their venom'd stings.
+
+         [Footnote: _The branching forehead_, l. 103. The
+         peculiarities of the shapes of animals which distinguish them
+         from each other, are enumerated in Zoonomia, Sect. XXXIX. 4.
+         8. on Generation, and are believed to have been gradually
+         formed from similar living fibres, and are varied by
+         reproduction. Many of these parts of animals are there shown
+         to have arisen from their three great desires of lust,
+         hunger, and security.]
+
+         [Footnote: _The tropic eel_, l. 111. Gymnotus electricus.]
+
+         [Footnote: _The fly of night_, l. 113. Lampyris noctiluca.
+         Fire-fly.]
+
+    "Proud Man alone in wailing weakness born,
+  No horns protect him, and no plumes adorn;
+  No finer powers of nostril, ear, or eye,
+  Teach the young Reasoner to pursue or fly.--                     120
+  Nerved with fine touch above the bestial throngs,
+  The hand, first gift of Heaven! to man belongs;
+  Untipt with claws the circling fingers close,
+  With rival points the bending thumbs oppose,
+  Trace the nice lines of Form with sense refined,
+  And clear ideas charm the thinking mind.
+  Whence the fine organs of the touch impart
+  Ideal figure, source of every art;
+  Time, motion, number, sunshine or the storm,
+  But mark varieties in Nature's _form_.                           130
+
+         [Footnote: _The hand, first gift of Heaven_, l. 122. The
+         human species in some of their sensations are much inferior
+         to animals, yet the accuracy of the sense of touch, which
+         they possess in so eminent a degree, gives them a great
+         superiority of understanding; as is well observed by the
+         ingenious Mr. Buffon. The extremities of other animals
+         terminate in horns, and hoofs, and claws, very unfit for the
+         sensation of touch; whilst the human hand is finely adapted
+         to encompass its object with this organ of sense. Those
+         animals who have clavicles or collar-bones, and thence use
+         their forefeet like hands, as cats, squirrels, monkeys, are
+         more ingenious than other quadrupeds, except the elephant,
+         who has a fine sense at the extremity of his proboscis; and
+         many insects from the possessing finer organs of touch have
+         greater ingenuity, as spiders, bees, wasps.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Trace the nice lines of form_, l. 125. When the
+         idea of solidity is excited a part of the extensive organ of
+         touch is compressed by some external body, and this part of
+         the sensorium so compressed exactly resembles in figure the
+         figure of the body that compressed it. Hence when we acquire
+         the idea of solidity, we acquire at the same time the idea of
+         figure; and this idea of figure, or motion of a part of the
+         organ of touch, exactly resembles in its figure the figure of
+         the body that occasions it; and thus exactly acquaints us
+         with this property of the external world.
+
+         Now, as the whole universe with all its parts possesses a
+         certain form or figure, if any part of it moves, that form or
+         figure of the whole is varied. Hence, as motion is no other
+         than a perpetual variation of figure, our idea of motion is
+         also a real resemblance of the motion that produced it.
+
+         Hence arises the certainty of the mathematical sciences, as
+         they explain these properties of bodies, which are exactly
+         resembled by our ideas of them, whilst we are obliged to
+         collect almost all our other knowledge from experiment; that
+         is, by observing the effects exerted by one body upon
+         another.]
+
+    "Slow could the tangent organ wander o'er
+  The rock-built mountain, and the winding shore;
+  No apt ideas could the pigmy mite,
+  Or embryon emmet to the touch excite;
+  But as each mass the solar ray reflects,
+  The eye's clear glass the transient beams collects;
+  Bends to their focal point the rays that swerve,
+  And paints the living image on the nerve.
+  So in some village-barn, or festive hall
+  The spheric lens illumes the whiten'd wall;                      140
+  O'er the bright field successive figures fleet,
+  And motley shadows dance along the sheet.--
+  Symbol of solid forms is colour'd light,
+  And the mute language of the touch is sight.
+
+         [Footnote: _The mute language of the touch_, l. 144. Our eyes
+         observe a difference of colour, or of shade, in the
+         prominences and depressions of objects, and that those shades
+         uniformly vary when the sense of touch observes any
+         variation. Hence when the retina becomes stimulated by
+         colours or shades of light in a certain form, as in a
+         circular spot, we know by experience that this is a sign that
+         a tangible body is before us; and that its figure is
+         resembled by the miniature figure of the part of the organ of
+         vision that is thus stimulated.
+
+         Here whilst the stimulated part of the retina resembles
+         exactly the visible figure of the whole in miniature, the
+         various kinds of stimuli from different colours mark the
+         visible figures of the minuter parts; and by habit we
+         instantly recall the tangible figures.
+
+         So that though our visible ideas resemble in miniature the
+         outline of the figure of coloured bodies, in other respects
+         they serve only as a language, which by acquired associations
+         introduce the tangible ideas of bodies. Hence it is, that
+         this sense is so readily deceived by the art of the painter
+         to our amusement and instruction. The reader will find much
+         very curious knowledge on this subject in Bishop Berkeley's
+         Essay on Vision, a work of great ingenuity.]
+
+    "HENCE in Life's portico starts young Surprise
+  With step retreating, and expanded eyes;
+  The virgin, Novelty, whose radiant train
+  Soars o'er the clouds, or sinks beneath the main,
+  With sweetly-mutable seductive charms
+  Thrills the young sense, the tender heart alarms.                150
+  Then Curiosity with tracing hands
+  And meeting lips the lines of form demands,
+  Buoy'd on light step, o'er ocean, earth, and sky,
+  Rolls the bright mirror of her restless eye.
+  While in wild groups tumultuous Passions stand,
+  And Lust and Hunger head the Motley band;
+  Then Love and Rage succeed, and Hope and Fear;
+  And nameless Vices close the gloomy rear;
+  Or young Philanthropy with voice divine
+  Convokes the adoring Youth to Virtue's shrine;                   160
+  Who with raised eye and pointing finger leads
+  To truths celestial, and immortal deeds.
+
+         [Footnote: _Starts young Surprise_, l. 145. Surprise is
+         occasioned by the sudden interruption of the usual trains of
+         our ideas by any violent stimulus from external objects, as
+         from the unexpected discharge of a pistol, and hence does not
+         exist in our dreams, because our external senses are closed
+         or inirritable. The fetus in the womb must experience many
+         sensations, as of resistance, figure, fluidity, warmth,
+         motion, rest, exertion, taste; and must consequently possess
+         trains both of waking and sleeping ideas. Surprise must
+         therefore be strongly excited at its nativity, as those
+         trains of ideas must instantly be dissevered by the sudden
+         and violent sensations occasioned by the dry and cold
+         atmosphere, the hardness of external bodies, light, sound,
+         and odours; which are accompanied with pleasure or pain
+         according to their quantity or intensity.
+
+         As some of these sensations become familiar by repetition,
+         other objects not previously attended to present themselves,
+         and produce the idea of novelty, which is a less degree of
+         surprise, and like that is not perceived in our dreams,
+         though for another reason; because in sleep we possess no
+         voluntary power to compare our trains of ideas with our
+         previous knowledge of nature, and do not therefore perceive
+         their difference by intuitive analogy from what usually
+         occurs.
+
+         As the novelty of our ideas is generally attended with
+         pleasurable sensation, from this arises Curiosity, or a
+         desire of examining a variety of objects, hoping to find
+         novelty, and the pleasure consequent to this degree of
+         surprise; see Additional Note VII. 3.]
+
+         [Footnote: _And meeting lips_, l. 152. Young children put
+         small bodies into their mouths, when they are satiated with
+         food, as well as when they are hungry, not with design to
+         taste them, but use their lips as an organ of touch to
+         distinguish the shape of them. Puppies, whose toes are
+         terminated with nails, and who do not much use their forefeet
+         as hands, seem to have no other means of acquiring a
+         knowledge of the forms of external bodies, and are therefore
+         perpetually playing with things by taking them between their
+         lips.]
+
+    III. "As the pure language of the Sight commands
+  The clear ideas furnish'd by the hands;
+  Beauty's fine forms attract our wondering eyes,
+  And soft alarms the pausing heart surprise.
+  Warm from its cell the tender infant born
+  Feels the cold chill of Life's aerial morn;
+  Seeks with spread hands the bosoms velvet orbs,
+  With closing lips the milky fount absorbs;                       170
+  And, as compress'd the dulcet streams distil,
+  Drinks warmth and fragrance from the living rill;
+  Eyes with mute rapture every waving line,
+  Prints with adoring kiss the Paphian shrine,
+  And learns erelong, the perfect form confess'd,
+  IDEAL BEAUTY from its Mother's breast.
+
+         [Footnote: _Seeks with spread hands_, l. 169. These eight
+         beautiful lines are copied from Mr. Bilsborrow's Address
+         prefixed to Zoonomia, and are translated from that work;
+         Sect. XVI. 6.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Ideal Beauty_, l. 176. Sentimental Love, as
+         distinguished from the animal passion of that name, with
+         which it is frequently accompanied, consists in the desire or
+         sensation of beholding, embracing, and saluting a beautiful
+         object.
+
+         The characteristic of beauty therefore is that it is the
+         object of love; and though many other objects are in common
+         language called beautiful, yet they are only called so
+         metaphorically, and ought to be termed agreeable. A Grecian
+         temple may give us the pleasurable idea of sublimity, a
+         Gothic temple may give us the pleasurable idea of variety,
+         and a modern house the pleasurable idea of utility; music and
+         poetry may inspire our love by association of ideas; but none
+         of these, except metaphorically, can be termed beautiful, as
+         we have no wish to embrace or salute them.
+
+         Our perception of beauty consists in our recognition by the
+         sense of vision of those objects, first, which have before
+         inspired our love by the pleasure, which they have afforded
+         to many of our senses; as to our sense of warmth, of touch,
+         of smell, of taste, hunger and thirst; and, secondly, which
+         bear any analogy of form to such objects.]
+
+    "Now on swift wheels descending like a star
+  Alights young EROS from his radiant car;
+  On angel-wings attendant Graces move,
+  And hail the God of SENTIMENTAL LOVE.                            180
+  Earth at his feet extends her flowery bed,
+  And bends her silver blossoms round his head;
+  Dark clouds dissolve, the warring winds subside.
+  And smiling ocean calms his tossing tide,
+  O'er the bright morn meridian lustres play,
+  And Heaven salutes him with a flood of day.
+
+         [Footnote: _Alights young Eros_, l. 178. There were two
+         deities of Love belonging to the heathen mythology, the one
+         said to be celestial, and the other terrestrial. Aristophanes
+         says, "Sable-winged Night produced an egg, from which sprung
+         up like a blossom Eros, the lovely, the desirable, with his
+         glossy golden wings." See Botanic Garden, Canto I. l. 412.
+         Note. The other deity of Love, Cupido, seems of much later
+         date, as he is not mentioned in the works of Homer, where
+         there were so many apt situations to have introduced him.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Earth at his feet_, l. 181.
+
+           Te, Dea, te fugiunt venti, te nubila coeli,
+           Adventumque tuum; tibi suaves dædala tellus
+           Submittit flores; tibi rident æquora ponti;
+           Placatumque nitet diffuso lumine coelum.
+                                        LUCRET.]
+
+    "Warm as the sun-beam, pure as driven snows,
+  The enamour'd GOD for young DIONE glows;
+  Drops the still tear, with sweet attention sighs,
+  And woos the Goddess with adoring eyes;                          190
+  Marks her white neck beneath the gauze's fold,
+  Her ivory shoulders, and her locks of gold;
+  Drinks with mute ecstacy the transient glow,
+  Which warms and tints her bosom's rising snow.
+  With holy kisses wanders o'er her charms,
+  And clasps the Beauty in Platonic arms;
+  Or if the dewy hands of Sleep, unbid,
+  O'er her blue eye-balls close the lovely lid,
+  Watches each nascent smile, and fleeting grace,
+  That plays in day-dreams o'er her blushing face;                 200
+  Counts the fine mazes of the curls, that break
+  Round her fair ear, and shade her damask cheek;
+  Drinks the pure fragrance of her breath, and sips
+  With tenderest touch the roses of her lips;--
+  O'er female hearts with chaste seduction reigns,
+  And binds SOCIETY in silken chains.
+
+    IV. "IF the wide eye the wavy lawns explores,
+  The bending woodlands, or the winding shores,
+  Hills, whose green sides with soft protuberance rise,
+  Or the blue concave of the vaulted skies;--                      210
+  Or scans with nicer gaze the pearly swell
+  Of spiral volutes round the twisted shell;
+  Or undulating sweep, whose graceful turns
+  Bound the smooth surface of Etrurian urns,
+  When on fine forms the waving lines impress'd
+  Give the nice curves, which swell the female breast;
+  The countless joys the tender Mother pours
+  Round the soft cradle of our infant hours,
+  In lively trains of unextinct delight
+  Rise in our bosoms _recognized by sight_;                        220
+  Fond Fancy's eye recalls the form divine,
+  And TASTE sits smiling upon Beauty's shrine.
+
+         [Footnote: _The wavy lawns_, l. 207. When the babe, soon
+         after it is born into this cold world, is applied to its
+         mother's bosom; its sense of perceiving warmth is first
+         agreeably affected; next its sense of smell is delighted with
+         the odour of her milk; then its taste is gratified by the
+         flavour of it; afterwards the appetites of hunger and of
+         thirst afford pleasure by the possession of their objects,
+         and by the subsequent digestion of the aliment; and lastly,
+         the sense of touch is delighted by the softness and
+         smoothness of the milky fountain, the source of such variety
+         of happiness.
+
+         All these various kinds of pleasure at length become
+         associated with the form of the mother's breast; which the
+         infant embraces with its hands, presses with its lips, and
+         watches with its eyes; and thus acquires more accurate ideas
+         of the form of its mother's bosom, than of the odour and
+         flavour or warmth, which it perceives by its other senses.
+         And hence at our maturer years, when any object of vision is
+         presented to us, which by its waving or spiral lines bears
+         any similitude to the form of the female bosom, whether it be
+         found in a landscape with soft gradations of rising and
+         descending surface, or in the forms of some antique vases, or
+         in other works of the pencil or the chisel, we feel a general
+         glow of delight, which seems to influence all our senses; and
+         if the object be not too large, we experience an attraction
+         to embrace it with our arms, and to salute it with our lips,
+         as we did in our early infancy the bosom of our mother. And
+         thus we find, according to the ingenious idea of Hogarth,
+         that the waving lines of beauty were originally taken from
+         the temple of Venus.]
+
+    "Where Egypt's pyramids gigantic stand,
+  And stretch their shadows o'er the shuddering sand;
+  Or where high rocks o'er ocean's dashing floods
+  Wave high in air their panoply of woods;
+  Admiring TASTE delights to stray beneath
+  With eye uplifted, and forgets to breathe;
+  Or, as aloft his daring footsteps climb,
+  Crests their high summits with his arm sublime.                  230
+
+         [Footnote: _With his arm sublime_, l. 230. Objects of taste
+         have been generally divided into the beautiful, the sublime,
+         and the new; and lately to these have been added the
+         picturesque. The beautiful so well explained in Hogarth's
+         analysis of beauty, consists of curved lines and smooth
+         surfaces, as expressed in the preceding note; any object
+         larger than usual, as a very large temple or a very large
+         mountain, gives us the idea of sublimity; with which is often
+         confounded the terrific, and the melancholic: what is now
+         termed picturesque includes objects, which are principally
+         neither sublime nor beautiful, but which by their variety and
+         intricacy joined with a due degree of regularity or
+         uniformity convey to the mind an agreeable sentiment of
+         novelty. Many other agreeable sentiments may be excited by
+         visible objects, thus to the sublime and beautiful may be
+         added the terrific, tragic, melancholic, artless, &c. while
+         novelty superinduces a charm upon them all. See Additional
+         Note XIII.]
+
+    "Where mouldering columns mark the lingering wreck
+  Of Thebes, Palmyra, Babylon, Balbec;
+  The prostrate obelisk, or shatter'd dome,
+  Uprooted pedestal, and yawning tomb,
+  On loitering steps reflective TASTE surveys
+  With folded arms and sympathetic gaze;
+  Charm'd with poetic Melancholy treads
+  O'er ruin'd towns and desolated meads;
+  Or rides sublime on Time's expanded wings,
+  And views the fate of ever-changing things.                      240
+
+         [Footnote: _Poetic melancholy treads_, l. 237. The pleasure
+         arising from the contemplation of the ruins of ancient
+         grandeur or of ancient happiness, and here termed poetic
+         melancholy, arises from a combination of the painful idea of
+         sorrow with the pleasurable idea of the grandeur or happiness
+         of past times; and becomes very interesting to us by fixing
+         our attention more strongly on that grandeur and happiness,
+         as the passion of Pity mentioned in the succeeding note is a
+         combination of the painful idea of sorrow with the
+         pleasurable one of beauty, or of virtue.]
+
+    "When Beauty's streaming eyes her woes express,
+  Or Virtue braves unmerited distress;
+  Love sighs in sympathy, with pain combined,
+  And new-born Pity charms the kindred mind;
+  The enamour'd Sorrow every cheek bedews,
+  And TASTE impassion'd woos the tragic Muse.
+
+         [Footnote: _The tragic Muse_, l. 246. Why we are delighted
+         with the scenical representations of Tragedy, which draw
+         tears from our eyes, has been variously explained by
+         different writers. The same distressful circumstance
+         attending an ugly or wicked person affects us with grief or
+         disgust; but when distress occurs to a beauteous or virtuous
+         person, the pleasurable idea of beauty or of virtue becomes
+         mixed with the painful one of sorrow and the passion of Pity
+         is produced, which is a combination of love or esteem with
+         sorrow; and becomes highly interesting to us by fixing our
+         attention more intensely on the beauteous or virtuous person.
+
+         Other distressful scenes have been supposed to give pleasure
+         to the spectator from exciting a comparative idea of his own
+         happiness, as when a shipwreck is viewed by a person safe on
+         shore, as mentioned by Lucretius, L. 3. But these dreadful
+         situations belong rather to the terrible, or the horrid, than
+         to the tragic; and may be objects of curiosity from their
+         novelty, but not of Taste, and must suggest much more pain
+         than pleasure.]
+
+    "The rush-thatch'd cottage on the purple moor,
+  Where ruddy children frolic round the door,
+  The moss-grown antlers of the aged oak,
+  The shaggy locks that fringe the colt unbroke,                   250
+  The bearded goat with nimble eyes, that glare
+  Through the long tissue of his hoary hair;--
+  As with quick foot he climbs some ruin'd wall,
+  And crops the ivy, which prevents its fall;--
+  With rural charms the tranquil mind delight,
+  And form a picture to the admiring sight.
+  While TASTE with pleasure bends his eye surprised
+  In modern days at Nature unchastised.
+
+         [Footnote: _Nature unchastised_, l. 258. In cities or their
+         vicinity, and even in the cultivated parts of the country we
+         rarely see undisguised nature; the fields are ploughed, the
+         meadows mown, the shrubs planted in rows for hedges, the
+         trees deprived of their lower branches, and the animals, as
+         horses, dogs, and sheep, are mutilated in respect to their
+         tails or ears; such is the useful or ill-employed activity of
+         mankind! all which alterations add to the formality of the
+         soil, plants, trees, or animals; whence when natural objects
+         are occasionally presented to us, as an uncultivated forest
+         and its wild inhabitants, we are not only amused with greater
+         variety of form, but are at the same time enchanted by the
+         charm of novelty, which is a less degree of Surprise, already
+         spoken of in note on l. 145 of this Canto.]
+
+    "The GENIUS-FORM, on silver slippers born,
+  With fairer dew-drops gems the rising morn;                      260
+  Sheds o'er meridian skies a softer light,
+  And decks with brighter pearls the brow of night;
+  With finer blush the vernal blossom glows,
+  With sweeter breath enamour'd Zephyr blows,
+  The limpid streams with gentler murmurs pass,
+  And gayer colours tinge the watery glass,
+  Charm'd round his steps along the enchanted groves
+  Flit the fine forms of Beauties, Graces, Loves.
+
+    V. "Alive, each moment of the transient hour,
+  When Rest accumulates sensorial power,                           270
+  The impatient Senses, goaded to contract,
+  Forge new ideas, changing as they act;
+  And, in long streams dissever'd, or concrete
+  In countless tribes, the fleeting forms repeat.
+  Which rise excited in Volition's trains,
+  Or link the sparkling rings of Fancy's chains;
+  Or, as they flow from each translucent source,
+  Pursue Association's endless course.
+
+         [Footnote: _When rest accumulates_, l. 270. The accumulation
+         of the spirit of animation, when those parts of the system
+         rest, which are usually in motion, produces a disagreeable
+         sensation. Whence the pain of cold and of hunger, and the
+         irksomeness of a continued attitude, and of an indolent life:
+         and hence the propensity to action in those confined animals,
+         which have been accustomed to activity, as is seen in the
+         motions of a squirrel in a cage; which uses perpetual
+         exertion to exhaust a part of its accumulated sensorial
+         power. This is one source of our general propensity to
+         action; another perhaps arises from our curiosity or
+         expectation of novelty mentioned in the note on l. 145. of
+         this canto.
+
+         But the immediate cause of our propensity to imitation above
+         that of other animals arises from the greater facility, with
+         which by the sense of touch we acquire the ideas of the
+         outlines of objects, and afterwards in consequence by the
+         sense of sight; this seems to have been observed by
+         Aristotle, who calls man, "the imitative animal;" see
+         Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XXII.]
+
+    "Hence when the inquiring hands with contact fine
+  Trace on hard forms the circumscribing line;                     280
+  Which then the language of the rolling eyes
+  From distant scenes of earth and heaven supplies;
+  Those clear ideas of the touch and sight
+  Rouse the quick sense to anguish or delight;
+  Whence the fine power of IMITATION springs,
+  And apes the outlines of external things;
+  With ceaseless action to the world imparts
+  All moral virtues, languages, and arts.
+  First the charm'd Mind mechanic powers collects,
+  Means for some end, and causes of effects;                       290
+  Then learns from other Minds their joys and fears,
+  Contagious smiles and sympathetic tears.
+
+         [Footnote: _All moral virtues_, l. 288. See the sequel of
+         this canto l. 453 on sympathy; and l. 331 on language; and
+         the subsequent lines on the arts of painting and
+         architecture.]
+
+    "What one fine stimulated Sense discerns,
+  Another Sense by IMITATION learns.--
+  So in the graceful dance the step sublime
+  Learns from the ear the concordance of Time.
+  So, when the pen of some young artist prints
+  Recumbent Nymphs in TITIAN'S living tints;
+  The glowing limb, fair cheek, and flowing hair,
+  Respiring bosom, and seductive air,                              300
+  He justly copies with enamour'd sigh
+  From Beauty's image pictured on his eye.
+
+         [Footnote: _Another sense_, l. 294. As the part of the organs
+         of touch or of sight, which is stimulated into action by a
+         tangible or visible object, must resemble in figure at least
+         the figure of that object, as it thus constitutes an idea; it
+         may be said to imitate the figure of that object; and thus
+         imitation may be esteemed coeval with the existence both of
+         man and other animals: but this would confound perception
+         with imitation; which latter is better defined from the
+         actions of one sense copying those of another.]
+
+    "Thus when great ANGELO in wondering Rome
+  Fix'd the vast pillars of Saint Peter's dome,
+  Rear'd rocks on rocks sublime, and hung on high
+  A new Pantheon in the affrighted sky.
+  Each massy pier, now join'd and now aloof,
+  The figured architraves, and vaulted roof,
+  Ailes, whose broad curves gigantic ribs sustain,
+  Where holy echoes chant the adoring strain;                      310
+  The central altar, sacred to the Lord,
+  Admired by Sages, and by Saints ador'd,
+  Whose brazen canopy ascends sublime
+  On spiral columns unafraid of Time,
+  Were first by Fancy in ethereal dyes
+  Plann'd on the rolling tablets of his eyes;
+  And his true hand with imitation fine
+  Traced from his Retina the grand design.
+
+         [Footnote: _Thus when great Angelo_, l. 303. The origin of
+         this propensity to imitation has not been deduced from any
+         known principle; when any action presents itself to the view
+         of a child, as of whetting a knife, or threading a needle;
+         the parts of this action in respect of time, motion, figure,
+         are imitated by parts of the retina of his eye; to perform
+         this action therefore with his hands is easier to him than to
+         invent any new action; because it consists in repeating with
+         another set of fibres, viz. with the moving muscles, what he
+         had just performed by some parts of the retina; just as in
+         dancing we transfer the times of the motions from the actions
+         of the auditory nerves to the muscles of the limbs. Imitation
+         therefore consists of repetition, which is the easiest kind
+         of animal action; as the ideas or motions become presently
+         associated together; which adds to the facility of their
+         production; as shown in Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XXII. 2.
+
+         It should be added, that as our ideas, when we perceive
+         external objects, are believed to consist in the actions of
+         the immediate organs of sense in consequence of the stimulus
+         of those objects; so when we think of external objects, our
+         ideas are believed to consist in the repetitions of the
+         actions of the immediate organs of sense, excited by the
+         other sensorial powers of volition, sensation, or
+         association.]
+
+    "The Muse of MIMICRY in every age
+  With silent language charms the attentive stage;                 320
+  The Monarch's stately step, and tragic pause,
+  The Hero bleeding in his country's cause,
+  O'er her fond child the dying Mother's tears,
+  The Lover's ardor, and the Virgin's fears;
+  The tittering Nymph, that tries her comic task,
+  Bounds on the scene, and peeps behind her mask,
+  The Punch and Harlequin, and graver throng,
+  That shake the theatre with dance and song,
+  With endless trains of Angers, Loves, and Mirths,
+  Owe to the Muse of Mimicry their births.                         330
+
+         [Footnote: _The Muse of Mimicry_, l. 319. Much of the
+         pleasure received from the drawings of flowers finely
+         finished, or of portraits, is derived from their imitation or
+         resemblance of the objects or persons which they represent.
+         The same occurs in the pleasure we receive from mimicry on
+         the stage; we are surprised at the accuracy of its enacted
+         resemblance. Some part of the pleasure received from
+         architecture, as when we contemplate the internal structure
+         of gothic temples, as of King's College chapel in Cambridge,
+         or of Lincoln Cathedral, may arise also from their imitation
+         or resemblance of those superb avenues of large trees, which
+         were formerly appropriated to religious ceremonies.]
+
+    "Hence to clear images of form belong
+  The sculptor's statue, and the poet's song,
+  The painter's landscape, and the builder's plan,
+  And IMITATION marks the mind of Man.
+
+         [Footnote: _Imitation marks_, l. 334. Many other curious
+         instances of one part of the animal system imitating another
+         part of it, as in some contagious diseases; and also of some
+         animals imitating each other, are given in Zoonomia, Vol. I.
+         Sect. XXII. 3. To which may be added, that this propensity to
+         imitation not only appears in the actions of children, but in
+         all the customs and fashions of the world; many thousands
+         tread in the beaten paths of others, who precede or accompany
+         them, for one who traverses regions of his own discovery.]
+
+    VI. "WHEN strong desires or soft sensations move
+  The astonish'd Intellect to rage or love;
+  Associate tribes of fibrous motions rise,
+  Flush the red cheek, or light the laughing eyes.
+  Whence ever-active Imitation finds
+  The ideal trains, that pass in kindred minds;                    340
+  Her mimic arts associate thoughts excite
+  And the first LANGUAGE enters at the sight.
+
+         [Footnote: _And the first Language_, l. 342. There are two
+         ways by which we become acquainted with the passions of
+         others: first, by having observed the effects of them, as of
+         fear or anger, on our own bodies, we know at sight when
+         others are under the influence of these affections. So
+         children long before they can speak, or understand the
+         language of their parents, may be frightened by an angry
+         countenance, or soothed by smiles and blandishments.
+
+         Secondly, when we put ourselves into the attitude that any
+         passion naturally occasions, we soon in some degree acquire
+         that passion; hence when those that scold indulge themselves
+         in loud oaths and violent actions of the arms, they increase
+         their anger by the mode of expressing themselves; and, on the
+         contrary, the counterfeited smile of pleasure in disagreeable
+         company soon brings along with it a portion of the reality,
+         as is well illustrated by Mr. Burke. (Essay on the Sublime
+         and Beautiful.)
+
+         These are natural signs by which we understand each other,
+         and on this slender basis is built all human language. For
+         without some natural signs no artificial ones could have been
+         invented or understood, as is very ingeniously observed by
+         Dr. Reid. (Inquiry into the Human Mind.)]
+
+    "Thus jealous quails or village-cocks inspect
+  Each other's necks with stiffen'd plumes erect;
+  Smit with the wordless eloquence, they know
+  The rival passion of the threatening foe.
+  So when the famish'd wolves at midnight howl,
+  Fell serpents hiss, or fierce hyenas growl;
+  Indignant Lions rear their bristling mail,
+  And lash their sides with undulating tail.                       350
+  Or when the Savage-Man with clenched fist
+  Parades, the scowling champion of the list;
+  With brandish'd arms, and eyes that roll to know
+  Where first to fix the meditated blow;
+  Association's mystic power combines
+  Internal passions with external signs.
+
+    "From these dumb gestures first the exchange began
+  Of viewless thought in bird, and beast, and man;
+  And still the stage by mimic art displays
+  Historic pantomime in modern days;                               360
+  And hence the enthusiast orator affords
+  Force to the feebler eloquence of words.
+
+    "Thus the first LANGUAGE, when we frown'd or smiled,
+  Rose from the cradle, Imitation's child;
+  Next to each thought associate sound accords,
+  And forms the dulcet symphony of words;
+  The tongue, the lips articulate; the throat
+  With soft vibration modulates the note;
+  Love, pity, war, the shout, the song, the prayer
+  Form quick concussions of elastic air.                           370
+
+    "Hence the first accents bear in airy rings
+  The vocal symbols of ideal things,
+  Name each nice change appulsive powers supply
+  To the quick sense of touch, or ear or eye.
+  Or in fine traits abstracted forms suggest
+  Of Beauty, Wisdom, Number, Motion, Rest;
+  Or, as within reflex ideas move,
+  Trace the light steps of Reason, Rage, or Love.
+  The next new sounds adjunctive thoughts recite,
+  As hard, odorous, tuneful, sweet, or white.                      380
+  The next the fleeting images select
+  Of action, suffering, causes and effect;
+  Or mark existence, with the march sublime
+  O'er earth and ocean of recording TIME.
+
+         [Footnote: _Hence the first accents_, l. 371. Words were
+         originally the signs or names of individual ideas; but in all
+         known languages many of them by changing their terminations
+         express more than one idea, as in the cases of nouns, and the
+         moods and tenses of verbs. Thus a whip suggests a single idea
+         of that instrument; but "to whip," suggests an idea of
+         action, joined with that of the instrument, and is then
+         called a verb; and "to be whipped," suggests an idea of being
+         acted upon or suffering. Thus in most languages two ideas are
+         suggested by one word by changing its termination; as amor,
+         love; amare, to love; amari, to be loved.
+
+         Nouns are the names of the ideas of things, first as they are
+         received by the stimulus of objects, or as they are
+         afterwards repeated; secondly, they are names of more
+         abstracted ideas, which do not suggest at the same time the
+         external objects, by which they were originally excited; or
+         thirdly, of the operations of our minds, which are termed
+         reflex ideas by metaphysical writers; or lastly, they are the
+         names of our ideas of parts or properties of objects; and are
+         termed by grammarians nouns adjective.
+
+         Verbs are also in reality names of our ideas of things, or
+         nouns, with the addition of another idea to them, as of
+         acting or suffering; or of more than one other annexed idea,
+         as of time, and also of existence. These with the numerous
+         abbreviations, so well illustrated by Mr. Horne Tooke in his
+         Diversions of Purley, make up the general theory of language,
+         which consists of the symbols of ideas represented by vocal
+         or written words; or by parts of those words, as their
+         terminations; or by their disposition in respect to their
+         order or succession; as further explained in Additional Note
+         XIV.]
+
+    "The GIANT FORM on Nature's centre stands,
+  And waves in ether his unnumber'd hands;
+  Whirls the bright planets in their silver spheres,
+  And the vast sun round other systems steers;
+  Till the last trump amid the thunder's roar
+  Sound the dread Sentence "TIME SHALL BE NO MORE!"
+
+    "Last steps Abbreviation, bold and strong,                     391
+  And leads the volant trains of words along;
+  With sweet loquacity to HERMES springs,
+  And decks his forehead and his feet with wings.
+
+    VII. "As the soft lips and pliant tongue are taught
+  With other minds to interchange the thought;
+  And sound, the symbol of the sense, explains
+  In parted links the long ideal trains;
+  From clear conceptions of external things
+  The facile power of Recollection springs.                        400
+
+         [Footnote: _In parted links_, l. 398. As our ideas consist of
+         successive trains of the motions, or changes of figure, of
+         the extremities of the nerves of one or more of our senses,
+         as of the optic or auditory nerves; these successive trains
+         of motion, or configuration, are in common life divided into
+         many links, to each of which a word or name is given, and it
+         is called an idea. This chain of ideas may be broken into
+         more or fewer links, or divided in different parts of it, by
+         the customs of different people. Whence the meanings of the
+         words of one language cannot always be exactly expressed by
+         those of another; and hence the acquirement of different
+         languages in their infancy may affect the modes of thinking
+         and reasoning of whole nations, or of different classes of
+         society; as the words of them do not accurately suggest the
+         same ideas, or parts of ideal trains; a circumstance which
+         has not been sufficiently analysed.]
+
+    "Whence REASON'S empire o'er the world presides,
+  And man from brute, and man from man divides;
+  Compares and measures by imagined lines
+  Ellipses, circles, tangents, angles, sines;
+  Repeats with nice libration, and decrees
+  In what each differs, and in what agrees;
+  With quick Volitions unfatigued selects
+  Means for some end, and causes of effects;
+  All human science worth the name imparts,
+  And builds on Nature's base the works of Arts.                   410
+
+         [Footnote: _Whence Reason's empire_, l. 401. The facility of
+         the use of the voluntary power, which is owing to the
+         possession of the clear ideas acquired by our superior sense
+         of touch, and afterwards of vision, distinguishes man from
+         brutes, and has given him the empire of the world, with the
+         power of improving nature by the exertions of art.
+
+         Reasoning is that operation of the sensorium by which we
+         excite two or many tribes of ideas, and then reexcite the
+         ideas in which they differ or correspond. If we determine
+         this difference, it is called judgment; if we in vain
+         endeavour to determine it, it is called doubting.
+
+         If we reexcite the ideas in which they differ, it is called
+         distinguishing. If we reexcite those in which they
+         correspond, it is called comparing.]
+
+    "The Wasp, fine architect, surrounds his domes
+  With paper-foliage, and suspends his combs;
+  Secured from frost the Bee industrious dwells,
+  And fills for winter all her waxen cells;
+  The cunning Spider with adhesive line
+  Weaves his firm net immeasurably fine;
+  The Wren, when embryon eggs her cares engross,
+  Seeks the soft down, and lines the cradling moss;
+  Conscious of change the Silkworm-Nymphs begin
+  Attach'd to leaves their gluten-threads to spin;                 420
+  Then round and round they weave with circling heads
+  Sphere within Sphere, and form their silken beds.
+  --Say, did these fine volitions first commence
+  From clear ideas of the tangent sense;
+  From sires to sons by imitation caught,
+  Or in dumb language by tradition taught?
+  Or did they rise in some primeval site
+  Of larva-gnat, or microscopic mite;
+  And with instructive foresight still await
+  On each vicissitude of insect-state?--                           430
+  Wise to the present, nor to future blind,
+  They link the reasoning reptile to mankind!
+  --Stoop, selfish Pride! survey thy kindred forms,
+  Thy brother Emmets, and thy sister Worms!
+
+         [Footnote: _The Wasp, fine architect_, l. 411. Those animals
+         which possess a better sense of touch are, in general, more
+         ingenious than others. Those which have claviculæ, or
+         collar-bones, and thence use the forefeet as hands, as the
+         monkey, squirrel, rat, are more ingenious in seizing their
+         prey or escaping from danger. And the ingenuity of the
+         elephant appears to arise from the sense of touch at the
+         extremity of his proboscis, which has a prominence on one
+         side of its cavity like a thumb to close against the other
+         side of it, by which I have seen him readily pick up a
+         shilling which was thrown amongst the straw he stood upon.
+         Hence the excellence of the sense of touch in many insects
+         seems to have given them wonderful ingenuity so as to equal
+         or even excel mankind in some of their arts and discoveries;
+         many of which may have been acquired in situations previous
+         to their present ones, as the great globe itself, and all
+         that it inhabit, appear to be in a perpetual state of
+         mutation and improvement; see Additional Note IX.]
+
+    "Thy potent acts, VOLITION, still attend
+  The means of pleasure to secure the end;
+  To express his wishes and his wants design'd
+  Language, the _means_, distinguishes Mankind;
+  For _future_ works in Art's ingenious schools
+  His hands unwearied form and finish tools;                       440
+  He toils for money _future_ bliss to share,
+  And shouts to Heaven his mercenary prayer.
+  Sweet Hope delights him, frowning Fear alarms,
+  And Vice and Virtue court him to their arms.
+
+         [Footnote: _Thy potent acts, Volition_, l. 435. It was before
+         observed, how much the superior accuracy of our sense of
+         touch contributes to increase our knowledge; but it is the
+         greater energy and activity of the power of volition, that
+         marks mankind, and has given them the empire of the world.
+
+         There is a criterion by which we may distinguish our
+         voluntary acts or thoughts from those that are excited by our
+         sensations: "The former are always employed about the means
+         to acquire pleasurable objects, or to avoid painful ones;
+         while the latter are employed about the possession of those
+         that are already in our power."
+
+         The ideas and actions of brutes, like those of children, are
+         almost perpetually produced by their present pleasures or
+         their present pains; and they seldom busy themselves about
+         the _means_ of procuring future bliss, or of avoiding future
+         misery.
+
+         Whilst the acquiring of languages, the making of tools, and
+         the labouring for money, which are all only the _means_ of
+         procuring pleasure; and the praying to the Deity, as another
+         means to procure happiness, are characteristic of human
+         nature.]
+
+    "Unenvied eminence, in Nature's plan
+  Rise the reflective faculties of Man!
+  Labour to Rest the thinking Few prefer!
+  Know but to mourn! and reason but to err!--
+  In Eden's groves, the cradle of the world,
+  Bloom'd a fair tree with mystic flowers unfurl'd;                450
+  On bending branches, as aloft it sprung,
+  Forbid to taste, the fruit of KNOWLEDGE hung;
+  Flow'd with sweet Innocence the tranquil hours,
+  And Love and Beauty warm'd the blissful bowers.
+  Till our deluded Parents pluck'd, erelong,
+  The tempting fruit, and gather'd Right and Wrong;
+  Whence Good and Evil, as in trains they pass,
+  Reflection imaged on her polish'd glass;
+  And Conscience felt, for blood by Hunger spilt,
+  The pains of shame, of sympathy, and guilt!                      460
+
+         [Footnote: _And gather'd Right and Wrong_, l. 456. Some
+         philosophers have believed that the acquisition of knowledge
+         diminishes the happiness of the possessor; an opinion which
+         seems to have been inculcated by the history of our first
+         parents, who are said to have become miserable from eating of
+         the tree of knowledge. But as the foresight and the power of
+         mankind are much increased by their voluntary exertions in
+         the acquirement of knowledge, they may undoubtedly avoid many
+         sources of evil, and procure many sources of good; and yet
+         possess the pleasures of sense, or of imagination, as
+         extensively as the brute or the savage.]
+
+    VIII. "LAST, as observant Imitation stands,
+  Turns her quick glance, and brandishes her hands,
+  With mimic acts associate thoughts excites,
+  And storms the soul with sorrows or delights;
+  Life's shadowy scenes are brighten'd and refin'd,
+  And soft emotions mark the feeling mind.
+
+         [Footnote: _And soft emotions_, l. 466. From our aptitude to
+         imitation arises what is generally understood by the word
+         sympathy, so well explained by Dr. Smith of Glasgow. Thus the
+         appearance of a cheerful countenance gives us pleasure, and
+         of a melancholy one makes us sorrowful. Yawning, and
+         sometimes vomiting, are thus propagated by sympathy; and some
+         people of delicate fibres, at the presence of a spectacle of
+         misery, have felt pain in the same parts of their bodies,
+         that were diseased or mangled in the object they saw.
+
+         The effect of this powerful agent in the moral world, is the
+         foundation of all our intellectual sympathies with the pains
+         and pleasures of others, and is in consequence the source of
+         all our virtues. For in what consists our sympathy with the
+         miseries or with the joys of our fellow creatures, but in an
+         involuntary excitation of ideas in some measure similar or
+         imitative of those which we believe to exist in the minds of
+         the persons whom we commiserate or congratulate!]
+
+    "The Seraph, SYMPATHY, from Heaven descends,
+  And bright o'er earth his beamy forehead bends;
+  On Man's cold heart celestial ardor flings,
+  And showers affection from his sparkling wings;                  470
+  Rolls o'er the world his mild benignant eye,
+  Hears the lone murmur, drinks the whisper'd sigh;
+  Lifts the closed latch of pale Misfortune's door,
+  Opes the clench'd hand of Avarice to the poor,
+  Unbars the prison, liberates the slave,
+  Sheds his soft sorrows o'er the untimely grave,
+  Points with uplifted hand to realms above,
+  And charms the world with universal love.
+
+    "O'er the thrill'd frame his words assuasive steal,
+  And teach the selfish heart what others feel;                    480
+  With sacred truth each erring thought control,
+  Bind sex to sex, and mingle soul with soul;
+  From heaven, He cried, descends the moral plan,
+  And gives Society to savage man.
+
+    "High on yon scroll, inscribed o'er Nature's shrine,
+  Live in bright characters the words divine.
+  "IN LIFE'S DISASTROUS SCENES TO OTHERS DO,
+  WHAT YOU WOULD WISH BY OTHERS DONE TO YOU."
+  --Winds! wide o'er earth the sacred law convey,
+  Ye Nations, hear it! and ye Kings, obey!                         490
+
+         [Footnote: _High on yon scroll_, l. 485. The famous sentence
+         of Socrates "Know thyself," so celebrated by writers of
+         antiquity, and said by them to have descended from Heaven,
+         however wise it may be, seems to be rather of a selfish
+         nature; and the author of it might have added "Know also
+         other people." But the sacred maxims of the author of
+         Christianity, "Do as you would be done by," and "Love your
+         neighbour as yourself," include all our duties of benevolence
+         and morality; and, if sincerely obeyed by all nations, would
+         a thousandfold multiply the present happiness of mankind.]
+
+    "Unbreathing wonder hush'd the adoring throng,
+  Froze the broad eye, and chain'd the silent tongue;
+  Mute was the wail of Want, and Misery's cry,
+  And grateful Pity wiped her lucid eye;
+  Peace with sweet voice the Seraph-form address'd,
+  And Virtue clasp'd him to her throbbing breast."
+
+
+END OF CANTO III.
+
+
+
+
+ORIGIN OF SOCIETY.
+
+CANTO IV.
+
+OF GOOD AND EVIL.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+I. Few affected by Sympathy 1. Cruelty of War 11. Of brute animals,
+Wolf, Eagle, Lamb, Dove, Owl, Nightingale 17. Of insects, Oestrus,
+Ichneumon, Libellula 29. Wars of Vegetables 41. Of fish, the Shark,
+Crocodile, Whale 55. The World a Slaughter-house 66. Pains from Defect
+and from Excess of Stimulus 71. Ebriety and Superstition 77. Mania 89.
+Association 93. Avarice, Imposture, Ambition, Envy, Jealousy 97.
+Floods, Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Famine 109. Pestilence 117. Pains from
+Sympathy 123. II. Good outbalances Evil 135. Life combines inanimate
+Matter, and produces happiness by Irritation 145. As in viewing a
+Landscape 159. In hearing Music 171. By Sensation or Fancy in Dreams
+183. The Patriot and the Nun 197. Howard, Moira, Burdett 205. By
+Volition 223. Newton, Herschel 233. Archimedes, Savery 241. Isis,
+Arkwright 253. Letters and Printing 265. Freedom of the Press 273. By
+Association 291. Ideas of Contiguity, Resemblance, and of Cause and
+Effect 299. Antinous 319. Cecilia 329. III. Life soon ceases, Births
+and Deaths alternate 337. Acorns, Poppy-seeds, Aphises, Snails, Worms,
+Tadpoles, Herrings innumerable 347. So Mankind 369. All Nature teems
+with Life 375. Dead Organic Matter soon revives 383. Death is but a
+change of Form 393. Exclamation of St. Paul 403. Happiness of the
+World increases 405. The Phoenix 411. System of Pythagoras 417. Rocks
+and Mountains produced by Organic Life 429. Are Monuments of past
+Felicity 447. Munificence of the Deity 455. IV. Procession of Virgins
+469. Hymn to Heaven 481. Of Chaos 489. Of Celestial Love 499. Offering
+of Urania 517-524.
+
+
+
+
+CANTO IV.
+
+OF GOOD AND EVIL.
+
+
+  I. "HOW FEW," the MUSE in plaintive accents cries,
+  And mingles with her words pathetic sighs.--
+  "How few, alas! in Nature's wide domains
+  The sacred charm of SYMPATHY restrains!
+  Uncheck'd desires from appetite commence,
+  And pure reflection yields to selfish sense!
+  --Blest is the Sage, who learn'd in Nature's laws
+  With nice distinction marks effect and cause;
+  Who views the insatiate Grave with eye sedate,
+  Nor fears thy voice, inexorable Fate!                             10
+
+         [Footnote: _Blest is the Sage_, l. 7.
+
+           Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas;
+           Quique metus omnes, et inexorabile fatum,
+           Subjecit pedibus, strepitumque Acherontis avari.
+                                        VIRG. Georg. II. 490.]
+
+    "WHEN War, the Demon, lifts his banner high,
+  And loud artillery rends the affrighted sky;
+  Swords clash with swords, on horses horses rush,
+  Man tramples man, and nations nations crush;
+  Death his vast sithe with sweep enormous wields,
+  And shuddering Pity quits the sanguine fields.
+
+    "The wolf, escorted by his milk-drawn dam,
+  Unknown to mercy, tears the guiltless lamb;
+  The towering eagle, darting from above,
+  Unfeeling rends the inoffensive dove;                             20
+  The lamb and dove on living nature feed,
+  Crop the young herb, or crush the embryon seed.
+  Nor spares the loud owl in her dusky flight,
+  Smit with sweet notes, the minstrel of the night;
+  Nor spares, enamour'd of his radiant form,
+  The hungry nightingale the glowing worm;
+  Who with bright lamp alarms the midnight hour,
+  Climbs the green stem, and slays the sleeping flower.
+
+         [Footnote: _The towering eagle_, l. 19.
+
+           Torva leæna lupum sequitur, lupus ipse capellam,
+           Florentem cytisum sequitur lasciva capella.
+                                        VIRG.]
+
+    "Fell Oestrus buries in her rapid course
+  Her countless brood in stag, or bull, or horse;                   30
+  Whose hungry larva eats its living way,
+  Hatch'd by the warmth, and issues into day.
+  The wing'd Ichneumon for her embryon young
+  Gores with sharp horn the caterpillar throng.
+  The cruel larva mines its silky course,
+  And tears the vitals of its fostering nurse.
+  While fierce Libellula with jaws of steel
+  Ingulfs an insect-province at a meal;
+  Contending bee-swarms rise on rustling wings,
+  And slay their thousands with envenom'd stings.                   40
+
+         [Footnote: _Fell Oestrus buries_, l. 29. The gadfly, bot-fly,
+         or sheep-fly: the larva lives in the bodies of cattle
+         throughout the whole winter; it is extracted from their backs
+         by an African bird called Buphaga. Adhering to the anus it
+         artfully introduces itself into the intestines of horses, and
+         becomes so numerous in their stomachs, as sometimes to
+         destroy them; it climbs into the nostrils of sheep and
+         calves, and producing a nest of young in a transparent
+         hydatide in the frontal sinus, occasions the vertigo or turn
+         of those animals. In Lapland it so attacks the rein deer that
+         the natives annually travel with the herds from the woods to
+         the mountains. Lin. Syst. Nat.]
+
+         [Footnote: _The wing'd Ichneumon_, l. 33. Linneus describes
+         seventy-seven species of the ichneumon fly, some of which
+         have a sting as long and some twice as long as their bodies.
+         Many of them insert their eggs into various caterpillars,
+         which when they are hatched seem for a time to prey on the
+         reservoir of silk in the backs of those animals designed for
+         their own use to spin a cord to support them, or a bag to
+         contain them, while they change from their larva form to a
+         butterfly; as I have seen in above fifty
+         cabbage-caterpillars. The ichneumon larva then makes its way
+         out of the caterpillar, and spins itself a small cocoon like
+         a silk worm; these cocoons are about the size of a small
+         pin's head, and I have seen about ten of them on each cabbage
+         caterpillar, which soon dies after their exclusion.
+
+         Other species of ichneumon insert their eggs into the aphis,
+         and into the larva of the aphidivorous fly: others into the
+         bedeguar of rose trees, and the gall-nuts of oaks; whence
+         those excrescences seem to be produced, as well as the
+         hydatides in the frontal sinus of sheep and calves by the
+         stimulus of the larvæ deposited in them.]
+
+         [Footnote: _While fierce Libellula_, l. 37. The Libellula or
+         Dragon-fly is said to be a most voracious animal; Linneus
+         says in their perfect state they are the hawks to naked
+         winged flies; in their larva state they run beneath the
+         water, and are the cruel crocodiles of aquatic insects. Syst.
+         Nat.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Contending bee-swarms_, l. 39. Stronger
+         bee-swarms frequently attack weak hives, and in two or three
+         days destroy them and carry away their honey; this I once
+         prevented by removing the attacked hive after the first day's
+         battle to a distinct part of the garden. See Phytologia,
+         Sect. XIV. 3. 7.]
+
+    "Yes! smiling Flora drives her armed car
+  Through the thick ranks of vegetable war;
+  Herb, shrub, and tree, with strong emotions rise
+  For light and air, and battle in the skies;
+  Whose roots diverging with opposing toil
+  Contend below for moisture and for soil;
+  Round the tall Elm the flattering Ivies bend,
+  And strangle, as they clasp, their struggling friend;
+  Envenom'd dews from Mancinella flow,
+  And scald with caustic touch the tribes below;                    50
+  Dense shadowy leaves on stems aspiring borne
+  With blight and mildew thin the realms of corn;
+  And insect hordes with restless tooth devour
+  The unfolded bud, and pierce the ravell'd flower.
+
+    "In ocean's pearly haunts, the waves beneath
+  Sits the grim monarch of insatiate Death;
+  The shark rapacious with descending blow
+  Darts on the scaly brood, that swims below;
+  The crawling crocodiles, beneath that move,
+  Arrest with rising jaw the tribes above;                          60
+  With monstrous gape sepulchral whales devour
+  Shoals at a gulp, a million in an hour.
+  --Air, earth, and ocean, to astonish'd day
+  One scene of blood, one mighty tomb display!
+  From Hunger's arm the shafts of Death are hurl'd,
+  And one great Slaughter-house the warring world!
+
+         [Footnote: _The shark rapacious_, l. 57. The shark has three
+         rows of sharp teeth within each other, which he can bend
+         downwards internally to admit larger prey, and raise to
+         prevent its return; his snout hangs so far over his mouth,
+         that he is necessitated to turn upon his back, when he takes
+         fish that swim over him, and hence seems peculiarly formed to
+         catch those that swim under him.]
+
+         [Footnote: _The crawling crocodiles_, l. 59. As this animal
+         lives chiefly at the bottom of the rivers, which he
+         frequents, he has the power of opening the upper jaw as well
+         as the under one, and thus with greater facility catches the
+         fish or water-fowl which swim over him.]
+
+         [Footnote: _One great slaughter-house_, l. 66. As vegetables
+         are an inferior order of animals fixed to the soil; and as
+         the locomotive animals prey upon them, or upon each other;
+         the world may indeed be said to be one great slaughter-house.
+         As the digested food of vegetables consists principally of
+         sugar, and from this is produced again their mucilage,
+         starch, and oil, and since animals are sustained by these
+         vegetable productions, it would seem that the sugar-making
+         process carried on in vegetable vessels was the great source
+         of life to all organized beings. And that if our improved
+         chemistry should ever discover the art of making sugar from
+         fossile or aerial matter without the assistance of
+         vegetation, food for animals would then become as plentiful
+         as water, and they might live upon the earth without preying
+         on each other, as thick as blades of grass, with no restraint
+         to their numbers but the want of local room.
+
+         It would seem that roots fixed in the earth and leaves
+         innumerable waving in the air were necessary for the
+         decomposition of water and air, and the conversion of them
+         into saccharine matter, which would have been not only
+         cumberous but totally incompatible with the locomotion of
+         animal bodies. For how could a man or quadruped have carried
+         on his head or back a forest of leaves, or have had long
+         branching lacteal or absorbent vessels terminating in the
+         earth? Animals therefore subsist on vegetables; that is they
+         take the matter so prepared, and have organs to prepare it
+         further for the purposes of higher animation and greater
+         sensibility.]
+
+    "THE brow of Man erect, with thought elate,
+  Ducks to the mandate of resistless fate;
+  Nor Love retains him, nor can Virtue save
+  Her sages, saints, or heroes from the grave.                      70
+  While cold and hunger by defect oppress,
+  Repletion, heat, and labour by excess,
+  The whip, the sting, the spur, the fiery brand,
+  And, cursed Slavery! thy iron hand;
+  And led by Luxury Disease's trains,
+  Load human life with unextinguish'd pains.
+
+         [Footnote: _While cold and hunger_, l. 71. Those parts of our
+         system, which are in health excited into perpetual action,
+         give us pain, when they are not excited into action: thus
+         when the hands are for a time immersed in snow, an inaction
+         of the cutaneous capillaries is induced, as is seen from the
+         paleness of the skin, which is attended with the pain of
+         coldness. So the pain of hunger is probably produced by the
+         inaction of the muscular fibres of the stomach from the want
+         of the stimulus of food.
+
+         Thus those, who have used much voluntary exertion in their
+         early years, and have continued to do so, till the decline of
+         life commences, if they then lay aside their employment,
+         whether that of a minister of state, a general of an army, or
+         a merchant, or manufacturer; they cease to have their
+         faculties excited into their usual activity, and become
+         unhappy, I suppose from the too great accumulation of the
+         sensorial power of volition; which wants the accustomed
+         stimulus or motive to cause its expenditure.]
+
+    "Here laughs Ebriety more fell than arms,
+  And thins the nations with her fatal charms,
+  With Gout, and Hydrops groaning in her train,
+  And cold Debility, and grinning Pain,                             80
+  With harlot's smiles deluded man salutes,
+  Revenging all his cruelties to brutes!
+  There the curst spells of Superstition blind,
+  And fix her fetters on the tortured mind;
+  She bids in dreams tormenting shapes appear,
+  With shrieks that shock Imagination's ear,
+  E'en o'er the grave a deeper shadow flings,
+  And maddening Conscience darts a thousand stings.
+
+         [Footnote: _Here laughs Ebriety_, l. 77.
+
+                                   Sævior armis
+           Luxuria incubuit, victumque ulciscitur orbem.
+                                        HORAC.]
+
+         [Footnote: _E'en o'er the grave_, l. 87. Many theatric
+         preachers among the Methodists successfully inculcate the
+         fear of death and of Hell, and live luxuriously on the folly
+         of their hearers: those who suffer under this insanity, are
+         generally most innocent and harmless people, who are then
+         liable to accuse themselves of the greatest imaginary crimes;
+         and have so much intellectual cowardice, that they dare not
+         reason about those things, which they are directed by their
+         priests to believe. Where this intellectual cowardice is
+         great, the voice of reason is ineffectual; but that of
+         ridicule may save many from these mad-making doctors, as the
+         farces of Mr. Foot; though it is too weak to cure those who
+         are already hallucinated.]
+
+    "There writhing Mania sits on Reason's throne,
+  Or Melancholy marks it for her own,                               90
+  Sheds o'er the scene a voluntary gloom,
+  Requests oblivion, and demands the tomb.
+  And last Association's trains suggest
+  Ideal ills, that harrow up the breast,
+  Call for the dead from Time's o'erwhelming main,
+  And bid departed Sorrow live again.
+
+         [Footnote: _And last association_, l. 93. The miseries and
+         the felicities of life may be divided into those which arise
+         in consequence of irritation, sensation, volition, and
+         association; and consist in the actions of the extremities of
+         the nerves of sense, which constitute our ideas; if they are
+         much more exerted than usual, or much less exerted than
+         usual, they occasion pain; as when the finger is burnt in a
+         candle; or when we go into a cold bath: while their natural
+         degree of exertion produces the pleasure of life or
+         existence. This pleasure is nevertheless increased, when the
+         system is stimulated into rather stronger action than usual,
+         as after a copious dinner, and at the beginning of
+         intoxication; and diminished, when it is only excited into
+         somewhat less activity than usual, which is termed ennui, or
+         irksomeness of life.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Ideal ills_, l. 94. The tooth-edge is an instance
+         of bodily pain occasioned by association of ideas. Every one
+         in his childhood has repeatedly bit a part of the glass or
+         earthen vessel, in which his food has been given him, and has
+         thence had a disagreeable sensation in his teeth, attended at
+         the same time with a jarring sound: and ever after, when such
+         a sound is accidentally produced, the disagreeable sensation
+         of the teeth follows by association of ideas; this is further
+         elucidated in Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XVI. 10.]
+
+    "Here ragged Avarice guards with bolted door
+  His useless treasures from the starving poor;
+  Loads the lorn hours with misery and care,
+  And lives a beggar to enrich his heir.                           100
+  Unthinking crowds thy forms, Imposture, gull,
+  A Saint in sackcloth, or a Wolf in wool.
+  While mad with foolish fame, or drunk with power,
+  Ambition slays his thousands in an hour;
+  Demoniac Envy scowls with haggard mien,
+  And blights the bloom of other's joys, unseen;
+  Or wrathful Jealousy invades the grove,
+  And turns to night meridian beams of Love!
+
+         [Footnote: _Enrich his heir_, l. 100.
+
+           Cum furor haud dubius, cum sit manifesta phrenitis,
+           Ut locuples moriaris, egenti vivere fato.
+                                        JUVENAL.]
+
+         [Footnote: _A Wolf in wool_, l. 102. A wolf in sheep's
+         clothing.]
+
+    "Here wide o'er earth impetuous waters sweep,
+  And fields and forests rush into the deep;                       110
+  Or dread Volcano with explosion dire
+  Involves the mountains in a flood of fire;
+  Or yawning Earth with closing jaws inhumes
+  Unwarned nations, living in their tombs;
+  Or Famine seizes with her tiger-paw,
+  And swallows millions with unsated maw.
+
+    "There livid Pestilence in league with Dearth
+  Walks forth malignant o'er the shuddering earth,
+  Her rapid shafts with airs volcanic wings,
+  Or steeps in putrid vaults her venom'd stings.                   120
+  Arrests the young in Beauty's vernal bloom,
+  And bears the innocuous strangers to the tomb!--
+
+         [Footnote: _With airs volcanic_, l. 119. Those epidemic
+         complaints, which are generally termed influenza, are
+         believed to arise from vapours thrown out from earthquakes in
+         such abundance as to affect large regions of the atmosphere,
+         see Botanic Garden, V. I. Canto IV. l. 65. while the diseases
+         properly termed contagious originate from the putrid effluvia
+         of decomposing animal or vegetable matter.]
+
+    "AND now, e'en I, whose verse reluctant sings
+  The changeful state of sublunary things,
+  Bend o'er Mortality with silent sighs,
+  And wipe the secret tear-drops from my eyes,
+  Hear through the night one universal groan,
+  And mourn unseen for evils not my own,
+  With restless limbs and throbbing heart complain,
+  Stretch'd on the rack of sentimental pain!                       130
+  --Ah where can Sympathy reflecting find
+  One bright idea to console the mind?
+  One ray of light in this terrene abode
+  To prove to Man the Goodness of his GOD?"
+
+         [Footnote: _Sentimental pain_, l. 130. Children should be
+         taught in their early education to feel for all the
+         remediable evils, which they observe in others; but they
+         should at the same time be taught sufficient firmness of mind
+         not intirely to destroy their own happiness by their
+         sympathizing with too great sensibility with the numerous
+         irremediable evils, which exist in the present system of the
+         world: as by indulging that kind of melancholy they decrease
+         the sum total of public happiness; which is so far rather
+         reprehensible than commendable. See Plan for Female Education
+         by Dr. Darwin, Johnson, London, Sect. XVII.
+
+         This has been carried to great excess in the East by the
+         disciples of Confucius; the Gentoos during a famine in India
+         refused to eat the flesh of cows and of other animals to
+         satisfy their hunger, and save themselves from death. And at
+         other times they have been said to permit fleas and
+         musquitoes to feed upon them from this erroneous sympathy.]
+
+    II. "HEAR, O YE SONS OF TIME!" the Nymph replies,
+  Quick indignation darting from her eyes;
+  "When in soft tones the Muse lamenting sings,
+  And weighs with tremulous hand the sum of things;
+  She loads the scale in melancholy mood,
+  Presents the evil, but forgets the good.                         140
+  But if the beam some firmer hand suspends,
+  And good and evil load the adverse ends;
+  With strong libration, where the Good abides,
+  Quick nods the beam, the ponderous gold subsides.
+
+    "HEAR, O ye Sons of Time! the powers of Life
+  Arrest the elements, and stay their strife;
+  From wandering atoms, ethers, airs, and gas,
+  By combination form the organic mass;
+  And,--as they seize, digest, secrete,--dispense
+  The bliss of Being to the vital Ens.                             150
+  Hence in bright groups from IRRITATION rise
+  Young Pleasure's trains, and roll their azure eyes.
+
+         [Footnote: _From wandering atoms_, l. 147. Had those ancient
+         philosophers, who contended that the world was formed from
+         atoms, ascribed their combinations to certain immutable
+         properties received from the hand of the Creator, such as
+         general gravitation, chemical affinity, or animal appetency,
+         instead of ascribing them to a blind chance; the doctrine of
+         atoms, as constituting or composing the material world by the
+         variety of their combinations, so far from leading the mind
+         to atheism, would strengthen the demonstration of the
+         existence of a Deity, as the first cause of all things;
+         because the analogy resulting from our perpetual experience
+         of cause and effect would have thus been exemplified through
+         universal nature.]
+
+    "With fond delight we feel the potent charm,
+  When Zephyrs cool us, or when sun-beams warm;
+  With fond delight inhale the fragrant flowers,
+  Taste the sweet fruits, which bend the blushing bowers,
+  Admire the music of the vernal grove,
+  Or drink the raptures of delirious love.
+
+    "So with long gaze admiring eyes behold
+  The varied landscape all its lights unfold;                      160
+  Huge rocks opposing o'er the stream project
+  Their naked bosoms, and the beams reflect;
+  Wave high in air their fringed crests of wood,
+  And checker'd shadows dance upon the flood;
+  Green sloping lawns construct the sidelong scene,
+  And guide the sparkling rill that winds between;
+  Conduct on murmuring wings the pausing gale,
+  And rural echoes talk along the vale;
+  Dim hills behind in pomp aerial rise,
+  Lift their blue tops, and melt into the skies.                   170
+
+         [Footnote: _The varied landscape_, l. 160. The pleasure, we
+         feel on examining a fine landscape, is derived from various
+         sources; as first the excitement of the retina of the eye
+         into certain quantities of action; which when there is in the
+         optic nerve any accumulation of sensorial power, is always
+         agreeable. 2. When it is excited into such successive
+         actions, as relieve each other; as when a limb has been long
+         exerted in one direction, by stretching it in another; as
+         described in Zoonomia, Sect. XL. 6. on ocular spectra. 3. And
+         lastly by the associations of its parts with some agreeable
+         sentiments or tastes, as of sublimity, beauty, utility,
+         novelty; and the objects suggesting other sentiments, which
+         have lately been termed picturesque as mentioned in the note
+         to Canto III, l. 230 of this work. The two former of these
+         sources of pleasure arise from irritation, the last from
+         association.]
+
+    "So when by HANDEL tuned to measured sounds
+  The trumpet vibrates, or the drum rebounds;
+  Alarm'd we listen with ecstatic wonder
+  To mimic battles, or imagined thunder.
+  When the soft lute in sweet impassion'd strains
+  Of cruel nymphs or broken vows complains;
+  As on the breeze the fine vibration floats,
+  We drink delighted the melodious notes.
+  But when young Beauty on the realms above
+  Bends her bright eye, and trills the tones of love;              180
+  Seraphic sounds enchant this nether sphere;
+  And listening angels lean from Heaven to hear.
+
+         [Footnote: _We drink delighted_, l. 178. The pleasure we
+         experience from music, is, like that from viewing a
+         landscape, derived from various sources; as first from the
+         excitement of the auditory nerve into certain quantities of
+         action, when there exists any accumulation of sensorial
+         power. 2. When the auditory nerve is exerted in such
+         successive actions as relieve each other, like stretching or
+         yawning, as described in Botanic Garden, Vol. II, Interlude
+         the third, these successions of sound are termed melody, and
+         their combinations harmony. 3. From the repetition of sounds
+         at certain intervals of time; as we hear them with greater
+         facility and accuracy, when we expect them; because they are
+         then excited by volition, as well as by irritation, or at
+         least the tympanum is then better adapted to assist their
+         production; hence the two musical times or bars; and hence
+         the rhimes in poetry give pleasure, as well as the measure of
+         the verse: and lastly the pleasure we receive from music,
+         arises from the associations of agreeable sentiments with
+         certain proportions, or repetitions, or quantities, or times
+         of sounds which have been previously acquired; as explained
+         in Zoonomia Vol. I. Sect. XVI. 10. and Sect. XXII. 2.]
+
+    "Next by SENSATION led, new joys commence
+  From the fine movements of the excited sense;
+  In swarms ideal urge their airy flight,
+  Adorn the day-scenes, and illume the night.
+  Her spells o'er all the hand of Fancy flings,
+  Gives form and substance to unreal things;
+  With fruits and foliage decks the barren waste,
+  And brightens Life with sentiment and taste;                     190
+  Pleased o'er the level and the rule presides,
+  The painter's brush, the sculptor's chisel guides,
+  With ray ethereal lights the poet's fire,
+  Tunes the rude pipe, or strings the heroic lyre:
+  Charm'd round the nymph on frolic footsteps move
+  The angelic forms of Beauty, Grace, and Love.
+
+    "So dreams the Patriot, who indignant draws
+  The sword of vengeance in his Country's cause;
+  Bright for his brows unfading honours bloom,
+  Or kneeling Virgins weep around his tomb.                        200
+  So holy transports in the cloister's shade
+  Play round thy toilet, visionary maid!
+  Charm'd o'er thy bed celestial voices sing,
+  And Seraphs hover on enamour'd wing.
+
+    "So HOWARD, MOIRA, BURDETT, sought the cells,
+  Where want, or woe, or guilt in darkness dwells;
+  With Pity's torch illumed the dread domains,
+  Wiped the wet eye, and eased the galling chains;
+  With Hope's bright blushes warm'd the midnight air,
+  And drove from earth the Demon of Despair.                       210
+  Erewhile emerging from the caves of night
+  The Friends of Man ascended into light;
+  With soft assuasive eloquence address'd
+  The ear of Power to stay his stern behest;
+  At Mercy's call to stretch his arm and save
+  His tottering victims from the gaping grave.
+  These with sweet smiles Imagination greets,
+  For these she opens all her treasured sweets,
+  Strews round their couch, by Pity's hand combined,
+  Bright flowers of joy, the sunshine of the mind;                 220
+  While Fame's loud trump with sounds applausive breathes
+  And Virtue crowns them with immortal wreathes.
+
+    "Thy acts, VOLITION, to the world impart
+  The plans of Science with the works of art;
+  Give to proud Reason her comparing power,
+  Warm every clime, and brighten every hour.
+  In Life's first cradle, ere the dawn began
+  Of young Society to polish man;
+  The staff that propp'd him, and the bow that arm'd,
+  The boat that bore him, and the shed that warm'd,                230
+  Fire, raiment, food, the ploughshare, and the sword,
+  Arose, VOLITION, at thy plastic word.
+
+    "By thee instructed, NEWTON'S eye sublime
+  Mark'd the bright periods of revolving time;
+  Explored in Nature's scenes the effect and cause,
+  And, charm'd, unravell'd all her latent laws.
+  Delighted HERSCHEL with reflected light
+  Pursues his radiant journey through the night;
+  Detects new guards, that roll their orbs afar
+  In lucid ringlets round the Georgian star.                       240
+
+    "Inspired by thee, with scientific wand
+  Pleased ARCHIMEDES mark'd the figured sand;
+  Seized with mechanic grasp the approaching decks,
+  And shook the assailants from the inverted wrecks.
+  --Then cried the Sage, with grand effects elate,
+  And proud to save the Syracusian state;
+  While crowds exulting shout their noisy mirth,
+  'Give where to stand, and I will move the earth.'
+  So SAVERY guided his explosive steam
+  In iron cells to raise the balanced beam;                        250
+  The Giant-form its ponderous mass uprears,
+  Descending nods and seems to shake the spheres.
+
+         [Footnote: _Mark'd the figur'd sand_, l. 242. The ancient
+         orators seem to have spoken disrespectfully of the mechanic
+         philosophers. Cicero mentioning Archimedes, calls him
+         Homunculus e pulvere et radio, alluding to the custom of
+         drawing problems on the sand with a staff.]
+
+         [Footnote: _So Savery guided_, l. 249. Captain Savery first
+         applied the pressure of the atmosphere to raise water in
+         consequence of a vacuum previously produced by the
+         condensation of steam, though the Marquis of Worcester had
+         before proposed to use for this purpose the expansive power
+         of steam; see Botanic Garden, Vol. I. Canto I. l. 253.
+         Note.]
+
+    "Led by VOLITION on the banks of Nile
+  Where bloom'd the waving flax on Delta's isle,
+  Pleased ISIS taught the fibrous stems to bind,
+  And part with hammers from the adhesive rind;
+  With locks of flax to deck the distaff-pole,
+  And whirl with graceful bend the dancing spole.
+  In level lines the length of woof to spread,
+  And dart the shuttle through the parting thread.                 260
+  So ARKWRIGHT taught from Cotton-pods to cull,
+  And stretch in lines the vegetable wool;
+  With teeth of steel its fibre-knots unfurl'd,
+  And with the silver tissue clothed the world.
+
+         [Footnote: _The waving flax_, l. 254. Flax is said to have
+         been first discovered on the banks of the Nile, and Isis to
+         have been the inventress of spinning and weaving.]
+
+         [Footnote: _So Arkwright taught_, l. 261. See Botanic Garden,
+         Vol. II. Canto II. l. 87, Note.]
+
+    "Ages remote by thee, VOLITION, taught
+  Chain'd down in characters the winged thought;
+  With silent language mark'd the letter'd ground,
+  And gave to sight the evanescent sound.
+  Now, happier lot! enlighten'd realms possess
+  The learned labours of the immortal Press;                       270
+  Nursed on whose lap the births of science thrive,
+  And rising Arts the wrecks of Time survive.
+
+         [Footnote: _The immortal Press_, l. 270. The discovery of the
+         art of printing has had so great influence on human affairs,
+         that from thence may be dated a new æra in the history of
+         mankind. As by the diffusion of general knowledge, both of
+         the arts of taste and of useful sciences, the public mind has
+         become improved to so great a degree, that though new
+         impositions have been perpetually produced, the arts of
+         detecting them have improved with greater rapidity. Hence
+         since the introduction of printing, superstition has been
+         much lessened by the reformation of religion; and necromancy,
+         astrology, chiromancy, witchcraft, and vampyrism, have
+         vanished from all classes of society; though some are still
+         so weak in the present enlightened times as to believe in the
+         prodigies of animal magnetism, and of metallic tractors; by
+         this general diffusion of knowledge, if the liberty of the
+         press be preserved, mankind will not be liable in this part
+         of the world to sink into such abject slavery as exists at
+         this day in China.]
+
+    "Ye patriot heroes! in the glorious cause
+  Of Justice, Mercy, Liberty, and Laws,
+  Who call to Virtue's shrine the British youth,
+  And shake the senate with the voice of Truth;
+  Rouse the dull ear, the hoodwink'd eye unbind,
+  And give to energy the public mind;
+  While rival realms with blood unsated wage
+  Wide-wasting war with fell demoniac rage;                        280
+  In every clime while army army meets,
+  And oceans groan beneath contending fleets;
+  Oh save, oh save, in this eventful hour
+  The tree of knowledge from the axe of power;
+  With fostering peace the suffering nations bless,
+  And guard the freedom of the immortal Press!
+  So shall your deathless fame from age to age
+  Survive recorded in the historic page;
+  And future bards with voice inspired prolong
+  Your sacred names immortalized in song.                          290
+
+    "Thy power ASSOCIATION next affords
+  Ideal trains annex'd to volant words,
+  Conveys to listening ears the thought superb,
+  And gives to Language her expressive verb;
+  Which in one changeful sound suggests the fact
+  At once to be, to suffer, or to act;
+  And marks on rapid wing o'er every clime
+  The viewless flight of evanescent Time.
+
+         [Footnote: _Her expressive verb_, l. 294. The verb, or the
+         word, has been so called from its being the most expressive
+         term in all languages; as it suggests the ideas of existence,
+         action or suffering, and of time; see the Note on Canto III.
+         l. 371, of this work.]
+
+    "Call'd by thy voice contiguous thoughts embrace
+  In endless streams arranged by Time or Place;                    300
+  The Muse historic hence in every age
+  Gives to the world her _interesting_ page;
+  While in bright landscape from her moving pen
+  Rise the fine tints of manners and of men.
+
+         [Footnote: _Call'd by thy voice_, l. 299. The numerous trains
+         of associated ideas are divided by Mr. Hume into three
+         classes, which he has termed contiguity, causation, and
+         resemblance. Nor should we wonder to find them thus connected
+         together, since it is the business of our lives to dispose
+         them into these three classes; and we become valuable to
+         ourselves and our friends as we succeed in it. Those who have
+         combined an extensive class of ideas by the contiguity of
+         time or place, are men learned in the history of mankind, and
+         of the sciences they have cultivated. Those who have
+         connected a great class of ideas of resemblances, possess the
+         source of the ornaments of poetry and oratory, and of all
+         rational analogy. While those who have connected great
+         classes of ideas of causation, are furnished with the powers
+         of producing effects. These are the men of active wisdom who
+         lead armies to victory, and kingdoms to prosperity; or
+         discover and improve the sciences which meliorate and adorn
+         the condition of humanity.]
+
+    "Call'd by thy voice Resemblance next describes
+  Her sister-thoughts in lucid trains or tribes;
+  Whence pleased Imagination oft combines
+  By loose analogies her fair designs;
+  Each winning grace of polish'd wit bestows
+  To deck the Nymphs of Poetry and Prose.                          310
+
+         [Footnote: _Polish'd wit bestows_, l. 309. Mr. Locke defines
+         wit to consist of an assemblage of ideas, brought together
+         with quickness and variety, wherein can be found any
+         resemblance or congruity, thereby to make up pleasant
+         pictures and agreeable visions in the fancy. To which Mr.
+         Addison adds, that these must occasion surprise as well as
+         delight; Spectator, Vol. I. No. LXII. See Note on Canto III.
+         l. 145. and Additional Note, VII. 3. Perhaps wit in the
+         extended use of the word may mean to express all kinds of
+         fine writing, as the word Taste is applied to all agreeable
+         visible objects, and thus wit may mean descriptive sublimity,
+         beauty, the pathetic, or ridiculous, but when used in the
+         confined sense, as by Mr. Locke and Mr. Addison as above, it
+         may probably be better defined a combination of ideas with
+         agreeable novelty, as this may be effected by opposition as
+         well as by resemblance.]
+
+    "Last, at thy potent nod, Effect and Cause
+  Walk hand in hand accordant to thy laws;
+  Rise at Volition's call, in groups combined,
+  Amuse, delight, instruct, and serve Mankind;
+  Bid raised in air the ponderous structure stand,
+  Or pour obedient rivers through the land;
+  With cars unnumber'd crowd the living streets,
+  Or people oceans with triumphant fleets.
+
+    "Thy magic touch imagined forms supplies
+  From colour'd light, the language of the eyes;                   320
+  On Memory's page departed hours inscribes,
+  Sweet scenes of youth, and Pleasure's vanish'd tribes.
+  By thee ANTINOUS leads the dance sublime
+  On wavy step, and moves in measured time;
+  Charm'd round the Youth successive Graces throng,
+  And Ease conducts him, as he moves along;
+  Unbreathing crowds the floating form admire,
+  And Vestal bosoms feel forbidden fire.
+
+    "When rapp'd CECILIA breathes her matin vow,
+  And lifts to Heaven her fair adoring brow;                       330
+  From her sweet lips, and rising bosom part
+  Impassion'd notes, that thrill the melting heart;
+  Tuned by thy hand the dulcet harp she rings,
+  And sounds responsive echo from the strings;
+  Bright scenes of bliss in trains suggested move,
+  And charm the world with melody and love.
+
+    III. "SOON the fair forms with vital being bless'd,
+  Time's feeble children, lose the boon possess'd;
+  The goaded fibre ceases to obey,
+  And sense deserts the uncontractile clay;                        340
+  While births unnumber'd, ere the parents die,
+  The hourly waste of lovely life supply;
+  And thus, alternating with death, fulfil
+  The silent mandates of the Almighty Will;
+  Whose hand unseen the works of nature dooms
+  By laws unknown--WHO GIVES, AND WHO RESUMES.
+
+         [Footnote: _The goaded fibre_, l. 339. Old age consists in
+         the inaptitude to motion from the inirritability of the
+         system, and the consequent want of fibrous contraction; see
+         Additional Note VII.]
+
+    "Each pregnant Oak ten thousand acorns forms
+  Profusely scatter'd by autumnal storms;
+  Ten thousand seeds each pregnant poppy sheds
+  Profusely scatter'd from its waving heads;                       350
+  The countless Aphides, prolific tribe,
+  With greedy trunks the honey'd sap imbibe;
+  Swarm on each leaf with eggs or embryons big,
+  And pendent nations tenant every twig.
+  Amorous with double sex, the snail and worm,
+  Scoop'd in the soil, their cradling caverns form;
+  Heap their white eggs, secure from frost and floods,
+  And crowd their nurseries with uncounted broods.
+  Ere yet with wavy tail the tadpole swims,
+  Breathes with new lungs, or tries his nascent limbs;             360
+  Her countless shoals the amphibious frog forsakes,
+  And living islands float upon the lakes.
+  The migrant herring steers her myriad bands
+  From seas of ice to visit warmer strands;
+  Unfathom'd depths and climes unknown explores,
+  And covers with her spawn unmeasured shores.
+  --All these, increasing by successive birth,
+  Would each o'erpeople ocean, air, and earth.
+
+         [Footnote: _Ten thousand seeds_, l. 349. The fertility of
+         plants in respect to seeds is often remarkable; from one root
+         in one summer the seeds of zea, maize, amount to 2000; of
+         inula, elecampane, to 3000; of helianthus, sunflower, to
+         4000; of papaver, poppy, 32000; of nicotiana, tobacco, to
+         40320; to this must be added the perennial roots, and the
+         buds. Buds, which are so many herbs, in one tree, the trunk
+         of which does not exceed a span in thickness, frequently
+         amount to 10000; Lin. Phil. Bot. p. 86.]
+
+         [Footnote: _The countless Aphides_, l. 351. The aphises,
+         pucerons, or vine-fretters, are hatched from an egg in the
+         early spring, and are all called females, as they produce a
+         living offspring about once in a fortnight to the ninth
+         generation, which are also all of them females; then males
+         are also produced, and by their intercourse the females
+         become oviparous, and deposite their eggs on the branches, or
+         in the bark to be hatched in the ensuing spring.
+
+         This double mode of reproduction, so exactly resembling the
+         buds and seeds of trees, accounts for the wonderful increase
+         of this insect, which, according to Dr. Richardson, consists
+         of ten generations, and of fifty at an average in each
+         generation; so that the sum of fifty multiplied by fifty, and
+         that product again multiplied by fifty nine times, would give
+         the product of one egg only in countless millions; to which
+         must be added the innumerable eggs laid by the tenth
+         generation for the renovation of their progeny in the ensuing
+         spring.]
+
+         [Footnote: _The honey'd sap_, l. 352. The aphis punctures
+         with its fine proboscis the sap-vessels of vegetables without
+         any visible wound, and thus drinks the sap-juice, or
+         vegetable chyle, as it ascends. Hence on the twigs of trees
+         they stand with their heads downwards, as I have observed, to
+         acquire this ascending sap-juice with greater facility. The
+         honey-dew on the upper surface of leaves is evacuated by
+         these insects, as they hang on the underside of the leaves
+         above; when they take too much of this saccharine juice
+         during the vernal or midsummer sap-flow of most vegetables;
+         the black powder on leaves is also their excrement at other
+         times. The vegetable world seems to have escaped total
+         destruction from this insect by the number of flies, which in
+         their larva state prey upon them; and by the ichneumon fly,
+         which deposits its eggs in them. Some vegetables put forth
+         stiff bristles with points round their young shoots, as the
+         moss-rose, apparently to prevent the depredation of these
+         insects, so injurious to them by robbing them of their chyle
+         or nourishment.]
+
+         [Footnote: _The tadpole swims_, l. 359. The progress of a
+         tadpole from a fish to a quadruped by his gradually putting
+         forth his limbs, and at length leaving the water, and
+         breathing the dry air, is a subject of great curiosity, as it
+         resembles so much the incipient state of all other
+         quadrupeds, and men, who are aquatic animals in the uterus,
+         and become aerial ones at their birth.]
+
+    "So human progenies, if unrestrain'd,
+  By climate friended, and by food sustain'd,                      370
+  O'er seas and soils, prolific hordes! would spread
+  Erelong, and deluge their terraqueous bed;
+  But war, and pestilence, disease, and dearth,
+  Sweep the superfluous myriads from the earth.
+  Thus while new forms reviving tribes acquire
+  Each passing moment, as the old expire;
+  Like insects swarming in the noontide bower,
+  Rise into being, and exist an hour;
+  The births and deaths contend with equal strife,
+  And every pore of Nature teems with Life;                        380
+  Which buds or breathes from Indus to the Poles,
+  And Earth's vast surface kindles, as it rolls!
+
+         [Footnote: _Which buds or breathes_, l. 381. Organic bodies,
+         besides the carbon, hydrogen, azote, and the oxygen and heat,
+         which are combined with them, require to be also immersed in
+         loose heat and loose oxygen to preserve their mutable
+         existence; and hence life only exists on or near the surface
+         of the earth; see Botan. Garden, Vol. I. Canto IV. l. 419.
+         L'organisation, le sentiment, le movement spontané, la vie,
+         n'existent qu'à la surface de la terre, et dans les lieux
+         exposés à la lumière. Traité de Chimie par M. Lavoisier, Tom.
+         I. p. 202.]
+
+    "HENCE when a Monarch or a mushroom dies,
+  Awhile extinct the organic matter lies;
+  But, as a few short hours or years revolve,
+  Alchemic powers the changing mass dissolve;
+  Born to new life unnumber'd insects pant,
+  New buds surround the microscopic plant;
+  Whose embryon senses, and unwearied frames,
+  Feel finer goads, and blush with purer flames;                   390
+  Renascent joys from irritation spring,
+  Stretch the long root, or wave the aurelian wing.
+
+         [Footnote: _Born to new life_, l. 387. From the innumerable
+         births of the larger insects, and the spontaneous productions
+         of the microscopic ones, every part of organic matter from
+         the recrements of dead vegetable or animal bodies, on or near
+         the surface of the earth, becomes again presently reanimated;
+         which by increasing the number and quantity of living
+         organizations, though many of them exist but for a short
+         time, adds to the sum total of terrestrial happiness.]
+
+    "When thus a squadron or an army yields,
+  And festering carnage loads the waves or fields;
+  When few from famines or from plagues survive,
+  Or earthquakes swallow half a realm alive;--
+  While Nature sinks in Time's destructive storms,
+  The wrecks of Death are but a change of forms;
+  Emerging matter from the grave returns,
+  Feels new desires, with new sensations burns;                    400
+  With youth's first bloom a finer sense acquires,
+  And Loves and Pleasures fan the rising fires.--
+  Thus sainted PAUL, 'O Death!' exulting cries,
+  'Where is thy sting? O Grave! thy victories?'
+
+         [Footnote: _Thus sainted Paul_, l. 403. The doctrine of St.
+         Paul teaches the resurrection of the body in an incorruptible
+         and glorified state, with consciousness of its previous
+         existence; he therefore justly exults over the sting of
+         death, and the victory of the grave.]
+
+    "Immortal Happiness from realms deceased
+  Wakes, as from sleep, unlessen'd or increased;
+  Calls to the wise in accents loud and clear,
+  Sooths with sweet tones the sympathetic ear;
+  Informs and fires the revivescent clay,
+  And lights the dawn of Life's returning day.                     410
+
+         [Footnote: _And lights the dawn_, l. 410. The sum total of
+         the happiness of organized nature is probably increased
+         rather than diminished, when one large old animal dies, and
+         is converted into many thousand young ones; which are
+         produced or supported with their numerous progeny by the same
+         organic matter. Linneus asserts, that three of the flies,
+         called musca vomitoria, will consume the body of a dead
+         horse, as soon as a lion can; Syst. Nat.]
+
+    "So when Arabia's Bird, by age oppress'd,
+  Consumes delighted on his spicy nest;
+  A filial Phoenix from his ashes springs,
+  Crown'd with a star, on renovated wings;
+  Ascends exulting from his funeral flame,
+  And soars and shines, another and the same.
+
+         [Footnote: _So when Arabia's bird_, l. 411. The story of the
+         Phoenix rising from its own ashes with a star upon its head
+         seems to have been an hieroglyphic emblem of the destruction
+         and resuscitation of all things; see Botan. Garden, Vol. I.
+         Canto IV. l. 389.]
+
+    "So erst the Sage with scientific truth
+  In Grecian temples taught the attentive youth;
+  With ceaseless change how restless atoms pass
+  From life to life, a transmigrating mass;                        420
+  How the same organs, which to day compose
+  The poisonous henbane, or the fragrant rose,
+  May with to morrow's sun new forms compile,
+  Frown in the Hero, in the Beauty smile.
+  Whence drew the enlighten'd Sage the moral plan,
+  That man should ever be the friend of man;
+  Should eye with tenderness all living forms,
+  His brother-emmets, and his sister-worms.
+
+         [Footnote: _So erst the Sage_, l. 417. It is probable, that
+         the perpetual transmigration of matter from one body to
+         another, of all vegetables and animals, during their lives,
+         as well as after their deaths, was observed by Pythagoras;
+         which he afterwards applied to the soul, or spirit of
+         animation, and taught, that it passed from one animal to
+         another as a punishment for evil deeds, though without
+         consciousness of its previous existence; and from this
+         doctrine he inculcated a system of morality and benevolence,
+         as all creatures thus became related to each other.]
+
+    "HEAR, O ye Sons of Time! your final doom,
+  And read the characters, that mark your tomb:                    430
+  The marble mountain, and the sparry steep,
+  Were built by myriad nations of the deep,--
+  Age after age, who form'd their spiral shells,
+  Their sea-fan gardens and their coral cells;
+  Till central fires with unextinguished sway
+  Raised the primeval islands into day;--
+  The sand-fill'd strata stretch'd from pole to pole;
+  Unmeasured beds of clay, and marl, and coal,
+  Black ore of manganese, the zinky stone,
+  And dusky steel on his magnetic throne,                          440
+  In deep morass, or eminence superb,
+  Rose from the wrecks of animal or herb;
+  These from their elements by Life combined,
+  Form'd by digestion, and in glands refined,
+  Gave by their just excitement of the sense
+  The Bliss of Being to the vital Ens.
+
+         [Footnote: _The marble mountain_, l. 431. From the increased
+         knowledge in Geology during the present century, owing to the
+         greater attention of philosophers to the situations of the
+         different materials, which compose the strata of the earth,
+         as well as to their chemical properties, it seems clearly to
+         appear, that the nucleus of the globe beneath the ocean
+         consisted of granite; and that on this the great beds of
+         limestone were formed from the shells of marine animals
+         during the innumerable primeval ages of the world; and that
+         whatever strata lie on these beds of limestone, or on the
+         granite, where the limestone does not cover it, were formed
+         after the elevation of islands and continents above the
+         surface of the sea by the recrements of vegetables and of
+         terrestrial animals; see on this subject Botanic Garden, Vol.
+         I. Additional Note XXIV.]
+
+    "Thus the tall mountains, that emboss the lands,
+  Huge isles of rock, and continents of sands,
+  Whose dim extent eludes the inquiring sight,
+  ARE MIGHTY MONUMENTS OF PAST DELIGHT;                            450
+  Shout round the globe, how Reproduction strives
+  With vanquish'd Death,--and Happiness survives;
+  How Life increasing peoples every clime,
+  And young renascent Nature conquers Time;
+  --And high in golden characters record
+  The immense munificence of NATURE'S LORD!--
+
+         [Footnote: _Are mighty monuments_, l. 450. The reader is
+         referred to a few pages on this subject in Phytologia, Sect.
+         XIX. 7. 1, where the felicity of organic life is considered
+         more at large; but it is probable that the most certain way
+         to estimate the happiness and misery of organic beings; as it
+         depends on the actions of the organs of sense, which
+         constitute ideas; or of the muscular fibres which perform
+         locomotion; would be to consider those actions, as they are
+         produced or excited by the four sensorial powers of
+         irritation, sensation, volition, and association. A small
+         volume on this subject by some ingenious writer, might not
+         only amuse, as an object of curiosity; but by showing the
+         world the immediate sources of their pains and pleasures
+         might teach the means to avoid the one, and to procure the
+         other, and thus contribute both ways to increase the sum
+         total of organic happiness.]
+
+         [Footnote: _How Life increasing_, l. 453. Not only the vast
+         calcareous provinces, which form so great a part of the
+         terraqueous globe, and also whatever rests upon them, as
+         clay, marl, sand, and coal, were formed from the fluid
+         elements of heat, oxygen, azote, and hydrogen along with
+         carbon, phosphorus, and perhaps a few other substances, which
+         the science of chemistry has not yet decomposed; and gave the
+         pleasure of life to the animals and vegetables, which formed
+         them; and thus constitute monuments of the past happiness of
+         those organized beings. But as those remains of former life
+         are not again totally decomposed, or converted into their
+         original elements, they supply more copious food to the
+         succession of new animal or vegetable beings on their
+         surface; which consists of materials convertible into
+         nutriment with less labour or activity of the digestive
+         powers; and hence the quantity or number of organized bodies,
+         and their improvement in size, as well as their happiness,
+         has been continually increasing, along with the solid parts
+         of the globe; and will probably continue to increase, till
+         the whole terraqueous sphere, and all that inhabit it shall
+         dissolve by a general conflagration, and be again reduced to
+         their elements.
+
+         Thus all the suns, and the planets, which circle round them,
+         may again sink into one central chaos; and may again by
+         explosions produce a new world; which in process of time may
+         resemble the present one, and at length again undergo the
+         same catastrophe! these great events may be the result of the
+         immutable laws impressed on matter by the Great Cause of
+         Causes, Parent of Parents, Ens Entium!]
+
+    "He gives and guides the sun's attractive force,
+  And steers the planets in their silver course;
+  With heat and light revives the golden day,
+  And breathes his spirit on organic clay;                         460
+  With hand unseen directs the general cause
+  By firm immutable immortal laws."
+
+    Charm'd with her words the Muse astonish'd stands,
+  The Nymphs enraptured clasp their velvet hands;
+  Applausive thunder from the fane recoils,
+  And holy echoes peal along the ailes;
+  O'er NATURE'S shrine celestial lustres glow,
+  And lambent glories circle round her brow.
+
+    IV. Now sinks the golden sun,--the vesper song
+  Demands the tribute of URANIA'S tongue;                          470
+  Onward she steps, her fair associates calls
+  From leaf-wove avenues, and vaulted halls.
+  Fair virgin trains in bright procession move,
+  Trail their long robes, and whiten all the grove;
+  Pair after pair to Nature's temple sweep,
+  Thread the broad arch, ascend the winding steep;
+  Through brazen gates along susurrant ailes
+  Stream round their GODDESS the successive files;
+  Curve above curve to golden seats retire,
+  And star with beauty the refulgent quire.                        480
+
+    AND first to HEAVEN the consecrated throng
+  With chant alternate pour the adoring song,
+  Swell the full hymn, now high, and now profound,
+  With sweet responsive symphony of sound.
+  Seen through their wiry harps, below, above,
+  Nods the fair brow, the twinkling fingers move;
+  Soft-warbling flutes the ruby lip commands,
+  And cymbals ring with high uplifted hands.
+
+    TO CHAOS next the notes melodious pass,
+  How suns exploded from the kindling mass,                        490
+  Waved o'er the vast inane their tresses bright,
+  And charm'd young Nature's opening eyes with light.
+  Next from each sun how spheres reluctant burst,
+  And second planets issued from the first.
+  And then to EARTH descends the moral strain,
+  How isles, emerging from the shoreless main,
+  With sparkling streams and fruitful groves began,
+  And form'd a Paradise for mortal man.
+
+         [Footnote: _To Chaos next_, l. 489.
+
+           Namque canebat uti magnum per inane coacta
+           Semina terrarumque, animæque, marisque fuissent;
+           Et liquidi simul ignis; ut his exordia primis
+           Omnia, et ipse tener mundi concreverit orbis.
+                                        VIRG. EC. VI. l. 31.]
+
+    Sublimer notes record CELESTIAL LOVE,
+  And high rewards in brighter climes above;                       500
+  How Virtue's beams with mental charm engage
+  Youth's raptured eye, and warm the frost of age,
+  Gild with soft lustre Death's tremendous gloom,
+  And light the dreary chambers of the tomb.
+  How fell Remorse shall strike with venom'd dart,
+  Though mail'd in adamant, the guilty heart;
+  Fierce furies drag to pains and realms unknown
+  The blood-stain'd tyrant from his tottering throne.
+
+    By hands unseen are struck aerial wires,
+  And Angel-tongues are heard amid the quires;                     510
+  From aile to aile the trembling concord floats,
+  And the wide roof returns the mingled notes,
+  Through each fine nerve the keen vibrations dart,
+  Pierce the charm'd ear, and thrill the echoing heart.--
+
+    MUTE the sweet voice, and still the quivering strings,
+  Now Silence hovers on unmoving wings.--
+  --Slow to the altar fair URANIA bends
+  Her graceful march, the sacred steps ascends,
+  High in the midst with blazing censer stands,
+  And scatters incense with illumined hands:                       520
+  Thrice to the GODDESS bows with solemn pause,
+  With trembling awe the mystic veil withdraws,
+  And, meekly kneeling on the gorgeous shrine,
+  Lifts her ecstatic eyes to TRUTH DIVINE!                         524
+
+
+END OF CANTO IV.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS OF THE NOTES.
+
+
+CANTO I.
+
+  Line.
+
+   36 Origin of European Nations.
+   76 Early use of Painting and Hieroglyphics.
+   83 Proteus represents Time.
+  126 Cave of Trophonius.
+  137 Eleusinian Mysteries.
+  176 Antiquity of Statuary, casting Figures, and Carving.
+  224 Infancy of the present World.
+  235 Of Heat.
+  239 Of Attraction.
+  245 Of Contraction.
+  259 Arteries not conical.
+  262 Venous Absorption.
+  268 Decrease of the Ocean.
+  270 Sensation and Volition.
+  283 Mucor, Vibrio.
+  295 Animals are first aquatic.
+  315 Sea, originally was not Salt.
+  327 Animals from the Sea.
+  335 Aquatic Plants.
+  343 Frogs.
+  363 Rainbow in Northern Latitudes.
+  372 Venus rising from the Sea.
+  392 The Fetus in the Womb.
+  417 Animals from the Mud of the Nile.
+
+
+CANTO II.
+
+    1 Shortness of Life.
+    3 Old Age surprising.
+   39 Organic and chemical Properties.
+   43 Immortality of Matter.
+   47 Adonis emblem of Life.
+   71 The Truffle, Lycoperdon.
+   83 Volvox.
+   85 Polypus.
+   87 Tænia.
+   89 Oysters.
+   90 Coral-Insect.
+  114 Female Sex produced.
+  118 Power of Imagination.
+  122 Mankind were formerly Hermaphrodites and Quadrupeds.
+  167 Hereditary Diseases of Vegetables.
+  223 Psyche and Cupid.
+  268 Some Honey poisonous.
+  271 Appetency and Propensity.
+  280 Vallisneria.
+  288 Lampyris.
+  302 Insects from Anthers and Stigmas.
+  321 Horns of Stags, and Tusks of Boars, Spurs of Cocks.
+  351 Chick in the Egg.
+  356 Songs of Birds.
+  373 How Fish swim.
+  375 How Birds fly.
+  434 Of Smiles, and of Laughter.
+
+
+CANTO III.
+
+   13 Oxygen, and Hydrogen, and Azote.
+   21 Two electric Ethers.
+   64 Irritation.
+   72 Sensation.
+   73 Volition, Memory.
+   81 Intuitive Analogy.
+   91 Association.
+  103 Armour of Brutes.
+  122 Of the Human Hand.
+  125 Perception of Figure.
+  144 Sight the Language of the Touch.
+  145 Surprise, Novelty, Curiosity.
+  152 The Lips an Organ of Touch.
+  176 Ideal Beauty.
+  178 Two Deities of Love.
+  207 Idea of Beauty from the Female Bosom.
+  230 Taste for Sublimity.
+  237 Poetic Melancholy.
+  246 Taste for Tragedy.
+  258 Taste for uncultivated Nature.
+  270 Accumulation of sensorial Power.
+  294 Imitation described.
+  303 Imitation of one Sense by another.
+  319 Mimickry or Resemblance.
+  334 The Parts of the System imitate each other.
+  342 External Signs of Passions.
+  371 Theory of Language.
+  398 Ideas so called are parts of a train of Actions.
+  401 Of Reason.
+  411 Reasoning of Insects.
+  435 Volition distinguishes Mankind.
+  456 If Knowledge produces Happiness.
+  466 Sympathy the source of Virtue.
+  485 Maxim of Socrates.
+
+
+CANTO IV.
+
+   29 Oestrus or Gadfly.
+   33 Ichneumon fly.
+   37 Libellula.
+   39 Bees.
+   57 Shark.
+   59 Crocodile
+   66 Animals prey on Vegetables.
+   71 Defect of Stimulus.
+   87 Theatric Preachers.
+   93 Pleasure of Life, Ennui.
+   94 Of Tooth-edge.
+  119 Epidemic Complaints.
+  130 Compassion may be too great.
+  147 Doctrine of Atoms.
+  160 Pleasure of viewing a Landscape.
+  178 Pleasure from Music.
+  242 Ancient Orators spoke disrespectfully of the mechanic
+      Philosophers.
+  270 Influence of Printing.
+  299 Associated ideas of three Classes.
+  309 Wit defined.
+  349 Surprising number of Seeds.
+  351 Of the Aphis, its Numbers.
+  352 Aphis drinks the Sap-juice.
+  359 The Mutation of the Tadpole.
+  387 Animation near the Surface of the Earth.
+  387 All dead animal and vegetable Bodies become animated.
+  403 Doctrine of St. Paul.
+  411 Happiness increased.
+  417 Doctrine of Pythagoras.
+  431 Geology.
+  450 Method of investigation of Organic happiness.
+  453 Organic Life increases.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES.
+
+SPONTANEOUS VITALITY OF MICROSCOPIC ANIMALS.
+
+  Hence without parent by spontaneous birth
+  Rise the first specks of animated earth.
+                                        CANTO I. l. 227.
+
+
+_Prejudices against this doctrine._
+
+I. From the misconception of the ignorant or superstitious, it has
+been thought somewhat profane to speak in favour of spontaneous vital
+production, as if it contradicted holy writ; which says, that God
+created animals and vegetables. They do not recollect that God created
+all things which exist, and that these have been from the beginning in
+a perpetual state of improvement; which appears from the globe itself,
+as well as from the animals and vegetables, which possess it. And
+lastly, that there is more dignity in our idea of the supreme author
+of all things, when we conceive him to be the cause of causes, than
+the cause simply of the events, which we see; if there can be any
+difference in infinity of power!
+
+Another prejudice which has prevailed against the spontaneous production
+of vitality, seems to have arisen from the misrepresentation of this
+doctrine, as if the larger animals had been thus produced; as Ovid
+supposes after the deluge of Deucalion, that lions were seen rising out
+of the mud of the Nile, and struggling to disentangle their hinder
+parts. It was not considered, that animals and vegetables have been
+perpetually improving by reproduction; and that spontaneous vitality was
+only to be looked for in the simplest organic beings, as in the smallest
+microscopic animalcules; which perpetually, perhaps hourly, enlarge
+themselves by reproduction, like the roots of tulips from seed, or the
+buds of seedling trees, which die annually, leaving others by solitary
+reproduction rather more perfect than themselves for many successive
+years, till at length they acquire sexual organs or flowers.
+
+A third prejudice against the existence of spontaneous vital
+productions has been the supposed want of analogy; this has also
+arisen from the expectation, that the larger or more complicated
+animals should be thus produced; which have acquired their present
+perfection by successive generations during an uncounted series of
+ages. Add to this, that the want of analogy opposes the credibility of
+all new discoveries, as of the magnetic needle, and coated electric
+jar, and Galvanic pile; which should therefore certainly be well
+weighed and nicely investigated before distinct credence is given
+them; but then the want of analogy must at length yield to repeated
+ocular demonstration.
+
+
+_Preliminary observations._
+
+II. Concerning the spontaneous production of the smallest microscopic
+animals it should be first observed, that the power of reproduction
+distinguishes organic being, whether vegetable or animal, from
+inanimate nature. The circulation of fluids in vessels may exist in
+hydraulic machines, but the power of reproduction belongs alone to
+life. This reproduction of plants and of animals is of two kinds,
+which may be termed solitary and sexual. The former of these, as in
+the reproduction of the buds of trees, and of the bulbs of tulips, and
+of the polypus, and aphis, appears to be the first or most simple mode
+of generation, as many of these organic beings afterwards acquire
+sexual organs, as the flowers of seedling trees, and of seedling
+tulips, and the autumnal progeny of the aphis. See Phytologia.
+
+Secondly, it should be observed, that by reproduction organic beings
+are gradually enlarged and improved; which may perhaps more rapidly
+and uniformly occur in the simplest modes of animated being; but
+occasionally also in the more complicated and perfect kinds. Thus the
+buds of a seedling tree, or the bulbs of seedling tulips, become
+larger and stronger in the second year than the first, and thus
+improve till they acquire flowers or sexes; and the aphis, I believe,
+increases in bulk to the eighth or ninth generation, and then produces
+a sexual progeny. Hence the existence of spontaneous vitality is only
+to be expected to be found in the simplest modes of animation, as the
+complex ones have been formed by many successive reproductions.
+
+
+_Experimental facts._
+
+III. By the experiments of Buffon, Reaumur, Ellis, Ingenhouz, and
+others, microscopic animals are produced in three or four days,
+according to the warmth of the season, in the infusions of all
+vegetable or animal matter. One or more of these gentlemen put some
+boiling veal broth into a phial previously heated in the fire, and
+sealing it up hermetically or with melted wax, observed it to be
+replete with animalcules in three or four days.
+
+These microscopic animals are believed to possess a power of
+generating others like themselves by solitary reproduction without
+sex; and these gradually enlarging and improving for innumerable
+successive generations. Mr. Ellis in Phil. Transact. V. LIX. gives
+drawings of six kinds of animalcula infusoria, which increase by
+dividing across the middle into two distinct animals. Thus in paste
+composed of flour and water, which has been suffered to become
+acescent, the animalcules called eels, vibrio anguillula, are seen in
+great abundance; their motions are rapid and strong; they are
+viviparous, and produce at intervals a numerous progeny: animals
+similar to these are also found in vinegar; Naturalist's Miscellany by
+Shaw and Nodder, Vol. II. These eels were probably at first as minute
+as other microscopic animalcules; but by frequent, perhaps hourly
+reproduction, have gradually become the large animals above described,
+possessing wonderful strength and activity.
+
+To suppose the eggs of the former microscopic animals to float in the
+atmosphere, and pass through the sealed glass phial, is so contrary to
+apparent nature, as to be totally incredible! and as the latter are
+viviparous, it is equally absurd to suppose, that their parents float
+universally in the atmosphere to lay their young in paste or vinegar!
+
+Not only microscopic animals appear to be produced by a spontaneous
+vital process, and then quickly improve by solitary generation like
+the buds of trees, or like the polypus and aphis, but there is one
+vegetable body, which appears to be produced by a spontaneous vital
+process, and is believed to be propagated and enlarged in so short a
+time by solitary generation as to become visible to the naked eye; I
+mean the green matter first attended to by Dr. Priestley, and called
+by him conferva fontinalis. The proofs, that this material is a
+vegetable, are from its giving up so much oxygen, when exposed to the
+sunshine, as it grows in water, and from its green colour.
+
+Dr. Ingenhouz asserts, that by filling a bottle with well-water, and
+inverting it immediately into a basin of well-water, this green
+vegetable is formed in great quantity; and he believes, that the water
+itself, or some substance contained in the water, is converted into
+this kind of vegetation, which then quickly propagates itself.
+
+M. Girtanner asserts, that this green vegetable matter is not produced
+by water and heat alone, but requires the sun's light for this
+purpose, as he observed by many experiments, and thinks it arises from
+decomposing water deprived of a part of its oxygen, and laughs at Dr.
+Priestley for believing that the seeds of this conferva, and the
+parents of microscopic animals, exist universally in the atmosphere,
+and penetrate the sides of glass jars; Philos. Magazine for May 1800.
+
+Besides this green vegetable matter of Dr. Priestley, there is another
+vegetable, the minute beginnings of the growth of which Mr. Ellis
+observed by his microscope near the surface of all putrefying
+vegetable or animal matter, which is the mucor or mouldiness; the
+vegetation of which was amazingly quick so as to be almost seen, and
+soon became so large as to be visible to the naked eye. It is
+difficult to conceive how the seeds of this mucor can float so
+universally in the atmosphere as to fix itself on all putrid matter in
+all places.
+
+
+_Theory of Spontaneous Vitality._
+
+IV. In animal nutrition the organic matter of the bodies of dead
+animals, or vegetables, is taken into the stomach, and there suffers
+decompositions and new combinations by a chemical process. Some parts
+of it are however absorbed by the lacteals as fast as they are
+produced by this process of digestion; in which circumstance this
+process differs from common chemical operations.
+
+In vegetable nutrition the organic matter of dead animals, or
+vegetables, undergoes chemical decompositions and new combinations on
+or beneath the surface of the earth; and parts of it, as they are
+produced, are perpetually absorbed by the roots of the plants in
+contact with it; in which this also differs from common chemical
+processes.
+
+Hence the particles which are produced from dead organic matter by
+chemical decompositions or new consequent combinations, are found
+proper for the purposes of the nutrition of living vegetable and
+animal bodies, whether these decompositions and new combinations are
+performed in the stomach or beneath the soil.
+
+For the purposes of nutrition these digested or decomposed recrements
+of dead animal or vegetable matter are absorbed by the lacteals of the
+stomachs of animals or of the roots of vegetables, and carried into
+the circulation of their blood, and these compose new organic parts to
+replace others which are destroyed, or to increase the growth of the
+plant or animal.
+
+It is probable, that as in inanimate or chemical combinations, one of
+the composing materials must possess a power of attraction, and the
+other an aptitude to be attracted; so in organic or animated
+compositions there must be particles with appetencies to unite, and
+other particles with propensities to be united with them.
+
+Thus in the generation of the buds of trees, it is probable that two
+kinds of vegetable matter, as they are separated from the solid
+system, and float in the circulation, become arrested by two kinds of
+vegetable glands, and are then deposed beneath the cuticle of the
+tree, and there join together forming a new vegetable, the caudex of
+which extends from the plumula at the summit to the radicles beneath
+the soil, and constitutes a single fibre of the bark.
+
+These particles appear to be of two kinds; one of them possessing an
+appetency to unite with the other, and the latter a propensity to be
+united with the former; and they are probably separated from the
+vegetable blood by two kinds of glands, one representing those of the
+anthers, and the others those of the stigmas, in the sexual organs of
+vegetables; which is spoken of at large in Phytologia, Sect. VII. and
+in Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XXXIX. 8. of the third edition, in octavo;
+where it is likewise shown, that none of these parts which are
+deposited beneath the cuticle of the tree, is in itself a complete
+vegetable embryon, but that they form one by their reciprocal
+conjunction.
+
+So in the sexual reproduction of animals, certain parts separated from
+the living organs, and floating in the blood, are arrested by the
+sexual glands of the female, and others by those of the male. Of these
+none are complete embryon animals, but form an embryon by their
+reciprocal conjunction.
+
+There hence appears to be an analogy between generation and nutrition,
+as one is the production of new organization, and the other the
+restoration of that which previously existed; and which may therefore
+be supposed to require materials somewhat similar. Now the food taken
+up by animal lacteals is previously prepared by the chemical process
+of digestion in the stomach; but that which is taken up by vegetable
+lacteals, is prepared by chemical dissolution of organic matter
+beneath the surface of the earth. Thus the particles, which form
+generated animal embryons, are prepared from dead organic matter by
+the chemico-animal processes of sanguification and of secretion; while
+those which form spontaneous microscopic animals or microscopic
+vegetables are prepared by chemical dissolutions and new combinations
+of organic matter in watery fluids with sufficient warmth.
+
+It may be here added, that the production and properties of some kinds
+of inanimate matter, are almost as difficult to comprehend as those of
+the simplest degrees of animation. Thus the elastic gum, or
+caoutchouc, and some fossile bitumens, when drawn out to a great
+length, contract themselves by their elasticity, like an animal fibre
+by stimulus. The laws of action of these, and all other elastic
+bodies, are not yet understood; as the laws of the attraction of
+cohesion, to produce these effects, must be very different from those
+of general attraction, since the farther the particles of elastic
+bodies are drawn from each other till they separate, the stronger they
+seem to attract; and the nearer they are pressed together, the more
+they seem to repel; as in bending a spring, or in extending a piece of
+elastic gum; which is the reverse to what occurs in the attractions
+of disunited bodies; and much wants further investigation. So the
+spontaneous production of alcohol or of vinegar, by the vinous and
+acetous fermentations, as well as the production of a mucus by
+putrefaction which will contract when extended, seems almost as
+difficult to understand as the spontaneous production of a fibre from
+decomposing animal or vegetable substances, which will contract when
+stimulated, and thus constitutes the primordium of life.
+
+Some of the microscopic animals are said to remain dead for many days
+or weeks, when the fluid in which they existed is dried up, and
+quickly to recover life and motion by the fresh addition of water and
+warmth. Thus the chaos redivivum of Linnæus dwells in vinegar and in
+bookbinders paste: it revives by water after having been dried for
+years, and is both oviparous and viviparous; Syst. Nat. Thus the
+vorticella or wheel animal, which is found in rain water that has
+stood some days in leaden gutters, or in hollows of lead on the tops
+of houses, or in the slime or sediment left by such water, though it
+discovers no sign of life except when in the water, yet it is capable
+of continuing alive for many months though kept in a dry state. In
+this state it is of a globulous shape, exceeds not the bigness of a
+grain of sand, and no signs of life appear; but being put into water,
+in the space of half an hour a languid motion begins, the globule
+turns itself about, lengthens itself by slow degrees, assumes the form
+of a lively maggot, and most commonly in a few minutes afterwards puts
+out its wheels, swimming vigorously through the water as if in search
+of food; or else, fixing itself by the tail, works the wheels in such
+a manner as to bring its food to its mouth; English Encyclopedia, Art.
+Animalcule.
+
+Thus some shell-snails in the cabinets of the curious have been kept
+in a dry state for ten years or longer, and have revived on being
+moistened with warmish water; Philos. Transact. So eggs and seeds
+after many months torpor, are revived by warmth and moisture; hence it
+may be concluded, that even the organic particles of dead animals may,
+when exposed to a due degree of warmth and moisture, regain some
+degree of vitality, since this is done by more complicate animal
+organs in the instances above mentioned.
+
+The hydra of Linnæus, which dwells in the rivers of Europe under
+aquatic plants, has been observed by the curious of the present time,
+to revive after it has been dried, to be restored after being
+mutilated, to multiply by being divided, to be propagated from small
+portions, to live after being inverted; all which would be best
+explained by the doctrine of spontaneous reproduction from organic
+particles not yet completely decomposed.
+
+To this should be added, that these microscopic animals are found in
+all solutions of vegetable or animal matter in water; as black pepper
+steeped in water, hay suffered to become putrid in water, and the
+water of dunghills, afford animalcules in astonishing numbers. See Mr.
+Ellis's curious account of Animalcules produced from an infusion of
+Potatoes and Hempseed; Philos. Transact. Vol. LIX. from all which it
+would appear, that organic particles of dead vegetables and animals
+during their usual chemical changes into putridity or acidity, do not
+lose all their organization or vitality, but retain so much of it as
+to unite with the parts of living animals in the process of nutrition,
+or unite and produce new complicate animals by secretion as in
+generation, or produce very simple microscopic animals or microscopic
+vegetables, by their new combinations in warmth and moisture.
+
+And finally, that these microscopic organic bodies are multiplied and
+enlarged by solitary reproduction without sexual intercourse till they
+acquire greater perfection or new properties. Lewenhoek observed in
+rain-water which had stood a few days, the smallest scarcely visible
+microscopic animalcules, and in a few more days he observed others
+eight times as large; English Encyclop. Art. Animalcule.
+
+
+_Conclusion._
+
+There is therefore no absurdity in believing that the most simple
+animals and vegetables may be produced by the congress of the parts of
+decomposing organic matter, without what can properly be termed
+generation, as the genus did not previously exist; which accounts for
+the endless varieties, as well as for the immense numbers of
+microscopic animals.
+
+The green vegetable matter of Dr. Priestley, which is universally
+produced in stagnant water, and the mucor, or mouldiness, which is
+seen on the surface of all putrid vegetable and animal matter, have
+probably no parents, but a spontaneous origin from the congress of the
+decomposing organic particles, and afterwards propagate themselves.
+Some other fungi, as those growing in close wine-vaults, or others
+which arise from decaying trees, or rotten timber, may perhaps be
+owing to a similar spontaneous production, and not previously exist as
+perfect organic beings in the juices of the wood, as some have
+supposed. In the same manner it would seem, that the common esculent
+mushroom is produced from horse dung at any time and in any place, as
+is the common practice of many gardeners; Kennedy on Gardening.
+
+
+_Appendix._
+
+The knowledge of microscopic animals is still in its infancy: those
+already known are arranged by Mr. Muller into the following classes;
+but it is probable, that many more classes, as well as innumerable
+individuals, may be discovered by improvements of the microscope, as
+Mr. Herschell has discovered so many thousand stars, which were before
+invisible, by improvements of the telescope.
+
+Mr. Muller's classes consist of
+
+I. _Such as have no External Organs._
+
+  1. Monas: Punctiformis. A mere point.
+  2. Proteus: Mutabilis. Mutable.
+  3. Volvox: Sphæricum. Spherical.
+  4. Enchelis: Cylindracea. Cylindrical.
+  5. Vibrio: Elongatum. Long.
+
+  *Membranaceous.
+
+  6. Cyclidium: Ovale. Oval.
+  7. Paramecium: Oblongum. Oblong.
+  8. Kolpoda: Sinuatum. Sinuous.
+  9. Gonium: Angulatum. With angles.
+  10. Bursaria. Hollow like a purse.
+
+II. _Those that have External Organs._
+
+  *Naked, or not enclosed in a shell.
+
+  1. Cercaria: Caudatum. With a tail.
+  2. Trichoda: Crinitum. Hairy.
+  3. Kerona: Corniculatum. With horns.
+  4. Himantopus: Cirratum. Cirrated.
+  5. Leucophra: Ciliatum undique. Every part ciliated.
+  6. Vorticella: Ciliatum apice. The apex ciliated.
+
+  *Covered with a shell.
+
+  7. Brachionus: Ciliatum apice. The apex ciliated.
+
+1. These animalcules are discovered in two or three days in all
+decompositions of organic matter, whether vegetable or animal, in
+moderate degrees of warmth with sufficient moisture.
+
+2. They appear to enlarge in a few days, and some to change their
+form; which are probably converted from more simple into more
+complicate animalcules by repeated reproductions. See Note VIII.
+
+3. In their early state they seem to multiply by viviparous solitary
+reproduction, either by external division, as the smaller ones, or by
+an internal progeny, as the eels in paste or vinegar; and lastly, in
+their more mature state, the larger ones are said to appear to have
+sexual connexion. Engl. Encyclop.
+
+4. Those animalcules discovered in pustules of the itch, in the feces
+of dysenteric patients, and in semine masculino, I suppose to be
+produced by the stagnation and incipient decomposition of those
+materials in their receptacles, and not to exist in the living blood
+or recent secretions; as none, I believe, have been discovered in
+blood when first drawn from the arm, or in fluids newly secreted from
+the glands, which have not previously stagnated in their reservoirs.
+
+5. They are observed to move in all directions with ease and rapidity,
+and to avoid obstacles, and not to interfere with each other in their
+motions. When the water is in part evaporated, they are seen to flock
+towards the remaining part, and show great agitation. They sustain a
+great degree of cold, as some insects, and perish in much the same
+degree of heat as destroys insects; all which evince that they are
+living animals.
+
+And it is probable, that other or similar animalcules may be produced
+in the air, or near the surface of the earth, but it is not so easy to
+view them as in water; which as it is transparent, the creatures
+produced in it can easily be observed by applying a drop to a
+microscope. I hope that microscopic researches may again excite the
+attention of philosophers, as unforeseen advantages may probably be
+derived from them, like the discovery of a new world.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES. II.
+
+THE FACULTIES OF THE SENSORIUM.
+
+  Next the long nerves unite their silver train,
+  And young Sensation permeates the brain.
+                                        CANT. I. l. 250.
+
+
+I. The fibres, which constitute the muscles and organs of sense,
+possess a power of contraction. The circumstances attending the
+exertion of this power of contraction constitute the laws of animal
+motion, as the circumstances attending the exertion of the power of
+attraction constitute the laws of motion of inanimate matter.
+
+II. The spirit of animation is the immediate cause of the contraction
+of animal fibres, it resides in the brain and nerves, and is liable to
+general or partial diminution or accumulation.
+
+III. The stimulus of bodies external to the moving organ is the remote
+cause of the original contractions of animal fibres.
+
+IV. A certain quantity of stimulus produces irritation, which is an
+exertion of the spirit of animation exciting the fibres into
+contraction.
+
+V. A certain quantity of contraction of animal fibres, if it be
+perceived at all, produces pleasure; a greater or less quantity of
+contraction, if it be perceived at all, produces pain; these
+constitute sensation.
+
+VI. A certain quantity of sensation produces desire or aversion; these
+constitute volition.
+
+VII. All animal motions which have occurred at the same time, or in
+immediate succession, become so connected, that when one of them is
+reproduced, the other has a tendency to accompany or succeed it. When
+fibrous contractions succeed or accompany other fibrous contractions,
+the connexion is termed association; when fibrous contractions succeed
+sensorial motions, the connexion is termed causation; when fibrous and
+sensorial motions reciprocally introduce each other, it is termed
+catenation of animal motions.
+
+VIII. These four faculties of the sensorium during their inactive
+state are termed irritability, sensibility, voluntarily, and
+associability; in their active state they are termed as above
+irritation, sensation, volition, association.
+
+Irritation is an exertion or change of some extreme part of the
+sensorium residing in the muscles or organs of sense, in consequence
+of the appulses of external bodies.
+
+Sensation is an exertion or change of the central parts of the
+sensorium, or of the whole of it, beginning at some of those extreme
+parts of it, which reside in the muscles or organs of sense.
+
+Volition is an exertion or change of the central parts of the
+sensorium, or of the whole of it, terminating in some of those extreme
+parts of it, which reside in the muscles or organs of sense.
+
+Association is an exertion or change of some extreme part of the
+sensorium residing in the muscles or organs of sense, in consequence
+of some antecedent or attendant fibrous contractions; see Zoonomia,
+Vol. I.
+
+The word sensorium is used to express not only the medullary part of
+the brain, spinal marrow, nerves, organs of sense and muscles, but
+also at the same time that living principle, or spirit of animation,
+which resides throughout the body, without being cognizable to our
+senses except by its effects.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES. III.
+
+  Next when imprison'd fires in central caves
+  Burst the firm earth, and drank the headlong waves.
+                                        CANTO I. l. 302.
+
+
+The great and repeated explosions of volcanoes are shown by Mr.
+Mitchell in the Philosoph. Transact. to arise from their communication
+with the sea, or with rivers, or inundations; and that after a chink
+or crack is made, the water rushing into an immense burning cavern,
+and falling on boiling lava, is instantly expanded into steam, and
+produces irresistible explosions.
+
+As the first volcanic fires had no previous vent, and were probably
+more central, and larger in quantity, before they burst the crust of
+the earth then intire, and as the sea covered the whole, it must
+rapidly sink down into every opening chink; whence these primeval
+earthquakes were of much greater extent, and of much greater force,
+than those which occur in the present era.
+
+It should be added, that there may be other elastic vapours produced
+by great heat from whatever will evaporate, as mercury, and even
+diamonds; which may be more elastic, and consequently exert greater
+force than the steam of water even though heated red hot. Which may
+thence exert a sufficient power to raise islands and continents, and
+even to throw the moon from the earth.
+
+If the moon be supposed to have been thus thrown out of the great
+cavity which now contains the South Sea, the immense quantity of water
+flowing in from the primeval ocean, which then covered the earth,
+would much contribute to leave the continents and islands, which might
+be raised at the same time above the surface of the water. In later
+days there are accounts of large stones falling from the sky, which
+may have been thus thrown by explosion from some distant earthquake,
+without sufficient force to cause them to circulate round the earth,
+and thus produce numerous small moons or satellites.
+
+Mr. Mitchell observes, that the agitations of the earth from the great
+earthquake at Lisbon were felt in this country about the same time
+after the shock, as sound would have taken in passing from Lisbon
+hither; and thence ascribes these agitations to the vibrations of the
+solid earth, and not to subterraneous caverns of communication;
+Philos. Transact. But from the existence of warm springs at Bath and
+Buxton, there must certainly be unceasing subterraneous fires at some
+great depth beneath those parts of this island; see on this subject
+Botanic Garden, Vol. II. Canto IV. l. 79, note. For an account of the
+noxious vapours emitted from volcanoes, see Botanic Garden, Vol. II.
+Cant. IV. l. 328, note. For the milder effects of central fires, see
+Botanic Garden, Vol. I. Cant. I. l. 139, and Additional Note VI.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES. IV.
+
+  So from deep lakes the dread musquito springs,
+  Drinks the soft breeze, and dries his tender wings.
+                                        CANTO I. l. 327.
+
+
+The gnat, or musquito, culex pipiens. The larva of this insect lives
+chiefly in water, and the pupa moves with great agility. It is fished
+for by ducks; and, when it becomes a fly, is the food of the young of
+partridges, quails, sparrows, swallows, and other small birds. The
+females wound us, and leave a red point; and in India their bite is
+more venomous. The male has its antennæ and feelers feathered, and
+seldom bites or sucks blood; Lin. Syst. Nat.
+
+It may be driven away by smoke, especially by that from inula
+helenium, elecampane; and by that of cannabis, hemp. Kalm. It is said
+that a light in a chamber will prevent their attack on sleeping
+persons.
+
+The gnats of this country are produced in greater numbers in some
+years than others, and are then seen in swarms for many evenings near
+the lakes or rivers whence they arise; and, I suppose, emigrate to
+upland situations, where fewer of them are produced. About thirty
+years ago such a swarm was observed by Mr. Whitehurst for a day or two
+about the lofty tower of Derby church, as to give a suspicion of the
+fabric being on fire.
+
+Many other kinds of flies have their origin in the water, as perhaps
+the whole class of neuroptera. Thus the libellula, dragon fly: the
+larva of which hurries amid the water, and is the cruel crocodile of
+aquatic insects. After they become flies, they prey principally on the
+class of insects termed lepidoptera, and diptera of Linneus. The
+ephemera is another of this order, which rises from the lakes in such
+quantities in some countries, that the rustics have carried cart-loads
+of them to manure their corn lands; the larva swims in the water: in
+its fly-state the pleasures of life are of short duration, as its
+marriage, production of its progeny, and funeral, are often
+celebrated in one day. The phryganea is another fly of this order; the
+larva lies concealed under the water in moveable cylindrical tubes of
+their own making. In the fly-state they institute evening dances in
+the air in swarms, and are fished for by the swallows.
+
+Many other flies, who do not leave their eggs in water, contrive to
+lay them in moist places, as the oestros bovis; the larvæ of which
+exist in the bodies of cattle, where they are nourished during the
+winter, and are occasionally extracted by a bird of the crow-kind
+called buphaga. These larvæ are also found in the stomachs of horses,
+whom they sometimes destroy; another species of them adhere to the
+anus of horses, and creep into the lowest bowel, and are called botts;
+and another species enters the frontal sinus of sheep, occasioning a
+vertigo called the turn. The musca pendula lives in stagnant water;
+the larva is suspended by a thread-form respiratory tube; of the musca
+chamæleon, the larva lives in fountains, and the fly occasionally
+walks upon the water. The musca vomitoria is produced in carcases;
+three of these flies consume the dead body of a horse as soon as a
+lion. Lin. Syst. Nat.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTE. V.
+
+AMPHIBIOUS ANIMALS.
+
+  So still the Diodons, amphibious tribe,
+  With twofold lungs the sea and air imbibe.
+                                        CANT. I. l. 331.
+
+
+D. D. Garden dissected the amphibious creature called diodon by
+Linneus, and was amazed to find that it possessed both external gills
+and internal lungs, which he described and prepared and sent to
+Linneus; who thence put this animal into the order nantes of his class
+amphibia. He adds also, in his account of polymorpha before the class
+amphibia, that some of this class breathe by lungs only, and others by
+both lungs and gills.
+
+Some amphibious quadrupeds, as the beaver, water rat, and otter, are
+said to have the foramen ovale of the heart open, which communicates
+from one cavity of it to the other; and that, during their continuance
+under water, the blood can thus for a time circulate without passing
+through the lungs; but as it cannot by these means acquire oxygen
+either from the air or water, these creatures find it frequently
+necessary to rise to the surface to respire. As this foramen ovale is
+always open in the foetus of quadrupeds, till after its birth that it
+begins to respire, it has been proposed by some to keep young puppies
+three or four times a day for a minute or two under warm water to
+prevent this communication from one cavity of the heart to the other
+from growing up; whence it has been thought such dogs might become
+amphibious. It is also believed that this circumstance has existed in
+some divers for pearl; whose children are said to have been thus kept
+under water in their early infancy to enable them afterwards to
+succeed in their employment.
+
+But the most frequent distinction of the amphibious animals, that live
+much in the water, is, that their heart consists but of one cell; and
+as they are pale creatures with but little blood, and that colder and
+darker coloured, as frogs and lizards, they require less oxygen than
+the warmer animals with a greater quantity and more scarlet blood; and
+thence, though they have only lungs, they can stay long under water
+without great inconvenience; but are all of them, like frogs, and
+crocodiles, and whales, necessitated frequently to rise above the
+surface for air.
+
+In this circumstance of their possessing a one-celled heart, and
+colder and darker blood, they approach to the state of fish; which
+thus appear not to acquire so much oxygen by their gills from the
+water as terrestrial animals do by their lungs from the atmosphere;
+whence it may be concluded that the gills of fish do not decompose the
+water which passes through them, and which contains so much more
+oxygen than the air, but that they only procure a small quantity of
+oxygen from the air which is diffused in the water; which also is
+further confirmed by an experiment with the air-pump, as fish soon die
+when put in a glass of water into the exhausted receiver, which they
+would not do if their gills had power to decompose the water and
+obtain the oxygen from it.
+
+The lamprey, petromyzon, is put by Linneus amongst the nantes, which
+are defined to possess both gills and lungs. It has seven spiracula,
+or breathing holes, on each side of the neck, and by its more perfect
+lungs approaches to the serpent kind; Syst. Nat. The means by which it
+adheres to stones, even in rapid streams, is probably owing to a
+partial vacuum made by its respiring organs like sucking, and may be
+compared to the ingenious method by which boys are seen to lift large
+stones in the street, by applying to them a piece of strong moist
+leather with a string through the centre of it; which, when it is
+forcibly drawn upwards, produces a partial vacuum under it, and thus
+the stone is supported by the pressure of the atmosphere.
+
+The leech, hirudo, and the remora, echeneis, adhere strongly to
+objects probably by a similar method. I once saw ten or twelve leeches
+adhere to each foot of an old horse a little above his hoofs, who was
+grazing in a morass, and which did not lose their hold when he moved
+about. The bare-legged travellers in Ceylon are said to be much
+infested by leeches; and the sea-leech, hirudo muricata, is said to
+adhere to fish, and the remora is said to adhere to ships in such
+numbers as to retard their progress.
+
+The respiratory organ of the whale, I suppose, is pulmonary in part,
+as he is obliged to come frequently to the surface, whence he can be
+pursued after he is struck with the harpoon; and may nevertheless be
+in part like the gills of other fish, as he seems to draw in water
+when he is below the surface, and emits it again when he rises above
+it.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTE. VI.
+
+HIEROGLYPHIC CHARACTERS.
+
+  So erst as Egypt's rude designs explain.
+                                        CANTO I. l. 351.
+
+
+The outlines of animal bodies, which gave names to the constellations,
+as well as the characters used in chemistry for the metals, and in
+astronomy for the planets, were originally hieroglyphic figures, used
+by the magi of Egypt before the invention of letters, to record their
+discoveries in those sciences.
+
+Other hieroglyphic figures seem to have been designed to perpetuate
+the events of history, the discoveries in other arts, and the opinions
+of those ancient philosophers on other subjects. Thus their figures of
+Venus for beauty, Minerva for wisdom, Mars and Bellona for war,
+Hercules for strength, and many others, became afterwards the deities
+of Greece and Rome; and together with the figures of Time, Death, and
+Fame, constitute the language of the painters to this day.
+
+From the similarity of the characters which designate the metals in
+chemistry, and the planets in astronomy, it may be concluded that
+these parts of science were then believed to be connected; whence
+astrology seems to have been a very early superstition. These, so far,
+constitute an universal visible language in those sciences.
+
+So the glory, or halo, round the head is a part of the universal
+language of the eye, designating a holy person; wings on the shoulders
+denote a good angel; and a tail and hoof denote the figure of an evil
+demon; to which may be added the cap of liberty and the tiara of
+popedom. It is to be wished that many other universal characters could
+be introduced into practice, which might either constitute a more
+comprehensive language for painters, or for other arts; as those of
+ciphers and signs have done for arithmetic and algebra, and crotchets
+for music, and the alphabets for articulate sounds; so a zigzag line
+made on white paper by a black-lead pencil, which communicates with
+the surface of the mercury in the barometer, as the paper itself is
+made constantly to move laterally by a clock, and daily to descend
+through the space necessary, has ingeniously produced a most accurate
+visible account of the rise and fall of the mercury in the barometer
+every hour in the year.
+
+Mr. Grey's Memoria Technica was designed as an artificial language to
+remember numbers, as of the eras, or dates of history. This was done
+by substituting one consonant and one vowel for each figure of the ten
+cyphers used in arithmetic, and by composing words of these letters;
+which words Mr. Grey makes into hexameter verses, and produces an
+audible jargon, which is to be committed to memory, and occasionally
+analysed into numbers when required. An ingenious French botanist,
+Monsieur Bergeret, has proposed to apply this idea of Mr. Grey to a
+botanical nomenclature, by making the name of each plant to consist of
+letters, which, when analysed, were to signify the number of the
+class, order, genus, and species, with a description also of some
+particular part of the plant, which was designed to be both an audible
+and visible language.
+
+Bishop Wilkins in his elaborate "Essay towards a Real Character and a
+Philosophical Language," has endeavoured to produce, with the greatest
+simplicity, and accuracy, and conciseness, an universal language both
+to be written and spoken, for the purpose of the communication of all
+our ideas with greater exactness and less labour than is done in
+common languages, as they are now spoken and written. But we have to
+lament that the progress of general science is yet too limited both
+for his purpose, and for that even of a nomenclature for botany; and
+that the science of grammar, and even the number and manner of the
+pronunciation of the letters of the alphabet, are not yet determined
+with such accuracy as would be necessary to constitute Bishop
+Wilkins's grand design of an universal language, which might
+facilitate the acquirement of knowledge, and thus add to the power and
+happiness of mankind.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTE. VII.
+
+OLD AGE AND DEATH.
+
+  The age-worn fibres goaded to contract
+  By repetition palsied, cease to act.
+                                        CANTO II. l. 4
+
+
+I. _Effects of Age._
+
+The immediate cause of the infirmities of age, or of the progress of
+life to death, has not yet been well ascertained. The answer to the
+question, why animals become feeble and diseased after a time, though
+nourished with the same food which increased their growth from
+infancy, and afterwards supported them for many years in unimpaired
+health and strength, must be sought for from the laws of animal
+excitability, which, though at first increased, is afterwards
+diminished by frequent repetitions of its adapted stimulus, and at
+length ceases to obey it.
+
+1. There are four kinds of stimulus which induce the fibres to
+contract, which constitute the muscles or the organs of sense; as,
+first, The application of external bodies, which excites into action
+the sensorial power of irritation; 2dly, Pleasure and pain, which
+excite into action the sensorial power of sensation; 3dly, Desire and
+aversion, which excite into action the power of volition; and lastly,
+The fibrous contractions, which precede association, which is another
+sensorial power; see Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. II. 13.
+
+Many of the motions of the organic system, which are necessary to
+life, are excited by more than one of these stimuli at the same time,
+and some of them occasionally by them all. Thus respiration is
+generally caused by the stimulus of blood in the lungs, or by the
+sensation of the want of oxygen; but is also occasionally voluntary.
+The actions of the heart also, though generally owing to the stimulus
+of the blood, are also inflamed by the association of its motions with
+those of the stomach, whence sometimes arises an inequality of the
+pulse, and with other parts of the system, as with the capillaries,
+whence heat of the skin in fevers with a feeble pulse, see Zoonomia.
+They are also occasionally influenced by sensation, as is seen in the
+paleness occasioned by fear, or the blush of shame and anger; and
+lastly the motions of the heart are sometimes assisted by volition;
+thus in those who are much weakened by fevers, the pulse is liable to
+stop during their sleep, and to induce great distress; which is owing
+at that time to the total suspension of voluntary power; the same
+occurs during sleep in some asthmatic patients.
+
+2. The debility of approaching age appears to be induced by the
+inactivity of many parts of the system, or their disobedience to their
+usual kinds and quantities of stimulus: thus the pallid appearance of
+the skin of old age is owing to the inactivity of the heart, which
+ceases to obey the irritation caused by the stimulus of the blood, or
+its association with other moving organs with its former energy;
+whence the capillary arteries are not sufficiently distended in their
+diastole, and consequently contract by their elasticity, so as to
+close the canal, and their sides gradually coalesce. Of these, those
+which are most distant from the heart, and of the smallest diameters,
+will soonest close, and become impervious; hence the hard pulse of
+aged patients is occasioned by the coalescence of the sides of the
+vasa vasorum, or capillary arteries of the coats of the other
+arteries.
+
+The veins of elderly people become turgid or distended with blood, and
+stand prominent on the skin; for as these do not possess the
+elasticity of the arteries, they become distended with accumulation of
+blood; when the heart by its lessened excitability does not contract
+sufficiently forcibly, or frequently, to receive, as fast as usual,
+the returning blood; and their apparent prominence on the skin is
+occasioned by the deficient secretion of fat or mucus in the cellular
+membrane; and also to the contraction and coalescence and consequent
+less bulk of many capillary arteries.
+
+3. Not only the muscular fibres lose their degree of excitability from
+age, as in the above examples; and as may be observed in the tremulous
+hands and feeble step of elderly persons; but the organs of sense
+become less excitable by the stimulus of external objects; whence the
+sight and hearing become defective; the stimulus of the sensorial
+power of sensation also less affects the aged, who grieve less for the
+loss of friends or for other disappointments; it should nevertheless
+be observed, that when the sensorial power of irritation is much
+exhausted, or its production much diminished; the sensorial power of
+sensation appears for a time to be increased; as in intoxication there
+exists a kind of delirium and quick flow of ideas, and yet the person
+becomes so weak as to totter as he walks; but this delirium is owing
+to the defect of voluntary power to correct the streams of ideas by
+intuitive analogy, as in dreams: see Zoonomia: and thus also those who
+are enfeebled by habits of much vinous potation, or even by age alone,
+are liable to weep at shaking hands with a friend, whom they have not
+lately seen; which is owing to defect of voluntary power to correct
+their trains of ideas caused by sensation, and not to the increased
+quantity of sensation, as I formerly supposed.
+
+The same want of voluntary power to keep the trains of sensitive ideas
+consistent, and to compare them by intuitive analogy with the order of
+nature, is the occasion of the starting at the clapping to of a door,
+or the fall of a key, which occasions violent surprise with fear and
+sometimes convulsions, in very feeble hysterical patients, and is not
+owing I believe (as I formerly supposed) to increased sensation; as
+they are less sensible to small stimuli than when in health.
+
+Old people are less able also to perform the voluntary exertions of
+exercise or of reasoning, and lastly the association of their ideas
+becomes more imperfect, as they are forgetful of the names of persons
+and places; the associations of which are less permanent, than those
+of the other words of a language, which are more frequently repeated.
+
+4. This disobedience of the fibres of age to their usual stimuli, has
+generally been ascribed to repetition or habit, as those who live near
+a large clock, or a mill, or a waterfall, soon cease to attend to the
+perpetual noise of it in the day, and sleep dining the night
+undisturbed. Thus all medicines, if repeated too frequently, gradually
+lose their effect; as wine and opium cease to intoxicate: some
+disagreeable tastes as tobacco, by frequent repetition cease to be
+disagreeable; grief and pain gradually diminish and at length cease
+altogether; and hence life itself becomes tolerable.
+
+This diminished power of contraction of the fibres of the muscles or
+organs of sense, which constitutes permanent debility or old age, may
+arise from a deficient secretion of sensorial power in the brain, as
+well as from the disobedience of the muscles and organs of sense to
+their usual stimuli; but this less production of sensorial power must
+depend on the inactivity of the glands, which compose the brain, and
+are believed to separate it perpetually from the blood; and is thence
+owing to a similar cause with the inaction of the fibres of the other
+parts of the system.
+
+It is finally easy to understand how the fibres may cease to act by
+the usual quantity of stimulus after having been previously exposed to
+a greater quantity of stimulus, or to one too long continued; because
+the expenditure of sensorial power has then been greater than its
+production; but it is not easy to explain why the repetition of
+fibrous contractions, which during the meridian of life did not expend
+the sensorial power faster than it was produced; or only in such a
+degree as was daily restored by rest and sleep, should at length in
+the advance of life expend too much of it; or otherwise, that less of
+it should be produced in the brain; or reside in the nerves; lastly
+that the fibres should become less excitable by the usual quantity of
+it.
+
+5. But these facts would seem to show, that all parts of the system
+are not changed as we advance in life, as some have supposed; as in
+that case it might have preserved for ever its excitability; and it
+might then perhaps have been easier for nature to have continued her
+animals and vegetables for ever in their mature state, than
+perpetually by a complicate apparatus to have produced new ones, and
+suffer the old ones to perish; for a further account of stimulus and
+the consequent animal exertion, see Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. 12.
+
+
+II. _Means of preventing old age._
+
+The means of preventing the approach of age must therefore consist in
+preventing the inexcitability of the fibres, or the diminution of the
+production of sensorial power.
+
+1. As animal motion cannot be performed without the fluid matter of
+heat, in which all things are immersed, and without a sufficient
+quantity of moisture to prevent rigidity: nothing seems so well
+adapted to both these purposes as the use of the warm bath; and
+especially in those, who become thin or emaciated with age, and who
+have a hard and dry skin, with hardness of the coat of the arteries;
+which feels under the finger like a cord; the patient should sit in
+warm water for half an hour every day, or alternate days, or twice a
+week; the heat should be about ninety-eight degrees on Fahrenheit's
+scale, or of such a warmth, as may be most agreeable to his sensation;
+but on leaving the bath he should always be kept so cool, whether he
+goes into bed, or continues up, as not sensibly to perspire.
+
+There is a popular prejudice, that the warm bath relaxes people, and
+that the cold bath braces them; which are mechanical terms belonging
+to drums and fiddle-strings, but not applicable except metaphorically
+to animal bodies, and then commonly mean weakness and strength: during
+the continuance in the bath the patient does not lose weight, unless
+he goes in after a full meal, but generally weighs heavier as the
+absorption is greater than the perspiration; but if he suffers himself
+to sweat on his leaving the bath, he will undoubtedly be weakened by
+the increased action of the system, and its exhaustion: the same
+occurs to those who are heated by exercise, or by wine, or spice, but
+not during their continuance in the warm bath: whence we may conclude,
+that the warm bath is the most harmless of all those stimuli, which
+are greater than our natural habits have accustomed us to; and that it
+particularly counteracts the approach of old age in emaciated people
+with dry skins.
+
+It may be here observed in favour of bathing, that some fish are
+believed to continue to a great age, and continually to enlarge in
+size, as they advance in life; and that long after their state of
+puberty. I have seen perch full of spawn, which were less than two
+inches long; and it is known, that they will grow to six or eight
+times that size; it is said, that the whales, which have been caught
+of late years, are much less in size than those, which were caught,
+when first the whale-fishery was established; as the large ones, which
+were supposed to have been some hundred years old, are believed to be
+already destroyed.
+
+All cold-blooded amphibious animals more slowly waste their sensorial
+power; as they are accustomed to less stimulus from their respiring
+less oxygen; and their movements in water are slower than those of
+aerial animals from the greater resistance of the element. There
+besides seems to be no obstacle to the growth of aquatic animals; as
+by means of the air-bladder, they can make their specific gravity the
+same as that of the water in which they swim. And the moisture of the
+element seems well adapted to counteract the rigidity of their fibres;
+and as their exertions in locomotion, and the pressure of some parts
+on others, are so much less than in the bodies of land animals.
+
+2. But as all excessive stimuli exhaust the sensorial power, and
+render the system less excitable for a time till the quantity of
+sensorial power is restored by sleep, or by the diminution or absence
+of stimulus; which is seen by the weakness of inebriates for a day at
+least after intoxication. And as the frequent repetition of this great
+and unnatural stimulus of fermented liquors produces a permanent
+debility, or disobedience of the system to the usual and natural kinds
+and quantities of stimulus, as occurs in those who have long been
+addicted to the ingurgitation of fermented liquors.
+
+And as, secondly, the too great deficiency of the quantity of natural
+stimuli, as of food, and warmth, or of fresh air, produces also
+diseases; as is often seen in the children of the poor in large towns,
+who become scrofulous from want of due nourishment, and from cold,
+damp, unairy lodgings.
+
+The great and principal means to prevent the approach of old age and
+death, must consist in the due management of the quantity of every
+kind of stimulus, but particularly of that from objects external to
+the moving organ; which may excite into action too great or too small
+a quantity of the sensorial power of irritation, which principally
+actuates the vital organs. Whence the use of much wine, or opium, or
+spice, or of much salt, by their unnatural stimulus induces consequent
+debility, and shortens life, on the one hand, by the exhaustion of
+sensorial power; so on the other hand, the want of heat, food, and
+fresh air, induces debility from defect of stimulus, and a consequent
+accumulation of sensorial power, and a general debility of the system.
+Whence arise the pains of cold and hunger, and those which are called
+nervous; and which are the cause of hysteric, epileptic, and perhaps
+of asthmatic paroxysms, and of the cold fits of fever.
+
+3. Though all excesses of increase and decrease of stimulus should be
+avoided, yet a certain variation of stimulus seems to prolong the
+excitability of the system; as during any diminution of the usual
+quantity of stimulus, an accumulation of sensorial power is produced;
+and in consequence the excitability, which was lessened by the action
+of habitual stimulus, becomes restored. Thus those, who are uniformly
+habituated to much artificial heat, as in warm parlours in the winter
+months, lose their irritability in some degree, and become feeble like
+hot-house plants; but by frequently going for a time into the cold
+air, the sensorial power of irritability is accumulated and they
+become stronger.
+
+Whence it may be deduced, that the variations of the cold and heat of
+this climate contribute to strengthen its inhabitants, who are more
+active and vigorous, and live longer, than those of either much warmer
+or much colder latitudes.
+
+This accumulation of sensorial power from diminution of stimulus any
+one may observe, who in severe weather may sit by the fire-side till
+he is chill and uneasy with the sensation of cold; but if he walks
+into the frosty air for a few minutes, an accumulation of sensorial
+power is produced by diminution of the stimulus of heat, and on his
+returning into the room where he was chill before, his whole skin will
+now glow with warmth.
+
+Hence it may be concluded, that the variations of the quantity of
+stimuli within certain limits contribute to our health; and that those
+houses which are kept too uniformly warm, are less wholesome than
+where the inhabitants are occasionally exposed to cold air in passing
+from one room to another.
+
+Nevertheless to those weak habits with pale skins and large pupils of
+the eyes, whose degree of irritability is less than health requires,
+as in scrofulous, hysterical, and some consumptive constitutions, a
+climate warmer than our own may be of service, as a greater stimulus
+of heat may be wanted to excite their less irritability. And also a
+more uniform quantity of heat may be serviceable to consumptive
+patients than is met with in this country, as the lungs cannot be
+clothed like the external skin, and are therefore subject to greater
+extremes of heat and cold in passing in winter from a warm room into
+the frosty air.
+
+4. It should nevertheless be observed, that there is one kind of
+stimulus, which though it be employed in quantity beyond its usual
+state, seems to increase the production of sensorial power beyond the
+expenditure of it (unless its excess is great indeed) and thence to
+give permanent strength and energy to the system; I mean that of
+volition. This appears not only from the temporary strength of angry
+or insane people, but because insanity even cures some diseases of
+debility, as I have seen in dropsy, and in some fevers; but it is also
+observable, that many who have exerted much voluntary effort during
+their whole lives, have continued active to great age. This however
+may be conceived to arise from these great exertions being performed
+principally by the organs of sense, that is by exciting and comparing
+ideas; as in those who have invented sciences, or have governed
+nations, and which did not therefore exhaust the sensorial power of
+those organs which are necessary to life, but perhaps rather prevented
+them from being sooner impaired, their sensorial power not having been
+so frequently exhausted by great activity, for very violent exercise
+of the body, long continued, forwards old age; as is seen in
+post-horses that are cruelly treated, and in many of the poor, who
+with difficulty support their families by incessant labour.
+
+
+III. _Theory of the Approach of Age._
+
+The critical reader is perhaps by this time become so far interested
+in this subject as to excuse a more prolix elucidation of it.
+
+In early life the repetition of animal actions occasions them to be
+performed with greater facility, whether those repetitions are
+produced by volition, sensation, or irritation; because they soon
+become associated together, if as much sensorial power is produced
+between every reiteration of action, as is expended by it.
+
+But if a stimulus be repeated at uniform intervals of time, the
+action, whether of our muscles or organs of sense, is performed with
+still greater facility and energy; because the sensorial power of
+association mentioned above, is combined with the sensorial power of
+irritation, and forms part of the diurnal chain of animal motions;
+that is, in common language, the acquired habit assists the power of
+the stimulus; see Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XXII. 2. and Sect. XII. 3.
+3.
+
+On this circumstance depends the easy motions of the fingers in
+performing music, and of the feet and arms in dancing and fencing, and
+of the hands in the use of tools in mechanic arts, as well as all the
+vital motions which animate and nourish organic bodies.
+
+On the contrary, many animal motions by perpetual repetition are
+performed with less energy; as those who live near a waterfall, or a
+smith's forge, after a time, cease to hear them. And in those
+infectious diseases which are attended with fever, as the small-pox
+and measles, violent motions of the system are excited, which at
+length cease, and cannot again be produced by application of the same
+stimulating material; as when those are inoculated for the small-pox,
+who have before undergone that malady. Hence the repetition, which
+occasions animal actions for a time to be performed with greater
+energy, occasions them at length to become feeble, or to cease
+entirely.
+
+To explain this difficult problem we must more minutely consider the
+catenations of animal motions, as described in Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect.
+XVII. The vital motions, as suppose of the heart and arterial system,
+commence from the irritation occasioned by the stimulus of the blood,
+and then have this irritation assisted by the power of association; at
+the same time an agreeable sensation is produced by the due actions of
+the fibres, as in the secretions of the glands, which constitutes the
+pleasure of existence; this agreeable sensation is intermixed between
+every link of this diurnal chain of actions, and contributes to
+produce it by what is termed animal causation. But there is also a
+degree of the power of volition excited in consequence of this vital
+pleasure, which is also intermixed between the links of the chain of
+fibrous actions; and thus also contributes to its uniform easy and
+perpetual production.
+
+The effects of surprise and novelty must now be considered by the
+patient reader, as they affect the catenations of action; and, I hope,
+the curiosity of the subject will excuse the prolixity of this account
+of it. When any violent stimulus breaks the passing current or
+catenation of our ideas, surprise is produced, which is accompanied
+with pain or pleasure, and consequent volition to examine the object
+of it, as explained in Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XVIII. 17, and which
+never affects us in sleep. In our waking hours whenever an idea of
+imagination occurs, which is incongruous to our former experience, we
+feel another kind of surprise, and instantly dissever the train of
+imagination by the power of volition, and compare the incongruous idea
+with our previous knowledge of nature, and reject it by an act of
+reasoning, of which we are unconscious, termed in Zoonomia, "Intuitive
+Analogy," Vol. I Sect. XVII. 7.
+
+The novelty of any idea may be considered as affecting us with another
+kind of surprise, or incongruity, as it differs from the usual train
+of our ideas, and forms a new link in this perpetual chain; which, as
+it thus differs from the ordinary course of nature, we instantly
+examine by the voluntary efforts of intuitive analogy; or by
+reasoning, which we attend to; and compare it with the usual
+appearances of nature.
+
+These ideas which affect us with surprise, or incongruity, or novelty,
+are attended with painful or pleasurable sensation; which we mentioned
+before as intermixing with all catenations of animal actions, and
+contributing to strengthen their perpetual and energetic production;
+and also exciting in some degree the power of volition, which also
+intermixes with the links of the chain of animal actions, and
+contributes to produce it.
+
+Now by frequent repetition the surprise, incongruity, or novelty
+ceases; and, in consequence, the pleasure or pain which accompanied
+it, and also the degree of volition which was excited by that
+sensation of pain or pleasure; and thus the sensorial power of
+sensation and of volition are subducted from the catenation of vital
+actions, and they are in consequence produced much weaker, and at
+length cease entirely. Whence we learn why contagious matters induce
+their effects on the circulation but once; and why, in process of
+time, the vital movements are performed with less energy, and at
+length cease; whence the debilities of age, and consequent death.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES. VIII.
+
+REPRODUCTION.
+
+  But Reproduction with ethereal fires
+  New life rekindles, ere the first expires.
+                                        CANTO II. l. 13.
+
+
+I. The reproduction or generation of living organized bodies, is the
+great criterion or characteristic which distinguishes animation from
+mechanism. Fluids may circulate in hydraulic machines, or simply move
+in them, as mercury in the barometer or thermometer, but the power of
+producing an embryon which shall gradually acquire similitude to its
+parent, distinguishes artificial from natural organization.
+
+The reproduction of plants and animals appears to be of two kinds,
+solitary and sexual; the former occurs in the formation of the buds of
+trees, and the bulbs of tulips; which for several successions generate
+other buds, and other bulbs, nearly similar to the parent, but
+constantly approaching to greater perfection, so as finally to produce
+sexual organs, or flowers, and consequent seeds.
+
+The same occurs in some inferior kinds of animals; as the aphises in
+the spring and summer are viviparous for eight or nine generations,
+which successively produce living descendants without sexual
+intercourse, and are themselves, I suppose, without sex; at length in
+the autumn they propagate males and females, which copulate and lay
+eggs, which lie dormant during the winter, and are hatched by the
+vernal sun; while the truffle, and perhaps mushrooms amongst
+vegetables, and the polypus and tænia amongst insects, perpetually
+propagate themselves by solitary reproduction, and have not yet
+acquired male and female organs.
+
+Philosophers have thought these viviparous aphides, and the tænia, and
+volvox, to be females; and have supposed them to have been impregnated
+long before their nativity within each other; so the tænia and volvox
+still continue to produce their offspring without sexual intercourse.
+One extremity of the tænia, is said by Linneus to grow old, whilst at
+the other end new ones are generated proceeding to infinity like the
+roots of grass. The volvox globator is transparent, and carries within
+itself children and grandchildren to the fifth generation like the
+aphides; so that the tænia produces children and grandchildren
+longitudinally in a chain-like series, and the volvox propagates an
+offspring included within itself to the fifth generation; Syst. Nat.
+
+Many microscopic animals, and some larger ones, as the hydra or
+polypus, are propagated by splitting or dividing; and some still
+larger animals, as oysters, and perhaps eels, have not yet acquired
+sexual organs, but produce a paternal progeny, which requires no
+mother to supply it with a nidus, or with nutriment and oxygenation;
+and, therefore, very accurately resemble the production of the buds of
+trees, and the wires of some herbaceous plants, as of knot-grass and
+of strawberries, and the bulbs of other plants, as of onions and
+potatoes; which is further treated of in Phytologia, Sect. VII.
+
+The manner in which I suspect the solitary reproduction of the buds of
+trees to be effected, may also be applied to the solitary generation
+of the insects mentioned above, and probably of many others, perhaps
+of all the microscopic ones. It should be previously observed, that
+many insects are hermaphrodite, possessing both male and female organs
+of reproduction, as shell-snails and dew-worms; but that these are
+seen reciprocally to copulate with each other, and are believed not to
+be able to impregnate themselves; which belongs, therefore, to sexual
+generation, and not to the solitary reproduction of which I am now
+speaking.
+
+As in the chemical production of any new combination of matter, two
+kinds of particles appear to be necessary; one of which must possess
+the power of attraction, and the other the aptitude to be attracted,
+as a magnet and a piece of iron; so in vegetable or animal
+combinations, whether for the purpose of nutrition or for
+reproduction, there must exist also two kinds of organic matter; one
+possessing the appetency to unite, and the other the propensity to be
+united; (see Zoonomia, octavo edition, Sect. XXXIX. 8.) Hence in the
+generation of the buds of trees, there are probably two kinds of
+glands, which acquire from the vegetable blood, and deposite beneath
+the cuticle of the tree two kinds of formative organic matter, which
+unite and form parts of the new vegetable embryon; which again uniting
+with other such organizations form the caudex, or the plumula, or the
+radicle, of a new vegetable bud.
+
+A similar mode of reproduction by the secretion of two kinds of
+organic particles from the blood, and by depositing them either
+internally as in the vernal and summer aphis or volvox, or externally
+as in the polypus and tænia, probably obtains in those animals; which
+are thence propagated by the father only, not requiring a cradle, or
+nutriment, or oxygenation from a mother; and that the five
+generations, said to be seen in the transparent volvox globator within
+each other, are perhaps the successive progeny to be delivered at
+different periods of time from the father, and erroneously supposed to
+be mothers impregnated before their nativity.
+
+
+II. Sexual as well as solitary reproduction appears to be effected by
+two kinds of glands; one of which collects or secretes from the blood
+formative organic particles with appetencies to unite, and the other
+formative organic particles with propensities to be united. These
+probably undergo some change by a kind of digestion in their
+respective glands; but could not otherwise unite previously in the
+mass of blood from its perpetual motion.
+
+The first mode of sexual reproduction seems to have been by the
+formation of males into hermaphrodites; that is, when the numerous
+formative glands, which existed in the caudex of the bud of a tree, or
+on the surface of a polypus, became so united as to form but two
+glands; which might then be called male and female organs. But they
+still collect and secrete their adapted particles from the same mass
+of blood as in snails and dew-worms, but do not seem to be so placed
+as to produce an embryon by the mixture of their secreted fluids, but
+to require the mutual assistance of two hermaphrodites for that
+purpose.
+
+From this view-of the subject, it would appear that vegetables and
+animals were at first propagated by solitary generation, and
+afterwards by hermaphrodite sexual generation; because most vegetables
+possess at this day both male and female organs in the same flower,
+which Linneus has thence well called hermaphrodite flowers; and that
+this hermaphrodite mode of reproduction still exists in many insects,
+as in snails and worms; and, finally, because all the male quadrupeds,
+as well as men, possess at this day some remains of the female
+apparatus, as the breasts with nipples, which still at their nativity
+are said to be replete with a kind of milk, and the nipples swell on
+titillation.
+
+Afterwards the sexes seem to have been formed in vegetables as in
+flowers, in addition to the power of solitary reproduction by buds. So
+in animals the aphis is propagated both by solitary reproduction as in
+spring, or by sexual generation as in autumn; then the vegetable sexes
+began to exist in separate plants, as in the classes monoecia and
+dioecia, or both of them in the same plant also, as in the class
+polygamia; but the larger and more perfect animals are now propagated
+by sexual reproduction only, which seems to have been the
+chef-d'oeuvre, or capital work of nature; as appears by the wonderful
+transformations of leaf-eating caterpillars into honey-eating moths
+and butterflies, apparently for the sole purpose of the formation of
+sexual organs, as in the silk-worm, which takes no food after its
+transformation, but propagates its species and dies.
+
+
+III. _Recapitulation._
+
+The microscopic productions of spontaneous vitality, and the next most
+inferior kinds of vegetables and animals, propagate by solitary
+generation only; as the buds and bulbs raised immediately from seeds,
+the lycoperdon tuber, with probably many other fungi, and the polypus,
+volvox, and tænia. Those of the next order propagate both by solitary
+and sexual reproduction, as those buds and bulbs which produce flowers
+as well as other buds or bulbs; and the aphis, and probably many other
+insects. Whence it appears, that many of those vegetables and animals,
+which are produced by solitary generation, gradually become more
+perfect, and at length produce a sexual progeny.
+
+A third order of organic nature consists of hermaphrodite vegetables
+and animals, as in those flowers which have anthers and stigmas in the
+same corol; and in many insects, as leeches, snails, and worms; and
+perhaps all those reptiles which have no bones, according to the
+observation of M. Poupart, who thinks, that the number of
+hermaphrodite animals exceeds that of those which are divided into
+sexes; Mém. de l'Acad. des Sciences. These hermaphrodite insects I
+suspect _to_ be incapable of impregnating themselves for reasons
+mentioned in Zoonomia, Sect. XXXIX. 6. 2.
+
+And, lastly, the most perfect orders of animals are propagated by
+sexual intercourse only; which, however, does not extend to
+vegetables, as all those raised from seed produce some generations of
+buds or bulbs, previous to their producing flowers, as occurs not only
+in trees, but also in the annual plants. Thus three or four joints of
+wheat grow upon each other, before that which produces a flower; which
+joints are all separate plants growing over each other, like the buds
+of trees, previous to the uppermost; though this happens in a few
+months in annual plants, which requires as many years in the
+successive buds of trees; as is further explained in Phytologia, Sect.
+IX. 3. 1.
+
+
+IV. _Conclusion._
+
+Where climate is favourable, and salubrious food plentiful, there is
+reason to believe, that the races of animals perpetually improve by
+reproduction. The smallest microscopic animals become larger ones in a
+short time, probably by successive reproductions, as is so distinctly
+seen in the buds of seedling apple-trees, and in the bulbs of tulips
+raised from seed; both which die annually, and leave behind them one
+or many, which are more perfect than themselves, till they produce a
+sexual progeny, or flowers. To which may be added, the rapid
+improvement of our domesticated dogs, horses, rabbits, pigeons, which
+improve in size, or in swiftness, or in the sagacity of the sense of
+smell, or in colour, or other properties, by sexual reproduction.
+
+The great Linneus having perceived the changes produced in the
+vegetable world by sexual reproduction, has supposed that not more
+than about sixty plants were at first created, and that all the others
+have been formed by their solitary or sexual reproductions; and adds,
+Suadent hæc Creatoris leges a simplicibus ad composita; Gen. Plant.
+preface to the natural orders, and Amenit. Acad. VI. 279. This mode
+of reasoning may be extended to the most simple productions of
+spontaneous vitality.
+
+There is one curious circumstance of animal life analogous in some
+degree to this wonderful power of reproduction; which is seen in the
+propagation of some contagious diseases. Thus one grain of variolous
+matter, inserted by inoculation, shall in about seven days stimulate
+the system into unnatural action; which in about seven days more
+produces ten thousand times the quantity of a similar material thrown
+out on the skin in pustules!
+
+The mystery of reproduction, which alone distinguishes organic life
+from mechanic or chemic action, is yet wrapt in darkness. During the
+decomposition of organic bodies, where there exists a due degree of
+warmth with moisture, new microscopic animals of the most minute kind
+are produced; and these possess the wonderful power of reproduction,
+or of producing animals similar to themselves in their general
+structure, but with frequent additional improvements; which the
+preceding parent might in some measure have acquired by his habits of
+life or accidental situation.
+
+But it may appear too bold in the present state of our knowledge on
+this subject, to suppose that all vegetables and animals now existing
+were originally derived from the smallest microscopic ones, formed by
+spontaneous vitality? and that they have by innumerable reproductions,
+during innumerable centuries of time, gradually acquired the size,
+strength, and excellence of form and faculties, which they now
+possess? and that such amazing powers were originally impressed on
+matter and spirit by the great Parent of Parents! Cause of Causes! Ens
+Entium!
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES. IX.
+
+STORGE.
+
+  And Heaven-born STORGE weaves the social chain.
+                                        CANTO II. l. 92.
+
+
+The Greek word Storge is used for the affection of parents to
+children; which was also visibly represented by the Stork or Pelican
+feeding her young with blood taken from her own wounded bosom. A
+number of Pelicans form a semicircle in shallow parts of the sea near
+the coast, standing on their long legs; and thus including a shoal of
+small fish, they gradually approach the shore; and seizing the fish as
+they advance, receive them into a pouch under their throats; and
+bringing them to land regurgitate them for the use of their young, or
+for their future support. Adanson, Voyage to Senegal. In this country
+the parent Pigeons both male and female swallow the grain or other
+seeds, which they collect for their young, and bring it up mixed with
+a kind of milk from their stomachs, with their bills inserted into the
+mouths of the young doves. J. Hunter's works.
+
+The affection of the parent to the young in experienced mothers may be
+in part owing to their having been relieved by them from the burden of
+their milk; but it is difficult to understand, how this affection
+commences in those mothers of the bestial world, who have not
+experienced this relief from the sucking of their offspring; and still
+more so to understand how female birds were at first induced to
+incubate their eggs for many weeks; and lastly how caterpillars, as of
+the silk-worm, are induced to cover themselves with a well-woven house
+of silk before their transformation.
+
+These as well as many other animal facts, which are difficult to
+account for, have been referred to an inexplicable instinct; which is
+supposed to preclude any further investigation: but as animals seem to
+have undergone great changes, as well as the inanimate parts of the
+earth, and are probably still in a state of gradual improvement; it is
+not unreasonable to conclude, that some of these actions both of large
+animals and of insects, may have been acquired in a state preceding
+their present one; and have been derived from the parents to their
+offspring by imitation, or other kind of tradition; thus the eggs of
+the crocodile are at this day hatched by the warmth of the sun in
+Egypt; and the eggs of innumerable insects, and the spawn of fish, and
+of frogs, in this climate are hatched by the vernal warmth: this might
+be the case of birds in warm climates, in their early state of
+existence; and experience might have taught them to incubate their
+eggs, as they became more perfect animals, or removed themselves into
+colder climates: thus the ostrich is said to sit upon its eggs only in
+the night in warm situations, and both day and night in colder ones.
+
+This love of the mother in quadrupeds to the offspring, whom she licks
+and cleans, is so allied to the pleasure of the taste or palate, that
+nature seems to have had a great escape in the parent quadruped not
+devouring her offspring. Bitches, and cats, and sows, eat the
+placenta; and if a dead offspring occurs, I am told, that also is
+sometimes eaten, and yet the living offspring is spared; and by that
+nice distinction the progenies of those animals are saved from
+destruction!
+
+"Certior factus sum a viro rebus antiquissimis docto, quod legitur in
+Berosi operibus homines ante diluvium mulierum puerperarum placentam
+edidisse, quasi cibum delicatum in epulis luxuriosis; et quod hoc
+nefandissimo crimine movebatur Deus diluvio submergere terrarum
+incolas." ANON.
+
+It may be finally concluded, that this affection from the parent to
+the progeny existed before animals were divided into sexes, and
+produced the beginning of sympathetic society, the source of which may
+perhaps be thus well accounted for; whenever the glandular system is
+stimulated into greater natural action within certain limits, an
+addition of pleasure is produced along with the increased secretion;
+this pleasure arising from the activity of the system is supposed to
+constitute the happiness of existence, in contradistinction to the
+ennui or tædium vitæ; as shown in Zoonomia, Sect. XXXIII. 1.
+
+Hence the secretion of nutritious juices occasioned by the stimulus of
+an embryon or egg in the womb gives pleasure to the parent for a
+length of time; whence by association a similar pleasure may be
+occasioned to the parent by seeing and touching the egg or fetus after
+its birth; and in lactescent animals an additional pleasure is
+produced by the new secretion of milk, as well as by its emission into
+the sucking lips of the infant. This appears to be one of the great
+secrets of Nature, one of those fine, almost invisible cords, which
+have bound one animal to another.
+
+The females of lactiferous animals have thus a passion or inlet of
+pleasure in their systems more than the males, from their power of
+giving suck to their offspring; the want of the object of this
+passion, either owing to the death of the progeny, or to the unnatural
+fashion of their situation in life, not only deprives them of this
+innocent and virtuous source of pleasure; but has occasioned diseases,
+which have been fatal to many of them.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES. X.
+
+EVE FROM ADAM'S RIB.
+
+  Form'd a new sex, the mother of mankind.
+                                        CANTO II. l. 140.
+
+
+The mosaic history of Paradise and of Adam and Eve has been thought by
+some to be a sacred allegory, designed to teach obedience to divine
+commands, and to account for the origin of evil, like Jotham's fable
+of the trees; Judges ix. 8. or Nathan's fable of the poor man and his
+lamb; 2 Sam. xii. 1. or like the parables in the New Testament; as
+otherwise knowledge could not be said to grow upon one tree, and life
+upon another, or a serpent to converse; and lastly that this account
+originated with the magi or philosophers of Egypt, with whom Moses was
+educated, and that this part of the history, where Eve is said to have
+been made from a rib of Adam might have been an hieroglyphic design of
+the Egyptian philosophers, showing their opinion that Mankind was
+originally of both sexes united, and was afterwards divided into males
+and females: an opinion in later times held by Plato, and I believe by
+Aristotle, and which must have arisen from profound inquiries into the
+original state of animal existence.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES. XI.
+
+HEREDITARY DISEASES.
+
+  The feeble births acquired diseases chase,
+  Till Death extinguish the degenerate race.
+                                        CANTO II. l. 165.
+
+
+As all the families both of plants and animals appear in a state of
+perpetual improvement or degeneracy, it becomes a subject of
+importance to detect the causes of these mutations.
+
+The insects, which are not propagated by sexual intercourse, are so
+few or so small, that no observations have been made on their
+diseases; but hereditary diseases are believed more to affect the
+offspring of solitary than of sexual generation in respect to
+vegetables; as those fruit trees, which have for more than a century
+been propagated only by ingrafting, and not from seeds, have been
+observed by Mr. Knight to be at this time so liable to canker, as not
+to be worth cultivation. From the same cause I suspect the degeneracy
+of some potatoes and of some strawberries to have arisen; where the
+curled leaf has appeared in the former, and barren flowers in the
+latter.
+
+This may arise from the progeny by solitary reproduction so much more
+exactly resembling the parent, as is well seen in grafted trees
+compared with seedling ones; the fruit of the former always resembling
+that of the parent tree, but not so of the latter. The grafted scion
+also accords with the branch of the tree from whence it was taken, in
+the time of its bearing fruit; for if a scion be taken from a bearing
+branch of a pear or apple tree, I believe, it will produce fruit even
+the next year, or that succeeding; that is, in the same time that it
+would have produced fruit, if it had continued growing on the parent
+tree; but if the parent pear or apple tree has been cut down or
+headed, and scions are then, taken from the young shoots of the stem,
+and ingrafted; I believe those grafted trees will continue to grow for
+ten or twelve years, before they bear fruit, almost as long as
+seedling trees, that is they will require as much time, as those new
+shoots from the lopped trunk would require, before they produce fruit.
+It should thence be inquired, when grafted fruit trees are purchased,
+whether the scions were taken from bearing branches, or from the young
+shoots of a lopped trunk; as the latter, I believe, are generally
+sold, as they appear stronger plants. This greater similitude of the
+progeny to the parent in solitary reproduction must certainly make
+them more liable to hereditary diseases, if such have been acquired by
+the parent from unfriendly climate or bad nourishment, or accidental
+injury.
+
+In respect to the sexual progeny of vegetables it has long been
+thought, that a change of seed or of situation is in process of time
+necessary to prevent their degeneracy; but it is now believed, that it
+is only changing for seed of a superior quality, that will better the
+product. At the same time it may be probably useful occasionally to
+intermix seeds from different situations together; as the anther-dust
+is liable to pass from one plant to another in its vicinity; and by
+these means the new seeds or plants may be amended, like the marriages
+of animals into different families.
+
+As the sexual progeny of vegetables are thus less liable to hereditary
+diseases than the solitary progenies; so it is reasonable to conclude,
+that the sexual progenies of animals may be less liable to hereditary
+diseases, if the marriages are into different families, than if into
+the same family; this has long been supposed to be true, by those who
+breed animals for sale; since if the male and female be of different
+temperaments, as these are extremes of the animal system, they may
+counteract each other; and certainly where both parents are of
+families, which are afflicted with the same hereditary disease, it is
+more likely to descend to their posterity.
+
+The hereditary diseases of this country have many of them been the
+consequence of drinking much fermented or spirituous liquor; as the
+gout always, most kinds of dropsy, and, I believe, epilepsy, and
+insanity. But another material, which is liable to produce diseases in
+its immoderate use, I believe to be common salt; the sea-scurvy is
+evidently caused by it in long voyages; and I suspect the scrofula,
+and consumption, to arise in the young progeny from the debility of
+the lymphatic and venous absorption produced in the parent by this
+innutritious fossile stimulus. The petechiæ and vibices in the
+sea-scurvy and occasional hæmorrhages evince the defect of venous
+absorption; the occasional hæmoptoe at the commencement of pulmonary
+consumption, seems also to arise from defect of venous absorption; and
+the scrofula, which arises from the inactivity of the lymphatic
+absorbent system, frequently exists along with pulmonary as well as
+with mesenteric consumption. A tendency to these diseases is certainly
+hereditary, though perhaps not the diseases themselves; thus a less
+quantity of ale, cyder, wine, or spirit, will induce the gout and
+dropsy in those constitutions, whose parents have been intemperate in
+the use of those liquors; as I have more than once had occasion to
+observe.
+
+Finally the art to improve the sexual progeny of either vegetables or
+animals must consist in choosing the most perfect of both sexes, that
+is the most beautiful in respect to the body, and the most ingenious
+in respect to the mind; but where one sex is given, whether male or
+female, to improve a progeny from that person may consist in choosing
+a partner of a contrary temperament.
+
+As many families become gradually extinct by hereditary diseases, as
+by scrofula, consumption, epilepsy, mania, it is often hazardous to
+marry an heiress, as she is not unfrequently the last of a diseased
+family.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES. XII.
+
+CHEMICAL THEORY OF ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM.
+
+  Then mark how two electric streams conspire
+  To form the resinous and vitreous fire.
+                                        CANTO III. l. 21.
+
+
+I. _Of Attraction and Repulsion._
+
+The motions, which accomplish the combinations and decompositions of
+bodies, depend on the peculiar attractions and repulsions of the
+particles of those bodies, or of the sides and angles of them; while
+the motions of the sun and planets, of the air and ocean, and of all
+bodies approaching to a general centre or retreating from it, depend
+on the general attraction or repulsion of those masses of matter. The
+peculiar attractions above mentioned are termed chemical affinities,
+and the general attraction is termed gravitation; but the peculiar
+repulsions of the particles of bodies, or the general repulsion of the
+masses of matter, have obtained no specific names, nor have been
+sufficiently considered; though they appear to be as powerful agents
+as the attractions.
+
+The motions of ethereal fluids, as of magnetism and electricity, are
+yet imperfectly understood, and seem to depend both on chemical
+affinity, and on gravitation; and also on the peculiar repulsions of
+the particles of bodies, and on the general repulsion of the masses of
+matter.
+
+In what manner attraction and repulsion are produced has not yet been
+attempted to be explained by modern philosophers; but as nothing can
+act, where it does not exist, all distant attraction of the particles
+of bodies, as well as general gravitation, must be ascribed to some
+still finer ethereal fluid; which fills up all space between the suns
+and their planets, as well as the interstices of coherent matter.
+Repulsion in the same manner must consist of some finer ethereal
+fluid; which at first projected the planets from the sun, and I
+suppose prevents their return to it; and which occasionally
+volatilizes or decomposes solid bodies into fluid or aerial ones, and
+perhaps into ethereal ones.
+
+May not the ethereal matter which constitutes repulsion, be the same
+as the matter of heat in its diffused state; which in its quiescent
+state is combined with various bodies, as appears from many chemical
+explosions, in which so much heat is set at liberty? The ethereal
+matter, which constitutes attraction, we are less acquainted with; but
+it may also exist combined with bodies, as well as in its diffused
+state; since the specific gravities of some metallic mixtures are said
+not to accord with what ought to result from the combination of their
+specific gravities, which existed before their mixture; but their
+absolute gravities have not been attended to sufficiently; as these
+have always been supposed to depend on their quantity of matter, and
+situation in respect to the centre of the earth.
+
+The ethereal fluids, which constitute peculiar repulsions and
+attractions, appear to gravitate round the particles of bodies mixed
+together; as those, which constitute the general repulsion or
+attraction, appear to gravitate round the greater masses of matter
+mixed together; but that which constitutes attraction seems to exist
+in a denser state next to the particles or masses of matter; and that
+which constitutes repulsion to exist more powerfully in a sphere
+further from them; whence many bodies attract at one distance, and
+repel at another. This may be observed by approaching to each other
+two electric atmospheres round insulated cork-balls; or by pressing
+globules of mercury, which roll on the surface, till they unite with
+it; or by pressing the drops of water,' which stand on a cabbage leaf,
+till they unite with it, and hence light is reflected from the surface
+of a mirror without touching it.
+
+Thus the peculiar attractions and repulsions of the particles of
+bodies, and the general ones of the masses of matter, perpetually
+oppose and counteract each other; whence if the power of attraction
+should cease to act, all matter would be dissipated by the power of
+repulsion into boundless space; and if heat, or the power of
+repulsion, should cease to act, the whole world would become one solid
+mass, condensed into a point.
+
+
+II. _Preliminary Propositions._
+
+The following propositions concerning Electricity and Galvanism will
+either be proved by direct experiments, or will be rendered probable
+by their tending to explain or connect the variety of electric facts,
+to which they will be applied.
+
+1. There are two kinds of electric ether, which exist either
+separately or in combination. That which is accumulated on the surface
+of smooth glass, when it is rubbed with a cushion, is here termed
+vitreous ether; and that which is accumulated on the surface of resin
+or sealing-wax, when it is rubbed with a cushion, is here termed
+resinous ether; and a combination of them, as in their usual state,
+may be termed neutral electric ethers.
+
+2. Atmospheres of vitreous or of resinous or of neutral electricity
+surround all separate bodies, are attracted by them, and permeate
+those, which are called conductors, as metallic and aqueous and
+carbonic ones; but will not permeate those, which are termed
+nonconductors, as air, glass, silk, resin, sulphur.
+
+3. The particles of vitreous electric ether strongly repel each other
+as they surround other bodies; but strongly attract the particles of
+resinous electric ether: in similar manner the particles of the
+resinous ether powerfully repel each other, and as powerfully attract
+those of the vitreous ether. Hence in their separate state they appear
+to occupy much greater space, as they, gravitate round insulated
+bodies, and are then only cognizable by our senses or experiments.
+They rush violently together through conducting substances, and then
+probably possess much less space in this their combined state. They
+thus resemble oxygen gas and nitrous gas; which rush violently
+together when in contact; and occupy less space when united, than
+either of them possessed separately before their union. When the two
+electric ethers thus unite, a chemical explosion occurs, like an
+ignited train of gunpowder; as they give out light and heat; and rend
+or fuse the bodies they occupy; which cannot be accounted for on the
+mechanical theory of Dr. Franklin.
+
+4. Glass holds within it in combination much resinous electric ether,
+which constitutes a part of it, and which more forcibly attracts
+vitreous electric ether from surrounding bodies, which stands on it
+mixed with a less proportion of resinous ether like an atmosphere, but
+cannot unite with the resinous ether, which is combined with the
+glass; and resin, on the contrary, holds within it in combination much
+vitreous electric ether, which constitutes a part of it, and which
+more forcibly attracts resinous electric ether from surrounding
+bodies, which stands on it mixed with a less proportion of vitreous
+ether like an atmosphere, but cannot unite with the vitreous ether,
+which is combined with the resin.
+
+As in the production of vitrification, those materials are necessary
+which contain much oxygen, as minium, and manganese; there is probably
+much oxygen combined with glass, which may thence be esteemed a solid
+acid, as water may be esteemed a fluid one. It is hence not
+improbable, that one kind of electric ether may also be combined with
+it, as it seems to affect the oxygen of water in the Galvanic
+experiments. The combination of the other kind of electric ether with
+wax or sulphur, is countenanced from those bodies, when heated or
+melted, being said to part with much electricity as they cool, and as
+it appears to affect the hydrogen in the decomposition of water by
+Galvanism.
+
+5. Hence the nonconductors of electricity are of two kinds; such as
+are combined with vitreous ether, as resin, and sulphur; and such as
+are combined with resinous ether, as glass, air, silk. But both these
+kinds of nonconductors are impervious to either of the electric
+ethers; as those ethers being already combined with other bodies will
+not unite with each other, or be removed from their situations by each
+other. Whereas the perfect conducting bodies, as metals, water,
+charcoal, though surrounded with electric atmospheres, as they have
+neither of the electric ethers combined with them, suffer them to
+permeate and pass through them, whether separately or in their neutral
+state of reciprocal combination.
+
+But it is probable, that imperfect conductors may possess more or less
+of either the vitreous or resinous ether combined with them, since
+their natural atmospheres are dissimilar as mentioned below; and that
+this makes them more or less imperfect conductors.
+
+6. Those bodies which are perfect conductors, have probably neutral
+electric atmospheres gravitating round them consisting of an equal or
+saturated mixture of the two electric ethers, whereas the atmospheres
+round the nonconducting bodies probably consist of an unequal mixture
+of the electric ethers, as more of the vitreous one round glass, and
+more of the resinous one round resin; and, it is probable, that these
+mixed atmospheres, which surround imperfect conducting bodies, consist
+also of different proportions of the vitreous and resinous ethers,
+according to their being more or less perfect conductors. These minute
+degrees of the difference of these electric atmospheres are evinced by
+Mr. Bennet's Doubler of Electricity, as shown in his work, and are
+termed by him Adhesive Electric Atmospheres, to distinguish them from
+those accumulated by art; thus the natural adhesive electricity of
+silver is more of the vitreous kind compared with that of zinc, which
+consists of a greater proportion of the resinous; that is, in his
+language, silver is positive and zinc negative. This experiment I have
+successfully repeated with Mr. Bennet's Doubler along with Mr.
+Swanwick.
+
+7. Great accumulation or condensation of the separate electric ethers
+attract each other so strongly, that they will break a passage through
+nonconducting bodies, as through a plate of glass, or of air, and will
+rend bodies which are less perfect conductors, and give out light and
+heat like the explosion of a train of gunpowder; whence, when a strong
+electric shock is passed through a quire of paper, a bur, or elevation
+of the sheets, is seen on both sides of it occasioned by the
+explosion. Whence trees and stone walls are burst by lightning, and
+wires are fused, and inflammable bodies burnt, by the heat given out
+along with the flash of light, which cannot be explained by the
+mechanic theory.
+
+8. When artificial or natural accumulations of these separate ethers
+are very minute in quantity or intensity, they pass slowly and with
+difficulty from one body to another, and require the best conductors
+for this purpose; whence many of the phenomena of the torpedo or
+gymnotus, and of Galvanism. Thus after having discharged a coated
+jar, if the communicating wire has been quickly withdrawn, a second
+small shock may be taken after the principal discharge, and this
+repeatedly two or three times.
+
+Hence the charge of the Galvanic pile being very minute in quantity or
+intensity, will not readily pass through the dry cuticle of the hands,
+though it so easily passes through animal flesh or nerves, as this
+combination of charcoal with water seems to constitute the most
+perfect conductor yet known.
+
+9. As light is reflected from the surface of a mirror before it
+actually touches it, and as drops of water are repelled from cabbage
+leaves without touching them, and as oil lies on water without
+touching it, and also as a fine needle may be made to lie on water
+without touching it, as shown by Mr. Melville in the Literary Essays
+of Edinburgh; there is reason to believe, that the vitreous and
+resinous electric ethers are repelled by, or will not pass through,
+the surfaces of glass or resin, to which they are applied. But though
+neither of these electric ethers passes through the surfaces of glass
+or resin, yet their attractive or repulsive powers pass through them:
+as the attractive or repulsive power of the magnet to iron passes
+through the atmosphere, and all other bodies which exist between them.
+So an insulated cork-ball, when electrised either with vitreous or
+resinous ether, repels another insulated cork-ball electrised with the
+same kind of ether, through half an inch of common air, though these
+electric atmospheres do not unite.
+
+Whence it may be concluded, that the general attractive and repulsive
+ethers accompany the electric ethers as well as they accompany all
+other bodies; and that the electric ethers do not themselves attract
+or repel through glass or resin, as they cannot pass through them, but
+strongly attract each other when they come into contact, rush
+together, and produce an explosion of the sudden liberation of heat
+and light.
+
+
+III. _Effect of Metallic Points._
+
+1. When a pointed wire is presented by a person standing on the ground
+to an insulated conductor, on which either vitreous or resinous
+electricity is accumulated, the accumulated electricity will pass off
+at a much greater distance than if a metallic knob be fixed on the
+wire and presented in its stead.
+
+2. The same occurs if the metallic point be fixed on the electrised
+conductor, and the finger of a person standing on the ground be
+presented to it, the accumulated electricity will pass off at a much
+greater distance, and indeed will soon discharge itself by
+communicating the accumulated electricity to the atmosphere.
+
+3. If a metallic point be fixed on the prime conductor, and the flame
+of a candle be presented to it, on electrising the conductor either
+with vitreous or resinous ether, the flame of the candle is blown from
+the point, which must be owing to the electric fluid in its passage
+from the point carrying along with it a stream of atmospheric air.
+
+The manner in which the accumulated electricity so readily passes off
+by a metallic point may be thus understood; when a metallic point
+stands erect from an electrised metallic plane, the accumulated
+electricity which exists on the extremity of the point, is attracted
+less than that on the other parts of the electrised surface. For the
+particle of electric matter immediately over the point is attracted by
+that point only, whereas the particles of electric matter over every
+other part of the electrised plane, is not only attracted by the parts
+of the plane immediately under them, but also laterally by the
+circumjacent parts of it; whence the accumulated electric fluid is
+pushed off at this point by that over the other parts being more
+strongly attracted to the plane.
+
+Thus if a light insulated horizontal fly be constructed of wire with
+points fixed as tangents to the circle, it will revolve the way
+contrary to the direction of the points as long as it continues to be
+electrised. For the same reason as when a circle of cork, with a point
+of the cork standing from it like a tangent, is smeared with oil, and
+thrown upon a lake, it will continue to revolve backwards in respect
+to the direction of the point till all the oil is dispersed upon the
+lake, as first observed by Dr. Franklin; for the oil being attracted
+to all the other parts of the cork-circle more than towards the
+pointed tangent, that part over the point is pushed off and diffuses
+itself on the water, over which it passes without touching, and
+consequently without friction; and thus the cork revolves in the
+contrary direction.
+
+As the flame of a candle is blown from a point fixed on an electrised
+conductor, whether vitreous or resinous electricity is accumulated on
+it, it shows that in both cases electricity passes from the point,
+which is a forcible argument against the mechanical theory of positive
+and negative electricity; because then the flame should be blown
+towards the point in one case, and from it in the other.
+
+So the electric fly, as it turns horizontally, recedes from the
+direction of the points of the tangents, whether it be electrised with
+vitreous or resinous electricity; whereas if it was supposed to
+receive electricity, when electrised by resin, and to part with it
+when electrised by glass, it ought to revolve different ways; which
+also forcibly opposes the theory of positive and negative electricity.
+
+As an electrised point with either kind of electricity causes a stream
+of air to pass from it in the direction of the point, it seems to
+affect the air much in the same manner as the fluid matter of heat
+affects it; that is, it will not readily pass through it, but will
+adhere to the particles of air, and is thus carried away with them.
+
+From this it will also appear, that points do not attract electricity,
+properly speaking, but suffer it to depart from them; as it is there
+less attracted to the body which it surrounds, than by any other part
+of the surface.
+
+And as a point presented to an electrised conductor facilitates the
+discharge of it, and blows the flame of a candle towards the
+conductor, whether vitreous or resinous electricity be accumulated
+upon it; it follows, that in both cases some electric matter passes
+from the point to the conductor, and that hence there are two electric
+ethers; and that they combine or explode when they meet together, and
+give out light and heat, and occupy less space in this their combined
+state, like the union of nitrous gas with oxygen gas.
+
+
+IV. _Accumulation of Electric Ethers by Contact._
+
+The electric ethers may be separately accumulated by contact of
+conductors with nonconductors, by vicinity of the two ethers, by heat,
+and by decomposition.
+
+Glass is believed to consist in part of consolidated resinous ether,
+and thence to attract an electric atmosphere round it, which consists
+of a greater proportion of vitreous ether compared to the quantity of
+the resinous, as mentioned in Proposition No. 4. This atmosphere may
+stand off a line from the surface of the glass, though its attractive
+or repulsive power may extend to a much greater distance; and a more
+equally mixed electric atmosphere may stand off about the same
+distance from the surface of a cushion.
+
+Now when a cushion is forcibly pressed upon the surface of a glass
+cylinder or plane, the atmosphere of the cushion is forced within that
+of the glass, and consequently the vitreous part of it is brought
+within the sphere of the attraction of the resinous ether combined
+with the glass, and therefore becomes attracted by it in addition to
+the vitreous part of the spontaneous atmosphere of the glass; and the
+resinous part of the atmosphere of the cushion is at the same time
+repelled by its vicinity to the combined resinous ether of the glass.
+From both which circumstances a vitreous ether alone surrounds the
+part of the glass on which the cushion is forcibly pressed; which does
+not, nevertheless, resemble an electrised coated jar; as this
+accumulation of vitreous ether on one side of the glass is not so
+violently condensed, or so forcibly attracted to the glass by the
+loose resinous ether on the other side of it, as occurs in the charged
+coated jar.
+
+Hence as weak differences of the kinds or quantities of electricity do
+not very rapidly change place, if the cushion be suddenly withdrawn,
+with or without friction, I suppose an accumulation of vitreous
+electric ether will be left on the surface of the glass, which will
+diffuse itself on an insulated conductor by the assistance of points,
+or will gradually be dissipated in the air, probably like odours by
+the repulsion of its own particles, or may be conducted away by the
+surrounding air as it is repelled from it, or by the moisture or other
+impurities of the atmosphere. And hence I do not suppose the friction
+of the glass-globe to be necessary, except for the purpose of more
+easily removing the parts of the surface from the pressure of the
+cushion to the points of the prime conductor, and to bring them more
+easily into reciprocal contact.
+
+When sealing wax or sulphur is rubbed by a cushion, exactly the same
+circumstance occurs, but with the different ethers; as the resinous
+ether of the spontaneous atmosphere of the cushion, when it is pressed
+within the spontaneous atmosphere of the sealing wax, is attracted by
+the solid vitreous ether, which is combined with it; and at the same
+time the vitreous ether of the cushion is repelled by it; and hence an
+atmosphere of resinous ether alone exists between the sealing wax and
+the cushion thus pressed together. It is nevertheless possible, that
+friction on both sealing wax and glass may add some facility to the
+accumulations of their opposite ethers by the warmth which it
+occasions. As most electric machines succeed best after being warmed,
+I think even in dry frosty seasons.
+
+Though when a cushion is applied to a smooth surfaced glass, so as to
+intermix their electric atmospheres, the vitreous ether of the cushion
+is attracted by the resinous ether combined with the glass; but does
+not intermix with it, but only adheres to it: and as the glass turns
+round, the vitreous electric atmosphere stands on the solid resinous
+electric ether combined with the glass; and is taken away by the
+metallic points of the prime conductor.
+
+Yet if the surface of the glass be roughened by scratching it with a
+diamond or with hard sand, a new event occurs; which is, that the
+vitreous ether attracted from the cushion by the resinous ether
+combined with the glass becomes adhesive to it; and stands upon the
+roughened glass, and will not quit the glass to go to the prime
+conductor; whence the surface of the glass having a vitreous electric
+atmosphere united, as it were, to its inequalities, becomes similar to
+resin; and will now attract resinous electric ether, like a stick of
+sealing wax, without combining with it. Whence this curious and
+otherwise unintelligible phenomenon, that smooth surfaced glass will
+give vitreous electric ether to an insulated conductor, and glass with
+a roughened surface will give resinous ether to it.
+
+
+V. _Accumulation of electric ethers by vicinity._
+
+Though the contact of a cushion on the whirling glass is the easiest
+method yet in use for the accumulation of the vitreous electric ether
+on an insulated conductor; yet there are other methods of effecting
+this, as by the vicinity of the two electric ethers with a
+nonconductor between them.
+
+Thus I believe a great quantity of both vitreous and resinous electric
+ether may be accumulated in the following manner. Let a glass jar be
+coated within in the usual manner; but let it have a loose external
+coating, which can easily be withdrawn by an insulating handle. Then
+charge the jar, as highly as it may be, by throwing into it vitreous
+electric ether; and in this state hermetically seal it, if
+practicable, otherwise close it with a glass stopple and wax. When the
+external coating is drawn off by an insulating handle, having
+previously had a communication with the earth, it will possess an
+accumulation of resinous electric ether; and then touching it with
+your finger, a spark will be seen, and there will cease to be any
+accumulated ether.
+
+Thus by alternately replacing this loose coating, and withdrawing it
+from the sealed charged jar, by means of an insulating handle; and by
+applying it to one insulated conductor, when it is in the vicinity of
+the jar; and to another insulated conductor, when it is withdrawn;
+vitreous electric ether may be accumulated on one of them, and
+resinous on the other; and thus I suspect an immense quantity of both
+ethers may be produced without friction or much labour, if a large
+electric battery was so contrived; and that it might be applied to
+many mechanical purposes, where other explosions are now used, as in
+the place of steam engines, or to rend rocks, or timber, or destroy
+invading armies!
+
+The principle of this mode of accumulating the two electric ethers in
+some measure resembles that of Volta's Electrophorus and Bennet's
+Doubler.
+
+
+VI. _Accumulation of electric ethers by heat and by decomposition._
+
+When glass or amber is heated by the fire in a dry season, I suspect
+that it becomes in some degree electric; as either of the electric
+ethers which is combined with them may have its combination with those
+materials loosened by the application of heat; and that on this
+account they may more forcibly attract the opposite one from the air
+in their vicinity.
+
+It has long been known, that a siliceous stone called the tourmalin,
+when its surfaces are polished, if it be laid down before the fire,
+will become electrified with vitreous, or what is called positive
+electricity on its upper surface; and resinous, or what is called
+negative electricity on its under surface; which I suppose lay in
+contact with somewhat which supported it near the fire.
+
+In this experiment I suppose the tourmalin to be naturally combined
+with resinous electric ether like glass; which on one side next
+towards the fire by the increase of its attractive power, owing to the
+heat having loosened its combination with the earth of the stone, more
+strongly attracts vitreous electric ether from the atmosphere; which
+now stands on its surface: and then as the lower surface of the stone
+lies in contact with the hearth, the less quantity of vitreous ether
+is there repelled by the greater quantity of it on the upper surface;
+while the resinous ether is attracted by it: and the stone is thus
+charged like a coated jar with vitreous electric ether condensed on
+one side of it, and resinous on the other.
+
+So cats, as they lie by the fire in a frosty day, become so electric
+as frequently to give a perceptible spark to one's finger from their
+ears without friction.
+
+A fourth method of separating the two ethers would seem to be by the
+decomposition of metallic bodies, as in the experiment with Volta's
+Galvanic pile; which is said by Mr. Davy to act so much more
+powerfully, when an acid is added to the water used in the experiment;
+as will be spoken of below.
+
+From experiments made by M. Saussure on the electricity of evaporated
+water from hot metallic vessels, and from those of china and glass, he
+found when the vessel was calcined or made rusty by the evaporating
+water, that the electricity of it was positive (or vitreous), and that
+from china or glass was negative (or resinous), Encyclop. Britan. Art.
+Elect. No. 206, which seems also to show, that vitreous electric ether
+was given out or produced by the corrosion of metals, and resinous
+ether from the evaporation of water.
+
+
+VII. _The spark from the conductor, and of electric light._
+
+When either the vitreous or resinous electric ether is accumulated on
+an insulated conductor, and an uninsulated conductor, as the finger of
+an attendant, is applied nearly in contact with it, what happens? The
+attractive and repulsive powers of the accumulated electric ether pass
+through the nonconducting plate of air, and if it be of the vitreous
+kind, it attracts the resinous electric ether of the finger towards
+it, and repels the vitreous electric ether of the finger from it.
+
+Hence there exists for an instant a charged plate of air between the
+finger and the prime conductor, with an accumulation of vitreous ether
+on one side of it, and of resinous ether on the other side of it; and
+lastly these two kinds of electric ethers suddenly unite by their
+powerful attraction of each other, explode, and give out heat and
+light, and rupture the plate of nonconducting air, which separated
+them.
+
+The rupture or disjunction of the plate of air is known by the sound
+of the spark, as of thunder; which shows that a vacuum of air was
+previously produced by the explosion of the electric fluids, and a
+vibration of the air in consequence of the sudden joining again of the
+sides of the vacuum.
+
+The light which attends electric sparks and shocks, is not accounted
+for by the Theory of Dr. Franklin. I suspect that it is owing to the
+combination of the two electric ethers, from which as from all
+chemical explosions both light and heat are set at liberty, and
+because a smell is said to be perceptible from electric sparks, and
+even a taste which must be deduced from new combinations, or
+decompositions, as in other explosions: add to this that the same
+thing occurs, when electric shocks are passed through eggs in the
+dark, or through water, a luminous line is seen like the explosion of
+a train of gunpowder; lastly, whether light is really produced in the
+passage of the Galvanic electricity through the eyes, or that the
+sensation alone of light is perceived by its stimulating the optic
+nerve, has not yet been investigated; but I suspect the former, as it
+emits light from its explosion even in passing through eggs and
+through water, as mentioned above.
+
+
+VIII. _The shock from the coated jar, and of electric condensation._
+
+1. When a glass jar is coated on both sides, and either vitreous or
+resinous electricity is thrown upon the coating on one side, and there
+is a communication to the earth from the other side, the same thing
+happens as in the plate of air between the finger and prime conductor
+above described; that is, the accumulated electricity, if it be of the
+vitreous kind, on one coating of the glass jar will attract the
+resinous part of the electricity, which surrounds or penetrates the
+coating on the other side of the jar, and also repel the vitreous part
+of it; but this occurs on a much more extensive surface than in the
+instance of the plate of air between the finger and prime conductor.
+
+The difference between electric sparks and shocks consists in this
+circumstance, that in the former the insulating medium, whether of
+air, or of thin glass, is ruptured in one part, and thus a
+communication is made between the vitreous and resinous ethers, and
+they unite immediately, like globules of quicksilver, when pressed
+forcibly together: but in the electric shock a communication is made
+by some conducting body applied to the other extremities of the
+vitreous, and of the resinous atmospheres, through which they pass and
+unite, whether both sides of the coated jar are insulated, or only one
+side of it.
+
+And in this line, as they reciprocally meet, they appear to explode
+and give out light and heat, and a new combination of the two ethers
+is produced, as a residuum after the explosion, which probably
+occupies much less space than either the vitreous or resinous ethers
+did separately before. At the same time there may be another
+unrestrainable ethereal fluid yet unobserved, given out from this
+explosion, which rends oak trees, bursts stone-walls, lights
+inflammable substances, and fuses metals, or dissipates them in a
+calciform smoak, along with which great light and much heat are
+emitted, or these effects are produced by the heat and light only thus
+set at liberty by their synchronous and sudden evolution.
+
+2. The curious circumstance of electric condensation appears from the
+violence of the shock of the coated jar compared with the strongest
+spark from an insulated conductor, though the latter possesses a much
+greater surface; when vitreous electric ether is thrown on one side of
+a coated jar, it attracts the resinous electric ether of the other
+side of the coated jar; and the same occurs, when resinous ether is
+thrown on one side of it, it attracts the vitreous ether of the other
+side of it, and thus the vitreous electric ether on one side of the
+jar, and the resinous ether on the other side of it become condensed,
+that is accumulated in less space, by their reciprocal attraction of
+each other.
+
+This condensation of the two electric ethers owing to their reciprocal
+attraction appears from another curious event, that the thinner the
+glass jar is, the stronger will the charge be on the same quantity of
+surface, as then the two ethers approaching nearer without their
+intermixing attract each other stronger, and consequently condense
+each other more. And when the glass jar is very thin the reciprocal
+attractive powers of the vitreous and resinous ether attract each
+other so violently as at length to pass through the glass by rupturing
+it, in the same manner as a less forcible attraction of them ruptures
+and passes through the plate of air in the production of sparks from
+the prime conductor.
+
+As these two ethers on each side of a charged coated jar so powerfully
+attract each other, when a communication is made between them by some
+conducting substance as in the common mode of discharging an
+electrised coated jar, they reciprocally pass to each other for the
+purpose of combining, as some chemical fluids are known to do; as when
+nitrous gas and oxygen gas are mixed together; whence as these fluids
+pass both ways to intermix with each other, and then explode; a bur
+appears on each side of a quire of paper well pressed together, when a
+strong electric shock is passed through it; which is occasioned by
+their explosion, like a train of gunpowder, and consequent emission of
+some other ethereal fluid, either those of heat and light or of some
+new one not yet observed. Whence it becomes difficult to explain,
+according to the theory of Dr. Franklin, which way the electric fluid
+passed; and which side of the coated jar contained positive and which
+the negative charge according to that doctrine.
+
+But the theory of the ingenious Dr. Franklin failed also in explaining
+other phenomena of the coated jar; since if the positive electricity
+accumulated on one side of the jar repelled the electricity from the
+coating on the other side of it, so as to produce an electric vacuum;
+why should it be so eager, when a communication is made by some
+conducting body, to run into that vacuum by its attraction or
+gravitation, which has been made by its repulsion; as thus it seems to
+be violently attracted by the vacuum, from which it had previously
+repelled a fluid similar to itself, which is not easily to be
+comprehended.
+
+3. There is another mode by which either vitreous or resinous electric
+ether is capable of condensation; which consists in contracting the
+volume, so as to diminish the surface of the electrised body; as was
+ingeniously shown by Dr. Franklin's experiment of electrising a silver
+tankard with a length of chain rolled up within it; and then drawing
+up the chain by a silk string, which weakened the electric attraction
+of the tankard; which was strengthened again by returning the chain
+into it; thus the condensation of an electrised cloud is believed to
+condense the electric ether, which it contains, and thus to occasion
+the lightning passing from one cloud to another, or from a cloud into
+the earth.
+
+This experiment of the chain and tankard is said to succeed as well with
+what is termed negative electricity in the theory of Dr. Franklin, as
+with what is termed positive electricity; but in that theory the
+negative electricity means a less quantity or total deprivation or
+vacuity of that fluid; now to condense negative electricity by lowering
+the suspended chain into the tankard ought to make it less negative;
+whereas in this experiment I am told it becomes more so, as appears by
+its stronger repulsion of cork balls suspended on silk strings, and
+previously electrised by rubbed sealing wax: and if the negative
+electricity be believed to be a perfect vacuum of it, the condensation
+of a vacuum of electricity is totally incomprehensible; and this
+experiment alone seems to demonstrate the existence of two electric
+ethers.
+
+
+IX. _Of Galvanic Electricity._
+
+1. The conductors of electricity, as well as the nonconductors of it,
+have probably a portion of the vitreous and resinous ethers combined
+with them, and have also another portion of these ethers diffused
+round them, which forms their natural or spontaneous adhesive
+atmospheres; and which exists in different proportions round them
+correspondent in quantity to those which are combined with them, but
+opposite in kind.
+
+These adhesive spontaneous atmospheres of electricity are shown to
+consist of different proportions or quantities of the electric ethers
+by Mr. Bennet's Doubler of Electricity, as mentioned in his work
+called New Experiments on Electricity, sold by Johnson. In this work,
+p. 91, the blade of a steel knife was evidently, in his language,
+positive, compared to a soft iron wire which was comparatively
+negative; so the adhesive electricity of gold, silver, copper, brass,
+bismuth, mercury, and various kinds of wood and stone, were what he
+terms positive or vitreous; and that of tin and zinc, what he terms
+negative or resinous.
+
+Where these spontaneous atmospheres of diffused electricity
+surrounding two conducting bodies, as two pieces of silver, are
+perfectly similar, they probably do not intermix when brought into the
+vicinity of each other; but if these spontaneous atmospheres of
+diffused electricity are different in respect to the proportion of the
+two ethers, or perhaps in respect to their quantity, in however small
+degree either of these circumstances exists, they may be made to unite
+but with some difficulty; as the two metallic plates, suppose one of
+silver, and another of zinc, which they surround, must be brought into
+absolute or adhesive contact; or otherwise these atmospheres may be
+forced together so as to be much flattened, and compress each other
+where they meet, like small globules of quicksilver when pressed
+together, but without uniting.
+
+This curious phenomenon may be seen in more dense electric atmospheres
+accumulated by art, as in the following experiment ascribed to Mr.
+Canton. Lay a wooden skewer the size of a goose-quill across a dry
+wine-glass, and another across another wine-glass; let the ends of
+them touch each other, as they lie in a horizontal line; call them X
+and Y; approach a rubbed glass-tube near the external end of the
+skewer X, but not so as to touch it; then separate the two skewers by
+removing the wine-glasses further from each other; and lastly,
+withdraw the rubbed glass-tube, and the skewer X will now be found to
+possess resinous electricity, which has been generally called negative
+or minus electricity; and the skewer Y will be found to possess
+vitreous, or what is generally termed positive or plus electricity.
+
+The same phenomenon will occur if rubbed sealing wax be applied near
+to, but not in contact with, the skewer X, as the skewer X will then
+be left with an atmosphere of vitreous ether, and the skewer Y with
+one of resinous ether. These experiments also evince the existence of
+two electric fluids, as they cannot be understood from an idea of one
+being a greater or less quantity of the same material; as a vacuum of
+electric ether, brought near to one end of the skewer, cannot be
+conceived so to attract the ether as to produce a vacuum at the other
+end.
+
+In this experiment the electric atmospheres, which are nearly of
+similar kinds, do not seem to touch, as there may remain a thin plate
+of air between them, in the same manner as small globules of mercury
+may be pressed together so as to compress each other, long before they
+intermix; or as plates of lead or brass require strongly to be pressed
+together before they acquire the attraction of cohesion; that is,
+before they come into real contact.
+
+2. It is probable, that all bodies are more or less perfect
+conductors, as they have less or more of either of the electric ethers
+combined with them; as mentioned in Preliminary Proposition, No. VI.
+as they may then less resist the passage of either of the ethers
+through them. Whence some conducting bodies admit the junction of
+these spontaneous electric atmospheres, in which the proportions or
+quantities of the two ethers are not very different, with greater
+facility than others.
+
+Thus in the common experiments, where the vitreous or resinous ether
+is accumulated by art, metallic bodies have been esteemed the best
+conductors, and next to these water, and all other moist bodies; but
+it was lately discovered, that dry charcoal, recently burnt, was a
+more perfect conductor than metals; and it appears from the
+experiments discovered by Galvani, which have thence the name of
+Galvanism, that animal flesh, and particularly perhaps the nerves of
+animals, both which are composed of much carbon and water, are the
+most perfect conductors yet discovered; that is, that they give the
+least resistance to the junction of the spontaneous electric
+atmospheres, which exist round metallic bodies, and which differ very
+little in respect to the proportions of their vitreous and resinous
+ingredients.
+
+Thus also, though where the accumulated electricities are dense, as in
+charging a coated glass-jar, the glass, which intervenes, may be of
+considerable thickness, and may still become charged by the stronger
+attraction of the secondary electric ethers; but where the spontaneous
+adhesive electric atmospheres are employed to charge plates of air, as
+in the Galvanic pile, or probably to charge thin animal membranes or
+cuticles, as perhaps in the shock given by the torpedo or gymnotus, it
+seems necessary that the intervening nonconducting plate must be
+extremely thin, that it may become charged by the weaker attraction of
+these small quantities or difference of the spontaneous electric
+atmospheres; and in this circumstance only, I suppose, the shocks from
+the Galvanic pile, and from the torpedo and gymnotus, differ from
+those of the coated jar.
+
+3. When atmospheres of electricity, which do not differ much in the
+quantity or proportion of their vitreous and resinous ethers, approach
+each other, they are not easily or rapidly united; but the predominant
+vitreous or resinous ether of one of them repels the similar ether of
+the opposed atmosphere, and attracts the contrary kind of ether.
+
+The slowness or difficulty with, which atmospheres, which differ but
+little in kind or in density, unite with each other, appears not only
+from the experiment of Mr. Canton above related, but also from the
+repeated smaller shocks, which may be taken from a charged coated jar
+after the first or principal discharge, if the conducting medium has
+not been quickly removed, as is also mentioned above.
+
+Hence those atmospheres of either kind of electric matter, which
+differ but very little from each other in kind or quantity, require
+the most perfect conductors to cause them to unite. Thus it appears by
+Mr. Bennet's doubler, as mentioned in the Preliminary Proposition, No.
+VI. that the natural adhesive atmosphere round silver contains more
+vitreous electricity than that naturally round zinc; but when thin
+plates of these metals, each about an ounce in weight, are laid on
+each other, or moderately pressed together, their atmospheres do not
+unite. For metallic plates, which when laid on each other, do not
+adhere, cannot be said to be in real contact, of which their not
+adhering is a proof; and in consequence a thin plate of air, or of
+their own repulsive ethers exists between them.
+
+Hence when two plates of zinc and silver are thus brought in to the
+vicinity of each other, the plate of air between them, as they are not
+in adhesive contact, becomes like a charged coated jar; and if these
+two metallic plates are touched by your dry hands, they do not unite
+their electricities, as the dry cuticle is not a sufficiently good
+conductor; but if one of the metals be put above, and another under
+the tongue, the saliva and moist mucous membrane, muscular fibres, and
+nerves, supply so good a conductor, that this very minute electric
+shock is produced, and a kind of pungent taste is perceived.
+
+When a plate or pencil of silver is put between the upper lip and the
+gum, and a plate or pencil of zinc under the tongue, a sensation of
+light is perceived in the eyes, as often as the exterior extremities
+of these metals are brought into contact; which is owing in like
+manner to the discharge of a very minute electric shock, which would
+not have been produced but by the intervention of such good conductors
+as moist membranes, muscular fibres, and nerves.
+
+In this situation, a sensation of light is produced in the eyes; which
+seems to show, that these ethers pass through nerves more easily, than
+through muscular flesh simply; since the passage of them through the
+retina of the eyes from the upper gum to the parts beneath the tongue
+is a more distant one, than would otherwise appear necessary. It is
+not so easy to give the sensation of light in the eyes by passing a
+small shock of artificially accumulated electricity through, the eyes
+(though this may, I believe, be done) because this artificial
+accumulated electricity, as it passes with greater velocity than the
+spontaneous accumulations of it, will readily permeate the muscles or
+other moist parts of animal bodies; whereas the spontaneous
+accumulations of electricity seem to require the best of all
+conductors, as animal nerves, to facilitate their passage.
+
+4. In the Galvanic pile of Volta this electric shock becomes so much
+increased, as to pass by less perfect conductors, and to give shocks
+to the arms of the conducting person, if the cuticle of his hands be
+moistened, and even to show sparks like the coated jar; which appears
+to be effected in this manner. When a plate of silver is laid
+horizontally on a plate of zinc, the plate of air between them becomes
+charged like a coated jar; as the silver, naturally possessing more
+vitreous electric ether, repels the vitreous ether, which the zinc
+possesses in less quantity, and attracts the resinous ether of the
+zinc. Whence the inferior surface of the plate of zinc abounds now
+with vitreous ether, and its upper surface with resinous ether.
+Beneath this pair of plates lay a cloth moistened with water, or with
+some better conductor, as salt and water, or a slight acid mixed with
+water, or volatile alcali of ammoniac mixed with water, and this
+vitreous electric ether on the lower surface of the zinc plate will be
+given to the second silver plate which lies beneath it; and thus this
+second silver plate will possess not only its own natural vitreous
+atmosphere, which was denser or in greater quantity than that of the
+zinc plate next beneath it, but now acquires an addition of vitreous
+ether from the zinc plate above it, conducted to it through the moist
+cloth.
+
+This then will repel more vitreous ether from the second zinc plate
+into the third silver one; and so on till the plates of air between
+the zincs and silvers are all charged, and each stronger and stronger,
+as they descend in the pile.
+
+If the reader still prefers the Franklinian theory of positive and
+negative electricity, he will please to put the word positive for
+vitreous, and negative for resinous, and he will find the theory of
+the Galvanic pile equally thus accounted for.
+
+5. When a Galvanic pile is thus placed, and a communication between
+the two ends of it is made by wires, so that the electric shocks pass
+through water, the water becomes decomposed in some measure, and
+oxygen is liberated from it at the point of one wire, and hydrogen at
+the point of the other; and this though a syphon of water be
+interposed between them. This curious circumstance seems to evince the
+existence of two electric ethers, which enter the water at different
+ends of the syphon, and have chemical affinities to the component
+parts of it; the resinous ether sets at liberty the hydrogen at one
+end, and the vitreous ether the oxygen at the other end of the
+conducting medium.
+
+Hence it must appear, that the longer the Galvanic pile, or the
+greater the number of the alternate pieces of silver and zinc that it
+consists of, the stronger will be the Galvanic shock; but there is
+another circumstance, difficult to explain, which is the perpetual
+decomposition of water by the Galvanic pile; when water is made the
+conducting medium between the two extremities of the pile.
+
+As no conductors of electricity are absolutely perfect, there must be
+produced a certain accumulation of vitreous ether on one side of each
+charged plate of the Galvanic pile, and of resinous ether on the other
+side of it, before the discharge takes place, even though the
+conducting medium be in apparent contact. When the discharge does take
+place, the whole of the accumulated electricity explodes and vanishes;
+and then an instant of time is required for the silver and zinc again
+to attract from the air, or other bodies in their vicinity, their
+spontaneous natural atmospheres, and then another discharge ensues;
+and so repeatedly and perpetually till the surface of one of the
+metallic plates becomes so much oxydated or calcined, that it ceases
+to act.
+
+Hence a perpetual motion may be said to be produced, with an incessant
+decomposition of water into the two gasses of oxygen and hydrogen;
+which must probably be constantly proceeding on all moist Surfaces,
+where a chain of electric conductors exists, surrounded with different
+proportions of the two electric ethers. Whence the ceaseless
+liberation of oxygen from the water has oxydated or calcined the ores
+of metals near the surface of the earth, as of manganese, of zinc into
+lapis calaminaris, of iron into various ochres, and other calciform
+ores. From this source also the corrosion of some metals may be
+traced, when they are immersed in water in the vicinity of each
+other, as when the copper sheathing of ships was held on by iron
+nails. And hence another great operation of nature is probably
+produced, I mean the restoration of oxygen to the atmosphere from the
+surface of the earth in dewy mornings, as well as from the
+perspiration of vegetable leaves; which atmospheric oxygen is hourly
+destructible by the respiration of animals and plants, by combustion,
+and by other oxydations.
+
+6. The combination of the electric ethers with metallic bodies, before
+mentioned appears from the Galvanic pile; since, according to the
+experiments of Mr. Davy, when an acid is mixed with the water placed
+between the alternate pairs of silver and zinc plates, a much greater
+electric shock is produced by the same pile; and an anonymous writer
+in the Phil. Magaz. No. 36, for May 1801, asserts, that when the
+intervening cloths or papers are moistened with pure alcali, as a
+solution of pure ammonia, the effect is greater than by any other
+material. It must here be observed, that both the acid and the
+alcaline solution, or common salt and water, and even water alone, in
+these experiments much erodes the plates of zinc, and somewhat
+tarnishes those of silver. Whence it would appear, that as by the
+repeated explosions of the two electric ethers in the conducting
+water, both oxygen and hydrogen are liberated; the oxygen erodes the
+zinc plates, and thus increases the Galvanic shock by liberating their
+combined electric ethers: and that this erosion is much increased by a
+mixture either of acid or of volatile alcali with the water. Further
+experiments are wanting on this subject to show whether metallic
+bodies emit either or both of the electric ethers at the time of their
+solution or erosion in acids or in alcalies.
+
+
+X. _Of the two Magnetic Ethers._
+
+1. Magnetism coincides with electricity in so many important points,
+that the existence of two magnetic ethers, as well as of two electric
+ones, becomes highly probable. We shall suppose, that in a common bar
+of iron or steel the two magnetic ethers exist intermixed or in their
+neutral state; which for the greater ease of speaking of them may be
+called arctic ether and antarctic ether; and in this state like the
+two electric fluids they are not cognizable by our senses of
+experiments.
+
+When these two magnetic ethers are separated from each other, and the
+arctic ether is accumulated on one end of an iron or steel bar, which
+is then called the north pole of the magnet, and the antarctic ether
+is accumulated on the other end of the bar, and is then termed the
+south pole of the magnet; they become capable of attracting other
+pieces of iron or steel, and are thus cognizable by experiments.
+
+It seems probable, that it is not the magnetic ether itself which
+attracts or repels particles of iron, but that an attractive and
+repulsive ether attends the magnetic ethers, as was shown to attend
+the electric ones in No. II. 9. of this Note; because magnetism does
+not pass through other bodies, as it does not escape from magnetised
+steel when in contact with other bodies; just as the electric fluids
+do not pass through glass, but the attractive and repellent ethers,
+which attend both the magnetic and electric ethers, pass through all
+bodies.
+
+2. The prominent articles of analogical coincidence between magnetism
+and electricity are first, that when one end of an iron bar possesses
+an accumulation of arctic magnetic ether, or northern polarity; the
+other end possesses an accumulation of antarctic magnetic ether, or
+southern polarity; in the same manner as when vitreous electric ether
+is accumulated on one side of a coated glass jar, resinous electric
+ether becomes accumulated on the other side of it; as the vitreous and
+resinous ethers strongly attract each other, and strongly repel the
+ethers of the same denomination, but are prevented from intermixing by
+the glass plane between them; so the arctic and antarctic ethers
+attract each other, and repel those of similar denomination, but are
+prevented from intermixing by the iron or steel being a bad conductor
+of them; they will, nevertheless, sooner combine, when the bar is of
+soft iron, than when it is of hardened steel; and then they slowly
+combine without explosion, that is, without emitting heat and light
+like the electric ethers, and therefore resemble a mixture of oxygen
+and pure ammonia; which unite silently producing a neutral fluid
+without emitting any other fluids previously combined with them.
+
+Secondly, If the north pole of a magnetic bar be approached near to
+the eye of a sewing needle, the arctic ether of the magnet attracts
+the antarctic ether, which resides in the needle towards the eye of
+it, and repels the arctic ether, which resides in the needle towards
+the point, precisely in the same manner as occurs in presenting an
+electrised, glass tube, or a rubbed stick of sealing wax to one
+extremity of two skewers insulated horizontally on wine-glasses in the
+experiment ascribed to Mr. Canton, and described in No. IX. 1, of this
+Additional Note, and also so exactly resembles the method of producing
+a separation and consequent accumulation of the two electric ethers by
+pressing a cushion on glass or on sealing wax, described in No. 4 of
+this Note, that their analogy is evidently apparent.
+
+Thirdly, When much accumulated electricity is approached to one end of
+a long glass tube by a charged prime conductor, there will exist many
+divisions of the vitreous and resinous electricity alternately; as the
+vitreous ether attracts the resinous ether from a certain distance on
+the surface of the glass tube, and repels the vitreous ether; but, as
+this surface is a bad conductor, these reciprocal attractions and
+repulsions do not extend very far along it, but cease and recur in
+various parts of it. Exactly similar to this, when a magnetic bar is
+approximated to the end of a common bar of iron or steel, as described
+in Mr. Cavallo's valuable Treatise on Magnetism; the arctic ether of
+the north pole of the magnetic bar attracts the antarctic ether of the
+bar of common iron towards the end in contact, and repels the arctic
+ether; but, as iron and steel are as bad conductors of magnetism, as
+glass is of electricity, this accumulation of arctic ether extends but
+a little way, and then there exists an accumulation of antarctic
+ether; and thus reciprocally in three or four divisions of the bar,
+which now becomes magnetised, as the glass tube became electrised.
+
+Another striking feature, which shows the sisterhood of electricity
+and magnetism, consists in the origin of both of them from the earth,
+or common mass of matter. The eduction of electricity from the earth
+is shown by an insulated cushion soon ceasing to supply either the
+vitreous or resinous ether to the whirling globe of glass or of
+sulphur; the eduction of magnetism from the earth appears from the
+following experiment: if a bar of iron be set upright on the earth in
+this part of the world, it becomes in a short time magnetical; the
+lower end possessing northern polarity, or arctic ether, and the
+higher end in consequence possessing southern polarity or antarctic
+ether; which may be well explained, if we suppose with Mr. Cavallo,
+that the earth itself is one great magnet, with its southern polarity
+or antarctic ether at the northern end of its axis; and, in
+consequence, that it attracts the arctic ether of the iron bar into
+that end of it which touches the earth, and repels the antarctic ether
+of the iron bar to the other end of it, exactly the same as when the
+southern pole of an artificial magnet is brought into contact with one
+end of a sewing needle.
+
+3. The magnetic and electric ethers agree in the characters above
+mentioned, and perhaps in many others, but differ in the following
+ones. The electric ethers pass readily through metallic, aqueous, and
+carbonic bodies, but do not permeate vitreous or resinous ones; though
+on the surfaces of these they are capable of adhering, and of being
+accumulated by the approach or contact of other bodies; while the
+magnetic ethers will not permeate any bodies, and are capable of being
+accumulated only on iron and steel by the approach or contact of
+natural or artificial magnets, or of the earth; at the same time the
+attractive and repulsive powers both of the magnetic and electric
+ethers will act through all bodies, like those of gravitation and
+heat.
+
+Secondly, The two electric ethers rush into combination, when they can
+approach each other, after having been separated and condensed, and
+produce a violent explosion emitting the heat and light, which were
+previously combined with them; whereas the two magnetic ethers slowly
+combine, after having been separated and accumulated on the opposite
+ends of a soft iron bar, and without emitting heat and light produce a
+neutral mixture, which, like the electric combination, ceases to be
+cognizable by our senses or experiments.
+
+Thirdly, The wonderful property of the magnetic ethers, when
+separately accumulated on the ends of a needle, endeavouring to
+approach the two opposite poles of the earth; nothing similar to which
+has been observed in the electric ethers.
+
+From these strict analogies between electricity and magnetism, we may
+conclude that the latter consists of two ethers as well as the former;
+and that they both, when separated by art or nature, combine by
+chemical affinity when they approach, the one exploding, and then
+consisting of a residuum after having emitted heat and light; and the
+other producing simply a neutralised fluid by their union.
+
+
+XI. _Conclusion._
+
+1. When two fluids are diffused together without undergoing any change
+of their chemical properties, they are said simply to be mixed, and
+not combined; as milk and water when poured together, or as oxygen and
+azote in the common atmosphere. So when salt or sugar is diffused in
+water, it is termed solution, and not combination; as no change of
+their chemical properties succeeds.
+
+But when an acid is mixed with a pure alcali a combination is
+produced, and the mixture is said to become neutral, as it does not
+possess the chemical properties which either of the two ingredients
+possessed in their separate state, and is therefore similar to neither
+of them. But when a carbonated alcali, as mild salt of tartar, is
+mixed with a mineral acid, they presently combine as above, but now
+the carbonic acid flies forcibly away in the form of gas; this,
+therefore, may be termed a kind of explosion, but cannot properly be
+so called, as the ethereal fluids of heat and light are not
+principally emitted, but an aerial one or gas; which may probably
+acquire a small quantity of heat from the combining matters.
+
+But when strong acid of nitre is poured upon charcoal in fine powder,
+or upon oil of cloves, a violent explosion ensues, and the ethereal
+matters of heat and light are emitted in great abundance, and are
+dissipated; while in the former instance the oxygen of the nitrous
+acid unites with the carbone forming carbonic acid gas, and the azote
+escapes in its gaseous form; which may be termed a residuum after the
+explosion, and may be confined in a proper apparatus, which the heat
+and light cannot; for the former, if its production be great and
+sudden, bursts the vessels, or otherwise it passes slowly through
+them; and the latter passes through transparent bodies, and combines
+with opake ones.
+
+But where ethers only are concerned in an explosion, as the two
+electric ones, which are previously difficult to confine in vessels;
+the repulsive ethers of heat and light are given out; and what remains
+is a combination of the two electric ethers; which in this state are
+attracted by all bodies, and form atmospheres round them.
+
+These combined electric atmospheres must possess less heat and light
+after their explosion; which they seem afterwards to acquire at the
+time they are again separated from each other, probably from the
+combined heat and combined light of the cushion and glass, or of the
+cushion and resin; by the contact of which they are separated; and not
+from the diffused heat of them; but no experiments have yet been made
+to ascertain this fact, this combination of the vitreous and resinous
+ethers may be esteemed the residuum after their explosion.
+
+2. Hence the essence of explosion consists in two bodies, which are
+previously united with heat and light, so strongly attracting each
+other, as to set at liberty those two repulsive ethers; but it
+happens, that these explosive materials cannot generally be brought
+into each other's vicinity in a state of sufficient density; unless
+they are also previously combined with some other material beside the
+light and heat above spoken of: as in the nitrous acid, the oxygen is
+previously combined with azote; and is thus in a condensed state,
+before it is brought into the contact or vicinity of the carbone;
+there are however bodies which will slowly explode; or give out heat
+and light, without being previously combined with other bodies; as
+phosphorus in the common atmosphere, some dead fish in a certain
+degree of putridity, and some living insects probably by their
+respiration in transparent lungs, which is a kind of combustion.
+
+But the two electric ethers are condensed by being brought into
+vicinity with each other with a nonconductor between them; and thus
+explode, violently as soon as they communicate, either by rupturing
+the interposed nonconductor, or by a metallic communication. This
+curious method of a previous condensation of the two exploding
+matters, without either of them being combined with any other
+material except with the ethers of heat and light, distinguishes, this
+ethereal explosion from that of most other bodies; and seems to have
+been the cause, which prevented the ingenious Dr. Franklin, and others
+since his time, from ascribing the powerful effects of the electric
+battery, and of lightning in bursting trees, inflaming combustible
+materials, and fusing metals, to chemical explosion; which it
+resembles in every other circumstance, but in the manner of the
+previous condensation of the materials, so as violently to attract
+each other, and suddenly set at liberty the heat and light, with which
+one or both of them were combined.
+
+3. This combination of vitreous and resinous electric ethers is again
+destroyed or weakened by the attractions of other bodies; as they
+separate intirely, or exist in different proportions, forming
+atmospheres round conducting and nonconducting bodies; and in this
+they resemble other combinations of matters; as oxygen and azote, when
+united in the production of nitrous acid, are again separated by
+carbone; which attracts the oxygen more powerfully, than that attracts
+the azote, with which it is combined.
+
+This mode of again separating the combined electric ethers by pressing
+them, as they surround bodies in different proportions, into each
+other's atmospheres, as by the glass and cushion, has not been
+observed respecting the decomposition of other bodies; when their
+minute particles are brought so near together as to decompose each
+other; which has thence probably contributed to prevent this
+decomposition of the two combined electric ethers from being ascribed
+to chemical laws; but, as far as we know, the attractive and repulsive
+atmospheres round the minute particles of bodies in chemical
+operations may act in a similar manner; as the attractive and
+repulsive atmospheres, which accompany the electric ethers surrounding
+the larger masses of matter, and that hence both the electric and the
+chemical explosions are subject to the same laws, and also the
+decomposition again of those particles, which were combined in the act
+of explosion.
+
+4. It is probable that this theory of electric and magnetic
+attractions and repulsions, which so visibly exist in atmospheres
+round larger masses of matter, may be applied to explain the invisible
+attractions and repulsions of the minute particles of bodies in
+chemical combinations and decompositions, and also to give a clear
+idea of the attractions of the great masses of matter, which form the
+gravitations of the universe.
+
+We are so accustomed to see bodies attract each other, when they are
+in absolute contact, as dew drops or particles of quicksilver forming
+themselves into spheres, as water rising in capillary tubes, the
+solution of salts and sugar in water, and the cohesion with which all
+hard bodies are held together, that we are not surprised at the
+attractions of bodies in contact with each other, but ascribe them to
+a law affecting all matter. In similar manner when two bodies in
+apparent contact repel each other, as oil thrown on water; or when
+heat converts ice into water and water into steam; or when one hard
+body in motion pushes another hard body out of its place; we feel no
+surprise, as these events so perpetually occur to us, but ascribe them
+as well as the attractions of bodies in contact with each other, to a
+general law of nature.
+
+But when distant bodies appear to attract or repel each other, as we
+believe that nothing can act where it does not exist, we are struck
+with astonishment; which is owing to our not seeing the intermediate
+ethers, the existence of which is ascertained by the electric and
+magnetic facts above related.
+
+From the facts and observations above mentioned electricity and
+magnetism consist each of them of two ethers, as the vitreous and
+resinous electric ethers, and the arctic and antarctic magnetic
+ethers. But as neither of the electric ethers will pass through glass
+or resin; and as neither of the magnetic ethers will pass through any
+bodies except iron; and yet the attractive and repulsive powers
+accompanying all these ethers permeate bodies of all kinds; it
+follows, that ethers more subtile than either the electric or magnetic
+ones attend those ethers forming atmospheres round them; as those
+electric and magnetic ethers themselves form atmospheres round other
+bodies.
+
+This secondary atmosphere of the electric one appears to consist of
+two ethers, like the electric one which it surrounds: but these ethers
+are probably more subtile as they permeate all bodies; and when they
+unite by the reciprocal approach of the bodies, which they surround,
+they do not appear to emit heat and light, as the primary electric
+atmospheres do; and therefore they are simpler fluids, as they are not
+previously combined with heat and light. The secondary magnetic
+atmospheres are also probably more subtile or simple than the primary
+ones.
+
+Hence we may suppose, that not only all the larger insulated masses of
+matter, but all the minute particles also, which constitute those
+masses, are surrounded by two ethereal fluids; which like the electric
+and magnetic ones attract each other forcibly, and as forcibly repel
+those of the same denomination; and at the same time strongly adhere
+to the bodies, which they surround. Secondly that these ethers are of
+the finer kind, like those secondary ones, which surround the primary
+electric and magnetic ethers; and that therefore they do not explode
+giving out heat and light when they unite, but simply combine, and
+become neutral; and lastly, that they surround different bodies in
+different proportions, as the vitreous and resinous electric ethers
+were shown to surround silver and zinc and many other metals in
+different proportions in No. IX. of this note.
+
+5. For the greater ease of conversing on this subject, we shall call
+these two ethers, with which all bodies are surrounded, the masculine
+and the feminine ethers; and suppose them to possess the properties
+above mentioned. We should here however previously observe, that in
+chemical processes it is necessary, that the bodies, which are to
+combine or unite with each other, should be in a fluid state, and the
+particles in contact with each other; thus when salt is dissolving in
+water, the particles of salt unite with those of the water, which
+touch them; these particles of water become saturated, and thence
+attract some of the saline particles with less force; which are
+therefore attracted from them by those behind; and the first particles
+of water are again saturated from the solid salt; or in some similar
+processes the saturated combinations may subside or evaporate, as in
+the union of the two electric ethers, or in the explosion of
+gunpowder, and thus those in their vicinity may approach each other.
+This necessity of a liquid form for the purpose of combination
+appears in the lighting of gunpowder, as well as in all other
+combustion, the spark of fire applied dissolves the sulphur, and
+liquifies the combined heat; and by these means a fluidity succeeds,
+and the consequent attractions and repulsions, which form the
+explosion.
+
+The whole mixed mass of matter, of which the earth is composed, we
+suppose to be surrounded and penetrated by the two ethers, but with a
+greater proportion of the masculine ether than of the feminine. When a
+stone is elevated above the surface of the earth, we suppose it also
+to be surrounded with an atmosphere of the two ethers, but with a
+greater proportion of the feminine than of the masculine, and that
+these ethers adhere strongly by cohesion both to the earth and to the
+stone elevated above it. Now the greater quantity of the masculine
+ether of the earth becomes in contact with the greater quantity of the
+feminine ether of the stone above it; which it powerfully attracts,
+and at the same time repels the less quantity of the masculine ether
+of the stone. The reciprocal attractions of these two fluids, if not
+restrained by counter attractions, bring them together as in chemical
+combination, and thus they bring together the solid bodies, which they
+reciprocally adhere to; if they be not immovable; which solid bodies,
+when brought into contact, cohere by their own reciprocal attractions,
+and hence the mysterious affair of distant attraction or gravitation
+becomes intelligible, and consonant to the chemical combinations of
+fluids.
+
+To further elucidate these various attractions, if the patient reader
+be not already tired, he will please to attend to the following
+experiment: let a bit of sponge suspended on a silk line be moistened
+with a solution of pure alcali, and another similar piece of sponge be
+moistened with a weak acid, and suspended near the former; electrize
+one of them with vitreous ether, and the other with resinous ether; as
+they hang with a thin plate of glass between them: now as these two
+electric ethers appear to attract each other without intermixing; as
+neither of them can pass through glass; they must be themselves
+surrounded with secondary ethers, which pass through the glass, and
+attract each other, as they become in contact; as these secondary
+ethers adhere to the primary vitreous and resinous ethers, these
+primary ones are drawn by them into each other's vicinity by the
+attraction of cohesion, and become condensed on each side of the glass
+plane; and then when the glass plane is withdrawn, the two electric
+ethers being now in contact rush violently together, and draw along
+with them the pieces of moistened sponge, to which they adhere; and
+finally the acid and alcaline liquids being now brought into contact
+combine by their chemical affinity.
+
+The repulsions of distant bodies are also explicable by this idea of
+their being surrounded with two ethers, which we have termed masculine
+and feminine for the ease of conversing about them; and have compared
+them to vitreous and resinous electricity, and to arctic and antarctic
+magnetism. As when two particles of matter, or two larger masses of
+it, are surrounded both with their masculine ethers, these ethers
+repel each other or refuse to intermix; and in consequence the bodies
+to which they adhere, recede from each other; as two cork-balls
+suspended near each other, and electrised both with vitreous or both
+with resinous ether, repel each other; or as the extremities of two
+needles magnetised both with arctic, or both with antarctic ether,
+repel each other; or as oil and water surrounded both with their
+masculine, or both with their feminine ethers, repel each other
+without touching; so light is believed to be reflected from a mirror
+without touching its surface, and to be bent towards the edge of a
+knife, or refracted by its approach from a rarer medium into a denser
+one, by the repulsive ether of the mirror, and the attractive ones of
+the knife-edge, and of the denser medium. Thus a polished tea-cup
+slips on the polished saucer probably without their actual contact
+with each other, till a few drops of water are interposed between them
+by capillary attraction, and prevent its sliding by their tenacity.
+And so, lastly, one hard body in motion pushes another hard body out
+of its place by their repulsive ethers without being in contact; as
+appears from their not adhering to each other, which all bodies in
+real contact are believed to do. Whence also may be inferred the
+reason why bodies have been supposed to repel at one distance and
+attract at another, because they attract when their particles are in
+contact with each other, and either attract or repel when at a
+distance by the intervention of their attractive or repulsive ethers.
+
+Thus have I endeavoured to take one step further back into the mystery
+of the gravitation and repulsion of bodies, which appeared to be
+distant from each other, as of the sun and planets, as I before
+endeavoured to take one step further back into the mysteries of
+generation in my account of the production of the buds of vegetables
+in Phytologia. With what success these have been attended I now leave
+to the judgment of philosophical readers, from which I can make no
+appeal.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES. XIII.
+
+ANALYSIS OF TASTE.
+
+  Fond Fancy's eye recalls the form divine,
+  And Taste sits smiling upon Beauty's shrine.
+                                        CANTO III. l. 221.
+
+
+The word Taste in its extensive application may express the pleasures
+received by any of our senses, when excited into action by the
+stimulus of external objects; as when odours stimulate the nostrils,
+or flavours the palate; or when smoothness, or softness, are perceived
+by the touch, or warmth by its adapted organ of sense. The word Taste
+is also used to signify the pleasurable trains of ideas suggested by
+language, as in the compositions of poetry and oratory. But the
+pleasures, consequent to the exertions of our sense of vision only,
+are designed here to be treated of, with occasional references to
+those of the ear, when they elucidate each other.
+
+When any of our organs of sense are excited into their due quantity of
+action, a pleasurable sensation succeeds, as shown in Zoonomia, Vol.
+I. Sect. IV. These are simply the pleasures attending perception, and
+not those which are termed the pleasures of Taste; which consist of
+additional pleasures arising from the peculiar forms or colours of
+objects, or of their peculiar combinations or successions, or from
+other agreeable trains of ideas previously associated with them.
+
+There are four sources of pleasure attendant on the excitation of the
+nerves of vision by light and colours, besides that simply of
+perception above mentioned; the first is derived from a degree of
+novelty of the forms, colours, numbers, combinations, or successions,
+and visible objects. The second is derived from a degree of repetition
+of their forms, colours, numbers, combinations, or successions. Where
+these two circumstances exist united in certain quantities, and
+compose the principal part of a landscape, it is termed picturesque by
+modern writers. The third source of pleasure from the perception of
+the visible world may be termed the melody of colours, which will be
+shown to coincide with melody of sounds: this circumstance may also
+accompany the picturesque, and will add to the pleasure it affords.
+The fourth source of pleasure from the perception of visible objects
+is derived from the previous association of other pleasurable trains
+of ideas with certain forms, colours, combinations, or successions of
+them. Whence the beautiful, sublime, romantic, melancholic, and other
+emotions, which have not acquired names to express them. We may add,
+that all these four sources of pleasure from perceptions are equally
+applicable to those of sounds as of sights.
+
+
+I. _Novelty or infrequency of visible objects._
+
+The first circumstance, which suggests an additional pleasure in the
+contemplation of visible objects, besides that of simple perception,
+arises from their novelty or infrequency; that is from the unusual
+combinations or successions of their forms or colours. From this
+source is derived the perpetual cheerfulness of youth, and the want of
+it is liable to add a gloom to the countenance of age. It is this
+which produces variety in landscape compared with the common course of
+nature, an intricacy which incites investigation, and a curiosity
+which leads to explore the works of nature. Those who travel into
+foreign regions instigated by curiosity, or who examine and unfold the
+intricacies of sciences at home, are led by novelty; which not only
+supplies ornament to beauty or to grandeur, but adds agreeable
+surprise to the point of the epigram, and to the double meaning of the
+pun, and is courted alike by poets and philosophers.
+
+It should be here premised, that the word Novelty, as used in these
+pages, admits of degrees or quantities, some objects, or the ideas
+excited by them, possessing more or less novelty, as they are more or
+less unusual. Which the reader will please to attend to, as we have
+used the word Infrequency of objects, or of the ideas excited by them,
+to express the degrees or quantities of their novelty.
+
+The source, from which is derived the pleasure of novelty, is a
+metaphysical inquiry of great curiosity, and will on that account
+excuse my here introducing it. In our waking hours whenever an idea
+occurs, which is incongruous to our former experience, we instantly
+dissever the train of imagination by the power of volition; and
+compare the incongruous idea with our previous knowledge of nature,
+and reject it. This operation of the mind has not yet acquired a
+specific name, though it is exerted every minute of our waking hours,
+unless it may be termed INTUITIVE ANALOGY. It is an act of reasoning
+of which we are unconscious except by its effects in preserving the
+congruity of our ideas; Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XVII. 5. 7.
+
+In our sleep as the power of volition is suspended, and consequently
+that of reason, when any incongruous ideas occur in the trains of
+imagination, which compose our dreams; we cannot compare them with our
+previous knowledge of nature and reject them; whence arises the
+perpetual inconsistency of our sleeping trains of ideas; and whence in
+our dreams we never feel the sentiment of novelty; however different
+the ideas, which present themselves, may be from the usual course of
+nature.
+
+But in our waking hours, whenever any object occurs which does not
+accord with the usual course of nature, we immediately and
+unconsciously exert our voluntary power, and examine it by intuitive
+analogy, comparing it with our previous knowledge of nature. This
+exertion of our volition excites many other ideas, and is attended
+with pleasurable sensation; which constitutes the sentiment of
+novelty. But when the object of novelty stimulates us so forcibly as
+suddenly to disunite our passing trains of ideas, as if a pistol be
+unexpectedly discharged, the emotion of surprise is experienced; which
+by exciting violent irritation and violent sensation, employs for a
+time the whole sensorial energy, and thus dissevers the passing trains
+of ideas; before the power of volition has time to compare them with
+the usual phenomena of nature; but as the painful emotion of fear is
+then generally added to that of surprise, as every one experiences,
+who hears a noise in the dark, which he cannot immediately account
+for; this great degree of novelty, when it produces much surprise,
+generally ceases to be pleasurable, and does not then belong to
+objects of taste.
+
+In its less degree surprise is generally agreeable, as it simply
+expresses the sentiment occasioned by the novelty of our ideas; as in
+common language we say, we are agreeably surprised at the unexpected
+meeting with a friend, which not only expresses the sentiment of
+novelty, but also the pleasure from other agreeable ideas associated
+with the object of it.
+
+It must appear from hence, that different persons must be affected
+more or less agreeably by different degrees or quantities of novelty
+in the objects of taste; according to their previous knowledge of
+nature, or their previous habits or opportunities of attending to the
+fine arts. Thus before its nativity the fetus experiences the
+perceptions of heat and cold, of hardness and softness, of motion and
+rest, with those perhaps of hunger and repletion, sleeping and waking,
+pain and pleasure; and perhaps some other perceptions, which may at
+this early time of its existence have occasioned perpetual trains of
+ideas. On its arrival into the world the perceptions of light and
+sound must by their novelty at first dissever its usual trains of
+ideas and occasion great surprise; which after a few repetitions will
+cease to be disagreeable, and only excite the emotion from novelty,
+which has not acquired a separate name, but is in reality a less
+degree of surprise; and by further experience the sentiment of
+novelty, or any degree of surprise, will cease to be excited by the
+sounds or sights, which at first excited perhaps a painful quantity of
+surprise.
+
+It should here be observed, that as the pleasure of novelty is
+produced by the exertion of our voluntary power in comparing uncommon
+objects with those which are more usually exhibited; this sentiment of
+novelty is less perceived by those who do not readily use the faculty
+of volition, or who have little previous knowledge of nature, as by
+very ignorant or very stupid people, or by brute animals; and that
+therefore to be affected with this circumstance of the objects of
+Taste requires some previous knowledge of-such kinds of objects, and
+some degree of mental exertion.
+
+Hence when a greater variety of objects than usual is presented to the
+eye, or when some intricacy of forms, colours, or reciprocal locality
+more than usual accompanies them, it is termed novelty if it only
+excites the exertion of intuitive comparison with the usual order of
+nature, and affects us with pleasurable sensation; but is termed
+surprise, if it suddenly dissevers our accustomed habits of motion,
+and is then more generally attended with disagreeable sensation. To
+this circumstance attending objects of taste is to be referred what is
+termed wild and irregular in landscapes, in contradistinction to the
+repetition of parts or uniformity spoken of below. We may add, that
+novelty of notes and tones in music, or of their combinations or
+successions, are equally agreeable to the ear, as the novelty of forms
+and colours, and of their combinations or successions are to the eye;
+but that the greater quantity or degree of novelty, the sentiment of
+which is generally termed Surprise, is more frequently excited by
+unusual or unexpected sounds; which are liable to alarm us with fear,
+as well as surprise us with novelty.
+
+
+II. _Repetition of visible objects._
+
+The repeated excitement of the same or similar ideas with certain
+intervals of time, or distances of space between them, is attended
+with agreeable sensations, besides that simply of perception; and,
+though it appears to be diametrically opposite to the pleasure arising
+from the novelty of objects above treated of, enters into the
+compositions of all the agreeable arts.
+
+The pleasure arising from the repetition of similar ideas with certain
+intervals of time or distances of space between them is a subject of
+great metaphysical curiosity, as well as the source of the pleasure
+derived from novelty, which will I hope excuse its introduction in
+this place.
+
+The repetitions of motions may be at first produced either by
+volition, or by sensation, or by irritation, but they soon become
+easier to perform than any other kinds of action, because they soon
+become associated together; and thus their frequency of repetition, if
+as much sensorial power be produced during every reiteration, as is
+expended, adds to the facility of their production.
+
+If a stimulus be repeated at uniform intervals of time, the action,
+whether of our muscles or organs of sense, is produced with still
+greater facility or energy; because the sensorial power of
+association, mentioned above, is combined with the sensorial power of
+irritation; that is in common language, the acquired habit assists the
+power of the stimulus.
+
+This not only obtains in the annual, lunar, and diurnal catenations of
+animal motions, as explained in Zoonomia, Sect. XXXVI. which are thus
+performed with great facility and energy; but in every less circle of
+actions or ideas, as in the burden of a song, or the reiterations of a
+dance. To the facility and distinctness, with which we hear sounds at
+repeated intervals, we owe the pleasure, which we receive from musical
+time, and from poetic time, as described in Botanic Garden, V. II.
+Interlude III. And to this the pleasure we receive from the rhimes and
+alliterations of modern versification; the source of which without
+this key would be difficult to discover.
+
+There is no variety of notes referable to the gamut in the beating of
+a drum, yet if it be performed in musical time, it is agreeable to our
+ears; and therefore this pleasurable sensation must be owing to the
+repetition of the divisions of the sounds at certain intervals of
+time, or musical bars. Whether these times or bars are distinguished
+by a pause, or by an emphasis, or accent, certain it is, that this
+distinction is perpetually repeated; otherwise the ear could not
+determine instantly, whether the successions of sound were in common
+or in triple time.
+
+But besides these little circles of musical time, there are the
+greater returning periods, and the still more distinct choruses;
+which, like the rhimes at the end of verses, owe their beauty to
+repetition; that is, to the facility and distinctness with which we
+perceive sounds, which we expect to perceive or have perceived before;
+or in the language of this work, to the greater ease and energy with
+which our organ is excited by the combined sensorial powers of
+association and irritation, than by the latter singly.
+
+This kind of pleasure arising from repetition, that is from the
+facility and distinctness with which we perceive and understand
+repeated sensations, enters into all the agreeable arts; and when it
+is carried to excess is termed formality. The art of dancing like that
+of music depends for a great part of the pleasure, it affords, on
+repetition; architecture, especially the Grecian, consists of one part
+being a repetition of another, and hence the beauty of the pyramidal
+outline in landscape-painting; where one side of the picture may be
+said in some measure to balance the other. So universally does
+repetition contribute to our pleasure in the fine arts, that beauty
+itself has been defined by some writers to consist in a due
+combination of uniformity and variety: Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XXII.
+2. 1.
+
+Where these repetitions of form, and reiterations of colour, are
+produced in a picture or a natural landscape, in an agreeable
+quantity, it is termed simplicity, or unity of character; where the
+repetition principally is seen in the disposition or locality of the
+divisions, it is called symmetry, proportion, or grouping the separate
+parts; where this repetition is most conspicuous in the forms of
+visible objects, it is called regularity or uniformity; and where it
+affects the colouring principally, the artists call it breadth of
+colour.
+
+There is nevertheless, an excess of the repetition of the same or
+similar ideas, which ceases to please, and must therefore be excluded
+from compositions of Taste in painted landscapes, or in ornamented
+gardens; which is then called formality, monotony, or insipidity. Why
+the excitation of ideas should give additional pleasure by the
+facility and distinctness of their production for a certain time, and
+then cease to give additional pleasure; and gradually to give less
+pleasure than that, which attends simple exertion of them; is another
+curious metaphysical problem, and deserves investigation.
+
+In our waking hours a perpetual voluntary exertion, of which we are
+unconscious, attends all our new trains of ideas, whether those of
+imagination or of perception; which by comparing them with our former
+experience preserves the consistency of the former, by rejecting such
+as are incongruous; and adds to the credibility of the latter, by
+their analogy to objects of our previous knowledge: and this exertion
+is attended with pleasurable sensation. After very frequent repetition
+these trains of ideas do not excite the exertion of this intuitive
+analogy, and in consequence are not attended with additional pleasure
+to that simply of perception; and by continued repetition they at
+length lose even the pleasure simply of perception, and thence finally
+cease to be excited; whence one cause of the torpor of old age, and of
+death, as spoken of in Additional Note, No. VII. 3. of this work.
+
+When there exists in any landscape a certain number and diversity of
+forms and colours, or of their combinations or successions, so as to
+produce a degree of novelty; and that with a certain repetition, or
+arrangement of parts, so as to render them gradually comprehensible or
+easily compared with the usual course of nature; if this agreeable
+combination of visible objects be on a moderate scale, in respect to
+magnitude, and form the principal part of the landscape, it is termed
+PICTURESQUE by modern artists; and when such a combination of forms
+and colours contains many easy flowing curves and smooth surfaces, the
+delightful sentiment of BEAUTY becomes added to the pleasure of the
+Picturesque.
+
+If the above agreeable combination of novelty and repetition exists on
+a larger scale with more projecting rocks, and deeper dells, and
+perhaps with a somewhat greater proportion of novelty than repetition,
+the landscape assumes the name of ROMANTIC; and if some of these forms
+or combinations are much above the usual magnitude of similar objects,
+the more interesting sentiment of SUBLIMITY becomes mixed with the
+pleasure of the romantic.
+
+
+III. _Melody of Colours._
+
+A third source of pleasure arising from the inspection of visible
+objects, besides that of simple perception, arises from what may be
+termed melody of colours, as certain colours are more agreeable, when
+they succeed each other; or when they are disposed in each other's
+vicinity, so as successively to affect the organ of vision.
+
+In a paper on the colours seen in the eye after looking for some time
+on luminous objects, published by Dr. Darwin of Shrewsbury in the
+Philos. Trans. Vol. 76, it is evidently shown, that we see certain
+colours not only with greater ease and distinctness, but with relief
+and pleasure, after having for some time inspected other certain
+colours; as green after red, or red after green; orange after blue, or
+blue after orange; yellow after violet, or violet after yellow; this,
+he shows, arises from the ocular spectrum of the colour last viewed
+coinciding with the irritation of the colour now under contemplation.
+
+Thus if you make a dot with ink in the centre of a circle of red silk
+the size of a letter-wafer, and place it on a sheet of white paper,
+and look on it for a minute without moving your eyes; and then gently
+turn them on the white paper in its vicinity, or gently close them,
+and hold one hand an inch or two before them, to prevent too much
+light from passing through the eyelids, a circular spot of pale green
+will be seen on the white paper, or in the closed eye; which is called
+the ocular spectrum of the red silk, and is formed as Dr. Darwin shows
+by the pandiculation or stretching of the fine fibrils, which
+constitute the extremities of the optic nerve, in a direction contrary
+to that, in which they have been excited by previously looking at a
+luminous object, till they become fatigued; like the yawning or
+stretching of the larger muscles after acting long in one direction.
+
+If at this time the eye, fatigued by looking long at the centre of the
+red silk, be turned on paper previously coloured with pale green; the
+circular spot or ocular spectrum will appear of a much darker green;
+as now the irritation from the pale green paper coincides with the
+pale green spectrum remaining in the eye, and thus excites those
+fibres of the retina into stronger action; on this account some
+colours are seen more distinctly, and consequently more agreeably
+after others; or when placed in the vicinity of others; thus if
+orange-coloured letters are painted on a blue ground, they may be read
+at as great distance as black on white, perhaps at a greater.
+
+The colours, which are thus more distinct when seen in succession are
+called opposite colours by Sir Isaac Newton in his optics, Book I.
+Part 2, and may be easily discovered by any one, by the method above
+described; that is by laying a coloured circle of paper or silk on a
+sheet of white paper, and inspecting it some time with steady eyes,
+and then either gently closing them, or removing them on another part
+of the white paper, and the ocular spectrum or opposite colour becomes
+visible in the eye.
+
+Sir Isaac Newton has observed, that the breadths of the seven primary
+colours in the sun's image refracted by a prism, are proportioned to
+the seven musical notes of the gamut; or to the intervals of the eight
+sounds contained in an octave.
+
+From this curious coincidence, it has been proposed to produce a
+luminous music, consisting of successions or combinations of colours,
+analogous to a tune in respect to the proportions above mentioned.
+This might be performed by a strong light, made by means of Mr.
+Argand's lamps, passing through coloured glasses, and falling on a
+defined part of the wall, with moveable blinds before them, which
+might communicate with the keys of a harpsichord, and thus produce at
+the same time visible and audible music in unison with each other.
+
+Now as the pleasure we receive from the sensation of melodious notes,
+independent of musical time, and of the previous associations of
+agreeable ideas with them, must arise from our hearing some
+proportions of sounds after others more easily, distinctly, or
+agreeably; and as there is a coincidence between the proportions of
+the primary colours, and the primary sounds, if they may be so called;
+the same laws must probably govern the sensations of both. In this
+circumstance therefore consists the sisterhood of Music and Painting;
+and hence they claim a right to borrow metaphors from each other:
+musicians to speak of the brilliancy of sounds, and the light and
+shade of a concerto; and painters of the harmony of colours, and the
+tone of a picture.
+
+This source of pleasure received from the melodious succession of
+colours or of sounds must not be confounded with the pleasure received
+from the repetition of them explained above, though the repetition, or
+division of musical notes into bars, so as to produce common or triple
+time, contributes much to the pleasure of music; but in viewing a
+fixed landscape nothing like musical time exists; and the pleasure
+received therefore from certain successions of colours must depend
+only on the more easy or distinct action of the retina in perceiving
+some colours after others, or in their vicinity, like the facility or
+even pleasure with which we act with contrary muscles in yawning or
+stretching after having been fatigued with a long previous exertion in
+the contrary direction.
+
+Hence where colours are required to be distinct, those which are
+opposite to each other, should be brought into succession or vicinity;
+as red and green, orange and blue, yellow and violet; but where
+colours are required to intermix imperceptibly, or slide into each
+other, these should not be chosen; as they might by contrast appear
+too glaring or tawdry. These gradations and contrasts of colours have
+been practically employed both by the painters of landscape, and by
+the planters of ornamental gardens; though the theory of this part of
+the pleasure derived from visible objects was not explained before the
+publication of the paper on ocular spectra above mentioned; which is
+reprinted at the end of the first part of Zoonomia, and has thrown
+great light on the actions of the nerves of sense in consequence of
+the stimulus of external bodies.
+
+
+IV. _Association of agreeable sentiments with visible objects._
+
+Besides the pleasure experienced simply by the perception of visible
+objects, it has been already shown, that there is an additional
+pleasure arising from the inspection of those, which possess novelty,
+or some degree of it; a second additional pleasure from those, which
+possess in some degree a repetition of their parts; and a third from
+those, which possess a succession of particular colours, which either
+contrast or slide into each other, and which we have termed melody of
+colours.
+
+We now step forward to the fourth source of the pleasures arising from
+the contemplation of visible objects besides that simply of
+perception, which consists in our previous association of some
+agreeable sentiment with certain forms or combinations of them. These
+four kinds of pleasure singly or in combination constitute what is
+generally understood by the word Taste in respect to the visible
+world; and by parity of reasoning it is probable, that the pleasurable
+ideas received by the other senses, or which are associated with
+language, may be traced to similar sources.
+
+It has been shown by Bishop Berkeley in his ingenious essay on vision,
+that the eye only acquaints us with the perception of light and
+colours; and that our idea of the solidity of the bodies, which
+reflect them, is learnt by the organ of touch: he therefore calls our
+vision the language of touch, observing that certain gradations of the
+shades of colour, by our previous experience of having examined
+similar bodies by our hands or lips, suggest our ideas of solidity,
+and of the forms of solid bodies; as when we view a tree, it would
+otherwise appear to us a flat green surface, but by association of
+ideas we know it to be a cylindrical stem with round branches. This
+association of the ideas acquired by the sense of touch with those of
+vision, we do not allude to in the following observations, but to the
+agreeable trains or tribes of ideas and sentiments connected with
+certain kinds of visible objects.
+
+
+V. _Sentiment of Beauty._
+
+Of these catenations of sentiments with visible objects, the first is
+the sentiment of Beauty or Loveliness; which is suggested by
+easy-flowing curvatures of surface, with smoothness; as is so well
+illustrated in Mr. Burke's Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful, and in
+Mr. Hogarth's analysis of Beauty; a new edition of which is much
+wanted separate from his other works.
+
+The sentiment of Beauty appears to be attached from our cradles to the
+easy curvatures of lines, and smooth surfaces of visible objects, and
+to have been derived from the form of the female bosom; as spoken of
+in Zoonomia, Vol. I. Section XVI. on Instinct.
+
+Sentimental love, as distinguished from the animal passion of that
+name, with which it is frequently accompanied, consists in the desire
+or sensation of beholding, embracing, and saluting, a beautiful
+object.
+
+The characteristic of beauty therefore is that it is the object of
+love; and though many other objects are in common language called
+beautiful, yet they are only called so metaphorically, and ought to be
+termed agreeable. A Grecian temple may give us the pleasurable idea of
+sublimity; a Gothic temple may give us the pleasurable idea of
+variety; and a modern house the pleasurable idea of utility; music and
+poetry may inspire our love by association of ideas; but none of
+these, except metaphorically, can be termed beautiful; as we have no
+wish to embrace or salute them.
+
+Our perception of beauty consists in our recognition by the sense of
+vision of those objects, first which have before inspired our love by
+the pleasure, which they have afforded to many of our senses: as to
+our sense of warmth, of touch, of smell, of taste, hunger and thirst;
+and secondly, which bear any analogy of form to such objects.
+
+When the babe, soon after it is born into this cold world, is applied
+to its mother's bosom, its sense of perceiving warmth is first
+agreeably affected; next its sense of smell is delighted with the
+odour of her milk; then its taste is gratified by the flavour of it,
+afterwards the appetites of hunger and of thirst afford pleasure by
+the possession of their objects, and by the subsequent digestion of
+the aliment; and lastly, the sense of touch is delighted by the
+softness and smoothness of the milky fountain, the source of such
+variety of happiness.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES. XIV.
+
+THE THEORY AND STRUCTURE OF LANGUAGE
+
+  Next to each thought associate sound accords,
+  And forms the dulcet symphony of words.
+                                        CANTO III. l. 365.
+
+
+Ideas consist of synchronous motions or configurations of the
+extremities of the organs of sense; these when repeated by sensation,
+volition, or association, are either simple or complex, as they were
+first excited by irritation; or have afterwards some parts abstracted
+from them, or some parts added to them. Language consists of words,
+which are the names or symbols of ideas. Words are therefore properly
+all of them nouns or names of things.
+
+Little had been done in the investigation of the theory of language
+from the time of Aristotle to the present æra, till Mr. Horne Tooke,
+the ingenious and learned author of the Diversions of Purley,
+explained those undeclined words of all languages, which had puzzled
+the grammarians, and evinced from their etymology, that they were
+abbreviations of other modes of expression. Mr. Tooke observes, that
+the first aim of language was to communicate our thoughts, and the
+second to do it with dispatch; and hence he divides words into those,
+which were necessary to express our thoughts, and those which are
+abbreviations of the former; which he ingeniously styles the wings of
+Hermes.
+
+For the greater dispatch of conversation many words suggest more than
+one idea; I shall therefore arrange them according to the number and
+kinds of ideas, which they suggest; and am induced to do this, as a
+new distribution of the objects of any science may advance the
+knowledge of it by developing another analogy of its constituent
+parts. And in thus endeavouring to analyze the theory of language I
+mean to speak primarily of the English, and occasionally to add what
+may occur concerning the structure of the Greek and Latin.
+
+
+I. _Conjunctions and Prepositions._
+
+The first class of words consists of those, which suggest but one
+idea, and suffer no change of termination; which have been termed by
+grammarians CONJUNCTIONS and PREPOSITIONS; the former of which connect
+sentences, and the latter words. Both which have been ingeniously
+explained by Mr. Horne Tooke from their etymology to be abbreviations
+of other modes of expression.
+
+1. Thus the conjunction _if_ and _an_, are shown by Mr. Tooke to be
+derived from the imperative mood of the verbs to give and to grant;
+but both of these conjunctions by long use appear to have become the
+name of a more abstracted idea, than the words give or grant suggest,
+as they do not now express any ideas of person, or of number, or of
+time; all which are generally attendant upon the meaning of a verb;
+and perhaps all the words of this class are the names of ideas much
+abstracted, which has caused the difficulty of explaining them.
+
+2. The number of Prepositions is very great in the English language,
+as they are used before the cases of nouns, and the infinitive mood of
+verbs, instead of the numerous changes of termination of the nouns and
+verbs of the Greek and Latin; which gives greater simplicity to our
+language, and greater facility of acquiring it.
+
+The prepositions, as well as the preceding conjunctions, have been
+well explained by Mr. Horne Tooke; who has developed the etymology of
+many of them. As the greatest number of the ideas, we receive from
+external objects, are complex ones, the names of these constitute a
+great part of language, as the proper names of persons and places;
+which are complex terms. Now as these complex terms do not always
+exactly suggest the quantity of combined ideas we mean to express,
+some of the prepositions are prefixed to them to add or to deduct
+something, or to limit their general meaning; as a house with a party
+wall, or a house without a roof. These words are also derived by Mr.
+Tooke, as abbreviations of the imperative moods of verbs; but which
+appear now to suggest ideas further abstracted than those generally
+suggested by verbs, and are all of them properly nouns, or names of
+ideas.
+
+
+II. _Nouns Substantive._
+
+The second class of words consists of those, which in their simplest
+state suggest but one idea, as the word man; but which by two changes
+of termination in our language suggest one secondary idea of number,
+as the word men; or another secondary idea of the genitive case, as
+man's mind, or the mind of man. These words by other changes of
+termination in the Greek and Latin languages suggest many other
+secondary ideas, as of gender, as well as of number, and of all the
+other cases described in their grammars; which in English are
+expressed by prepositions.
+
+This class of words includes the NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE, or names of
+things, of common grammars, and may be conveniently divided into three
+kinds. 1. Those which suggest the ideas of things believed to possess
+hardness and figure, as a house or a horse. 2. Those which suggest the
+ideas of things, which are not supposed to possess hardness and
+figure, except metaphorically, as virtue, wisdom; which have therefore
+been termed abstracted ideas. 3. Those which have been called by
+metaphysical writers reflex ideas, and mean those of the operations of
+the mind, as sensation, volition, association.
+
+Another convenient division of these nouns substantive or names of
+things may be first into general terms, or the names of classes of
+ideas, as man, quadruped, bird, fish, animal. 2. Into the names of
+complex ideas, as this house, that dog. 3. Into the names of simple
+ideas, as whiteness, sweetness.
+
+A third convenient division of the names of things may be into the
+names of intire things, whether of real or imaginary being; these are
+the nouns substantive of grammars. 2. Into the names of the qualities
+or properties of the former; these are the nouns adjective of
+grammars. 3. The names of more abstracted ideas as the conjunctions
+and prepositions of grammarians.
+
+These nouns substantive, or names of intire things, suggest but one
+idea in their simplest form, as in the nominative case singular of
+grammars. As the word a stag is the name of a single complex idea; but
+the word stags by a change of termination adds to this a secondary
+idea of number; and the word stag's, with a comma before the final s,
+suggests, in English, another secondary idea of something appertaining
+to the stag, as a stag's horn; which is, however, in our language, as
+frequently expressed by the preposition _of_, as the horn of a stag.
+
+In the Greek and Latin languages an idea of gender is joined with the
+names of intire things, as well as of number; but in the English
+language the nouns, which express inanimate objects, have no genders
+except metaphorically; and even the sexes of many animals have names
+so totally different from each other, that they rather give an idea of
+the individual creature than of the sex, as bull and cow, horse and
+mare, boar and sow, dog and bitch. This constitutes another
+circumstance, which renders our language more simple, and more easy to
+acquire; and at the same time contributes to the poetic excellence of
+it; as by adding a masculine or feminine pronoun, as he, or she, other
+nouns substantive are so readily personified.
+
+In the Latin language there are five cases besides the nominative, or
+original word, and in the Greek four. Whence the original noun
+substantive by change of its termination suggests a secondary idea
+either corresponding with the genitive, dative, accusative, vocative,
+or ablative cases, besides the secondary ideas of number and gender
+above mentioned. The ideas suggested by these changes of termination,
+which are termed cases, are explained in the grammars of these
+languages, and are expressed in ours by prepositions, which are called
+the signs of those cases.
+
+Thus the word Domini, of the Lord, suggests beside the primary idea a
+secondary one of something appertaining to it, as templum domini, the
+temple of the Lord, or the Lord's temple; which in English is either
+effected by an addition of the letter s, with a comma before it, or by
+the preposition _of_. This genitive case is said to be expressed in
+the Hebrew language simply by the locality of the words in succession
+to each other; which must so far add to the conciseness of that
+language.
+
+Thus the word Domino, in the dative case, to the Lord, suggests
+besides the primary idea a secondary one of something being added to
+the primary one; which is effected in English by the preposition _to_.
+
+The accusative case, or Dominum, besides the primary idea implies
+something having acted upon the object of that primary idea; as felis
+edit murem, the cat eats the mouse. This is thus effected in the Greek
+and Latin by a change of termination of the noun acted upon, but is
+managed in a more concise way in our language by its situation in the
+sentence, as it follows the verb. Thus if the mouse in the above
+sentence was placed before the verb, and the cat after it, in English
+the sense would be inverted, but not so in Latin; this necessity of
+generally placing the accusative case after the verb is inconvenient
+in poetry; though it adds to the conciseness and simplicity of our
+language, as it saves the intervention of a preposition, or of a
+change of termination.
+
+The vocative case of the Latin language, or Domine, besides the
+primary idea suggests a secondary one of appeal, or address; which in
+our language is either marked by its situation in the sentence, or by
+the preposition O preceding it. Whence this interjection O conveys the
+idea of appeal joined to the subsequent noun, and is therefore
+properly another noun, or name of an idea, preceding the principal one
+like other prepositions.
+
+The ablative case in the Latin language, as Domino, suggests a
+secondary idea of something being deducted from or by the primary one.
+Which is perhaps more distinctly expressed by one of those
+prepositions in our language; which, as it suggests somewhat
+concerning the adjoined noun, is properly another noun, or name of an
+idea, preceding the principal one.
+
+When to these variations of the termination of nouns in the singular
+number are added those equally numerous of the plural, and the great
+variety of these terminations correspondent to the three genders, it
+is evident that the prepositions of our own and other modern languages
+instead of the changes of termination add to the simplicity of these
+languages, and to the facility of acquiring them.
+
+Hence in the Latin language, besides the original or primary idea
+suggested by each noun substantive, or name of an entire thing, there
+attends an additional idea of number, another of gender, and another
+suggested by each change of termination, which constitutes the cases;
+so that in this language four ideas are suggested at the same time by
+one word; as the primary idea, its gender, number, and case; the
+latter of which has also four or five varieties. These nouns
+therefore may properly be termed the abbreviation of sentences; as the
+conjunctions and prepositions are termed by Mr. Tooke the abbreviation
+of words; and if the latter are called the wings affixed to the feet
+of Hermes, the former may be called the wings affixed to his cap.
+
+
+III. _Adjectives, Articles, Participles, Adverbs._
+
+1. The third class of words consists of those, which in their simplest
+form suggest two ideas; one of them is an abstracted idea of the
+quality of an object, but not of the object itself; and the other is
+an abstracted idea of its appertaining to some other noun called a
+substantive, or a name of an entire thing.
+
+These words are termed ADJECTIVES, are undeclined in our language in
+respect to cases, number, or gender; but by three changes of
+termination they suggest the secondary ideas of greater, greatest, and
+of less; as the word sweet changes into sweeter, sweetest, and
+sweetish; which may be termed three degrees of comparison besides the
+positive meaning of the word; which terminations of _er_ and _est_ are
+seldom added to words of more than two syllables; as those degrees are
+then most frequently denoted by the prepositions more and most.
+
+Adjectives seem originally to have been derived from nouns
+substantive, of which they express a quality, as a musky rose, a
+beautiful lady, a stormy day. Some of them are formed from the
+correspondent substantive by adding the syllable _ly_, or _like_, as a
+lovely child, a warlike countenance; and in our language it is
+frequently only necessary to put a hyphen between two nouns
+substantive for the purpose of converting the former one into an
+adjective, as an eagle-eye, a Mayday. And many of our adjectives are
+substantives unchanged, and only known by their situation in a
+sentence, as a German, or a German gentleman. Adjectives therefore are
+names of qualities, or parts of things; as substantives are the names
+of entire things.
+
+In the Latin and Greek languages these adjectives possess a great
+variety of terminations; which suggest occasionally the ideas of
+number, gender, and the various cases, agreeing in all these with the
+substantive, to which they belong; besides the two original or
+primary ideas of quality, and of their appertaining to some other
+word, which must be adjoined to make them sense. Insomuch that some of
+these adjectives, when declined through all their cases, and genders,
+and numbers, in their positive, comparative, and superlative degrees,
+enumerate fifty or sixty terminations. All which to one, who wishes to
+learn these languages, are so many new words, and add much to the
+difficulty of acquiring them.
+
+Though the English adjectives are undeclined, having neither case,
+gender, nor number; and with this simplicity of form possess a degree
+of comparison by the additional termination of ish, more than the
+generality of Latin or Greek adjectives, yet are they less adapted to
+poetic measure, as they must accompany their corresponding
+substantives; from which they are perpetually separated in Greek and
+Latin poetry.
+
+2. There is a second kind of adjectives, which abound in our language,
+and in the Greek, but not in the Latin, which are called ARTICLES by
+the writers of grammar, as the letter _a_, and the word _the_. These,
+like the adjectives above described, suggest two primary ideas, and
+suffer no change of termination in our language, and therefore suggest
+no secondary ideas.
+
+Mr. Locke observes, that languages consist principally of general
+terms; as it would have been impossible to give a name to every
+individual object, so as to communicate an idea of it to others; it
+would be like reciting the name of every individual soldier of an
+army, instead of using the general term, army. Now the use of the
+article _a_, and _the_ in English, and _o_ in Greek, converts general
+terms into particular ones; this idea of particularity as a quality,
+or property of a noun, is one of the primary ideas suggested by these
+articles; and the other is, that of its appertaining to some
+particular noun substantive, without which it is not intelligible. In
+both these respects these articles correspond with adjectives; to
+which may be added, that our article _a_ may be expressed by the
+adjective one or any; and that the Greek article _o_ is declined like
+other adjectives.
+
+The perpetual use of the article, besides its converting general terms
+into particular ones, contributes much to the force and beauty of our
+language from another circumstance, that abstracted ideas become so
+readily personified simply by the omission of it; which perhaps
+renders the English language better adapted to poetry than any other
+ancient or modern: the following prosopopoeia from Shakspeare is thus
+beautiful.
+
+  She let Concealment like a worm i' th' bud
+  Feed on her damask cheek.
+
+And the following line, translated from Juvenal by Dr. Johnson, is
+much superior to the original, owing to the easy personification of
+Worth and Poverty, and to the consequent conciseness of it.
+
+  Difficile emergunt, quorum virtutibus obstat
+  Res angusta domi.
+  Slow rises Worth by Poverty depress'd.
+
+3. A third class of adjectives includes what are termed PARTICIPLES,
+which are allied to the infinitive moods of verbs, and are formed in
+our language by the addition only of the syllable _ing_ or _ed_; and
+are of two kinds, active and passive, as loving, loved, from the verb
+to love. The verbs suggest an idea of the noun, or thing spoken of;
+and also of its manner of existence, whether at rest, in action, or in
+being acted upon; as I lie still, or I whip, or I am whipped; and,
+lastly, another idea of the time of resting, acting, or suffering; but
+these adjectives called participles, suggest only two primary ideas,
+one of the noun, or thing spoken of, and another of the mode of
+existence, but not a third idea of time; and in this respect
+participles differ from the verbs, from which they originate, or which
+originated from them, except in their infinitive moods.
+
+Nor do they resemble adjectives only in their suggesting but two
+primary ideas; but in the Latin and Greek languages they are declined
+through all the cases, genders, and numbers, like other adjectives;
+and change their terminations in the degrees of comparison.
+
+In our language the participle passive, joined to the verb _to be_,
+for the purpose of adding to it the idea of time, forms the whole of
+the passive voice; and is frequently used in a similar manner in the
+Latin language, as I am loved is expressed either by amor, or amatus
+sum. The construction of the whole passive voice from the verb _to be_
+and the participles passive of other verbs, contributes much to the
+simplicity of our language, and the ease of acquiring it; but renders
+it less concise than perhaps it might have been by some simple
+variations of termination, as in the active voice of it.
+
+4. A fourth kind of adjective is called by the grammarians an ADVERB;
+which has generally been formed from the first kind of adjectives, as
+these were frequently formed from correspondent substantives; or it
+has been formed from the third kind of adjectives, called participles;
+and this is effected in both cases by the addition, of the syllable
+_ly_, as wisely, charmingly.
+
+This kind of adjective suggests two primary ideas, like the
+adjectives, and participles, from which they are derived; but differ
+from them in this curious circumstance, that the other adjectives
+relate to substantives, and are declined like them in the Latin and
+Greek languages, as a lovely boy, a warlike countenance; but these
+relate to verbs, and are therefore undeclined, as to act boldly, to
+suffer patiently.
+
+
+IV. _Verbs._
+
+The fourth class of words consists of those which are termed VERBS,
+and which in their simplest state suggest three ideas; first an idea
+of the noun, or name of the thing spoken of, as a whip. 2. An idea of
+its mode of existence, whether at rest, or in action, or in being
+acted upon. 3. An idea of the time of its existence. Thus "the beadle
+whipped the beggar," in prolix language might be expressed, the beadle
+with a whip struck in time past the beggar. Which three ideas are
+suggested by the one word whipped.
+
+Verbs are therefore nouns, or names of intire ideas, with the
+additional ideas of their mode of existence and of time; but the
+participles suggest only the noun, and the mode of existence, without
+any idea of time; as whipping, or whipped. The infinitive moods of
+verbs correspond in their signification with the participles; as they
+also suggest only the noun, or name of the thing spoken of, and an
+idea of its mode of existence, excluding the idea of time; which is
+expressed by all the other moods and tenses; whence it appears, that
+the infinitive mood, as well as the participle, is not truly a part of
+the verb; but as the participle resembles the adjective in its
+construction; so the infinitive mood may be said to resemble the
+substantive, and it is often used as a nominative case to another
+verb.
+
+Thus in the words "a charming lady with a smiling countenance," the
+participle acts as an adjective; and in the words "to talk well
+commands attention," the infinitive mood acts as the nominative case
+of a noun substantive; and their respective significations are also
+very similar, as whipping, or to whip, mean the existence of a person
+acting with a whip.
+
+In the Latin language the verb in its simplest form, except the
+infinitive mood, and the participle, both which we mean to exclude
+from complete verbs, suggests four primary ideas, as amo, suggests the
+pronoun I, the noun love, its existence in its active state, and the
+present time; which verbs in the Greek and Latin undergo an uncounted
+variation of termination, suggesting so many different ideas in
+addition to the four primary ones.
+
+We do not mean to assert, that all verbs are literally derived from
+nouns in any language; because all languages have in process of time
+undergone such great variation; many nouns having become obsolete or
+have perished, and new verbs have been imported from foreign
+languages, or transplanted from ancient ones; but that this has
+originally been the construction of all verbs, as well as those to
+whip and to love above mentioned, and innumerable others.
+
+Thus there may appear some difficulty in analyzing from what noun
+substantive were formed the verbs to stand or to lie; because we have
+not properly the name of the abstract ideas from which these verbs
+arose, except we use the same word for the participle and the noun
+substantive, as standing, lying. But the verbs, to sit, and to walk,
+are less difficult to trace to their origin; as we have names for the
+nouns substantive, a seat, and a walk.
+
+But there is another verb of great consequence in all languages, which
+would appear, in its simplest form in our language to suggest but two
+primary ideas, as the verb _to be_, but that it suggests three primary
+ideas like other verbs maybe understood, if we use the synonymous term
+to exist instead of to be. Thus "I exist" suggests first the abstract
+idea of existence, not including the mode of existence, whether at
+rest, or in action, or in suffering; secondly it adds to that
+abstracted idea of existence its real state, or actual resting,
+acting, or suffering, existence; and thirdly the idea of the present
+time: thus the infinitive mood _to be_, and the participle, _being_,
+suggest both the abstract idea of existence, and the actual state of
+it, but not the time.
+
+The verb _to be_ is also used irregularly to designate the parts of
+time and actual existence; and is then applied to either the active or
+passive participles of other verbs, and called an auxiliary verb;
+while the mode of existence, whether at rest, or in action, or being
+acted upon, is expressed by the participle, as "I am loving" is nearly
+the same as "I love," amo; and "I am loved," amatus sum, is nearly the
+same as amor. This mode of application of the verb _to be_ is used in
+French as well as in English, and in the passive voice of the Latin,
+and perhaps in many other languages; and is by its perpetual use in
+conversation rendered irregular in them all, as I am, thou art, he is,
+would not seem to belong to the infinitive mood _to be_, any more than
+sum, fui, sunt, fuerunt, appear to belong to esse.
+
+The verb _to have_ affords another instance of irregular application;
+the word means in its regular sense to possess, and then suggests
+three ideas like the above verb of existence: first the abstracted
+idea of the thing spoken of, or possession; secondly, the actual
+existence of possession, and lastly the time, as I have or possess.
+This verb _to have_ like the verb _to be_ is also used irregularly to
+denote parts of past time, and is then joined to the passive
+participles alone, as I have eaten; or it is accompanied with the
+passive participle of the verb _to be_, and then with the active
+participle of another verb, as I have been eating.
+
+There is another word _will_ used in the same irregular manner to
+denote the parts of future time, which is derived from the verb _to
+will_; which in its regular use signifies to exert our volition. There
+are other words used to express other circumstances attending upon
+verbs, as may, can, shall, all which are probably the remains of
+verbs otherwise obsolete. Lastly, when we recollect, that in the moods
+and tenses of verbs one word expresses never less than three ideas in
+our language, and many more in the Greek and Latin; as besides those
+three primary ideas the idea of person, and of number, are always
+expressed in the indicative mood, and other ideas suggested in the
+other moods, we cannot but admire what excellent abbreviations of
+language are thus achieved; and when we observe the wonderful
+intricacy and multiplicity of sounds in those languages, especially in
+the Greek verbs, which change both the beginning and ending of the
+original word through three voices, and three numbers, with uncounted
+variations of dialect; we cannot but admire the simplicity of modern
+languages compared to these ancient ones; and must finally perceive,
+that all language consists simply of nouns, or names of ideas,
+disposed in succession or in combination, all of which are expressed
+by separate words, or by various terminations of the same word.
+
+
+_Conclusion._
+
+The theory of the progressive production of language in the early
+times of society, and its gradual improvements in the more civilized
+ones, may be readily induced from the preceding pages. In the
+commencement of Society the names of the ideas of entire things,
+which, it was necessary most frequently to communicate, would first be
+invented, as the names of individual persons, or places, fire, water,
+this berry, that root; as it was necessary perpetually to announce,
+whether one or many of such external things existed, it was soon found
+more convenient to add this idea of number by a change of termination
+of the word, than by the addition of another word.
+
+As many of these nouns soon became general terms, as bird, beast,
+fish, animal; it was next convenient to distinguish them when used for
+an individual, from the same word used as a general term; whence the
+two articles _a_ and _the_, in our language, derive their origin.
+
+Next to these names of the ideas of entire things, the words most
+perpetually wanted in conversation would probably consist of the
+names of the ideas of the parts or properties of things; which might
+be derived from the names of some things, and applied to others which
+in these respects resembled them; these are termed adjectives, as rosy
+cheek, manly voice, beastly action; and seem at first to have been
+formed simply by a change of termination of their correspondent
+substantives. The comparative degrees of greater and less were found
+so frequently necessary to be suggested, that a change of termination
+even in our language for this purpose was produced; and is as
+frequently used as an additional word, as wiser or more wise.
+
+The expression of general similitude, as well as partial similitude,
+becomes so frequently used in conversation, that another kind of
+adjective, called an adverb, was expressed by a change of termination,
+or addition of the syllable ly or like; and as adjectives of the
+former kind are applied to substantives, and express a partial
+similitude, these are applied to verbs and express a general
+similitude, as to act heroically, to speak boldly, to think freely.
+
+The perpetual chain of causes and effects, which constitute the
+motions, or changing configurations, of the universe, are so
+conveniently divided into active and passive, for expressing the
+exertions or purposes of common life, that it became particularly
+convenient in all languages to substitute changes of termination,
+instead of additional nouns, to express, whether the thing spoken of
+was in a state of acting or of being acted upon. This change of
+termination betokening action or suffering constitutes the participle,
+as loving, loved; which, as it expresses a property of bodies, is
+classed amongst adjectives in the preceding pages.
+
+Besides the perpetual allusions to the active or passive state of
+things, the comparative times of these motions, or changes, were also
+perpetually required to be expressed; it was therefore found
+convenient in all languages to suggest them by changes of terminations
+in preference to doing it by additional nouns. At the same time the
+actual or real existence of the thing spoken of was perpetually
+required, as well as the times of their existence, and the active or
+passive state of that existence. And as no conversation could be
+carried on without unceasingly alluding to these circumstances, they
+became in all languages suggested by changes of termination; which are
+termed moods and tenses in grammars, and convert the participle above
+mentioned into a verb; as that participle had originally been formed
+by adding a termination to a noun, as chaining, and chained, from
+chain.
+
+The great variety of changes of termination in all languages consists
+therefore of abbreviations used instead of additional words; and adds
+much to the conciseness of language, and the quickness with which we
+are enabled to communicate our ideas; and may be said to add
+unnumbered wings to every limb of the God of Eloquence.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES. XV.
+
+ANALYSIS OF ARTICULATE SOUNDS.
+
+  The tongue, the lips articulate; the throat
+  With soft vibration modulates the note.
+                                        CANTO III. l. 367.
+
+
+Having explained in the preceding account of the theory of language
+that it consists solely of nouns, or the names of ideas, disposed in
+succession or combination; I shall now attempt to investigate the
+number of the articulate sounds, which constitute those names of ideas
+by their successions and combinations; and to show by what parts of
+the organs of speech they are modulated and articulated; whence may be
+deduced the precise number of letters or symbols necessary to suggest
+those sounds, and form an alphabet, which may spell with accuracy the
+words of all languages.
+
+
+I. _Imperfections of the present Alphabet._
+
+It is much to be lamented, that the alphabet, which has produced and
+preserved almost all the improvements in other arts and sciences,
+should have itself received no improvement in modern times; which have
+added so much elucidation to almost every branch of knowledge, that
+can meliorate the condition of humanity. Thus in our present alphabets
+many letters are redundant, others are wanted; some simple articulate
+sounds have two letters to suggest them; and in other instances two
+articulate sounds are suggested by one letter. Some of these
+imperfections in the alphabet of our own language shall be enumerated.
+
+X. Thus the letter x is compounded of ks, or of gz, as in the words
+excellent, example: eksellent, egzample.
+
+C. is sometimes k, at other times s, as in the word access.
+
+G. is a single letter in go; and suggests the letters d and the French
+J in pigeon.
+
+Qu is kw, as quality is kwality.
+
+NG in the words long and in king is a simple sound like the French n,
+and wants a new character.
+
+SH is a simple sound, and wants a new character.
+
+TH is either sibilant as in thigh; or semivocal as in thee; both of
+which are simple sounds, and want two new characters.
+
+J French exists in our words confu_si_on, and conclusion, judge,
+pigeon, and wants a character.
+
+J consonant, in our language, expresses the letters d, and the French
+j conjoined, as in John, Djon.
+
+CH is either k as in Arch-angel, or is used for a sound compounded of
+Tsh, as in Children, Tshildren.
+
+GL is dl, as Glove is pronounced by polite people dlove.
+
+CL is tl, as Cloe is pronounced by polite speakers Tloe.
+
+The spelling of our language in respect to the pronunciation is also
+wonderfully defective, though perhaps less so than that of the French;
+as the words slaughter and laughter are pronounced totally different,
+though spelt alike. The word sough, now pronounced suff, was formerly
+called sow; whence the iron fused and received into a sough acquired
+the name of sowmetal; and that received into less soughs from the
+former one obtained the name of pigs of iron or of lead; from the pun
+on the word sough, into sow and pigs. Our word jealousies contains all
+the vowels, though three of them only were necessary; nevertheless in
+the two words abstemiously and facetiously the vowels exist all of
+them in their usual order, and are pronounced in their most usual
+manner.
+
+Some of the vowels of our language are diphthongs, and consist of two
+vocal sounds, or vowels, pronounced in quick succession; these
+diphthongs are discovered by prolonging the sound, and observing, if
+the ending of it be different from the beginning; thus the vowel i in
+in our language, as in the word high, if drawn put ends in the sound
+of the letter e as used in English; which is expressed by the letter i
+in most other languages: and the sound of this vowel i begins with ah,
+and consists therefore of ah and ee. Whilst the diphthong on in our
+language, as in the word how, begins with ah also and ends in oo, and
+the vowel u of our language, as in the word use, is likewise a
+diphthong; which begins with e and ends with oo, as eoo. The French u
+is also a diphthong compounded of a and oo, as aoo. And many other
+defects and redundancies in our alphabet will be seen by perusing the
+subsequent structure of a more perfect one.
+
+
+II. _Production of Sounds._
+
+By our organ of hearing we perceive the vibrations of the air; which
+vibrations are performed in more or in less time, which constitutes
+high or low notes in respect to the gammut; but the tone depends on
+the kind of instrument which produces them. In speaking of articulate
+sounds they may be conveniently divided first into clear continued
+sounds, expressed by the letters called vowels; secondly, Into hissing
+sounds, expressed by the letters called sibilants; thirdly, Into
+semivocal sounds, which consist of a mixture of the two former; and,
+lastly, Into interrupted sounds, represented by the letters properly
+termed consonants.
+
+The clear continued sounds are produced by the streams of air passing
+from the lungs in respiration through the larynx; which is furnished
+with many small muscles, which by their action give a proper tension
+to the extremity of this tube; and the sounds, I suppose, are produced
+by the opening and closing of its aperture; something like the trumpet
+stop of an organ, as may be observed by blowing through the wind-pipe
+of a dead goose.
+
+These sounds would all be nearly similar except in their being an
+octave or two higher or lower; but they are modulated again, or
+acquire various tones, in their passage through the mouth; which thus
+converts them into eight vowels, as will be explained below.
+
+The hissing sounds are produced by air forcibly pushed through certain
+passages of the mouth without being previously rendered sonorous by
+the larynx; and obtain their sibilancy from their slower vibrations,
+occasioned by the mucous membrane, which lines those apertures or
+passages, being less tense than that of the larynx. I suppose the
+stream of air is in both cases frequently interrupted by the closing
+of the sides or mouth of the passages or aperture; but that this is
+performed much slower in the production of sibilant sounds, than in
+the production of clear ones.
+
+The semivocal sounds are produced by the stream of air having received
+quick vibrations, or clear sound, in passing through the larynx, or in
+the cavity of the mouth; but apart of it, as the outsides of this
+sonorous current of air, afterwards receives slower vibrations, or
+hissing sound, from some other passages of the lips or mouth, through
+which it then flows. Lastly the stops, or consonants, impede the
+current of air, whether sonorous or sibilant, for a perceptible time;
+and probably produce some change of tone in the act of opening and
+closing their apertures.
+
+There are other clear sounds besides those formed by the larynx; some
+of them are formed in the mouth, as may be heard previous to the
+enunciation of the letters b, and d, and ga; or during the
+pronunciation of the semivocal letters, v. z. j. and others in
+sounding the liquid letters r and l; these sounds we shall term
+orisonance. The other clear sounds are formed in the nostrils, as in
+pronouncing the liquid letters m, n, and ng, these we shall term
+narisonance.
+
+Thus the clear sounds, except those above mentioned, are formed in the
+larynx along with the musical height or lowness of note; but receive
+afterward a variation of tone from the various passages of the mouth:
+add to these that as the sibilant sounds consist of vibrations slower
+than those formed by the larynx, so a whistling through the lips
+consists of vibrations quicker than those formed by the larynx.
+
+As all sound consists in the vibrations of the air, it may not be
+disagreeable to the reader to attend to the immediate causes of those
+vibrations. When any sudden impulse is given to an elastic fluid like
+the air, it acquires a progressive motion of the whole, and a
+condensation of the constituent particles, which first receive the
+impulse; on this account the currents of the atmosphere in stormy
+seasons are never regular, but blow and cease to blow by intervals; as
+a part of the moving stream is condensed by the projectile force; and
+the succeeding part, being consequently rarefied, requires some time
+to recover its density, and to follow the former part: this elasticity
+of the air is likewise the cause of innumerable eddies in it; which
+are much more frequent than in streams of water; as when it is
+impelled against any oblique plane, it results with its elastic force
+added to its progressive one.
+
+Hence when a vacuum is formed in the atmosphere, the sides of the
+cavity forcibly rush together both by the general pressure of the
+superincumbent air, and by the expansion of the elastic particles of
+it; and thus produce a vibration of the atmosphere to a considerable
+distance: this occurs, whether this vacuity of air be occasioned by
+the discharge of cannon, in which the air is displaced by the sudden
+evolution of heat, which as suddenly vanishes; or whether the vacuity
+be left by a vibrating string, as it returns from each side of the
+arc, in which it vibrates; or whether it be left under the lid of the
+valve in the trumpet stop of an organ, or of a child's play trumpet,
+which continues perpetually to open and close, when air is blown
+through it; which is caused by the elasticity of the currents, as it
+occasions the pausing gusts of wind mentioned above.
+
+Hence when a quick current of air is suddenly broken by any
+intervening body, a vacuum is produced by the momentum of the
+proceeding current, between it and the intervening body; as beneath
+the valve of the trumpet-stop above mentioned; and a vibration is in
+consequence produced; which with the great facility, which elastic
+fluids possess of forming eddies, may explain the production of sounds
+by blowing through a fissure upon a sharp edge in a common organ-pipe
+or child's whistle; which has always appeared difficult to resolve;
+for the less vibration an organ-pipe itself possesses, the more
+agreeable, I am informed, is the tone; as the tone is produced by the
+vibration of the air in the organ pipe, and not by that of the sides
+of it; though the latter, when it exists, may alter the tone though,
+not the note, like the belly of a harpsichord, or violin.
+
+When a stream of air is blown on the edge of the aperture of an
+organ-pipe about two thirds of it are believed to pass on the outside
+of this edge, and one third to pass on the inside of it; but this
+current of air on the inside forms an eddy, whether the bottom of the
+pipe be closed or not; which eddy returns upwards, and strikes by
+quick intervals against the original stream of air, as it falls on the
+edge of the aperture, and forces outwards this current of air with
+quick repetitions, so as to make more than two thirds of it, and less
+than two thirds alternately pass on the outside; whence a part of this
+stream of air, on each side of the edge of the aperture is perpetually
+stopped by that edge; and thus a vacuum and vibration in consequence,
+are reciprocally produced on each side of the edge of the aperture.
+
+The quickness or slowness of these vibrations constitute the higher
+and lower notes of music, but they all of them are propagated to
+distant places in the same time; as the low notes of a distant ring of
+bells are heard in equal times with the higher ones: hence in speaking
+at a distance from the auditors, the clear sounds produced in the
+larynx by the quick vibrations of its aperture, which form the vowels;
+the tremulous sounds of the L. R. M. N. NG. which are owing to
+vibrations of certain apertures of the mouth and nose, and are so
+slow, that the intervals between them are perceived; the sibilant
+sounds, which I suppose are occasioned by the air not rushing into a
+complete vacuum, whence the vibrations produced are defective in
+velocity; and lastly the very high notes made by the quickest
+vibrations of the lips in whistling; are all heard in due succession
+without confusion; as the progressive motions of all sounds I believe
+travel with equal velocity, notwithstanding the greater or less
+quickness of their vibrations.
+
+
+III. STRUCTURE OF THE ALPHABET.
+
+_Mute and antesonant Consonants, and nasal Liquids._
+
+P. If the lips be pressed close together and some air be condensed in
+the mouth behind them, on opening the lips the mute consonant P begins
+a syllable; if the lips be closed suddenly during the passage of a
+current of air through them, the air becomes condensed in the mouth
+behind them, and the mute consonant P terminates a syllable.
+
+B. If in the above situation of the lips a sound is previously
+produced in the mouth, which may be termed orisonance, the semisonant
+consonant B is produced, which like the letter P above described may
+begin or terminate a syllable.
+
+M. In the above situation of the lips, if a sound is produced through
+the nostrils, which sound is termed narisonance, the nasal letter M is
+formed; the sound of which may be lengthened in pronunciation like
+those of the vowels.
+
+T. If the point of the tongue be applied to the forepart of the
+palate, at the roots of the upper teeth, and some air condensed in the
+mouth behind, on withdrawing the tongue downwards the mute consonant T
+is formed; which may begin or terminate a syllable.
+
+D. If the tongue be placed as above described, and a sound be
+previously produced in the mouth, the semisonant consonant D is
+formed, which may begin or terminate a syllable.
+
+N. If in the above situation of the tongue and palate a sound be
+produced through the nostrils, the nasal letter N is formed, the sound
+of which may be elongated like those of the vowels.
+
+K. If the point of the tongue be retracted, and applied to the middle
+part of the palate; and some air condensed in the mouth behind; on
+withdrawing the tongue downwards the mute consonant K is produced,
+which may begin or terminate a syllable.
+
+Ga. If in the above situation of the tongue and palate a sound be
+previously produced in the mouth behind, the semisonant consonant G is
+formed, as pronounced in the word go, and may begin or terminate a
+syllable.
+
+NG. If in the above situation of the tongue and palate a sound be
+produced through the nostrils; the nasal letter ng is produced, as in
+king and throng; which is the french n, the sound of which may be
+elongated like a vowel; and should have an appropriated character, as
+thus _v_.
+
+Three of these letters, P, T, K, are stops to the stream of vocal air,
+and are called mutes by grammarians; three, B, D, Ga, are preceded by
+a little orisonance; and three, M, N, NG, possess continued
+narisonance, and have been called liquids by grammarians.
+
+
+_Sibilants and Sonisibilants._
+
+W. Of the Germans; if the lips be appressed together, as informing the
+letter P; and air from the mouth be forced between them; the W
+sibilant is produced, as pronounced by the Germans, and by some of the
+inferiour people of London, and ought to have an appropriated
+character as thus M.[TN: Upside down W.]
+
+W. If in the above situation of the lips a sound be produced in the
+mouth, as in the letter B, and the sonorous air be forced between
+them; the sonisibilant letter W is produced; which is the common W of
+our language.
+
+F. If the lower lip be appressed to the edges of the upper teeth, and
+air from the mouth be forced between them, the sibilant letter F is
+formed.
+
+V. If in the above situation of the lip and teeth a sound be produced
+in the mouth, and the sonorous air be forced between them, the
+sonisibilant letter V is formed.
+
+Th. Sibilant. If the point of the tongue be placed between the teeth,
+and air from the mouth be forced between them, the Th sibilant is
+produced, as in thigh, and should have a proper character, as [TN: Looks
+like the Greek 'phi'].
+
+Th. Sonisibilant. If in the above situation of the tongue and teeth a
+sound be produced in the mouth, and the sonorous air be forced between
+them, the sonisibilant Th is formed, as in Thee; and should have an
+appropriated character as [TN: Looks like the Greek 'theta'].
+
+S. If the point of the tongue be appressed to the forepart of the
+palate, as in forming the letter T, and air from the mouth be forced
+between them, the sibilant letter S is produced.
+
+Z. If in the above situation of the tongue and palate a sound be
+produced in the mouth, as in the letter D, and the sonorous air be
+forced between them, the sonisibilant letter Z is formed.
+
+SH. If the point of the tongue be retracted and applied to the middle
+part of the palate, as in forming the letter K, and air from the mouth
+be forced between them, the letter Sh is produced, which is a simple
+sound and ought to have a single character, thus [TN: Looks like the
+Greek 'lambda'].
+
+J. French. If in the above situation of the tongue and palate a sound
+be produced in the mouth, as in the letter Ga; and the sonorous air
+be forced between them; the J consonant of the French is formed; which
+is a sonisibilant letter, as in the word conclusion, confusion,
+pigeon; it should be called Je, and should have a different character
+from the vowel i, with which it has an analogy, as thus _V_.
+
+H. If the back part of the tongue be appressed to the pendulous
+curtain of the palate and uvula; and air from behind be forced between
+them; the sibilant letter H is produced.
+
+Ch Spanish. If in the above situation of the tongue and palate a sound
+be produced behind; and the sonorous air be forced between them; the
+Ch Spanish is formed; which is a sonisibilant letter, the same as the
+Ch Scotch in the words Bu_ch_anan and lo_ch_: it is also perhaps the
+Welsh guttural expressed by their double L as in Lloyd, Lluellen; it
+is a simple sound, and ought to have a single character as [TN: Looks
+like an H on its side].
+
+The sibilant and sonisibilant letters may be elongated in
+pronunciation like the vowels; the sibilancy is probably occasioned by
+the vibrations of the air being slower than those of the lowest
+musical notes. I have preferred the word sonisibilants to the word
+semivocal sibilants; as the sounds of these sonisibilants are formed
+in different apertures of the mouth, and not in the larynx like the
+vowels.
+
+
+_Orisonant Liquids._
+
+R. If the point of the tongue be appressed to the forepart of the
+palate, as in forming the letters T, D, N, S, Z, and air be pushed
+between them so as to produce continued sound, the letter R is formed.
+
+L. If the retracted tongue be appressed to the middle of the palate,
+as in forming the letters K, Ga, NG, Sh, J French, and air be pushed
+over its edges so as to produce continued sound, the letter L is
+formed.
+
+The nasal letters m, n, and ng, are clear tremulous sounds like R and
+L, and have all of them been called liquids by grammarians. Besides
+the R and L, above described, there is another orisonant sound
+produced by the lips in whistling; which is not used in this country
+as a part of language, and has therefore obtained no character, but is
+analogous to the R and L; it is also possible, that another orisonant
+letter may be formed by the back part of the tongue and back part of
+the palate, as in pronouncing H and Ch, which may perhaps be the Welch
+Ll in Lloyd, Lluellin.
+
+
+_Four pairs of Vowels._
+
+A pronounced like au, as in the word call. If the aperture, made by
+approximating the back part of the tongue to the uvula and pendulous
+curtain of the palate, as in forming the sibilant letter H, and the
+sonisibilant letter Ch Spanish, be enlarged just so much as to prevent
+sibilancy; and a continued sound produced by the larynx be modulated
+in passing through it; the letter A is formed, as in ball, wall, which
+is sounded like aw in the word awkward; and is the most usual sound of
+the letter A in foreign languages; and to distinguish it from the
+succeeding A might be called A micron; as the aperture of the fauces,
+where it is produced, is less than in the next A.
+
+A pronounced like ah, as in the word hazard. If the aperture of the
+fauces above described, between the back part of the tongue and the
+back part of the palate, be enlarged as much as convenient, and a
+continued sound, produced in the larynx, be modulated in passing
+through it; the letter A is formed, as in animal, army, and ought to
+have an appropriated character in our language, as thus [TN: Looks like
+an A on its head]. As this letter A is formed by a larger aperture than
+the former one, it may be called A mega.
+
+A pronounced as in the words cake, ale. If the retracted tongue by
+approximation to the middle part of the palate, as in forming the
+letters R, Ga, NG, Sh, J French, L, leaves an aperture just so large
+as to prevent sibilancy, and sonorous air from the larynx be modulated
+in passing through it; the letter A is produced, as pronounced in the
+words whale, sale, and ought to have an appropriated character in our
+language, as thus [TN: Looks like a handwritten 9]; this is expressed by
+the letter E in some modern languages, and might be termed E micron;
+as it is formed by a less aperture of the mouth than the succeeding E.
+
+E pronounced like the vowel a, when short, as in the words emblem,
+dwelling. If the aperture above described between the retracted tongue
+and the middle of the palate be enlarged as much as convenient, and
+sonorous air from the larynx be modulated in passing through it, the
+letter E is formed, as in the words egg, herring; and as it is
+pronounced in most foreign languages, and might be called E mega to
+distinguish it from the preceding E.
+
+I pronounced like e in keel. If the point of the tongue by
+approximation to the forepart of the palate, as in forming the letters
+T, D, N, S, Z, R, leaves an aperture just so large as to prevent
+sibilancy, and sonorous air from the larynx be modulated in passing
+through it; the vowel I is produced, which is in our language
+generally represented by e when long, as in the word keel; and by i
+when, short, as in the word it, which is the sound of this letter in
+most foreign languages; and may be called E micron to distinguish it
+from the succeeding E or Y.
+
+Y, when it begins a word, as in youth. If the aperture above described
+between the point of the tongue, and the forepart of the palate be
+enlarged as much as convenient, and sonorous air from the larynx be
+modulated in passing through it, the letter Y is formed; which, when
+it begins a word, has been called Y consonant by some, and by others
+has been thought only a quick pronunciation of our e, or the i of
+foreign languages; as in the word year, yellow; and may be termed E
+mega, as it is formed by a larger aperture than the preceding e or i.
+
+O pronounced like oo, as in the word fool. If the lips by
+approximation to each other, as in forming the letters P, B, M, W
+sibilant, W sonisibilant, leave an aperture just so wide as to prevent
+sibilancy; and sonorous air from the larynx be modulated in passing
+through it; the letter O is formed, as in the words cool, school, and
+ought to have an appropriated character as thus [TN: Looks like the
+infinity symbol], and may be termed o micron to distinguish it from
+the succeeding o.
+
+O pronounced as in the word cold. If the aperture above described
+between the approximated lips be enlarged as much as convenient; and
+sonorous air from the larynx be modulated in passing through it, the
+letter o is formed, as in sole, coal, which may be termed o mega, as
+it is formed in a larger aperture than the preceding one.
+
+
+_Conclusion._
+
+The alphabet appears from this analysis of it to consist of thirty-one
+letters, which spell all European languages.
+
+Three mute consonants, P, T, K.
+
+Three antesonant consonants, B, D, Ga.
+
+Three narisonant liquids, M, N, NG.
+
+Six sibilants, W German, F, Th, S, Sh, H.
+
+Six sonisibilants, W, V, Th, Z, J French, Ch Spanish.
+
+Two orisonant liquids, R, L.
+
+Eight vowels, Aw, ah, a, e, i, y, oo, o.
+
+To these thirty-one characters might perhaps be added one for the
+Welsh L, and another for whistling with the lips; and it is possible,
+that some savage nations, whose languages are said to abound with
+gutturals, may pronounce a mute consonant, as well as an antesonant
+one, and perhaps another narisonant letter, by appressing the back
+part of the tongue to the back part of the palate, as in pronouncing
+the H, and Ch Spanish.
+
+The philosophical reader will perceive that these thirty-one sounds
+might be expressed by fewer characters referring to the manner of
+their production. As suppose one character was to express the
+antesonance of B, D, Ga; another the orisonance of R, L; another the
+sibilance of W, S, Sh, H; another the sonisibilance of W, Z, J French,
+Ch Spanish; another to express the more open vowels; another the less
+open vowels; for which the word micron is here used, and for which the
+word mega is here used.
+
+Then the following characters only might be necessary to express them
+all; P alone, or with antesonance B; with narisonance M; with
+sibilance W German; with sonisibilance W; with vocality, termed micron
+OO; with vocality, termed mega O.
+
+T alone, or with the above characters added to it, would in the same
+manner suggest D, N, S, Z, EE, Y, and R with a mark for orisonance.
+
+K alone, or with the additional characters, would suggest Ga, NG, Sh,
+J French, A, E, and L, with a mark for orisonance.
+
+F alone, or with a mark for sonisibilance, V.
+
+Th alone, or with a mark for sonisibilance, Th.
+
+H alone, or with a mark for sonisibilance, Ch Spanish, and with a mark
+for less open vocality, aw, with another for more open vocality ah.
+
+Whence it appears that six single characters, for the letters P, T, K,
+F, Th, H, with seven additional marks joined to them for antesonance,
+narisonance, orisonance, sibilance, sonisibilance, less open vocality,
+and more open vocality; being in all but thirteen characters, may
+spell all the European languages.
+
+I have found more difficulty in analyzing the vowels than the other
+letters; as the apertures, through which they are modulated, do not
+close; and it was therefore less easy to ascertain exactly, in what
+part of the mouth they were modulated; but recollecting that those
+parts of the mouth must be more ready to use for the purpose of
+forming the vowels, which were in the habit of being exerted in
+forming the other letters; I rolled up some tin foil into cylinders
+about the size of my finger; and speaking the vowels separately
+through them, found by the impressions made on them, in what part of
+the mouth each of the vowels was formed with somewhat greater
+accuracy, but not so as perfectly to satisfy myself.
+
+The parts of the mouth appeared to me to be those in which the letters
+P, I, K, and H, are produced; as those, where the letters F and Th are
+formed, do not suit the production of mute or antesonant consonants;
+as the interstices of the teeth would occasion some sibilance; and
+these apertures are not adapted to the formation of vowels on the same
+account.
+
+The two first vowels aw and ah being modulated in the back part of the
+mouth, it is necessary to open wide the lips and other passages of the
+mouth in pronouncing them; that those passages may not again alter
+their tone; and that more so in pronouncing ah, than aw; as the
+aperture of the fauces is opened wider, where it is formed, and from
+the greater or less size of these apertures used in forming the vowels
+by different persons, the tone of all of them may be somewhat altered
+as spoken by different orators.
+
+I have treated with greater confidence on the formation of articulate
+sounds, as I many years ago gave considerable attention to this
+subject for the purpose of improving shorthand; at that time I
+contrived a wooden mouth with lips of soft leather, and with a valve
+over the back part of it for nostrils, both which could be quickly
+opened or closed by the pressure of the fingers, the vocality was
+given by a silk ribbon about an inch long and a quarter of an inch
+wide stretched between two bits of smooth wood a little hollowed; so
+that when a gentle current of air from bellows was blown on the edge
+of the ribbon, it gave an agreeable tone, as it vibrated between the
+wooden sides, much like a human voice. This head pronounced the p, b,
+m, and the vowel a, with so great nicety as to deceive all who heard
+it unseen, when it pronounced the words mama, papa, map, and pam; and
+had a most plaintive tone, when the lips were gradually closed. My
+other occupations prevented me from proceeding in the further
+construction of this machine; which might have required but thirteen
+movements, as shown in the above analysis, unless some variety of
+musical note was to be added to the vocality produced in the larynx;
+all of which movements might communicate with the keys of a
+harpsichord or forte piano, and perform the song as well as the
+accompaniment; or which if built in a gigantic form, might speak so
+loud as to command an army or instruct a crowd.
+
+I conclude this with an agreeable hope, that now war is ceased, the
+active and ingenious of all nations will attend again to those
+sciences, which better the condition of human nature; and that the
+alphabet will undergo a perfect reformation, which may indeed make it
+more difficult to trace the etymologies of words, but will much
+facilitate the acquisition of modern languages; which as science
+improves and becomes more generally diffused, will gradually become
+more distinct and accurate than the ancient ones; as metaphors will
+cease to be necessary in conversation, and only be used as the
+ornaments of poetry.
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS OF THE ADDITIONAL NOTES.
+
+
+NOTE I. SPONTANEOUS VITALITY OF MICROSCOPIC ANIMALS.
+
+I. Spontaneous vital production not contrary to scripture; to be
+looked for only in the simplest organic beings; supposed want of
+analogy no argument against it, as this equally applies to all new
+discoveries. II. The power of reproduction distinguishes organic
+beings; which are gradually enlarged and improved by it. III.
+Microscopic animals produced from all vegetable and animal infusions;
+generate others like themselves by solitary reproduction; not produced
+from eggs; conferva fontinalis; mucor. IV. Theory of spontaneous
+vitality. Animal nutrition; vegetable; some organic particles have
+appetencies to unite, others propensities to be united; buds of trees;
+sexual reproduction: analogy between generation and nutrition; laws of
+elasticity not understood; dead animalcules recover life by heat and
+moisture; chaos redivivum; vorticella; shell-snails; eggs and seeds:
+hydra. Classes of microscopic animals; general remarks.
+
+
+NOTE II. FACULTIES OF THE SENSORIUM.
+
+Fibres possess a power of contraction; spirit of animation immediate
+cause of their contracting; stimulus of external bodies the remote
+cause; stimulus produces irritation; due contraction occasions
+pleasure; too much, or too little, pain; sensation produces desire or
+aversion, which constitute volition: associated motions; irritation;
+sensation; volition; association; sensorium.
+
+
+NOTE III. VOLCANOES.
+
+Their explosions occasioned by water falling on boiling lava; primeval
+earthquakes of great extent; more elastic vapours might raise islands
+and continents, or even throw the moon from the earth; stones falling
+from the sky; earthquake at, Lisbon; subterraneous fires under this
+island.
+
+
+NOTE IV. MUSQUITO.
+
+The larva lives chiefly in water; it may be driven away by smoke;
+gnats; libelulla; æstros bovis; bolts: musca chamæleon; vomitoria.
+
+
+NOTE V. AMPHIBIOUS ANIMALS.
+
+Diodon has both lungs and gills; some amphibious quadrupeds have the
+foramen ovale open; perhaps it may be kept open in dogs by frequent
+immersion so as to render them amphibious; pearl divers; distinctions
+of amphibious animals; lamprey, leech; remora; whale.
+
+
+NOTE VI. HIEROGLYPHIC CHARACTERS.
+
+Used by the magi of Egypt to record discoveries in science, and
+historical events; astrology an early superstition; universal
+characters desirable; Grey's Memoria Technica; Bergeret's Botanical
+Nomenclature; Bishop Wilkins's Real Character and Philosophical
+Language.
+
+
+NOTE VII. OLD AGE AND DEATH.
+
+I. Immediate cause of the infirmities of age not yet well ascertained;
+must be sought in the laws of animal excitability; debility induced by
+inactivity of many parts of the system; organs of sense become less
+excitable; this ascribed to habit; may arise from deficient secretion
+of sensorial power; all parts of the system not changed as we advance
+in life. II. Means of preventing old age; warm bath; fishes;
+cold-blooded amphibious animals; fermented liquors injurious; also
+want of heat, food, and fresh air; variation of stimuli; volition;
+activity. III. Theory of the approach of age; surprise: novelty; why
+contagious diseases affect a person but once; debility; death.
+
+
+NOTE VIII. REPRODUCTION.
+
+I. Distinguishes animation from mechanism; solitary and sexual; buds
+and bulbs; aphises; tenia; volvox; polypus; oyster; eel;
+hermaphrodites. II. Sexual. III. Inferior vegetables and animals
+propagate by solitary generation only; next order by both; superior by
+sexual generation alone. IV. Animals are improved by reproduction;
+contagious diseases; reproduction a mystery.
+
+
+NOTE IX. STORGE.
+
+Pelicans; pigeons; instincts of animals acquired by a previous state,
+and transmitted by tradition; parental love originates from pleasure.
+
+
+NOTE X. EVE FROM ADAM'S RIB.
+
+Mosaic history of Paradise supposed by some to be an allegory;
+Egyptian philosophers, and others, supposed mankind to have been
+originally of both sexes united.
+
+
+NOTE XI. HEREDITARY DISEASES.
+
+Most affect the offspring of solitary reproduction: grafted trees,
+strawberries, potatoes; changing seed; intermarriages; hereditary
+diseases owing to indulgence in fermented liquors; immoderate use of
+common salt; improvement of progeny; hazardous to marry an heiress.
+
+
+NOTE XII. CHEMICAL THEORY OF ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM.
+
+I. Attraction and repulsion. II. Two kinds of electric ether;
+atmospheres of electricity surround all separate bodies; atmospheres
+of similar kinds repel, of different kinds attract each other
+strongly; explode on uniting; nonconductors; imperfect conductors;
+perfect conductors; torpedo, gymnotus, galvanism. III. Effect of
+metallic points. IV. Accumulation of electric ethers by contact. V. By
+vicinity; Volta's electrophorus and Rennet's doubler. VI. By heat and
+by decomposition; the tourmalin; cats; galvanic pile; evaporation of
+water. VII. The spark from the conductor; electric light; not
+accounted for by Franklin's theory. VIII. Shock from a coated jar;
+perhaps an unrestrainable ethereal fluid yet unobserved; electric
+condensation. IX. Galvanic electricity. X. Two magnetic ethers;
+analogy between magnetism and electricity; differences between them.
+XI. Conclusion.
+
+
+NOTE XIII. ANALYSIS OF TASTE.
+
+Taste may signify the pleasures received by any of the senses, but not
+those which simply attend perception; four sources of pleasure in
+vision. I. Novelty or infrequency of visible objects; surprise. II.
+Repetition; beating of a drum; dancing; architecture; landscapes;
+picturesque; beautiful; romantic; sublime. III. Melody of colours. IV.
+Association of agreeable sentiments with visible objects; vision the
+language of touch; sentiment of beauty.
+
+
+NOTE XIV. THEORY AND STRUCTURE OF LANGUAGE.
+
+Ideas; words the names or symbols of ideas. I. Conjunctions and
+prepositions; abbreviations of other words. II. Nouns substantive.
+III. Adjectives, articles; participles, adverbs. IV. Verbs;
+progressive production of language.
+
+
+NOTE XV. ANALYSIS OF ARTICULATE SOUNDS.
+
+I. Imperfections of the present alphabet; of our orthography. II.
+Production of sounds. III. Structure of the alphabet; mute and
+antesonant consonants, and nasal liquids; sibilants and sonisibilants;
+orisonant liquids; four pairs of vowels; alphabet consists of
+thirty-one letters; speaking figure.
+
+
+
+
+ERRATUM.
+
+Additional Notes, p. 43, l. 3, for Canto II, l. 129, read Canto II, l.
+165.
+
+
+T. Bensley, Printer, Bolt Court; Fleet Street, London.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Temple of Nature; or, the Origin
+of Society, by Erasmus Darwin
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+<title>The Project Gutenberg e-Book of The Temple of Nature; Author: Erasmus Darwin.</title>
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Temple of Nature; or, the Origin of
+Society, by Erasmus Darwin
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Temple of Nature; or, the Origin of Society
+       A Poem, with Philosophical Notes
+
+Author: Erasmus Darwin
+
+Release Date: October 9, 2008 [EBook #26861]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TEMPLE OF NATURE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Steven Gibbs, Christine P. Travers and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<p class="tn">Transcriber's note: Obvious printer's errors have been corrected, all
+other inconsistencies are as in the original. The author's spelling
+has been maintained.</p>
+
+
+<h1><span class="smaller">THE</span><br>
+TEMPLE OF NATURE;<br>
+<span class="smaller">OR, THE</span><br>
+ORIGIN OF SOCIETY.</h1>
+
+<p class="p4 smaller center">T. Bensley, Printer, Bolt Court, Fleet Street, London.</p>
+
+<h1><span class="smaller">THE</span><br>
+TEMPLE OF NATURE;<br>
+<span class="smaller">OR, THE</span><br>
+ORIGIN OF SOCIETY:</h1>
+
+<p class="p2 center">A POEM,<br>
+WITH PHILOSOPHICAL NOTES.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">BY</p>
+
+<h2>ERASMUS DARWIN, M.D. F.R.S.</h2>
+
+<p class="p2 center smaller">AUTHOR OF THE BOTANIC GARDEN, OF ZOONOMIA, AND OF
+PHYTOLOGIA.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 poem20">
+  Unde hominum pecudumque genus, vitæque volantum,<br>
+  Et quæ marmoreo fert monstra sub æquore pontus?<br>
+  Igneus est illis vigor, &amp; cælestis origo.<br>
+<span class="left50"><span class="smcap">Virg.</span> Æn. VI. 728.</span></p>
+
+<p class="p4 small center">LONDON: PRINTED FOR J. JOHNSON, ST. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD,<br>
+BY T. BENSLEY, BOLT COURT, FLEET STREET.<br>
+1803.</p>
+
+
+<h4>PREFACE.</h4>
+
+
+<p>The Poem, which is here offered to the Public, does not pretend to
+instruct by deep researches of reasoning; its aim is simply to amuse
+by bringing distinctly to the imagination the beautiful and sublime
+images of the operations of Nature in the order, as the Author
+believes, in which the progressive course of time presented them.</p>
+
+<p>The Deities of Egypt, and afterwards of Greece, and Rome, were derived
+from men famous in those early times, as in the ages of hunting,
+pasturage, and agriculture. The histories of some of their actions
+recorded in Scripture, or celebrated in the heathen mythology, are
+introduced, as the Author hopes, without impropriety into his account
+of those remote periods of human society.</p>
+
+<p>In the Eleusinian mysteries the philosophy of the works of Nature,
+with the origin and progress of society, are believed to have been
+taught by allegoric scenery explained by the Hierophant to the
+initiated, which gave rise to the machinery of the following Poem.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Priory near Derby</span>,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Jan. 1, 1802.</span></p>
+
+
+
+<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page001" name="page001"></a>(p. 001)</span> ORIGIN OF SOCIETY.<br>
+
+CANTO I.<br>
+
+PRODUCTION OF LIFE.</h3>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page002" name="page002"></a>(p. 002)</span> CONTENTS.</h4>
+
+<p class="resume"><span class="min1em"><a href="#canto1_I">I.</a> Subject proposed.</span>
+Life, Love, and Sympathy <a href="#canto1_I">1.</a>
+Four past Ages, a fifth beginning <a href="#canto1_9">9</a>.
+Invocation to Love <a href="#canto1_15">15</a>.
+<a href="#canto1_II">II</a>. Bowers of Eden, Adam and Eve <a href="#canto1_II">33</a>.
+Temple of Nature <a href="#canto1_65">65</a>.
+Time chained by Sculpture <a href="#canto1_75">75</a>.
+Proteus bound by Menelaus <a href="#canto1_83">83</a>.
+Bowers of Pleasure <a href="#canto1_89">89</a>.
+School of Venus <a href="#canto1_97">97</a>.
+Court of Pain <a href="#canto1_105">105</a>.
+Den of Oblivion <a href="#canto1_113">113</a>.
+Muse of Melancholy <a href="#canto1_121">121</a>.
+Cave of Trophonius <a href="#canto1_125">125</a>.
+Shrine of Nature <a href="#canto1_129">129</a>.
+Eleusinian Mysteries <a href="#canto1_137">137</a>.
+<a href="#canto1_III">III</a>.
+Morning <a href="#canto1_III">155</a>.
+Procession of Virgins <a href="#canto1_159">159</a>.
+Address to the Priestess <a href="#canto1_167">167</a>.
+Descent of Orpheus into Hell <a href="#canto1_185">185</a>.
+<a href="#canto1_IV">IV</a>. Urania <a href="#canto1_IV">205</a>.
+<span class="smcap">God</span> the First Cause <a href="#canto1_223">223</a>.
+Life began beneath the Sea <a href="#canto1_233">233</a>.
+Repulsion, Attraction, Contraction, Life <a href="#canto1_235">235</a>.
+Spontaneous Production of Minute Animals <a href="#canto1_247">247</a>.
+Irritation, Appetency <a href="#canto1_251">251</a>.
+Life enlarges the Earth <a href="#canto1_265">265</a>.
+Sensation, Volition, Association <a href="#canto1_269">269</a>.
+Scene in the Microscope; Mucor, Monas, Vibrio, Vorticella, Proteus, Mite <a href="#canto1_281">281</a>.
+<a href="#canto1_V">V</a>. Vegetables and Animals improve by Reproduction <a href="#canto1_V">295</a>.
+Have all arisen from Microscopic Animalcules <a href="#canto1_303">303</a>.
+Rocks of Shell and Coral <a href="#canto1_315">315</a>.
+Islands and Continents raised by Earthquakes <a href="#canto1_321">321</a>.
+Emigration of Animals from the Sea <a href="#canto1_327">327</a>.
+Trapa <a href="#canto1_335">335</a>.
+Tadpole, Musquito <a href="#canto1_343">343</a>.
+Diodon, Lizard, Beaver, Lamprey, Remora, Whale <a href="#canto1_351">351</a>.
+Venus rising from the Sea, emblem of Organic Nature <a href="#canto1_371">371</a>.
+All animals are first Aquatic <a href="#canto1_385">385</a>.
+Fetus in the Womb <a href="#canto1_389">389</a>.
+Animals from the Mud of the Nile <a href="#canto1_401">401</a>.
+The Hierophant and Muse <a href="#canto1_421">421</a>-450.</p>
+
+<a id="canto1" name="canto1"></a>
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page003" name="page003"></a>(p. 003)</span> CANTO I.<br>
+
+PRODUCTION OF LIFE.</h4>
+
+
+<div class="poem">
+<p><a id="canto1_I" name="canto1_I"></a>I. By firm immutable immortal laws<br>
+  Impress'd on Nature by the <span class="smcap">Great First Cause</span>,<br>
+  Say, <span class="smcap">Muse</span>! how rose from elemental strife<br>
+  Organic forms, and kindled into life;<br>
+  How Love and Sympathy with potent charm<br>
+  Warm the cold heart, the lifted hand disarm;<br>
+  Allure with pleasures, and alarm with pains,<br>
+  And bind Society in golden chains.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_9" name="canto1_9"></a>Four past eventful Ages then recite,<br>
+  And give the fifth, new-born of Time, to light;                <span class="ralign">10</span><br>
+  The silken tissue of their joys disclose,<br>
+  Swell with deep chords the murmur of their woes;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page004" name="page004"></a>(p. 004)</span> Their laws, their labours, and their loves proclaim,<br>
+  And chant their virtues to the trump of Fame.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_15" name="canto1_15"></a><span class="smcap">Immortal Love!</span> who ere the morn of Time,<br>
+  On wings outstretch'd, o'er Chaos hung sublime;<br>
+  Warm'd into life the bursting egg of Night,<br>
+  And gave young Nature to admiring Light!&mdash;<br>
+  <span class="smcap">You!</span> whose wide arms, in soft embraces hurl'd<br>
+  Round the vast frame, connect the whirling world!      <span class="ralign">20</span><br>
+  Whether immers'd in day, the Sun your throne,<br>
+  You gird the planets in your silver zone;<br>
+  Or warm, descending on ethereal wing,<br>
+  The Earth's cold bosom with the beams of spring;<br>
+  Press drop to drop, to atom atom bind,<br>
+  Link sex to sex, or rivet mind to mind;<br>
+  Attend my song!&mdash;With rosy lips rehearse,<br>
+  And with your polish'd arrows write my verse!&mdash;<br>
+  So shall my lines soft-rolling eyes engage,<br>
+  And snow-white fingers turn the volant page;      <span class="ralign">30</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page005" name="page005"></a>(p. 005)</span> The smiles of Beauty all my toils repay,<br>
+  And youths and virgins chant the living lay.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_II" name="canto1_II"></a>II. <span class="smcap">Where Eden's</span> sacred bowers triumphant sprung,<br>
+  By angels guarded, and by prophets sung,<br>
+  Wav'd o'er the east in purple pride unfurl'd,<br>
+  And rock'd the golden <a id="c1_l36" name="c1_l36"></a><a href="#canto1_l36">cradle of the World</a>;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page006" name="page006"></a>(p. 006)</span> Four sparkling currents lav'd with wandering tides<br>
+  Their velvet avenues, and flowery sides;<br>
+  On sun-bright lawns unclad the Graces stray'd,<br>
+  And guiltless Cupids haunted every glade;      <span class="ralign">40</span><br>
+  Till the fair Bride, forbidden shades among,<br>
+  Heard unalarm'd the Tempter's serpent-tongue;<br>
+  Eyed the sweet fruit, the mandate disobey'd,<br>
+  And her fond Lord with sweeter smiles betray'd.<br>
+  Conscious awhile with throbbing heart he strove,<br>
+  Spread his wide arms, and barter'd life for love!&mdash;<br>
+  Now rocks on rocks, in savage grandeur roll'd,<br>
+  Steep above steep, the blasted plains infold;<br>
+  The incumbent crags eternal tempest shrouds,<br>
+  And livid light'nings cleave the lambent clouds;      <span class="ralign">50</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page007" name="page007"></a>(p. 007)</span> Round the firm base loud-howling whirlwinds blow,<br>
+  And sands in burning eddies dance below.</p>
+
+<p>Hence ye profane!&mdash;the warring winds exclude<br>
+  Unhallow'd throngs, that press with footstep rude;<br>
+  But court the Muse's train with milder skies,<br>
+  And call with softer voice the good and wise.<br>
+  &mdash;Charm'd at her touch the opening wall divides,<br>
+  And rocks of crystal form the polish'd sides;<br>
+  Through the bright arch the Loves and Graces tread,<br>
+  Innocuous thunders murmuring o'er their head;      <span class="ralign">60</span><br>
+  Pair after pair, and tittering, as they pass,<br>
+  View their fair features in the walls of glass;<br>
+  Leave with impatient step the circling bourn,<br>
+  And hear behind the closing rocks return.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_65" name="canto1_65"></a><span class="smcap">Here</span>, high in air, unconscious of the storm.<br>
+  Thy temple, <span class="smcap">Nature</span>, rears it's mystic form;<br>
+  From earth to heav'n, unwrought by mortal toil,<br>
+  Towers the vast fabric on the desert soil;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page008" name="page008"></a>(p. 008)</span> O'er many a league the ponderous domes extend.<br>
+  And deep in earth the ribbed vaults descend;      <span class="ralign">70</span><br>
+  A thousand jasper steps with circling sweep<br>
+  Lead the slow votary up the winding steep;<br>
+  Ten thousand piers, now join'd and now aloof,<br>
+  Bear on their branching arms the fretted roof.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_75" name="canto1_75"></a>Unnumber'd ailes connect unnumber'd halls,<br>
+  And sacred symbols crowd the <a id="c1_l76" name="c1_l76"></a><a href="#canto1_l76">pictur'd walls</a>;<br>
+  With pencil rude forgotten days design,<br>
+  And arts, or empires, live in every line.<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page009" name="page009"></a>(p. 009)</span> While chain'd reluctant on the marble ground,<br>
+  Indignant <span class="smcap">Time</span> reclines, by Sculpture bound;        <span class="ralign">80</span><br>
+  And sternly bending o'er a scroll unroll'd,<br>
+  Inscribes the future with his style of gold.<br>
+  <a id="canto1_83" name="canto1_83"></a>&mdash;<a id="c1_l83" name="c1_l83"></a><a href="#canto1_l83">So erst, when <span class="smcap">Proteus</span></a> on the briny shore,<br>
+  New forms assum'd of eagle, pard, or boar;<br>
+  The wise <span class="smcap">Atrides</span> bound in sea-weed thongs<br>
+  The changeful god amid his scaly throngs;<br>
+  Till in deep tones his opening lips at last<br>
+  Reluctant told the future and the past.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_89" name="canto1_89"></a><span class="smcap">Here</span> o'er piazza'd courts, and long arcades,<br>
+  The bowers of <span class="smcap">Pleasure</span> root their waving shades;      <span class="ralign">90</span><br>
+  Shed o'er the pansied moss a checker'd gloom,<br>
+  Bend with new fruits, with flow'rs successive bloom.<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page010" name="page010"></a>(p. 010)</span> Pleas'd, their light limbs on beds of roses press'd,<br>
+  In slight undress recumbent Beauties rest;<br>
+  On tiptoe steps surrounding Graces move,<br>
+  And gay Desires expand their wings above.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_97" name="canto1_97"></a><span class="smcap">Here</span> young <span class="smcap">Dione</span> arms her quiver'd Loves,<br>
+  Schools her bright Nymphs, and practises her doves;<br>
+  Calls round her laughing eyes in playful turns,<br>
+  The glance that lightens, and the smile that burns;          <span class="ralign">100</span><br>
+  Her dimpling cheeks with transient blushes dies,<br>
+  Heaves her white bosom with seductive sighs;<br>
+  Or moulds with rosy lips the magic words,<br>
+  That bind the heart in adamantine cords.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_105" name="canto1_105"></a>Behind in twilight gloom with scowling mien<br>
+  The demon <span class="smcap">Pain</span>, convokes his court unseen;<br>
+  Whips, fetters, flames, pourtray'd on sculptur'd stone,<br>
+  In dread festoons, adorn his ebon throne;<br>
+  Each side a cohort of diseases stands,<br>
+  And shudd'ring Fever leads the ghastly bands;               <span class="ralign">110</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page011" name="page011"></a>(p. 011)</span> O'er all Despair expands his raven wings,<br>
+  And guilt-stain'd Conscience darts a thousand stings.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_113" name="canto1_113"></a>Deep-whelm'd beneath, in vast sepulchral caves,<br>
+  <span class="smcap">Oblivion</span> dwells amid unlabell'd graves;<br>
+  The storied tomb, the laurell'd bust o'erturns,<br>
+  And shakes their ashes from the mould'ring urns.&mdash;<br>
+  No vernal zephyr breathes, no sunbeams cheer,<br>
+  Nor song, nor simper, ever enters here;<br>
+  O'er the green floor, and round the dew-damp wall,<br>
+  The slimy snail, and bloated lizard crawl;                   <span class="ralign">120</span><br>
+  <a id="canto1_121" name="canto1_121"></a>While on white heaps of intermingled bones<br>
+  The muse of <span class="smcap">Melancholy</span> sits and moans;<br>
+  Showers her cold tears o'er Beauty's early wreck,<br>
+  Spreads her pale arms, and bends her marble neck.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_125" name="canto1_125"></a>So in rude rocks, beside the Ægean wave,<br>
+  <a id="c1_l126" name="c1_l126"></a><a href="#canto1_l126"><span class="smcap">Trophonius</span> scoop'd</a> his sorrow-sacred cave;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page012" name="page012"></a>(p. 012)</span> Unbarr'd to pilgrim feet the brazen door,<br>
+  And the sad sage returning smil'd no more.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_129" name="canto1_129"></a><span class="smcap">Shrin'd</span> in the midst majestic <span class="smcap">Nature</span> stands,<br>
+  Extends o'er earth and sea her hundred hands;                <span class="ralign">130</span><br>
+  Tower upon tower her beamy forehead crests,<br>
+  And births unnumber'd milk her hundred breasts;<br>
+  Drawn round her brows a lucid veil depends,<br>
+  O'er her fine waist the purfled woof descends;<br>
+  Her stately limbs the gather'd folds surround,<br>
+  And spread their golden selvage on the ground.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_137" name="canto1_137"></a>From this first altar <a id="c1_l137" name="c1_l137"></a><a href="#canto1_l137">fam'd <span class="smcap">Eleusis</span> stole</a><br>
+  Her secret symbols and her mystic scroll;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page013" name="page013"></a>(p. 013)</span> With pious fraud in after ages rear'd<br>
+  Her gorgeous temple, and the gods rever'd.                   <span class="ralign">140</span><br>
+  &mdash;First in dim pomp before the astonish'd throng,<br>
+  Silence, and Night, and Chaos, stalk'd along;<br>
+  Dread scenes of Death, in nodding sables dress'd,<br>
+  Froze the broad eye, and thrill'd the unbreathing breast.<br>
+  Then the young Spring, with winged Zephyr, leads<br>
+  The queen of Beauty to the blossom'd meads;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page014" name="page014"></a>(p. 014)</span> Charm'd in her train admiring Hymen moves,<br>
+  And tiptoe Graces hand in hand with Loves.<br>
+  Next, while on pausing step the masked mimes<br>
+  Enact the triumphs of forgotten times,                       <span class="ralign">150</span><br>
+  Conceal from vulgar throngs the mystic truth,<br>
+  Or charm with Wisdom's lore the initiate youth;<br>
+  Each shifting scene, some patriot hero trod,<br>
+  Some sainted beauty, or some saviour god.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_III" name="canto1_III"></a>III. Now rose in purple pomp the breezy dawn,<br>
+  And crimson dew-drops trembled on the lawn;<br>
+  Blaz'd high in air the temple's golden vanes,<br>
+  And dancing shadows veer'd upon the plains.&mdash;<br>
+  <a id="canto1_159" name="canto1_159"></a>Long trains of virgins from the sacred grove,<br>
+  Pair after pair, in bright procession move,                  <span class="ralign">160</span><br>
+  With flower-fill'd baskets round the altar throng,<br>
+  Or swing their censers, as they wind along.<br>
+  The fair <span class="smcap">Urania</span> leads the blushing bands,<br>
+  Presents their offerings with unsullied hands;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page015" name="page015"></a>(p. 015)</span> Pleas'd to their dazzled eyes in part unshrouds<br>
+  The goddess-form;&mdash;the rest is hid in clouds.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_167" name="canto1_167"></a>"<span class="smcap">Priestess of Nature!</span> while with pious awe<br>
+  Thy votary bends, the mystic veil withdraw;<br>
+  Charm after charm, succession bright, display,<br>
+  And give the <span class="smcap">Goddess</span> to adoring day!                <span class="ralign">170</span><br>
+  So kneeling realms shall own the Power divine,<br>
+  And heaven and earth pour incense on her shrine.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh grant the <span class="smcap">Muse</span> with pausing step to press<br>
+  Each sun-bright avenue, and green recess;<br>
+  Led by thy hand survey the trophied walls,<br>
+  <a id="c1_l176" name="c1_l176"></a><a href="#canto1_l176">The statued galleries</a>, and the pictur'd halls;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page016" name="page016"></a>(p. 016)</span> Scan the proud pyramid, and arch sublime,<br>
+  Earth-canker'd urn, medallion green with time,<br>
+  Stern busts of Gods, with helmed heroes mix'd,<br>
+  And Beauty's radiant forms, that smile betwixt.              <span class="ralign">180</span></p>
+
+<p>"Waked by thy voice, transmuted by thy wand,<br>
+  Their lips shall open, and their arms expand;<br>
+  The love-lost lady, and the warrior slain,<br>
+  Leap from their tombs, and sigh or fight again.<br>
+  <a id="canto1_185" name="canto1_185"></a>&mdash;So when ill-fated <span class="smcap">Orpheus</span> tuned to woe<br>
+  His potent lyre, and sought the realms below;<br>
+  Charm'd into life unreal forms respir'd,<br>
+  And list'ning shades the dulcet notes admir'd.&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><a id="c1_l189" name="c1_l189"></a><a href="#canto1_l189">"<span class="smcap">Love</span> led the Sage</a> through Death's tremendous porch,<br>
+  Cheer'd with his smile, and lighted with his torch;&mdash;        <span class="ralign">190</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page017" name="page017"></a>(p. 017)</span> Hell's triple Dog his playful jaws expands,<br>
+  <a id="c1_l192" name="c1_l192"></a><a href="#canto1_l192">Fawns round the <span class="smcap">God</span></a>, and licks his baby hands;<br>
+  In wondering groups the shadowy nations throng,<br>
+  And sigh or simper, as he steps along;<br>
+  Sad swains, and nymphs forlorn, on Lethe's brink,<br>
+  Hug their past sorrows, and refuse to drink;<br>
+  Night's dazzled Empress feels the golden flame<br>
+  Play round her breast, and melt her frozen frame;<br>
+  Charms with soft words, and sooths with amorous wiles,<br>
+  Her iron-hearted Lord,&mdash;and <span class="smcap">Pluto</span> smiles.&mdash;        <span class="ralign">200</span><br>
+  His trembling Bride the Bard triumphant led<br>
+  From the pale mansions of the astonish'd dead;<br>
+  Gave the fair phantom to admiring light,&mdash;<br>
+  Ah, soon again to tread irremeable night!"</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_IV" name="canto1_IV"></a>IV. <span class="smcap">Her</span> snow-white arm, indulgent to my song,<br>
+  Waves the fair Hierophant, and moves along.&mdash;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page018" name="page018"></a>(p. 018)</span> High plumes, that bending shade her amber hair,<br>
+  Nod, as she steps, their silver leaves in air;<br>
+  Bright chains of pearl, with golden buckles brac'd,<br>
+  Clasp her white neck, and zone her slender waist;            <span class="ralign">210</span><br>
+  Thin folds of silk in soft meanders wind<br>
+  Down her fine form, and undulate behind;<br>
+  The purple border, on the pavement roll'd,<br>
+  Swells in the gale, and spreads its fringe of gold.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">First</span>, if you can, celestial Guide! disclose<br>
+  From what fair fountain mortal life arose,<br>
+  Whence the fine nerve to move and feel assign'd,<br>
+  Contractile fibre, and ethereal mind:</p>
+
+<p>"How Love and Sympathy the bosom warm,<br>
+  Allure with pleasure, and with pain alarm,                   <span class="ralign">220</span><br>
+  With soft affections weave the social plan,<br>
+  And charm the listening Savage into Man."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page019" name="page019"></a>(p. 019)</span>   <a id="canto1_223" name="canto1_223"></a>"<a id="c1_l223" name="c1_l223"></a><a href="#canto1_l223"><span class="smcap">God the First cause!</span></a>&mdash;in this terrene abode<br>
+  <a id="c1_l224" name="c1_l224"></a><a href="#canto1_l224">Young Nature lisps</a>, she is the child of <span class="smcap">God</span>.<br>
+  From embryon births her changeful forms improve,<br>
+  Grow, as they live, and strengthen as they move.</p>
+
+<p>"Ere Time began, from flaming Chaos hurl'd<br>
+  Rose the bright spheres, which form the circling world;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page020" name="page020"></a>(p. 020)</span> <a id="c1_l229" name="c1_l229"></a><a href="#canto1_l229">Earths from each sun</a> with quick explosions burst,<br>
+  And second planets issued from the first.                  <span class="ralign">230</span><br>
+  Then, whilst the sea at their coeval birth,<br>
+  Surge over surge, involv'd the shoreless earth;<br>
+  <a id="canto1_233" name="canto1_233"></a>Nurs'd by warm sun-beams in primeval caves<br>
+  Organic Life began beneath the waves.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_235" name="canto1_235"></a>"<a id="c1_l235" name="c1_l235"></a><a href="#canto1_l235">First <span class="smcap">Heat</span> from chemic</a> dissolution springs,<br>
+  And gives to matter its eccentric wings;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page021" name="page021"></a>(p. 021)</span> With strong <span class="smcap">Repulsion</span> parts the exploding mass,<br>
+  Melts into lymph, or kindles into gas.<br>
+  <a id="c1_l239" name="c1_l239"></a><a href="#canto1_l239"><span class="smcap">Attraction</span> next</a>, as earth or air subsides,<br>
+  The ponderous atoms from the light divides,                <span class="ralign">240</span><br>
+  Approaching parts with quick embrace combines,<br>
+  Swells into spheres, and lengthens into lines.<br>
+  Last, as fine goads the gluten-threads excite,<br>
+  Cords grapple cords, and webs with webs unite;<br>
+  <a id="c1_l245" name="c1_l245"></a><a href="#canto1_l245">And quick <span class="smcap">Contraction</span></a> with ethereal flame<br>
+  Lights into life the fibre-woven frame.&mdash;<br>
+  <a id="canto1_247" name="canto1_247"></a><span class="pagenum"><a id="page022" name="page022"></a>(p. 022)</span> Hence without parent by <a id="c1_l247" name="c1_l247"></a><a href="#canto1_l247">spontaneous birth</a><br>
+  Rise the first specks of animated earth;<br>
+  From Nature's womb the plant or insect swims,<br>
+  And buds or breathes, with microscopic limbs.            <span class="ralign">250</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_251" name="canto1_251"></a>"<span class="smcap">In</span> earth, sea, air, around, below, above,<br>
+  Life's subtle woof in Nature's loom is wove;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page023" name="page023"></a>(p. 023)</span> Points glued to points a living line extends,<br>
+  Touch'd by some goad approach the bending ends;<br>
+  Rings join to rings, and irritated tubes<br>
+  Clasp with young lips the nutrient globes or cubes;<br>
+  And urged by appetencies new select,<br>
+  Imbibe, retain, digest, secrete, eject.<br>
+  <a id="c1_l259" name="c1_l259"></a><a href="#canto1_l259">In branching cones</a> the living web expands,<br>
+  Lymphatic ducts, and convoluted glands;             <span class="ralign">260</span><br>
+  Aortal tubes propel the nascent blood,<br>
+  And lengthening veins <a id="c1_l262" name="c1_l262"></a><a href="#canto1_l262">absorb the refluent flood</a>;<br>
+  Leaves, lungs, and gills, the vital ether breathe<br>
+  On earth's green surface, or the waves beneath.<br>
+  <a id="canto1_265" name="canto1_265"></a><span class="pagenum"><a id="page024" name="page024"></a>(p. 024)</span> So Life's first powers arrest the winds and floods,<br>
+  To bones convert them, or to shells, or woods;<br>
+  Stretch the vast beds of argil, lime, and sand,<br>
+  <a id="c1_l268" name="c1_l268"></a><a href="#canto1_l268">And from diminish'd oceans</a> form the land!</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_269" name="canto1_269"></a>"Next the long nerves unite their silver train,<br>
+  <a id="c1_l270" name="c1_l270"></a><a href="#canto1_l270">And young <span class="smcap">Sensation</span></a> permeates the brain;           <span class="ralign">270</span><br>
+  Through each new sense the keen emotions dart,<br>
+  Flush the young cheek, and swell the throbbing heart.<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page025" name="page025"></a>(p. 025)</span> From pain and pleasure quick <span class="smcap">Volitions</span> rise,<br>
+  Lift the strong arm, or point the inquiring eyes;<br>
+  With Reason's light bewilder'd Man direct,<br>
+  And right and wrong with balance nice detect.<br>
+  Last in thick swarms <span class="smcap">Associations</span> spring,<br>
+  Thoughts join to thoughts, to motions motions cling;<br>
+  Whence in long trains of catenation flow<br>
+  Imagined joy, and voluntary woe.      <span class="ralign">280</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_281" name="canto1_281"></a>"So, view'd through crystal spheres in drops saline,<br>
+  Quick-shooting salts in chemic forms combine;<br>
+  <a id="c1_l283" name="c1_l283"></a><a href="#canto1_l283">Or Mucor-stems</a>, a vegetative tribe,<br>
+  Spread their fine roots, the tremulous wave imbibe.<br>
+  Next to our wondering eyes the focus brings<br>
+  Self-moving lines, and animated rings;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page026" name="page026"></a>(p. 026)</span> First Monas moves, an unconnected point,<br>
+  Plays round the drop without a limb or joint;<br>
+  Then Vibrio waves, with capillary eels,<br>
+  And Vorticella whirls her living wheels;          <span class="ralign">290</span><br>
+  While insect Proteus sports with changeful form<br>
+  Through the bright tide, a globe, a cube, a worm.<br>
+  Last o'er the field the Mite enormous swims,<br>
+  Swells his red heart, and writhes his giant limbs.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_V" name="canto1_V"></a>V. "<span class="smcap">Organic Life</span> <a id="c1_l295" name="c1_l295"></a><a href="#canto1_l295">beneath the shoreless waves</a><br>
+  Was born and nurs'd in Ocean's pearly caves;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page027" name="page027"></a>(p. 027)</span> <a id="c1_l297" name="c1_l297"></a><a href="#canto1_l297">First forms minute</a>, unseen by spheric glass,<br>
+  Move on the mud, or pierce the watery mass;<br>
+  These, as successive generations bloom,<br>
+  New powers acquire, and larger limbs assume;           <span class="ralign">300</span><br>
+  Whence countless groups of vegetation spring,<br>
+  And breathing realms of fin, and feet, and wing.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_303" name="canto1_303"></a>"Thus the tall Oak, the giant of the wood,<br>
+  Which bears Britannia's thunders on the flood;<br>
+  The Whale, unmeasured monster of the main,<br>
+  The lordly Lion, monarch of the plain,<br>
+  The Eagle soaring in the realms of air,<br>
+  Whose eye undazzled drinks the solar glare,<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page028" name="page028"></a>(p. 028)</span> Imperious man, who rules the bestial crowd,<br>
+  Of language, reason, and reflection proud,      <span class="ralign">310</span><br>
+  With brow erect who scorns this earthy sod,<br>
+  And styles himself the image of his God;<br>
+  Arose from rudiments of form and sense,<br>
+  <a id="c1_l314" name="c1_l314"></a><a href="#canto1_l314">An embryon point</a>, or microscopic ens!</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_315" name="canto1_315"></a>"Now in vast shoals beneath the <a id="c1_l315" name="c1_l315"></a><a href="#canto1_l315">brineless tide</a>,<br>
+  On earth's firm crust testaceous tribes reside;<br>
+  Age after age expands the peopled plain,<br>
+  The tenants perish, but their cells remain;<br>
+  <a id="c1_l319" name="c1_l319"></a><a href="#canto1_l319">Whence coral walls</a> and sparry hills ascend<br>
+  From pole to pole, and round the line extend.      <span class="ralign">320</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_321" name="canto1_321"></a><span class="pagenum"><a id="page029" name="page029"></a>(p. 029)</span>   "Next when imprison'd fires in central caves<br>
+  Burst the firm earth, and <a id="c1_l322" name="c1_l322"></a><a href="#canto1_l322">drank the headlong waves</a>;<br>
+  And, as new airs with dread explosion swell,<br>
+  Form'd lava-isles, and continents of shell;<br>
+  Pil'd rocks on rocks, on mountains mountains raised,<br>
+  And high in heaven the first volcanoes blazed;<br>
+  <a id="canto1_327" name="canto1_327"></a>In countless swarms <a id="c1_l327" name="c1_l327"></a><a href="#canto1_l327">an insect-myriad moves</a><br>
+  From sea-fan gardens, and from coral groves;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page030" name="page030"></a>(p. 030)</span> Leaves the cold caverns of the deep, and creeps<br>
+  On shelving shores, or climbs on rocky steeps.      <span class="ralign">330</span><br>
+  As in dry air the sea-born stranger roves,<br>
+  Each muscle quickens, and each sense improves;<br>
+  Cold gills aquatic form respiring lungs,<br>
+  And sounds aerial flow from slimy tongues.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_335" name="canto1_335"></a>"<a id="c1_l335" name="c1_l335"></a><a href="#canto1_l335">So Trapa rooted</a> in pellucid tides,<br>
+  In countless threads her breathing leaves divides,<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page031" name="page031"></a>(p. 031)</span> Waves her bright tresses in the watery mass,<br>
+  And drinks with gelid gills the vital gas;<br>
+  Then broader leaves in shadowy files advance,<br>
+  Spread o'er the crystal flood their green expanse;      <span class="ralign">340</span><br>
+  And, as in air the adherent dew exhales,<br>
+  Court the warm sun, and breathe ethereal gales.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_343" name="canto1_343"></a>"<a id="c1_l343" name="c1_l343"></a><a href="#canto1_l343">So still the Tadpole</a> cleaves the watery vale<br>
+  With balanc'd fins, and undulating tail;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page032" name="page032"></a>(p. 032)</span> New lungs and limbs proclaim his second birth,<br>
+  Breathe the dry air, and bound upon the earth.<br>
+  So from deep lakes <a id="c1_l347" name="c1_l347"></a><a href="#canto1_l347">the dread Musquito springs</a>,<br>
+  Drinks the soft breeze, and dries his tender wings,<br>
+  In twinkling squadrons cuts his airy way,<br>
+  Dips his red trunk in blood, and man his prey.      <span class="ralign">350</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_351" name="canto1_351"></a>"<a id="c1_l351" name="c1_l351"></a><a href="#canto1_l351">So still the Diodons</a>, amphibious tribe,<br>
+  With two-fold lungs the sea or air imbibe;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page033" name="page033"></a>(p. 033)</span> Allied to fish, the lizard cleaves the flood<br>
+  With one-cell'd heart, and dark frigescent blood;<br>
+  Half-reasoning Beavers long-unbreathing dart<br>
+  Through Erie's waves with perforated heart;<br>
+  With gills and lungs respiring Lampreys steer,<br>
+  Kiss the rude rocks, and suck till they adhere;<br>
+  The lazy Remora's inhaling lips,<br>
+  Hung on the keel, retard the struggling ships;      <span class="ralign">360</span><br>
+  With gills pulmonic breathes the enormous Whale,<br>
+  And spouts aquatic columns to the gale;<br>
+  Sports on the shining wave <a id="c1_l363" name="c1_l363"></a><a href="#canto1_l363">at noontide hours</a>,<br>
+  And shifting rainbows crest the rising showers.</p>
+
+<p>"So erst, ere rose the science to record<br>
+  In letter'd syllables the volant word;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page034" name="page034"></a>(p. 034)</span> Whence chemic arts, disclosed in pictured lines,<br>
+  Liv'd to mankind by hieroglyphic signs;<br>
+  And clustering stars, pourtray'd on mimic spheres,<br>
+  Assumed the forms of lions, bulls, and bears;      <span class="ralign">370</span><br>
+  <a id="canto1_371" name="canto1_371"></a>&mdash;So erst, <a id="c1_l371" name="c1_l371"></a><a href="#canto1_l371">as Egypt's rude designs</a> explain,<br>
+  <a id="c1_l372" name="c1_l372"></a><a href="#canto1_l372">Rose young <span class="smcap">Dione</span></a> from the shoreless main;<br>
+  Type of organic Nature! source of bliss!<br>
+  Emerging Beauty from the vast abyss!<br>
+  Sublime on Chaos borne, the Goddess stood,<br>
+  And smiled enchantment on the troubled flood;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page035" name="page035"></a>(p. 035)</span> The warring elements to peace restored,<br>
+  And young Reflection wondered and adored."</p>
+
+<p>Now paused the Nymph,&mdash;The Muse responsive cries,<br>
+  Sweet admiration sparkling in her eyes,      <span class="ralign">380</span><br>
+  "Drawn by your pencil, by your hand unfurl'd,<br>
+  Bright shines the tablet of the dawning world;<br>
+  Amazed the Sea's prolific depths I view,<br>
+  And <span class="smcap">Venus</span> rising from the waves in <span class="smcap">You</span>!</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_385" name="canto1_385"></a>"Still Nature's births enclosed in egg or seed<br>
+  From the tall forest to the lowly weed,<br>
+  Her beaux and beauties, butterflies and worms,<br>
+  Rise from aquatic to aerial forms.<br>
+  <a id="canto1_389" name="canto1_389"></a>Thus in the womb the nascent infant laves<br>
+  Its natant form in the circumfluent waves;      <span class="ralign">390</span><br>
+  With perforated heart unbreathing swims,<br>
+  <a id="c1_l392" name="c1_l392"></a><a href="#canto1_l392">Awakes and stretches</a> all its recent limbs;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page036" name="page036"></a>(p. 036)</span> <a id="c1_l393" name="c1_l393"></a><a href="#canto1_l393">With gills placental</a> seeks the arterial flood,<br>
+  And drinks pure ether from its Mother's blood.<br>
+  Erewhile the landed Stranger bursts his way,<br>
+  From the warm wave emerging into day;<br>
+  Feels the chill blast, and piercing light, and tries<br>
+  His tender lungs, and rolls <a id="c1_l398" name="c1_l398"></a><a href="#canto1_l398">his dazzled eyes</a>;<br>
+  Gives to the passing gale his curling hair,<br>
+  And steps a dry inhabitant of air.      <span class="ralign">400</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_401" name="canto1_401"></a>"Creative Nile, as taught in ancient song,<br>
+  So charm'd to life his animated throng;<br>
+  O'er his wide realms the slow-subsiding flood<br>
+  Left the rich treasures of organic mud;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page037" name="page037"></a>(p. 037)</span> While with quick growth young Vegetation yields<br>
+  Her blushing orchards, and her waving fields;<br>
+  Pomona's hand replenish'd Plenty's horn,<br>
+  And Ceres laugh'd amid her seas of corn.&mdash;<br>
+  Bird, beast, and reptile, spring from sudden birth,<br>
+  Raise their new forms, half-animal, half-earth;      <span class="ralign">410</span><br>
+  The roaring lion shakes his tawny mane,<br>
+  His struggling limbs still rooted in the plain;<br>
+  With flapping wings assurgent eagles toil<br>
+  To rend their talons from the adhesive soil;<br>
+  The impatient serpent lifts his crested head,<br>
+  And drags his train unfinish'd from the bed.&mdash;<br>
+  <a id="c1_l417" name="c1_l417"></a><a href="#canto1_l417">As Warmth and Moisture</a> blend their magic spells,<br>
+  And brood with mingling wings the slimy dells;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page038" name="page038"></a>(p. 038)</span> Contractile earths in sentient forms arrange,<br>
+  And Life triumphant stays their chemic change."      <span class="ralign">420</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto1_421" name="canto1_421"></a>Then hand in hand along the waving glades<br>
+  The virgin Sisters pass beneath the shades;<br>
+  Ascend the winding steps with pausing march,<br>
+  And seek the Portico's susurrant arch;<br>
+  Whose sculptur'd architrave on columns borne<br>
+  Drinks the first blushes of the rising morn,<br>
+  Whose fretted roof an ample shield displays,<br>
+  And guards the Beauties from meridian rays.<br>
+  While on light step enamour'd Zephyr springs,<br>
+  And fans their glowing features with his wings,      <span class="ralign">430</span><br>
+  Imbibes the fragrance of the vernal flowers,<br>
+  And speeds with kisses sweet the dancing Hours.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page039" name="page039"></a>(p. 039)</span>   Urania, leaning with unstudied grace,<br>
+  Rests her white elbow on a column's base;<br>
+  Awhile reflecting takes her silent stand,<br>
+  Her fair cheek press'd upon her lily hand;<br>
+  Then, as awaking from ideal trance,<br>
+  On the smooth floor her pausing steps advance,<br>
+  Waves high her arm, upturns her lucid eyes,<br>
+  Marks the wide scenes of ocean, earth, and skies;      <span class="ralign">440</span><br>
+  And leads, meandering as it rolls along<br>
+  Through Nature's walks, the shining stream of Song.</p>
+
+<p>First her sweet voice in plaintive accents chains<br>
+  The Muse's ear with fascinating strains;<br>
+  Reverts awhile to elemental strife,<br>
+  The change of form, and brevity of life;<br>
+  Then tells how potent Love with torch sublime<br>
+  Relights the glimmering lamp, and conquers Time.<br>
+  &mdash;The polish'd walls reflect her rosy smiles,<br>
+  And sweet-ton'd echoes talk along the ailes.      <span class="ralign">450</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="p2 center">END OF CANTO I.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page041" name="page041"></a>(p. 041)</span> ORIGIN OF SOCIETY.<br>
+
+CANTO II.<br>
+
+REPRODUCTION OF LIFE.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page042" name="page042"></a>(p. 042)</span> CONTENTS.</h4>
+
+<p class="resume"><span class="min1em"><a href="#canto2_I">I</a>.</span> Brevity of Life <a href="#canto2_I">1</a>.
+Reproduction <a href="#canto2_13">13</a>.
+Animals improve <a href="#canto2_31">31</a>.
+Life and Death alternate <a href="#canto2_37">37</a>.
+Adonis emblem of Mortal Life <a href="#canto2_45">45</a>.
+<a href="#canto2_II">II</a>.
+Solitary reproduction <a href="#canto2_II">61</a>.
+Buds, Bulbs, Polypus <a href="#canto2_65">65</a>.
+Truffle; Buds of trees how generated <a href="#canto2_71">71</a>.
+Volvox, Polypus, Tænia, Oysters, Corals, are without Sex <a href="#canto2_83">83</a>.
+Storge goddess of Parental Love; First chain of Society <a href="#canto2_92">92</a>.
+<a href="#canto2_III">III</a>.
+Female sex produced <a href="#canto2_III">103</a>.
+Tulip bulbs, Aphis <a href="#canto2_125">125</a>.
+Eve from Adam's rib <a href="#canto2_135">135</a>.
+<a href="#canto2_IV">IV</a>.
+Hereditary diseases <a href="#canto2_IV">159</a>.
+Grafted trees, bulbous roots degenerate <a href="#canto2_167">167</a>.
+Gout, Mania, Scrofula, Consumption <a href="#canto2_177">177</a>.
+Time and Nature <a href="#canto2_185">185</a>.
+<a href="#canto2_V">V</a>.
+Urania and the Muse lament <a href="#canto2_V">205</a>.
+Cupid and Psyche, the deities of sexual love <a href="#canto2_221">221</a>.
+Speech of Hymen <a href="#canto2_239">239</a>.
+Second chain of Society <a href="#canto2_250">250</a>.
+Young Desire <a href="#canto2_251">251</a>.
+Love and Beauty save the world <a href="#canto2_257">257</a>.
+Vegetable sexes, Anthers and Stigmas salute <a href="#canto2_263">263</a>.
+Vegetable sexual generation <a href="#canto2_271">271</a>.
+Anthers of Vallisneria float to the Stigmas <a href="#canto2_279">279</a>.
+Ant, Lampyris, Glow-Worm, Snail <a href="#canto2_287">287</a>.
+Silk-Worm <a href="#canto2_293">293</a>.
+<a href="#canto2_VI">VI</a>. Demon of Jealousy <a href="#canto2_VI">307</a>.
+Cocks, Quails, Stags, Boars <a href="#canto2_313">313</a>.
+Knights of Romance <a href="#canto2_327">327</a>.
+Helen and Paris <a href="#canto2_333">333</a>.
+Connubial love <a href="#canto2_341">341</a>.
+Married Birds, nests of the Linnet and Nightingale <a href="#canto2_343">343</a>.
+Lions, Tigers, Bulls, Horses <a href="#canto2_357">357</a>.
+Triumphal car of Cupid <a href="#canto2_361">361</a>.
+Fish, Birds, Insects <a href="#canto2_371">371</a>.
+Vegetables <a href="#canto2_389">389</a>.
+March of Hymen <a href="#canto2_411">411</a>.
+His lamp <a href="#canto2_419">419</a>.
+<a href="#canto2_VII">VII</a>.
+Urania's advice to her Nymphs <a href="#canto2_VII">425</a>.
+Dines with the Muse on forbidden Fruit <a href="#canto2_435">435</a>.
+Angels visit Abraham <a href="#canto2_447">447</a>-458.</p>
+
+<a id="canto2" name="canto2"></a>
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page043" name="page043"></a>(p. 043)</span> CANTO II.<br>
+REPRODUCTION OF LIFE.</h4>
+
+
+<div class="poem">
+<p><a id="canto2_I" name="canto2_I"></a>I. "<a id="c2_l1" name="c2_l1"></a><a href="#canto2_l1">How short the span of <span class="smcap">Life</span></a>! some hours possess'd,<br>
+  Warm but to cool, and active but to rest!&mdash;<br>
+  <a id="c2_l3" name="c2_l3"></a><a href="#canto2_l3">The age-worn fibres</a> goaded to contract,<br>
+  By repetition palsied, cease to act;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page044" name="page044"></a>(p. 044)</span> When Time's cold hands the languid senses seize,<br>
+  Chill the dull nerves, the lingering currents freeze;<br>
+  Organic matter, unreclaim'd by Life,<br>
+  Reverts to elements by chemic strife.<br>
+  Thus Heat evolv'd from some fermenting mass<br>
+  Expands the kindling atoms into gas;      <span class="ralign">10</span><br>
+  Which sink ere long in cold concentric rings,<br>
+  Condensed, on Gravity's descending wings.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_13" name="canto2_13"></a>"<a id="c2_l13" name="c2_l13"></a><a href="#canto2_l13">But <span class="smcap">Reproduction</span></a> with ethereal fires<br>
+  New Life rekindles, ere the first expires;<br>
+  Calls up renascent Youth, ere tottering age<br>
+  Quits the dull scene, and gives him to the stage;<br>
+  Bids on his cheek the rose of beauty blow,<br>
+  And binds the wreaths of pleasure round his brow;<br>
+  With finer links the vital chain extends,<br>
+  And the long line of Being never ends.      <span class="ralign">20</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page045" name="page045"></a>(p. 045)</span>   "Self-moving Engines by <a id="c2_l21" name="c2_l21"></a><a href="#canto2_l21">unbending springs</a><br>
+  May walk on earth, or flap their mimic wings;<br>
+  In tubes of glass mercurial columns rise,<br>
+  Or sink, obedient to the incumbent skies;<br>
+  Or, as they touch the figured scale, repeat<br>
+  The nice gradations of circumfluent heat.<br>
+  But <span class="smcap">Reproduction</span>, when the perfect Elf<br>
+  Forms from fine glands another like itself,<br>
+  Gives the true character of life and sense,<br>
+  And parts the organic from the chemic Ens.&mdash;      <span class="ralign">30</span><br>
+  <a id="canto2_31" name="canto2_31"></a>Where milder skies protect the nascent brood,<br>
+  And earth's warm bosom yields salubrious food;<br>
+  Each new Descendant with superior powers<br>
+  Of sense and motion speeds the transient hours;<br>
+  Braves every season, tenants every clime,<br>
+  And Nature rises on the wings of Time.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_37" name="canto2_37"></a>"As <span class="smcap">Life</span> discordant elements arrests,<br>
+  Rejects the noxious, and the pure digests;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page046" name="page046"></a>(p. 046)</span> <a id="c2_l39" name="c2_l39"></a><a href="#canto2_l39">Combines with Heat</a> the fluctuating mass,<br>
+  And gives a while solidity to gas;      <span class="ralign">40</span><br>
+  Organic forms with chemic changes strive,<br>
+  Live but to die, and die but to revive!<br>
+  <a id="c2_l43" name="c2_l43"></a><a href="#canto2_l43">Immortal matter</a> braves the transient storm,<br>
+  Mounts from the wreck, unchanging but in form.&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_45" name="canto2_45"></a><span class="pagenum"><a id="page047" name="page047"></a>(p. 047)</span>   "So, as the sages of the East record<br>
+  In sacred symbol, or unletter'd word;<br>
+  <a id="c2_l47" name="c2_l47"></a><a href="#canto2_l47">Emblem of Life</a>, to change eternal doom'd,<br>
+  The beauteous form of fair <span class="smcap">Adonis</span> bloom'd.&mdash;<br>
+  On Syrian hills the graceful Hunter slain<br>
+  Dyed with his gushing blood the shuddering plain;      <span class="ralign">50</span><br>
+  And, slow-descending to the Elysian shade,<br>
+  A while with <span class="smcap">Proserpine</span> reluctant stray'd;<br>
+  Soon from the yawning grave the bursting clay<br>
+  Restor'd the Beauty to delighted day;<br>
+  Array'd in youth's resuscitated charms,<br>
+  And young <span class="smcap">Dione</span> woo'd him to her arms.&mdash;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page048" name="page048"></a>(p. 048)</span> Pleased for a while the assurgent youth above<br>
+  Relights the golden lamp of life and love;<br>
+  Ah, soon again to leave the cheerful light,<br>
+  And sink alternate to the realms of night.      <span class="ralign">60</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_II" name="canto2_II"></a>II. "<span class="smcap">Hence</span> ere Vitality, as time revolves,<br>
+  Leaves the cold organ, and the mass dissolves;<br>
+  The Reproductions of the living Ens<br>
+  From sires to sons, unknown to sex, commence.<br>
+  <a id="canto2_65" name="canto2_65"></a>New buds and bulbs the living fibre shoots<br>
+  On lengthening branches, and protruding roots;<br>
+  Or on the father's side from bursting glands<br>
+  The adhering young its nascent form expands;<br>
+  In branching lines the parent-trunk adorns,<br>
+  And parts ere long like plumage, hairs, or horns.      <span class="ralign">70</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_71" name="canto2_71"></a>"<a id="c2_l71" name="c2_l71"></a><a href="#canto2_l71">So the lone Truffle</a>, lodged beneath the earth,<br>
+  Shoots from paternal roots the tuberous birth;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page049" name="page049"></a>(p. 049)</span> No stamen-males ascend, and breathe above,<br>
+  No seed-born offspring lives by female love.<br>
+  From each young tree, for future buds design'd<br>
+  Organic drops exsude beneath the rind;<br>
+  <a id="c2_l77" name="c2_l77"></a><a href="#canto2_l77">While these with appetencies</a> nice invite,<br>
+  And those with apt propensities unite;<br>
+  New embryon fibrils round the trunk combine<br>
+  With quick embrace, and form the living line:      <span class="ralign">80</span><br>
+  Whose plume and rootlet at their early birth<br>
+  Seek the dry air, or pierce the humid earth.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_83" name="canto2_83"></a>"So safe in waves <a id="c2_l83" name="c2_l83"></a><a href="#canto2_l83">prolific Volvox</a> dwells,<br>
+  And five descendants crowd his lucid cells;<br>
+  So <a id="c2_l85" name="c2_l85"></a><a href="#canto2_l85">the male Polypus</a> parental swims,<br>
+  And branching infants bristle all his limbs;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page050" name="page050"></a>(p. 050)</span> So <a id="c2_l87" name="c2_l87"></a><a href="#canto2_l87">the lone Tænia</a>, as he grows, prolongs<br>
+  His flatten'd form with young adherent throngs;<br>
+  Unknown to sex <a id="c2_l89" name="c2_l89"></a><a href="#canto2_l89">the pregnant oyster</a> swells,<br>
+  <a id="c2_l90" name="c2_l90"></a><a href="#canto2_l90">And coral-insects</a> build their radiate shells;      <span class="ralign">90</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page051" name="page051"></a>(p. 051)</span> Parturient Sires caress their infant train,<br>
+  <a id="canto2_92" name="canto2_92"></a><a id="c2_l92" name="c2_l92"></a><a href="#canto2_l92">And heaven-born <span class="smcap">Storge</span></a> weaves the social chain;<br>
+  Successive births her tender cares combine,<br>
+  And soft affections live along the line.</p>
+
+<p>"On angel-wings the <span class="smcap">Goddess Form</span> descends,<br>
+  Round her fond broods her silver arms she bends;<br>
+  White streams of milk her tumid bosom swell,<br>
+  And on her lips ambrosial kisses dwell.<br>
+  Light joys on twinkling feet before her dance<br>
+  With playful nod, and momentary glance;      <span class="ralign">100</span><br>
+  Behind, attendant on the pansied plain,<br>
+  Young <span class="smcap">Psyche</span> treads with <span class="smcap">Cupid</span> in her train.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_III" name="canto2_III"></a>III. "<span class="smcap">In</span> these lone births no tender mothers blend<br>
+  Their genial powers to nourish or defend;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page052" name="page052"></a>(p. 052)</span> No nutrient streams from Beauty's orbs improve<br>
+  These orphan babes of solitary love;<br>
+  Birth after birth the line unchanging runs,<br>
+  And fathers live transmitted in their sons;<br>
+  Each passing year beholds the unvarying kinds,<br>
+  The same their manners, and the same their minds.      <span class="ralign">110</span><br>
+  Till, as erelong successive buds decay,<br>
+  And insect-shoals successive pass away,<br>
+  Increasing wants the pregnant parents vex<br>
+  With the fond wish to form <a id="c2_l114" name="c2_l114"></a><a href="#canto2_l114">a softer sex</a>;<br>
+  Whose milky rills with pure ambrosial food<br>
+  Might charm and cherish their expected brood.<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page053" name="page053"></a>(p. 053)</span> The potent wish in the productive hour<br>
+  Calls to its aid <a id="c2_l118" name="c2_l118"></a><a href="#canto2_l118">Imagination's power</a>,<br>
+  O'er embryon throngs with mystic charm presides,<br>
+  And sex from sex the nascent world divides,      <span class="ralign">120</span><br>
+  With soft affections warms the callow trains,<br>
+  And gives to laughing Love <a id="c2_l122" name="c2_l122"></a><a href="#canto2_l122">his nymphs and swains</a>;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page054" name="page054"></a>(p. 054)</span> Whose mingling virtues interweave at length<br>
+  The mother's beauty with the father's strength.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_125" name="canto2_125"></a>"So tulip-bulbs emerging from the seed,<br>
+  Year after year unknown to sex proceed;<br>
+  Erewhile the stamens and the styles display<br>
+  Their petal-curtains, and adorn the day;<br>
+  The beaux and beauties in each blossom glow<br>
+  With wedded joy, or amatorial woe.      <span class="ralign">130</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page055" name="page055"></a>(p. 055)</span> Unmarried Aphides prolific prove<br>
+  For nine successions uninform'd of love;<br>
+  New sexes next with softer passions spring,<br>
+  Breathe the fond vow, and woo with quivering wing.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_135" name="canto2_135"></a>"So erst in Paradise creation's <span class="smcap">Lord</span>,<br>
+  As the first leaves of holy writ record,<br>
+  From Adam's rib, who press'd the flowery grove,<br>
+  And dreamt delighted of untasted love,<br>
+  To cheer and charm his solitary mind,<br>
+  Form'd a new sex, <a id="c2_l140" name="c2_l140"></a><a href="#canto2_l140">the <span class="smcap">Mother of Mankind</span></a>.      <span class="ralign">140</span><br>
+  &mdash;Buoy'd on light step the Beauty seem'd to swim,<br>
+  And stretch'd alternate every pliant limb;<br>
+  Pleased on Euphrates' velvet margin stood,<br>
+  And view'd her playful image in the flood;<br>
+  Own'd the fine flame of love, as life began,<br>
+  And smiled enchantment on adoring Man.<br>
+  Down her white neck and o'er her bosom roll'd,<br>
+  Flow'd in sweet negligence her locks of gold;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page056" name="page056"></a>(p. 056)</span> Round her fine form the dim transparence play'd,<br>
+  And show'd the beauties, that it seem'd to shade.      <span class="ralign">150</span><br>
+  &mdash;Enamour'd <span class="smcap">Adam</span> gaz'd with fond surprise,<br>
+  And drank delicious passion from her eyes;<br>
+  Felt the new thrill of young Desire, and press'd<br>
+  The graceful Virgin to his glowing breast.&mdash;<br>
+  The conscious Fair betrays her soft alarms,<br>
+  Sinks with warm blush into his closing arms,<br>
+  Yields to his fond caress with wanton play,<br>
+  And sweet, reluctant, amorous, delay.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_IV" name="canto2_IV"></a>IV. "<span class="smcap">Where</span> no new Sex with glands nutritious feeds,<br>
+  Nurs'd in her womb, the solitary breeds;      <span class="ralign">160</span><br>
+  No Mother's care their early steps directs,<br>
+  Warms in her bosom, with her wings protects;<br>
+  The clime unkind, or noxious food instills<br>
+  To embryon nerves hereditary ills;<br>
+  The feeble births <a id="c2_l165" name="c2_l165"></a><a href="#canto2_l165">acquired diseases</a> chase,<br>
+  Till Death extinguish the degenerate race.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_167" name="canto2_167"></a><span class="pagenum"><a id="page057" name="page057"></a>(p. 057)</span>   "<a id="c2_l167" name="c2_l167"></a><a href="#canto2_l167">So grafted trees</a> with shadowy summits rise,<br>
+  Spread their fair blossoms, and perfume the skies;<br>
+  Till canker taints the vegetable blood,<br>
+  Mines round the bark, and feeds upon the wood.      <span class="ralign">170</span><br>
+  So, years successive, from perennial roots<br>
+  The wire or bulb with lessen'd vigour shoots;<br>
+  Till curled leaves, or barren flowers, betray<br>
+  A waning lineage, verging to decay;<br>
+  Or till, amended by connubial powers,<br>
+  Rise seedling progenies from sexual flowers.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_177" name="canto2_177"></a>"E'en where unmix'd the breed, in sexual tribes<br>
+  Parental taints the nascent babe imbibes;<br>
+  Eternal war the Gout and Mania wage<br>
+  With fierce uncheck'd hereditary rage;          <span class="ralign">180</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page058" name="page058"></a>(p. 058)</span> Sad Beauty's form foul Scrofula surrounds<br>
+  With bones distorted, and putrescent wounds;<br>
+  <a id="c2_l183" name="c2_l183"></a><a href="#canto2_l183">And, fell Consumption</a>! thy unerring dart<br>
+  Wets its broad wing in Youth's reluctant heart.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_185" name="canto2_185"></a>"With pausing step, at night's refulgent noon,<br>
+  Beneath the sparkling stars, and lucid moon,<br>
+  Plung'd in the shade of some religious tower,<br>
+  The slow bell counting the departed hour,<br>
+  O'er gaping tombs where shed umbrageous Yews<br>
+  On mouldering bones their cold unwholesome dews;      <span class="ralign">190</span><br>
+  While low aerial voices whisper round,<br>
+  And moondrawn spectres dance upon the ground;<br>
+  Poetic <span class="smcap">Melancholy</span> loves to tread,<br>
+  And bend in silence o'er the countless Dead;<br>
+  Marks with loud sobs infantine Sorrows rave,<br>
+  And wring their pale hands o'er their Mother's grave;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page059" name="page059"></a>(p. 059)</span> Hears on the new-turn'd sod with gestures wild<br>
+  The kneeling Beauty call her buried child;<br>
+  Upbraid with timorous accents Heaven's decrees,<br>
+  And with sad sighs augment the passing breeze.       <span class="ralign">200</span><br>
+  'Stern Time,' She cries, 'receives from Nature's womb<br>
+  Her beauteous births, and bears them to the tomb;<br>
+  Calls all her sons from earth's remotest bourn,<br>
+  And from the closing portals none return!'</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_V" name="canto2_V"></a>V. <span class="smcap">Urania</span> paused,&mdash;upturn'd her streaming eyes,<br>
+  And her white bosom heaved with silent sighs;<br>
+  With her the <span class="smcap">Muse</span> laments the sum of things,<br>
+  And hides her sorrows with her meeting wings;<br>
+  Long o'er the wrecks of lovely Life they weep,<br>
+  Then pleased reflect, "to die is but to sleep;"       <span class="ralign">210</span><br>
+  From Nature's coffins to her cradles turn,<br>
+  Smile with young joy, with new affection burn.</p>
+
+<p>And now the Muse, with mortal woes impress'd,<br>
+  Thus the fair Hierophant again address'd.<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page060" name="page060"></a>(p. 060)</span> &mdash;"Ah me! celestial Guide, thy words impart<br>
+  Ills undeserved, that rend the nascent heart!<br>
+  O, Goddess, say, if brighter scenes improve<br>
+  Air-breathing tribes, and births of sexual love?"&mdash;<br>
+  The smiling Fair obeys the inquiring Muse,<br>
+  And in sweet tones her grateful task pursues.      <span class="ralign">220</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_221" name="canto2_221"></a>"Now on broad pinions from the realms above<br>
+  Descending <span class="smcap">Cupid</span> seeks the Cyprian grove;<br>
+  To his wide arms <a id="c2_l223" name="c2_l223"></a><a href="#canto2_l223">enamour'd <span class="smcap">Psyche</span></a> springs,<br>
+  And clasps her lover with aurelian wings.<br>
+  A purple sash across <span class="smcap">His</span> shoulder bends,<br>
+  And fringed with gold the quiver'd shafts suspends;<br>
+  The bending bow obeys the silken string,<br>
+  And, as he steps, the silver arrows ring.<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page061" name="page061"></a>(p. 061)</span> Thin folds of gauze with dim transparence flow<br>
+  O'er <span class="smcap">Her</span> fair forehead, and her neck of snow;      <span class="ralign">230</span><br>
+  The winding woof her graceful limbs surrounds,<br>
+  Swells in the breeze, and sweeps the velvet grounds;<br>
+  As hand in hand along the flowery meads<br>
+  His blushing bride the quiver'd hero leads;<br>
+  Charm'd round their heads pursuing Zephyrs throng,<br>
+  And scatter roses, as they move along;<br>
+  Bright beams of Spring in soft effusion play,<br>
+  And halcyon Hours invite them on their way.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_239" name="canto2_239"></a>"Delighted <span class="smcap">Hymen</span> hears their whisper'd vows,<br>
+  And binds his chaplets round their polish'd brows,      <span class="ralign">240</span><br>
+  Guides to his altar, ties the flowery bands,<br>
+  And as they kneel, unites their willing hands.<br>
+  'Behold, he cries, Earth! Ocean! Air above,<br>
+  'And hail the <span class="smcap">Deities of Sexual Love</span>!<br>
+  'All forms of Life shall this fond Pair delight,<br>
+  'And sex to sex the willing world unite;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page062" name="page062"></a>(p. 062)</span> 'Shed their sweet smiles in Earth's unsocial bowers,<br>
+  'Fan with soft gales, and gild with brighter hours;<br>
+  'Fill Pleasure's chalice unalloy'd with pain,<br>
+  <a id="canto2_250" name="canto2_250"></a>'And give <span class="smcap">Society</span> his golden chain.'      <span class="ralign">250</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_251" name="canto2_251"></a>"Now young <span class="smcap">Desires</span>, on purple pinions borne,<br>
+  Mount the warm gales of Manhood's rising morn;<br>
+  With softer fires through virgin bosoms dart,<br>
+  Flush the pale cheek, and goad the tender heart.<br>
+  Ere the weak powers of transient Life decay,<br>
+  And Heaven's ethereal image melts away;<br>
+  <a id="canto2_257" name="canto2_257"></a><span class="smcap">Love</span> with nice touch renews the organic frame,<br>
+  Forms a young Ens, another and the same;<br>
+  Gives from his rosy lips the vital breath,<br>
+  And parries with his hand the shafts of death;      <span class="ralign">260</span><br>
+  <a id="c2_l261" name="c2_l261"></a><a href="#canto2_l261">While <span class="smcap">Beauty</span> broods</a> with angel wings unfurl'd<br>
+  O'er nascent life, and saves the sinking world.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_263" name="canto2_263"></a><span class="pagenum"><a id="page063" name="page063"></a>(p. 063)</span>   "<span class="smcap">Hence</span> on green leaves the sexual Pleasures dwell,<br>
+  And Loves and Beauties crowd the blossom's bell;<br>
+  The wakeful Anther in his silken bed<br>
+  O'er the pleased Stigma bows his waxen head;<br>
+  With meeting lips and mingling smiles they sup<br>
+  Ambrosial dewdrops <a id="c2_l268" name="c2_l268"></a><a href="#canto2_l268">from the nectar'd cup</a>;<br>
+  Or buoy'd in air the plumy Lover springs,<br>
+  And seeks his panting bride on Hymen-wings.      <span class="ralign">270</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_271" name="canto2_271"></a><span class="pagenum"><a id="page064" name="page064"></a>(p. 064)</span>   "The Stamen males, <a id="c2_l271" name="c2_l271"></a><a href="#canto2_l271">with appetencies just</a>,<br>
+  Produce a formative prolific dust;<br>
+  With apt propensities, the Styles recluse<br>
+  Secrete a formative prolific juice;<br>
+  These in the pericarp erewhile arrive,<br>
+  Rush to each other, and embrace alive.<br>
+  &mdash;Form'd by new powers progressive parts succeed,<br>
+  Join in one whole, and swell into a seed.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_279" name="canto2_279"></a>"So in fond swarms the living Anthers shine<br>
+  <a id="c2_l280" name="c2_l280"></a><a href="#canto2_l280">Of bright Vallisner</a> on the wavy Rhine;      <span class="ralign">280</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page065" name="page065"></a>(p. 065)</span> Break from their stems, and on the liquid glass<br>
+  Surround the admiring stigmas as they pass;<br>
+  The love-sick Beauties lift their essenced brows,<br>
+  Sigh to the Cyprian queen their secret vows,<br>
+  Like watchful Hero feel their soft alarms,<br>
+  And clasp their floating lovers in their arms.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_287" name="canto2_287"></a>"Hence the male Ants their gauzy wings unfold,<br>
+  <a id="c2_l288" name="c2_l288"></a><a href="#canto2_l288">And young Lampyris</a> waves his plumes of gold;<br>
+  The Glow-Worm sparkles with impassion'd light<br>
+  On each green bank, and charms the eye of night;      <span class="ralign">290</span><br>
+  While new desires the painted Snail perplex,<br>
+  And twofold love unites the double sex.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_293" name="canto2_293"></a><span class="pagenum"><a id="page066" name="page066"></a>(p. 066)</span>   "Hence, when the Morus in Italia's lands<br>
+  To spring's warm beam its timid leaf expands;<br>
+  The Silk-Worm broods in countless tribes above<br>
+  Crop the green treasure, uninform'd of love;<br>
+  Erewhile the changeful worm with circling head<br>
+  Weaves the nice curtains of his silken bed;<br>
+  Web within web involves his larva form,<br>
+  Alike secured from sunshine and from storm;      <span class="ralign">300</span><br>
+  For twelve long days He dreams of blossom'd groves,<br>
+  <a id="c2_l302" name="c2_l302"></a><a href="#canto2_l302">Untasted honey</a>, and ideal loves;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page067" name="page067"></a>(p. 067)</span> Wakes from his trance, alarm'd with young Desire,<br>
+  Finds his new sex, and feels ecstatic fire;<br>
+  From flower to flower with honey'd lip he springs,<br>
+  And seeks his velvet loves on silver wings.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_VI" name="canto2_VI"></a>VI. "The Demon, Jealousy, with Gorgon frown<br>
+  Blasts the sweet flowers of Pleasure not his own,<br>
+  Rolls his wild eyes, and through the shuddering grove<br>
+  Pursues the steps of unsuspecting Love;      <span class="ralign">310</span><br>
+  Or drives o'er rattling plains his iron car,<br>
+  Flings his red torch, and lights the flames of war.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_313" name="canto2_313"></a>Here Cocks heroic burn with rival rage,<br>
+  And Quails with Quails in doubtful fight engage;<br>
+  Of armed heels and bristling plumage proud,<br>
+  They sound the insulting clarion shrill and loud,<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page068" name="page068"></a>(p. 068)</span> With rustling pinions meet, and swelling chests,<br>
+  And seize with closing beaks their bleeding crests;<br>
+  Rise on quick wing above the struggling foe,<br>
+  And aim in air the death-devoting blow.      <span class="ralign">320</span><br>
+  <a id="c2_l321" name="c2_l321"></a><a href="#canto2_l321">There the hoarse stag</a> his croaking rival scorns,<br>
+  And butts and parries with his branching horns;<br>
+  Contending Boars with tusk enamell'd strike,<br>
+  And guard with shoulder-shield the blow oblique;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page069" name="page069"></a>(p. 069)</span> While female bands attend in mute surprise,<br>
+  And view the victor with admiring eyes.&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_327" name="canto2_327"></a>"So Knight on Knight, recorded in romance,<br>
+  Urged the proud steed, and couch'd the extended lance;<br>
+  He, whose dread prowess with resistless force,<br>
+  O'erthrew the opposing warrior and his horse,      <span class="ralign">330</span><br>
+  Bless'd, as the golden guerdon of his toils,<br>
+  Bow'd to the Beauty, and receiv'd her smiles.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_333" name="canto2_333"></a>"So when fair <span class="smcap">Helen</span> with ill-fated charms,<br>
+  By <span class="smcap">Paris</span> wooed, provoked the world to arms,<br>
+  Left her vindictive Lord to sigh in vain<br>
+  For broken vows, lost love, and cold disdain;<br>
+  Fired at his wrongs, associate to destroy<br>
+  The realms unjust of proud adulterous Troy,<br>
+  Unnumber'd Heroes braved the dubious fight,<br>
+  And sunk lamented to the shades of night.      <span class="ralign">340</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_341" name="canto2_341"></a><span class="pagenum"><a id="page070" name="page070"></a>(p. 070)</span>   "Now vows connubial chain the plighted pair,<br>
+  And join paternal with maternal care;<br>
+  <a id="canto2_343" name="canto2_343"></a>The married birds with nice selection cull<br>
+  Soft thistle-down, gray moss, and scattered wool,<br>
+  Line the secluded nest with feathery rings,<br>
+  Meet with fond bills, and woo with fluttering wings.<br>
+  Week after week, regardless of her food,<br>
+  <a id="c2_l348" name="c2_l348"></a><a href="#canto2_l348">The incumbent Linnet</a> warms her future brood;<br>
+  Each spotted egg with ivory lips she turns,<br>
+  Day after day with fond expectance burns,      <span class="ralign">350</span><br>
+  <a id="c2_l351" name="c2_l351"></a><a href="#canto2_l351">Hears the young prisoner</a> chirping in his cell,<br>
+  And breaks in hemispheres the obdurate shell.<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page071" name="page071"></a>(p. 071)</span> Loud trills sweet Philomel his tender strain,<br>
+  Charms his fond bride, and wakes his infant train;<br>
+  Perch'd on the circling moss, the listening throng<br>
+  Wave their young wings, <a id="c2_l356" name="c2_l356"></a><a href="#canto2_l356">and whisper to the song</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_357" name="canto2_357"></a>"The Lion-King forgets his savage pride,<br>
+  And courts with playful paws his tawny bride;<br>
+  The listening Tiger hears with kindling flame<br>
+  The love-lorn night-call of his brinded dame.      <span class="ralign">360</span><br>
+  <a id="canto2_361" name="canto2_361"></a>Despotic <span class="smcap">Love</span> dissolves the bestial war,<br>
+  Bends their proud necks, and joins them to his car;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page072" name="page072"></a>(p. 072)</span> Shakes o'er the obedient pairs his silken thong,<br>
+  And goads the humble, or restrains the strong.&mdash;<br>
+  Slow roll the silver wheels,&mdash;in beauty's pride<br>
+  Celestial <span class="smcap">Psyche</span> blushing by his side.&mdash;<br>
+  The lordly Bull behind and warrior Horse<br>
+  With voice of thunder shake the echoing course,<br>
+  Chain'd to the car with herds domestic move,<br>
+  And swell the triumph of despotic <span class="smcap">Love</span>.      <span class="ralign">370</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_371" name="canto2_371"></a>"Pleased as they pass along the breezy shore<br>
+  In twinkling shoals the scaly realms adore,<br>
+  Move on quick fin <a id="c2_l373" name="c2_l373"></a><a href="#canto2_l373">with undulating train</a>,<br>
+  Or lift their slimy foreheads from the main.<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page073" name="page073"></a>(p. 073)</span> High o'er their heads <a id="c2_l375" name="c2_l375"></a><a href="#canto2_l375">on pinions broad display'd</a><br>
+  The feather'd nations shed a floating shade;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page074" name="page074"></a>(p. 074)</span> Pair after pair enamour'd shoot along,<br>
+  And trill in air the gay impassion'd song.<br>
+  With busy hum in playful swarms around<br>
+  Emerging insects leave the peopled ground,      <span class="ralign">380</span><br>
+  Rise in dark clouds, and borne in airy rings<br>
+  Sport round the car, and wave their golden wings.<br>
+  Admiring Fawns pursue on dancing hoof,<br>
+  And bashful Dryads peep from shades aloof;<br>
+  Emerging Nereids rise from coral cells,<br>
+  Enamour'd Tritons sound their twisted shells;<br>
+  From sparkling founts enchanted Naiads move,<br>
+  And swell the triumph of despotic <span class="smcap">Love</span>.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_389" name="canto2_389"></a>"Delighted Flora, gazing from afar,<br>
+  Greets with mute homage the triumphal car;      <span class="ralign">390</span><br>
+  On silvery slippers steps with bosom bare,<br>
+  Bends her white knee, and bows her auburn hair;<br>
+  Calls to her purple heaths, and blushing bowers,<br>
+  Bursts her green gems, and opens all her flowers;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page075" name="page075"></a>(p. 075)</span> O'er the bright Pair a shower of roses sheds,<br>
+  And crowns with wreathes of hyacinth their heads.&mdash;<br>
+  &mdash;Slow roll the silver wheels with snowdrops deck'd,<br>
+  And primrose bands the cedar spokes connect;<br>
+  Round the fine pole the twisting woodbine clings,<br>
+  And knots of jasmine clasp the bending springs;      <span class="ralign">400</span><br>
+  Bright daisy links the velvet harness chain,<br>
+  And rings of violets join each silken rein;<br>
+  Festoon'd behind, the snow-white lilies bend,<br>
+  And tulip-tassels on each side depend.<br>
+  &mdash;Slow rolls the car,&mdash;the enamour'd Flowers exhale<br>
+  Their treasured sweets, and whisper to the gale;<br>
+  Their ravelled buds, and wrinkled cups unfold,<br>
+  Nod their green stems, and wave their bells of gold;<br>
+  Breathe their soft sighs from each enchanted grove,<br>
+  And hail <span class="smcap">The Deities of Sexual Love</span>.      <span class="ralign">410</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_411" name="canto2_411"></a>"<span class="smcap">Onward</span> with march sublime in saffron robe<br>
+  Young <span class="smcap">Hymen</span> steps, and traverses the globe;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page076" name="page076"></a>(p. 076)</span> O'er burning sands, and snow-clad mountains, treads,<br>
+  Blue fields of air, and ocean's briny beds;<br>
+  Flings from his radiant torch celestial light<br>
+  O'er Day's wide concave, and illumes the Night.<br>
+  With dulcet eloquence his tuneful tongue<br>
+  Convokes and captivates the Fair and Young;<br>
+  <a id="canto2_419" name="canto2_419"></a>His golden lamp with ray ethereal dyes<br>
+  The blushing cheek, and lights the laughing eyes;      <span class="ralign">420</span><br>
+  With secret flames the virgin's bosom warms,<br>
+  And lights the impatient bridegroom to her arms;<br>
+  With lovely life all Nature's frame inspires,<br>
+  And, as they sink, rekindles all her fires."</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_VII" name="canto2_VII"></a>VII. Now paused the beauteous Teacher, and awhile<br>
+  Gazed on her train with sympathetic smile.<br>
+  'Beware of Love! she cried, ye Nymphs, and hear<br>
+  'His twanging bowstring with alarmed ear;<br>
+  'Fly the first whisper of the distant dart,<br>
+  'Or shield with adamant the fluttering heart;      <span class="ralign">430</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page077" name="page077"></a>(p. 077)</span> 'To secret shades, ye Virgin trains, retire,<br>
+  'And in your bosoms guard the vestal fire.'<br>
+  &mdash;The obedient Beauties hear her words, advised,<br>
+  And bow <a id="c2_l434" name="c2_l434"></a><a href="#canto2_l434">with laugh repress'd</a>, and <a id="c2_l434b" name="c2_l434b"></a><a href="#canto2_l434b">smile chastised</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_435" name="canto2_435"></a>Now at her nod the Nymphs attendant bring<br>
+  Translucent water from the bubbling spring;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page078" name="page078"></a>(p. 078)</span> In crystal cups the waves salubrious shine,<br>
+  Unstain'd untainted with immodest wine.<br>
+  Next, where emerging from its ancient roots<br>
+  Its widening boughs the Tree of Knowledge shoots;      <span class="ralign">440</span><br>
+  Pluck'd with nice choice before the Muse they placed<br>
+  The now no longer interdicted taste.<br>
+  Awhile they sit, from higher cares released,<br>
+  And pleased partake the intellectual feast.<br>
+  Of good and ill they spoke, effect and cause,<br>
+  Celestial agencies, and Nature's laws.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto2_447" name="canto2_447"></a>So when angelic Forms to Syria sent<br>
+  Sat in the cedar shade by <span class="smcap">Abraham's</span> tent;<br>
+  A spacious bowl the admiring Patriarch fills<br>
+  With dulcet water from the scanty rills;      <span class="ralign">450</span><br>
+  Sweet fruits and kernels gathers from his hoard,<br>
+  With milk and butter piles the plenteous board;<br>
+  While on the heated hearth his Consort bakes<br>
+  Fine flour well kneaded in unleaven'd cakes.<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page079" name="page079"></a>(p. 079)</span> The Guests ethereal quaff the lucid flood,<br>
+  Smile on their hosts, and taste terrestrial food;<br>
+  And while from seraph-lips sweet converse springs,<br>
+  Lave their fair feet, and close their silver wings.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="p2 center">END OF CANTO II.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page081" name="page081"></a>(p. 081)</span> ORIGIN OF SOCIETY.<br>
+
+CANTO III.<br>
+
+PROGRESS OF THE MIND.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page082" name="page082"></a>(p. 082)</span> CONTENTS.</h4>
+
+<p class="resume"><span class="min1em"><a href="#canto3_I">I</a>.</span>
+Urania and the Muse converse <a href="#canto3_I">1</a>.
+Progress of the Mind <a href="#canto3_42">42</a>.
+<a href="#canto3_II">II</a>.
+The Four sensorial powers of Irritation, Sensation, Volition, and
+Association <a href="#canto3_II">55</a>.
+Some finer senses given to Brutes <a href="#canto3_93">93</a>.
+And Armour <a href="#canto3_108">108</a>.
+Finer Organ of Touch given to Man <a href="#canto3_121">121</a>.
+Whence clear ideas of Form <a href="#canto3_125">125</a>.
+Vision is the Language of the Touch <a href="#canto3_131">131</a>.
+Magic Lantern <a href="#canto3_139">139</a>.
+Surprise, Novelty, Curiosity <a href="#canto3_145">145</a>.
+Passions, Vices <a href="#canto3_149">149</a>.
+Philanthropy <a href="#canto3_159">159</a>.
+Shrine of Virtue <a href="#canto3_160">160</a>.
+<a href="#canto3_III">III</a>.
+Ideal Beauty from the Female Bosom <a href="#canto3_III">163</a>.
+Eros the God of Sentimental Love <a href="#canto3_177">177</a>.
+Young Dione idolized by Eros <a href="#canto3_186">186</a>.
+Third chain of Society <a href="#canto3_206">206</a>.
+<a href="#canto3_IV">IV</a>.
+Ideal Beauty from curved Lines <a href="#canto3_IV">207</a>.
+Taste for the Beautiful <a href="#canto3_222">222</a>.
+Taste for the Sublime <a href="#canto3_223">223</a>.
+For poetic Melancholy <a href="#canto3_231">231</a>.
+For Tragedy <a href="#canto3_241">241</a>.
+For artless Nature <a href="#canto3_247">247</a>.
+The Genius of Taste <a href="#canto3_259">259</a>.
+<a href="#canto3_V">V</a>.
+The Senses easily form and repeat ideas <a href="#canto3_V">269</a>.
+Imitation from clear ideas <a href="#canto3_279">279</a>.
+The Senses imitate each other <a href="#canto3_293">293</a>.
+In dancing <a href="#canto3_295">295</a>.
+In drawing naked Nymphs <a href="#canto3_299">299</a>.
+In Architecture, as at St. Peter's at Rome <a href="#canto3_303">303</a>.
+Mimickry <a href="#canto3_319">319</a>.
+<a href="#canto3_VI">VI</a>.
+Natural Language from imitation <a href="#canto3_VI">335</a>.
+Language of Quails, Cocks, Lions, Boxers <a href="#canto3_343">343</a>.
+Pantomime Action <a href="#canto3_357">357</a>.
+Verbal Language from Imitation and Association <a href="#canto3_363">363</a>.
+Symbols of ideas <a href="#canto3_371">371</a>.
+Gigantic form of Time <a href="#canto3_385">385</a>.
+Wings of Hermes <a href="#canto3_391">391</a>.
+<a href="#canto3_VII">VII</a>.
+Recollection from clear ideas <a href="#canto3_VII">395</a>.
+Reason and Volition <a href="#canto3_401">401</a>.
+Arts of the Wasp, Bee, Spider, Wren, Silk-Worm <a href="#canto3_411">411</a>.
+Volition concerned about Means or Causes <a href="#canto3_435">435</a>.
+Man distinguished by Language, by
+using Tools, labouring for Money, praying to the Deity <a href="#canto3_438">438</a>.
+The Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil <a href="#canto3_445">445</a>.
+<a href="#canto3_VIII">VIII</a>.
+Emotions from Imitation <a href="#canto3_VIII">461</a>.
+The Seraph; Sympathy <a href="#canto3_467">467</a>.
+Christian Morality the great bond of Society <a href="#canto3_483">483</a>-496.</p>
+
+<a id="canto3" name="canto3"></a>
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page083" name="page083"></a>(p. 083)</span> CANTO III.<br>
+PROGRESS OF THE MIND.</h4>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<p><a id="canto3_I" name="canto3_I"></a>I. Now rose, adorn'd with Beauty's brightest hues,<br>
+  The graceful <span class="smcap">Hierophant</span>, and winged <span class="smcap">Muse</span>;<br>
+  Onward they step around the stately piles,<br>
+  O'er porcelain floors, through laqueated ailes,<br>
+  Eye Nature's lofty and her lowly seats,<br>
+  Her gorgeous palaces, and green retreats,<br>
+  Pervade her labyrinths with unerring tread,<br>
+  And leave for future guests a guiding thread.</p>
+
+<p>First with fond gaze blue fields of air they sweep,<br>
+  Or pierce the briny chambers of the deep;      <span class="ralign">10</span><br>
+  Earth's burning line, and icy poles explore,<br>
+  Her fertile surface, and her caves of ore;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page084" name="page084"></a>(p. 084)</span> Or mark <a id="c3_l13" name="c3_l13"></a><a href="#canto3_l13">how Oxygen</a> with Azote-Gas<br>
+  Plays round the globe in one aerial mass,<br>
+  Or fused with Hydrogen in ceaseless flow<br>
+  Forms the wide waves, which foam and roll below.</p>
+
+<p>Next with illumined hands through prisms bright<br>
+  Pleased they untwist the sevenfold threads of light;<br>
+  Or, bent in pencils by the lens, convey<br>
+  To one bright point the silver hairs of Day.      <span class="ralign">20</span><br>
+  Then mark how <a id="c3_l21" name="c3_l21"></a><a href="#canto3_l21">two electric streams</a> conspire<br>
+  To form the resinous and vitreous fire;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page085" name="page085"></a>(p. 085)</span> Beneath the waves the fierce Gymnotus arm,<br>
+  And give Torpedo his benumbing charm;<br>
+  Or, through Galvanic chain-work as they pass,<br>
+  Convert the kindling water into gas.</p>
+
+<p>How at the poles opposing Ethers dwell,<br>
+  Attract the quivering needle, or repel.<br>
+  How Gravitation by immortal laws<br>
+  Surrounding matter to a centre draws;      <span class="ralign">30</span><br>
+  How Heat, pervading oceans, airs, and lands,<br>
+  With force uncheck'd the mighty mass expands;<br>
+  And last how born in elemental strife<br>
+  Beam'd the first spark, and lighten'd into Life.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page086" name="page086"></a>(p. 086)</span>   Now in sweet tones the inquiring Muse express'd<br>
+  Her ardent wish; and thus the Fair address'd.<br>
+  "Priestess of Nature! whose exploring sight<br>
+  Pierces the realms of Chaos and of Night;<br>
+  Of space unmeasured marks the first and last,<br>
+  Of endless time the present, future, past;      <span class="ralign">40</span><br>
+  Immortal Guide! O, now with accents kind<br>
+  <a id="canto3_42" name="canto3_42"></a>Give to my ear the progress of the Mind.<br>
+  How loves, and tastes, and sympathies commence<br>
+  From evanescent notices of sense?<br>
+  How from the yielding touch and rolling eyes<br>
+  The piles immense of human science rise?&mdash;<br>
+  With mind gigantic steps the puny Elf,<br>
+  And weighs and measures all things but himself!"</p>
+
+<p>The indulgent Beauty hears the grateful Muse,<br>
+  Smiles on her pupil, and her task renews.      <span class="ralign">50</span><br>
+  Attentive Nymphs in sparkling squadrons throng,<br>
+  And choral Virgins listen to the song;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page087" name="page087"></a>(p. 087)</span> Pleased Fawns and Naiads crowd in silent rings,<br>
+  And hovering Cupids stretch their purple wings.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_II" name="canto3_II"></a>II. "<span class="smcap">First</span> the new actions of the excited sense,<br>
+  Urged by appulses from without, commence;<br>
+  With these exertions pain or pleasure springs,<br>
+  And forms perceptions of external things.<br>
+  Thus, when illumined by the solar beams,<br>
+  Yon waving woods, green lawns, and sparkling streams,<br>
+  In one bright point by rays converging lie      <span class="ralign">61</span><br>
+  Plann'd on the moving tablet of the eye;<br>
+  The mind obeys the silver goads of light,<br>
+  <a id="c3_l64" name="c3_l64"></a><a href="#canto3_l64">And <span class="smcap">Irritation</span> moves</a> the nerves of sight.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page088" name="page088"></a>(p. 088)</span>   "These acts repeated rise from joys or pains,<br>
+  And swell Imagination's flowing trains;<br>
+  So in dread dreams amid the silent night<br>
+  Grim spectre-forms the shuddering sense affright;<br>
+  Or Beauty's idol-image, as it moves,<br>
+  Charms the closed eye with graces, smiles, and loves;      <span class="ralign">70</span><br>
+  Each passing form the pausing heart delights,<br>
+  <a id="c3_l72" name="c3_l72"></a><a href="#canto3_l72">And young <span class="smcap">Sensation</span></a> every nerve excites.</p>
+
+<p>"Oft from sensation <a id="c3_l73" name="c3_l73"></a><a href="#canto3_l73">quick <span class="smcap">Volition</span> springs</a>,<br>
+  When pleasure thrills us, or when anguish stings;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page089" name="page089"></a>(p. 089)</span> Hence Recollection calls with voice sublime<br>
+  Immersed ideas from the wrecks of Time,<br>
+  With potent charm in lucid trains displays<br>
+  Eventful stories of forgotten days.<br>
+  Hence Reason's efforts good with ill contrast,<br>
+  Compare the present, future, and the past;      <span class="ralign">80</span><br>
+  <a id="c3_l81" name="c3_l81"></a><a href="#canto3_l81">Each passing moment</a>, unobserved restrain<br>
+  The wild discordancies of Fancy's train;<br>
+  But leave uncheck'd the Night's ideal streams,<br>
+  Or, sacred Muses! your meridian dreams.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page090" name="page090"></a>(p. 090)</span>   "And last Suggestion's mystic power describes<br>
+  Ideal hosts arranged in trains or tribes.<br>
+  So when the Nymph with volant finger rings<br>
+  Her dulcet harp, and shakes the sounding strings;<br>
+  As with soft voice she trills the enamour'd song,<br>
+  Successive notes, unwill'd, the strain prolong;      <span class="ralign">90</span><br>
+  The transient trains <a id="c3_l91" name="c3_l91"></a><a href="#canto3_l91"><span class="smcap">Association</span> steers</a>,<br>
+  And sweet vibrations charm the astonish'd ears.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_93" name="canto3_93"></a>"<span class="smcap">On</span> rapid feet o'er hills, and plains, and rocks,<br>
+  Speed the scared leveret and rapacious fox;<br>
+  On rapid pinions cleave the fields above<br>
+  The hawk descending, and escaping dove;<br>
+  With nicer nostril track the tainted ground<br>
+  The hungry vulture, and the prowling hound;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page091" name="page091"></a>(p. 091)</span> Converge reflected light with nicer eye<br>
+  The midnight owl, and microscopic fly;      <span class="ralign">100</span><br>
+  With finer ear pursue their nightly course<br>
+  The listening lion, and the alarmed horse.</p>
+
+<p>"<a id="c3_l103" name="c3_l103"></a><a href="#canto3_l103">The branching forehead</a> with diverging horns<br>
+  Crests the bold bull, the jealous stag adorns;<br>
+  Fierce rival boars with side-long fury wield<br>
+  The pointed tusk, and guard with shoulder-shield;<br>
+  Bounds the dread tiger o'er the affrighted heath<br>
+  <a id="canto3_108" name="canto3_108"></a>Arm'd with sharp talons, and resistless teeth;<br>
+  The pouncing eagle bears in clinched claws<br>
+  The struggling lamb, and rends with ivory jaws;      <span class="ralign">110</span><br>
+  <a id="c3_l111" name="c3_l111"></a><a href="#canto3_l111">The tropic eel</a>, electric in his ire,<br>
+  Alarms the waves with unextinguish'd fire;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page092" name="page092"></a>(p. 092)</span> <a id="c3_l113" name="c3_l113"></a><a href="#canto3_l113">The fly of night</a> illumes his airy way,<br>
+  And seeks with lucid lamp his sleeping prey;<br>
+  Fierce on his foe the poisoning serpent springs,<br>
+  And insect armies dart their venom'd stings.</p>
+
+<p>"Proud Man alone in wailing weakness born,<br>
+  No horns protect him, and no plumes adorn;<br>
+  No finer powers of nostril, ear, or eye,<br>
+  Teach the young Reasoner to pursue or fly.&mdash;      <span class="ralign">120</span><br>
+  <a id="canto3_121" name="canto3_121"></a>Nerved with fine touch above the bestial throngs,<br>
+  <a id="c3_l122" name="c3_l122"></a><a href="#canto3_l122">The hand, first gift of Heaven</a>! to man belongs;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page093" name="page093"></a>(p. 093)</span> Untipt with claws the circling fingers close,<br>
+  With rival points the bending thumbs oppose,<br>
+  <a id="canto3_125" name="canto3_125"></a><a id="c3_l125" name="c3_l125"></a><a href="#canto3_l125">Trace the nice lines of Form</a> with sense refined,<br>
+  And clear ideas charm the thinking mind.<br>
+  Whence the fine organs of the touch impart<br>
+  Ideal figure, source of every art;<br>
+  Time, motion, number, sunshine or the storm,<br>
+  But mark varieties in Nature's <i>form</i>.      <span class="ralign">130</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_131" name="canto3_131"></a><span class="pagenum"><a id="page094" name="page094"></a>(p. 094)</span>   "Slow could the tangent organ wander o'er<br>
+  The rock-built mountain, and the winding shore;<br>
+  No apt ideas could the pigmy mite,<br>
+  Or embryon emmet to the touch excite;<br>
+  But as each mass the solar ray reflects,<br>
+  The eye's clear glass the transient beams collects;<br>
+  Bends to their focal point the rays that swerve,<br>
+  And paints the living image on the nerve.<br>
+  <a id="canto3_139" name="canto3_139"></a>So in some village-barn, or festive hall<br>
+  The spheric lens illumes the whiten'd wall;      <span class="ralign">140</span><br>
+  O'er the bright field successive figures fleet,<br>
+  And motley shadows dance along the sheet.&mdash;<br>
+  Symbol of solid forms is colour'd light,<br>
+  And <a id="c3_l144" name="c3_l144"></a><a href="#canto3_l144">the mute language of the touch</a> is sight.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_145" name="canto3_145"></a><span class="pagenum"><a id="page095" name="page095"></a>(p. 095)</span>   "<span class="smcap">Hence</span> in Life's portico <a id="c3_l145" name="c3_l145"></a><a href="#canto3_l145">starts young Surprise</a><br>
+  With step retreating, and expanded eyes;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page096" name="page096"></a>(p. 096)</span> The virgin, Novelty, whose radiant train<br>
+  Soars o'er the clouds, or sinks beneath the main,<br>
+  <a id="canto3_149" name="canto3_149"></a>With sweetly-mutable seductive charms<br>
+  Thrills the young sense, the tender heart alarms.      <span class="ralign">150</span><br>
+  Then Curiosity with tracing hands<br>
+  <a id="c3_l152" name="c3_l152"></a><a href="#canto3_l152">And meeting lips</a> the lines of form demands,<br>
+  Buoy'd on light step, o'er ocean, earth, and sky,<br>
+  Rolls the bright mirror of her restless eye.<br>
+  While in wild groups tumultuous Passions stand,<br>
+  And Lust and Hunger head the Motley band;<br>
+  Then Love and Rage succeed, and Hope and Fear;<br>
+  And nameless Vices close the gloomy rear;<br>
+  <a id="canto3_159" name="canto3_159"></a>Or young Philanthropy with voice divine<br>
+  <a id="canto3_160" name="canto3_160"></a>Convokes the adoring Youth to Virtue's shrine;      <span class="ralign">160</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page097" name="page097"></a>(p. 097)</span> Who with raised eye and pointing finger leads<br>
+  To truths celestial, and immortal deeds.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_III" name="canto3_III"></a>III. "As the pure language of the Sight commands<br>
+  The clear ideas furnish'd by the hands;<br>
+  Beauty's fine forms attract our wondering eyes,<br>
+  And soft alarms the pausing heart surprise.<br>
+  Warm from its cell the tender infant born<br>
+  Feels the cold chill of Life's aerial morn;<br>
+  <a id="c3_l169" name="c3_l169"></a><a href="#canto3_l169">Seeks with spread hands</a> the bosoms velvet orbs,<br>
+  With closing lips the milky fount absorbs;      <span class="ralign">170</span><br>
+  And, as compress'd the dulcet streams distil,<br>
+  Drinks warmth and fragrance from the living rill;<br>
+  Eyes with mute rapture every waving line,<br>
+  Prints with adoring kiss the Paphian shrine,<br>
+  And learns erelong, the perfect form confess'd,<br>
+  <a id="c3_l176" name="c3_l176"></a><a href="#canto3_l176"><span class="smcap">Ideal Beauty</span></a> from its Mother's breast.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_177" name="canto3_177"></a><span class="pagenum"><a id="page098" name="page098"></a>(p. 098)</span>   "Now on swift wheels descending like a star<br>
+  <a id="c3_l178" name="c3_l178"></a><a href="#canto3_l178">Alights young <span class="smcap">Eros</span></a> from his radiant car;<br>
+  On angel-wings attendant Graces move,<br>
+  And hail the God of <span class="smcap">Sentimental Love</span>.      <span class="ralign">180</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page099" name="page099"></a>(p. 099)</span> <a id="c3_l181" name="c3_l181"></a><a href="#canto3_l181">Earth at his feet</a> extends her flowery bed,<br>
+  And bends her silver blossoms round his head;<br>
+  Dark clouds dissolve, the warring winds subside.<br>
+  And smiling ocean calms his tossing tide,<br>
+  O'er the bright morn meridian lustres play,<br>
+  <a id="canto3_186" name="canto3_186"></a>And Heaven salutes him with a flood of day.</p>
+
+<p>"Warm as the sun-beam, pure as driven snows,<br>
+  The enamour'd <span class="smcap">God</span> for young <span class="smcap">Dione</span> glows;<br>
+  Drops the still tear, with sweet attention sighs,<br>
+  And woos the Goddess with adoring eyes;      <span class="ralign">190</span><br>
+  Marks her white neck beneath the gauze's fold,<br>
+  Her ivory shoulders, and her locks of gold;<br>
+  Drinks with mute ecstacy the transient glow,<br>
+  Which warms and tints her bosom's rising snow.<br>
+  With holy kisses wanders o'er her charms,<br>
+  And clasps the Beauty in Platonic arms;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page100" name="page100"></a>(p. 100)</span> Or if the dewy hands of Sleep, unbid,<br>
+  O'er her blue eye-balls close the lovely lid,<br>
+  Watches each nascent smile, and fleeting grace,<br>
+  That plays in day-dreams o'er her blushing face;      <span class="ralign">200</span><br>
+  Counts the fine mazes of the curls, that break<br>
+  Round her fair ear, and shade her damask cheek;<br>
+  Drinks the pure fragrance of her breath, and sips<br>
+  With tenderest touch the roses of her lips;&mdash;<br>
+  O'er female hearts with chaste seduction reigns,<br>
+  <a id="canto3_206" name="canto3_206"></a>And binds <span class="smcap">Society</span> in silken chains.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_IV" name="canto3_IV"></a>IV. "<span class="smcap">If</span> the wide eye <a id="c3_l207" name="c3_l207"></a><a href="#canto3_l207">the wavy lawns</a> explores,<br>
+  The bending woodlands, or the winding shores,<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page101" name="page101"></a>(p. 101)</span> Hills, whose green sides with soft protuberance rise,<br>
+  Or the blue concave of the vaulted skies;&mdash;      <span class="ralign">210</span><br>
+  Or scans with nicer gaze the pearly swell<br>
+  Of spiral volutes round the twisted shell;<br>
+  Or undulating sweep, whose graceful turns<br>
+  Bound the smooth surface of Etrurian urns,<br>
+  When on fine forms the waving lines impress'd<br>
+  Give the nice curves, which swell the female breast;<br>
+  The countless joys the tender Mother pours<br>
+  Round the soft cradle of our infant hours,<br>
+  In lively trains of unextinct delight<br>
+  Rise in our bosoms <i>recognized by sight</i>;      <span class="ralign">220</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page102" name="page102"></a>(p. 102)</span> Fond Fancy's eye recalls the form divine,<br>
+  <a id="canto3_222" name="canto3_222"></a>And <span class="smcap">Taste</span> sits smiling upon Beauty's shrine.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_223" name="canto3_223"></a>"Where Egypt's pyramids gigantic stand,<br>
+  And stretch their shadows o'er the shuddering sand;<br>
+  Or where high rocks o'er ocean's dashing floods<br>
+  Wave high in air their panoply of woods;<br>
+  Admiring <span class="smcap">Taste</span> delights to stray beneath<br>
+  With eye uplifted, and forgets to breathe;<br>
+  Or, as aloft his daring footsteps climb,<br>
+  Crests their high summits <a id="c3_l230" name="c3_l230"></a><a href="#canto3_l230">with his arm sublime</a>.      <span class="ralign">230</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_231" name="canto3_231"></a><span class="pagenum"><a id="page103" name="page103"></a>(p. 103)</span>   "Where mouldering columns mark the lingering wreck<br>
+  Of Thebes, Palmyra, Babylon, Balbec;<br>
+  The prostrate obelisk, or shatter'd dome,<br>
+  Uprooted pedestal, and yawning tomb,<br>
+  On loitering steps reflective <span class="smcap">Taste</span> surveys<br>
+  With folded arms and sympathetic gaze;<br>
+  Charm'd with <a id="c3_l237" name="c3_l237"></a><a href="#canto3_l237">poetic Melancholy treads</a><br>
+  O'er ruin'd towns and desolated meads;<br>
+  Or rides sublime on Time's expanded wings,<br>
+  And views the fate of ever-changing things.      <span class="ralign">240</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_241" name="canto3_241"></a>"When Beauty's streaming eyes her woes express,<br>
+  Or Virtue braves unmerited distress;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page104" name="page104"></a>(p. 104)</span> Love sighs in sympathy, with pain combined,<br>
+  And new-born Pity charms the kindred mind;<br>
+  The enamour'd Sorrow every cheek bedews,<br>
+  And <span class="smcap">Taste</span> impassion'd woos <a id="c3_l246" name="c3_l246"></a><a href="#canto3_l246">the tragic Muse</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_247" name="canto3_247"></a>"The rush-thatch'd cottage on the purple moor,<br>
+  Where ruddy children frolic round the door,<br>
+  The moss-grown antlers of the aged oak,<br>
+  The shaggy locks that fringe the colt unbroke,      <span class="ralign">250</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page105" name="page105"></a>(p. 105)</span> The bearded goat with nimble eyes, that glare<br>
+  Through the long tissue of his hoary hair;&mdash;<br>
+  As with quick foot he climbs some ruin'd wall,<br>
+  And crops the ivy, which prevents its fall;&mdash;<br>
+  With rural charms the tranquil mind delight,<br>
+  And form a picture to the admiring sight.<br>
+  While <span class="smcap">Taste</span> with pleasure bends his eye surprised<br>
+  In modern days at <a id="c3_l258" name="c3_l258"></a><a href="#canto3_l258">Nature unchastised</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_259" name="canto3_259"></a>"The <span class="smcap">Genius-Form</span>, on silver slippers born,<br>
+  With fairer dew-drops gems the rising morn;      <span class="ralign">260</span><br>
+  Sheds o'er meridian skies a softer light,<br>
+  And decks with brighter pearls the brow of night;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page106" name="page106"></a>(p. 106)</span> With finer blush the vernal blossom glows,<br>
+  With sweeter breath enamour'd Zephyr blows,<br>
+  The limpid streams with gentler murmurs pass,<br>
+  And gayer colours tinge the watery glass,<br>
+  Charm'd round his steps along the enchanted groves<br>
+  Flit the fine forms of Beauties, Graces, Loves.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_V" name="canto3_V"></a>V. "Alive, each moment of the transient hour,<br>
+  <a id="c3_l270" name="c3_l270"></a><a href="#canto3_l270">When Rest accumulates</a> sensorial power,      <span class="ralign">270</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page107" name="page107"></a>(p. 107)</span> The impatient Senses, goaded to contract,<br>
+  Forge new ideas, changing as they act;<br>
+  And, in long streams dissever'd, or concrete<br>
+  In countless tribes, the fleeting forms repeat.<br>
+  Which rise excited in Volition's trains,<br>
+  Or link the sparkling rings of Fancy's chains;<br>
+  Or, as they flow from each translucent source,<br>
+  Pursue Association's endless course.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_279" name="canto3_279"></a>"Hence when the inquiring hands with contact fine<br>
+  Trace on hard forms the circumscribing line;      <span class="ralign">280</span><br>
+  Which then the language of the rolling eyes<br>
+  From distant scenes of earth and heaven supplies;<br>
+  Those clear ideas of the touch and sight<br>
+  Rouse the quick sense to anguish or delight;<br>
+  Whence the fine power of <span class="smcap">Imitation</span> springs,<br>
+  And apes the outlines of external things;<br>
+  With ceaseless action to the world imparts<br>
+  <a id="c3_l288" name="c3_l288"></a><a href="#canto3_l288">All moral virtues</a>, languages, and arts.<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page108" name="page108"></a>(p. 108)</span> First the charm'd Mind mechanic powers collects,<br>
+  Means for some end, and causes of effects;      <span class="ralign">290</span><br>
+  Then learns from other Minds their joys and fears,<br>
+  Contagious smiles and sympathetic tears.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_293" name="canto3_293"></a>"What one fine stimulated Sense discerns,<br>
+  <a id="c3_l294" name="c3_l294"></a><a href="#canto3_l294">Another Sense</a> by <span class="smcap">Imitation</span> learns.&mdash;<br>
+  <a id="canto3_295" name="canto3_295"></a>So in the graceful dance the step sublime<br>
+  Learns from the ear the concordance of Time.<br>
+  So, when the pen of some young artist prints<br>
+  Recumbent Nymphs in <span class="smcap">Titian's</span> living tints;<br>
+  <a id="canto3_299" name="canto3_299"></a>The glowing limb, fair cheek, and flowing hair,<br>
+  Respiring bosom, and seductive air,      <span class="ralign">300</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page109" name="page109"></a>(p. 109)</span> He justly copies with enamour'd sigh<br>
+  From Beauty's image pictured on his eye.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_303" name="canto3_303"></a>"<a id="c3_l303" name="c3_l303"></a><a href="#canto3_l303">Thus when great <span class="smcap">Angelo</span></a> in wondering Rome<br>
+  Fix'd the vast pillars of Saint Peter's dome,<br>
+  Rear'd rocks on rocks sublime, and hung on high<br>
+  A new Pantheon in the affrighted sky.<br>
+  Each massy pier, now join'd and now aloof,<br>
+  The figured architraves, and vaulted roof,<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page110" name="page110"></a>(p. 110)</span> Ailes, whose broad curves gigantic ribs sustain,<br>
+  Where holy echoes chant the adoring strain;      <span class="ralign">310</span><br>
+  The central altar, sacred to the Lord,<br>
+  Admired by Sages, and by Saints ador'd,<br>
+  Whose brazen canopy ascends sublime<br>
+  On spiral columns unafraid of Time,<br>
+  Were first by Fancy in ethereal dyes<br>
+  Plann'd on the rolling tablets of his eyes;<br>
+  And his true hand with imitation fine<br>
+  Traced from his Retina the grand design.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_319" name="canto3_319"></a>"<a id="c3_l319" name="c3_l319"></a><a href="#canto3_l319">The Muse of <span class="smcap">Mimicry</span></a> in every age<br>
+  With silent language charms the attentive stage;      <span class="ralign">320</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page111" name="page111"></a>(p. 111)</span> The Monarch's stately step, and tragic pause,<br>
+  The Hero bleeding in his country's cause,<br>
+  O'er her fond child the dying Mother's tears,<br>
+  The Lover's ardor, and the Virgin's fears;<br>
+  The tittering Nymph, that tries her comic task,<br>
+  Bounds on the scene, and peeps behind her mask,<br>
+  The Punch and Harlequin, and graver throng,<br>
+  That shake the theatre with dance and song,<br>
+  With endless trains of Angers, Loves, and Mirths,<br>
+  Owe to the Muse of Mimicry their births.      <span class="ralign">330</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_l331" name="canto3_l331"></a>"Hence to clear images of form belong<br>
+  The sculptor's statue, and the poet's song,<br>
+  The painter's landscape, and the builder's plan,<br>
+  And <a id="c3_l334" name="c3_l334"></a><a href="#canto3_l334"><span class="smcap">Imitation</span> marks</a> the mind of Man.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_VI" name="canto3_VI"></a><span class="pagenum"><a id="page112" name="page112"></a>(p. 112)</span>   VI. "<span class="smcap">When</span> strong desires or soft sensations move<br>
+  The astonish'd Intellect to rage or love;<br>
+  Associate tribes of fibrous motions rise,<br>
+  Flush the red cheek, or light the laughing eyes.<br>
+  Whence ever-active Imitation finds<br>
+  The ideal trains, that pass in kindred minds;      <span class="ralign">340</span><br>
+  Her mimic arts associate thoughts excite<br>
+  <a id="c3_l342" name="c3_l342"></a><a href="#canto3_l342">And the first <span class="smcap">Language</span></a> enters at the sight.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_343" name="canto3_343"></a><span class="pagenum"><a id="page113" name="page113"></a>(p. 113)</span>   "Thus jealous quails or village-cocks inspect<br>
+  Each other's necks with stiffen'd plumes erect;<br>
+  Smit with the wordless eloquence, they know<br>
+  The rival passion of the threatening foe.<br>
+  So when the famish'd wolves at midnight howl,<br>
+  Fell serpents hiss, or fierce hyenas growl;<br>
+  Indignant Lions rear their bristling mail,<br>
+  And lash their sides with undulating tail.      <span class="ralign">350</span><br>
+  Or when the Savage-Man with clenched fist<br>
+  Parades, the scowling champion of the list;<br>
+  With brandish'd arms, and eyes that roll to know<br>
+  Where first to fix the meditated blow;<br>
+  Association's mystic power combines<br>
+  Internal passions with external signs.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_357" name="canto3_357"></a>"From these dumb gestures first the exchange began<br>
+  Of viewless thought in bird, and beast, and man;<br>
+  And still the stage by mimic art displays<br>
+  Historic pantomime in modern days;      <span class="ralign">360</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page114" name="page114"></a>(p. 114)</span> And hence the enthusiast orator affords<br>
+  Force to the feebler eloquence of words.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_363" name="canto3_363"></a>"Thus the first <span class="smcap">Language</span>, when we frown'd or smiled,<br>
+  Rose from the cradle, Imitation's child;<br>
+  Next to each thought associate sound accords,<br>
+  And forms the dulcet symphony of words;<br>
+  The tongue, the lips articulate; the throat<br>
+  With soft vibration modulates the note;<br>
+  Love, pity, war, the shout, the song, the prayer<br>
+  Form quick concussions of elastic air.      <span class="ralign">370</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_371" name="canto3_371"></a>"<a id="c3_l371" name="c3_l371"></a><a href="#canto3_l371">Hence the first accents</a> bear in airy rings<br>
+  The vocal symbols of ideal things,<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page115" name="page115"></a>(p. 115)</span> Name each nice change appulsive powers supply<br>
+  To the quick sense of touch, or ear or eye.<br>
+  Or in fine traits abstracted forms suggest<br>
+  Of Beauty, Wisdom, Number, Motion, Rest;<br>
+  Or, as within reflex ideas move,<br>
+  Trace the light steps of Reason, Rage, or Love.<br>
+  The next new sounds adjunctive thoughts recite,<br>
+  As hard, odorous, tuneful, sweet, or white.      <span class="ralign">380</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page116" name="page116"></a>(p. 116)</span> The next the fleeting images select<br>
+  Of action, suffering, causes and effect;<br>
+  Or mark existence, with the march sublime<br>
+  O'er earth and ocean of recording <span class="smcap">Time</span>.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_385" name="canto3_385"></a>"The <span class="smcap">Giant Form</span> on Nature's centre stands,<br>
+  And waves in ether his unnumber'd hands;<br>
+  Whirls the bright planets in their silver spheres,<br>
+  And the vast sun round other systems steers;<br>
+  Till the last trump amid the thunder's roar<br>
+  Sound the dread Sentence "<span class="smcap">Time shall be no more</span>!"</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_391" name="canto3_391"></a>"Last steps Abbreviation, bold and strong,      <span class="ralign">391</span><br>
+  And leads the volant trains of words along;<br>
+  With sweet loquacity to <span class="smcap">Hermes</span> springs,<br>
+  And decks his forehead and his feet with wings.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_VII" name="canto3_VII"></a>VII. "As the soft lips and pliant tongue are taught<br>
+  With other minds to interchange the thought;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page117" name="page117"></a>(p. 117)</span> And sound, the symbol of the sense, explains<br>
+  <a id="c3_l398" name="c3_l398"></a><a href="#canto3_l398">In parted links</a> the long ideal trains;<br>
+  From clear conceptions of external things<br>
+  The facile power of Recollection springs.      <span class="ralign">400</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_401" name="canto3_401"></a>"<a id="c3_l401" name="c3_l401"></a><a href="#canto3_l401">Whence <span class="smcap">Reason's</span> empire</a> o'er the world presides,<br>
+  And man from brute, and man from man divides;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page118" name="page118"></a>(p. 118)</span> Compares and measures by imagined lines<br>
+  Ellipses, circles, tangents, angles, sines;<br>
+  Repeats with nice libration, and decrees<br>
+  In what each differs, and in what agrees;<br>
+  With quick Volitions unfatigued selects<br>
+  Means for some end, and causes of effects;<br>
+  All human science worth the name imparts,<br>
+  And builds on Nature's base the works of Arts.      <span class="ralign">410</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_411" name="canto3_411"></a>"<a id="c3_l411" name="c3_l411"></a><a href="#canto3_l411">The Wasp, fine architect</a>, surrounds his domes<br>
+  With paper-foliage, and suspends his combs;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page119" name="page119"></a>(p. 119)</span> Secured from frost the Bee industrious dwells,<br>
+  And fills for winter all her waxen cells;<br>
+  The cunning Spider with adhesive line<br>
+  Weaves his firm net immeasurably fine;<br>
+  The Wren, when embryon eggs her cares engross,<br>
+  Seeks the soft down, and lines the cradling moss;<br>
+  Conscious of change the Silkworm-Nymphs begin<br>
+  Attach'd to leaves their gluten-threads to spin;      <span class="ralign">420</span><br>
+  Then round and round they weave with circling heads<br>
+  Sphere within Sphere, and form their silken beds.<br>
+  &mdash;Say, did these fine volitions first commence<br>
+  From clear ideas of the tangent sense;<br>
+  From sires to sons by imitation caught,<br>
+  Or in dumb language by tradition taught?<br>
+  Or did they rise in some primeval site<br>
+  Of larva-gnat, or microscopic mite;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page120" name="page120"></a>(p. 120)</span> And with instructive foresight still await<br>
+  On each vicissitude of insect-state?&mdash;       <span class="ralign">430</span><br>
+  Wise to the present, nor to future blind,<br>
+  They link the reasoning reptile to mankind!<br>
+  &mdash;Stoop, selfish Pride! survey thy kindred forms,<br>
+  Thy brother Emmets, and thy sister Worms!</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_435" name="canto3_435"></a>"<a id="c3_l435" name="c3_l435"></a><a href="#canto3_l435">Thy potent acts, <span class="smcap">Volition</span></a>, still attend<br>
+  The means of pleasure to secure the end;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page121" name="page121"></a>(p. 121)</span> To express his wishes and his wants design'd<br>
+  <a id="canto3_438" name="canto3_438"></a>Language, the <i>means</i>, distinguishes Mankind;<br>
+  For <i>future</i> works in Art's ingenious schools<br>
+  His hands unwearied form and finish tools;      <span class="ralign">440</span><br>
+  He toils for money <i>future</i> bliss to share,<br>
+  And shouts to Heaven his mercenary prayer.<br>
+  Sweet Hope delights him, frowning Fear alarms,<br>
+  And Vice and Virtue court him to their arms.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_445" name="canto3_445"></a>"Unenvied eminence, in Nature's plan<br>
+  Rise the reflective faculties of Man!<br>
+  Labour to Rest the thinking Few prefer!<br>
+  Know but to mourn! and reason but to err!&mdash;<br>
+  In Eden's groves, the cradle of the world,<br>
+  Bloom'd a fair tree with mystic flowers unfurl'd;      <span class="ralign">450</span><br>
+  On bending branches, as aloft it sprung,<br>
+  Forbid to taste, the fruit of <span class="smcap">Knowledge</span> hung;<br>
+  <a id="canto3_l453" name="canto3_l453"></a>Flow'd with sweet Innocence the tranquil hours,<br>
+  And Love and Beauty warm'd the blissful bowers.<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page122" name="page122"></a>(p. 122)</span> Till our deluded Parents pluck'd, erelong,<br>
+  The tempting fruit, <a id="c3_l456" name="c3_l456"></a><a href="#canto3_l456">and gather'd Right and Wrong</a>;<br>
+  Whence Good and Evil, as in trains they pass,<br>
+  Reflection imaged on her polish'd glass;<br>
+  And Conscience felt, for blood by Hunger spilt,<br>
+  The pains of shame, of sympathy, and guilt!      <span class="ralign">460</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_VIII" name="canto3_VIII"></a>VIII. "<span class="smcap">Last</span>, as observant Imitation stands,<br>
+  Turns her quick glance, and brandishes her hands,<br>
+  With mimic acts associate thoughts excites,<br>
+  And storms the soul with sorrows or delights;<br>
+  Life's shadowy scenes are brighten'd and refin'd,<br>
+  <a id="c3_l466" name="c3_l466"></a><a href="#canto3_l466">And soft emotions</a> mark the feeling mind.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto3_467" name="canto3_467"></a><span class="pagenum"><a id="page123" name="page123"></a>(p. 123)</span>   "The Seraph, <span class="smcap">Sympathy</span>, from Heaven descends,<br>
+  And bright o'er earth his beamy forehead bends;<br>
+  On Man's cold heart celestial ardor flings,<br>
+  And showers affection from his sparkling wings;      <span class="ralign">470</span><br>
+  Rolls o'er the world his mild benignant eye,<br>
+  Hears the lone murmur, drinks the whisper'd sigh;<br>
+  Lifts the closed latch of pale Misfortune's door,<br>
+  Opes the clench'd hand of Avarice to the poor,<br>
+  Unbars the prison, liberates the slave,<br>
+  Sheds his soft sorrows o'er the untimely grave,<br>
+  Points with uplifted hand to realms above,<br>
+  And charms the world with universal love.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page124" name="page124"></a>(p. 124)</span>   "O'er the thrill'd frame his words assuasive steal,<br>
+  And teach the selfish heart what others feel;      <span class="ralign">480</span><br>
+  With sacred truth each erring thought control,<br>
+  Bind sex to sex, and mingle soul with soul;<br>
+  <a id="canto3_483" name="canto3_483"></a>From heaven, He cried, descends the moral plan,<br>
+  And gives Society to savage man.</p>
+
+<p>"<a id="c3_l485" name="c3_l485"></a><a href="#canto3_l485">High on yon scroll</a>, inscribed o'er Nature's shrine,<br>
+  Live in bright characters the words divine.<br>
+  "<span class="smcap">In Life's disastrous scenes to others do,<br>
+  What you would wish by others done to you.</span>"<br>
+  &mdash;Winds! wide o'er earth the sacred law convey,<br>
+  Ye Nations, hear it! and ye Kings, obey!      <span class="ralign">490</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page125" name="page125"></a>(p. 125)</span>   "Unbreathing wonder hush'd the adoring throng,<br>
+  Froze the broad eye, and chain'd the silent tongue;<br>
+  Mute was the wail of Want, and Misery's cry,<br>
+  And grateful Pity wiped her lucid eye;<br>
+  Peace with sweet voice the Seraph-form address'd,<br>
+  And Virtue clasp'd him to her throbbing breast."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="p2 center">END OF CANTO III.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page127" name="page127"></a>(p. 127)</span> ORIGIN OF SOCIETY.<br>
+
+CANTO IV.<br>
+
+OF GOOD AND EVIL.</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page128" name="page128"></a>(p. 128)</span> CONTENTS.</h4>
+
+<p class="resume"><span class="min1em"><a href="#canto4_I">I</a>.</span>
+Few affected by Sympathy <a href="#canto4_I">1</a>.
+Cruelty of War <a href="#canto4_11">11</a>.
+Of brute animals, Wolf, Eagle, Lamb, Dove, Owl, Nightingale <a href="#canto4_17">17</a>.
+Of insects, Oestrus, Ichneumon, Libellula <a href="#canto4_29">29</a>.
+Wars of Vegetables <a href="#canto4_41">41</a>.
+Of fish, the Shark, Crocodile, Whale <a href="#canto4_55">55</a>.
+The World a Slaughter-house <a href="#canto4_66">66</a>.
+Pains from Defect and from Excess of Stimulus <a href="#canto4_71">71</a>.
+Ebriety and Superstition <a href="#canto4_77">77</a>.
+Mania <a href="#canto4_89">89</a>.
+Association <a href="#canto4_93">93</a>.
+Avarice, Imposture, Ambition, Envy, Jealousy <a href="#canto4_97">97</a>.
+Floods, Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Famine <a href="#canto4_109">109</a>.
+Pestilence <a href="#canto4_117">117</a>.
+Pains from Sympathy <a href="#canto4_123">123</a>.
+<a href="#canto4_II">II</a>.
+Good outbalances Evil <a href="#canto4_II">135</a>.
+Life combines inanimate Matter, and produces happiness by Irritation <a href="#canto4_145">145</a>.
+As in viewing a Landscape <a href="#canto4_159">159</a>.
+In hearing Music <a href="#canto4_171">171</a>.
+By Sensation or Fancy in Dreams <a href="#canto4_183">183</a>.
+The Patriot and the Nun <a href="#canto4_197">197</a>.
+Howard, Moira, Burdett <a href="#canto4_205">205</a>.
+By Volition <a href="#canto4_223">223</a>.
+Newton, Herschel <a href="#canto4_233">233</a>.
+Archimedes, Savery <a href="#canto4_241">241</a>.
+Isis, Arkwright <a href="#canto4_253">253</a>.
+Letters and Printing <a href="#canto4_265">265</a>.
+Freedom of the Press <a href="#canto4_273">273</a>.
+By Association <a href="#canto4_291">291</a>.
+Ideas of Contiguity, Resemblance, and of Cause and Effect <a href="#canto4_299">299</a>.
+Antinous <a href="#canto4_319">319</a>.
+Cecilia <a href="#canto4_329">329</a>.
+<a href="#canto4_III">III</a>.
+Life soon ceases, Births and Deaths alternate <a href="#canto4_III">337</a>.
+Acorns, Poppy-seeds, Aphises, Snails, Worms, Tadpoles, Herrings innumerable <a href="#canto4_347">347</a>.
+So Mankind <a href="#canto4_369">369</a>.
+All Nature teems with Life <a href="#canto4_375">375</a>.
+Dead Organic Matter soon revives <a href="#canto4_383">383</a>.
+Death is but a change of Form <a href="#canto4_393">393</a>.
+Exclamation of St. Paul <a href="#canto4_403">403</a>.
+Happiness of the World increases <a href="#canto4_405">405</a>.
+The Ph&oelig;nix <a href="#canto4_411">411</a>.
+System of Pythagoras <a href="#canto4_417">417</a>.
+Rocks and Mountains produced by Organic Life <a href="#canto4_429">429</a>.
+Are Monuments of past Felicity <a href="#canto4_447">447</a>.
+Munificence of the Deity <a href="#canto4_455">455</a>.
+<a href="#canto4_IV">IV</a>.
+Procession of Virgins <a href="#canto4_IV">469</a>.
+Hymn to Heaven <a href="#canto4_481">481</a>.
+Of Chaos <a href="#canto4_489">489</a>.
+Of Celestial Love <a href="#canto4_499">499</a>.
+Offering of Urania <a href="#canto4_517">517</a>-524.</p>
+
+<a id="canto4" name="canto4"></a>
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page129" name="page129"></a>(p. 129)</span> CANTO IV.<br>
+OF GOOD AND EVIL.</h4>
+
+
+<div class="poem">
+<p><a id="canto4_I" name="canto4_I"></a>I. "<span class="smcap">How few</span>," the <span class="smcap">Muse</span> in plaintive accents cries,<br>
+  And mingles with her words pathetic sighs.&mdash;<br>
+  "How few, alas! in Nature's wide domains<br>
+  The sacred charm of <span class="smcap">Sympathy</span> restrains!<br>
+  Uncheck'd desires from appetite commence,<br>
+  And pure reflection yields to selfish sense!<br>
+  &mdash;<a id="c4_l7" name="c4_l7"></a><a href="#canto4_l7">Blest is the Sage</a>, who learn'd in Nature's laws<br>
+  With nice distinction marks effect and cause;<br>
+  Who views the insatiate Grave with eye sedate,<br>
+  Nor fears thy voice, inexorable Fate!      <span class="ralign">10</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_11" name="canto4_11"></a><span class="pagenum"><a id="page130" name="page130"></a>(p. 130)</span>   "<span class="smcap">When</span> War, the Demon, lifts his banner high,<br>
+  And loud artillery rends the affrighted sky;<br>
+  Swords clash with swords, on horses horses rush,<br>
+  Man tramples man, and nations nations crush;<br>
+  Death his vast sithe with sweep enormous wields,<br>
+  And shuddering Pity quits the sanguine fields.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_17" name="canto4_17"></a>"The wolf, escorted by his milk-drawn dam,<br>
+  Unknown to mercy, tears the guiltless lamb;<br>
+  <a id="c4_l19" name="c4_l19"></a><a href="#canto4_l19">The towering eagle</a>, darting from above,<br>
+  Unfeeling rends the inoffensive dove;      <span class="ralign">20</span><br>
+  The lamb and dove on living nature feed,<br>
+  Crop the young herb, or crush the embryon seed.<br>
+  Nor spares the loud owl in her dusky flight,<br>
+  Smit with sweet notes, the minstrel of the night;<br>
+  Nor spares, enamour'd of his radiant form,<br>
+  The hungry nightingale the glowing worm;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page131" name="page131"></a>(p. 131)</span> Who with bright lamp alarms the midnight hour,<br>
+  Climbs the green stem, and slays the sleeping flower.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_29" name="canto4_29"></a>"<a id="c4_l29" name="c4_l29"></a><a href="#canto4_l29">Fell Oestrus buries</a> in her rapid course<br>
+  Her countless brood in stag, or bull, or horse;      <span class="ralign">30</span><br>
+  Whose hungry larva eats its living way,<br>
+  Hatch'd by the warmth, and issues into day.<br>
+  <a id="c4_l33" name="c4_l33"></a><a href="#canto4_l33">The wing'd Ichneumon</a> for her embryon young<br>
+  Gores with sharp horn the caterpillar throng.<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page132" name="page132"></a>(p. 132)</span> The cruel larva mines its silky course,<br>
+  And tears the vitals of its fostering nurse.<br>
+  <a id="c4_l37" name="c4_l37"></a><a href="#canto4_l37">While fierce Libellula</a> with jaws of steel<br>
+  Ingulfs an insect-province at a meal;<br>
+  <a id="c4_l39" name="c4_l39"></a><a href="#canto4_l39">Contending bee-swarms</a> rise on rustling wings,<br>
+  And slay their thousands with envenom'd stings.      <span class="ralign">40</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_41" name="canto4_41"></a>"Yes! smiling Flora drives her armed car<br>
+  Through the thick ranks of vegetable war;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page133" name="page133"></a>(p. 133)</span> Herb, shrub, and tree, with strong emotions rise<br>
+  For light and air, and battle in the skies;<br>
+  Whose roots diverging with opposing toil<br>
+  Contend below for moisture and for soil;<br>
+  Round the tall Elm the flattering Ivies bend,<br>
+  And strangle, as they clasp, their struggling friend;<br>
+  Envenom'd dews from Mancinella flow,<br>
+  And scald with caustic touch the tribes below;      <span class="ralign">50</span><br>
+  Dense shadowy leaves on stems aspiring borne<br>
+  With blight and mildew thin the realms of corn;<br>
+  And insect hordes with restless tooth devour<br>
+  The unfolded bud, and pierce the ravell'd flower.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_55" name="canto4_55"></a>"In ocean's pearly haunts, the waves beneath<br>
+  Sits the grim monarch of insatiate Death;<br>
+  <a id="c4_l57" name="c4_l57"></a><a href="#canto4_l57">The shark rapacious</a> with descending blow<br>
+  Darts on the scaly brood, that swims below;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page134" name="page134"></a>(p. 134)</span> <a id="c4_l59" name="c4_l59"></a><a href="#canto4_l59">The crawling crocodiles</a>, beneath that move,<br>
+  Arrest with rising jaw the tribes above;      <span class="ralign">60</span><br>
+  With monstrous gape sepulchral whales devour<br>
+  Shoals at a gulp, a million in an hour.<br>
+  &mdash;Air, earth, and ocean, to astonish'd day<br>
+  One scene of blood, one mighty tomb display!<br>
+  From Hunger's arm the shafts of Death are hurl'd,<br>
+  <a id="canto4_66" name="canto4_66"></a>And <a id="c4_l66" name="c4_l66"></a><a href="#canto4_l66">one great Slaughter-house</a> the warring world!</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page135" name="page135"></a>(p. 135)</span>   "<span class="smcap">The</span> brow of Man erect, with thought elate,<br>
+  Ducks to the mandate of resistless fate;<br>
+  Nor Love retains him, nor can Virtue save<br>
+  Her sages, saints, or heroes from the grave.      <span class="ralign">70</span><br>
+  <a id="canto4_71" name="canto4_71"></a><a id="c4_l71" name="c4_l71"></a><a href="#canto4_l71">While cold and hunger</a> by defect oppress,<br>
+  Repletion, heat, and labour by excess,<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page136" name="page136"></a>(p. 136)</span> The whip, the sting, the spur, the fiery brand,<br>
+  And, cursed Slavery! thy iron hand;<br>
+  And led by Luxury Disease's trains,<br>
+  Load human life with unextinguish'd pains.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_77" name="canto4_77"></a>"<a id="c4_l77" name="c4_l77"></a><a href="#canto4_l77">Here laughs Ebriety</a> more fell than arms,<br>
+  And thins the nations with her fatal charms,<br>
+  With Gout, and Hydrops groaning in her train,<br>
+  And cold Debility, and grinning Pain,      <span class="ralign">80</span><br>
+  With harlot's smiles deluded man salutes,<br>
+  Revenging all his cruelties to brutes!<br>
+  There the curst spells of Superstition blind,<br>
+  And fix her fetters on the tortured mind;<br>
+  She bids in dreams tormenting shapes appear,<br>
+  With shrieks that shock Imagination's ear,<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page137" name="page137"></a>(p. 137)</span> <a id="c4_l87" name="c4_l87"></a><a href="#canto4_l87">E'en o'er the grave</a> a deeper shadow flings,<br>
+  And maddening Conscience darts a thousand stings.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_89" name="canto4_89"></a>"There writhing Mania sits on Reason's throne,<br>
+  Or Melancholy marks it for her own,      <span class="ralign">90</span><br>
+  Sheds o'er the scene a voluntary gloom,<br>
+  Requests oblivion, and demands the tomb.<br>
+  <a id="canto4_93" name="canto4_93"></a><a id="c4_l93" name="c4_l93"></a><a href="#canto4_l93">And last Association</a>'s trains suggest<br>
+  <a id="c4_l94" name="c4_l94"></a><a href="#canto4_l94">Ideal ills</a>, that harrow up the breast,<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page138" name="page138"></a>(p. 138)</span> Call for the dead from Time's o'erwhelming main,<br>
+  And bid departed Sorrow live again.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_97" name="canto4_97"></a>"Here ragged Avarice guards with bolted door<br>
+  His useless treasures from the starving poor;<br>
+  Loads the lorn hours with misery and care,<br>
+  And lives a beggar to <a id="c4_l100" name="c4_l100"></a><a href="#canto4_l100">enrich his heir</a>.      <span class="ralign">100</span><br>
+  Unthinking crowds thy forms, Imposture, gull,<br>
+  A Saint in sackcloth, or <a id="c4_l102" name="c4_l102"></a><a href="#canto4_l102">a Wolf in wool</a>.<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page139" name="page139"></a>(p. 139)</span> While mad with foolish fame, or drunk with power,<br>
+  Ambition slays his thousands in an hour;<br>
+  Demoniac Envy scowls with haggard mien,<br>
+  And blights the bloom of other's joys, unseen;<br>
+  Or wrathful Jealousy invades the grove,<br>
+  And turns to night meridian beams of Love!</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_109" name="canto4_109"></a>"Here wide o'er earth impetuous waters sweep,<br>
+  And fields and forests rush into the deep;      <span class="ralign">110</span><br>
+  Or dread Volcano with explosion dire<br>
+  Involves the mountains in a flood of fire;<br>
+  Or yawning Earth with closing jaws inhumes<br>
+  Unwarned nations, living in their tombs;<br>
+  Or Famine seizes with her tiger-paw,<br>
+  And swallows millions with unsated maw.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_117" name="canto4_117"></a>"There livid Pestilence in league with Dearth<br>
+  Walks forth malignant o'er the shuddering earth,<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page140" name="page140"></a>(p. 140)</span> Her rapid shafts <a id="c4_l119" name="c4_l119"></a><a href="#canto4_l119">with airs volcanic</a> wings,<br>
+  Or steeps in putrid vaults her venom'd stings.      <span class="ralign">120</span><br>
+  Arrests the young in Beauty's vernal bloom,<br>
+  And bears the innocuous strangers to the tomb!&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_123" name="canto4_123"></a>"<span class="smcap">And</span> now, e'en I, whose verse reluctant sings<br>
+  The changeful state of sublunary things,<br>
+  Bend o'er Mortality with silent sighs,<br>
+  And wipe the secret tear-drops from my eyes,<br>
+  Hear through the night one universal groan,<br>
+  And mourn unseen for evils not my own,<br>
+  With restless limbs and throbbing heart complain,<br>
+  Stretch'd on the rack of <a id="c4_l130" name="c4_l130"></a><a href="#canto4_l130">sentimental pain</a>!      <span class="ralign">130</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page141" name="page141"></a>(p. 141)</span> &mdash;Ah where can Sympathy reflecting find<br>
+  One bright idea to console the mind?<br>
+  One ray of light in this terrene abode<br>
+  To prove to Man the Goodness of his <span class="smcap">God</span>?"</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_II" name="canto4_II"></a>II. "<span class="smcap">Hear, O ye Sons of Time!</span>" the Nymph replies,<br>
+  Quick indignation darting from her eyes;<br>
+  "When in soft tones the Muse lamenting sings,<br>
+  And weighs with tremulous hand the sum of things;<br>
+  She loads the scale in melancholy mood,<br>
+  Presents the evil, but forgets the good.      <span class="ralign">140</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page142" name="page142"></a>(p. 142)</span> But if the beam some firmer hand suspends,<br>
+  And good and evil load the adverse ends;<br>
+  With strong libration, where the Good abides,<br>
+  Quick nods the beam, the ponderous gold subsides.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_145" name="canto4_145"></a>"<span class="smcap">Hear</span>, O ye Sons of Time! the powers of Life<br>
+  Arrest the elements, and stay their strife;<br>
+  <a id="c4_l147" name="c4_l147"></a><a href="#canto4_l147">From wandering atoms</a>, ethers, airs, and gas,<br>
+  By combination form the organic mass;<br>
+  And,&mdash;as they seize, digest, secrete,&mdash;dispense<br>
+  The bliss of Being to the vital Ens.      <span class="ralign">150</span><br>
+  Hence in bright groups from <span class="smcap">Irritation</span> rise<br>
+  Young Pleasure's trains, and roll their azure eyes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page143" name="page143"></a>(p. 143)</span>   "With fond delight we feel the potent charm,<br>
+  When Zephyrs cool us, or when sun-beams warm;<br>
+  With fond delight inhale the fragrant flowers,<br>
+  Taste the sweet fruits, which bend the blushing bowers,<br>
+  Admire the music of the vernal grove,<br>
+  Or drink the raptures of delirious love.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_159" name="canto4_159"></a>"So with long gaze admiring eyes behold<br>
+  <a id="c4_l160" name="c4_l160"></a><a href="#canto4_l160">The varied landscape</a> all its lights unfold;      <span class="ralign">160</span><br>
+  Huge rocks opposing o'er the stream project<br>
+  Their naked bosoms, and the beams reflect;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page144" name="page144"></a>(p. 144)</span> Wave high in air their fringed crests of wood,<br>
+  And checker'd shadows dance upon the flood;<br>
+  Green sloping lawns construct the sidelong scene,<br>
+  And guide the sparkling rill that winds between;<br>
+  Conduct on murmuring wings the pausing gale,<br>
+  And rural echoes talk along the vale;<br>
+  Dim hills behind in pomp aerial rise,<br>
+  Lift their blue tops, and melt into the skies.      <span class="ralign">170</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_171" name="canto4_171"></a>"So when by <span class="smcap">Handel</span> tuned to measured sounds<br>
+  The trumpet vibrates, or the drum rebounds;<br>
+  Alarm'd we listen with ecstatic wonder<br>
+  To mimic battles, or imagined thunder.<br>
+  When the soft lute in sweet impassion'd strains<br>
+  Of cruel nymphs or broken vows complains;<br>
+  As on the breeze the fine vibration floats,<br>
+  <a id="c4_l178" name="c4_l178"></a><a href="#canto4_l178">We drink delighted</a> the melodious notes.<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page145" name="page145"></a>(p. 145)</span> But when young Beauty on the realms above<br>
+  Bends her bright eye, and trills the tones of love;      <span class="ralign">180</span><br>
+  Seraphic sounds enchant this nether sphere;<br>
+  And listening angels lean from Heaven to hear.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_183" name="canto4_183"></a>"Next by <span class="smcap">Sensation</span> led, new joys commence<br>
+  From the fine movements of the excited sense;<br>
+  In swarms ideal urge their airy flight,<br>
+  Adorn the day-scenes, and illume the night.<br>
+  Her spells o'er all the hand of Fancy flings,<br>
+  Gives form and substance to unreal things;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page146" name="page146"></a>(p. 146)</span> With fruits and foliage decks the barren waste,<br>
+  And brightens Life with sentiment and taste;      <span class="ralign">190</span><br>
+  Pleased o'er the level and the rule presides,<br>
+  The painter's brush, the sculptor's chisel guides,<br>
+  With ray ethereal lights the poet's fire,<br>
+  Tunes the rude pipe, or strings the heroic lyre:<br>
+  Charm'd round the nymph on frolic footsteps move<br>
+  The angelic forms of Beauty, Grace, and Love.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_197" name="canto4_197"></a>"So dreams the Patriot, who indignant draws<br>
+  The sword of vengeance in his Country's cause;<br>
+  Bright for his brows unfading honours bloom,<br>
+  Or kneeling Virgins weep around his tomb.      <span class="ralign">200</span><br>
+  So holy transports in the cloister's shade<br>
+  Play round thy toilet, visionary maid!<br>
+  Charm'd o'er thy bed celestial voices sing,<br>
+  And Seraphs hover on enamour'd wing.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_205" name="canto4_205"></a>"So <span class="smcap">Howard, Moira, Burdett</span>, sought the cells,<br>
+  Where want, or woe, or guilt in darkness dwells;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page147" name="page147"></a>(p. 147)</span> With Pity's torch illumed the dread domains,<br>
+  Wiped the wet eye, and eased the galling chains;<br>
+  With Hope's bright blushes warm'd the midnight air,<br>
+  And drove from earth the Demon of Despair.      <span class="ralign">210</span><br>
+  Erewhile emerging from the caves of night<br>
+  The Friends of Man ascended into light;<br>
+  With soft assuasive eloquence address'd<br>
+  The ear of Power to stay his stern behest;<br>
+  At Mercy's call to stretch his arm and save<br>
+  His tottering victims from the gaping grave.<br>
+  These with sweet smiles Imagination greets,<br>
+  For these she opens all her treasured sweets,<br>
+  Strews round their couch, by Pity's hand combined,<br>
+  Bright flowers of joy, the sunshine of the mind;      <span class="ralign">220</span><br>
+  While Fame's loud trump with sounds applausive breathes<br>
+  And Virtue crowns them with immortal wreathes.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_223" name="canto4_223"></a>"Thy acts, <span class="smcap">Volition</span>, to the world impart<br>
+  The plans of Science with the works of art;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page148" name="page148"></a>(p. 148)</span> Give to proud Reason her comparing power,<br>
+  Warm every clime, and brighten every hour.<br>
+  In Life's first cradle, ere the dawn began<br>
+  Of young Society to polish man;<br>
+  The staff that propp'd him, and the bow that arm'd,<br>
+  The boat that bore him, and the shed that warm'd,      <span class="ralign">230</span><br>
+  Fire, raiment, food, the ploughshare, and the sword,<br>
+  Arose, <span class="smcap">Volition</span>, at thy plastic word.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_233" name="canto4_233"></a>"By thee instructed, <span class="smcap">Newton's</span> eye sublime<br>
+  Mark'd the bright periods of revolving time;<br>
+  Explored in Nature's scenes the effect and cause,<br>
+  And, charm'd, unravell'd all her latent laws.<br>
+  Delighted <span class="smcap">Herschel</span> with reflected light<br>
+  Pursues his radiant journey through the night;<br>
+  Detects new guards, that roll their orbs afar<br>
+  In lucid ringlets round the Georgian star.      <span class="ralign">240</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_241" name="canto4_241"></a><span class="pagenum"><a id="page149" name="page149"></a>(p. 149)</span>   "Inspired by thee, with scientific wand<br>
+  Pleased <span class="smcap">Archimedes</span> <a id="c4_l242" name="c4_l242"></a><a href="#canto4_l242">mark'd the figured sand</a>;<br>
+  Seized with mechanic grasp the approaching decks,<br>
+  And shook the assailants from the inverted wrecks.<br>
+  &mdash;Then cried the Sage, with grand effects elate,<br>
+  And proud to save the Syracusian state;<br>
+  While crowds exulting shout their noisy mirth,<br>
+  'Give where to stand, and I will move the earth.'<br>
+  <a id="c4_l249" name="c4_l249"></a><a href="#canto4_l249">So <span class="smcap">Savery</span> guided</a> his explosive steam<br>
+  In iron cells to raise the balanced beam;      <span class="ralign">250</span><br>
+  The Giant-form its ponderous mass uprears,<br>
+  Descending nods and seems to shake the spheres.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_253" name="canto4_253"></a><span class="pagenum"><a id="page150" name="page150"></a>(p. 150)</span>   "Led by <span class="smcap">Volition</span> on the banks of Nile<br>
+  Where bloom'd <a id="c4_l254" name="c4_l254"></a><a href="#canto4_l254">the waving flax</a> on Delta's isle,<br>
+  Pleased <span class="smcap">Isis</span> taught the fibrous stems to bind,<br>
+  And part with hammers from the adhesive rind;<br>
+  With locks of flax to deck the distaff-pole,<br>
+  And whirl with graceful bend the dancing spole.<br>
+  In level lines the length of woof to spread,<br>
+  And dart the shuttle through the parting thread.      <span class="ralign">260</span><br>
+  <a id="c4_l261" name="c4_l261"></a><a href="#canto4_l261">So <span class="smcap">Arkwright</span> taught</a> from Cotton-pods to cull,<br>
+  And stretch in lines the vegetable wool;<br>
+  With teeth of steel its fibre-knots unfurl'd,<br>
+  And with the silver tissue clothed the world.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_265" name="canto4_265"></a>"Ages remote by thee, <span class="smcap">Volition</span>, taught<br>
+  Chain'd down in characters the winged thought;<br>
+  With silent language mark'd the letter'd ground,<br>
+  And gave to sight the evanescent sound.<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page151" name="page151"></a>(p. 151)</span> Now, happier lot! enlighten'd realms possess<br>
+  The learned labours of <a id="c4_l270" name="c4_l270"></a><a href="#canto4_l270">the immortal Press</a>;      <span class="ralign">270</span><br>
+  Nursed on whose lap the births of science thrive,<br>
+  And rising Arts the wrecks of Time survive.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_273" name="canto4_273"></a>"Ye patriot heroes! in the glorious cause<br>
+  Of Justice, Mercy, Liberty, and Laws,<br>
+  Who call to Virtue's shrine the British youth,<br>
+  And shake the senate with the voice of Truth;<br>
+  Rouse the dull ear, the hoodwink'd eye unbind,<br>
+  And give to energy the public mind;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page152" name="page152"></a>(p. 152)</span> While rival realms with blood unsated wage<br>
+  Wide-wasting war with fell demoniac rage;      <span class="ralign">280</span><br>
+  In every clime while army army meets,<br>
+  And oceans groan beneath contending fleets;<br>
+  Oh save, oh save, in this eventful hour<br>
+  The tree of knowledge from the axe of power;<br>
+  With fostering peace the suffering nations bless,<br>
+  And guard the freedom of the immortal Press!<br>
+  So shall your deathless fame from age to age<br>
+  Survive recorded in the historic page;<br>
+  And future bards with voice inspired prolong<br>
+  Your sacred names immortalized in song.      <span class="ralign">290</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_291" name="canto4_291"></a>"Thy power <span class="smcap">Association</span> next affords<br>
+  Ideal trains annex'd to volant words,<br>
+  Conveys to listening ears the thought superb,<br>
+  And gives to Language <a id="c4_l294" name="c4_l294"></a><a href="#canto4_l294">her expressive verb</a>;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page153" name="page153"></a>(p. 153)</span> Which in one changeful sound suggests the fact<br>
+  At once to be, to suffer, or to act;<br>
+  And marks on rapid wing o'er every clime<br>
+  The viewless flight of evanescent Time.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_299" name="canto4_299"></a>"<a id="c4_l299" name="c4_l299"></a><a href="#canto4_l299">Call'd by thy voice</a> contiguous thoughts embrace<br>
+  In endless streams arranged by Time or Place;      <span class="ralign">300</span><br>
+  The Muse historic hence in every age<br>
+  Gives to the world her <i>interesting</i> page;<br>
+  While in bright landscape from her moving pen<br>
+  Rise the fine tints of manners and of men.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page154" name="page154"></a>(p. 154)</span>   "Call'd by thy voice Resemblance next describes<br>
+  Her sister-thoughts in lucid trains or tribes;<br>
+  Whence pleased Imagination oft combines<br>
+  By loose analogies her fair designs;<br>
+  Each winning grace of <a id="c4_l309" name="c4_l309"></a><a href="#canto4_l309">polish'd wit bestows</a><br>
+  To deck the Nymphs of Poetry and Prose.      <span class="ralign">310</span></p>
+
+<p>"Last, at thy potent nod, Effect and Cause<br>
+  Walk hand in hand accordant to thy laws;<br>
+  Rise at Volition's call, in groups combined,<br>
+  Amuse, delight, instruct, and serve Mankind;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page155" name="page155"></a>(p. 155)</span> Bid raised in air the ponderous structure stand,<br>
+  Or pour obedient rivers through the land;<br>
+  With cars unnumber'd crowd the living streets,<br>
+  Or people oceans with triumphant fleets.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_319" name="canto4_319"></a>"Thy magic touch imagined forms supplies<br>
+  From colour'd light, the language of the eyes;      <span class="ralign">320</span><br>
+  On Memory's page departed hours inscribes,<br>
+  Sweet scenes of youth, and Pleasure's vanish'd tribes.<br>
+  By thee <span class="smcap">Antinous</span> leads the dance sublime<br>
+  On wavy step, and moves in measured time;<br>
+  Charm'd round the Youth successive Graces throng,<br>
+  And Ease conducts him, as he moves along;<br>
+  Unbreathing crowds the floating form admire,<br>
+  And Vestal bosoms feel forbidden fire.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_329" name="canto4_329"></a>"When rapp'd <span class="smcap">Cecilia</span> breathes her matin vow,<br>
+  And lifts to Heaven her fair adoring brow;      <span class="ralign">330</span><br>
+  From her sweet lips, and rising bosom part<br>
+  Impassion'd notes, that thrill the melting heart;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page156" name="page156"></a>(p. 156)</span> Tuned by thy hand the dulcet harp she rings,<br>
+  And sounds responsive echo from the strings;<br>
+  Bright scenes of bliss in trains suggested move,<br>
+  And charm the world with melody and love.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_III" name="canto4_III"></a>III. "<span class="smcap">Soon</span> the fair forms with vital being bless'd,<br>
+  Time's feeble children, lose the boon possess'd;<br>
+  <a id="c4_l339" name="c4_l339"></a><a href="#canto4_l339">The goaded fibre</a> ceases to obey,<br>
+  And sense deserts the uncontractile clay;      <span class="ralign">340</span><br>
+  While births unnumber'd, ere the parents die,<br>
+  The hourly waste of lovely life supply;<br>
+  And thus, alternating with death, fulfil<br>
+  The silent mandates of the Almighty Will;<br>
+  Whose hand unseen the works of nature dooms<br>
+  By laws unknown&mdash;<span class="smcap">WHO GIVES, AND WHO RESUMES</span>.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_347" name="canto4_347"></a>"Each pregnant Oak ten thousand acorns forms<br>
+  Profusely scatter'd by autumnal storms;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page157" name="page157"></a>(p. 157)</span> <a id="c4_l349" name="c4_l349"></a><a href="#canto4_l349">Ten thousand seeds</a> each pregnant poppy sheds<br>
+  Profusely scatter'd from its waving heads;      <span class="ralign">350</span><br>
+  <a id="c4_l351" name="c4_l351"></a><a href="#canto4_l351">The countless Aphides</a>, prolific tribe,<br>
+  With greedy trunks <a id="c4_l352" name="c4_l352"></a><a href="#canto4_l352">the honey'd sap</a> imbibe;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page158" name="page158"></a>(p. 158)</span> Swarm on each leaf with eggs or embryons big,<br>
+  And pendent nations tenant every twig.<br>
+  Amorous with double sex, the snail and worm,<br>
+  Scoop'd in the soil, their cradling caverns form;<br>
+  Heap their white eggs, secure from frost and floods,<br>
+  And crowd their nurseries with uncounted broods.<br>
+  Ere yet with wavy tail <a id="c4_l359" name="c4_l359"></a><a href="#canto4_l359">the tadpole swims</a>,<br>
+  Breathes with new lungs, or tries his nascent limbs;      <span class="ralign">360</span><br>
+  Her countless shoals the amphibious frog forsakes,<br>
+  And living islands float upon the lakes.<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page159" name="page159"></a>(p. 159)</span> The migrant herring steers her myriad bands<br>
+  From seas of ice to visit warmer strands;<br>
+  Unfathom'd depths and climes unknown explores,<br>
+  And covers with her spawn unmeasured shores.<br>
+  &mdash;All these, increasing by successive birth,<br>
+  Would each o'erpeople ocean, air, and earth.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_369" name="canto4_369"></a>"So human progenies, if unrestrain'd,<br>
+  By climate friended, and by food sustain'd,      <span class="ralign">370</span><br>
+  O'er seas and soils, prolific hordes! would spread<br>
+  Erelong, and deluge their terraqueous bed;<br>
+  But war, and pestilence, disease, and dearth,<br>
+  Sweep the superfluous myriads from the earth.<br>
+  <a id="canto4_375" name="canto4_375"></a>Thus while new forms reviving tribes acquire<br>
+  Each passing moment, as the old expire;<br>
+  Like insects swarming in the noontide bower,<br>
+  Rise into being, and exist an hour;<br>
+  The births and deaths contend with equal strife,<br>
+  And every pore of Nature teems with Life;      <span class="ralign">380</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page160" name="page160"></a>(p. 160)</span> <a id="c4_l381" name="c4_l381"></a><a href="#canto4_l381">Which buds or breathes</a> from Indus to the Poles,<br>
+  And Earth's vast surface kindles, as it rolls!</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_383" name="canto4_383"></a>"<span class="smcap">Hence</span> when a Monarch or a mushroom dies,<br>
+  Awhile extinct the organic matter lies;<br>
+  But, as a few short hours or years revolve,<br>
+  Alchemic powers the changing mass dissolve;<br>
+  <a id="c4_l387" name="c4_l387"></a><a href="#canto4_l387">Born to new life</a> unnumber'd insects pant,<br>
+  New buds surround the microscopic plant;<br>
+  Whose embryon senses, and unwearied frames,<br>
+  Feel finer goads, and blush with purer flames;      <span class="ralign">390</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page161" name="page161"></a>(p. 161)</span> Renascent joys from irritation spring,<br>
+  Stretch the long root, or wave the aurelian wing.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_393" name="canto4_393"></a>"When thus a squadron or an army yields,<br>
+  And festering carnage loads the waves or fields;<br>
+  When few from famines or from plagues survive,<br>
+  Or earthquakes swallow half a realm alive;&mdash;<br>
+  While Nature sinks in Time's destructive storms,<br>
+  The wrecks of Death are but a change of forms;<br>
+  Emerging matter from the grave returns,<br>
+  Feels new desires, with new sensations burns;      <span class="ralign">400</span><br>
+  With youth's first bloom a finer sense acquires,<br>
+  And Loves and Pleasures fan the rising fires.&mdash;<br>
+  <a id="canto4_403" name="canto4_403"></a><a id="c4_l403" name="c4_l403"></a><a href="#canto4_l403">Thus sainted <span class="smcap">Paul</span></a>, 'O Death!' exulting cries,<br>
+  'Where is thy sting? O Grave! thy victories?'</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_405" name="canto4_405"></a><span class="pagenum"><a id="page162" name="page162"></a>(p. 162)</span>   "Immortal Happiness from realms deceased<br>
+  Wakes, as from sleep, unlessen'd or increased;<br>
+  Calls to the wise in accents loud and clear,<br>
+  Sooths with sweet tones the sympathetic ear;<br>
+  Informs and fires the revivescent clay,<br>
+  <a id="c4_l410" name="c4_l410"></a><a href="#canto4_l410">And lights the dawn</a> of Life's returning day.      <span class="ralign">410</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_411" name="canto4_411"></a>"<a id="c4_l411" name="c4_l411"></a><a href="#canto4_l411">So when Arabia's Bird</a>, by age oppress'd,<br>
+  Consumes delighted on his spicy nest;<br>
+  A filial Ph&oelig;nix from his ashes springs,<br>
+  Crown'd with a star, on renovated wings;<br>
+  Ascends exulting from his funeral flame,<br>
+  And soars and shines, another and the same.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_417" name="canto4_417"></a><span class="pagenum"><a id="page163" name="page163"></a>(p. 163)</span>   "<a id="c4_l417" name="c4_l417"></a><a href="#canto4_l417">So erst the Sage</a> with scientific truth<br>
+  In Grecian temples taught the attentive youth;<br>
+  With ceaseless change how restless atoms pass<br>
+  From life to life, a transmigrating mass;      <span class="ralign">420</span><br>
+  How the same organs, which to day compose<br>
+  The poisonous henbane, or the fragrant rose,<br>
+  May with to morrow's sun new forms compile,<br>
+  Frown in the Hero, in the Beauty smile.<br>
+  Whence drew the enlighten'd Sage the moral plan,<br>
+  That man should ever be the friend of man;<br>
+  Should eye with tenderness all living forms,<br>
+  His brother-emmets, and his sister-worms.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_429" name="canto4_429"></a>"<span class="smcap">Hear</span>, O ye Sons of Time! your final doom,<br>
+  And read the characters, that mark your tomb:      <span class="ralign">430</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page164" name="page164"></a>(p. 164)</span> <a id="c4_l431" name="c4_l431"></a><a href="#canto4_l431">The marble mountain</a>, and the sparry steep,<br>
+  Were built by myriad nations of the deep,&mdash;<br>
+  Age after age, who form'd their spiral shells,<br>
+  Their sea-fan gardens and their coral cells;<br>
+  Till central fires with unextinguished sway<br>
+  Raised the primeval islands into day;&mdash;<br>
+  The sand-fill'd strata stretch'd from pole to pole;<br>
+  Unmeasured beds of clay, and marl, and coal,<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page165" name="page165"></a>(p. 165)</span> Black ore of manganese, the zinky stone,<br>
+  And dusky steel on his magnetic throne,      <span class="ralign">440</span><br>
+  In deep morass, or eminence superb,<br>
+  Rose from the wrecks of animal or herb;<br>
+  These from their elements by Life combined,<br>
+  Form'd by digestion, and in glands refined,<br>
+  Gave by their just excitement of the sense<br>
+  The Bliss of Being to the vital Ens.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_447" name="canto4_447"></a>"Thus the tall mountains, that emboss the lands,<br>
+  Huge isles of rock, and continents of sands,<br>
+  Whose dim extent eludes the inquiring sight,<br>
+  <span class="smcap"><a id="c4_l450" name="c4_l450"></a><a href="#canto4_l450">Are mighty Monuments</a> of past Delight</span>;      <span class="ralign">450</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page166" name="page166"></a>(p. 166)</span> Shout round the globe, how Reproduction strives<br>
+  With vanquish'd Death,&mdash;and Happiness survives;<br>
+  <a id="c4_l453" name="c4_l453"></a><a href="#canto4_l453">How Life increasing</a> peoples every clime,<br>
+  And young renascent Nature conquers Time;<br>
+  <a id="canto4_455" name="canto4_455"></a><span class="pagenum"><a id="page167" name="page167"></a>(p. 167)</span> &mdash;And high in golden characters record<br>
+  The immense munificence of <span class="smcap">Nature's Lord</span>!&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"He gives and guides the sun's attractive force,<br>
+  And steers the planets in their silver course;<br>
+  With heat and light revives the golden day,<br>
+  And breathes his spirit on organic clay;      <span class="ralign">460</span><br>
+  With hand unseen directs the general cause<br>
+  By firm immutable immortal laws."</p>
+
+<p>Charm'd with her words the Muse astonish'd stands,<br>
+  The Nymphs enraptured clasp their velvet hands;<br>
+  Applausive thunder from the fane recoils,<br>
+  And holy echoes peal along the ailes;<br>
+  O'er <span class="smcap">Nature's</span> shrine celestial lustres glow,<br>
+  And lambent glories circle round her brow.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_IV" name="canto4_IV"></a><span class="pagenum"><a id="page168" name="page168"></a>(p. 168)</span>   IV. Now sinks the golden sun,&mdash;the vesper song<br>
+  Demands the tribute of <span class="smcap">Urania's</span> tongue;      <span class="ralign">470</span><br>
+  Onward she steps, her fair associates calls<br>
+  From leaf-wove avenues, and vaulted halls.<br>
+  Fair virgin trains in bright procession move,<br>
+  Trail their long robes, and whiten all the grove;<br>
+  Pair after pair to Nature's temple sweep,<br>
+  Thread the broad arch, ascend the winding steep;<br>
+  Through brazen gates along susurrant ailes<br>
+  Stream round their <span class="smcap">Goddess</span> the successive files;<br>
+  Curve above curve to golden seats retire,<br>
+  And star with beauty the refulgent quire.      <span class="ralign">480</span></p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_481" name="canto4_481"></a><span class="smcap">And</span> first to <span class="smcap">Heaven</span> the consecrated throng<br>
+  With chant alternate pour the adoring song,<br>
+  Swell the full hymn, now high, and now profound,<br>
+  With sweet responsive symphony of sound.<br>
+  Seen through their wiry harps, below, above,<br>
+  Nods the fair brow, the twinkling fingers move;<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page169" name="page169"></a>(p. 169)</span> Soft-warbling flutes the ruby lip commands,<br>
+  And cymbals ring with high uplifted hands.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_489" name="canto4_489"></a><a id="c4_l489" name="c4_l489"></a><a href="#canto4_l489"><span class="smcap">To Chaos</span> next</a> the notes melodious pass,<br>
+  How suns exploded from the kindling mass,      <span class="ralign">490</span><br>
+  Waved o'er the vast inane their tresses bright,<br>
+  And charm'd young Nature's opening eyes with light.<br>
+  Next from each sun how spheres reluctant burst,<br>
+  And second planets issued from the first.<br>
+  And then to <span class="smcap">Earth</span> descends the moral strain,<br>
+  How isles, emerging from the shoreless main,<br>
+  With sparkling streams and fruitful groves began,<br>
+  And form'd a Paradise for mortal man.</p>
+
+<p><a id="canto4_499" name="canto4_499"></a>Sublimer notes record <span class="smcap">Celestial Love</span>,<br>
+  And high rewards in brighter climes above;      <span class="ralign">500</span><br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page170" name="page170"></a>(p. 170)</span> How Virtue's beams with mental charm engage<br>
+  Youth's raptured eye, and warm the frost of age,<br>
+  Gild with soft lustre Death's tremendous gloom,<br>
+  And light the dreary chambers of the tomb.<br>
+  How fell Remorse shall strike with venom'd dart,<br>
+  Though mail'd in adamant, the guilty heart;<br>
+  Fierce furies drag to pains and realms unknown<br>
+  The blood-stain'd tyrant from his tottering throne.</p>
+
+<p>By hands unseen are struck aerial wires,<br>
+  And Angel-tongues are heard amid the quires;      <span class="ralign">510</span><br>
+  From aile to aile the trembling concord floats,<br>
+  And the wide roof returns the mingled notes,<br>
+  Through each fine nerve the keen vibrations dart,<br>
+  Pierce the charm'd ear, and thrill the echoing heart.&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mute</span> the sweet voice, and still the quivering strings,<br>
+  Now Silence hovers on unmoving wings.&mdash;<br>
+  <a id="canto4_517" name="canto4_517"></a>&mdash;Slow to the altar fair <span class="smcap">Urania</span> bends<br>
+  Her graceful march, the sacred steps ascends,<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page171" name="page171"></a>(p. 171)</span> High in the midst with blazing censer stands,<br>
+  And scatters incense with illumined hands:      <span class="ralign">520</span><br>
+  Thrice to the <span class="smcap">Goddess</span> bows with solemn pause,<br>
+  With trembling awe the mystic veil withdraws,<br>
+  And, meekly kneeling on the gorgeous shrine,<br>
+  Lifts her ecstatic eyes to <span class="smcap">Truth Divine</span>!      <span class="ralign">524</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="p2 center">END OF CANTO IV.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page173" name="page173"></a>(p. 173)</span> CONTENTS OF THE NOTES.</h4>
+
+<p class="center">CANTO I.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><span class="ralign90">Line.</span>&nbsp;</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l36">36</a></span> Origin of European Nations.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l76">76</a></span> Early use of Painting and Hieroglyphics.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l83">83</a></span> Proteus represents Time.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l126">126</a></span> Cave of Trophonius.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l137">137</a></span> Eleusinian Mysteries.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l176">176</a></span> Antiquity of Statuary, casting Figures, and Carving.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l224">224</a></span> Infancy of the present World.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l235">235</a></span> Of Heat.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l239">239</a></span> Of Attraction.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l245">245</a></span> Of Contraction.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l259">259</a></span> Arteries not conical.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l262">262</a></span> Venous Absorption.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l268">268</a></span> Decrease of the Ocean.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l270">270</a></span> Sensation and Volition.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l283">283</a></span> Mucor, Vibrio.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l295">295</a></span> Animals are first aquatic.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l315">315</a></span> Sea, originally was not Salt.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l327">327</a></span> Animals from the Sea.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l335">335</a></span> Aquatic Plants.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l343">343</a></span> Frogs.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l363">363</a></span> Rainbow in Northern Latitudes.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l372">372</a></span> Venus rising from the Sea.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l392">392</a></span> The Fetus in the Womb.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto1_l417">417</a></span> Animals from the Mud of the Nile.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="center p2">CANTO II.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l1">1</a></span> Shortness of Life.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l3">3</a></span> Old Age surprising.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l39">39</a></span> Organic and chemical Properties.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l43">43</a></span> Immortality of Matter.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l47">47</a></span> Adonis emblem of Life.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l71">71</a></span> The Truffle, Lycoperdon.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l83">83</a></span> Volvox.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l85">85</a></span> Polypus.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l87">87</a></span> Tænia.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l89">89</a></span> Oysters.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l90">90</a></span> Coral-Insect.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l114">114</a></span> Female Sex produced.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l118">118</a></span> Power of Imagination.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l122">122</a></span> Mankind were formerly Hermaphrodites and Quadrupeds.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l167">167</a></span> Hereditary Diseases of Vegetables.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l223">223</a></span> Psyche and Cupid.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l268">268</a></span> Some Honey poisonous.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l271">271</a></span> Appetency and Propensity.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l280">280</a></span> Vallisneria.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l288">288</a></span> Lampyris.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l302">302</a></span> Insects from Anthers and Stigmas.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l321">321</a></span> Horns of Stags, and Tusks of Boars, Spurs of Cocks.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l351">351</a></span> Chick in the Egg.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l356">356</a></span> Songs of Birds.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l373">373</a></span> How Fish swim.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l375">375</a></span> How Birds fly.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto2_l434">434</a></span> Of Smiles, and of Laughter.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="center p2"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page174" name="page174"></a>(p. 174)</span> CANTO III.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l13">13</a></span> Oxygen, and Hydrogen, and Azote.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l21">21</a></span> Two electric Ethers.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l64">64</a></span> Irritation.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l72">72</a></span> Sensation.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l73">73</a></span> Volition, Memory.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l81">81</a></span> Intuitive Analogy.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l91">91</a></span> Association.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l103">103</a></span> Armour of Brutes.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l122">122</a></span> Of the Human Hand.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l125">125</a></span> Perception of Figure.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l144">144</a></span> Sight the Language of the Touch.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l145">145</a></span> Surprise, Novelty, Curiosity.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l152">152</a></span> The Lips an Organ of Touch.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l176">176</a></span> Ideal Beauty.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l178">178</a></span> Two Deities of Love.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l207">207</a></span> Idea of Beauty from the Female Bosom.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l230">230</a></span> Taste for Sublimity.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l237">237</a></span> Poetic Melancholy.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l246">246</a></span> Taste for Tragedy.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l258">258</a></span> Taste for uncultivated Nature.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l270">270</a></span> Accumulation of sensorial Power.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l294">294</a></span> Imitation described.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l303">303</a></span> Imitation of one Sense by another.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l319">319</a></span> Mimickry or Resemblance.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l334">334</a></span> The Parts of the System imitate each other.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l342">342</a></span> External Signs of Passions.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l371">371</a></span> Theory of Language.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l398">398</a></span> Ideas so called are parts of a train of Actions.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l401">401</a></span> Of Reason.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l411">411</a></span> Reasoning of Insects.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l435">435</a></span> Volition distinguishes Mankind.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l456">456</a></span> If Knowledge produces Happiness.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l466">466</a></span> Sympathy the source of Virtue.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto3_l485">485</a></span> Maxim of Socrates.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="center p2">CANTO IV.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l29">29</a></span> Oestrus or Gadfly.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l33">33</a></span> Ichneumon fly.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l37">37</a></span> Libellula.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l39">39</a></span> Bees.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l57">57</a></span> Shark.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l59">59</a></span> Crocodile</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l66">66</a></span> Animals prey on Vegetables.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l71">71</a></span> Defect of Stimulus.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l87">87</a></span> Theatric Preachers.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l93">93</a></span> Pleasure of Life, Ennui.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l94">94</a></span> Of Tooth-edge.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l119">119</a></span> Epidemic Complaints.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l130">130</a></span> Compassion may be too great.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l147">147</a></span> Doctrine of Atoms.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l160">160</a></span> Pleasure of viewing a Landscape.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l178">178</a></span> Pleasure from Music.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l242">242</a></span> Ancient Orators spoke disrespectfully of the mechanic Philosophers.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l270">270</a></span> Influence of Printing.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l299">299</a></span> Associated ideas of three Classes.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l309">309</a></span> Wit defined.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l349">349</a></span> Surprising number of Seeds.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l351">351</a></span> Of the Aphis, its Numbers.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l352">352</a></span> Aphis drinks the Sap-juice.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l359">359</a></span> The Mutation of the Tadpole.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l387">387</a></span> Animation near the Surface of the Earth.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l387">387</a></span> All dead animal and vegetable Bodies become animated.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l403">403</a></span> Doctrine of St. Paul.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l411">411</a></span> Happiness increased.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l417">417</a></span> Doctrine of Pythagoras.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l431">431</a></span> Geology.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l450">450</a></span> Method of investigation of Organic happiness.</li>
+<li><span class="ralign90"><a href="#canto4_l453">453</a></span> Organic Life increases.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>ADDITIONAL NOTES.</h3>
+
+<a id="notes1" name="notes1"></a>
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_001" name="page_n_001"></a>(p. 001)</span> ADDITIONAL NOTES.<br>
+
+SPONTANEOUS VITALITY OF MICROSCOPIC ANIMALS.</h4>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+  Hence without parent by spontaneous birth<br>
+  Rise the first specks of animated earth.<br>
+<span class="left50"><span class="smcap">Canto I.</span> l. 227.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center p2"><i>Prejudices against this doctrine.</i></p>
+
+<p>I. From the misconception of the ignorant or superstitious, it has
+been thought somewhat profane to speak in favour of spontaneous vital
+production, as if it contradicted holy writ; which says, that God
+created animals and vegetables. They do not recollect that God created
+all things which exist, and that these have been from the beginning in
+a perpetual state of improvement; which appears from the globe itself,
+as well as from the animals and vegetables, which possess it. And
+lastly, that there is more dignity in our idea of the supreme author
+of all things, when we conceive him to be the cause of causes, than
+the cause simply of the events, which we see; if there can be any
+difference in infinity of power!</p>
+
+<p>Another prejudice which has prevailed against the spontaneous
+production of vitality, seems to have arisen from the
+misrepresentation of this doctrine, as if the larger animals had been
+thus produced; as Ovid supposes after the deluge of Deucalion, that
+lions were seen rising out of the mud of the Nile, and struggling to
+disentangle their hinder parts. It was not considered, that animals
+and vegetables have been perpetually improving by reproduction; and
+that spontaneous vitality was only to be looked for in the simplest
+organic beings, as in the smallest microscopic animalcules; which
+perpetually, perhaps hourly, enlarge themselves by reproduction, like
+the roots of tulips from seed, or the buds of seedling trees, which
+die annually, leaving others by solitary reproduction rather more
+perfect than themselves <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_002" name="page_n_002"></a>(p. 002)</span> for many successive years, till at
+length they acquire sexual organs or flowers.</p>
+
+<p>A third prejudice against the existence of spontaneous vital
+productions has been the supposed want of analogy; this has also
+arisen from the expectation, that the larger or more complicated
+animals should be thus produced; which have acquired their present
+perfection by successive generations during an uncounted series of
+ages. Add to this, that the want of analogy opposes the credibility of
+all new discoveries, as of the magnetic needle, and coated electric
+jar, and Galvanic pile; which should therefore certainly be well
+weighed and nicely investigated before distinct credence is given
+them; but then the want of analogy must at length yield to repeated
+ocular demonstration.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><i>Preliminary observations.</i></p>
+
+<p>II. Concerning the spontaneous production of the smallest microscopic
+animals it should be first observed, that the power of reproduction
+distinguishes organic being, whether vegetable or animal, from
+inanimate nature. The circulation of fluids in vessels may exist in
+hydraulic machines, but the power of reproduction belongs alone to
+life. This reproduction of plants and of animals is of two kinds,
+which may be termed solitary and sexual. The former of these, as in
+the reproduction of the buds of trees, and of the bulbs of tulips, and
+of the polypus, and aphis, appears to be the first or most simple mode
+of generation, as many of these organic beings afterwards acquire
+sexual organs, as the flowers of seedling trees, and of seedling
+tulips, and the autumnal progeny of the aphis. See Phytologia.</p>
+
+<p>Secondly, it should be observed, that by reproduction organic beings
+are gradually enlarged and improved; which may perhaps more rapidly
+and uniformly occur in the simplest modes of animated being; but
+occasionally also in the more complicated and perfect kinds. Thus the
+buds of a seedling tree, or the bulbs of seedling tulips, become
+larger and stronger in the second year than the first, and thus
+improve till they acquire flowers or sexes; and the aphis, I <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_003" name="page_n_003"></a>(p. 003)</span>
+believe, increases in bulk to the eighth or ninth generation, and then
+produces a sexual progeny. Hence the existence of spontaneous vitality
+is only to be expected to be found in the simplest modes of animation,
+as the complex ones have been formed by many successive reproductions.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><i>Experimental facts.</i></p>
+
+<p>III. By the experiments of Buffon, Reaumur, Ellis, Ingenhouz, and
+others, microscopic animals are produced in three or four days,
+according to the warmth of the season, in the infusions of all
+vegetable or animal matter. One or more of these gentlemen put some
+boiling veal broth into a phial previously heated in the fire, and
+sealing it up hermetically or with melted wax, observed it to be
+replete with animalcules in three or four days.</p>
+
+<p>These microscopic animals are believed to possess a power of
+generating others like themselves by solitary reproduction without
+sex; and these gradually enlarging and improving for innumerable
+successive generations. Mr. Ellis in Phil. Transact. V. LIX. gives
+drawings of six kinds of animalcula infusoria, which increase by
+dividing across the middle into two distinct animals. Thus in paste
+composed of flour and water, which has been suffered to become
+acescent, the animalcules called eels, vibrio anguillula, are seen in
+great abundance; their motions are rapid and strong; they are
+viviparous, and produce at intervals a numerous progeny: animals
+similar to these are also found in vinegar; Naturalist's Miscellany by
+Shaw and Nodder, Vol. II. These eels were probably at first as minute
+as other microscopic animalcules; but by frequent, perhaps hourly
+reproduction, have gradually become the large animals above described,
+possessing wonderful strength and activity.</p>
+
+<p>To suppose the eggs of the former microscopic animals to float in the
+atmosphere, and pass through the sealed glass phial, is so contrary to
+apparent nature, as to be totally incredible! and as the latter are
+viviparous, it is equally absurd to suppose, that their parents float
+universally in the atmosphere to lay their young in paste or vinegar!</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_004" name="page_n_004"></a>(p. 004)</span> Not only microscopic animals appear to be produced by a
+spontaneous vital process, and then quickly improve by solitary
+generation like the buds of trees, or like the polypus and aphis, but
+there is one vegetable body, which appears to be produced by a
+spontaneous vital process, and is believed to be propagated and
+enlarged in so short a time by solitary generation as to become
+visible to the naked eye; I mean the green matter first attended to by
+Dr. Priestley, and called by him conferva fontinalis. The proofs, that
+this material is a vegetable, are from its giving up so much oxygen,
+when exposed to the sunshine, as it grows in water, and from its green
+colour.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Ingenhouz asserts, that by filling a bottle with well-water, and
+inverting it immediately into a basin of well-water, this green
+vegetable is formed in great quantity; and he believes, that the water
+itself, or some substance contained in the water, is converted into
+this kind of vegetation, which then quickly propagates itself.</p>
+
+<p>M. Girtanner asserts, that this green vegetable matter is not produced
+by water and heat alone, but requires the sun's light for this
+purpose, as he observed by many experiments, and thinks it arises from
+decomposing water deprived of a part of its oxygen, and laughs at Dr.
+Priestley for believing that the seeds of this conferva, and the
+parents of microscopic animals, exist universally in the atmosphere,
+and penetrate the sides of glass jars; Philos. Magazine for May 1800.</p>
+
+<p>Besides this green vegetable matter of Dr. Priestley, there is another
+vegetable, the minute beginnings of the growth of which Mr. Ellis
+observed by his microscope near the surface of all putrefying
+vegetable or animal matter, which is the mucor or mouldiness; the
+vegetation of which was amazingly quick so as to be almost seen, and
+soon became so large as to be visible to the naked eye. It is
+difficult to conceive how the seeds of this mucor can float so
+universally in the atmosphere as to fix itself on all putrid matter in
+all places.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><i>Theory of Spontaneous Vitality.</i></p>
+
+<p>IV. In animal nutrition the organic matter of the bodies of dead
+animals, or vegetables, is taken into the stomach, and there suffers
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_005" name="page_n_005"></a>(p. 005)</span> decompositions and new combinations by a chemical process.
+Some parts of it are however absorbed by the lacteals as fast as they
+are produced by this process of digestion; in which circumstance this
+process differs from common chemical operations.</p>
+
+<p>In vegetable nutrition the organic matter of dead animals, or
+vegetables, undergoes chemical decompositions and new combinations on
+or beneath the surface of the earth; and parts of it, as they are
+produced, are perpetually absorbed by the roots of the plants in
+contact with it; in which this also differs from common chemical
+processes.</p>
+
+<p>Hence the particles which are produced from dead organic matter by
+chemical decompositions or new consequent combinations, are found
+proper for the purposes of the nutrition of living vegetable and
+animal bodies, whether these decompositions and new combinations are
+performed in the stomach or beneath the soil.</p>
+
+<p>For the purposes of nutrition these digested or decomposed recrements
+of dead animal or vegetable matter are absorbed by the lacteals of the
+stomachs of animals or of the roots of vegetables, and carried into
+the circulation of their blood, and these compose new organic parts to
+replace others which are destroyed, or to increase the growth of the
+plant or animal.</p>
+
+<p>It is probable, that as in inanimate or chemical combinations, one of
+the composing materials must possess a power of attraction, and the
+other an aptitude to be attracted; so in organic or animated
+compositions there must be particles with appetencies to unite, and
+other particles with propensities to be united with them.</p>
+
+<p>Thus in the generation of the buds of trees, it is probable that two
+kinds of vegetable matter, as they are separated from the solid
+system, and float in the circulation, become arrested by two kinds of
+vegetable glands, and are then deposed beneath the cuticle of the
+tree, and there join together forming a new vegetable, the caudex of
+which extends from the plumula at the summit to the radicles beneath
+the soil, and constitutes a single fibre of the bark.</p>
+
+<p>These particles appear to be of two kinds; one of them possessing an
+appetency to unite with the other, and the latter a propensity to be
+united with the former; and they are probably separated from the
+vegetable blood by two kinds of glands, one representing those of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_006" name="page_n_006"></a>(p. 006)</span> anthers, and the others those of the stigmas, in the sexual
+organs of vegetables; which is spoken of at large in Phytologia, Sect.
+VII. and in Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XXXIX. 8. of the third edition, in
+octavo; where it is likewise shown, that none of these parts which are
+deposited beneath the cuticle of the tree, is in itself a complete
+vegetable embryon, but that they form one by their reciprocal
+conjunction.</p>
+
+<p>So in the sexual reproduction of animals, certain parts separated from
+the living organs, and floating in the blood, are arrested by the
+sexual glands of the female, and others by those of the male. Of these
+none are complete embryon animals, but form an embryon by their
+reciprocal conjunction.</p>
+
+<p>There hence appears to be an analogy between generation and nutrition,
+as one is the production of new organization, and the other the
+restoration of that which previously existed; and which may therefore
+be supposed to require materials somewhat similar. Now the food taken
+up by animal lacteals is previously prepared by the chemical process
+of digestion in the stomach; but that which is taken up by vegetable
+lacteals, is prepared by chemical dissolution of organic matter
+beneath the surface of the earth. Thus the particles, which form
+generated animal embryons, are prepared from dead organic matter by
+the chemico-animal processes of sanguification and of secretion; while
+those which form spontaneous microscopic animals or microscopic
+vegetables are prepared by chemical dissolutions and new combinations
+of organic matter in watery fluids with sufficient warmth.</p>
+
+<p>It may be here added, that the production and properties of some kinds
+of inanimate matter, are almost as difficult to comprehend as those of
+the simplest degrees of animation. Thus the elastic gum, or
+caoutchouc, and some fossile bitumens, when drawn out to a great
+length, contract themselves by their elasticity, like an animal fibre
+by stimulus. The laws of action of these, and all other elastic
+bodies, are not yet understood; as the laws of the attraction of
+cohesion, to produce these effects, must be very different from those
+of general attraction, since the farther the particles of elastic
+bodies are drawn from each other till they separate, the stronger they
+seem to attract; and the nearer they are pressed together, the more
+they seem to repel; as in bending a spring, or in extending a piece of
+elastic gum; <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_007" name="page_n_007"></a>(p. 007)</span> which is the reverse to what occurs in the
+attractions of disunited bodies; and much wants further investigation.
+So the spontaneous production of alcohol or of vinegar, by the vinous
+and acetous fermentations, as well as the production of a mucus by
+putrefaction which will contract when extended, seems almost as
+difficult to understand as the spontaneous production of a fibre from
+decomposing animal or vegetable substances, which will contract when
+stimulated, and thus constitutes the primordium of life.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the microscopic animals are said to remain dead for many days
+or weeks, when the fluid in which they existed is dried up, and
+quickly to recover life and motion by the fresh addition of water and
+warmth. Thus the chaos redivivum of Linnæus dwells in vinegar and in
+bookbinders paste: it revives by water after having been dried for
+years, and is both oviparous and viviparous; Syst. Nat. Thus the
+vorticella or wheel animal, which is found in rain water that has
+stood some days in leaden gutters, or in hollows of lead on the tops
+of houses, or in the slime or sediment left by such water, though it
+discovers no sign of life except when in the water, yet it is capable
+of continuing alive for many months though kept in a dry state. In
+this state it is of a globulous shape, exceeds not the bigness of a
+grain of sand, and no signs of life appear; but being put into water,
+in the space of half an hour a languid motion begins, the globule
+turns itself about, lengthens itself by slow degrees, assumes the form
+of a lively maggot, and most commonly in a few minutes afterwards puts
+out its wheels, swimming vigorously through the water as if in search
+of food; or else, fixing itself by the tail, works the wheels in such
+a manner as to bring its food to its mouth; English Encyclopedia, Art.
+Animalcule.</p>
+
+<p>Thus some shell-snails in the cabinets of the curious have been kept
+in a dry state for ten years or longer, and have revived on being
+moistened with warmish water; Philos. Transact. So eggs and seeds
+after many months torpor, are revived by warmth and moisture; hence it
+may be concluded, that even the organic particles of dead animals may,
+when exposed to a due degree of warmth and moisture, regain some
+degree of vitality, since this is done by more complicate animal
+organs in the instances above mentioned.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_008" name="page_n_008"></a>(p. 008)</span> The hydra of Linnæus, which dwells in the rivers of Europe
+under aquatic plants, has been observed by the curious of the present
+time, to revive after it has been dried, to be restored after being
+mutilated, to multiply by being divided, to be propagated from small
+portions, to live after being inverted; all which would be best
+explained by the doctrine of spontaneous reproduction from organic
+particles not yet completely decomposed.</p>
+
+<p>To this should be added, that these microscopic animals are found in
+all solutions of vegetable or animal matter in water; as black pepper
+steeped in water, hay suffered to become putrid in water, and the
+water of dunghills, afford animalcules in astonishing numbers. See Mr.
+Ellis's curious account of Animalcules produced from an infusion of
+Potatoes and Hempseed; Philos. Transact. Vol. LIX. from all which it
+would appear, that organic particles of dead vegetables and animals
+during their usual chemical changes into putridity or acidity, do not
+lose all their organization or vitality, but retain so much of it as
+to unite with the parts of living animals in the process of nutrition,
+or unite and produce new complicate animals by secretion as in
+generation, or produce very simple microscopic animals or microscopic
+vegetables, by their new combinations in warmth and moisture.</p>
+
+<p>And finally, that these microscopic organic bodies are multiplied and
+enlarged by solitary reproduction without sexual intercourse till they
+acquire greater perfection or new properties. Lewenhoek observed in
+rain-water which had stood a few days, the smallest scarcely visible
+microscopic animalcules, and in a few more days he observed others
+eight times as large; English Encyclop. Art. Animalcule.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><i>Conclusion.</i></p>
+
+<p>There is therefore no absurdity in believing that the most simple
+animals and vegetables may be produced by the congress of the parts of
+decomposing organic matter, without what can properly be termed
+generation, as the genus did not previously exist; which accounts for
+the endless varieties, as well as for the immense numbers of
+microscopic animals.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_009" name="page_n_009"></a>(p. 009)</span> The green vegetable matter of Dr. Priestley, which is
+universally produced in stagnant water, and the mucor, or mouldiness,
+which is seen on the surface of all putrid vegetable and animal
+matter, have probably no parents, but a spontaneous origin from the
+congress of the decomposing organic particles, and afterwards
+propagate themselves. Some other fungi, as those growing in close
+wine-vaults, or others which arise from decaying trees, or rotten
+timber, may perhaps be owing to a similar spontaneous production, and
+not previously exist as perfect organic beings in the juices of the
+wood, as some have supposed. In the same manner it would seem, that
+the common esculent mushroom is produced from horse dung at any time
+and in any place, as is the common practice of many gardeners; Kennedy
+on Gardening.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><i>Appendix.</i></p>
+
+<p>The knowledge of microscopic animals is still in its infancy: those
+already known are arranged by Mr. Muller into the following classes;
+but it is probable, that many more classes, as well as innumerable
+individuals, may be discovered by improvements of the microscope, as
+Mr. Herschell has discovered so many thousand stars, which were before
+invisible, by improvements of the telescope.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Muller's classes consist of</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>I. <i>Such as have no External Organs.</i></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ol>
+<li>1. Monas: Punctiformis. A mere point.</li>
+<li>2. Proteus: Mutabilis. Mutable.</li>
+<li>3. Volvox: Sphæricum. Spherical.</li>
+<li>4. Enchelis: Cylindracea. Cylindrical.</li>
+<li>5. Vibrio: Elongatum. Long.</li>
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li>*Membranaceous.</li>
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li>6. Cyclidium: Ovale. Oval.</li>
+<li>7. Paramecium: Oblongum. Oblong.</li>
+<li>8. Kolpoda: Sinuatum. Sinuous.</li>
+<li>9. Gonium: Angulatum. With angles.</li>
+<li>10. Bursaria. Hollow like a purse.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<ul>
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_010" name="page_n_010"></a>(p. 010)</span> II. <i>Those that have External Organs.</i></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ol>
+<li>*Naked, or not enclosed in a shell.</li>
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li>1. Cercaria: Caudatum. With a tail.</li>
+<li>2. Trichoda: Crinitum. Hairy.</li>
+<li>3. Kerona: Corniculatum. With horns.</li>
+<li>4. Himantopus: Cirratum. Cirrated.</li>
+<li>5. Leucophra: Ciliatum undique. Every part ciliated.</li>
+<li>6. Vorticella: Ciliatum apice. The apex ciliated.</li>
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li>*Covered with a shell.</li>
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li>7. Brachionus: Ciliatum apice. The apex ciliated.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>1. These animalcules are discovered in two or three days in all
+decompositions of organic matter, whether vegetable or animal, in
+moderate degrees of warmth with sufficient moisture.</p>
+
+<p>2. They appear to enlarge in a few days, and some to change their
+form; which are probably converted from more simple into more
+complicate animalcules by repeated reproductions. See Note <a href="#notes8">VIII</a>.</p>
+
+<p>3. In their early state they seem to multiply by viviparous solitary
+reproduction, either by external division, as the smaller ones, or by
+an internal progeny, as the eels in paste or vinegar; and lastly, in
+their more mature state, the larger ones are said to appear to have
+sexual connexion. Engl. Encyclop.</p>
+
+<p>4. Those animalcules discovered in pustules of the itch, in the feces
+of dysenteric patients, and in semine masculino, I suppose to be
+produced by the stagnation and incipient decomposition of those
+materials in their receptacles, and not to exist in the living blood
+or recent secretions; as none, I believe, have been discovered in
+blood when first drawn from the arm, or in fluids newly secreted from
+the glands, which have not previously stagnated in their reservoirs.</p>
+
+<p>5. They are observed to move in all directions with ease and rapidity,
+and to avoid obstacles, and not to interfere with each other in their
+motions. When the water is in part evaporated, they are seen to flock
+towards the remaining part, and show great agitation. They sustain a
+great degree of cold, as some insects, and perish in much the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_011" name="page_n_011"></a>(p. 011)</span> same degree of heat as destroys insects; all which evince
+that they are living animals.</p>
+
+<p>And it is probable, that other or similar animalcules may be produced
+in the air, or near the surface of the earth, but it is not so easy to
+view them as in water; which as it is transparent, the creatures
+produced in it can easily be observed by applying a drop to a
+microscope. I hope that microscopic researches may again excite the
+attention of philosophers, as unforeseen advantages may probably be
+derived from them, like the discovery of a new world.</p>
+
+
+<a id="notes2" name="notes2"></a>
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_012" name="page_n_012"></a>(p. 012)</span> ADDITIONAL NOTES. II.<br>
+
+THE FACULTIES OF THE SENSORIUM.</h4>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+  Next the long nerves unite their silver train,<br>
+  And young Sensation permeates the brain.<br>
+<span class="left50"><span class="smcap">Cant. I.</span> l. 250.</span></p>
+
+<p class="p2">I. The fibres, which constitute the muscles and organs of sense,
+possess a power of contraction. The circumstances attending the
+exertion of this power of contraction constitute the laws of animal
+motion, as the circumstances attending the exertion of the power of
+attraction constitute the laws of motion of inanimate matter.</p>
+
+<p>II. The spirit of animation is the immediate cause of the contraction
+of animal fibres, it resides in the brain and nerves, and is liable to
+general or partial diminution or accumulation.</p>
+
+<p>III. The stimulus of bodies external to the moving organ is the remote
+cause of the original contractions of animal fibres.</p>
+
+<p>IV. A certain quantity of stimulus produces irritation, which is an
+exertion of the spirit of animation exciting the fibres into
+contraction.</p>
+
+<p>V. A certain quantity of contraction of animal fibres, if it be
+perceived at all, produces pleasure; a greater or less quantity of
+contraction, if it be perceived at all, produces pain; these
+constitute sensation.</p>
+
+<p>VI. A certain quantity of sensation produces desire or aversion; these
+constitute volition.</p>
+
+<p>VII. All animal motions which have occurred at the same time, or in
+immediate succession, become so connected, that when one of them is
+reproduced, the other has a tendency to accompany or succeed it. When
+fibrous contractions succeed or accompany other fibrous contractions,
+the connexion is termed association; when fibrous contractions succeed
+sensorial motions, the connexion is termed causation; when fibrous and
+sensorial motions reciprocally introduce each other, it is termed
+catenation of animal motions.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_013" name="page_n_013"></a>(p. 013)</span> VIII. These four faculties of the sensorium during their
+inactive state are termed irritability, sensibility, voluntarily, and
+associability; in their active state they are termed as above
+irritation, sensation, volition, association.</p>
+
+<p>Irritation is an exertion or change of some extreme part of the
+sensorium residing in the muscles or organs of sense, in consequence
+of the appulses of external bodies.</p>
+
+<p>Sensation is an exertion or change of the central parts of the
+sensorium, or of the whole of it, beginning at some of those extreme
+parts of it, which reside in the muscles or organs of sense.</p>
+
+<p>Volition is an exertion or change of the central parts of the
+sensorium, or of the whole of it, terminating in some of those extreme
+parts of it, which reside in the muscles or organs of sense.</p>
+
+<p>Association is an exertion or change of some extreme part of the
+sensorium residing in the muscles or organs of sense, in consequence
+of some antecedent or attendant fibrous contractions; see Zoonomia,
+Vol. I.</p>
+
+<p>The word sensorium is used to express not only the medullary part of
+the brain, spinal marrow, nerves, organs of sense and muscles, but
+also at the same time that living principle, or spirit of animation,
+which resides throughout the body, without being cognizable to our
+senses except by its effects.</p>
+
+
+<a id="notes3" name="notes3"></a>
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_014" name="page_n_014"></a>(p. 014)</span> ADDITIONAL NOTES. III.</h4>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+  Next when imprison'd fires in central caves<br>
+  Burst the firm earth, and drank the headlong waves.<br>
+<span class="left50"><span class="smcap">Canto I.</span> l. 302.</span></p>
+
+<p class="p2">The great and repeated explosions of volcanoes are shown by Mr.
+Mitchell in the Philosoph. Transact. to arise from their communication
+with the sea, or with rivers, or inundations; and that after a chink
+or crack is made, the water rushing into an immense burning cavern,
+and falling on boiling lava, is instantly expanded into steam, and
+produces irresistible explosions.</p>
+
+<p>As the first volcanic fires had no previous vent, and were probably
+more central, and larger in quantity, before they burst the crust of
+the earth then intire, and as the sea covered the whole, it must
+rapidly sink down into every opening chink; whence these primeval
+earthquakes were of much greater extent, and of much greater force,
+than those which occur in the present era.</p>
+
+<p>It should be added, that there may be other elastic vapours produced
+by great heat from whatever will evaporate, as mercury, and even
+diamonds; which may be more elastic, and consequently exert greater
+force than the steam of water even though heated red hot. Which may
+thence exert a sufficient power to raise islands and continents, and
+even to throw the moon from the earth.</p>
+
+<p>If the moon be supposed to have been thus thrown out of the great
+cavity which now contains the South Sea, the immense quantity of water
+flowing in from the primeval ocean, which then covered the earth,
+would much contribute to leave the continents and islands, which might
+be raised at the same time above the surface of the water. In later
+days there are accounts of large stones falling from the sky, which
+may have been thus thrown by explosion from some distant earthquake,
+without sufficient force to cause them to circulate round the earth,
+and thus produce numerous small moons or satellites.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_015" name="page_n_015"></a>(p. 015)</span> Mr. Mitchell observes, that the agitations of the earth from
+the great earthquake at Lisbon were felt in this country about the
+same time after the shock, as sound would have taken in passing from
+Lisbon hither; and thence ascribes these agitations to the vibrations
+of the solid earth, and not to subterraneous caverns of communication;
+Philos. Transact. But from the existence of warm springs at Bath and
+Buxton, there must certainly be unceasing subterraneous fires at some
+great depth beneath those parts of this island; see on this subject
+Botanic Garden, Vol. II. Canto IV. l. 79, note. For an account of the
+noxious vapours emitted from volcanoes, see Botanic Garden, Vol. II.
+Cant. IV. l. 328, note. For the milder effects of central fires, see
+Botanic Garden, Vol. I. Cant. I. l. 139, and Additional Note VI.</p>
+
+
+<a id="notes4" name="notes4"></a>
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_016" name="page_n_016"></a>(p. 016)</span> ADDITIONAL NOTES. IV.</h4>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+  So from deep lakes the dread musquito springs,<br>
+  Drinks the soft breeze, and dries his tender wings.<br>
+<span class="left50"><span class="smcap">Canto I.</span> l. 327.</span></p>
+
+<p class="p2">The gnat, or musquito, culex pipiens. The larva of this insect lives
+chiefly in water, and the pupa moves with great agility. It is fished
+for by ducks; and, when it becomes a fly, is the food of the young of
+partridges, quails, sparrows, swallows, and other small birds. The
+females wound us, and leave a red point; and in India their bite is
+more venomous. The male has its antennæ and feelers feathered, and
+seldom bites or sucks blood; Lin. Syst. Nat.</p>
+
+<p>It may be driven away by smoke, especially by that from inula
+helenium, elecampane; and by that of cannabis, hemp. Kalm. It is said
+that a light in a chamber will prevent their attack on sleeping
+persons.</p>
+
+<p>The gnats of this country are produced in greater numbers in some
+years than others, and are then seen in swarms for many evenings near
+the lakes or rivers whence they arise; and, I suppose, emigrate to
+upland situations, where fewer of them are produced. About thirty
+years ago such a swarm was observed by Mr. Whitehurst for a day or two
+about the lofty tower of Derby church, as to give a suspicion of the
+fabric being on fire.</p>
+
+<p>Many other kinds of flies have their origin in the water, as perhaps
+the whole class of neuroptera. Thus the libellula, dragon fly: the
+larva of which hurries amid the water, and is the cruel crocodile of
+aquatic insects. After they become flies, they prey principally on the
+class of insects termed lepidoptera, and diptera of Linneus. The
+ephemera is another of this order, which rises from the lakes in such
+quantities in some countries, that the rustics have carried cart-loads
+of them to manure their corn lands; the larva swims in the water: in
+its fly-state the pleasures of life are of short duration, as its
+marriage, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_017" name="page_n_017"></a>(p. 017)</span> production of its progeny, and funeral, are often
+celebrated in one day. The phryganea is another fly of this order; the
+larva lies concealed under the water in moveable cylindrical tubes of
+their own making. In the fly-state they institute evening dances in
+the air in swarms, and are fished for by the swallows.</p>
+
+<p>Many other flies, who do not leave their eggs in water, contrive to
+lay them in moist places, as the oestros bovis; the larvæ of which
+exist in the bodies of cattle, where they are nourished during the
+winter, and are occasionally extracted by a bird of the crow-kind
+called buphaga. These larvæ are also found in the stomachs of horses,
+whom they sometimes destroy; another species of them adhere to the
+anus of horses, and creep into the lowest bowel, and are called botts;
+and another species enters the frontal sinus of sheep, occasioning a
+vertigo called the turn. The musca pendula lives in stagnant water;
+the larva is suspended by a thread-form respiratory tube; of the musca
+chamæleon, the larva lives in fountains, and the fly occasionally
+walks upon the water. The musca vomitoria is produced in carcases;
+three of these flies consume the dead body of a horse as soon as a
+lion. Lin. Syst. Nat.</p>
+
+
+<a id="notes5" name="notes5"></a>
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_018" name="page_n_018"></a>(p. 018)</span> ADDITIONAL NOTE. V.<br>
+
+AMPHIBIOUS ANIMALS.</h4>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+  So still the Diodons, amphibious tribe,<br>
+  With twofold lungs the sea and air imbibe.<br>
+<span class="left50"><span class="smcap">Cant. I.</span> l. 331.</span></p>
+
+<p class="p2">D. D. Garden dissected the amphibious creature called diodon by
+Linneus, and was amazed to find that it possessed both external gills
+and internal lungs, which he described and prepared and sent to
+Linneus; who thence put this animal into the order nantes of his class
+amphibia. He adds also, in his account of polymorpha before the class
+amphibia, that some of this class breathe by lungs only, and others by
+both lungs and gills.</p>
+
+<p>Some amphibious quadrupeds, as the beaver, water rat, and otter, are
+said to have the foramen ovale of the heart open, which communicates
+from one cavity of it to the other; and that, during their continuance
+under water, the blood can thus for a time circulate without passing
+through the lungs; but as it cannot by these means acquire oxygen
+either from the air or water, these creatures find it frequently
+necessary to rise to the surface to respire. As this foramen ovale is
+always open in the f&oelig;tus of quadrupeds, till after its birth that
+it begins to respire, it has been proposed by some to keep young
+puppies three or four times a day for a minute or two under warm water
+to prevent this communication from one cavity of the heart to the
+other from growing up; whence it has been thought such dogs might
+become amphibious. It is also believed that this circumstance has
+existed in some divers for pearl; whose children are said to have been
+thus kept under water in their early infancy to enable them afterwards
+to succeed in their employment.</p>
+
+<p>But the most frequent distinction of the amphibious animals, that live
+much in the water, is, that their heart consists but of one cell; and
+as they are pale creatures with but little blood, and that colder
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_019" name="page_n_019"></a>(p. 019)</span> and darker coloured, as frogs and lizards, they require less
+oxygen than the warmer animals with a greater quantity and more
+scarlet blood; and thence, though they have only lungs, they can stay
+long under water without great inconvenience; but are all of them,
+like frogs, and crocodiles, and whales, necessitated frequently to
+rise above the surface for air.</p>
+
+<p>In this circumstance of their possessing a one-celled heart, and
+colder and darker blood, they approach to the state of fish; which
+thus appear not to acquire so much oxygen by their gills from the
+water as terrestrial animals do by their lungs from the atmosphere;
+whence it may be concluded that the gills of fish do not decompose the
+water which passes through them, and which contains so much more
+oxygen than the air, but that they only procure a small quantity of
+oxygen from the air which is diffused in the water; which also is
+further confirmed by an experiment with the air-pump, as fish soon die
+when put in a glass of water into the exhausted receiver, which they
+would not do if their gills had power to decompose the water and
+obtain the oxygen from it.</p>
+
+<p>The lamprey, petromyzon, is put by Linneus amongst the nantes, which
+are defined to possess both gills and lungs. It has seven spiracula,
+or breathing holes, on each side of the neck, and by its more perfect
+lungs approaches to the serpent kind; Syst. Nat. The means by which it
+adheres to stones, even in rapid streams, is probably owing to a
+partial vacuum made by its respiring organs like sucking, and may be
+compared to the ingenious method by which boys are seen to lift large
+stones in the street, by applying to them a piece of strong moist
+leather with a string through the centre of it; which, when it is
+forcibly drawn upwards, produces a partial vacuum under it, and thus
+the stone is supported by the pressure of the atmosphere.</p>
+
+<p>The leech, hirudo, and the remora, echeneis, adhere strongly to
+objects probably by a similar method. I once saw ten or twelve leeches
+adhere to each foot of an old horse a little above his hoofs, who was
+grazing in a morass, and which did not lose their hold when he moved
+about. The bare-legged travellers in Ceylon are said to be much
+infested by leeches; and the sea-leech, hirudo muricata, is said
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_020" name="page_n_020"></a>(p. 020)</span> to adhere to fish, and the remora is said to adhere to ships
+in such numbers as to retard their progress.</p>
+
+<p>The respiratory organ of the whale, I suppose, is pulmonary in part,
+as he is obliged to come frequently to the surface, whence he can be
+pursued after he is struck with the harpoon; and may nevertheless be
+in part like the gills of other fish, as he seems to draw in water
+when he is below the surface, and emits it again when he rises above
+it.</p>
+
+<a id="notes6" name="notes6"></a>
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_021" name="page_n_021"></a>(p. 021)</span> ADDITIONAL NOTE. VI.<br>
+
+HIEROGLYPHIC CHARACTERS.</h4>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+  So erst as Egypt's rude designs explain.<br>
+<span class="left50"><span class="smcap">Canto I.</span> l. 351.</span></p>
+
+<p class="p2">The outlines of animal bodies, which gave names to the constellations,
+as well as the characters used in chemistry for the metals, and in
+astronomy for the planets, were originally hieroglyphic figures, used
+by the magi of Egypt before the invention of letters, to record their
+discoveries in those sciences.</p>
+
+<p>Other hieroglyphic figures seem to have been designed to perpetuate
+the events of history, the discoveries in other arts, and the opinions
+of those ancient philosophers on other subjects. Thus their figures of
+Venus for beauty, Minerva for wisdom, Mars and Bellona for war,
+Hercules for strength, and many others, became afterwards the deities
+of Greece and Rome; and together with the figures of Time, Death, and
+Fame, constitute the language of the painters to this day.</p>
+
+<p>From the similarity of the characters which designate the metals in
+chemistry, and the planets in astronomy, it may be concluded that
+these parts of science were then believed to be connected; whence
+astrology seems to have been a very early superstition. These, so far,
+constitute an universal visible language in those sciences.</p>
+
+<p>So the glory, or halo, round the head is a part of the universal
+language of the eye, designating a holy person; wings on the shoulders
+denote a good angel; and a tail and hoof denote the figure of an evil
+demon; to which may be added the cap of liberty and the tiara of
+popedom. It is to be wished that many other universal characters could
+be introduced into practice, which might either constitute a more
+comprehensive language for painters, or for other arts; as those of
+ciphers and signs have done for arithmetic and algebra, and crotchets
+for music, and the alphabets for articulate sounds; <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_022" name="page_n_022"></a>(p. 022)</span> so a
+zigzag line made on white paper by a black-lead pencil, which
+communicates with the surface of the mercury in the barometer, as the
+paper itself is made constantly to move laterally by a clock, and
+daily to descend through the space necessary, has ingeniously produced
+a most accurate visible account of the rise and fall of the mercury in
+the barometer every hour in the year.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Grey's Memoria Technica was designed as an artificial language to
+remember numbers, as of the eras, or dates of history. This was done
+by substituting one consonant and one vowel for each figure of the ten
+cyphers used in arithmetic, and by composing words of these letters;
+which words Mr. Grey makes into hexameter verses, and produces an
+audible jargon, which is to be committed to memory, and occasionally
+analysed into numbers when required. An ingenious French botanist,
+Monsieur Bergeret, has proposed to apply this idea of Mr. Grey to a
+botanical nomenclature, by making the name of each plant to consist of
+letters, which, when analysed, were to signify the number of the
+class, order, genus, and species, with a description also of some
+particular part of the plant, which was designed to be both an audible
+and visible language.</p>
+
+<p>Bishop Wilkins in his elaborate "Essay towards a Real Character and a
+Philosophical Language," has endeavoured to produce, with the greatest
+simplicity, and accuracy, and conciseness, an universal language both
+to be written and spoken, for the purpose of the communication of all
+our ideas with greater exactness and less labour than is done in
+common languages, as they are now spoken and written. But we have to
+lament that the progress of general science is yet too limited both
+for his purpose, and for that even of a nomenclature for botany; and
+that the science of grammar, and even the number and manner of the
+pronunciation of the letters of the alphabet, are not yet determined
+with such accuracy as would be necessary to constitute Bishop
+Wilkins's grand design of an universal language, which might
+facilitate the acquirement of knowledge, and thus add to the power and
+happiness of mankind.</p>
+
+<a id="notes7" name="notes7"></a>
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_023" name="page_n_023"></a>(p. 023)</span> ADDITIONAL NOTE. VII.<br>
+OLD AGE AND DEATH.</h4>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+  The age-worn fibres goaded to contract<br>
+  By repetition palsied, cease to act.<br>
+<span class="left50"><span class="smcap">Canto II.</span> l. 4</span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2">I. <i>Effects of Age.</i></p>
+
+<p>The immediate cause of the infirmities of age, or of the progress of
+life to death, has not yet been well ascertained. The answer to the
+question, why animals become feeble and diseased after a time, though
+nourished with the same food which increased their growth from
+infancy, and afterwards supported them for many years in unimpaired
+health and strength, must be sought for from the laws of animal
+excitability, which, though at first increased, is afterwards
+diminished by frequent repetitions of its adapted stimulus, and at
+length ceases to obey it.</p>
+
+<p>1. There are four kinds of stimulus which induce the fibres to
+contract, which constitute the muscles or the organs of sense; as,
+first, The application of external bodies, which excites into action
+the sensorial power of irritation; 2dly, Pleasure and pain, which
+excite into action the sensorial power of sensation; 3dly, Desire and
+aversion, which excite into action the power of volition; and lastly,
+The fibrous contractions, which precede association, which is another
+sensorial power; see Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. II. 13.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the motions of the organic system, which are necessary to
+life, are excited by more than one of these stimuli at the same time,
+and some of them occasionally by them all. Thus respiration is
+generally caused by the stimulus of blood in the lungs, or by the
+sensation of the want of oxygen; but is also occasionally voluntary.
+The actions of the heart also, though generally owing to the stimulus
+of the blood, are also inflamed by the association of its motions with
+those of the stomach, whence sometimes arises an inequality of the
+pulse, and with other parts of the system, as with the capillaries,
+whence heat of the skin in fevers with a feeble pulse, see Zoonomia.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_024" name="page_n_024"></a>(p. 024)</span> They are also occasionally influenced by sensation, as is
+seen in the paleness occasioned by fear, or the blush of shame and
+anger; and lastly the motions of the heart are sometimes assisted by
+volition; thus in those who are much weakened by fevers, the pulse is
+liable to stop during their sleep, and to induce great distress; which
+is owing at that time to the total suspension of voluntary power; the
+same occurs during sleep in some asthmatic patients.</p>
+
+<p>2. The debility of approaching age appears to be induced by the
+inactivity of many parts of the system, or their disobedience to their
+usual kinds and quantities of stimulus: thus the pallid appearance of
+the skin of old age is owing to the inactivity of the heart, which
+ceases to obey the irritation caused by the stimulus of the blood, or
+its association with other moving organs with its former energy;
+whence the capillary arteries are not sufficiently distended in their
+diastole, and consequently contract by their elasticity, so as to
+close the canal, and their sides gradually coalesce. Of these, those
+which are most distant from the heart, and of the smallest diameters,
+will soonest close, and become impervious; hence the hard pulse of
+aged patients is occasioned by the coalescence of the sides of the
+vasa vasorum, or capillary arteries of the coats of the other
+arteries.</p>
+
+<p>The veins of elderly people become turgid or distended with blood, and
+stand prominent on the skin; for as these do not possess the
+elasticity of the arteries, they become distended with accumulation of
+blood; when the heart by its lessened excitability does not contract
+sufficiently forcibly, or frequently, to receive, as fast as usual,
+the returning blood; and their apparent prominence on the skin is
+occasioned by the deficient secretion of fat or mucus in the cellular
+membrane; and also to the contraction and coalescence and consequent
+less bulk of many capillary arteries.</p>
+
+<p>3. Not only the muscular fibres lose their degree of excitability from
+age, as in the above examples; and as may be observed in the tremulous
+hands and feeble step of elderly persons; but the organs of sense
+become less excitable by the stimulus of external objects; whence the
+sight and hearing become defective; the stimulus of the sensorial
+power of sensation also less affects the aged, who grieve less for the
+loss of friends or for other disappointments; it should nevertheless
+be observed, that <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_025" name="page_n_025"></a>(p. 025)</span> when the sensorial power of irritation is
+much exhausted, or its production much diminished; the sensorial power
+of sensation appears for a time to be increased; as in intoxication
+there exists a kind of delirium and quick flow of ideas, and yet the
+person becomes so weak as to totter as he walks; but this delirium is
+owing to the defect of voluntary power to correct the streams of ideas
+by intuitive analogy, as in dreams: see Zoonomia: and thus also those
+who are enfeebled by habits of much vinous potation, or even by age
+alone, are liable to weep at shaking hands with a friend, whom they
+have not lately seen; which is owing to defect of voluntary power to
+correct their trains of ideas caused by sensation, and not to the
+increased quantity of sensation, as I formerly supposed.</p>
+
+<p>The same want of voluntary power to keep the trains of sensitive ideas
+consistent, and to compare them by intuitive analogy with the order of
+nature, is the occasion of the starting at the clapping to of a door,
+or the fall of a key, which occasions violent surprise with fear and
+sometimes convulsions, in very feeble hysterical patients, and is not
+owing I believe (as I formerly supposed) to increased sensation; as
+they are less sensible to small stimuli than when in health.</p>
+
+<p>Old people are less able also to perform the voluntary exertions of
+exercise or of reasoning, and lastly the association of their ideas
+becomes more imperfect, as they are forgetful of the names of persons
+and places; the associations of which are less permanent, than those
+of the other words of a language, which are more frequently repeated.</p>
+
+<p>4. This disobedience of the fibres of age to their usual stimuli, has
+generally been ascribed to repetition or habit, as those who live near
+a large clock, or a mill, or a waterfall, soon cease to attend to the
+perpetual noise of it in the day, and sleep dining the night
+undisturbed. Thus all medicines, if repeated too frequently, gradually
+lose their effect; as wine and opium cease to intoxicate: some
+disagreeable tastes as tobacco, by frequent repetition cease to be
+disagreeable; grief and pain gradually diminish and at length cease
+altogether; and hence life itself becomes tolerable.</p>
+
+<p>This diminished power of contraction of the fibres of the muscles or
+organs of sense, which constitutes permanent debility or old age, may
+arise from a deficient secretion of sensorial power in the brain, as
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_026" name="page_n_026"></a>(p. 026)</span> well as from the disobedience of the muscles and organs of
+sense to their usual stimuli; but this less production of sensorial
+power must depend on the inactivity of the glands, which compose the
+brain, and are believed to separate it perpetually from the blood; and
+is thence owing to a similar cause with the inaction of the fibres of
+the other parts of the system.</p>
+
+<p>It is finally easy to understand how the fibres may cease to act by
+the usual quantity of stimulus after having been previously exposed to
+a greater quantity of stimulus, or to one too long continued; because
+the expenditure of sensorial power has then been greater than its
+production; but it is not easy to explain why the repetition of
+fibrous contractions, which during the meridian of life did not expend
+the sensorial power faster than it was produced; or only in such a
+degree as was daily restored by rest and sleep, should at length in
+the advance of life expend too much of it; or otherwise, that less of
+it should be produced in the brain; or reside in the nerves; lastly
+that the fibres should become less excitable by the usual quantity of
+it.</p>
+
+<p>5. But these facts would seem to show, that all parts of the system
+are not changed as we advance in life, as some have supposed; as in
+that case it might have preserved for ever its excitability; and it
+might then perhaps have been easier for nature to have continued her
+animals and vegetables for ever in their mature state, than
+perpetually by a complicate apparatus to have produced new ones, and
+suffer the old ones to perish; for a further account of stimulus and
+the consequent animal exertion, see Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. 12.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p2">II. <i>Means of preventing old age.</i></p>
+
+<p>The means of preventing the approach of age must therefore consist in
+preventing the inexcitability of the fibres, or the diminution of the
+production of sensorial power.</p>
+
+<p>1. As animal motion cannot be performed without the fluid matter of
+heat, in which all things are immersed, and without a sufficient
+quantity of moisture to prevent rigidity: nothing seems so well
+adapted to both these purposes as the use of the warm bath; and
+especially in <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_027" name="page_n_027"></a>(p. 027)</span> those, who become thin or emaciated with age,
+and who have a hard and dry skin, with hardness of the coat of the
+arteries; which feels under the finger like a cord; the patient should
+sit in warm water for half an hour every day, or alternate days, or
+twice a week; the heat should be about ninety-eight degrees on
+Fahrenheit's scale, or of such a warmth, as may be most agreeable to
+his sensation; but on leaving the bath he should always be kept so
+cool, whether he goes into bed, or continues up, as not sensibly to
+perspire.</p>
+
+<p>There is a popular prejudice, that the warm bath relaxes people, and
+that the cold bath braces them; which are mechanical terms belonging
+to drums and fiddle-strings, but not applicable except metaphorically
+to animal bodies, and then commonly mean weakness and strength: during
+the continuance in the bath the patient does not lose weight, unless
+he goes in after a full meal, but generally weighs heavier as the
+absorption is greater than the perspiration; but if he suffers himself
+to sweat on his leaving the bath, he will undoubtedly be weakened by
+the increased action of the system, and its exhaustion: the same
+occurs to those who are heated by exercise, or by wine, or spice, but
+not during their continuance in the warm bath: whence we may conclude,
+that the warm bath is the most harmless of all those stimuli, which
+are greater than our natural habits have accustomed us to; and that it
+particularly counteracts the approach of old age in emaciated people
+with dry skins.</p>
+
+<p>It may be here observed in favour of bathing, that some fish are
+believed to continue to a great age, and continually to enlarge in
+size, as they advance in life; and that long after their state of
+puberty. I have seen perch full of spawn, which were less than two
+inches long; and it is known, that they will grow to six or eight
+times that size; it is said, that the whales, which have been caught
+of late years, are much less in size than those, which were caught,
+when first the whale-fishery was established; as the large ones, which
+were supposed to have been some hundred years old, are believed to be
+already destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>All cold-blooded amphibious animals more slowly waste their sensorial
+power; as they are accustomed to less stimulus from their respiring
+less oxygen; and their movements in water are slower than those of
+aerial animals from the greater resistance of the element. There
+besides <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_028" name="page_n_028"></a>(p. 028)</span> seems to be no obstacle to the growth of aquatic
+animals; as by means of the air-bladder, they can make their specific
+gravity the same as that of the water in which they swim. And the
+moisture of the element seems well adapted to counteract the rigidity
+of their fibres; and as their exertions in locomotion, and the
+pressure of some parts on others, are so much less than in the bodies
+of land animals.</p>
+
+<p>2. But as all excessive stimuli exhaust the sensorial power, and
+render the system less excitable for a time till the quantity of
+sensorial power is restored by sleep, or by the diminution or absence
+of stimulus; which is seen by the weakness of inebriates for a day at
+least after intoxication. And as the frequent repetition of this great
+and unnatural stimulus of fermented liquors produces a permanent
+debility, or disobedience of the system to the usual and natural kinds
+and quantities of stimulus, as occurs in those who have long been
+addicted to the ingurgitation of fermented liquors.</p>
+
+<p>And as, secondly, the too great deficiency of the quantity of natural
+stimuli, as of food, and warmth, or of fresh air, produces also
+diseases; as is often seen in the children of the poor in large towns,
+who become scrofulous from want of due nourishment, and from cold,
+damp, unairy lodgings.</p>
+
+<p>The great and principal means to prevent the approach of old age and
+death, must consist in the due management of the quantity of every
+kind of stimulus, but particularly of that from objects external to
+the moving organ; which may excite into action too great or too small
+a quantity of the sensorial power of irritation, which principally
+actuates the vital organs. Whence the use of much wine, or opium, or
+spice, or of much salt, by their unnatural stimulus induces consequent
+debility, and shortens life, on the one hand, by the exhaustion of
+sensorial power; so on the other hand, the want of heat, food, and
+fresh air, induces debility from defect of stimulus, and a consequent
+accumulation of sensorial power, and a general debility of the system.
+Whence arise the pains of cold and hunger, and those which are called
+nervous; and which are the cause of hysteric, epileptic, and perhaps
+of asthmatic paroxysms, and of the cold fits of fever.</p>
+
+<p>3. Though all excesses of increase and decrease of stimulus should be
+avoided, yet a certain variation of stimulus seems to prolong the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_029" name="page_n_029"></a>(p. 029)</span> excitability of the system; as during any diminution of the
+usual quantity of stimulus, an accumulation of sensorial power is
+produced; and in consequence the excitability, which was lessened by
+the action of habitual stimulus, becomes restored. Thus those, who are
+uniformly habituated to much artificial heat, as in warm parlours in
+the winter months, lose their irritability in some degree, and become
+feeble like hot-house plants; but by frequently going for a time into
+the cold air, the sensorial power of irritability is accumulated and
+they become stronger.</p>
+
+<p>Whence it may be deduced, that the variations of the cold and heat of
+this climate contribute to strengthen its inhabitants, who are more
+active and vigorous, and live longer, than those of either much warmer
+or much colder latitudes.</p>
+
+<p>This accumulation of sensorial power from diminution of stimulus any
+one may observe, who in severe weather may sit by the fire-side till
+he is chill and uneasy with the sensation of cold; but if he walks
+into the frosty air for a few minutes, an accumulation of sensorial
+power is produced by diminution of the stimulus of heat, and on his
+returning into the room where he was chill before, his whole skin will
+now glow with warmth.</p>
+
+<p>Hence it may be concluded, that the variations of the quantity of
+stimuli within certain limits contribute to our health; and that those
+houses which are kept too uniformly warm, are less wholesome than
+where the inhabitants are occasionally exposed to cold air in passing
+from one room to another.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless to those weak habits with pale skins and large pupils of
+the eyes, whose degree of irritability is less than health requires,
+as in scrofulous, hysterical, and some consumptive constitutions, a
+climate warmer than our own may be of service, as a greater stimulus
+of heat may be wanted to excite their less irritability. And also a
+more uniform quantity of heat may be serviceable to consumptive
+patients than is met with in this country, as the lungs cannot be
+clothed like the external skin, and are therefore subject to greater
+extremes of heat and cold in passing in winter from a warm room into
+the frosty air.</p>
+
+<p>4. It should nevertheless be observed, that there is one kind of
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_030" name="page_n_030"></a>(p. 030)</span> stimulus, which though it be employed in quantity beyond its
+usual state, seems to increase the production of sensorial power
+beyond the expenditure of it (unless its excess is great indeed) and
+thence to give permanent strength and energy to the system; I mean
+that of volition. This appears not only from the temporary strength of
+angry or insane people, but because insanity even cures some diseases
+of debility, as I have seen in dropsy, and in some fevers; but it is
+also observable, that many who have exerted much voluntary effort
+during their whole lives, have continued active to great age. This
+however may be conceived to arise from these great exertions being
+performed principally by the organs of sense, that is by exciting and
+comparing ideas; as in those who have invented sciences, or have
+governed nations, and which did not therefore exhaust the sensorial
+power of those organs which are necessary to life, but perhaps rather
+prevented them from being sooner impaired, their sensorial power not
+having been so frequently exhausted by great activity, for very
+violent exercise of the body, long continued, forwards old age; as is
+seen in post-horses that are cruelly treated, and in many of the poor,
+who with difficulty support their families by incessant labour.</p>
+
+<a id="notes7_3" name="notes7_3"></a>
+<p class="center p2">III. <i>Theory of the Approach of Age.</i></p>
+
+<p>The critical reader is perhaps by this time become so far interested
+in this subject as to excuse a more prolix elucidation of it.</p>
+
+<p>In early life the repetition of animal actions occasions them to be
+performed with greater facility, whether those repetitions are
+produced by volition, sensation, or irritation; because they soon
+become associated together, if as much sensorial power is produced
+between every reiteration of action, as is expended by it.</p>
+
+<p>But if a stimulus be repeated at uniform intervals of time, the
+action, whether of our muscles or organs of sense, is performed with
+still greater facility and energy; because the sensorial power of
+association mentioned above, is combined with the sensorial power of
+irritation, and forms part of the diurnal chain of animal motions;
+that <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_031" name="page_n_031"></a>(p. 031)</span> is, in common language, the acquired habit assists the
+power of the stimulus; see Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XXII. 2. and Sect.
+XII. 3. 3.</p>
+
+<p>On this circumstance depends the easy motions of the fingers in
+performing music, and of the feet and arms in dancing and fencing, and
+of the hands in the use of tools in mechanic arts, as well as all the
+vital motions which animate and nourish organic bodies.</p>
+
+<p>On the contrary, many animal motions by perpetual repetition are
+performed with less energy; as those who live near a waterfall, or a
+smith's forge, after a time, cease to hear them. And in those
+infectious diseases which are attended with fever, as the small-pox
+and measles, violent motions of the system are excited, which at
+length cease, and cannot again be produced by application of the same
+stimulating material; as when those are inoculated for the small-pox,
+who have before undergone that malady. Hence the repetition, which
+occasions animal actions for a time to be performed with greater
+energy, occasions them at length to become feeble, or to cease
+entirely.</p>
+
+<p>To explain this difficult problem we must more minutely consider the
+catenations of animal motions, as described in Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect.
+XVII. The vital motions, as suppose of the heart and arterial system,
+commence from the irritation occasioned by the stimulus of the blood,
+and then have this irritation assisted by the power of association; at
+the same time an agreeable sensation is produced by the due actions of
+the fibres, as in the secretions of the glands, which constitutes the
+pleasure of existence; this agreeable sensation is intermixed between
+every link of this diurnal chain of actions, and contributes to
+produce it by what is termed animal causation. But there is also a
+degree of the power of volition excited in consequence of this vital
+pleasure, which is also intermixed between the links of the chain of
+fibrous actions; and thus also contributes to its uniform easy and
+perpetual production.</p>
+
+<p>The effects of surprise and novelty must now be considered by the
+patient reader, as they affect the catenations of action; and, I hope,
+the curiosity of the subject will excuse the prolixity of this account
+of it. When any violent stimulus breaks the passing current or
+catenation of our ideas, surprise is produced, which is accompanied
+with <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_032" name="page_n_032"></a>(p. 032)</span> pain or pleasure, and consequent volition to examine
+the object of it, as explained in Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XVIII. 17,
+and which never affects us in sleep. In our waking hours whenever an
+idea of imagination occurs, which is incongruous to our former
+experience, we feel another kind of surprise, and instantly dissever
+the train of imagination by the power of volition, and compare the
+incongruous idea with our previous knowledge of nature, and reject it
+by an act of reasoning, of which we are unconscious, termed in
+Zoonomia, "Intuitive Analogy," Vol. I Sect. XVII. 7.</p>
+
+<p>The novelty of any idea may be considered as affecting us with another
+kind of surprise, or incongruity, as it differs from the usual train
+of our ideas, and forms a new link in this perpetual chain; which, as
+it thus differs from the ordinary course of nature, we instantly
+examine by the voluntary efforts of intuitive analogy; or by
+reasoning, which we attend to; and compare it with the usual
+appearances of nature.</p>
+
+<p>These ideas which affect us with surprise, or incongruity, or novelty,
+are attended with painful or pleasurable sensation; which we mentioned
+before as intermixing with all catenations of animal actions, and
+contributing to strengthen their perpetual and energetic production;
+and also exciting in some degree the power of volition, which also
+intermixes with the links of the chain of animal actions, and
+contributes to produce it.</p>
+
+<p>Now by frequent repetition the surprise, incongruity, or novelty
+ceases; and, in consequence, the pleasure or pain which accompanied
+it, and also the degree of volition which was excited by that
+sensation of pain or pleasure; and thus the sensorial power of
+sensation and of volition are subducted from the catenation of vital
+actions, and they are in consequence produced much weaker, and at
+length cease entirely. Whence we learn why contagious matters induce
+their effects on the circulation but once; and why, in process of
+time, the vital movements are performed with less energy, and at
+length cease; whence the debilities of age, and consequent death.</p>
+
+<a id="notes8" name="notes8"></a>
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_033" name="page_n_033"></a>(p. 033)</span> ADDITIONAL NOTES. VIII.<br>
+
+REPRODUCTION.</h4>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+  But Reproduction with ethereal fires<br>
+  New life rekindles, ere the first expires.<br>
+<span class="left50"><span class="smcap">Canto II.</span> l. 13.</span></p>
+
+<p class="p2">I. The reproduction or generation of living organized bodies, is the
+great criterion or characteristic which distinguishes animation from
+mechanism. Fluids may circulate in hydraulic machines, or simply move
+in them, as mercury in the barometer or thermometer, but the power of
+producing an embryon which shall gradually acquire similitude to its
+parent, distinguishes artificial from natural organization.</p>
+
+<p>The reproduction of plants and animals appears to be of two kinds,
+solitary and sexual; the former occurs in the formation of the buds of
+trees, and the bulbs of tulips; which for several successions generate
+other buds, and other bulbs, nearly similar to the parent, but
+constantly approaching to greater perfection, so as finally to produce
+sexual organs, or flowers, and consequent seeds.</p>
+
+<p>The same occurs in some inferior kinds of animals; as the aphises in
+the spring and summer are viviparous for eight or nine generations,
+which successively produce living descendants without sexual
+intercourse, and are themselves, I suppose, without sex; at length in
+the autumn they propagate males and females, which copulate and lay
+eggs, which lie dormant during the winter, and are hatched by the
+vernal sun; while the truffle, and perhaps mushrooms amongst
+vegetables, and the polypus and tænia amongst insects, perpetually
+propagate themselves by solitary reproduction, and have not yet
+acquired male and female organs.</p>
+
+<p>Philosophers have thought these viviparous aphides, and the tænia, and
+volvox, to be females; and have supposed them to have been impregnated
+long before their nativity within each other; so the tænia and volvox
+still continue to produce their offspring without sexual <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_034" name="page_n_034"></a>(p. 034)</span>
+intercourse. One extremity of the tænia, is said by Linneus to grow
+old, whilst at the other end new ones are generated proceeding to
+infinity like the roots of grass. The volvox globator is transparent,
+and carries within itself children and grandchildren to the fifth
+generation like the aphides; so that the tænia produces children and
+grandchildren longitudinally in a chain-like series, and the volvox
+propagates an offspring included within itself to the fifth
+generation; Syst. Nat.</p>
+
+<p>Many microscopic animals, and some larger ones, as the hydra or
+polypus, are propagated by splitting or dividing; and some still
+larger animals, as oysters, and perhaps eels, have not yet acquired
+sexual organs, but produce a paternal progeny, which requires no
+mother to supply it with a nidus, or with nutriment and oxygenation;
+and, therefore, very accurately resemble the production of the buds of
+trees, and the wires of some herbaceous plants, as of knot-grass and
+of strawberries, and the bulbs of other plants, as of onions and
+potatoes; which is further treated of in Phytologia, Sect. VII.</p>
+
+<p>The manner in which I suspect the solitary reproduction of the buds of
+trees to be effected, may also be applied to the solitary generation
+of the insects mentioned above, and probably of many others, perhaps
+of all the microscopic ones. It should be previously observed, that
+many insects are hermaphrodite, possessing both male and female organs
+of reproduction, as shell-snails and dew-worms; but that these are
+seen reciprocally to copulate with each other, and are believed not to
+be able to impregnate themselves; which belongs, therefore, to sexual
+generation, and not to the solitary reproduction of which I am now
+speaking.</p>
+
+<p>As in the chemical production of any new combination of matter, two
+kinds of particles appear to be necessary; one of which must possess
+the power of attraction, and the other the aptitude to be attracted,
+as a magnet and a piece of iron; so in vegetable or animal
+combinations, whether for the purpose of nutrition or for
+reproduction, there must exist also two kinds of organic matter; one
+possessing the appetency to unite, and the other the propensity to be
+united; (see Zoonomia, octavo edition, Sect. XXXIX. 8.) Hence in the
+generation of the buds of trees, there are probably two kinds of
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_035" name="page_n_035"></a>(p. 035)</span> glands, which acquire from the vegetable blood, and deposite
+beneath the cuticle of the tree two kinds of formative organic matter,
+which unite and form parts of the new vegetable embryon; which again
+uniting with other such organizations form the caudex, or the plumula,
+or the radicle, of a new vegetable bud.</p>
+
+<p>A similar mode of reproduction by the secretion of two kinds of
+organic particles from the blood, and by depositing them either
+internally as in the vernal and summer aphis or volvox, or externally
+as in the polypus and tænia, probably obtains in those animals; which
+are thence propagated by the father only, not requiring a cradle, or
+nutriment, or oxygenation from a mother; and that the five
+generations, said to be seen in the transparent volvox globator within
+each other, are perhaps the successive progeny to be delivered at
+different periods of time from the father, and erroneously supposed to
+be mothers impregnated before their nativity.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">II. Sexual as well as solitary reproduction appears to be effected by
+two kinds of glands; one of which collects or secretes from the blood
+formative organic particles with appetencies to unite, and the other
+formative organic particles with propensities to be united. These
+probably undergo some change by a kind of digestion in their
+respective glands; but could not otherwise unite previously in the
+mass of blood from its perpetual motion.</p>
+
+<p>The first mode of sexual reproduction seems to have been by the
+formation of males into hermaphrodites; that is, when the numerous
+formative glands, which existed in the caudex of the bud of a tree, or
+on the surface of a polypus, became so united as to form but two
+glands; which might then be called male and female organs. But they
+still collect and secrete their adapted particles from the same mass
+of blood as in snails and dew-worms, but do not seem to be so placed
+as to produce an embryon by the mixture of their secreted fluids, but
+to require the mutual assistance of two hermaphrodites for that
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p>From this view-of the subject, it would appear that vegetables and
+animals were at first propagated by solitary generation, and
+afterwards by hermaphrodite sexual generation; because most vegetables
+possess at this day both male and female organs in the same flower,
+which <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_036" name="page_n_036"></a>(p. 036)</span> Linneus has thence well called hermaphrodite flowers;
+and that this hermaphrodite mode of reproduction still exists in many
+insects, as in snails and worms; and, finally, because all the male
+quadrupeds, as well as men, possess at this day some remains of the
+female apparatus, as the breasts with nipples, which still at their
+nativity are said to be replete with a kind of milk, and the nipples
+swell on titillation.</p>
+
+<p>Afterwards the sexes seem to have been formed in vegetables as in
+flowers, in addition to the power of solitary reproduction by buds. So
+in animals the aphis is propagated both by solitary reproduction as in
+spring, or by sexual generation as in autumn; then the vegetable sexes
+began to exist in separate plants, as in the classes mon&oelig;cia and
+di&oelig;cia, or both of them in the same plant also, as in the class
+polygamia; but the larger and more perfect animals are now propagated
+by sexual reproduction only, which seems to have been the
+chef-d'&oelig;uvre, or capital work of nature; as appears by the
+wonderful transformations of leaf-eating caterpillars into
+honey-eating moths and butterflies, apparently for the sole purpose of
+the formation of sexual organs, as in the silk-worm, which takes no
+food after its transformation, but propagates its species and dies.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">III. <i>Recapitulation.</i></p>
+
+<p>The microscopic productions of spontaneous vitality, and the next most
+inferior kinds of vegetables and animals, propagate by solitary
+generation only; as the buds and bulbs raised immediately from seeds,
+the lycoperdon tuber, with probably many other fungi, and the polypus,
+volvox, and tænia. Those of the next order propagate both by solitary
+and sexual reproduction, as those buds and bulbs which produce flowers
+as well as other buds or bulbs; and the aphis, and probably many other
+insects. Whence it appears, that many of those vegetables and animals,
+which are produced by solitary generation, gradually become more
+perfect, and at length produce a sexual progeny.</p>
+
+<p>A third order of organic nature consists of hermaphrodite vegetables
+and animals, as in those flowers which have anthers and stigmas in the
+same corol; and in many insects, as leeches, snails, and worms;
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_037" name="page_n_037"></a>(p. 037)</span> and perhaps all those reptiles which have no bones,
+according to the observation of M. Poupart, who thinks, that the
+number of hermaphrodite animals exceeds that of those which are
+divided into sexes; Mém. de l'Acad. des Sciences. These hermaphrodite
+insects I suspect <i>to</i> be incapable of impregnating themselves for
+reasons mentioned in Zoonomia, Sect. XXXIX. 6. 2.</p>
+
+<p>And, lastly, the most perfect orders of animals are propagated by
+sexual intercourse only; which, however, does not extend to
+vegetables, as all those raised from seed produce some generations of
+buds or bulbs, previous to their producing flowers, as occurs not only
+in trees, but also in the annual plants. Thus three or four joints of
+wheat grow upon each other, before that which produces a flower; which
+joints are all separate plants growing over each other, like the buds
+of trees, previous to the uppermost; though this happens in a few
+months in annual plants, which requires as many years in the
+successive buds of trees; as is further explained in Phytologia, Sect.
+IX. 3. 1.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">IV. <i>Conclusion.</i></p>
+
+<p>Where climate is favourable, and salubrious food plentiful, there is
+reason to believe, that the races of animals perpetually improve by
+reproduction. The smallest microscopic animals become larger ones in a
+short time, probably by successive reproductions, as is so distinctly
+seen in the buds of seedling apple-trees, and in the bulbs of tulips
+raised from seed; both which die annually, and leave behind them one
+or many, which are more perfect than themselves, till they produce a
+sexual progeny, or flowers. To which may be added, the rapid
+improvement of our domesticated dogs, horses, rabbits, pigeons, which
+improve in size, or in swiftness, or in the sagacity of the sense of
+smell, or in colour, or other properties, by sexual reproduction.</p>
+
+<p>The great Linneus having perceived the changes produced in the
+vegetable world by sexual reproduction, has supposed that not more
+than about sixty plants were at first created, and that all the others
+have been formed by their solitary or sexual reproductions; and adds,
+Suadent hæc Creatoris leges a simplicibus ad composita; Gen. Plant.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_038" name="page_n_038"></a>(p. 038)</span> preface to the natural orders, and Amenit. Acad. VI. 279.
+This mode of reasoning may be extended to the most simple productions
+of spontaneous vitality.</p>
+
+<p>There is one curious circumstance of animal life analogous in some
+degree to this wonderful power of reproduction; which is seen in the
+propagation of some contagious diseases. Thus one grain of variolous
+matter, inserted by inoculation, shall in about seven days stimulate
+the system into unnatural action; which in about seven days more
+produces ten thousand times the quantity of a similar material thrown
+out on the skin in pustules!</p>
+
+<p>The mystery of reproduction, which alone distinguishes organic life
+from mechanic or chemic action, is yet wrapt in darkness. During the
+decomposition of organic bodies, where there exists a due degree of
+warmth with moisture, new microscopic animals of the most minute kind
+are produced; and these possess the wonderful power of reproduction,
+or of producing animals similar to themselves in their general
+structure, but with frequent additional improvements; which the
+preceding parent might in some measure have acquired by his habits of
+life or accidental situation.</p>
+
+<p>But it may appear too bold in the present state of our knowledge on
+this subject, to suppose that all vegetables and animals now existing
+were originally derived from the smallest microscopic ones, formed by
+spontaneous vitality? and that they have by innumerable reproductions,
+during innumerable centuries of time, gradually acquired the size,
+strength, and excellence of form and faculties, which they now
+possess? and that such amazing powers were originally impressed on
+matter and spirit by the great Parent of Parents! Cause of Causes! Ens
+Entium!</p>
+
+<a id="notes9" name="notes9"></a>
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_039" name="page_n_039"></a>(p. 039)</span> ADDITIONAL NOTES. IX.<br>
+
+STORGE.</h4>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+  And Heaven-born <span class="smcap">Storge</span> weaves the social chain.<br>
+<span class="left50"><span class="smcap">Canto II.</span> l. 92.</span></p>
+
+<p class="p2">The Greek word Storge is used for the affection of parents to
+children; which was also visibly represented by the Stork or Pelican
+feeding her young with blood taken from her own wounded bosom. A
+number of Pelicans form a semicircle in shallow parts of the sea near
+the coast, standing on their long legs; and thus including a shoal of
+small fish, they gradually approach the shore; and seizing the fish as
+they advance, receive them into a pouch under their throats; and
+bringing them to land regurgitate them for the use of their young, or
+for their future support. Adanson, Voyage to Senegal. In this country
+the parent Pigeons both male and female swallow the grain or other
+seeds, which they collect for their young, and bring it up mixed with
+a kind of milk from their stomachs, with their bills inserted into the
+mouths of the young doves. J. Hunter's works.</p>
+
+<p>The affection of the parent to the young in experienced mothers may be
+in part owing to their having been relieved by them from the burden of
+their milk; but it is difficult to understand, how this affection
+commences in those mothers of the bestial world, who have not
+experienced this relief from the sucking of their offspring; and still
+more so to understand how female birds were at first induced to
+incubate their eggs for many weeks; and lastly how caterpillars, as of
+the silk-worm, are induced to cover themselves with a well-woven house
+of silk before their transformation.</p>
+
+<p>These as well as many other animal facts, which are difficult to
+account for, have been referred to an inexplicable instinct; which is
+supposed to preclude any further investigation: but as animals seem to
+have undergone great changes, as well as the inanimate parts of the
+earth, and are probably still in a state of gradual improvement; it is
+not unreasonable to conclude, that some of these actions both of large
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_040" name="page_n_040"></a>(p. 040)</span> animals and of insects, may have been acquired in a state
+preceding their present one; and have been derived from the parents to
+their offspring by imitation, or other kind of tradition; thus the
+eggs of the crocodile are at this day hatched by the warmth of the sun
+in Egypt; and the eggs of innumerable insects, and the spawn of fish,
+and of frogs, in this climate are hatched by the vernal warmth: this
+might be the case of birds in warm climates, in their early state of
+existence; and experience might have taught them to incubate their
+eggs, as they became more perfect animals, or removed themselves into
+colder climates: thus the ostrich is said to sit upon its eggs only in
+the night in warm situations, and both day and night in colder ones.</p>
+
+<p>This love of the mother in quadrupeds to the offspring, whom she licks
+and cleans, is so allied to the pleasure of the taste or palate, that
+nature seems to have had a great escape in the parent quadruped not
+devouring her offspring. Bitches, and cats, and sows, eat the
+placenta; and if a dead offspring occurs, I am told, that also is
+sometimes eaten, and yet the living offspring is spared; and by that
+nice distinction the progenies of those animals are saved from
+destruction!</p>
+
+<p>"Certior factus sum a viro rebus antiquissimis docto, quod legitur in
+Berosi operibus homines ante diluvium mulierum puerperarum placentam
+edidisse, quasi cibum delicatum in epulis luxuriosis; et quod hoc
+nefandissimo crimine movebatur Deus diluvio submergere terrarum
+incolas." <span class="smcap">Anon.</span></p>
+
+<p>It may be finally concluded, that this affection from the parent to
+the progeny existed before animals were divided into sexes, and
+produced the beginning of sympathetic society, the source of which may
+perhaps be thus well accounted for; whenever the glandular system is
+stimulated into greater natural action within certain limits, an
+addition of pleasure is produced along with the increased secretion;
+this pleasure arising from the activity of the system is supposed to
+constitute the happiness of existence, in contradistinction to the
+ennui or tædium vitæ; as shown in Zoonomia, Sect. XXXIII. 1.</p>
+
+<p>Hence the secretion of nutritious juices occasioned by the stimulus of
+an embryon or egg in the womb gives pleasure to the parent for a
+length of time; whence by association a similar pleasure may be
+occasioned to the parent by seeing and touching the egg or fetus after
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_041" name="page_n_041"></a>(p. 041)</span> its birth; and in lactescent animals an additional pleasure
+is produced by the new secretion of milk, as well as by its emission
+into the sucking lips of the infant. This appears to be one of the
+great secrets of Nature, one of those fine, almost invisible cords,
+which have bound one animal to another.</p>
+
+<p>The females of lactiferous animals have thus a passion or inlet of
+pleasure in their systems more than the males, from their power of
+giving suck to their offspring; the want of the object of this
+passion, either owing to the death of the progeny, or to the unnatural
+fashion of their situation in life, not only deprives them of this
+innocent and virtuous source of pleasure; but has occasioned diseases,
+which have been fatal to many of them.</p>
+
+<a id="notes10" name="notes10"></a>
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_042" name="page_n_042"></a>(p. 042)</span> ADDITIONAL NOTES. X.<br>
+
+EVE FROM ADAM'S RIB.</h4>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+  Form'd a new sex, the mother of mankind.<br>
+<span class="left50"><span class="smcap">Canto II.</span> l. 140.</span></p>
+
+<p class="p2">The mosaic history of Paradise and of Adam and Eve has been thought by
+some to be a sacred allegory, designed to teach obedience to divine
+commands, and to account for the origin of evil, like Jotham's fable
+of the trees; Judges ix. 8. or Nathan's fable of the poor man and his
+lamb; 2 Sam. xii. 1. or like the parables in the New Testament; as
+otherwise knowledge could not be said to grow upon one tree, and life
+upon another, or a serpent to converse; and lastly that this account
+originated with the magi or philosophers of Egypt, with whom Moses was
+educated, and that this part of the history, where Eve is said to have
+been made from a rib of Adam might have been an hieroglyphic design of
+the Egyptian philosophers, showing their opinion that Mankind was
+originally of both sexes united, and was afterwards divided into males
+and females: an opinion in later times held by Plato, and I believe by
+Aristotle, and which must have arisen from profound inquiries into the
+original state of animal existence.</p>
+
+<a id="notes11" name="notes11"></a>
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_043" name="page_n_043"></a>(p. 043)</span> ADDITIONAL NOTES. XI.<br>
+
+HEREDITARY DISEASES.</h4>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+  The feeble births acquired diseases chase,<br>
+  Till Death extinguish the degenerate race.<br>
+<span class="left50"><span class="smcap">Canto II.</span> l. 165.</span></p>
+
+<p class="p2">As all the families both of plants and animals appear in a state of
+perpetual improvement or degeneracy, it becomes a subject of
+importance to detect the causes of these mutations.</p>
+
+<p>The insects, which are not propagated by sexual intercourse, are so
+few or so small, that no observations have been made on their
+diseases; but hereditary diseases are believed more to affect the
+offspring of solitary than of sexual generation in respect to
+vegetables; as those fruit trees, which have for more than a century
+been propagated only by ingrafting, and not from seeds, have been
+observed by Mr. Knight to be at this time so liable to canker, as not
+to be worth cultivation. From the same cause I suspect the degeneracy
+of some potatoes and of some strawberries to have arisen; where the
+curled leaf has appeared in the former, and barren flowers in the
+latter.</p>
+
+<p>This may arise from the progeny by solitary reproduction so much more
+exactly resembling the parent, as is well seen in grafted trees
+compared with seedling ones; the fruit of the former always resembling
+that of the parent tree, but not so of the latter. The grafted scion
+also accords with the branch of the tree from whence it was taken, in
+the time of its bearing fruit; for if a scion be taken from a bearing
+branch of a pear or apple tree, I believe, it will produce fruit even
+the next year, or that succeeding; that is, in the same time that it
+would have produced fruit, if it had continued growing on the parent
+tree; but if the parent pear or apple tree has been cut down or
+headed, and scions are then, taken from the young shoots of the stem,
+and ingrafted; I believe those grafted trees will continue to grow for
+ten or twelve years, before they bear fruit, almost as long as
+seedling trees, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_044" name="page_n_044"></a>(p. 044)</span> that is they will require as much time, as
+those new shoots from the lopped trunk would require, before they
+produce fruit. It should thence be inquired, when grafted fruit trees
+are purchased, whether the scions were taken from bearing branches, or
+from the young shoots of a lopped trunk; as the latter, I believe, are
+generally sold, as they appear stronger plants. This greater
+similitude of the progeny to the parent in solitary reproduction must
+certainly make them more liable to hereditary diseases, if such have
+been acquired by the parent from unfriendly climate or bad
+nourishment, or accidental injury.</p>
+
+<p>In respect to the sexual progeny of vegetables it has long been
+thought, that a change of seed or of situation is in process of time
+necessary to prevent their degeneracy; but it is now believed, that it
+is only changing for seed of a superior quality, that will better the
+product. At the same time it may be probably useful occasionally to
+intermix seeds from different situations together; as the anther-dust
+is liable to pass from one plant to another in its vicinity; and by
+these means the new seeds or plants may be amended, like the marriages
+of animals into different families.</p>
+
+<p>As the sexual progeny of vegetables are thus less liable to hereditary
+diseases than the solitary progenies; so it is reasonable to conclude,
+that the sexual progenies of animals may be less liable to hereditary
+diseases, if the marriages are into different families, than if into
+the same family; this has long been supposed to be true, by those who
+breed animals for sale; since if the male and female be of different
+temperaments, as these are extremes of the animal system, they may
+counteract each other; and certainly where both parents are of
+families, which are afflicted with the same hereditary disease, it is
+more likely to descend to their posterity.</p>
+
+<p>The hereditary diseases of this country have many of them been the
+consequence of drinking much fermented or spirituous liquor; as the
+gout always, most kinds of dropsy, and, I believe, epilepsy, and
+insanity. But another material, which is liable to produce diseases in
+its immoderate use, I believe to be common salt; the sea-scurvy is
+evidently caused by it in long voyages; and I suspect the scrofula,
+and consumption, to arise in the young progeny from the debility of
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_045" name="page_n_045"></a>(p. 045)</span> the lymphatic and venous absorption produced in the parent
+by this innutritious fossile stimulus. The petechiæ and vibices in the
+sea-scurvy and occasional hæmorrhages evince the defect of venous
+absorption; the occasional hæmoptoe at the commencement of pulmonary
+consumption, seems also to arise from defect of venous absorption; and
+the scrofula, which arises from the inactivity of the lymphatic
+absorbent system, frequently exists along with pulmonary as well as
+with mesenteric consumption. A tendency to these diseases is certainly
+hereditary, though perhaps not the diseases themselves; thus a less
+quantity of ale, cyder, wine, or spirit, will induce the gout and
+dropsy in those constitutions, whose parents have been intemperate in
+the use of those liquors; as I have more than once had occasion to
+observe.</p>
+
+<p>Finally the art to improve the sexual progeny of either vegetables or
+animals must consist in choosing the most perfect of both sexes, that
+is the most beautiful in respect to the body, and the most ingenious
+in respect to the mind; but where one sex is given, whether male or
+female, to improve a progeny from that person may consist in choosing
+a partner of a contrary temperament.</p>
+
+<p>As many families become gradually extinct by hereditary diseases, as
+by scrofula, consumption, epilepsy, mania, it is often hazardous to
+marry an heiress, as she is not unfrequently the last of a diseased
+family.</p>
+
+<a id="notes12" name="notes12"></a>
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_046" name="page_n_046"></a>(p. 046)</span> ADDITIONAL NOTES. XII.<br>
+
+CHEMICAL THEORY OF ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM.</h4>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+  Then mark how two electric streams conspire<br>
+  To form the resinous and vitreous fire.<br>
+<span class="left50"><span class="smcap">Canto III.</span> l. 21.</span></p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">I. <i>Of Attraction and Repulsion.</i></p>
+
+<p>The motions, which accomplish the combinations and decompositions of
+bodies, depend on the peculiar attractions and repulsions of the
+particles of those bodies, or of the sides and angles of them; while
+the motions of the sun and planets, of the air and ocean, and of all
+bodies approaching to a general centre or retreating from it, depend
+on the general attraction or repulsion of those masses of matter. The
+peculiar attractions above mentioned are termed chemical affinities,
+and the general attraction is termed gravitation; but the peculiar
+repulsions of the particles of bodies, or the general repulsion of the
+masses of matter, have obtained no specific names, nor have been
+sufficiently considered; though they appear to be as powerful agents
+as the attractions.</p>
+
+<p>The motions of ethereal fluids, as of magnetism and electricity, are
+yet imperfectly understood, and seem to depend both on chemical
+affinity, and on gravitation; and also on the peculiar repulsions of
+the particles of bodies, and on the general repulsion of the masses of
+matter.</p>
+
+<p>In what manner attraction and repulsion are produced has not yet been
+attempted to be explained by modern philosophers; but as nothing can
+act, where it does not exist, all distant attraction of the particles
+of bodies, as well as general gravitation, must be ascribed to some
+still finer ethereal fluid; which fills up all space between the suns
+and their planets, as well as the interstices of coherent matter.
+Repulsion in the same manner must consist of some finer ethereal
+fluid; <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_047" name="page_n_047"></a>(p. 047)</span> which at first projected the planets from the sun,
+and I suppose prevents their return to it; and which occasionally
+volatilizes or decomposes solid bodies into fluid or aerial ones, and
+perhaps into ethereal ones.</p>
+
+<p>May not the ethereal matter which constitutes repulsion, be the same
+as the matter of heat in its diffused state; which in its quiescent
+state is combined with various bodies, as appears from many chemical
+explosions, in which so much heat is set at liberty? The ethereal
+matter, which constitutes attraction, we are less acquainted with; but
+it may also exist combined with bodies, as well as in its diffused
+state; since the specific gravities of some metallic mixtures are said
+not to accord with what ought to result from the combination of their
+specific gravities, which existed before their mixture; but their
+absolute gravities have not been attended to sufficiently; as these
+have always been supposed to depend on their quantity of matter, and
+situation in respect to the centre of the earth.</p>
+
+<p>The ethereal fluids, which constitute peculiar repulsions and
+attractions, appear to gravitate round the particles of bodies mixed
+together; as those, which constitute the general repulsion or
+attraction, appear to gravitate round the greater masses of matter
+mixed together; but that which constitutes attraction seems to exist
+in a denser state next to the particles or masses of matter; and that
+which constitutes repulsion to exist more powerfully in a sphere
+further from them; whence many bodies attract at one distance, and
+repel at another. This may be observed by approaching to each other
+two electric atmospheres round insulated cork-balls; or by pressing
+globules of mercury, which roll on the surface, till they unite with
+it; or by pressing the drops of water,' which stand on a cabbage leaf,
+till they unite with it, and hence light is reflected from the surface
+of a mirror without touching it.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the peculiar attractions and repulsions of the particles of
+bodies, and the general ones of the masses of matter, perpetually
+oppose and counteract each other; whence if the power of attraction
+should cease to act, all matter would be dissipated by the power of
+repulsion into boundless space; and if heat, or the power of
+repulsion, should cease to act, the whole world would become one solid
+mass, condensed into a point.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_048" name="page_n_048"></a>(p. 048)</span> II. <i>Preliminary Propositions.</i></p>
+
+<p>The following propositions concerning Electricity and Galvanism will
+either be proved by direct experiments, or will be rendered probable
+by their tending to explain or connect the variety of electric facts,
+to which they will be applied.</p>
+
+<p>1. There are two kinds of electric ether, which exist either
+separately or in combination. That which is accumulated on the surface
+of smooth glass, when it is rubbed with a cushion, is here termed
+vitreous ether; and that which is accumulated on the surface of resin
+or sealing-wax, when it is rubbed with a cushion, is here termed
+resinous ether; and a combination of them, as in their usual state,
+may be termed neutral electric ethers.</p>
+
+<p>2. Atmospheres of vitreous or of resinous or of neutral electricity
+surround all separate bodies, are attracted by them, and permeate
+those, which are called conductors, as metallic and aqueous and
+carbonic ones; but will not permeate those, which are termed
+nonconductors, as air, glass, silk, resin, sulphur.</p>
+
+<p>3. The particles of vitreous electric ether strongly repel each other
+as they surround other bodies; but strongly attract the particles of
+resinous electric ether: in similar manner the particles of the
+resinous ether powerfully repel each other, and as powerfully attract
+those of the vitreous ether. Hence in their separate state they appear
+to occupy much greater space, as they, gravitate round insulated
+bodies, and are then only cognizable by our senses or experiments.
+They rush violently together through conducting substances, and then
+probably possess much less space in this their combined state. They
+thus resemble oxygen gas and nitrous gas; which rush violently
+together when in contact; and occupy less space when united, than
+either of them possessed separately before their union. When the two
+electric ethers thus unite, a chemical explosion occurs, like an
+ignited train of gunpowder; as they give out light and heat; and rend
+or fuse the bodies they occupy; which cannot be accounted for on the
+mechanical theory of Dr. Franklin.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_049" name="page_n_049"></a>(p. 049)</span> 4. Glass holds within it in combination much resinous
+electric ether, which constitutes a part of it, and which more
+forcibly attracts vitreous electric ether from surrounding bodies,
+which stands on it mixed with a less proportion of resinous ether like
+an atmosphere, but cannot unite with the resinous ether, which is
+combined with the glass; and resin, on the contrary, holds within it
+in combination much vitreous electric ether, which constitutes a part
+of it, and which more forcibly attracts resinous electric ether from
+surrounding bodies, which stands on it mixed with a less proportion of
+vitreous ether like an atmosphere, but cannot unite with the vitreous
+ether, which is combined with the resin.</p>
+
+<p>As in the production of vitrification, those materials are necessary
+which contain much oxygen, as minium, and manganese; there is probably
+much oxygen combined with glass, which may thence be esteemed a solid
+acid, as water may be esteemed a fluid one. It is hence not
+improbable, that one kind of electric ether may also be combined with
+it, as it seems to affect the oxygen of water in the Galvanic
+experiments. The combination of the other kind of electric ether with
+wax or sulphur, is countenanced from those bodies, when heated or
+melted, being said to part with much electricity as they cool, and as
+it appears to affect the hydrogen in the decomposition of water by
+Galvanism.</p>
+
+<p>5. Hence the nonconductors of electricity are of two kinds; such as
+are combined with vitreous ether, as resin, and sulphur; and such as
+are combined with resinous ether, as glass, air, silk. But both these
+kinds of nonconductors are impervious to either of the electric
+ethers; as those ethers being already combined with other bodies will
+not unite with each other, or be removed from their situations by each
+other. Whereas the perfect conducting bodies, as metals, water,
+charcoal, though surrounded with electric atmospheres, as they have
+neither of the electric ethers combined with them, suffer them to
+permeate and pass through them, whether separately or in their neutral
+state of reciprocal combination.</p>
+
+<p>But it is probable, that imperfect conductors may possess more or less
+of either the vitreous or resinous ether combined with them, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_050" name="page_n_050"></a>(p. 050)</span>
+since their natural atmospheres are dissimilar as mentioned below; and
+that this makes them more or less imperfect conductors.</p>
+
+<p>6. Those bodies which are perfect conductors, have probably neutral
+electric atmospheres gravitating round them consisting of an equal or
+saturated mixture of the two electric ethers, whereas the atmospheres
+round the nonconducting bodies probably consist of an unequal mixture
+of the electric ethers, as more of the vitreous one round glass, and
+more of the resinous one round resin; and, it is probable, that these
+mixed atmospheres, which surround imperfect conducting bodies, consist
+also of different proportions of the vitreous and resinous ethers,
+according to their being more or less perfect conductors. These minute
+degrees of the difference of these electric atmospheres are evinced by
+Mr. Bennet's Doubler of Electricity, as shown in his work, and are
+termed by him Adhesive Electric Atmospheres, to distinguish them from
+those accumulated by art; thus the natural adhesive electricity of
+silver is more of the vitreous kind compared with that of zinc, which
+consists of a greater proportion of the resinous; that is, in his
+language, silver is positive and zinc negative. This experiment I have
+successfully repeated with Mr. Bennet's Doubler along with Mr.
+Swanwick.</p>
+
+<p>7. Great accumulation or condensation of the separate electric ethers
+attract each other so strongly, that they will break a passage through
+nonconducting bodies, as through a plate of glass, or of air, and will
+rend bodies which are less perfect conductors, and give out light and
+heat like the explosion of a train of gunpowder; whence, when a strong
+electric shock is passed through a quire of paper, a bur, or elevation
+of the sheets, is seen on both sides of it occasioned by the
+explosion. Whence trees and stone walls are burst by lightning, and
+wires are fused, and inflammable bodies burnt, by the heat given out
+along with the flash of light, which cannot be explained by the
+mechanic theory.</p>
+
+<p>8. When artificial or natural accumulations of these separate ethers
+are very minute in quantity or intensity, they pass slowly and with
+difficulty from one body to another, and require the best conductors
+for this purpose; whence many of the phenomena of the torpedo or
+gymnotus, and of Galvanism. Thus after having discharged a coated
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_051" name="page_n_051"></a>(p. 051)</span> jar, if the communicating wire has been quickly withdrawn, a
+second small shock may be taken after the principal discharge, and
+this repeatedly two or three times.</p>
+
+<p>Hence the charge of the Galvanic pile being very minute in quantity or
+intensity, will not readily pass through the dry cuticle of the hands,
+though it so easily passes through animal flesh or nerves, as this
+combination of charcoal with water seems to constitute the most
+perfect conductor yet known.</p>
+
+<p>9. As light is reflected from the surface of a mirror before it
+actually touches it, and as drops of water are repelled from cabbage
+leaves without touching them, and as oil lies on water without
+touching it, and also as a fine needle may be made to lie on water
+without touching it, as shown by Mr. Melville in the Literary Essays
+of Edinburgh; there is reason to believe, that the vitreous and
+resinous electric ethers are repelled by, or will not pass through,
+the surfaces of glass or resin, to which they are applied. But though
+neither of these electric ethers passes through the surfaces of glass
+or resin, yet their attractive or repulsive powers pass through them:
+as the attractive or repulsive power of the magnet to iron passes
+through the atmosphere, and all other bodies which exist between them.
+So an insulated cork-ball, when electrised either with vitreous or
+resinous ether, repels another insulated cork-ball electrised with the
+same kind of ether, through half an inch of common air, though these
+electric atmospheres do not unite.</p>
+
+<p>Whence it may be concluded, that the general attractive and repulsive
+ethers accompany the electric ethers as well as they accompany all
+other bodies; and that the electric ethers do not themselves attract
+or repel through glass or resin, as they cannot pass through them, but
+strongly attract each other when they come into contact, rush
+together, and produce an explosion of the sudden liberation of heat
+and light.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">III. <i>Effect of Metallic Points.</i></p>
+
+<p>1. When a pointed wire is presented by a person standing on the ground
+to an insulated conductor, on which either vitreous or resinous
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_052" name="page_n_052"></a>(p. 052)</span> electricity is accumulated, the accumulated electricity will
+pass off at a much greater distance than if a metallic knob be fixed
+on the wire and presented in its stead.</p>
+
+<p>2. The same occurs if the metallic point be fixed on the electrised
+conductor, and the finger of a person standing on the ground be
+presented to it, the accumulated electricity will pass off at a much
+greater distance, and indeed will soon discharge itself by
+communicating the accumulated electricity to the atmosphere.</p>
+
+<p>3. If a metallic point be fixed on the prime conductor, and the flame
+of a candle be presented to it, on electrising the conductor either
+with vitreous or resinous ether, the flame of the candle is blown from
+the point, which must be owing to the electric fluid in its passage
+from the point carrying along with it a stream of atmospheric air.</p>
+
+<p>The manner in which the accumulated electricity so readily passes off
+by a metallic point may be thus understood; when a metallic point
+stands erect from an electrised metallic plane, the accumulated
+electricity which exists on the extremity of the point, is attracted
+less than that on the other parts of the electrised surface. For the
+particle of electric matter immediately over the point is attracted by
+that point only, whereas the particles of electric matter over every
+other part of the electrised plane, is not only attracted by the parts
+of the plane immediately under them, but also laterally by the
+circumjacent parts of it; whence the accumulated electric fluid is
+pushed off at this point by that over the other parts being more
+strongly attracted to the plane.</p>
+
+<p>Thus if a light insulated horizontal fly be constructed of wire with
+points fixed as tangents to the circle, it will revolve the way
+contrary to the direction of the points as long as it continues to be
+electrised. For the same reason as when a circle of cork, with a point
+of the cork standing from it like a tangent, is smeared with oil, and
+thrown upon a lake, it will continue to revolve backwards in respect
+to the direction of the point till all the oil is dispersed upon the
+lake, as first observed by Dr. Franklin; for the oil being attracted
+to all the other parts of the cork-circle more than towards the
+pointed tangent, that part over the point is pushed off and diffuses
+itself on the water, over which it passes without touching, and
+consequently without friction; and thus the cork revolves in the
+contrary direction.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_053" name="page_n_053"></a>(p. 053)</span> As the flame of a candle is blown from a point fixed on an
+electrised conductor, whether vitreous or resinous electricity is
+accumulated on it, it shows that in both cases electricity passes from
+the point, which is a forcible argument against the mechanical theory
+of positive and negative electricity; because then the flame should be
+blown towards the point in one case, and from it in the other.</p>
+
+<p>So the electric fly, as it turns horizontally, recedes from the
+direction of the points of the tangents, whether it be electrised with
+vitreous or resinous electricity; whereas if it was supposed to
+receive electricity, when electrised by resin, and to part with it
+when electrised by glass, it ought to revolve different ways; which
+also forcibly opposes the theory of positive and negative electricity.</p>
+
+<p>As an electrised point with either kind of electricity causes a stream
+of air to pass from it in the direction of the point, it seems to
+affect the air much in the same manner as the fluid matter of heat
+affects it; that is, it will not readily pass through it, but will
+adhere to the particles of air, and is thus carried away with them.</p>
+
+<p>From this it will also appear, that points do not attract electricity,
+properly speaking, but suffer it to depart from them; as it is there
+less attracted to the body which it surrounds, than by any other part
+of the surface.</p>
+
+<p>And as a point presented to an electrised conductor facilitates the
+discharge of it, and blows the flame of a candle towards the
+conductor, whether vitreous or resinous electricity be accumulated
+upon it; it follows, that in both cases some electric matter passes
+from the point to the conductor, and that hence there are two electric
+ethers; and that they combine or explode when they meet together, and
+give out light and heat, and occupy less space in this their combined
+state, like the union of nitrous gas with oxygen gas.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">IV. <i>Accumulation of Electric Ethers by Contact.</i>
+
+<p>The electric ethers may be separately accumulated by contact of
+conductors with nonconductors, by vicinity of the two ethers, by heat,
+and by decomposition.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_054" name="page_n_054"></a>(p. 054)</span> Glass is believed to consist in part of consolidated resinous
+ether, and thence to attract an electric atmosphere round it, which
+consists of a greater proportion of vitreous ether compared to the
+quantity of the resinous, as mentioned in Proposition No. 4. This
+atmosphere may stand off a line from the surface of the glass, though
+its attractive or repulsive power may extend to a much greater
+distance; and a more equally mixed electric atmosphere may stand off
+about the same distance from the surface of a cushion.</p>
+
+<p>Now when a cushion is forcibly pressed upon the surface of a glass
+cylinder or plane, the atmosphere of the cushion is forced within that
+of the glass, and consequently the vitreous part of it is brought
+within the sphere of the attraction of the resinous ether combined
+with the glass, and therefore becomes attracted by it in addition to
+the vitreous part of the spontaneous atmosphere of the glass; and the
+resinous part of the atmosphere of the cushion is at the same time
+repelled by its vicinity to the combined resinous ether of the glass.
+From both which circumstances a vitreous ether alone surrounds the
+part of the glass on which the cushion is forcibly pressed; which does
+not, nevertheless, resemble an electrised coated jar; as this
+accumulation of vitreous ether on one side of the glass is not so
+violently condensed, or so forcibly attracted to the glass by the
+loose resinous ether on the other side of it, as occurs in the charged
+coated jar.</p>
+
+<p>Hence as weak differences of the kinds or quantities of electricity do
+not very rapidly change place, if the cushion be suddenly withdrawn,
+with or without friction, I suppose an accumulation of vitreous
+electric ether will be left on the surface of the glass, which will
+diffuse itself on an insulated conductor by the assistance of points,
+or will gradually be dissipated in the air, probably like odours by
+the repulsion of its own particles, or may be conducted away by the
+surrounding air as it is repelled from it, or by the moisture or other
+impurities of the atmosphere. And hence I do not suppose the friction
+of the glass-globe to be necessary, except for the purpose of more
+easily removing the parts of the surface from the pressure of the
+cushion to the points of the prime conductor, and to bring them more
+easily into reciprocal contact.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_055" name="page_n_055"></a>(p. 055)</span> When sealing wax or sulphur is rubbed by a cushion, exactly
+the same circumstance occurs, but with the different ethers; as the
+resinous ether of the spontaneous atmosphere of the cushion, when it
+is pressed within the spontaneous atmosphere of the sealing wax, is
+attracted by the solid vitreous ether, which is combined with it; and
+at the same time the vitreous ether of the cushion is repelled by it;
+and hence an atmosphere of resinous ether alone exists between the
+sealing wax and the cushion thus pressed together. It is nevertheless
+possible, that friction on both sealing wax and glass may add some
+facility to the accumulations of their opposite ethers by the warmth
+which it occasions. As most electric machines succeed best after being
+warmed, I think even in dry frosty seasons.</p>
+
+<p>Though when a cushion is applied to a smooth surfaced glass, so as to
+intermix their electric atmospheres, the vitreous ether of the cushion
+is attracted by the resinous ether combined with the glass; but does
+not intermix with it, but only adheres to it: and as the glass turns
+round, the vitreous electric atmosphere stands on the solid resinous
+electric ether combined with the glass; and is taken away by the
+metallic points of the prime conductor.</p>
+
+<p>Yet if the surface of the glass be roughened by scratching it with a
+diamond or with hard sand, a new event occurs; which is, that the
+vitreous ether attracted from the cushion by the resinous ether
+combined with the glass becomes adhesive to it; and stands upon the
+roughened glass, and will not quit the glass to go to the prime
+conductor; whence the surface of the glass having a vitreous electric
+atmosphere united, as it were, to its inequalities, becomes similar to
+resin; and will now attract resinous electric ether, like a stick of
+sealing wax, without combining with it. Whence this curious and
+otherwise unintelligible phenomenon, that smooth surfaced glass will
+give vitreous electric ether to an insulated conductor, and glass with
+a roughened surface will give resinous ether to it.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">V. <i>Accumulation of electric ethers by vicinity.</i></p>
+
+<p>Though the contact of a cushion on the whirling glass is the easiest
+method yet in use for the accumulation of the vitreous electric ether
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_056" name="page_n_056"></a>(p. 056)</span> on an insulated conductor; yet there are other methods of
+effecting this, as by the vicinity of the two electric ethers with a
+nonconductor between them.</p>
+
+<p>Thus I believe a great quantity of both vitreous and resinous electric
+ether may be accumulated in the following manner. Let a glass jar be
+coated within in the usual manner; but let it have a loose external
+coating, which can easily be withdrawn by an insulating handle. Then
+charge the jar, as highly as it may be, by throwing into it vitreous
+electric ether; and in this state hermetically seal it, if
+practicable, otherwise close it with a glass stopple and wax. When the
+external coating is drawn off by an insulating handle, having
+previously had a communication with the earth, it will possess an
+accumulation of resinous electric ether; and then touching it with
+your finger, a spark will be seen, and there will cease to be any
+accumulated ether.</p>
+
+<p>Thus by alternately replacing this loose coating, and withdrawing it
+from the sealed charged jar, by means of an insulating handle; and by
+applying it to one insulated conductor, when it is in the vicinity of
+the jar; and to another insulated conductor, when it is withdrawn;
+vitreous electric ether may be accumulated on one of them, and
+resinous on the other; and thus I suspect an immense quantity of both
+ethers may be produced without friction or much labour, if a large
+electric battery was so contrived; and that it might be applied to
+many mechanical purposes, where other explosions are now used, as in
+the place of steam engines, or to rend rocks, or timber, or destroy
+invading armies!</p>
+
+<p>The principle of this mode of accumulating the two electric ethers in
+some measure resembles that of Volta's Electrophorus and Bennet's
+Doubler.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">VI. <i>Accumulation of electric ethers by heat and by decomposition.</i></p>
+
+<p>When glass or amber is heated by the fire in a dry season, I suspect
+that it becomes in some degree electric; as either of the electric
+ethers which is combined with them may have its combination with those
+materials loosened by the application of heat; and that on <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_057" name="page_n_057"></a>(p. 057)</span>
+this account they may more forcibly attract the opposite one from the
+air in their vicinity.</p>
+
+<p>It has long been known, that a siliceous stone called the tourmalin,
+when its surfaces are polished, if it be laid down before the fire,
+will become electrified with vitreous, or what is called positive
+electricity on its upper surface; and resinous, or what is called
+negative electricity on its under surface; which I suppose lay in
+contact with somewhat which supported it near the fire.</p>
+
+<p>In this experiment I suppose the tourmalin to be naturally combined
+with resinous electric ether like glass; which on one side next
+towards the fire by the increase of its attractive power, owing to the
+heat having loosened its combination with the earth of the stone, more
+strongly attracts vitreous electric ether from the atmosphere; which
+now stands on its surface: and then as the lower surface of the stone
+lies in contact with the hearth, the less quantity of vitreous ether
+is there repelled by the greater quantity of it on the upper surface;
+while the resinous ether is attracted by it: and the stone is thus
+charged like a coated jar with vitreous electric ether condensed on
+one side of it, and resinous on the other.</p>
+
+<p>So cats, as they lie by the fire in a frosty day, become so electric
+as frequently to give a perceptible spark to one's finger from their
+ears without friction.</p>
+
+<p>A fourth method of separating the two ethers would seem to be by the
+decomposition of metallic bodies, as in the experiment with Volta's
+Galvanic pile; which is said by Mr. Davy to act so much more
+powerfully, when an acid is added to the water used in the experiment;
+as will be spoken of below.</p>
+
+<p>From experiments made by M. Saussure on the electricity of evaporated
+water from hot metallic vessels, and from those of china and glass, he
+found when the vessel was calcined or made rusty by the evaporating
+water, that the electricity of it was positive (or vitreous), and that
+from china or glass was negative (or resinous), Encyclop. Britan. Art.
+Elect. No. 206, which seems also to show, that vitreous electric ether
+was given out or produced by the corrosion of metals, and resinous
+ether from the evaporation of water.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_058" name="page_n_058"></a>(p. 058)</span> VII. <i>The spark from the conductor, and of electric light.</i></p>
+
+<p>When either the vitreous or resinous electric ether is accumulated on
+an insulated conductor, and an uninsulated conductor, as the finger of
+an attendant, is applied nearly in contact with it, what happens? The
+attractive and repulsive powers of the accumulated electric ether pass
+through the nonconducting plate of air, and if it be of the vitreous
+kind, it attracts the resinous electric ether of the finger towards
+it, and repels the vitreous electric ether of the finger from it.</p>
+
+<p>Hence there exists for an instant a charged plate of air between the
+finger and the prime conductor, with an accumulation of vitreous ether
+on one side of it, and of resinous ether on the other side of it; and
+lastly these two kinds of electric ethers suddenly unite by their
+powerful attraction of each other, explode, and give out heat and
+light, and rupture the plate of nonconducting air, which separated
+them.</p>
+
+<p>The rupture or disjunction of the plate of air is known by the sound
+of the spark, as of thunder; which shows that a vacuum of air was
+previously produced by the explosion of the electric fluids, and a
+vibration of the air in consequence of the sudden joining again of the
+sides of the vacuum.</p>
+
+<p>The light which attends electric sparks and shocks, is not accounted
+for by the Theory of Dr. Franklin. I suspect that it is owing to the
+combination of the two electric ethers, from which as from all
+chemical explosions both light and heat are set at liberty, and
+because a smell is said to be perceptible from electric sparks, and
+even a taste which must be deduced from new combinations, or
+decompositions, as in other explosions: add to this that the same
+thing occurs, when electric shocks are passed through eggs in the
+dark, or through water, a luminous line is seen like the explosion of
+a train of gunpowder; lastly, whether light is really produced in the
+passage of the Galvanic electricity through the eyes, or that the
+sensation alone of light is perceived by its stimulating the optic
+nerve, has not yet been investigated; but I suspect the former, as it
+emits light from its explosion <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_059" name="page_n_059"></a>(p. 059)</span> even in passing through eggs
+and through water, as mentioned above.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">VIII. <i>The shock from the coated jar, and of electric condensation.</i></p>
+
+<p>1. When a glass jar is coated on both sides, and either vitreous or
+resinous electricity is thrown upon the coating on one side, and there
+is a communication to the earth from the other side, the same thing
+happens as in the plate of air between the finger and prime conductor
+above described; that is, the accumulated electricity, if it be of the
+vitreous kind, on one coating of the glass jar will attract the
+resinous part of the electricity, which surrounds or penetrates the
+coating on the other side of the jar, and also repel the vitreous part
+of it; but this occurs on a much more extensive surface than in the
+instance of the plate of air between the finger and prime conductor.</p>
+
+<p>The difference between electric sparks and shocks consists in this
+circumstance, that in the former the insulating medium, whether of
+air, or of thin glass, is ruptured in one part, and thus a
+communication is made between the vitreous and resinous ethers, and
+they unite immediately, like globules of quicksilver, when pressed
+forcibly together: but in the electric shock a communication is made
+by some conducting body applied to the other extremities of the
+vitreous, and of the resinous atmospheres, through which they pass and
+unite, whether both sides of the coated jar are insulated, or only one
+side of it.</p>
+
+<p>And in this line, as they reciprocally meet, they appear to explode
+and give out light and heat, and a new combination of the two ethers
+is produced, as a residuum after the explosion, which probably
+occupies much less space than either the vitreous or resinous ethers
+did separately before. At the same time there may be another
+unrestrainable ethereal fluid yet unobserved, given out from this
+explosion, which rends oak trees, bursts stone-walls, lights
+inflammable substances, and fuses metals, or dissipates them in a
+calciform smoak, along with which great light and much heat are
+emitted, or these effects are produced by the heat and light only thus
+set at liberty by their synchronous and sudden evolution.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_060" name="page_n_060"></a>(p. 060)</span> 2. The curious circumstance of electric condensation appears
+from the violence of the shock of the coated jar compared with the
+strongest spark from an insulated conductor, though the latter
+possesses a much greater surface; when vitreous electric ether is
+thrown on one side of a coated jar, it attracts the resinous electric
+ether of the other side of the coated jar; and the same occurs, when
+resinous ether is thrown on one side of it, it attracts the vitreous
+ether of the other side of it, and thus the vitreous electric ether on
+one side of the jar, and the resinous ether on the other side of it
+become condensed, that is accumulated in less space, by their
+reciprocal attraction of each other.</p>
+
+<p>This condensation of the two electric ethers owing to their reciprocal
+attraction appears from another curious event, that the thinner the
+glass jar is, the stronger will the charge be on the same quantity of
+surface, as then the two ethers approaching nearer without their
+intermixing attract each other stronger, and consequently condense
+each other more. And when the glass jar is very thin the reciprocal
+attractive powers of the vitreous and resinous ether attract each
+other so violently as at length to pass through the glass by rupturing
+it, in the same manner as a less forcible attraction of them ruptures
+and passes through the plate of air in the production of sparks from
+the prime conductor.</p>
+
+<p>As these two ethers on each side of a charged coated jar so powerfully
+attract each other, when a communication is made between them by some
+conducting substance as in the common mode of discharging an
+electrised coated jar, they reciprocally pass to each other for the
+purpose of combining, as some chemical fluids are known to do; as when
+nitrous gas and oxygen gas are mixed together; whence as these fluids
+pass both ways to intermix with each other, and then explode; a bur
+appears on each side of a quire of paper well pressed together, when a
+strong electric shock is passed through it; which is occasioned by
+their explosion, like a train of gunpowder, and consequent emission of
+some other ethereal fluid, either those of heat and light or of some
+new one not yet observed. Whence it becomes difficult to explain,
+according to the theory of Dr. Franklin, which way the electric fluid
+passed; and which side of the coated jar contained positive and which
+the negative charge according to that doctrine.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_061" name="page_n_061"></a>(p. 061)</span> But the theory of the ingenious Dr. Franklin failed also in
+explaining other phenomena of the coated jar; since if the positive
+electricity accumulated on one side of the jar repelled the
+electricity from the coating on the other side of it, so as to produce
+an electric vacuum; why should it be so eager, when a communication is
+made by some conducting body, to run into that vacuum by its
+attraction or gravitation, which has been made by its repulsion; as
+thus it seems to be violently attracted by the vacuum, from which it
+had previously repelled a fluid similar to itself, which is not easily
+to be comprehended.</p>
+
+<p>3. There is another mode by which either vitreous or resinous electric
+ether is capable of condensation; which consists in contracting the
+volume, so as to diminish the surface of the electrised body; as was
+ingeniously shown by Dr. Franklin's experiment of electrising a silver
+tankard with a length of chain rolled up within it; and then drawing
+up the chain by a silk string, which weakened the electric attraction
+of the tankard; which was strengthened again by returning the chain
+into it; thus the condensation of an electrised cloud is believed to
+condense the electric ether, which it contains, and thus to occasion
+the lightning passing from one cloud to another, or from a cloud into
+the earth.</p>
+
+<p>This experiment of the chain and tankard is said to succeed as well
+with what is termed negative electricity in the theory of Dr.
+Franklin, as with what is termed positive electricity; but in that
+theory the negative electricity means a less quantity or total
+deprivation or vacuity of that fluid; now to condense negative
+electricity by lowering the suspended chain into the tankard ought to
+make it less negative; whereas in this experiment I am told it becomes
+more so, as appears by its stronger repulsion of cork balls suspended
+on silk strings, and previously electrised by rubbed sealing wax: and
+if the negative electricity be believed to be a perfect vacuum of it,
+the condensation of a vacuum of electricity is totally
+incomprehensible; and this experiment alone seems to demonstrate the
+existence of two electric ethers.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_062" name="page_n_062"></a>(p. 062)</span> IX. <i>Of Galvanic Electricity.</i></p>
+
+<p>1. The conductors of electricity, as well as the nonconductors of it,
+have probably a portion of the vitreous and resinous ethers combined
+with them, and have also another portion of these ethers diffused
+round them, which forms their natural or spontaneous adhesive
+atmospheres; and which exists in different proportions round them
+correspondent in quantity to those which are combined with them, but
+opposite in kind.</p>
+
+<p>These adhesive spontaneous atmospheres of electricity are shown to
+consist of different proportions or quantities of the electric ethers
+by Mr. Bennet's Doubler of Electricity, as mentioned in his work
+called New Experiments on Electricity, sold by Johnson. In this work,
+p. 91, the blade of a steel knife was evidently, in his language,
+positive, compared to a soft iron wire which was comparatively
+negative; so the adhesive electricity of gold, silver, copper, brass,
+bismuth, mercury, and various kinds of wood and stone, were what he
+terms positive or vitreous; and that of tin and zinc, what he terms
+negative or resinous.</p>
+
+<p>Where these spontaneous atmospheres of diffused electricity
+surrounding two conducting bodies, as two pieces of silver, are
+perfectly similar, they probably do not intermix when brought into the
+vicinity of each other; but if these spontaneous atmospheres of
+diffused electricity are different in respect to the proportion of the
+two ethers, or perhaps in respect to their quantity, in however small
+degree either of these circumstances exists, they may be made to unite
+but with some difficulty; as the two metallic plates, suppose one of
+silver, and another of zinc, which they surround, must be brought into
+absolute or adhesive contact; or otherwise these atmospheres may be
+forced together so as to be much flattened, and compress each other
+where they meet, like small globules of quicksilver when pressed
+together, but without uniting.</p>
+
+<p>This curious phenomenon may be seen in more dense electric atmospheres
+accumulated by art, as in the following experiment ascribed to Mr.
+Canton. Lay a wooden skewer the size of a goose-quill <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_063" name="page_n_063"></a>(p. 063)</span>
+across a dry wine-glass, and another across another wine-glass; let
+the ends of them touch each other, as they lie in a horizontal line;
+call them X and Y; approach a rubbed glass-tube near the external end
+of the skewer X, but not so as to touch it; then separate the two
+skewers by removing the wine-glasses further from each other; and
+lastly, withdraw the rubbed glass-tube, and the skewer X will now be
+found to possess resinous electricity, which has been generally called
+negative or minus electricity; and the skewer Y will be found to
+possess vitreous, or what is generally termed positive or plus
+electricity.</p>
+
+<p>The same phenomenon will occur if rubbed sealing wax be applied near
+to, but not in contact with, the skewer X, as the skewer X will then
+be left with an atmosphere of vitreous ether, and the skewer Y with
+one of resinous ether. These experiments also evince the existence of
+two electric fluids, as they cannot be understood from an idea of one
+being a greater or less quantity of the same material; as a vacuum of
+electric ether, brought near to one end of the skewer, cannot be
+conceived so to attract the ether as to produce a vacuum at the other
+end.</p>
+
+<p>In this experiment the electric atmospheres, which are nearly of
+similar kinds, do not seem to touch, as there may remain a thin plate
+of air between them, in the same manner as small globules of mercury
+may be pressed together so as to compress each other, long before they
+intermix; or as plates of lead or brass require strongly to be pressed
+together before they acquire the attraction of cohesion; that is,
+before they come into real contact.</p>
+
+<p>2. It is probable, that all bodies are more or less perfect
+conductors, as they have less or more of either of the electric ethers
+combined with them; as mentioned in Preliminary Proposition, No. VI.
+as they may then less resist the passage of either of the ethers
+through them. Whence some conducting bodies admit the junction of
+these spontaneous electric atmospheres, in which the proportions or
+quantities of the two ethers are not very different, with greater
+facility than others.</p>
+
+<p>Thus in the common experiments, where the vitreous or resinous ether
+is accumulated by art, metallic bodies have been esteemed <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_064" name="page_n_064"></a>(p. 064)</span>
+the best conductors, and next to these water, and all other moist
+bodies; but it was lately discovered, that dry charcoal, recently
+burnt, was a more perfect conductor than metals; and it appears from
+the experiments discovered by Galvani, which have thence the name of
+Galvanism, that animal flesh, and particularly perhaps the nerves of
+animals, both which are composed of much carbon and water, are the
+most perfect conductors yet discovered; that is, that they give the
+least resistance to the junction of the spontaneous electric
+atmospheres, which exist round metallic bodies, and which differ very
+little in respect to the proportions of their vitreous and resinous
+ingredients.</p>
+
+<p>Thus also, though where the accumulated electricities are dense, as in
+charging a coated glass-jar, the glass, which intervenes, may be of
+considerable thickness, and may still become charged by the stronger
+attraction of the secondary electric ethers; but where the spontaneous
+adhesive electric atmospheres are employed to charge plates of air, as
+in the Galvanic pile, or probably to charge thin animal membranes or
+cuticles, as perhaps in the shock given by the torpedo or gymnotus, it
+seems necessary that the intervening nonconducting plate must be
+extremely thin, that it may become charged by the weaker attraction of
+these small quantities or difference of the spontaneous electric
+atmospheres; and in this circumstance only, I suppose, the shocks from
+the Galvanic pile, and from the torpedo and gymnotus, differ from
+those of the coated jar.</p>
+
+<p>3. When atmospheres of electricity, which do not differ much in the
+quantity or proportion of their vitreous and resinous ethers, approach
+each other, they are not easily or rapidly united; but the predominant
+vitreous or resinous ether of one of them repels the similar ether of
+the opposed atmosphere, and attracts the contrary kind of ether.</p>
+
+<p>The slowness or difficulty with, which atmospheres, which differ but
+little in kind or in density, unite with each other, appears not only
+from the experiment of Mr. Canton above related, but also from the
+repeated smaller shocks, which may be taken from a charged coated jar
+after the first or principal discharge, if the conducting medium has
+not been quickly removed, as is also mentioned above.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_065" name="page_n_065"></a>(p. 065)</span> Hence those atmospheres of either kind of electric matter,
+which differ but very little from each other in kind or quantity,
+require the most perfect conductors to cause them to unite. Thus it
+appears by Mr. Bennet's doubler, as mentioned in the Preliminary
+Proposition, No. VI. that the natural adhesive atmosphere round silver
+contains more vitreous electricity than that naturally round zinc; but
+when thin plates of these metals, each about an ounce in weight, are
+laid on each other, or moderately pressed together, their atmospheres
+do not unite. For metallic plates, which when laid on each other, do
+not adhere, cannot be said to be in real contact, of which their not
+adhering is a proof; and in consequence a thin plate of air, or of
+their own repulsive ethers exists between them.</p>
+
+<p>Hence when two plates of zinc and silver are thus brought in to the
+vicinity of each other, the plate of air between them, as they are not
+in adhesive contact, becomes like a charged coated jar; and if these
+two metallic plates are touched by your dry hands, they do not unite
+their electricities, as the dry cuticle is not a sufficiently good
+conductor; but if one of the metals be put above, and another under
+the tongue, the saliva and moist mucous membrane, muscular fibres, and
+nerves, supply so good a conductor, that this very minute electric
+shock is produced, and a kind of pungent taste is perceived.</p>
+
+<p>When a plate or pencil of silver is put between the upper lip and the
+gum, and a plate or pencil of zinc under the tongue, a sensation of
+light is perceived in the eyes, as often as the exterior extremities
+of these metals are brought into contact; which is owing in like
+manner to the discharge of a very minute electric shock, which would
+not have been produced but by the intervention of such good conductors
+as moist membranes, muscular fibres, and nerves.</p>
+
+<p>In this situation, a sensation of light is produced in the eyes; which
+seems to show, that these ethers pass through nerves more easily, than
+through muscular flesh simply; since the passage of them through the
+retina of the eyes from the upper gum to the parts beneath the tongue
+is a more distant one, than would otherwise appear necessary. It is
+not so easy to give the sensation of light in the eyes by passing a
+small shock of artificially accumulated electricity through, the eyes
+(though this may, I believe, be done) because this artificial
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_066" name="page_n_066"></a>(p. 066)</span> accumulated electricity, as it passes with greater velocity
+than the spontaneous accumulations of it, will readily permeate the
+muscles or other moist parts of animal bodies; whereas the spontaneous
+accumulations of electricity seem to require the best of all
+conductors, as animal nerves, to facilitate their passage.</p>
+
+<p>4. In the Galvanic pile of Volta this electric shock becomes so much
+increased, as to pass by less perfect conductors, and to give shocks
+to the arms of the conducting person, if the cuticle of his hands be
+moistened, and even to show sparks like the coated jar; which appears
+to be effected in this manner. When a plate of silver is laid
+horizontally on a plate of zinc, the plate of air between them becomes
+charged like a coated jar; as the silver, naturally possessing more
+vitreous electric ether, repels the vitreous ether, which the zinc
+possesses in less quantity, and attracts the resinous ether of the
+zinc. Whence the inferior surface of the plate of zinc abounds now
+with vitreous ether, and its upper surface with resinous ether.
+Beneath this pair of plates lay a cloth moistened with water, or with
+some better conductor, as salt and water, or a slight acid mixed with
+water, or volatile alcali of ammoniac mixed with water, and this
+vitreous electric ether on the lower surface of the zinc plate will be
+given to the second silver plate which lies beneath it; and thus this
+second silver plate will possess not only its own natural vitreous
+atmosphere, which was denser or in greater quantity than that of the
+zinc plate next beneath it, but now acquires an addition of vitreous
+ether from the zinc plate above it, conducted to it through the moist
+cloth.</p>
+
+<p>This then will repel more vitreous ether from the second zinc plate
+into the third silver one; and so on till the plates of air between
+the zincs and silvers are all charged, and each stronger and stronger,
+as they descend in the pile.</p>
+
+<p>If the reader still prefers the Franklinian theory of positive and
+negative electricity, he will please to put the word positive for
+vitreous, and negative for resinous, and he will find the theory of
+the Galvanic pile equally thus accounted for.</p>
+
+<p>5. When a Galvanic pile is thus placed, and a communication between
+the two ends of it is made by wires, so that the electric shocks pass
+through water, the water becomes decomposed in some measure, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_067" name="page_n_067"></a>(p. 067)</span>
+and oxygen is liberated from it at the point of one wire, and hydrogen
+at the point of the other; and this though a syphon of water be
+interposed between them. This curious circumstance seems to evince the
+existence of two electric ethers, which enter the water at different
+ends of the syphon, and have chemical affinities to the component
+parts of it; the resinous ether sets at liberty the hydrogen at one
+end, and the vitreous ether the oxygen at the other end of the
+conducting medium.</p>
+
+<p>Hence it must appear, that the longer the Galvanic pile, or the
+greater the number of the alternate pieces of silver and zinc that it
+consists of, the stronger will be the Galvanic shock; but there is
+another circumstance, difficult to explain, which is the perpetual
+decomposition of water by the Galvanic pile; when water is made the
+conducting medium between the two extremities of the pile.</p>
+
+<p>As no conductors of electricity are absolutely perfect, there must be
+produced a certain accumulation of vitreous ether on one side of each
+charged plate of the Galvanic pile, and of resinous ether on the other
+side of it, before the discharge takes place, even though the
+conducting medium be in apparent contact. When the discharge does take
+place, the whole of the accumulated electricity explodes and vanishes;
+and then an instant of time is required for the silver and zinc again
+to attract from the air, or other bodies in their vicinity, their
+spontaneous natural atmospheres, and then another discharge ensues;
+and so repeatedly and perpetually till the surface of one of the
+metallic plates becomes so much oxydated or calcined, that it ceases
+to act.</p>
+
+<p>Hence a perpetual motion may be said to be produced, with an incessant
+decomposition of water into the two gasses of oxygen and hydrogen;
+which must probably be constantly proceeding on all moist Surfaces,
+where a chain of electric conductors exists, surrounded with different
+proportions of the two electric ethers. Whence the ceaseless
+liberation of oxygen from the water has oxydated or calcined the ores
+of metals near the surface of the earth, as of manganese, of zinc into
+lapis calaminaris, of iron into various ochres, and other calciform
+ores. From this source also the corrosion of some metals may be
+traced, when they are immersed in water in the vicinity of each
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_068" name="page_n_068"></a>(p. 068)</span> other, as when the copper sheathing of ships was held on by
+iron nails. And hence another great operation of nature is probably
+produced, I mean the restoration of oxygen to the atmosphere from the
+surface of the earth in dewy mornings, as well as from the
+perspiration of vegetable leaves; which atmospheric oxygen is hourly
+destructible by the respiration of animals and plants, by combustion,
+and by other oxydations.</p>
+
+<p>6. The combination of the electric ethers with metallic bodies, before
+mentioned appears from the Galvanic pile; since, according to the
+experiments of Mr. Davy, when an acid is mixed with the water placed
+between the alternate pairs of silver and zinc plates, a much greater
+electric shock is produced by the same pile; and an anonymous writer
+in the Phil. Magaz. No. 36, for May 1801, asserts, that when the
+intervening cloths or papers are moistened with pure alcali, as a
+solution of pure ammonia, the effect is greater than by any other
+material. It must here be observed, that both the acid and the
+alcaline solution, or common salt and water, and even water alone, in
+these experiments much erodes the plates of zinc, and somewhat
+tarnishes those of silver. Whence it would appear, that as by the
+repeated explosions of the two electric ethers in the conducting
+water, both oxygen and hydrogen are liberated; the oxygen erodes the
+zinc plates, and thus increases the Galvanic shock by liberating their
+combined electric ethers: and that this erosion is much increased by a
+mixture either of acid or of volatile alcali with the water. Further
+experiments are wanting on this subject to show whether metallic
+bodies emit either or both of the electric ethers at the time of their
+solution or erosion in acids or in alcalies.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">X. <i>Of the two Magnetic Ethers.</i></p>
+
+<p>1. Magnetism coincides with electricity in so many important points,
+that the existence of two magnetic ethers, as well as of two electric
+ones, becomes highly probable. We shall suppose, that in a common bar
+of iron or steel the two magnetic ethers exist intermixed or in their
+neutral state; which for the greater ease of speaking of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_069" name="page_n_069"></a>(p. 069)</span>
+them may be called arctic ether and antarctic ether; and in this state
+like the two electric fluids they are not cognizable by our senses of
+experiments.</p>
+
+<p>When these two magnetic ethers are separated from each other, and the
+arctic ether is accumulated on one end of an iron or steel bar, which
+is then called the north pole of the magnet, and the antarctic ether
+is accumulated on the other end of the bar, and is then termed the
+south pole of the magnet; they become capable of attracting other
+pieces of iron or steel, and are thus cognizable by experiments.</p>
+
+<p>It seems probable, that it is not the magnetic ether itself which
+attracts or repels particles of iron, but that an attractive and
+repulsive ether attends the magnetic ethers, as was shown to attend
+the electric ones in No. II. 9. of this Note; because magnetism does
+not pass through other bodies, as it does not escape from magnetised
+steel when in contact with other bodies; just as the electric fluids
+do not pass through glass, but the attractive and repellent ethers,
+which attend both the magnetic and electric ethers, pass through all
+bodies.</p>
+
+<p>2. The prominent articles of analogical coincidence between magnetism
+and electricity are first, that when one end of an iron bar possesses
+an accumulation of arctic magnetic ether, or northern polarity; the
+other end possesses an accumulation of antarctic magnetic ether, or
+southern polarity; in the same manner as when vitreous electric ether
+is accumulated on one side of a coated glass jar, resinous electric
+ether becomes accumulated on the other side of it; as the vitreous and
+resinous ethers strongly attract each other, and strongly repel the
+ethers of the same denomination, but are prevented from intermixing by
+the glass plane between them; so the arctic and antarctic ethers
+attract each other, and repel those of similar denomination, but are
+prevented from intermixing by the iron or steel being a bad conductor
+of them; they will, nevertheless, sooner combine, when the bar is of
+soft iron, than when it is of hardened steel; and then they slowly
+combine without explosion, that is, without emitting heat and light
+like the electric ethers, and therefore resemble a mixture of oxygen
+and pure ammonia; which unite silently producing a neutral fluid
+without emitting any other fluids previously combined with them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_070" name="page_n_070"></a>(p. 070)</span> Secondly, If the north pole of a magnetic bar be approached
+near to the eye of a sewing needle, the arctic ether of the magnet
+attracts the antarctic ether, which resides in the needle towards the
+eye of it, and repels the arctic ether, which resides in the needle
+towards the point, precisely in the same manner as occurs in
+presenting an electrised, glass tube, or a rubbed stick of sealing wax
+to one extremity of two skewers insulated horizontally on wine-glasses
+in the experiment ascribed to Mr. Canton, and described in No. IX. 1,
+of this Additional Note, and also so exactly resembles the method of
+producing a separation and consequent accumulation of the two electric
+ethers by pressing a cushion on glass or on sealing wax, described in
+No. 4 of this Note, that their analogy is evidently apparent.</p>
+
+<p>Thirdly, When much accumulated electricity is approached to one end of
+a long glass tube by a charged prime conductor, there will exist many
+divisions of the vitreous and resinous electricity alternately; as the
+vitreous ether attracts the resinous ether from a certain distance on
+the surface of the glass tube, and repels the vitreous ether; but, as
+this surface is a bad conductor, these reciprocal attractions and
+repulsions do not extend very far along it, but cease and recur in
+various parts of it. Exactly similar to this, when a magnetic bar is
+approximated to the end of a common bar of iron or steel, as described
+in Mr. Cavallo's valuable Treatise on Magnetism; the arctic ether of
+the north pole of the magnetic bar attracts the antarctic ether of the
+bar of common iron towards the end in contact, and repels the arctic
+ether; but, as iron and steel are as bad conductors of magnetism, as
+glass is of electricity, this accumulation of arctic ether extends but
+a little way, and then there exists an accumulation of antarctic
+ether; and thus reciprocally in three or four divisions of the bar,
+which now becomes magnetised, as the glass tube became electrised.</p>
+
+<p>Another striking feature, which shows the sisterhood of electricity
+and magnetism, consists in the origin of both of them from the earth,
+or common mass of matter. The eduction of electricity from the earth
+is shown by an insulated cushion soon ceasing to supply either the
+vitreous or resinous ether to the whirling globe of glass or of
+sulphur; the eduction of magnetism from the earth appears from the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_071" name="page_n_071"></a>(p. 071)</span> following experiment: if a bar of iron be set upright on the
+earth in this part of the world, it becomes in a short time
+magnetical; the lower end possessing northern polarity, or arctic
+ether, and the higher end in consequence possessing southern polarity
+or antarctic ether; which may be well explained, if we suppose with
+Mr. Cavallo, that the earth itself is one great magnet, with its
+southern polarity or antarctic ether at the northern end of its axis;
+and, in consequence, that it attracts the arctic ether of the iron bar
+into that end of it which touches the earth, and repels the antarctic
+ether of the iron bar to the other end of it, exactly the same as when
+the southern pole of an artificial magnet is brought into contact with
+one end of a sewing needle.</p>
+
+<p>3. The magnetic and electric ethers agree in the characters above
+mentioned, and perhaps in many others, but differ in the following
+ones. The electric ethers pass readily through metallic, aqueous, and
+carbonic bodies, but do not permeate vitreous or resinous ones; though
+on the surfaces of these they are capable of adhering, and of being
+accumulated by the approach or contact of other bodies; while the
+magnetic ethers will not permeate any bodies, and are capable of being
+accumulated only on iron and steel by the approach or contact of
+natural or artificial magnets, or of the earth; at the same time the
+attractive and repulsive powers both of the magnetic and electric
+ethers will act through all bodies, like those of gravitation and
+heat.</p>
+
+<p>Secondly, The two electric ethers rush into combination, when they can
+approach each other, after having been separated and condensed, and
+produce a violent explosion emitting the heat and light, which were
+previously combined with them; whereas the two magnetic ethers slowly
+combine, after having been separated and accumulated on the opposite
+ends of a soft iron bar, and without emitting heat and light produce a
+neutral mixture, which, like the electric combination, ceases to be
+cognizable by our senses or experiments.</p>
+
+<p>Thirdly, The wonderful property of the magnetic ethers, when
+separately accumulated on the ends of a needle, endeavouring to
+approach the two opposite poles of the earth; nothing similar to which
+has been observed in the electric ethers.</p>
+
+<p>From these strict analogies between electricity and magnetism,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_072" name="page_n_072"></a>(p. 072)</span> we may conclude that the latter consists of two ethers as
+well as the former; and that they both, when separated by art or
+nature, combine by chemical affinity when they approach, the one
+exploding, and then consisting of a residuum after having emitted heat
+and light; and the other producing simply a neutralised fluid by their
+union.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">XI. <i>Conclusion.</i></p>
+
+<p>1. When two fluids are diffused together without undergoing any change
+of their chemical properties, they are said simply to be mixed, and
+not combined; as milk and water when poured together, or as oxygen and
+azote in the common atmosphere. So when salt or sugar is diffused in
+water, it is termed solution, and not combination; as no change of
+their chemical properties succeeds.</p>
+
+<p>But when an acid is mixed with a pure alcali a combination is
+produced, and the mixture is said to become neutral, as it does not
+possess the chemical properties which either of the two ingredients
+possessed in their separate state, and is therefore similar to neither
+of them. But when a carbonated alcali, as mild salt of tartar, is
+mixed with a mineral acid, they presently combine as above, but now
+the carbonic acid flies forcibly away in the form of gas; this,
+therefore, may be termed a kind of explosion, but cannot properly be
+so called, as the ethereal fluids of heat and light are not
+principally emitted, but an aerial one or gas; which may probably
+acquire a small quantity of heat from the combining matters.</p>
+
+<p>But when strong acid of nitre is poured upon charcoal in fine powder,
+or upon oil of cloves, a violent explosion ensues, and the ethereal
+matters of heat and light are emitted in great abundance, and are
+dissipated; while in the former instance the oxygen of the nitrous
+acid unites with the carbone forming carbonic acid gas, and the azote
+escapes in its gaseous form; which may be termed a residuum after the
+explosion, and may be confined in a proper apparatus, which the heat
+and light cannot; for the former, if its production be great and
+sudden, bursts the vessels, or otherwise it passes slowly through
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_073" name="page_n_073"></a>(p. 073)</span> them; and the latter passes through transparent bodies, and
+combines with opake ones.</p>
+
+<p>But where ethers only are concerned in an explosion, as the two
+electric ones, which are previously difficult to confine in vessels;
+the repulsive ethers of heat and light are given out; and what remains
+is a combination of the two electric ethers; which in this state are
+attracted by all bodies, and form atmospheres round them.</p>
+
+<p>These combined electric atmospheres must possess less heat and light
+after their explosion; which they seem afterwards to acquire at the
+time they are again separated from each other, probably from the
+combined heat and combined light of the cushion and glass, or of the
+cushion and resin; by the contact of which they are separated; and not
+from the diffused heat of them; but no experiments have yet been made
+to ascertain this fact, this combination of the vitreous and resinous
+ethers may be esteemed the residuum after their explosion.</p>
+
+<p>2. Hence the essence of explosion consists in two bodies, which are
+previously united with heat and light, so strongly attracting each
+other, as to set at liberty those two repulsive ethers; but it
+happens, that these explosive materials cannot generally be brought
+into each other's vicinity in a state of sufficient density; unless
+they are also previously combined with some other material beside the
+light and heat above spoken of: as in the nitrous acid, the oxygen is
+previously combined with azote; and is thus in a condensed state,
+before it is brought into the contact or vicinity of the carbone;
+there are however bodies which will slowly explode; or give out heat
+and light, without being previously combined with other bodies; as
+phosphorus in the common atmosphere, some dead fish in a certain
+degree of putridity, and some living insects probably by their
+respiration in transparent lungs, which is a kind of combustion.</p>
+
+<p>But the two electric ethers are condensed by being brought into
+vicinity with each other with a nonconductor between them; and thus
+explode, violently as soon as they communicate, either by rupturing
+the interposed nonconductor, or by a metallic communication. This
+curious method of a previous condensation of the two exploding
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_074" name="page_n_074"></a>(p. 074)</span> matters, without either of them being combined with any
+other material except with the ethers of heat and light,
+distinguishes, this ethereal explosion from that of most other bodies;
+and seems to have been the cause, which prevented the ingenious Dr.
+Franklin, and others since his time, from ascribing the powerful
+effects of the electric battery, and of lightning in bursting trees,
+inflaming combustible materials, and fusing metals, to chemical
+explosion; which it resembles in every other circumstance, but in the
+manner of the previous condensation of the materials, so as violently
+to attract each other, and suddenly set at liberty the heat and light,
+with which one or both of them were combined.</p>
+
+<p>3. This combination of vitreous and resinous electric ethers is again
+destroyed or weakened by the attractions of other bodies; as they
+separate intirely, or exist in different proportions, forming
+atmospheres round conducting and nonconducting bodies; and in this
+they resemble other combinations of matters; as oxygen and azote, when
+united in the production of nitrous acid, are again separated by
+carbone; which attracts the oxygen more powerfully, than that attracts
+the azote, with which it is combined.</p>
+
+<p>This mode of again separating the combined electric ethers by pressing
+them, as they surround bodies in different proportions, into each
+other's atmospheres, as by the glass and cushion, has not been
+observed respecting the decomposition of other bodies; when their
+minute particles are brought so near together as to decompose each
+other; which has thence probably contributed to prevent this
+decomposition of the two combined electric ethers from being ascribed
+to chemical laws; but, as far as we know, the attractive and repulsive
+atmospheres round the minute particles of bodies in chemical
+operations may act in a similar manner; as the attractive and
+repulsive atmospheres, which accompany the electric ethers surrounding
+the larger masses of matter, and that hence both the electric and the
+chemical explosions are subject to the same laws, and also the
+decomposition again of those particles, which were combined in the act
+of explosion.</p>
+
+<p>4. It is probable that this theory of electric and magnetic
+attractions <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_075" name="page_n_075"></a>(p. 075)</span> and repulsions, which so visibly exist in
+atmospheres round larger masses of matter, may be applied to explain
+the invisible attractions and repulsions of the minute particles of
+bodies in chemical combinations and decompositions, and also to give a
+clear idea of the attractions of the great masses of matter, which
+form the gravitations of the universe.</p>
+
+<p>We are so accustomed to see bodies attract each other, when they are
+in absolute contact, as dew drops or particles of quicksilver forming
+themselves into spheres, as water rising in capillary tubes, the
+solution of salts and sugar in water, and the cohesion with which all
+hard bodies are held together, that we are not surprised at the
+attractions of bodies in contact with each other, but ascribe them to
+a law affecting all matter. In similar manner when two bodies in
+apparent contact repel each other, as oil thrown on water; or when
+heat converts ice into water and water into steam; or when one hard
+body in motion pushes another hard body out of its place; we feel no
+surprise, as these events so perpetually occur to us, but ascribe them
+as well as the attractions of bodies in contact with each other, to a
+general law of nature.</p>
+
+<p>But when distant bodies appear to attract or repel each other, as we
+believe that nothing can act where it does not exist, we are struck
+with astonishment; which is owing to our not seeing the intermediate
+ethers, the existence of which is ascertained by the electric and
+magnetic facts above related.</p>
+
+<p>From the facts and observations above mentioned electricity and
+magnetism consist each of them of two ethers, as the vitreous and
+resinous electric ethers, and the arctic and antarctic magnetic
+ethers. But as neither of the electric ethers will pass through glass
+or resin; and as neither of the magnetic ethers will pass through any
+bodies except iron; and yet the attractive and repulsive powers
+accompanying all these ethers permeate bodies of all kinds; it
+follows, that ethers more subtile than either the electric or magnetic
+ones attend those ethers forming atmospheres round them; as those
+electric and magnetic ethers themselves form atmospheres round other
+bodies.</p>
+
+<p>This secondary atmosphere of the electric one appears to consist
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_076" name="page_n_076"></a>(p. 076)</span> of two ethers, like the electric one which it surrounds: but
+these ethers are probably more subtile as they permeate all bodies;
+and when they unite by the reciprocal approach of the bodies, which
+they surround, they do not appear to emit heat and light, as the
+primary electric atmospheres do; and therefore they are simpler
+fluids, as they are not previously combined with heat and light. The
+secondary magnetic atmospheres are also probably more subtile or
+simple than the primary ones.</p>
+
+<p>Hence we may suppose, that not only all the larger insulated masses of
+matter, but all the minute particles also, which constitute those
+masses, are surrounded by two ethereal fluids; which like the electric
+and magnetic ones attract each other forcibly, and as forcibly repel
+those of the same denomination; and at the same time strongly adhere
+to the bodies, which they surround. Secondly that these ethers are of
+the finer kind, like those secondary ones, which surround the primary
+electric and magnetic ethers; and that therefore they do not explode
+giving out heat and light when they unite, but simply combine, and
+become neutral; and lastly, that they surround different bodies in
+different proportions, as the vitreous and resinous electric ethers
+were shown to surround silver and zinc and many other metals in
+different proportions in No. IX. of this note.</p>
+
+<p>5. For the greater ease of conversing on this subject, we shall call
+these two ethers, with which all bodies are surrounded, the masculine
+and the feminine ethers; and suppose them to possess the properties
+above mentioned. We should here however previously observe, that in
+chemical processes it is necessary, that the bodies, which are to
+combine or unite with each other, should be in a fluid state, and the
+particles in contact with each other; thus when salt is dissolving in
+water, the particles of salt unite with those of the water, which
+touch them; these particles of water become saturated, and thence
+attract some of the saline particles with less force; which are
+therefore attracted from them by those behind; and the first particles
+of water are again saturated from the solid salt; or in some similar
+processes the saturated combinations may subside or evaporate, as in
+the union of the two electric ethers, or in the explosion of
+gunpowder, and thus those in their vicinity may approach each other.
+This necessity <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_077" name="page_n_077"></a>(p. 077)</span> of a liquid form for the purpose of
+combination appears in the lighting of gunpowder, as well as in all
+other combustion, the spark of fire applied dissolves the sulphur, and
+liquifies the combined heat; and by these means a fluidity succeeds,
+and the consequent attractions and repulsions, which form the
+explosion.</p>
+
+<p>The whole mixed mass of matter, of which the earth is composed, we
+suppose to be surrounded and penetrated by the two ethers, but with a
+greater proportion of the masculine ether than of the feminine. When a
+stone is elevated above the surface of the earth, we suppose it also
+to be surrounded with an atmosphere of the two ethers, but with a
+greater proportion of the feminine than of the masculine, and that
+these ethers adhere strongly by cohesion both to the earth and to the
+stone elevated above it. Now the greater quantity of the masculine
+ether of the earth becomes in contact with the greater quantity of the
+feminine ether of the stone above it; which it powerfully attracts,
+and at the same time repels the less quantity of the masculine ether
+of the stone. The reciprocal attractions of these two fluids, if not
+restrained by counter attractions, bring them together as in chemical
+combination, and thus they bring together the solid bodies, which they
+reciprocally adhere to; if they be not immovable; which solid bodies,
+when brought into contact, cohere by their own reciprocal attractions,
+and hence the mysterious affair of distant attraction or gravitation
+becomes intelligible, and consonant to the chemical combinations of
+fluids.</p>
+
+<p>To further elucidate these various attractions, if the patient reader
+be not already tired, he will please to attend to the following
+experiment: let a bit of sponge suspended on a silk line be moistened
+with a solution of pure alcali, and another similar piece of sponge be
+moistened with a weak acid, and suspended near the former; electrize
+one of them with vitreous ether, and the other with resinous ether; as
+they hang with a thin plate of glass between them: now as these two
+electric ethers appear to attract each other without intermixing; as
+neither of them can pass through glass; they must be themselves
+surrounded with secondary ethers, which pass through the glass, and
+attract each other, as they become in contact; as these secondary
+ethers adhere to the primary vitreous and resinous ethers, these
+primary ones are drawn <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_078" name="page_n_078"></a>(p. 078)</span> by them into each other's vicinity by
+the attraction of cohesion, and become condensed on each side of the
+glass plane; and then when the glass plane is withdrawn, the two
+electric ethers being now in contact rush violently together, and draw
+along with them the pieces of moistened sponge, to which they adhere;
+and finally the acid and alcaline liquids being now brought into
+contact combine by their chemical affinity.</p>
+
+<p>The repulsions of distant bodies are also explicable by this idea of
+their being surrounded with two ethers, which we have termed masculine
+and feminine for the ease of conversing about them; and have compared
+them to vitreous and resinous electricity, and to arctic and antarctic
+magnetism. As when two particles of matter, or two larger masses of
+it, are surrounded both with their masculine ethers, these ethers
+repel each other or refuse to intermix; and in consequence the bodies
+to which they adhere, recede from each other; as two cork-balls
+suspended near each other, and electrised both with vitreous or both
+with resinous ether, repel each other; or as the extremities of two
+needles magnetised both with arctic, or both with antarctic ether,
+repel each other; or as oil and water surrounded both with their
+masculine, or both with their feminine ethers, repel each other
+without touching; so light is believed to be reflected from a mirror
+without touching its surface, and to be bent towards the edge of a
+knife, or refracted by its approach from a rarer medium into a denser
+one, by the repulsive ether of the mirror, and the attractive ones of
+the knife-edge, and of the denser medium. Thus a polished tea-cup
+slips on the polished saucer probably without their actual contact
+with each other, till a few drops of water are interposed between them
+by capillary attraction, and prevent its sliding by their tenacity.
+And so, lastly, one hard body in motion pushes another hard body out
+of its place by their repulsive ethers without being in contact; as
+appears from their not adhering to each other, which all bodies in
+real contact are believed to do. Whence also may be inferred the
+reason why bodies have been supposed to repel at one distance and
+attract at another, because they attract when their particles are in
+contact with each other, and either attract or repel <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_079" name="page_n_079"></a>(p. 079)</span> when at
+a distance by the intervention of their attractive or repulsive
+ethers.</p>
+
+<p>Thus have I endeavoured to take one step further back into the mystery
+of the gravitation and repulsion of bodies, which appeared to be
+distant from each other, as of the sun and planets, as I before
+endeavoured to take one step further back into the mysteries of
+generation in my account of the production of the buds of vegetables
+in Phytologia. With what success these have been attended I now leave
+to the judgment of philosophical readers, from which I can make no
+appeal.</p>
+
+<a id="notes13" name="notes13"></a>
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_080" name="page_n_080"></a>(p. 080)</span> ADDITIONAL NOTES. XIII.<br>
+
+ANALYSIS OF TASTE.</h4>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+  Fond Fancy's eye recalls the form divine,<br>
+  And Taste sits smiling upon Beauty's shrine.<br>
+<span class="left50"><span class="smcap">Canto III.</span> l. 221.</span></p>
+
+<p class="p2">The word Taste in its extensive application may express the pleasures
+received by any of our senses, when excited into action by the
+stimulus of external objects; as when odours stimulate the nostrils,
+or flavours the palate; or when smoothness, or softness, are perceived
+by the touch, or warmth by its adapted organ of sense. The word Taste
+is also used to signify the pleasurable trains of ideas suggested by
+language, as in the compositions of poetry and oratory. But the
+pleasures, consequent to the exertions of our sense of vision only,
+are designed here to be treated of, with occasional references to
+those of the ear, when they elucidate each other.</p>
+
+<p>When any of our organs of sense are excited into their due quantity of
+action, a pleasurable sensation succeeds, as shown in Zoonomia, Vol.
+I. Sect. IV. These are simply the pleasures attending perception, and
+not those which are termed the pleasures of Taste; which consist of
+additional pleasures arising from the peculiar forms or colours of
+objects, or of their peculiar combinations or successions, or from
+other agreeable trains of ideas previously associated with them.</p>
+
+<p>There are four sources of pleasure attendant on the excitation of the
+nerves of vision by light and colours, besides that simply of
+perception above mentioned; the first is derived from a degree of
+novelty of the forms, colours, numbers, combinations, or successions,
+and visible objects. The second is derived from a degree of repetition
+of their forms, colours, numbers, combinations, or successions. Where
+these two circumstances exist united in certain quantities, and
+compose the principal part of a landscape, it is termed picturesque by
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_081" name="page_n_081"></a>(p. 081)</span> modern writers. The third source of pleasure from the
+perception of the visible world may be termed the melody of colours,
+which will be shown to coincide with melody of sounds: this
+circumstance may also accompany the picturesque, and will add to the
+pleasure it affords. The fourth source of pleasure from the perception
+of visible objects is derived from the previous association of other
+pleasurable trains of ideas with certain forms, colours, combinations,
+or successions of them. Whence the beautiful, sublime, romantic,
+melancholic, and other emotions, which have not acquired names to
+express them. We may add, that all these four sources of pleasure from
+perceptions are equally applicable to those of sounds as of sights.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">I. <i>Novelty or infrequency of visible objects.</i></p>
+
+<p>The first circumstance, which suggests an additional pleasure in the
+contemplation of visible objects, besides that of simple perception,
+arises from their novelty or infrequency; that is from the unusual
+combinations or successions of their forms or colours. From this
+source is derived the perpetual cheerfulness of youth, and the want of
+it is liable to add a gloom to the countenance of age. It is this
+which produces variety in landscape compared with the common course of
+nature, an intricacy which incites investigation, and a curiosity
+which leads to explore the works of nature. Those who travel into
+foreign regions instigated by curiosity, or who examine and unfold the
+intricacies of sciences at home, are led by novelty; which not only
+supplies ornament to beauty or to grandeur, but adds agreeable
+surprise to the point of the epigram, and to the double meaning of the
+pun, and is courted alike by poets and philosophers.</p>
+
+<p>It should be here premised, that the word Novelty, as used in these
+pages, admits of degrees or quantities, some objects, or the ideas
+excited by them, possessing more or less novelty, as they are more or
+less unusual. Which the reader will please to attend to, as we have
+used the word Infrequency of objects, or of the ideas excited by them,
+to express the degrees or quantities of their novelty.</p>
+
+<p>The source, from which is derived the pleasure of novelty, is a
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_082" name="page_n_082"></a>(p. 082)</span> metaphysical inquiry of great curiosity, and will on that
+account excuse my here introducing it. In our waking hours whenever an
+idea occurs, which is incongruous to our former experience, we
+instantly dissever the train of imagination by the power of volition;
+and compare the incongruous idea with our previous knowledge of
+nature, and reject it. This operation of the mind has not yet acquired
+a specific name, though it is exerted every minute of our waking
+hours, unless it may be termed <span class="smcap">Intuitive Analogy</span>. It is an act of
+reasoning of which we are unconscious except by its effects in
+preserving the congruity of our ideas; Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XVII.
+5. 7.</p>
+
+<p>In our sleep as the power of volition is suspended, and consequently
+that of reason, when any incongruous ideas occur in the trains of
+imagination, which compose our dreams; we cannot compare them with our
+previous knowledge of nature and reject them; whence arises the
+perpetual inconsistency of our sleeping trains of ideas; and whence in
+our dreams we never feel the sentiment of novelty; however different
+the ideas, which present themselves, may be from the usual course of
+nature.</p>
+
+<p>But in our waking hours, whenever any object occurs which does not
+accord with the usual course of nature, we immediately and
+unconsciously exert our voluntary power, and examine it by intuitive
+analogy, comparing it with our previous knowledge of nature. This
+exertion of our volition excites many other ideas, and is attended
+with pleasurable sensation; which constitutes the sentiment of
+novelty. But when the object of novelty stimulates us so forcibly as
+suddenly to disunite our passing trains of ideas, as if a pistol be
+unexpectedly discharged, the emotion of surprise is experienced; which
+by exciting violent irritation and violent sensation, employs for a
+time the whole sensorial energy, and thus dissevers the passing trains
+of ideas; before the power of volition has time to compare them with
+the usual phenomena of nature; but as the painful emotion of fear is
+then generally added to that of surprise, as every one experiences,
+who hears a noise in the dark, which he cannot immediately account
+for; this great degree of novelty, when it produces much surprise,
+generally ceases to be pleasurable, and does not then belong to
+objects of taste.</p>
+
+<p>In its less degree surprise is generally agreeable, as it simply
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_083" name="page_n_083"></a>(p. 083)</span> expresses the sentiment occasioned by the novelty of our
+ideas; as in common language we say, we are agreeably surprised at the
+unexpected meeting with a friend, which not only expresses the
+sentiment of novelty, but also the pleasure from other agreeable ideas
+associated with the object of it.</p>
+
+<p>It must appear from hence, that different persons must be affected
+more or less agreeably by different degrees or quantities of novelty
+in the objects of taste; according to their previous knowledge of
+nature, or their previous habits or opportunities of attending to the
+fine arts. Thus before its nativity the fetus experiences the
+perceptions of heat and cold, of hardness and softness, of motion and
+rest, with those perhaps of hunger and repletion, sleeping and waking,
+pain and pleasure; and perhaps some other perceptions, which may at
+this early time of its existence have occasioned perpetual trains of
+ideas. On its arrival into the world the perceptions of light and
+sound must by their novelty at first dissever its usual trains of
+ideas and occasion great surprise; which after a few repetitions will
+cease to be disagreeable, and only excite the emotion from novelty,
+which has not acquired a separate name, but is in reality a less
+degree of surprise; and by further experience the sentiment of
+novelty, or any degree of surprise, will cease to be excited by the
+sounds or sights, which at first excited perhaps a painful quantity of
+surprise.</p>
+
+<p>It should here be observed, that as the pleasure of novelty is
+produced by the exertion of our voluntary power in comparing uncommon
+objects with those which are more usually exhibited; this sentiment of
+novelty is less perceived by those who do not readily use the faculty
+of volition, or who have little previous knowledge of nature, as by
+very ignorant or very stupid people, or by brute animals; and that
+therefore to be affected with this circumstance of the objects of
+Taste requires some previous knowledge of-such kinds of objects, and
+some degree of mental exertion.</p>
+
+<p>Hence when a greater variety of objects than usual is presented to the
+eye, or when some intricacy of forms, colours, or reciprocal locality
+more than usual accompanies them, it is termed novelty if it only
+excites the exertion of intuitive comparison with the usual order of
+nature, and affects us with pleasurable sensation; but is termed
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_084" name="page_n_084"></a>(p. 084)</span> surprise, if it suddenly dissevers our accustomed habits of
+motion, and is then more generally attended with disagreeable
+sensation. To this circumstance attending objects of taste is to be
+referred what is termed wild and irregular in landscapes, in
+contradistinction to the repetition of parts or uniformity spoken of
+below. We may add, that novelty of notes and tones in music, or of
+their combinations or successions, are equally agreeable to the ear,
+as the novelty of forms and colours, and of their combinations or
+successions are to the eye; but that the greater quantity or degree of
+novelty, the sentiment of which is generally termed Surprise, is more
+frequently excited by unusual or unexpected sounds; which are liable
+to alarm us with fear, as well as surprise us with novelty.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">II. <i>Repetition of visible objects.</i></p>
+
+<p>The repeated excitement of the same or similar ideas with certain
+intervals of time, or distances of space between them, is attended
+with agreeable sensations, besides that simply of perception; and,
+though it appears to be diametrically opposite to the pleasure arising
+from the novelty of objects above treated of, enters into the
+compositions of all the agreeable arts.</p>
+
+<p>The pleasure arising from the repetition of similar ideas with certain
+intervals of time or distances of space between them is a subject of
+great metaphysical curiosity, as well as the source of the pleasure
+derived from novelty, which will I hope excuse its introduction in
+this place.</p>
+
+<p>The repetitions of motions may be at first produced either by
+volition, or by sensation, or by irritation, but they soon become
+easier to perform than any other kinds of action, because they soon
+become associated together; and thus their frequency of repetition, if
+as much sensorial power be produced during every reiteration, as is
+expended, adds to the facility of their production.</p>
+
+<p>If a stimulus be repeated at uniform intervals of time, the action,
+whether of our muscles or organs of sense, is produced with still
+greater facility or energy; because the sensorial power of
+association, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_085" name="page_n_085"></a>(p. 085)</span> mentioned above, is combined with the sensorial
+power of irritation; that is in common language, the acquired habit
+assists the power of the stimulus.</p>
+
+<p>This not only obtains in the annual, lunar, and diurnal catenations of
+animal motions, as explained in Zoonomia, Sect. XXXVI. which are thus
+performed with great facility and energy; but in every less circle of
+actions or ideas, as in the burden of a song, or the reiterations of a
+dance. To the facility and distinctness, with which we hear sounds at
+repeated intervals, we owe the pleasure, which we receive from musical
+time, and from poetic time, as described in Botanic Garden, V. II.
+Interlude III. And to this the pleasure we receive from the rhimes and
+alliterations of modern versification; the source of which without
+this key would be difficult to discover.</p>
+
+<p>There is no variety of notes referable to the gamut in the beating of
+a drum, yet if it be performed in musical time, it is agreeable to our
+ears; and therefore this pleasurable sensation must be owing to the
+repetition of the divisions of the sounds at certain intervals of
+time, or musical bars. Whether these times or bars are distinguished
+by a pause, or by an emphasis, or accent, certain it is, that this
+distinction is perpetually repeated; otherwise the ear could not
+determine instantly, whether the successions of sound were in common
+or in triple time.</p>
+
+<p>But besides these little circles of musical time, there are the
+greater returning periods, and the still more distinct choruses;
+which, like the rhimes at the end of verses, owe their beauty to
+repetition; that is, to the facility and distinctness with which we
+perceive sounds, which we expect to perceive or have perceived before;
+or in the language of this work, to the greater ease and energy with
+which our organ is excited by the combined sensorial powers of
+association and irritation, than by the latter singly.</p>
+
+<p>This kind of pleasure arising from repetition, that is from the
+facility and distinctness with which we perceive and understand
+repeated sensations, enters into all the agreeable arts; and when it
+is carried to excess is termed formality. The art of dancing like that
+of music depends for a great part of the pleasure, it affords, on
+repetition; architecture, especially the Grecian, consists of one part
+being a repetition <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_086" name="page_n_086"></a>(p. 086)</span> of another, and hence the beauty of the
+pyramidal outline in landscape-painting; where one side of the picture
+may be said in some measure to balance the other. So universally does
+repetition contribute to our pleasure in the fine arts, that beauty
+itself has been defined by some writers to consist in a due
+combination of uniformity and variety: Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XXII.
+2. 1.</p>
+
+<p>Where these repetitions of form, and reiterations of colour, are
+produced in a picture or a natural landscape, in an agreeable
+quantity, it is termed simplicity, or unity of character; where the
+repetition principally is seen in the disposition or locality of the
+divisions, it is called symmetry, proportion, or grouping the separate
+parts; where this repetition is most conspicuous in the forms of
+visible objects, it is called regularity or uniformity; and where it
+affects the colouring principally, the artists call it breadth of
+colour.</p>
+
+<p>There is nevertheless, an excess of the repetition of the same or
+similar ideas, which ceases to please, and must therefore be excluded
+from compositions of Taste in painted landscapes, or in ornamented
+gardens; which is then called formality, monotony, or insipidity. Why
+the excitation of ideas should give additional pleasure by the
+facility and distinctness of their production for a certain time, and
+then cease to give additional pleasure; and gradually to give less
+pleasure than that, which attends simple exertion of them; is another
+curious metaphysical problem, and deserves investigation.</p>
+
+<p>In our waking hours a perpetual voluntary exertion, of which we are
+unconscious, attends all our new trains of ideas, whether those of
+imagination or of perception; which by comparing them with our former
+experience preserves the consistency of the former, by rejecting such
+as are incongruous; and adds to the credibility of the latter, by
+their analogy to objects of our previous knowledge: and this exertion
+is attended with pleasurable sensation. After very frequent repetition
+these trains of ideas do not excite the exertion of this intuitive
+analogy, and in consequence are not attended with additional pleasure
+to that simply of perception; and by continued repetition they at
+length lose even the pleasure simply of perception, and thence finally
+cease to be excited; whence one cause of the torpor of old age, and of
+death, as spoken of in Additional Note, No. VII. 3. of this work.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_087" name="page_n_087"></a>(p. 087)</span> When there exists in any landscape a certain number and
+diversity of forms and colours, or of their combinations or
+successions, so as to produce a degree of novelty; and that with a
+certain repetition, or arrangement of parts, so as to render them
+gradually comprehensible or easily compared with the usual course of
+nature; if this agreeable combination of visible objects be on a
+moderate scale, in respect to magnitude, and form the principal part
+of the landscape, it is termed <span class="smcap">Picturesque</span> by modern artists; and when
+such a combination of forms and colours contains many easy flowing
+curves and smooth surfaces, the delightful sentiment of <span class="smcap">Beauty</span> becomes
+added to the pleasure of the Picturesque.</p>
+
+<p>If the above agreeable combination of novelty and repetition exists on
+a larger scale with more projecting rocks, and deeper dells, and
+perhaps with a somewhat greater proportion of novelty than repetition,
+the landscape assumes the name of <span class="smcap">Romantic</span>; and if some of these forms
+or combinations are much above the usual magnitude of similar objects,
+the more interesting sentiment of <span class="smcap">Sublimity</span> becomes mixed with the
+pleasure of the romantic.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">III. <i>Melody of Colours.</i></p>
+
+<p>A third source of pleasure arising from the inspection of visible
+objects, besides that of simple perception, arises from what may be
+termed melody of colours, as certain colours are more agreeable, when
+they succeed each other; or when they are disposed in each other's
+vicinity, so as successively to affect the organ of vision.</p>
+
+<p>In a paper on the colours seen in the eye after looking for some time
+on luminous objects, published by Dr. Darwin of Shrewsbury in the
+Philos. Trans. Vol. 76, it is evidently shown, that we see certain
+colours not only with greater ease and distinctness, but with relief
+and pleasure, after having for some time inspected other certain
+colours; as green after red, or red after green; orange after blue, or
+blue after orange; yellow after violet, or violet after yellow; this,
+he shows, arises from the ocular spectrum of the colour last viewed
+coinciding with the irritation of the colour now under contemplation.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_088" name="page_n_088"></a>(p. 088)</span> Thus if you make a dot with ink in the centre of a circle of
+red silk the size of a letter-wafer, and place it on a sheet of white
+paper, and look on it for a minute without moving your eyes; and then
+gently turn them on the white paper in its vicinity, or gently close
+them, and hold one hand an inch or two before them, to prevent too
+much light from passing through the eyelids, a circular spot of pale
+green will be seen on the white paper, or in the closed eye; which is
+called the ocular spectrum of the red silk, and is formed as Dr.
+Darwin shows by the pandiculation or stretching of the fine fibrils,
+which constitute the extremities of the optic nerve, in a direction
+contrary to that, in which they have been excited by previously
+looking at a luminous object, till they become fatigued; like the
+yawning or stretching of the larger muscles after acting long in one
+direction.</p>
+
+<p>If at this time the eye, fatigued by looking long at the centre of the
+red silk, be turned on paper previously coloured with pale green; the
+circular spot or ocular spectrum will appear of a much darker green;
+as now the irritation from the pale green paper coincides with the
+pale green spectrum remaining in the eye, and thus excites those
+fibres of the retina into stronger action; on this account some
+colours are seen more distinctly, and consequently more agreeably
+after others; or when placed in the vicinity of others; thus if
+orange-coloured letters are painted on a blue ground, they may be read
+at as great distance as black on white, perhaps at a greater.</p>
+
+<p>The colours, which are thus more distinct when seen in succession are
+called opposite colours by Sir Isaac Newton in his optics, Book I.
+Part 2, and may be easily discovered by any one, by the method above
+described; that is by laying a coloured circle of paper or silk on a
+sheet of white paper, and inspecting it some time with steady eyes,
+and then either gently closing them, or removing them on another part
+of the white paper, and the ocular spectrum or opposite colour becomes
+visible in the eye.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Isaac Newton has observed, that the breadths of the seven primary
+colours in the sun's image refracted by a prism, are proportioned to
+the seven musical notes of the gamut; or to the intervals of the eight
+sounds contained in an octave.</p>
+
+<p>From this curious coincidence, it has been proposed to produce a
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_089" name="page_n_089"></a>(p. 089)</span> luminous music, consisting of successions or combinations of
+colours, analogous to a tune in respect to the proportions above
+mentioned. This might be performed by a strong light, made by means of
+Mr. Argand's lamps, passing through coloured glasses, and falling on a
+defined part of the wall, with moveable blinds before them, which
+might communicate with the keys of a harpsichord, and thus produce at
+the same time visible and audible music in unison with each other.</p>
+
+<p>Now as the pleasure we receive from the sensation of melodious notes,
+independent of musical time, and of the previous associations of
+agreeable ideas with them, must arise from our hearing some
+proportions of sounds after others more easily, distinctly, or
+agreeably; and as there is a coincidence between the proportions of
+the primary colours, and the primary sounds, if they may be so called;
+the same laws must probably govern the sensations of both. In this
+circumstance therefore consists the sisterhood of Music and Painting;
+and hence they claim a right to borrow metaphors from each other:
+musicians to speak of the brilliancy of sounds, and the light and
+shade of a concerto; and painters of the harmony of colours, and the
+tone of a picture.</p>
+
+<p>This source of pleasure received from the melodious succession of
+colours or of sounds must not be confounded with the pleasure received
+from the repetition of them explained above, though the repetition, or
+division of musical notes into bars, so as to produce common or triple
+time, contributes much to the pleasure of music; but in viewing a
+fixed landscape nothing like musical time exists; and the pleasure
+received therefore from certain successions of colours must depend
+only on the more easy or distinct action of the retina in perceiving
+some colours after others, or in their vicinity, like the facility or
+even pleasure with which we act with contrary muscles in yawning or
+stretching after having been fatigued with a long previous exertion in
+the contrary direction.</p>
+
+<p>Hence where colours are required to be distinct, those which are
+opposite to each other, should be brought into succession or vicinity;
+as red and green, orange and blue, yellow and violet; but where
+colours are required to intermix imperceptibly, or slide into each
+other, these should not be chosen; as they might by contrast appear
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_090" name="page_n_090"></a>(p. 090)</span> too glaring or tawdry. These gradations and contrasts of
+colours have been practically employed both by the painters of
+landscape, and by the planters of ornamental gardens; though the
+theory of this part of the pleasure derived from visible objects was
+not explained before the publication of the paper on ocular spectra
+above mentioned; which is reprinted at the end of the first part of
+Zoonomia, and has thrown great light on the actions of the nerves of
+sense in consequence of the stimulus of external bodies.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">IV. <i>Association of agreeable sentiments with visible objects.</i></p>
+
+<p>Besides the pleasure experienced simply by the perception of visible
+objects, it has been already shown, that there is an additional
+pleasure arising from the inspection of those, which possess novelty,
+or some degree of it; a second additional pleasure from those, which
+possess in some degree a repetition of their parts; and a third from
+those, which possess a succession of particular colours, which either
+contrast or slide into each other, and which we have termed melody of
+colours.</p>
+
+<p>We now step forward to the fourth source of the pleasures arising from
+the contemplation of visible objects besides that simply of
+perception, which consists in our previous association of some
+agreeable sentiment with certain forms or combinations of them. These
+four kinds of pleasure singly or in combination constitute what is
+generally understood by the word Taste in respect to the visible
+world; and by parity of reasoning it is probable, that the pleasurable
+ideas received by the other senses, or which are associated with
+language, may be traced to similar sources.</p>
+
+<p>It has been shown by Bishop Berkeley in his ingenious essay on vision,
+that the eye only acquaints us with the perception of light and
+colours; and that our idea of the solidity of the bodies, which
+reflect them, is learnt by the organ of touch: he therefore calls our
+vision the language of touch, observing that certain gradations of the
+shades of colour, by our previous experience of having examined
+similar bodies by our hands or lips, suggest our ideas of solidity,
+and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_091" name="page_n_091"></a>(p. 091)</span> of the forms of solid bodies; as when we view a tree, it
+would otherwise appear to us a flat green surface, but by association
+of ideas we know it to be a cylindrical stem with round branches. This
+association of the ideas acquired by the sense of touch with those of
+vision, we do not allude to in the following observations, but to the
+agreeable trains or tribes of ideas and sentiments connected with
+certain kinds of visible objects.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">V. <i>Sentiment of Beauty.</i></p>
+
+<p>Of these catenations of sentiments with visible objects, the first is
+the sentiment of Beauty or Loveliness; which is suggested by
+easy-flowing curvatures of surface, with smoothness; as is so well
+illustrated in Mr. Burke's Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful, and in
+Mr. Hogarth's analysis of Beauty; a new edition of which is much
+wanted separate from his other works.</p>
+
+<p>The sentiment of Beauty appears to be attached from our cradles to the
+easy curvatures of lines, and smooth surfaces of visible objects, and
+to have been derived from the form of the female bosom; as spoken of
+in Zoonomia, Vol. I. Section XVI. on Instinct.</p>
+
+<p>Sentimental love, as distinguished from the animal passion of that
+name, with which it is frequently accompanied, consists in the desire
+or sensation of beholding, embracing, and saluting, a beautiful
+object.</p>
+
+<p>The characteristic of beauty therefore is that it is the object of
+love; and though many other objects are in common language called
+beautiful, yet they are only called so metaphorically, and ought to be
+termed agreeable. A Grecian temple may give us the pleasurable idea of
+sublimity; a Gothic temple may give us the pleasurable idea of
+variety; and a modern house the pleasurable idea of utility; music and
+poetry may inspire our love by association of ideas; but none of
+these, except metaphorically, can be termed beautiful; as we have no
+wish to embrace or salute them.</p>
+
+<p>Our perception of beauty consists in our recognition by the sense of
+vision of those objects, first which have before inspired our love by
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_092" name="page_n_092"></a>(p. 092)</span> the pleasure, which they have afforded to many of our
+senses: as to our sense of warmth, of touch, of smell, of taste,
+hunger and thirst; and secondly, which bear any analogy of form to
+such objects.</p>
+
+<p>When the babe, soon after it is born into this cold world, is applied
+to its mother's bosom, its sense of perceiving warmth is first
+agreeably affected; next its sense of smell is delighted with the
+odour of her milk; then its taste is gratified by the flavour of it,
+afterwards the appetites of hunger and of thirst afford pleasure by
+the possession of their objects, and by the subsequent digestion of
+the aliment; and lastly, the sense of touch is delighted by the
+softness and smoothness of the milky fountain, the source of such
+variety of happiness.</p>
+
+<a id="notes14" name="notes14"></a>
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_093" name="page_n_093"></a>(p. 093)</span> ADDITIONAL NOTES. XIV.<br>
+
+THE THEORY AND STRUCTURE OF LANGUAGE</h4>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+  Next to each thought associate sound accords,<br>
+  And forms the dulcet symphony of words.<br>
+<span class="left50"><span class="smcap">Canto III.</span> l. 365.</span></p>
+
+<p class="p2">Ideas consist of synchronous motions or configurations of the
+extremities of the organs of sense; these when repeated by sensation,
+volition, or association, are either simple or complex, as they were
+first excited by irritation; or have afterwards some parts abstracted
+from them, or some parts added to them. Language consists of words,
+which are the names or symbols of ideas. Words are therefore properly
+all of them nouns or names of things.</p>
+
+<p>Little had been done in the investigation of the theory of language
+from the time of Aristotle to the present æra, till Mr. Horne Tooke,
+the ingenious and learned author of the Diversions of Purley,
+explained those undeclined words of all languages, which had puzzled
+the grammarians, and evinced from their etymology, that they were
+abbreviations of other modes of expression. Mr. Tooke observes, that
+the first aim of language was to communicate our thoughts, and the
+second to do it with dispatch; and hence he divides words into those,
+which were necessary to express our thoughts, and those which are
+abbreviations of the former; which he ingeniously styles the wings of
+Hermes.</p>
+
+<p>For the greater dispatch of conversation many words suggest more than
+one idea; I shall therefore arrange them according to the number and
+kinds of ideas, which they suggest; and am induced to do this, as a
+new distribution of the objects of any science may advance the
+knowledge of it by developing another analogy of its constituent
+parts. And in thus endeavouring to analyze the theory of language I
+mean to speak primarily of the English, and occasionally to add what
+may occur concerning the structure of the Greek and Latin.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_094" name="page_n_094"></a>(p. 094)</span> I. <i>Conjunctions and Prepositions.</i></p>
+
+<p>The first class of words consists of those, which suggest but one
+idea, and suffer no change of termination; which have been termed by
+grammarians <span class="smcap">Conjunctions</span> and <span class="smcap">Prepositions</span>; the former of which connect
+sentences, and the latter words. Both which have been ingeniously
+explained by Mr. Horne Tooke from their etymology to be abbreviations
+of other modes of expression.</p>
+
+<p>1. Thus the conjunction <i>if</i> and <i>an</i>, are shown by Mr. Tooke to be
+derived from the imperative mood of the verbs to give and to grant;
+but both of these conjunctions by long use appear to have become the
+name of a more abstracted idea, than the words give or grant suggest,
+as they do not now express any ideas of person, or of number, or of
+time; all which are generally attendant upon the meaning of a verb;
+and perhaps all the words of this class are the names of ideas much
+abstracted, which has caused the difficulty of explaining them.</p>
+
+<p>2. The number of Prepositions is very great in the English language,
+as they are used before the cases of nouns, and the infinitive mood of
+verbs, instead of the numerous changes of termination of the nouns and
+verbs of the Greek and Latin; which gives greater simplicity to our
+language, and greater facility of acquiring it.</p>
+
+<p>The prepositions, as well as the preceding conjunctions, have been
+well explained by Mr. Horne Tooke; who has developed the etymology of
+many of them. As the greatest number of the ideas, we receive from
+external objects, are complex ones, the names of these constitute a
+great part of language, as the proper names of persons and places;
+which are complex terms. Now as these complex terms do not always
+exactly suggest the quantity of combined ideas we mean to express,
+some of the prepositions are prefixed to them to add or to deduct
+something, or to limit their general meaning; as a house with a party
+wall, or a house without a roof. These words are also derived by Mr.
+Tooke, as abbreviations of the imperative moods of verbs; but which
+appear now to suggest ideas further abstracted than those generally
+suggested by verbs, and are all of them properly nouns, or names of
+ideas.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_095" name="page_n_095"></a>(p. 095)</span> II. <i>Nouns Substantive.</i></p>
+
+<p>The second class of words consists of those, which in their simplest
+state suggest but one idea, as the word man; but which by two changes
+of termination in our language suggest one secondary idea of number,
+as the word men; or another secondary idea of the genitive case, as
+man's mind, or the mind of man. These words by other changes of
+termination in the Greek and Latin languages suggest many other
+secondary ideas, as of gender, as well as of number, and of all the
+other cases described in their grammars; which in English are
+expressed by prepositions.</p>
+
+<p>This class of words includes the <span class="smcap">Nouns Substantive</span>, or names of
+things, of common grammars, and may be conveniently divided into three
+kinds. 1. Those which suggest the ideas of things believed to possess
+hardness and figure, as a house or a horse. 2. Those which suggest the
+ideas of things, which are not supposed to possess hardness and
+figure, except metaphorically, as virtue, wisdom; which have therefore
+been termed abstracted ideas. 3. Those which have been called by
+metaphysical writers reflex ideas, and mean those of the operations of
+the mind, as sensation, volition, association.</p>
+
+<p>Another convenient division of these nouns substantive or names of
+things may be first into general terms, or the names of classes of
+ideas, as man, quadruped, bird, fish, animal. 2. Into the names of
+complex ideas, as this house, that dog. 3. Into the names of simple
+ideas, as whiteness, sweetness.</p>
+
+<p>A third convenient division of the names of things may be into the
+names of intire things, whether of real or imaginary being; these are
+the nouns substantive of grammars. 2. Into the names of the qualities
+or properties of the former; these are the nouns adjective of
+grammars. 3. The names of more abstracted ideas as the conjunctions
+and prepositions of grammarians.</p>
+
+<p>These nouns substantive, or names of intire things, suggest but one
+idea in their simplest form, as in the nominative case singular of
+grammars. As the word a stag is the name of a single complex idea; but
+the word stags by a change of termination adds to this a secondary
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_096" name="page_n_096"></a>(p. 096)</span> idea of number; and the word stag's, with a comma before the
+final s, suggests, in English, another secondary idea of something
+appertaining to the stag, as a stag's horn; which is, however, in our
+language, as frequently expressed by the preposition <i>of</i>, as the horn
+of a stag.</p>
+
+<p>In the Greek and Latin languages an idea of gender is joined with the
+names of intire things, as well as of number; but in the English
+language the nouns, which express inanimate objects, have no genders
+except metaphorically; and even the sexes of many animals have names
+so totally different from each other, that they rather give an idea of
+the individual creature than of the sex, as bull and cow, horse and
+mare, boar and sow, dog and bitch. This constitutes another
+circumstance, which renders our language more simple, and more easy to
+acquire; and at the same time contributes to the poetic excellence of
+it; as by adding a masculine or feminine pronoun, as he, or she, other
+nouns substantive are so readily personified.</p>
+
+<p>In the Latin language there are five cases besides the nominative, or
+original word, and in the Greek four. Whence the original noun
+substantive by change of its termination suggests a secondary idea
+either corresponding with the genitive, dative, accusative, vocative,
+or ablative cases, besides the secondary ideas of number and gender
+above mentioned. The ideas suggested by these changes of termination,
+which are termed cases, are explained in the grammars of these
+languages, and are expressed in ours by prepositions, which are called
+the signs of those cases.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the word Domini, of the Lord, suggests beside the primary idea a
+secondary one of something appertaining to it, as templum domini, the
+temple of the Lord, or the Lord's temple; which in English is either
+effected by an addition of the letter s, with a comma before it, or by
+the preposition <i>of</i>. This genitive case is said to be expressed in
+the Hebrew language simply by the locality of the words in succession
+to each other; which must so far add to the conciseness of that
+language.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the word Domino, in the dative case, to the Lord, suggests
+besides the primary idea a secondary one of something being added to
+the primary one; which is effected in English by the preposition <i>to</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The accusative case, or Dominum, besides the primary idea implies
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_097" name="page_n_097"></a>(p. 097)</span> something having acted upon the object of that primary idea;
+as felis edit murem, the cat eats the mouse. This is thus effected in
+the Greek and Latin by a change of termination of the noun acted upon,
+but is managed in a more concise way in our language by its situation
+in the sentence, as it follows the verb. Thus if the mouse in the
+above sentence was placed before the verb, and the cat after it, in
+English the sense would be inverted, but not so in Latin; this
+necessity of generally placing the accusative case after the verb is
+inconvenient in poetry; though it adds to the conciseness and
+simplicity of our language, as it saves the intervention of a
+preposition, or of a change of termination.</p>
+
+<p>The vocative case of the Latin language, or Domine, besides the
+primary idea suggests a secondary one of appeal, or address; which in
+our language is either marked by its situation in the sentence, or by
+the preposition O preceding it. Whence this interjection O conveys the
+idea of appeal joined to the subsequent noun, and is therefore
+properly another noun, or name of an idea, preceding the principal one
+like other prepositions.</p>
+
+<p>The ablative case in the Latin language, as Domino, suggests a
+secondary idea of something being deducted from or by the primary one.
+Which is perhaps more distinctly expressed by one of those
+prepositions in our language; which, as it suggests somewhat
+concerning the adjoined noun, is properly another noun, or name of an
+idea, preceding the principal one.</p>
+
+<p>When to these variations of the termination of nouns in the singular
+number are added those equally numerous of the plural, and the great
+variety of these terminations correspondent to the three genders, it
+is evident that the prepositions of our own and other modern languages
+instead of the changes of termination add to the simplicity of these
+languages, and to the facility of acquiring them.</p>
+
+<p>Hence in the Latin language, besides the original or primary idea
+suggested by each noun substantive, or name of an entire thing, there
+attends an additional idea of number, another of gender, and another
+suggested by each change of termination, which constitutes the cases;
+so that in this language four ideas are suggested at the same time by
+one word; as the primary idea, its gender, number, and case; the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_098" name="page_n_098"></a>(p. 098)</span> latter of which has also four or five varieties. These nouns
+therefore may properly be termed the abbreviation of sentences; as the
+conjunctions and prepositions are termed by Mr. Tooke the abbreviation
+of words; and if the latter are called the wings affixed to the feet
+of Hermes, the former may be called the wings affixed to his cap.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">III. <i>Adjectives, Articles, Participles, Adverbs.</i></p>
+
+<p>1. The third class of words consists of those, which in their simplest
+form suggest two ideas; one of them is an abstracted idea of the
+quality of an object, but not of the object itself; and the other is
+an abstracted idea of its appertaining to some other noun called a
+substantive, or a name of an entire thing.</p>
+
+<p>These words are termed <span class="smcap">Adjectives</span>, are undeclined in our language in
+respect to cases, number, or gender; but by three changes of
+termination they suggest the secondary ideas of greater, greatest, and
+of less; as the word sweet changes into sweeter, sweetest, and
+sweetish; which may be termed three degrees of comparison besides the
+positive meaning of the word; which terminations of <i>er</i> and <i>est</i> are
+seldom added to words of more than two syllables; as those degrees are
+then most frequently denoted by the prepositions more and most.</p>
+
+<p>Adjectives seem originally to have been derived from nouns
+substantive, of which they express a quality, as a musky rose, a
+beautiful lady, a stormy day. Some of them are formed from the
+correspondent substantive by adding the syllable <i>ly</i>, or <i>like</i>, as a
+lovely child, a warlike countenance; and in our language it is
+frequently only necessary to put a hyphen between two nouns
+substantive for the purpose of converting the former one into an
+adjective, as an eagle-eye, a Mayday. And many of our adjectives are
+substantives unchanged, and only known by their situation in a
+sentence, as a German, or a German gentleman. Adjectives therefore are
+names of qualities, or parts of things; as substantives are the names
+of entire things.</p>
+
+<p>In the Latin and Greek languages these adjectives possess a great
+variety of terminations; which suggest occasionally the ideas of
+number, gender, and the various cases, agreeing in all these with the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_099" name="page_n_099"></a>(p. 099)</span> substantive, to which they belong; besides the two original
+or primary ideas of quality, and of their appertaining to some other
+word, which must be adjoined to make them sense. Insomuch that some of
+these adjectives, when declined through all their cases, and genders,
+and numbers, in their positive, comparative, and superlative degrees,
+enumerate fifty or sixty terminations. All which to one, who wishes to
+learn these languages, are so many new words, and add much to the
+difficulty of acquiring them.</p>
+
+<p>Though the English adjectives are undeclined, having neither case,
+gender, nor number; and with this simplicity of form possess a degree
+of comparison by the additional termination of ish, more than the
+generality of Latin or Greek adjectives, yet are they less adapted to
+poetic measure, as they must accompany their corresponding
+substantives; from which they are perpetually separated in Greek and
+Latin poetry.</p>
+
+<p>2. There is a second kind of adjectives, which abound in our language,
+and in the Greek, but not in the Latin, which are called <span class="smcap">Articles</span> by
+the writers of grammar, as the letter <i>a</i>, and the word <i>the</i>. These,
+like the adjectives above described, suggest two primary ideas, and
+suffer no change of termination in our language, and therefore suggest
+no secondary ideas.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Locke observes, that languages consist principally of general
+terms; as it would have been impossible to give a name to every
+individual object, so as to communicate an idea of it to others; it
+would be like reciting the name of every individual soldier of an
+army, instead of using the general term, army. Now the use of the
+article <i>a</i>, and <i>the</i> in English, and <i>o</i> in Greek, converts general
+terms into particular ones; this idea of particularity as a quality,
+or property of a noun, is one of the primary ideas suggested by these
+articles; and the other is, that of its appertaining to some
+particular noun substantive, without which it is not intelligible. In
+both these respects these articles correspond with adjectives; to
+which may be added, that our article <i>a</i> may be expressed by the
+adjective one or any; and that the Greek article <i>o</i> is declined like
+other adjectives.</p>
+
+<p>The perpetual use of the article, besides its converting general terms
+into particular ones, contributes much to the force and beauty
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_100" name="page_n_100"></a>(p. 100)</span> of our language from another circumstance, that abstracted
+ideas become so readily personified simply by the omission of it;
+which perhaps renders the English language better adapted to poetry
+than any other ancient or modern: the following prosopop&oelig;ia from
+Shakspeare is thus beautiful.</p>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+  She let Concealment like a worm i' th' bud<br>
+  Feed on her damask cheek.</p>
+
+<p>And the following line, translated from Juvenal by Dr. Johnson, is
+much superior to the original, owing to the easy personification of
+Worth and Poverty, and to the consequent conciseness of it.</p>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+  Difficile emergunt, quorum virtutibus obstat<br>
+  Res angusta domi.<br>
+  Slow rises Worth by Poverty depress'd.</p>
+
+<p>3. A third class of adjectives includes what are termed <span class="smcap">Participles</span>,
+which are allied to the infinitive moods of verbs, and are formed in
+our language by the addition only of the syllable <i>ing</i> or <i>ed</i>; and
+are of two kinds, active and passive, as loving, loved, from the verb
+to love. The verbs suggest an idea of the noun, or thing spoken of;
+and also of its manner of existence, whether at rest, in action, or in
+being acted upon; as I lie still, or I whip, or I am whipped; and,
+lastly, another idea of the time of resting, acting, or suffering; but
+these adjectives called participles, suggest only two primary ideas,
+one of the noun, or thing spoken of, and another of the mode of
+existence, but not a third idea of time; and in this respect
+participles differ from the verbs, from which they originate, or which
+originated from them, except in their infinitive moods.</p>
+
+<p>Nor do they resemble adjectives only in their suggesting but two
+primary ideas; but in the Latin and Greek languages they are declined
+through all the cases, genders, and numbers, like other adjectives;
+and change their terminations in the degrees of comparison.</p>
+
+<p>In our language the participle passive, joined to the verb <i>to be</i>,
+for the purpose of adding to it the idea of time, forms the whole of
+the passive voice; and is frequently used in a similar manner in the
+Latin <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_101" name="page_n_101"></a>(p. 101)</span> language, as I am loved is expressed either by amor,
+or amatus sum. The construction of the whole passive voice from the
+verb <i>to be</i> and the participles passive of other verbs, contributes
+much to the simplicity of our language, and the ease of acquiring it;
+but renders it less concise than perhaps it might have been by some
+simple variations of termination, as in the active voice of it.</p>
+
+<p>4. A fourth kind of adjective is called by the grammarians an <span class="smcap">Adverb</span>;
+which has generally been formed from the first kind of adjectives, as
+these were frequently formed from correspondent substantives; or it
+has been formed from the third kind of adjectives, called participles;
+and this is effected in both cases by the addition, of the syllable
+<i>ly</i>, as wisely, charmingly.</p>
+
+<p>This kind of adjective suggests two primary ideas, like the
+adjectives, and participles, from which they are derived; but differ
+from them in this curious circumstance, that the other adjectives
+relate to substantives, and are declined like them in the Latin and
+Greek languages, as a lovely boy, a warlike countenance; but these
+relate to verbs, and are therefore undeclined, as to act boldly, to
+suffer patiently.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">IV. <i>Verbs.</i></p>
+
+<p>The fourth class of words consists of those which are termed <span class="smcap">Verbs</span>,
+and which in their simplest state suggest three ideas; first an idea
+of the noun, or name of the thing spoken of, as a whip. 2. An idea of
+its mode of existence, whether at rest, or in action, or in being
+acted upon. 3. An idea of the time of its existence. Thus "the beadle
+whipped the beggar," in prolix language might be expressed, the beadle
+with a whip struck in time past the beggar. Which three ideas are
+suggested by the one word whipped.</p>
+
+<p>Verbs are therefore nouns, or names of intire ideas, with the
+additional ideas of their mode of existence and of time; but the
+participles suggest only the noun, and the mode of existence, without
+any idea of time; as whipping, or whipped. The infinitive moods of
+verbs correspond in their signification with the participles; as they
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_102" name="page_n_102"></a>(p. 102)</span> also suggest only the noun, or name of the thing spoken of,
+and an idea of its mode of existence, excluding the idea of time;
+which is expressed by all the other moods and tenses; whence it
+appears, that the infinitive mood, as well as the participle, is not
+truly a part of the verb; but as the participle resembles the
+adjective in its construction; so the infinitive mood may be said to
+resemble the substantive, and it is often used as a nominative case to
+another verb.</p>
+
+<p>Thus in the words "a charming lady with a smiling countenance," the
+participle acts as an adjective; and in the words "to talk well
+commands attention," the infinitive mood acts as the nominative case
+of a noun substantive; and their respective significations are also
+very similar, as whipping, or to whip, mean the existence of a person
+acting with a whip.</p>
+
+<p>In the Latin language the verb in its simplest form, except the
+infinitive mood, and the participle, both which we mean to exclude
+from complete verbs, suggests four primary ideas, as amo, suggests the
+pronoun I, the noun love, its existence in its active state, and the
+present time; which verbs in the Greek and Latin undergo an uncounted
+variation of termination, suggesting so many different ideas in
+addition to the four primary ones.</p>
+
+<p>We do not mean to assert, that all verbs are literally derived from
+nouns in any language; because all languages have in process of time
+undergone such great variation; many nouns having become obsolete or
+have perished, and new verbs have been imported from foreign
+languages, or transplanted from ancient ones; but that this has
+originally been the construction of all verbs, as well as those to
+whip and to love above mentioned, and innumerable others.</p>
+
+<p>Thus there may appear some difficulty in analyzing from what noun
+substantive were formed the verbs to stand or to lie; because we have
+not properly the name of the abstract ideas from which these verbs
+arose, except we use the same word for the participle and the noun
+substantive, as standing, lying. But the verbs, to sit, and to walk,
+are less difficult to trace to their origin; as we have names for the
+nouns substantive, a seat, and a walk.</p>
+
+<p>But there is another verb of great consequence in all languages, which
+would appear, in its simplest form in our language to suggest
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_103" name="page_n_103"></a>(p. 103)</span> but two primary ideas, as the verb <i>to be</i>, but that it
+suggests three primary ideas like other verbs maybe understood, if we
+use the synonymous term to exist instead of to be. Thus "I exist"
+suggests first the abstract idea of existence, not including the mode
+of existence, whether at rest, or in action, or in suffering; secondly
+it adds to that abstracted idea of existence its real state, or actual
+resting, acting, or suffering, existence; and thirdly the idea of the
+present time: thus the infinitive mood <i>to be</i>, and the participle,
+<i>being</i>, suggest both the abstract idea of existence, and the actual
+state of it, but not the time.</p>
+
+<p>The verb <i>to be</i> is also used irregularly to designate the parts of
+time and actual existence; and is then applied to either the active or
+passive participles of other verbs, and called an auxiliary verb;
+while the mode of existence, whether at rest, or in action, or being
+acted upon, is expressed by the participle, as "I am loving" is nearly
+the same as "I love," amo; and "I am loved," amatus sum, is nearly the
+same as amor. This mode of application of the verb <i>to be</i> is used in
+French as well as in English, and in the passive voice of the Latin,
+and perhaps in many other languages; and is by its perpetual use in
+conversation rendered irregular in them all, as I am, thou art, he is,
+would not seem to belong to the infinitive mood <i>to be</i>, any more than
+sum, fui, sunt, fuerunt, appear to belong to esse.</p>
+
+<p>The verb <i>to have</i> affords another instance of irregular application;
+the word means in its regular sense to possess, and then suggests
+three ideas like the above verb of existence: first the abstracted
+idea of the thing spoken of, or possession; secondly, the actual
+existence of possession, and lastly the time, as I have or possess.
+This verb <i>to have</i> like the verb <i>to be</i> is also used irregularly to
+denote parts of past time, and is then joined to the passive
+participles alone, as I have eaten; or it is accompanied with the
+passive participle of the verb <i>to be</i>, and then with the active
+participle of another verb, as I have been eating.</p>
+
+<p>There is another word <i>will</i> used in the same irregular manner to
+denote the parts of future time, which is derived from the verb <i>to
+will</i>; which in its regular use signifies to exert our volition. There
+are other words used to express other circumstances attending upon
+verbs, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_104" name="page_n_104"></a>(p. 104)</span> as may, can, shall, all which are probably the
+remains of verbs otherwise obsolete. Lastly, when we recollect, that
+in the moods and tenses of verbs one word expresses never less than
+three ideas in our language, and many more in the Greek and Latin; as
+besides those three primary ideas the idea of person, and of number,
+are always expressed in the indicative mood, and other ideas suggested
+in the other moods, we cannot but admire what excellent abbreviations
+of language are thus achieved; and when we observe the wonderful
+intricacy and multiplicity of sounds in those languages, especially in
+the Greek verbs, which change both the beginning and ending of the
+original word through three voices, and three numbers, with uncounted
+variations of dialect; we cannot but admire the simplicity of modern
+languages compared to these ancient ones; and must finally perceive,
+that all language consists simply of nouns, or names of ideas,
+disposed in succession or in combination, all of which are expressed
+by separate words, or by various terminations of the same word.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><i>Conclusion.</i></p>
+
+<p>The theory of the progressive production of language in the early
+times of society, and its gradual improvements in the more civilized
+ones, may be readily induced from the preceding pages. In the
+commencement of Society the names of the ideas of entire things,
+which, it was necessary most frequently to communicate, would first be
+invented, as the names of individual persons, or places, fire, water,
+this berry, that root; as it was necessary perpetually to announce,
+whether one or many of such external things existed, it was soon found
+more convenient to add this idea of number by a change of termination
+of the word, than by the addition of another word.</p>
+
+<p>As many of these nouns soon became general terms, as bird, beast,
+fish, animal; it was next convenient to distinguish them when used for
+an individual, from the same word used as a general term; whence the
+two articles <i>a</i> and <i>the</i>, in our language, derive their origin.</p>
+
+<p>Next to these names of the ideas of entire things, the words most
+perpetually wanted in conversation would probably consist of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_105" name="page_n_105"></a>(p. 105)</span> names of the ideas of the parts or properties of things;
+which might be derived from the names of some things, and applied to
+others which in these respects resembled them; these are termed
+adjectives, as rosy cheek, manly voice, beastly action; and seem at
+first to have been formed simply by a change of termination of their
+correspondent substantives. The comparative degrees of greater and
+less were found so frequently necessary to be suggested, that a change
+of termination even in our language for this purpose was produced; and
+is as frequently used as an additional word, as wiser or more wise.</p>
+
+<p>The expression of general similitude, as well as partial similitude,
+becomes so frequently used in conversation, that another kind of
+adjective, called an adverb, was expressed by a change of termination,
+or addition of the syllable ly or like; and as adjectives of the
+former kind are applied to substantives, and express a partial
+similitude, these are applied to verbs and express a general
+similitude, as to act heroically, to speak boldly, to think freely.</p>
+
+<p>The perpetual chain of causes and effects, which constitute the
+motions, or changing configurations, of the universe, are so
+conveniently divided into active and passive, for expressing the
+exertions or purposes of common life, that it became particularly
+convenient in all languages to substitute changes of termination,
+instead of additional nouns, to express, whether the thing spoken of
+was in a state of acting or of being acted upon. This change of
+termination betokening action or suffering constitutes the participle,
+as loving, loved; which, as it expresses a property of bodies, is
+classed amongst adjectives in the preceding pages.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the perpetual allusions to the active or passive state of
+things, the comparative times of these motions, or changes, were also
+perpetually required to be expressed; it was therefore found
+convenient in all languages to suggest them by changes of terminations
+in preference to doing it by additional nouns. At the same time the
+actual or real existence of the thing spoken of was perpetually
+required, as well as the times of their existence, and the active or
+passive state of that existence. And as no conversation could be
+carried on without unceasingly alluding to these circumstances, they
+became in all languages suggested by changes of termination; which are
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_106" name="page_n_106"></a>(p. 106)</span> termed moods and tenses in grammars, and convert the
+participle above mentioned into a verb; as that participle had
+originally been formed by adding a termination to a noun, as chaining,
+and chained, from chain.</p>
+
+<p>The great variety of changes of termination in all languages consists
+therefore of abbreviations used instead of additional words; and adds
+much to the conciseness of language, and the quickness with which we
+are enabled to communicate our ideas; and may be said to add
+unnumbered wings to every limb of the God of Eloquence.</p>
+
+<a id="notes15" name="notes15"></a>
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_107" name="page_n_107"></a>(p. 107)</span> ADDITIONAL NOTES. XV.<br>
+
+ANALYSIS OF ARTICULATE SOUNDS.</h4>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+  The tongue, the lips articulate; the throat<br>
+  With soft vibration modulates the note.<br>
+<span class="left50"><span class="smcap">Canto III.</span> l. 367.</span></p>
+
+<p class="p2">Having explained in the preceding account of the theory of language
+that it consists solely of nouns, or the names of ideas, disposed in
+succession or combination; I shall now attempt to investigate the
+number of the articulate sounds, which constitute those names of ideas
+by their successions and combinations; and to show by what parts of
+the organs of speech they are modulated and articulated; whence may be
+deduced the precise number of letters or symbols necessary to suggest
+those sounds, and form an alphabet, which may spell with accuracy the
+words of all languages.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">I. <i>Imperfections of the present Alphabet.</i></p>
+
+<p>It is much to be lamented, that the alphabet, which has produced and
+preserved almost all the improvements in other arts and sciences,
+should have itself received no improvement in modern times; which have
+added so much elucidation to almost every branch of knowledge, that
+can meliorate the condition of humanity. Thus in our present alphabets
+many letters are redundant, others are wanted; some simple articulate
+sounds have two letters to suggest them; and in other instances two
+articulate sounds are suggested by one letter. Some of these
+imperfections in the alphabet of our own language shall be enumerated.</p>
+
+
+<ul>
+<li><span class="min15em"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_108" name="page_n_108"></a>(p. 108)</span> X. Thus the letter x</span> is compounded of ks, or of gz, as
+     in the words excellent, example: eksellent, egzample.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">C. is sometimes k,</span> at other times s, as in the word access.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">G. is a single letter in go;</span> and suggests the letters d and the
+     French J in pigeon.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">Qu is kw,</span> as quality is kwality.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">NG in the words</span> long and in king is a simple sound like the
+     French n, and wants a new character.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">SH is a simple sound,</span> and wants a new character.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">TH is either sibilant</span> as in thigh; or semivocal as in thee; both
+     of which are simple sounds, and want two new characters.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">J French exists</span> in our words confu<i>si</i>on, and conclusion, judge,
+     pigeon, and wants a character.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">J consonant</span>, in our language, expresses the letters d, and the
+     French j conjoined, as in John, Djon.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">CH is either</span> k as in Arch-angel, or is used for a sound
+     compounded of Tsh, as in Children, Tshildren.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">GL is dl,</span> as Glove is pronounced by polite people dlove.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">CL is tl,</span> as Cloe is pronounced by polite speakers Tloe.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>The spelling of our language in respect to the pronunciation is also
+wonderfully defective, though perhaps less so than that of the French;
+as the words slaughter and laughter are pronounced totally different,
+though spelt alike. The word sough, now pronounced suff, was formerly
+called sow; whence the iron fused and received into a sough acquired
+the name of sowmetal; and that received into less soughs from the
+former one obtained the name of pigs of iron or of lead; from the pun
+on the word sough, into sow and pigs. Our word jealousies contains all
+the vowels, though three of them only were necessary; nevertheless in
+the two words abstemiously and facetiously the vowels exist all of
+them in their usual order, and are pronounced in their most usual
+manner.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the vowels of our language are diphthongs, and consist of two
+vocal sounds, or vowels, pronounced in quick succession; these
+diphthongs are discovered by prolonging the sound, and observing, if
+the ending of it be different from the beginning; thus the vowel i in
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_109" name="page_n_109"></a>(p. 109)</span> in our language, as in the word high, if drawn put ends in
+the sound of the letter e as used in English; which is expressed by
+the letter i in most other languages: and the sound of this vowel i
+begins with ah, and consists therefore of ah and ee. Whilst the
+diphthong on in our language, as in the word how, begins with ah also
+and ends in oo, and the vowel u of our language, as in the word use,
+is likewise a diphthong; which begins with e and ends with oo, as eoo.
+The French u is also a diphthong compounded of a and oo, as aoo. And
+many other defects and redundancies in our alphabet will be seen by
+perusing the subsequent structure of a more perfect one.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">II. <i>Production of Sounds.</i></p>
+
+<p>By our organ of hearing we perceive the vibrations of the air; which
+vibrations are performed in more or in less time, which constitutes
+high or low notes in respect to the gammut; but the tone depends on
+the kind of instrument which produces them. In speaking of articulate
+sounds they may be conveniently divided first into clear continued
+sounds, expressed by the letters called vowels; secondly, Into hissing
+sounds, expressed by the letters called sibilants; thirdly, Into
+semivocal sounds, which consist of a mixture of the two former; and,
+lastly, Into interrupted sounds, represented by the letters properly
+termed consonants.</p>
+
+<p>The clear continued sounds are produced by the streams of air passing
+from the lungs in respiration through the larynx; which is furnished
+with many small muscles, which by their action give a proper tension
+to the extremity of this tube; and the sounds, I suppose, are produced
+by the opening and closing of its aperture; something like the trumpet
+stop of an organ, as may be observed by blowing through the wind-pipe
+of a dead goose.</p>
+
+<p>These sounds would all be nearly similar except in their being an
+octave or two higher or lower; but they are modulated again, or
+acquire various tones, in their passage through the mouth; which thus
+converts them into eight vowels, as will be explained below.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_110" name="page_n_110"></a>(p. 110)</span> The hissing sounds are produced by air forcibly pushed
+through certain passages of the mouth without being previously
+rendered sonorous by the larynx; and obtain their sibilancy from their
+slower vibrations, occasioned by the mucous membrane, which lines
+those apertures or passages, being less tense than that of the larynx.
+I suppose the stream of air is in both cases frequently interrupted by
+the closing of the sides or mouth of the passages or aperture; but
+that this is performed much slower in the production of sibilant
+sounds, than in the production of clear ones.</p>
+
+<p>The semivocal sounds are produced by the stream of air having received
+quick vibrations, or clear sound, in passing through the larynx, or in
+the cavity of the mouth; but apart of it, as the outsides of this
+sonorous current of air, afterwards receives slower vibrations, or
+hissing sound, from some other passages of the lips or mouth, through
+which it then flows. Lastly the stops, or consonants, impede the
+current of air, whether sonorous or sibilant, for a perceptible time;
+and probably produce some change of tone in the act of opening and
+closing their apertures.</p>
+
+<p>There are other clear sounds besides those formed by the larynx; some
+of them are formed in the mouth, as may be heard previous to the
+enunciation of the letters b, and d, and ga; or during the
+pronunciation of the semivocal letters, v. z. j. and others in
+sounding the liquid letters r and l; these sounds we shall term
+orisonance. The other clear sounds are formed in the nostrils, as in
+pronouncing the liquid letters m, n, and ng, these we shall term
+narisonance.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the clear sounds, except those above mentioned, are formed in the
+larynx along with the musical height or lowness of note; but receive
+afterward a variation of tone from the various passages of the mouth:
+add to these that as the sibilant sounds consist of vibrations slower
+than those formed by the larynx, so a whistling through the lips
+consists of vibrations quicker than those formed by the larynx.</p>
+
+<p>As all sound consists in the vibrations of the air, it may not be
+disagreeable to the reader to attend to the immediate causes of those
+vibrations. When any sudden impulse is given to an elastic fluid like
+the air, it acquires a progressive motion of the whole, and a
+condensation of the constituent particles, which first receive the
+impulse; on <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_111" name="page_n_111"></a>(p. 111)</span> this account the currents of the atmosphere in
+stormy seasons are never regular, but blow and cease to blow by
+intervals; as a part of the moving stream is condensed by the
+projectile force; and the succeeding part, being consequently
+rarefied, requires some time to recover its density, and to follow the
+former part: this elasticity of the air is likewise the cause of
+innumerable eddies in it; which are much more frequent than in streams
+of water; as when it is impelled against any oblique plane, it results
+with its elastic force added to its progressive one.</p>
+
+<p>Hence when a vacuum is formed in the atmosphere, the sides of the
+cavity forcibly rush together both by the general pressure of the
+superincumbent air, and by the expansion of the elastic particles of
+it; and thus produce a vibration of the atmosphere to a considerable
+distance: this occurs, whether this vacuity of air be occasioned by
+the discharge of cannon, in which the air is displaced by the sudden
+evolution of heat, which as suddenly vanishes; or whether the vacuity
+be left by a vibrating string, as it returns from each side of the
+arc, in which it vibrates; or whether it be left under the lid of the
+valve in the trumpet stop of an organ, or of a child's play trumpet,
+which continues perpetually to open and close, when air is blown
+through it; which is caused by the elasticity of the currents, as it
+occasions the pausing gusts of wind mentioned above.</p>
+
+<p>Hence when a quick current of air is suddenly broken by any
+intervening body, a vacuum is produced by the momentum of the
+proceeding current, between it and the intervening body; as beneath
+the valve of the trumpet-stop above mentioned; and a vibration is in
+consequence produced; which with the great facility, which elastic
+fluids possess of forming eddies, may explain the production of sounds
+by blowing through a fissure upon a sharp edge in a common organ-pipe
+or child's whistle; which has always appeared difficult to resolve;
+for the less vibration an organ-pipe itself possesses, the more
+agreeable, I am informed, is the tone; as the tone is produced by the
+vibration of the air in the organ pipe, and not by that of the sides
+of it; though the latter, when it exists, may alter the tone though,
+not the note, like the belly of a harpsichord, or violin.</p>
+
+<p>When a stream of air is blown on the edge of the aperture of an
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_112" name="page_n_112"></a>(p. 112)</span> organ-pipe about two thirds of it are believed to pass on
+the outside of this edge, and one third to pass on the inside of it;
+but this current of air on the inside forms an eddy, whether the
+bottom of the pipe be closed or not; which eddy returns upwards, and
+strikes by quick intervals against the original stream of air, as it
+falls on the edge of the aperture, and forces outwards this current of
+air with quick repetitions, so as to make more than two thirds of it,
+and less than two thirds alternately pass on the outside; whence a
+part of this stream of air, on each side of the edge of the aperture
+is perpetually stopped by that edge; and thus a vacuum and vibration
+in consequence, are reciprocally produced on each side of the edge of
+the aperture.</p>
+
+<p>The quickness or slowness of these vibrations constitute the higher
+and lower notes of music, but they all of them are propagated to
+distant places in the same time; as the low notes of a distant ring of
+bells are heard in equal times with the higher ones: hence in speaking
+at a distance from the auditors, the clear sounds produced in the
+larynx by the quick vibrations of its aperture, which form the vowels;
+the tremulous sounds of the L. R. M. N. NG. which are owing to
+vibrations of certain apertures of the mouth and nose, and are so
+slow, that the intervals between them are perceived; the sibilant
+sounds, which I suppose are occasioned by the air not rushing into a
+complete vacuum, whence the vibrations produced are defective in
+velocity; and lastly the very high notes made by the quickest
+vibrations of the lips in whistling; are all heard in due succession
+without confusion; as the progressive motions of all sounds I believe
+travel with equal velocity, notwithstanding the greater or less
+quickness of their vibrations.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">III. <span class="smcap">Structure of the Alphabet.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Mute and antesonant Consonants, and nasal Liquids.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><span class="min15em">P. If the lips</span> be pressed close together and some air be
+     condensed in the mouth behind them, on opening the lips the mute
+     consonant P begins a syllable; if the lips be closed suddenly
+     during the passage of a current of air through them, the air
+     becomes <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_113" name="page_n_113"></a>(p. 113)</span> condensed in the mouth behind them, and the
+     mute consonant P terminates a syllable.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">B. If in</span> the above situation of the lips a sound is previously
+     produced in the mouth, which may be termed orisonance, the
+     semisonant consonant B is produced, which like the letter P above
+     described may begin or terminate a syllable.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">M. In the above</span> situation of the lips, if a sound is produced
+     through the nostrils, which sound is termed narisonance, the
+     nasal letter M is formed; the sound of which may be lengthened in
+     pronunciation like those of the vowels.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">T. If the point</span> of the tongue be applied to the forepart of the
+     palate, at the roots of the upper teeth, and some air condensed
+     in the mouth behind, on withdrawing the tongue downwards the mute
+     consonant T is formed; which may begin or terminate a syllable.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">D. If the tongue</span> be placed as above described, and a sound be
+     previously produced in the mouth, the semisonant consonant D is
+     formed, which may begin or terminate a syllable.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">N. If in the above</span> situation of the tongue and palate a sound be
+     produced through the nostrils, the nasal letter N is formed, the
+     sound of which may be elongated like those of the vowels.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">K. If the point</span> of the tongue be retracted, and applied to the
+     middle part of the palate; and some air condensed in the mouth
+     behind; on withdrawing the tongue downwards the mute consonant K
+     is produced, which may begin or terminate a syllable.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">Ga. If in the above</span> situation of the tongue and palate a sound be
+     previously produced in the mouth behind, the semisonant consonant
+     G is formed, as pronounced in the word go, and may begin or
+     terminate a syllable.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">NG. If in the above</span> situation of the tongue and palate a sound be
+     produced through the nostrils; the nasal letter ng is produced,
+     as in king and throng; which is the french n, the sound of which
+     may be elongated like a vowel; and should have an appropriated
+     character, as thus <i>v</i>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Three of these letters, P, T, K, are stops to the stream of vocal air,
+and are called mutes by grammarians; three, B, D, Ga, are preceded by
+a little orisonance; and three, M, N, NG, possess continued
+narisonance, and have been called liquids by grammarians.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_114" name="page_n_114"></a>(p. 114)</span> <i>Sibilants and Sonisibilants.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><span class="min15em">W. Of the Germans;</span> if the lips be appressed together, as
+     informing the letter P; and air from the mouth be forced between
+     them; the W sibilant is produced, as pronounced by the Germans,
+     and by some of the inferiour people of London, and ought to have
+     an appropriated character as thus &#653;.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">W. If in the above</span> situation of the lips a sound be produced in
+     the mouth, as in the letter B, and the sonorous air be forced
+     between them; the sonisibilant letter W is produced; which is the
+     common W of our language.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">F. If the lower lip</span> be appressed to the edges of the upper teeth,
+     and air from the mouth be forced between them, the sibilant
+     letter F is formed.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">V. If in the above</span> situation of the lip and teeth a sound be
+     produced in the mouth, and the sonorous air be forced between
+     them, the sonisibilant letter V is formed.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">Th. Sibilant.</span> If the point of the tongue be placed between the
+     teeth, and air from the mouth be forced between them, the Th
+     sibilant is produced, as in thigh, and should have a proper
+     character, as &#934;.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">Th. Sonisibilant.</span> If in the above situation of the tongue and
+     teeth a sound be produced in the mouth, and the sonorous air be
+     forced between them, the sonisibilant Th is formed, as in Thee;
+     and should have an appropriated character as &#920;.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">S. If the point</span> of the tongue be appressed to the forepart of the
+     palate, as in forming the letter T, and air from the mouth be
+     forced between them, the sibilant letter S is produced.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">Z. If in the above</span> situation of the tongue and palate a sound be
+     produced in the mouth, as in the letter D, and the sonorous air
+     be forced between them, the sonisibilant letter Z is formed.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">SH. If the point</span> of the tongue be retracted and applied to the
+     middle part of the palate, as in forming the letter K, and air
+     from the mouth be forced between them, the letter Sh is produced,
+     which is a simple sound and ought to have a single character,
+     thus <i>&#955;</i>.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">J. French.</span> If in the above situation of the tongue and palate a
+     sound be produced in the mouth, as in the letter Ga; and the
+     <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_115" name="page_n_115"></a>(p. 115)</span> sonorous air be forced between them; the J consonant of
+     the French is formed; which is a sonisibilant letter, as in the
+     word conclusion, confusion, pigeon; it should be called Je, and
+     should have a different character from the vowel i, with which it
+     has an analogy, as thus <i>V</i>.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">H. If the back part</span> of the tongue be appressed to the pendulous
+     curtain of the palate and uvula; and air from behind be forced
+     between them; the sibilant letter H is produced.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">Ch Spanish.</span> If in the above situation of the tongue and palate a
+     sound be produced behind; and the sonorous air be forced between
+     them; the Ch Spanish is formed; which is a sonisibilant letter,
+     the same as the Ch Scotch in the words Bu<i>ch</i>anan and lo<i>ch</i>: it
+     is also perhaps the Welsh guttural expressed by their double L as
+     in Lloyd, Lluellen; it is a simple sound, and ought to have a
+     single character as
+<img src="images/297.jpg" width="20" height="16" alt="H on its side." title=""></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>The sibilant and sonisibilant letters may be elongated in
+pronunciation like the vowels; the sibilancy is probably occasioned by
+the vibrations of the air being slower than those of the lowest
+musical notes. I have preferred the word sonisibilants to the word
+semivocal sibilants; as the sounds of these sonisibilants are formedlambda Eta &#955;
+in different apertures of the mouth, and not in the larynx like the
+vowels.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><i>Orisonant Liquids.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><span class="min15em">R. If the point</span> of the tongue be appressed to the forepart of the
+     palate, as in forming the letters T, D, N, S, Z, and air be
+     pushed between them so as to produce continued sound, the letter
+     R is formed.</li>
+
+<li><span class="min15em">L. If the retracted</span> tongue be appressed to the middle of the
+     palate, as in forming the letters K, Ga, NG, Sh, J French, and
+     air be pushed over its edges so as to produce continued sound,
+     the letter L is formed.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>The nasal letters m, n, and ng, are clear tremulous sounds like R and
+L, and have all of them been called liquids by grammarians. Besides
+the R and L, above described, there is another orisonant sound
+produced by the lips in whistling; which is not used in this <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_116" name="page_n_116"></a>(p. 116)</span>
+country as a part of language, and has therefore obtained no
+character, but is analogous to the R and L; it is also possible, that
+another orisonant letter may be formed by the back part of the tongue
+and back part of the palate, as in pronouncing H and Ch, which may
+perhaps be the Welch Ll in Lloyd, Lluellin.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><i>Four pairs of Vowels.</i></p>
+
+<p>A pronounced like au, as in the word call. If the aperture, made by
+approximating the back part of the tongue to the uvula and pendulous
+curtain of the palate, as in forming the sibilant letter H, and the
+sonisibilant letter Ch Spanish, be enlarged just so much as to prevent
+sibilancy; and a continued sound produced by the larynx be modulated
+in passing through it; the letter A is formed, as in ball, wall, which
+is sounded like aw in the word awkward; and is the most usual sound of
+the letter A in foreign languages; and to distinguish it from the
+succeeding A might be called A micron; as the aperture of the fauces,
+where it is produced, is less than in the next A.</p>
+
+<p>A pronounced like ah, as in the word hazard. If the aperture of the
+fauces above described, between the back part of the tongue and the
+back part of the palate, be enlarged as much as convenient, and a
+continued sound, produced in the larynx, be modulated in passing
+through it; the letter A is formed, as in animal, army, and ought to
+have an appropriated character in our language, as thus &#8704;.
+As this letter A is formed by a larger aperture than
+the former one, it may be called A mega.</p>
+
+<p>A pronounced as in the words cake, ale. If the retracted tongue by
+approximation to the middle part of the palate, as in forming the
+letters R, Ga, NG, Sh, J French, L, leaves an aperture just so large
+as to prevent sibilancy, and sonorous air from the larynx be modulated
+in passing through it; the letter A is produced, as pronounced in the
+words whale, sale, and ought to have an appropriated character in our
+language, as thus
+<img src="images/298.jpg" width="15" height="23" alt="handwritten turned e" title="">;
+this is expressed by
+the letter E in some modern languages, and might be termed E micron;
+as it is formed by a less aperture of the mouth than the succeeding E.</p>
+
+<p>E pronounced like the vowel a, when short, as in the words <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_117" name="page_n_117"></a>(p. 117)</span>
+emblem, dwelling. If the aperture above described between the
+retracted tongue and the middle of the palate be enlarged as much as
+convenient, and sonorous air from the larynx be modulated in passing
+through it, the letter E is formed, as in the words egg, herring; and
+as it is pronounced in most foreign languages, and might be called E
+mega to distinguish it from the preceding E.</p>
+
+<p>I pronounced like e in keel. If the point of the tongue by
+approximation to the forepart of the palate, as in forming the letters
+T, D, N, S, Z, R, leaves an aperture just so large as to prevent
+sibilancy, and sonorous air from the larynx be modulated in passing
+through it; the vowel I is produced, which is in our language
+generally represented by e when long, as in the word keel; and by i
+when, short, as in the word it, which is the sound of this letter in
+most foreign languages; and may be called E micron to distinguish it
+from the succeeding E or Y.</p>
+
+<p>Y, when it begins a word, as in youth. If the aperture above described
+between the point of the tongue, and the forepart of the palate be
+enlarged as much as convenient, and sonorous air from the larynx be
+modulated in passing through it, the letter Y is formed; which, when
+it begins a word, has been called Y consonant by some, and by others
+has been thought only a quick pronunciation of our e, or the i of
+foreign languages; as in the word year, yellow; and may be termed E
+mega, as it is formed by a larger aperture than the preceding e or i.</p>
+
+<p>O pronounced like oo, as in the word fool. If the lips by
+approximation to each other, as in forming the letters P, B, M, W
+sibilant, W sonisibilant, leave an aperture just so wide as to prevent
+sibilancy; and sonorous air from the larynx be modulated in passing
+through it; the letter O is formed, as in the words cool, school, and
+ought to have an appropriated character as thus &#8734;,
+and may be termed o micron to distinguish it from
+the succeeding o.</p>
+
+<p>O pronounced as in the word cold. If the aperture above described
+between the approximated lips be enlarged as much as convenient; and
+sonorous air from the larynx be modulated in passing through it, the
+letter o is formed, as in sole, coal, which may be termed o mega, as
+it is formed in a larger aperture than the preceding one.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_118" name="page_n_118"></a>(p. 118)</span> <i>Conclusion.</i></p>
+
+<p>The alphabet appears from this analysis of it to consist of thirty-one
+letters, which spell all European languages.</p>
+
+<p>Three mute consonants, P, T, K.</p>
+
+<p>Three antesonant consonants, B, D, Ga.</p>
+
+<p>Three narisonant liquids, M, N, NG.</p>
+
+<p>Six sibilants, W German, F, Th, S, Sh, H.</p>
+
+<p>Six sonisibilants, W, V, Th, Z, J French, Ch Spanish.</p>
+
+<p>Two orisonant liquids, R, L.</p>
+
+<p>Eight vowels, Aw, ah, a, e, i, y, oo, o.</p>
+
+<p>To these thirty-one characters might perhaps be added one for the
+Welsh L, and another for whistling with the lips; and it is possible,
+that some savage nations, whose languages are said to abound with
+gutturals, may pronounce a mute consonant, as well as an antesonant
+one, and perhaps another narisonant letter, by appressing the back
+part of the tongue to the back part of the palate, as in pronouncing
+the H, and Ch Spanish.</p>
+
+<p>The philosophical reader will perceive that these thirty-one sounds
+might be expressed by fewer characters referring to the manner of
+their production. As suppose one character was to express the
+antesonance of B, D, Ga; another the orisonance of R, L; another the
+sibilance of W, S, Sh, H; another the sonisibilance of W, Z, J French,
+Ch Spanish; another to express the more open vowels; another the less
+open vowels; for which the word micron is here used, and for which the
+word mega is here used.</p>
+
+<p>Then the following characters only might be necessary to express them
+all; P alone, or with antesonance B; with narisonance M; with
+sibilance W German; with sonisibilance W; with vocality, termed micron
+OO; with vocality, termed mega O.</p>
+
+<p>T alone, or with the above characters added to it, would in the same
+manner suggest D, N, S, Z, EE, Y, and R with a mark for orisonance.</p>
+
+<p>K alone, or with the additional characters, would suggest Ga, NG, Sh,
+J French, A, E, and L, with a mark for orisonance.</p>
+
+<p>F alone, or with a mark for sonisibilance, V.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_119" name="page_n_119"></a>(p. 119)</span> Th alone, or with a mark for sonisibilance, Th.</p>
+
+<p>H alone, or with a mark for sonisibilance, Ch Spanish, and with a mark
+for less open vocality, aw, with another for more open vocality ah.</p>
+
+<p>Whence it appears that six single characters, for the letters P, T, K,
+F, Th, H, with seven additional marks joined to them for antesonance,
+narisonance, orisonance, sibilance, sonisibilance, less open vocality,
+and more open vocality; being in all but thirteen characters, may
+spell all the European languages.</p>
+
+<p>I have found more difficulty in analyzing the vowels than the other
+letters; as the apertures, through which they are modulated, do not
+close; and it was therefore less easy to ascertain exactly, in what
+part of the mouth they were modulated; but recollecting that those
+parts of the mouth must be more ready to use for the purpose of
+forming the vowels, which were in the habit of being exerted in
+forming the other letters; I rolled up some tin foil into cylinders
+about the size of my finger; and speaking the vowels separately
+through them, found by the impressions made on them, in what part of
+the mouth each of the vowels was formed with somewhat greater
+accuracy, but not so as perfectly to satisfy myself.</p>
+
+<p>The parts of the mouth appeared to me to be those in which the letters
+P, I, K, and H, are produced; as those, where the letters F and Th are
+formed, do not suit the production of mute or antesonant consonants;
+as the interstices of the teeth would occasion some sibilance; and
+these apertures are not adapted to the formation of vowels on the same
+account.</p>
+
+<p>The two first vowels aw and ah being modulated in the back part of the
+mouth, it is necessary to open wide the lips and other passages of the
+mouth in pronouncing them; that those passages may not again alter
+their tone; and that more so in pronouncing ah, than aw; as the
+aperture of the fauces is opened wider, where it is formed, and from
+the greater or less size of these apertures used in forming the vowels
+by different persons, the tone of all of them may be somewhat altered
+as spoken by different orators.</p>
+
+<p>I have treated with greater confidence on the formation of articulate
+sounds, as I many years ago gave considerable attention to this
+subject for the purpose of improving shorthand; at that time I
+contrived <span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_120" name="page_n_120"></a>(p. 120)</span> a wooden mouth with lips of soft leather, and with
+a valve over the back part of it for nostrils, both which could be
+quickly opened or closed by the pressure of the fingers, the vocality
+was given by a silk ribbon about an inch long and a quarter of an inch
+wide stretched between two bits of smooth wood a little hollowed; so
+that when a gentle current of air from bellows was blown on the edge
+of the ribbon, it gave an agreeable tone, as it vibrated between the
+wooden sides, much like a human voice. This head pronounced the p, b,
+m, and the vowel a, with so great nicety as to deceive all who heard
+it unseen, when it pronounced the words mama, papa, map, and pam; and
+had a most plaintive tone, when the lips were gradually closed. My
+other occupations prevented me from proceeding in the further
+construction of this machine; which might have required but thirteen
+movements, as shown in the above analysis, unless some variety of
+musical note was to be added to the vocality produced in the larynx;
+all of which movements might communicate with the keys of a
+harpsichord or forte piano, and perform the song as well as the
+accompaniment; or which if built in a gigantic form, might speak so
+loud as to command an army or instruct a crowd.</p>
+
+<p>I conclude this with an agreeable hope, that now war is ceased, the
+active and ingenious of all nations will attend again to those
+sciences, which better the condition of human nature; and that the
+alphabet will undergo a perfect reformation, which may indeed make it
+more difficult to trace the etymologies of words, but will much
+facilitate the acquisition of modern languages; which as science
+improves and becomes more generally diffused, will gradually become
+more distinct and accurate than the ancient ones; as metaphors will
+cease to be necessary in conversation, and only be used as the
+ornaments of poetry.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">THE END.</p>
+
+<a id="appen_n_1" name="appen_n_1"></a>
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_121" name="page_n_121"></a>(p. 121)</span> CONTENTS OF THE ADDITIONAL NOTES.</h4>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">NOTE I. SPONTANEOUS VITALITY OF MICROSCOPIC ANIMALS.</p>
+
+<p>I. Spontaneous vital production not contrary to scripture; to be
+looked for only in the simplest organic beings; supposed want of
+analogy no argument against it, as this equally applies to all new
+discoveries. II. The power of reproduction distinguishes organic
+beings; which are gradually enlarged and improved by it. III.
+Microscopic animals produced from all vegetable and animal infusions;
+generate others like themselves by solitary reproduction; not produced
+from eggs; conferva fontinalis; mucor. IV. Theory of spontaneous
+vitality. Animal nutrition; vegetable; some organic particles have
+appetencies to unite, others propensities to be united; buds of trees;
+sexual reproduction: analogy between generation and nutrition; laws of
+elasticity not understood; dead animalcules recover life by heat and
+moisture; chaos redivivum; vorticella; shell-snails; eggs and seeds:
+hydra. Classes of microscopic animals; general remarks.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">NOTE II. FACULTIES OF THE SENSORIUM.</p>
+
+<p>Fibres possess a power of contraction; spirit of animation immediate
+cause of their contracting; stimulus of external bodies the remote
+cause; stimulus produces irritation; due contraction occasions
+pleasure; too much, or too little, pain; sensation produces desire or
+aversion, which constitute volition: associated motions; irritation;
+sensation; volition; association; sensorium.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">NOTE III. VOLCANOES.</p>
+
+<p>Their explosions occasioned by water falling on boiling lava; primeval
+earthquakes of great extent; more elastic vapours might raise islands
+and continents, or even throw the moon from the earth; stones falling
+from the sky; earthquake at, Lisbon; subterraneous fires under this
+island.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_122" name="page_n_122"></a>(p. 122)</span> NOTE IV. MUSQUITO.</p>
+
+<p>The larva lives chiefly in water; it may be driven away by smoke;
+gnats; libelulla; æstros bovis; bolts: musca chamæleon; vomitoria.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">NOTE V. AMPHIBIOUS ANIMALS.</p>
+
+<p>Diodon has both lungs and gills; some amphibious quadrupeds have the
+foramen ovale open; perhaps it may be kept open in dogs by frequent
+immersion so as to render them amphibious; pearl divers; distinctions
+of amphibious animals; lamprey, leech; remora; whale.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">NOTE VI. HIEROGLYPHIC CHARACTERS.</p>
+
+<p>Used by the magi of Egypt to record discoveries in science, and
+historical events; astrology an early superstition; universal
+characters desirable; Grey's Memoria Technica; Bergeret's Botanical
+Nomenclature; Bishop Wilkins's Real Character and Philosophical
+Language.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">NOTE VII. OLD AGE AND DEATH.</p>
+
+<p>I. Immediate cause of the infirmities of age not yet well ascertained;
+must be sought in the laws of animal excitability; debility induced by
+inactivity of many parts of the system; organs of sense become less
+excitable; this ascribed to habit; may arise from deficient secretion
+of sensorial power; all parts of the system not changed as we advance
+in life. II. Means of preventing old age; warm bath; fishes;
+cold-blooded amphibious animals; fermented liquors injurious; also
+want of heat, food, and fresh air; variation of stimuli; volition;
+activity. III. Theory of the approach of age; surprise: novelty; why
+contagious diseases affect a person but once; debility; death.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">NOTE VIII. REPRODUCTION.</p>
+
+<p>I. Distinguishes animation from mechanism; solitary and sexual; buds
+and bulbs; aphises; tenia; volvox; polypus; oyster; eel;
+hermaphrodites. II. Sexual. III. Inferior vegetables and animals
+propagate by solitary generation only; next order by both; superior by
+sexual generation alone. IV. Animals are improved by reproduction;
+contagious diseases; reproduction a mystery.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_123" name="page_n_123"></a>(p. 123)</span> NOTE IX. STORGE.</p>
+
+<p>Pelicans; pigeons; instincts of animals acquired by a previous state,
+and transmitted by tradition; parental love originates from pleasure.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">NOTE X. EVE FROM ADAM'S RIB.</p>
+
+<p>Mosaic history of Paradise supposed by some to be an allegory;
+Egyptian philosophers, and others, supposed mankind to have been
+originally of both sexes united.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">NOTE XI. HEREDITARY DISEASES.</p>
+
+<p>Most affect the offspring of solitary reproduction: grafted trees,
+strawberries, potatoes; changing seed; intermarriages; hereditary
+diseases owing to indulgence in fermented liquors; immoderate use of
+common salt; improvement of progeny; hazardous to marry an heiress.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">NOTE XII. CHEMICAL THEORY OF ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM.</p>
+
+<p>I. Attraction and repulsion. II. Two kinds of electric ether;
+atmospheres of electricity surround all separate bodies; atmospheres
+of similar kinds repel, of different kinds attract each other
+strongly; explode on uniting; nonconductors; imperfect conductors;
+perfect conductors; torpedo, gymnotus, galvanism. III. Effect of
+metallic points. IV. Accumulation of electric ethers by contact. V. By
+vicinity; Volta's electrophorus and Rennet's doubler. VI. By heat and
+by decomposition; the tourmalin; cats; galvanic pile; evaporation of
+water. VII. The spark from the conductor; electric light; not
+accounted for by Franklin's theory. VIII. Shock from a coated jar;
+perhaps an unrestrainable ethereal fluid yet unobserved; electric
+condensation. IX. Galvanic electricity. X. Two magnetic ethers;
+analogy between magnetism and electricity; differences between them.
+XI. Conclusion.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">NOTE XIII. ANALYSIS OF TASTE.</p>
+
+<p>Taste may signify the pleasures received by any of the senses, but not
+those which simply attend perception; four sources of pleasure in
+vision. I. Novelty or infrequency of visible objects; surprise. II.
+Repetition; beating of a drum; dancing; architecture; landscapes;
+picturesque; beautiful; romantic; sublime. III. Melody of colours. IV.
+Association of agreeable sentiments with visible objects; vision the
+language of touch; sentiment of beauty.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page_n_124" name="page_n_124"></a>(p. 124)</span> NOTE XIV. THEORY AND STRUCTURE OF LANGUAGE.</p>
+
+<p>Ideas; words the names or symbols of ideas. I. Conjunctions and
+prepositions; abbreviations of other words. II. Nouns substantive.
+III. Adjectives, articles; participles, adverbs. IV. Verbs;
+progressive production of language.</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">NOTE XV. ANALYSIS OF ARTICULATE SOUNDS.</p>
+
+<p>I. Imperfections of the present alphabet; of our orthography. II.
+Production of sounds. III. Structure of the alphabet; mute and
+antesonant consonants, and nasal liquids; sibilants and sonisibilants;
+orisonant liquids; four pairs of vowels; alphabet consists of
+thirty-one letters; speaking figure.</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p class="p2 center">ERRATUM.</p>
+
+<p>Additional Notes, p. 43, l. 3, for Canto II, l. 129, read Canto II, l.
+165.</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p class="p4 center">T. Bensley, Printer, Bolt Court; Fleet Street, London.</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<h4>Footnotes</h4>
+<p><a id="canto1_l36" name="canto1_l36"></a>
+<i>Cradle of the world</i>, l. 36. The nations, which possess
+Europe and a part of Asia and of Africa, appear to have descended from
+one family; and to have had their origin near the banks of the
+Mediterranean, as probably in Syria, the site of Paradise, according
+to the Mosaic history. This seems highly probable from the similarity
+of the structure of the languages of these nations, and from their
+early possession of similar religions, customs, and arts, as well as
+from the most ancient histories extant. The two former of these may be
+collected from Lord Monboddo's learned work on the Origin of Language,
+and from Mr. Bryant's curious account of Ancient Mythology.</p>
+
+<p>The use of iron tools, of the bow and arrow, of earthen vessels to
+boil water in, of wheels for carriages, and the arts of cultivating
+wheat, of coagulating milk for cheese, and of spinning vegetable
+fibres for clothing, have been known in all European countries, as
+long as their histories have existed; besides the similarity of the
+texture of their languages, and of many words in them; thus the word
+sack is said to mean a bag in all of them, as &#963;&#945;&#954;&#954;&#959;&#957; in
+Greek, saccus in Latin, sacco in Italian, sac in French, and sack in
+English and German.</p>
+
+<p>Other families of mankind, nevertheless, appear to have arisen in
+other parts of the habitable earth, as the language of the Chinese is
+said not to resemble those of this part of the world in any respect.
+And the inhabitants of the islands of the South-Sea had neither the
+use of iron tools nor of the bow, nor of wheels, nor of spinning, nor
+had learned to coagulate milk, or to boil water, though the
+domestication of fire seems to have been the first great discovery
+that distinguished mankind from the bestial inhabitants of the
+forest.<a href="#c1_l36"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l76" name="canto1_l76"></a>
+<i>Pictur'd walls</i>, l. 76. The application of mankind, in the
+early ages of society, to the imitative arts of painting, carving,
+statuary, and the casting of figures in metals, seems to have preceded
+the discovery of letters; and to have been used as a written language
+to convey intelligence to their distant friends, or to transmit to
+posterity the history of themselves, or of their discoveries. Hence
+the origin of the hieroglyphic figures which crowded the walls of the
+temples of antiquity; many of which may be seen in the tablet of Isis
+in the works of Montfaucon; and some of them are still used in the
+sciences of chemistry and astronomy, as the characters for the metals
+and planets, and the figures of animals on the celestial globe.<a href="#c1_l76"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l83" name="canto1_l83"></a>
+<i>So erst, when Proteus</i>, l. 83. It seems probable that
+Proteus was the name of a hieroglyphic figure representing Time; whose
+form was perpetually changing, and who could discover the past events
+of the world, and predict the future. Herodotus does not doubt but
+that Proteus was an Egyptian king or deity; and Orpheus calls him the
+principle of all things, and the most ancient of the gods; and adds,
+that he keeps the keys of Nature, <i>Danet's Dict.</i>, all which might
+well accord with a figure representing Time.<a href="#c1_l83"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l126" name="canto1_l126"></a>
+<i>Trophonius scoop'd</i>, l. 126. Plutarch mentions, that
+prophecies of evil events were uttered from the cave of Trophonius;
+but the allegorical story, that whoever entered this cavern were never
+again seen to smile, seems to have been designed to warn the
+contemplative from considering too much the dark side of nature. Thus
+an ancient poet is said to have written a poem on the miseries of the
+world, and to have thence become so unhappy as to destroy himself.
+When we reflect on the perpetual destruction of organic life, we
+should also recollect, that it is perpetually renewed in other forms
+by the same materials, and thus the sum total of the happiness of the
+world continues undiminished; and that a philosopher may thus smile
+again on turning his eyes from the coffins of nature to her cradles.<a href="#c1_l126"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l137" name="canto1_l137"></a>
+<i>Fam'd Eleusis stole</i>, l. 137. The Eleusinian mysteries
+were invented in Egypt, and afterwards transferred into Greece along
+with most of the other early arts and religions of Europe. They seem
+to have consisted of scenical representations of the philosophy and
+religion of those times, which had previously been painted in
+hieroglyphic figures to perpetuate them before the discovery of
+letters; and are well explained in Dr. Warburton's divine legation of
+Moses; who believes with great probability, that Virgil in the sixth
+book of the Æneid has described a part of these mysteries in his
+account of the Elysian fields.</p>
+
+<p>In the first part of this scenery was represented Death, and the
+destruction of all things; as mentioned in the note on the Portland
+Vase in the Botanic Garden. Next the marriage of Cupid and Psyche
+seems to have shown the reproduction of living nature; and afterwards
+the procession of torches, which is said to have constituted a part of
+the mysteries, probably signified the return of light, and the
+resuscitation of all things.</p>
+
+<p>Lastly, the histories of illustrious persons of the early ages seem to
+have been enacted; who were first represented by hieroglyphic figures,
+and afterwards became the gods and goddesses of Egypt, Greece, and
+Rome. Might not such a dignified pantomime be contrived, even in this
+age, as might strike the spectators with awe, and at the same time
+explain many philosophical truths by adapted imagery, and thus both
+amuse and instruct?<a href="#c1_l137"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l176" name="canto1_l176"></a>
+<i>The statued galleries</i>, l. 176. The art of painting has
+appeared in the early state of all societies before the invention of
+the alphabet. Thus when the Spanish adventurers, under Cortez, invaded
+America, intelligence of their debarkation and movements was daily
+transmitted to Montezuma, by drawings, which corresponded with the
+Egyptian hieroglyphics. The antiquity of statuary appears from the
+Memnon and sphinxes of Egypt; that of casting figures in metals from
+the golden calf of Aaron; and that of carving in wood from the idols
+or household gods, which Rachel stole from her father Laban, and hid
+beneath her garments as she sat upon the straw. Gen. c. xxxi. v. 34.<a href="#c1_l176"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l189" name="canto1_l189"></a>
+<i>Love led the Sage</i>, l. 189. This description is taken from
+the figures on the Barbarini, or Portland Vase, where Eros, or Divine
+Love, with his torch precedes the manes through the gates of Death,
+and reverting his smiling countenance invites him into the Elysian
+fields.<a href="#c1_l189"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l192" name="canto1_l192"></a>
+<i>Fawns round the God</i>, l. 192. This idea is copied from a
+painting of the descent of Orpheus, by a celebrated Parisian artist.<a href="#c1_l192"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l223" name="canto1_l223"></a>
+<i>God the first cause</i>, l. 223.</p>
+
+<p class="poem20">A Jove principium, musæ! Jovis omnia plena. <span class="smcap">Virgil.</span><br>
+  In him we live, and move, and have our being.<br>
+<span class="left50 smcap">St. Paul.</span><a href="#c1_l223"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l224" name="canto1_l224"></a>
+<i>Young Nature lisps</i>, l. 224. The perpetual production and
+increase of the strata of limestone from the shells of aquatic
+animals; and of all those incumbent on them from the recrements of
+vegetables and of terrestrial animals, are now well understood from
+our improved knowledge of geology; and show, that the solid parts of
+the globe are gradually enlarging, and consequently that it is young;
+as the fluid parts are not yet all converted into solid ones. Add to
+this, that some parts of the earth and its inhabitants appear younger
+than others; thus the greater height of the mountains of America seems
+to show that continent to be less ancient than Europe, Asia, and
+Africa; as their summits have been less washed away, and the wild
+animals of America, as the tigers and crocodiles, are said to be less
+perfect in respect to their size and strength; which would show them
+to be still in a state of infancy, or of progressive improvement.
+Lastly, the progress of mankind in arts and sciences, which continues
+slowly to extend, and to increase, seems to evince the youth of human
+society; whilst the unchanging state of the societies of some insects,
+as of the bee, wasp, and ant, which is usually ascribed to instinct,
+seems to evince the longer existence, and greater maturity of those
+societies. The juvenility of the earth shows, that it has had a
+beginning or birth, and is a strong natural argument evincing the
+existence of a cause of its production, that is of the Deity.<a href="#c1_l224"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l229" name="canto1_l229"></a>
+<i>Earths from each sun</i>, l. 229. See Botan. Garden, Vol. I.
+Cant. I. l. 107.<a href="#c1_l229"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l235" name="canto1_l235"></a>
+<i>First Heat from chemic</i>, l. 235. The matter of heat is an
+ethereal fluid, in which all things are immersed, and which
+constitutes the general power of repulsion; as appears in explosions
+which are produced by the sudden evolution of combined heat, and by
+the expansion of all bodies by the slower diffusion of it in its
+uncombined state. Without heat all the matter of the world would be
+condensed into a point by the power of attraction; and neither
+fluidity nor life could exist. There are also particular powers of
+repulsion, as those of magnetism and electricity, and of chemistry,
+such as oil and water; which last may be as numerous as the particular
+attractions which constitute chemical affinities; and may both of them
+exist as atmospheres round the individual particles of matter; see
+Botanic Garden, Vol. I. additional note VII. on elementary heat.<a href="#c1_l235"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l239" name="canto1_l239"></a>
+<i>Attraction next</i>, l. 239. The power of attraction may be
+divided into general attraction, which is called gravity; and into
+particular attraction, which is termed chemical affinity. As nothing
+can act where it does not exist, the power of gravity must be
+conceived as extending from the sun to the planets, occupying that
+immense space; and may therefore be considered as an ethereal fluid,
+though not cognizable by our senses like heat, light, and electricity.</p>
+
+<p>Particular attraction, or chemical affinity, must likewise occupy the
+spaces between the particles of matter which they cause to approach
+each other. The power of gravity may therefore be called the general
+attractive ether, and the matter of heat may be called the general
+repulsive ether; which constitute the two great agents in the changes
+of inanimate matter.<a href="#c1_l239"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l245" name="canto1_l245"></a>
+<i>And quick Contraction</i>, l. 245. The power of contraction,
+which exists in organized bodies, and distinguishes life from
+inanimation, appears to consist of an ethereal fluid which resides in
+the brain and nerves of living bodies, and is expended in the act of
+shortening their fibres. The attractive and repulsive ethers require
+only the vicinity of bodies for the exertion of their activity, but
+the contractive ether requires at first the contact of a goad or
+stimulus, which appears to draw it off from the contracting fibre, and
+to excite the sensorial power of irritation. These contractions of
+animal fibres are afterwards excited or repeated by the sensorial
+powers of sensation, volition, or association, as explained at large
+in Zoonomia, Vol. I.</p>
+
+<p>There seems nothing more wonderful in the ether of contraction
+producing the shortening of a fibre, than in the ether of attraction
+causing two bodies to approach each other. The former indeed seems in
+some measure to resemble the latter, as it probably occasions the
+minute particles of the fibre to approach into absolute or adhesive
+contact, by withdrawing from them their repulsive atmospheres; whereas
+the latter seems only to cause particles of matter to approach into
+what is popularly called contact, like the particles of fluids; but
+which are only in the vicinity of each other, and still retain their
+repulsive atmospheres, as may be seen in riding through shallow water
+by the number of minute globules of it thrown up by the horses feet,
+which roll far on its surface; and by the difficulty with which small
+globules of mercury poured on the surface of a quantity of it can be
+made to unite with it.<a href="#c1_l245"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l247" name="canto1_l247"></a>
+<i>Spontaneous birth</i>, l. 247. See additional Note, No. <a href="#notes1">I</a>.<a href="#c1_l247"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l259" name="canto1_l259"></a>
+<i>In branching cones</i>, l. 259. The whole branch of an artery
+or vein may be considered as a cone, though each distinct division of
+it is a cylinder. It is probable that the amount of the areas of all
+the small branches from one trunk may equal that of the trunk,
+otherwise the velocity of the blood would be greater in some parts
+than in others, which probably only exists when a part is compressed
+or inflamed.<a href="#c1_l259"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l262" name="canto1_l262"></a>
+<i>Absorb the refluent flood</i>, l. 262. The force of the
+arterial impulse appears to cease, after having propelled the blood
+through the capillary vessels; whence the venous circulation is owing
+to the extremities of the veins absorbing the blood, as those of the
+lymphatics absorb the fluids. The great force of absorption is well
+elucidated by Dr. Hales's experiment on the rise of the sap-juice in a
+vine-stump; see Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XXIII.<a href="#c1_l262"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l268" name="canto1_l268"></a>
+<i>And from diminish'd oceans</i>, l. 268. The increase of the
+solid parts of the globe by the recrements of organic bodies, as
+limestone rocks from shells and bones, and the beds of clay, marl,
+coals, from decomposed woods, is now well known to those who have
+attended to modern geology; and Dr. Halley, and others, have
+endeavoured to show, with great probability, that the ocean has
+decreased in quantity during the short time which human history has
+existed. Whence it appears, that the exertions of vegetable and animal
+life convert the fluid parts of the globe into solid ones; which is
+probably effected by combining the matter of heat with the other
+elements, instead of suffering it to remain simply diffused amongst
+them, which is a curious conjecture, and deserves further
+investigation.<a href="#c1_l268"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l270" name="canto1_l270"></a>
+<i>And young Sensation</i>, l. 270. Both sensation and volition
+consist in an affection of the central part of the sensorium, or of
+the whole of it; and hence cannot exist till the nerves are united in
+the brain. The motions of a limb of any animal cut from the body, are
+therefore owing to irritation, not to sensation or to volition. For
+the definitions of irritation, sensation, volition, and association,
+see additional Note <a href="#notes2">II</a>.<a href="#c1_l270"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l283" name="canto1_l283"></a>
+<i>Or Mucor-stems</i>, l. 283. Mucor or mould in its early state
+is properly a microscopic vegetable, and is spontaneously produced on
+the scum of all decomposing organic matter. The Monas is a moving
+speck, the Vibrio an undulating wire, the Proteus perpetually changes
+its shape, and the Vorticella has wheels about its mouth, with which
+it makes an eddy, and is supposed thus to draw into its throat
+invisible animalcules. These names are from Linneus and Muller; see
+<a href="#appen_n_1">Appendix to Additional Note I</a>.<a href="#c1_l283"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l295" name="canto1_l295"></a>
+<i>Beneath the shoreless waves</i>, l. 295. The earth was
+originally covered with water, as appears from some of its highest
+mountains, consisting of shells cemented together by a solution of
+part of them, as the limestone rocks of the Alps; Ferber's Travels. It
+must be therefore concluded, that animal life began beneath the sea.</p>
+
+<p>Nor is this unanalogous to what still occurs, as all quadrupeds and
+mankind in their embryon state are aquatic animals; and thus may be
+said to resemble gnats and frogs. The fetus in the uterus has an organ
+called the placenta, the fine extremities of the vessels of which
+permeate the arteries of the uterus, and the blood of the fetus
+becomes thus oxygenated from the passing stream of the maternal
+arterial blood; exactly as is done by the gills of fish from the
+stream of water, which they occasion to pass through them.</p>
+
+<p>But the chicken in the egg possesses a kind of aerial respiration,
+since the extremities of its placental vessels terminate on a
+membranous bag, which contains air, at the broad end of the egg; and
+in this the chick in the egg differs from the fetus in the womb, as
+there is in the egg no circulating maternal blood for the insertion of
+the extremities of its respiratory vessels, and in this also I suspect
+that the eggs of birds differ from the spawn of fish; which latter is
+immersed in water, and which has probably the extremities of its
+respiratory organ inserted into the soft membrane which covers it, and
+is in contact with the water.<a href="#c1_l295"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l297" name="canto1_l297"></a>
+<i>First forms minute</i>, l. 297. See Additional Note <a href="#notes1">I</a>. on
+Spontaneous Vitality.<a href="#c1_l297"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l314" name="canto1_l314"></a>
+<i>An embryon point</i>, l. 314. The arguments showing that all
+vegetables and animals arose from such a small beginning, as a living
+point or living fibre, are detailed in Zoonomia, Sect. XXXIX. 4. 8. on
+Generation.<a href="#c1_l314"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l315" name="canto1_l315"></a>
+<i>Brineless tide</i>, l. 315. As the salt of the sea has been
+gradually accumulating, being washed down into it from the recrements
+of animal and vegetable bodies, the sea must originally have been as
+fresh as river water; and as it is not saturated with salt, must
+become annually saline. The sea-water about our island contains at
+this time from about one twenty-eighth to one thirtieth part of sea
+salt, and about one eightieth of magnesian salt; Brownrigg on Salt.<a href="#c1_l315"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l319" name="canto1_l319"></a>
+<i>Whence coral walls</i>, l. 319. An account of the structure
+of the earth is given in Botanic Garden, Vol. I. Additional Notes,
+XVI. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXIII. XXIV.<a href="#c1_l319"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l322" name="canto1_l322"></a>
+<i>Drunk the headlong waves</i>, l. 322. See Additional Note
+<a href="#notes3">III</a>.<a href="#c1_l322"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l327" name="canto1_l327"></a>
+<i>An insect-myriad moves</i>, l. 327. After islands or
+continents were raised above the primeval ocean, great numbers of the
+most simple animals would attempt to seek food at the edges or shores
+of the new land, and might thence gradually become amphibious; as is
+now seen in the frog, who changes from an aquatic animal to an
+amphibious one; and in the gnat, which changes from a natant to a
+volant state.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time new microscopic animalcules would immediately
+commence wherever there was warmth and moisture, and some organic
+matter, that might induce putridity. Those situated on dry land, and
+immersed in dry air, may gradually acquire new powers to preserve
+their existence; and by innumerable successive reproductions for some
+thousands, or perhaps millions of ages, may at length have produced
+many of the vegetable and animal inhabitants which now people the
+earth.</p>
+
+<p>As innumerable shell-fish must have existed a long time beneath the
+ocean, before the calcareous mountains were produced and elevated; it
+is also probable, that many of the insect tribes, or less complicate
+animals, existed long before the quadrupeds or more complicate ones,
+which in some measure accords with the theory of Linneus in respect to
+the vegetable world; who thinks, that all the plants now extant arose
+from the conjunction and reproduction of about sixty different
+vegetables, from which he constitutes his natural orders.</p>
+
+<p>As the blood of animals in the air becomes more oxygenated in their
+lungs, than that of animals in water by their gills; it becomes of a
+more scarlet colour, and from its greater stimulus the sensorium seems
+to produce quicker motions and finer sensations; and as water is a
+much better vehicle for vibrations or sounds than air, the fish, even
+when dying in pain, are mute in the atmosphere, though it is probable
+that in the water they may utter sounds to be heard at a considerable
+distance. See on this subject, Botanic Garden, Vol. I. Canto IV. l.
+176, Note.<a href="#c1_l327"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l335" name="canto1_l335"></a>
+<i>So Trapa rooted</i>, l. 335. The lower leaves of this plant
+grow under water, and are divided into minute capillary ramifications;
+while the upper leaves are broad and round, and have air bladders in
+their footstalks to support them above the surface of the water. As
+the aerial leaves of vegetables do the office of lungs, by exposing a
+large surface of vessels with their contained fluids to the influence
+of the air; so these aquatic leaves answer a similar purpose like the
+gills of fish, and perhaps gain from water a similar material. As the
+material thus necessary to life seems to be more easily acquired from
+air than from water, the subaquatic leaves of this plant and of
+sisymbrium, oenanthe, ranunculus aquatilis, water crow-foot, and some
+others, are cut into fine divisions to increase the surface, whilst
+those above water are undivided; see Botanic Garden, Vol. II. Canto
+IV. l. 204. Note.</p>
+
+<p>Few of the water plants of this country are used for economical
+purposes, but the ranunculus fluviatilis may be worth cultivation; as
+on the borders of the river Avon, near Ringwood, the cottagers cut
+this plant every morning in boats, almost all the year round, to feed
+their cows, which appear in good condition, and give a due quantity of
+milk; see a paper from Dr. Pultney in the Transactions of the Linnean
+Society, Vol. V.<a href="#c1_l335"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l343" name="canto1_l343"></a>
+<i>So still the Tadpole</i>, l. 343. The transformation of the
+tadpole from an aquatic animal into an aerial one is abundantly
+curious, when first it is hatched from the spawn by the warmth of the
+season, it resembles a fish; it afterwards puts forth legs, and
+resembles a lizard; and finally losing its tail, and acquiring lungs
+instead of gills, becomes an aerial quadruped.</p>
+
+<p>The rana temporaria of Linneus lives in the water in spring, and on
+the land in summer, and catches flies. Of the rana paradoxa the larva
+or tadpole is as large as the frog, and dwells in Surinam, whence the
+mistake of Merian and of Seba, who call it a frog fish. The esculent
+frog is green, with three yellow lines from the mouth to the anus; the
+back transversely gibbous, the hinder feet palmated; its more frequent
+croaking in the evenings is said to foretell rain. Linnei Syst. Nat.
+Art. rana.</p>
+
+<p>Linneus asserts in his introduction to the class Amphibia, that frogs
+are so nearly allied to lizards, lizards to serpents, and serpents to
+fish, that the boundaries of these orders can scarcely be
+ascertained.<a href="#c1_l343"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l347" name="canto1_l347"></a>
+<i>The dread Musquito springs</i>, l. 347. See Additional Note
+<a href="#notes4">IV</a>.<a href="#c1_l347"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l351" name="canto1_l351"></a>
+<i>So still the Diodon</i>, l. 351. See Additional Note <a href="#notes5">V</a>.<a href="#c1_l351"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l363" name="canto1_l363"></a>
+<i>At noontide hours</i>, l. 363. The rainbows in our latitude
+are only seen in the mornings or evenings, when the sun is not much
+more than forty-two degrees high. In the more northern latitudes,
+where the meridian sun is not more than forty-two degrees high, they
+are also visible at noon.<a href="#c1_l363"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l371" name="canto1_l371"></a>
+<i>As Egypt's rude design</i>, l. 371. See Additional Note <a href="#notes6">VI</a>.<a href="#c1_l371"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l372" name="canto1_l372"></a>
+<i>Rose young Dione</i>, l. 372. The hieroglyphic figure of
+Venus rising from the sea supported on a shell by two tritons, as well
+as that of Hercules armed with a club, appear to be remains of the
+most remote antiquity. As the former is devoid of grace, and of the
+pictorial art of design, as one half of the group exactly resembles
+the other; and as that of Hercules is armed with a club, which was the
+first weapon.</p>
+
+<p>The Venus seems to have represented the beauty of organic Nature
+rising from the sea, and afterwards became simply an emblem of ideal
+beauty; while the figure of Adonis was probably designed to represent
+the more abstracted idea of life or animation. Some of these
+hieroglyphic designs seem to evince the profound investigations in
+science of the Egyptian philosophers, and to have outlived all written
+language; and still constitute the symbols, by which painters and
+poets give form and animation to abstracted ideas, as to those of
+strength and beauty in the above instances.<a href="#c1_l372"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l392" name="canto1_l392"></a>
+<i>Awakes and stretches</i>, l. 392. During the first six months
+of gestation, the embryon probably sleeps, as it seems to have no use
+for voluntary power; it then seems to awake, and to stretch its limbs,
+and change its posture in some degree, which is termed quickening.<a href="#c1_l392"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l393" name="canto1_l393"></a>
+<i>With gills placental</i>, l. 393. The placenta adheres to any
+side of the uterus in natural gestation, or of any other cavity in
+extra-uterine gestation; the extremities of its arteries and veins
+probably permeate the arteries of the mother, and absorb from thence
+through their fine coats the oxygen of the mother's blood; hence when
+the placenta is withdrawn, the side of the uterus, where it adhered,
+bleeds; but not the extremities of its own vessels.<a href="#c1_l393"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l398" name="canto1_l398"></a>
+<i>His dazzled eyes</i>, l. 398. Though the membrana pupillaris
+described by modern anatomists guards the tender retina from too much
+light; the young infant nevertheless seems to feel the presence of it
+by its frequently moving its eyes, before it can distinguish common
+objects.<a href="#c1_l398"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto1_l417" name="canto1_l417"></a>
+<i>As warmth and moisture</i>, l. 417.</p>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+<span class="add6em">In eodem corpore sæpe</span><br>
+  Altera pars vivit; rudis est pars altera tellus.<br>
+  Quippe ubi temperiem sumpsêre humorque calorque,<br>
+  Concipiunt; &amp; ab his oriuntur, cuncta duobus.<br>
+<span class="left50"><span class="smcap">Ovid. Met.</span> l. 1. 430.</span></p>
+
+<p>This story from Ovid of the production of animals from the mud of the
+Nile seems to be of Egyptian origin, and is probably a poetical
+account of the opinions of the magi or priests of that country;
+showing that the simplest animations were spontaneously produced like
+chemical combinations, but were distinguished from the latter by their
+perpetual improvement by the power of reproduction, first by solitary,
+and then by sexual generation; whereas the products of natural
+chemistry are only enlarged by accretion, or purified by filtration.<a href="#c1_l417"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l1" name="canto2_l1"></a>
+<i>How short the span of Life</i>, l. 1. The thinking few in all
+ages have complained of the brevity of life, lamenting that mankind
+are not allowed time sufficient to cultivate science, or to improve
+their intellect. Hippocrates introduces his celebrated aphorisms with
+this idea; "Life is short, science long, opportunities of knowledge
+rare, experiments fallacious, and reasoning difficult."&mdash;A melancholy
+reflection to philosophers!<a href="#c2_l1"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l3" name="canto2_l3"></a>
+<i>The age-worn fibres</i>, l. 3. Why the same kinds of food,
+which enlarge and invigorate the body from infancy to the meridian of
+life, and then nourish it for some years unimpaired, should at length
+gradually cease to do so, and the debility of age and death supervene,
+would be liable to surprise us if we were not in the daily habit of
+observing it; and is a circumstance which has not yet been well
+understood.</p>
+
+<p>Before mankind introduced civil society, old age did not exist in the
+world, nor other lingering diseases; as all living creatures, as soon
+as they became too feeble to defend themselves, were slain and eaten
+by others, except the young broods, who were defended by their mother;
+and hence the animal world existed uniformly in its greatest strength
+and perfection; see Additional Note <a href="#notes7">VII</a>.<a href="#c2_l3"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l13" name="canto2_l13"></a>
+<i>But Reproduction</i>, l. 13. See Additional Note <a href="#notes8">VIII</a>.<a href="#c2_l13"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l21" name="canto2_l21"></a>
+<i>Unbending springs</i>, l. 21. See Additional Note <a href="#notes1">I</a>. 4.<a href="#c2_l21"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l39" name="canto2_l39"></a>
+<i>Combines with Heat</i>, l. 39. It was shown in note on line
+248 of the first Canto, that much of the aerial and liquid parts of
+the terraqueous globe was converted by the powers of life into solid
+matter; and that this was effected by the combination of the fluid,
+heat, with other elementary bodies by the appetencies and propensities
+of the parts of living matter to unite with each other. But when these
+appetencies and propensities of the parts of organic matter to unite
+with each other cease, the chemical affinities of attraction and the
+aptitude to be attracted, and of repulsion and the aptitude to be
+repelled, succeed, and reduce much of the solid matters back to the
+condition of elements; which seems to be effected by the matter of
+heat being again set at liberty, which was combined with other matters
+by the powers of life; and thus by its diffusion the solid bodies
+return into liquid ones or into gasses, as occurs in the processes of
+fermentation, putrefaction, sublimation, and calcination. Whence
+solidity appears to be produced in consequence of the diminution of
+heat, as the condensation of steam into water, and the consolidation
+of water into ice, or by the combination of heat with bodies, as with
+the materials of gunpowder before its explosion.<a href="#c2_l39"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l43" name="canto2_l43"></a>
+<i>Immortal matter</i>, l. 43. The perpetual mutability of the
+forms of matter seems to have struck the philosophers of great
+antiquity; the system of transmigration taught by Pythagoras, in which
+the souls of men were supposed after death to animate the bodies of a
+variety of animals, appears to have arisen from this source. He had
+observed the perpetual changes of organic matter from one creature to
+another, and concluded, that the vivifying spirit must attend it.<a href="#c2_l43"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l47" name="canto2_l47"></a>
+<i>Emblem of Life</i>, l. 47. The Egyptian figure of Venus
+rising from the sea seems to have represented the Beauty of organic
+Nature; which the philosophers of that country, the magi, appear to
+have discovered to have been elevated by earthquakes from the primeval
+ocean. But the hieroglyphic figure of Adonis seems to have signified
+the spirit of animation or life, which was perpetually wooed or
+courted by organic matter, and which perished and revived alternately.
+Afterwards the fable of Adonis seems to have given origin to the first
+religion promising a resurrection from the dead; whence his funeral
+and return to life were celebrated for many ages in Egypt and Syria,
+the ceremonies of which Ezekiel complains as idolatrous, accusing the
+women of Israel of lamenting over Thammus; which St. Cyril interprets
+to be Adonis, in his Commentaries on Isaiah; Danet's Diction.<a href="#c2_l47"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l71" name="canto2_l71"></a>
+<i>So the lone Truffle</i>, l. 71. Lycoperdon tuber. This plant
+never rises above the earth, is propagated without seed by its roots
+only, and seems to require no light. Perhaps many other fungi are
+generated without seed by their roots only, and without light, and
+approach on the last account to animal nature.<a href="#c2_l71"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l77" name="canto2_l77"></a>
+<i>While these with appetencies</i>, l. 77. See Additional Note
+<a href="#notes8">VIII</a>.<a href="#c2_l77"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l83" name="canto2_l83"></a>
+<i>Prolific Volvox</i>, l. 83. The volvox globator dwells in the
+lakes of Europe, is transparent, and bears within it children and
+grandchildren to the fifth generation; Syst. Nat.<a href="#c2_l83"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l85" name="canto2_l85"></a>
+<i>The male polypus</i>, l. 85. The Hydra viridis and fusca of
+Linneus dwell in our ditches and rivers under aquatic plants; these
+animals have been shown by ingenious observers to revive after having
+been dried, to be restored when mutilated, to be multiplied by
+dividing them, and propagated from portions of them, parts of
+different ones to unite, to be turned inside outwards and yet live,
+and to be propagated by seeds, to produce bulbs, and vegetate by
+branches. Syst. Nat.<a href="#c2_l85"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l87" name="canto2_l87"></a>
+<i>The lone Tænia</i>, l. 87. The tape-worm dwells in the
+intestines of animals, and grows old at one extremity, producing an
+infinite series of young ones at the other; the separate joints have
+been called Gourd-worms, each of which possesses a mouth of its own,
+and organs of digestion. Syst. Nat.<a href="#c2_l87"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l89" name="canto2_l89"></a>
+<i>The pregnant oyster</i>, l. 89. Ostrea edulis dwells in the
+European oceans, frequent at the tables of the luxurious, a living
+repast! New-born oysters swim swiftly by an undulating movement of
+fins thrust out a little way from their shells. Syst. Nat. But they do
+not afterwards change their place during their whole lives, and are
+capable of no other movement but that of opening the shell a little
+way: whence Professor Beckman observes, that their offspring is
+probably produced without maternal organs; and that those, who speak
+of male and female oysters, must be mistaken: Phil. Magaz. March 1800.
+It is also observed by H. I. le Beck, that on nice inspection of the
+Pearl oysters in the gulf of Manar, he could observe no distinction of
+sexes. Nicholson's Journal. April 1800.<a href="#c2_l89"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l90" name="canto2_l90"></a>
+<i>And coral insects</i>, l. 90. The coral habitation of the
+Madrepora of Linneus consists of one or more star-like cells; a
+congeries of which form rocks beneath the sea; the animal which
+constructs it is termed Medusa; and as it adheres to its calcareous
+cavity, and thence cannot travel to its neighbours, is probably
+without sex. I observed great masses of the limestone in Shropshire,
+which is brought to Newport, to consist of the cells of these
+animals.<a href="#c2_l90"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l92" name="canto2_l92"></a>
+<i>And heaven-born Storge</i>, l. 92. See Additional Note <a href="#notes9">IX</a>.<a href="#c2_l92"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l114" name="canto2_l114"></a>
+<i>A softer sex</i>, l. 114. The first buds of trees raised from
+seed die annually, and are succeeded by new buds by solitary
+reproduction; which are larger or more perfect for several successive
+years, and then they produce sexual flowers, which are succeeded by
+seminal reproduction. The same occurs in bulbous rooted plants raised
+from seed; they die annually, and produce others rather more perfect
+than the parent for several years, and then produce sexual flowers.
+The Aphis is in a similar manner hatched from an egg in the vernal
+months, and produces a viviparous offspring without sexual intercourse
+for nine or ten successive generations; and then the progeny is both
+male and female, which cohabit, and from these new females are
+produced eggs, which endure the winter; the same process probably
+occurs in many other insects.<a href="#c2_l114"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l118" name="canto2_l118"></a>
+<i>Imagination's power</i>, l. 118. The manner in which the
+similarity of the progeny to the parent, and the sex of it, are
+produced by the power of imagination, is treated of in Zoonomia. Sect.
+39. 6. 3. It is not to be understood, that the first living fibres,
+which are to form an animal, are produced by imagination, with any
+similarity of form to the future animal; but with appetencies or
+propensities, which shall produce by accretion of parts the similarity
+of form and feature, or of sex, corresponding with the imagination of
+the father.<a href="#c2_l118"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l122" name="canto2_l122"></a>
+<i>His nymphs and swains</i>, l. 122. The arguments which have
+been adduced to show, that mankind and quadrupeds were formerly in an
+hermaphrodite state, are first deduced from the present existence of
+breasts and nipples in all the males; which latter swell on
+titillation like those of the females, and which are said to contain a
+milky fluid at their birth; and it is affirmed, that some men have
+given milk to their children in desert countries, where the mother has
+perished; as the male pigeon is said to give a kind of milk from his
+stomach along with the regurgitated food, to the young doves, as
+mentioned in Additional Note IX. on Storge.</p>
+
+<p>Secondly, from the apparent progress of many animals to greater
+perfection, as in some insects, as the flies with two wings, termed
+Diptera; which have rudiments of two other wings, called halteres, or
+poisers; and in many flowers which have rudiments of new stamina, or
+filaments without anthers on them. See Botanic Garden, Vol. II.
+Curcuma, Note, and the Note on l. 204 of Canto I. of this work. It has
+been supposed by some, that mankind were formerly quadrupeds as well
+as hermaphrodites; and that some parts of the body are not yet so
+convenient to an erect attitude as to a horizontal one; as the fundus
+of the bladder in an erect posture is not exactly over the insertion
+of the urethra; whence it is seldom completely evacuated, and thus
+renders mankind more subject to the stone, than if he had preserved
+his horizontality: these philosophers, with Buffon and Helvetius, seem
+to imagine, that mankind arose from one family of monkeys on the banks
+of the Mediterranean; who accidentally had learned to use the adductor
+pollicis, or that strong muscle which constitutes the ball of the
+thumb, and draws the point of it to meet the points of the fingers;
+which common monkeys do not; and that this muscle gradually increased
+in size, strength, and activity, in successive generations; and by
+this improved use of the sense of touch, that monkeys acquired clear
+ideas, and gradually became men.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps all the productions of nature are in their progress to greater
+perfection! an idea countenanced by modern discoveries and deductions
+concerning the progressive formation of the solid parts of the
+terraqueous globe, and consonant to the dignity of the Creator of all
+things.<a href="#c2_l122"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l140" name="canto2_l140"></a>
+<i>The mother of mankind</i>, l. 140. See Additional Note <a href="#notes10">X</a>.<a href="#c2_l140"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l165" name="canto2_l165"></a>
+<i>Acquired diseases</i>, l. 165. See Additional Note <a href="#notes11">XI</a>.<a href="#c2_l165"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l167" name="canto2_l167"></a>
+<i>So grafted trees</i>, l. 167. Mr. Knight first observed that
+those apple and pear trees, which had been propagated for above a
+century by ingraftment were now so unhealthy, as not to be worth
+cultivation. I have suspected the diseases of potatoes attended with
+the curled leaf, and of strawberry plants attended with barren
+flowers, to be owing to their having been too long raised from roots,
+or by solitary reproduction, and not from seeds, or sexual
+reproduction, and to have thence acquired those hereditary diseases.<a href="#c2_l167"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l183" name="canto2_l183"></a>
+<i>And, fell Consumption</i>, l. 183.</p>
+
+<p class="poem20">... Hæret lateri lethalis arundo.<br>
+<span class="left50 smcap">Virgil.</span><a href="#c2_l183"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l223" name="canto2_l223"></a>
+<i>Enamoured Psyché</i>, l. 223. A butterfly was the ancient
+emblem of the soul after death as rising from the tomb of its former
+state, and becoming a winged inhabitant of air from an insect creeping
+upon earth. At length the wings only were given to a beautiful nymph
+under the name of Psyche, which is the greek word for the soul, and
+also became afterwards to signify a butterfly probably from the
+popularity of this allegory. Many allegorical designs of Cupid or Love
+warming a butterfly or the Soul with his torch may be seen in Spence's
+Polymetis, and a beautiful one of their marriage in Bryant's
+Mythology; from which this description is in part taken.<a href="#c2_l223"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l261" name="canto2_l261"></a>
+<i>While Beauty broods</i>, l. 261.</p>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+  Alma Venus! per te quoniam genus omne animantum<br>
+  Concipitur, visitque exortum lumina c&oelig;li.<br>
+<span class="left50 smcap">Lucret.</span><a href="#c2_l261"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l268" name="canto2_l268"></a>
+<i>From the nectar'd cup</i>, l. 268. The anthers and stigmas of
+flowers are probably nourished by the honey, which is secreted by the
+honey-gland called by Linneus the nectary; and possess greater
+sensibility or animation than other parts of the plant. The corol of
+the flower appears to be a respiratory organ belonging to these
+anthers and stigmas for the purpose of further oxygenating the
+vegetable blood for the production of the anther dust and of this
+honey, which is also exposed to the air in its receptacle or
+honey-cup; which, I suppose, to be necessary for its further
+oxygenation, as in many flowers so complicate an apparatus is formed
+for its protection from insects, as in aconitum, delphinium, larkspur,
+lonicera, woodbine; and because the corol and nectary fall along with
+the anthers and stigmas, when the pericarp is impregnated.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. B. S. Barton in the American Transactions has lately shown, that
+the honey collected from some plants is intoxicating and poisonous to
+men, as from rhododendron, azalea, and datura; and from some other
+plants that it is hurtful to the bees which collect it; and that from
+some flowers it is so injurious or disagreeable, that they do not
+collect it, as from the fritillaria or crown imperial of this
+country.<a href="#c2_l268"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l271" name="canto2_l271"></a>
+<i>With appetencies just</i>, l. 271. As in the productions by
+chemical affinity one set of particles must possess the power of
+attraction, and the other the aptitude to be attracted, as when iron
+approaches a magnet; so when animal particles unite, whether in
+digestion or reproduction, some of them must possess an appetite to
+unite, and others a propensity to be united. The former of these are
+secreted by the anthers from the vegetable blood, and the latter by
+the styles or pericarp; see the Additional Note <a href="#notes8">VIII</a>. on
+Reproduction.<a href="#c2_l271"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l280" name="canto2_l280"></a>
+<i>Of bright Vallisner</i>, l. 280. Vallisneria, of the class of
+dioecia. The flowers of the male plant are produced under water, and
+as soon as their farina or dust is mature, they detach themselves from
+the plant, rise to the surface and continue to flourish, and are
+wafted by the air or borne by the current to the female flowers. In
+this they resemble those tribes of insects, where the males at certain
+seasons acquire wings, but not the females, as ants, coccus, lampyris,
+phalæna, brumata, lichanella; Botanic Garden, Vol. II. Note on
+Vallisneria.<a href="#c2_l280"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l288" name="canto2_l288"></a>
+<i>And young Lampyris</i>, l. 288. The fire-fly is at some
+seasons so luminous, that M. Merian says, that by putting two of them
+under a glass, she was able to draw her figures of them by night.
+Whether the light of this and of other insects be caused by their
+amatorial passion, and thus assists them to find each other; or is
+caused by respiration, which is so analogous to combustion; or to a
+tendency to putridity, as in dead fish and rotten wood, is still to be
+investigated; see Botanic Garden, Vol. I. Additional Note IX.<a href="#c2_l288"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l302" name="canto2_l302"></a>
+<i>Untasted honey</i>, l. 302. The numerous moths and
+butterflies seem to pass from a reptile leaf-eating state, and to
+acquire wings to flit in air, with a proboscis to gain honey for their
+food along with their organs of reproduction, solely for the purpose
+of propagating their species by sexual intercourse, as they die when
+that is completed. By the use of their wings they have access to each
+other on different branches or on different vegetables, and by living
+upon honey probably acquire a higher degree of animation, and thus
+seem to resemble the anthers of flowers, which probably are supported
+by honey only, and thence acquire greater sensibility; see Note on
+<a href="#canto2_l280">Vallisneria</a>, l. 280 of this Canto.</p>
+
+<p>A naturalist, who had studied this subject, thought it not impossible
+that the first insects were the anthers and stigmas of flowers, which
+had by some means loosened themselves from their parent plant, like
+the male flowers of vallisneria, and that other insects in process of
+time had been formed from these, some acquiring wings, others fins,
+and others claws, from their ceaseless efforts to procure food or to
+secure themselves from injury. He contends, that none of these changes
+are more incomprehensible than the transformation of caterpillars into
+butterflies; see Botanic Garden, Vol. I. Additional Note XXXIX.<a href="#c2_l302"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l321" name="canto2_l321"></a>
+<i>There the hoarse stag</i>, l. 321. A great want of one part
+of the animal world has consisted in the desire of the exclusive
+possession of the females; and these have acquired weapons to combat
+each other for this purpose, as the very thick shield-like horny skin
+on the shoulder of the boar is a defence only against animals of his
+own species, who strike obliquely upwards, nor are his tushes for
+other purposes, except to defend himself, as he is not naturally a
+carnivorous animal. So the horns of the stag are sharp to offend his
+adversary, but are branched for the purpose of parrying or receiving
+the thrusts of horns similar to his own, and have therefore been
+formed for the purpose of combating other stags for the exclusive
+possession of the females, who are observed, like the ladies in the
+times of chivalry, to attend the car of the victor.</p>
+
+<p>The birds, which do not carry food to their young, and do not
+therefore marry, are armed with spurs for the purpose of fighting for
+the exclusive possession of the females, as cocks and quails. It is
+certain that these weapons are not provided for their defence against
+other adversaries, because the females of these species are without
+this armour; Zoonomia, Sect. XXXIX. 4, 8.<a href="#c2_l321"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l348" name="canto2_l348"></a>
+<i>The incumbent Linnet</i>, l. 348. The affection of the
+unexperienced and untaught bird to its egg, which induces it to sit
+days and weeks upon it to warm the enclosed embryon, is a matter of
+great difficulty to explain; See Additional Note <a href="#notes9">IX</a>. on Storge.
+Concerning the fabrication of their nests, see Zoonomia, Sect. XVI.
+13. on instinct.<a href="#c2_l348"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l351" name="canto2_l351"></a>
+<i>Hears the young prisoner</i>, l. 351. The air-vessel at the
+broad end of an incubated egg gradually extends its edges along the
+sides of the shell, as the chick enlarges, but is at the same time
+applied closer to the internal surface of the shell; when the time of
+hatching approaches the chick is liable to break this air-bag with its
+beak, and thence begin to breathe and to chirp; at this time the edges
+of the enlarged air-bag extend so as to cover internally one
+hemisphere of the egg; and as one half of the external shell is thus
+moist, and the other half dry, as soon as the mother hearing the chick
+chirp, or the chick itself wanting respirable air, strikes the egg,
+about its equatorial line, it breaks into two hemispheres, and
+liberates the prisoner.<a href="#c2_l351"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l356" name="canto2_l356"></a>
+<i>And whisper to the song</i>, l. 356. A curious circumstance
+is mentioned by Kircherus de Musurgia, in his Chapter de Lusciniis.
+"That the young nightingales, that are hatched under other birds,
+never sing till they are instructed by the company of other
+nightingales." And Johnston affirms, that the nightingales that visit
+Scotland, have not the same harmony as those of Italy, (Pennant's
+Zoology, octavo, p. 255), which would lead us to suspect, that the
+singing of birds, like human music, is an artificial language rather
+than a natural expression of passion.<a href="#c2_l356"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l373" name="canto2_l373"></a>
+<i>With undulating train</i>, l. 373. The side fins of fish seem
+to be chiefly used to poise them; as they turn upon their backs
+immediately when killed, the air-bladder assists them perhaps to rise
+or descend by its possessing the power to condense the air in it by
+muscular contraction; and it is possible, that at great depths in the
+ocean the air in this receptacle may by the great pressure of the
+incumbent water become condensed into so small a space, as to cease to
+be useful to the animal, which was possibly the cause of the death of
+Mr. Day in his diving ship. See note on Ulva, Botan. Gard. V. II.</p>
+
+<p>The progressive motion of fish beneath the water is produced
+principally by the undulation of their tails. One oblique plain of a
+part of the tail on the right side of the fish strikes the water at
+the same time that another oblique plain strikes it on the left side,
+hence in respect to moving to the right or left these percussions of
+the water counteract each other, but they coincide in respect to the
+progression of the fish; this power seems to be better applied to push
+forwards a body in water, than the oars of boats, as the particles of
+water recede from the stroke of the oar, whence the comparative power
+acquired is but as the difference of velocity between the striking oar
+and the receding water. So a ship moves swifter with an oblique wind,
+than with a wind of the same velocity exactly behind it; and the
+common windmill sail placed obliquely to the wind is more powerful
+than one which directly recedes from it. Might not some machinery
+resembling the tails of fish be placed behind a boat, so as to be
+moved with greater effect than common oars, by the force of wind or
+steam, or perhaps by hand?<a href="#c2_l373"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l375" name="canto2_l375"></a>
+<i>On pinions broad display'd</i>, l. 375. The progressive
+motion of birds in the air is principally performed by the movement of
+their wings, and not by that of their tails as in fish. The bird is
+supported in an element so much lighter than itself by the resistance
+of the air as it moves horizontally against the oblique plain made by
+its breast, expanded tail and wings, when they are at rest; the change
+of this obliquity also assists it to rise, and even directs its
+descent, though this is owing principally to its specific gravity, but
+it is in all situations kept upright or balanced by its wings.</p>
+
+<p>As the support of the bird in the air, as well as its progression, is
+performed by the motion of the wings; these require strong muscles as
+are seen on the breasts of partridges. Whence all attempts of men to
+fly by wings applied to the weak muscles of their arms have been
+ineffectual; but it is not certain whether light machinery so
+contrived as to be moved by their feet, might not enable them to fly a
+little way, though not so as to answer any useful purpose.<a href="#c2_l375"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l434" name="canto2_l434"></a>
+<i>With laugh repress'd</i>, l. 434. The cause of the violent
+actions of laughter, and of the difficulty of restraining them, is a
+curious subject of inquiry. When pain afflicts us, which we cannot
+avoid, we learn to relieve it by great voluntary exertions, as in
+grinning, holding the breath, or screaming; now the pleasurable
+sensation, which excites laughter, arises for a time so high as to
+change its name, and become a painful one; and we excite the
+convulsive motions of the respiratory muscles to relieve this pain. We
+are however unwilling to lose the pleasure, and presently put a stop
+to this exertion; and immediately the pleasure recurs, and again as
+instantly rises into pain. Which is further explained in Zoonomia,
+Sect. 34. 1. 4. When this pleasurable sensation rises into a painful
+one, and the customs of society will not permit us to laugh aloud,
+some other violent voluntary exertion is used instead of it to
+alleviate the pain.<a href="#c2_l434"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto2_l434b" name="canto2_l434b"></a>
+<i>With smile chastised</i>, l. 434. The origin of the smile has
+generally been ascribed to inexplicable instinct, but may be deduced
+from our early associations of actions and ideas. In the act of
+sucking, the lips of the infant are closed round the nipple of its
+mother, till it has filled its stomach, and the pleasure of digesting
+this grateful food succeeds; then the sphincter of the mouth, fatigued
+by the continued action of sucking, is relaxed; and the antagonist
+muscles of the face gently acting, produce the smile of pleasure,
+which is thus during our lives associated with gentle pleasure, which
+is further explained in Zoonomia, Sect. 16. 8. 4.<a href="#c2_l434b"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l13" name="canto3_l13"></a>
+<i>How Oxygen</i>, l. 13. The atmosphere which surrounds us, is
+composed of twenty-seven parts of oxygen gas and seventy-three of
+azote or nitrogen gas, which are simply diffused together, but which,
+when combined, become nitrous acid. Water consists of eighty-six parts
+oxygen, and fourteen parts of hydrogen or inflammable air, in a state
+of combination. It is also probable, that much oxygen enters the
+composition of glass; as those materials which promote vitrification,
+contain so much of it, as minium and manganese; and that glass is
+hence a solid acid in the temperature of our atmosphere, as water is a
+fluid one.<a href="#c3_l13"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l21" name="canto3_l21"></a>
+<i>Two electric streams</i>, l. 21. It is the opinion of some
+philosophers, that the electric ether consists of two kinds of fluids
+diffused together or combined; which are commonly known by the terms
+of positive and negative electricity, but are by these electricians
+called vitreous and resinous electricity. The electric shocks given by
+the torpedo and by the gymnotus, are supposed to be similar to those
+of the Galvanic pile, as they are produced in water. Which water is
+decomposed by the Galvanic pile and converted into oxygen and hydrogen
+gas; see Additional Note <a href="#notes12">XII</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The magnetic ether may also be supposed to consist of two fluids, one
+of which attracts the needle, and the other repels it; and, perhaps,
+chemical affinities, and gravitation itself, may consist of two kinds
+of ether surrounding the particles of bodies, and may thence attract
+at one distance and repel at another; as appears when two insulated
+electrised balls are approached to each other, or when two small
+globules of mercury are pressed together.<a href="#c3_l21"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l64" name="canto3_l64"></a>
+<i>And Irritation moves</i>, l. 64. Irritation is an exertion or
+change of some extreme part of the sensorium residing in the muscles
+or organs of sense in consequence of the appulses of external bodies.
+The word perception includes both the action of the organ of sense in
+consequence of the impact of external objects and our attention to
+that action; that is, it expresses both the motion of the organ of
+sense, or idea, and the pain or pleasure that succeeds or accompanies
+it. Irritative ideas are those which are preceded by irritation, which
+is excited by objects external to the organs of sense: as the idea of
+that tree, which either I attend to, or which I shun in walking near
+it without attention. In the former case it is termed perception, in
+the latter it is termed simply an irritative idea.<a href="#c3_l64"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l72" name="canto3_l72"></a>
+<i>And young Sensation</i>, l. 72. Sensation is an exertion or
+change of the central parts of the sensorium or of the whole of it,
+<i>beginning</i> at some of those extreme parts of it which reside in the
+muscles or organs of sense. Sensitive ideas are those which are
+preceded by the sensation of pleasure or pain, are termed Imagination,
+and constitute our dreams and reveries.<a href="#c3_l72"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l73" name="canto3_l73"></a>
+<i>Quick Volition springs</i>, l. 73. Volition is an exertion or
+change of the central parts of the sensorium, or of the whole of it
+<i>terminating</i> in some of those extreme parts of it which reside in the
+muscles and organs of sense. The vulgar use of the word <i>memory</i> is
+too unlimited for our purpose: those ideas which we voluntarily recall
+are here termed ideas of <i>recollection</i>, as when we will to repeat the
+alphabet backwards. And those ideas which are suggested to us by
+preceding ideas are here termed ideas of <i>suggestion</i>, as whilst we
+repeat the alphabet in the usual order; when by habits previously
+acquired B is suggested by A, and C by B, without any effort of
+deliberation. Reasoning is that operation of the sensorium by which we
+excite two or many tribes of ideas, and then reexcite the ideas in
+which they differ or correspond. If we determine this difference, it
+is called judgment; if we in vain endeavour to determine it, it is
+called doubting.</p>
+
+<p>If we reexcite the ideas in which they differ, it is called
+distinguishing. If we reexcite those in which they correspond, it is
+called comparing.<a href="#c3_l73"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l81" name="canto3_l81"></a>
+<i>Each passing moment</i>, l. 81. During our waking hours, we
+perpetually compare the passing trains of our ideas with the known
+system of nature, and reject those which are incongruous with it; this
+is explained in Zoonomia, Sect. XVII. 3. 7. and is there termed
+Intuitive Analogy. When we sleep, the faculty of volition ceases to
+act, and in consequence the uncompared trains of ideas become
+incongruous and form the farrago of our dreams; in which we never
+experience any surprise, or sense of novelty.<a href="#c3_l81"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l91" name="canto3_l91"></a>
+<i>Association steers</i>, l. 91. Association is an exertion or
+change of some extreme part of the sensorium residing in the muscles
+and organs of sense in consequence of some antecedent or attendant
+fibrous contractions. Associate ideas, therefore, are those which are
+preceded by other ideas or muscular motions, without the intervention
+of irritation, sensation, or volition between them; these are also
+termed ideas of suggestion.<a href="#c3_l91"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l103" name="canto3_l103"></a>
+<i>The branching forehead</i>, l. 103. The peculiarities of the
+shapes of animals which distinguish them from each other, are
+enumerated in Zoonomia, Sect. XXXIX. 4. 8. on Generation, and are
+believed to have been gradually formed from similar living fibres, and
+are varied by reproduction. Many of these parts of animals are there
+shown to have arisen from their three great desires of lust, hunger,
+and security.<a href="#c3_l103"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l111" name="canto3_l111"></a>
+<i>The tropic eel</i>, l. 111. Gymnotus electricus.<a href="#c3_l111"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l113" name="canto3_l113"></a>
+<i>The fly of night</i>, l. 113. Lampyris noctiluca. Fire-fly.<a href="#c3_l113"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l122" name="canto3_l122"></a>
+<i>The hand, first gift of Heaven</i>, l. 122. The human species
+in some of their sensations are much inferior to animals, yet the
+accuracy of the sense of touch, which they possess in so eminent a
+degree, gives them a great superiority of understanding; as is well
+observed by the ingenious Mr. Buffon. The extremities of other animals
+terminate in horns, and hoofs, and claws, very unfit for the sensation
+of touch; whilst the human hand is finely adapted to encompass its
+object with this organ of sense. Those animals who have clavicles or
+collar-bones, and thence use their forefeet like hands, as cats,
+squirrels, monkeys, are more ingenious than other quadrupeds, except
+the elephant, who has a fine sense at the extremity of his proboscis;
+and many insects from the possessing finer organs of touch have
+greater ingenuity, as spiders, bees, wasps.<a href="#c3_l122"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l125" name="canto3_l125"></a>
+<i>Trace the nice lines of form</i>, l. 125. When the idea of
+solidity is excited a part of the extensive organ of touch is
+compressed by some external body, and this part of the sensorium so
+compressed exactly resembles in figure the figure of the body that
+compressed it. Hence when we acquire the idea of solidity, we acquire
+at the same time the idea of figure; and this idea of figure, or
+motion of a part of the organ of touch, exactly resembles in its
+figure the figure of the body that occasions it; and thus exactly
+acquaints us with this property of the external world.</p>
+
+<p>Now, as the whole universe with all its parts possesses a certain form
+or figure, if any part of it moves, that form or figure of the whole
+is varied. Hence, as motion is no other than a perpetual variation of
+figure, our idea of motion is also a real resemblance of the motion
+that produced it.</p>
+
+<p>Hence arises the certainty of the mathematical sciences, as they
+explain these properties of bodies, which are exactly resembled by our
+ideas of them, whilst we are obliged to collect almost all our other
+knowledge from experiment; that is, by observing the effects exerted
+by one body upon another.<a href="#c3_l125"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l144" name="canto3_l144"></a>
+<i>The mute language of the touch</i>, l. 144. Our eyes observe
+a difference of colour, or of shade, in the prominences and
+depressions of objects, and that those shades uniformly vary when the
+sense of touch observes any variation. Hence when the retina becomes
+stimulated by colours or shades of light in a certain form, as in a
+circular spot, we know by experience that this is a sign that a
+tangible body is before us; and that its figure is resembled by the
+miniature figure of the part of the organ of vision that is thus
+stimulated.</p>
+
+<p>Here whilst the stimulated part of the retina resembles exactly the
+visible figure of the whole in miniature, the various kinds of stimuli
+from different colours mark the visible figures of the minuter parts;
+and by habit we instantly recall the tangible figures.</p>
+
+<p>So that though our visible ideas resemble in miniature the outline of
+the figure of coloured bodies, in other respects they serve only as a
+language, which by acquired associations introduce the tangible ideas
+of bodies. Hence it is, that this sense is so readily deceived by the
+art of the painter to our amusement and instruction. The reader will
+find much very curious knowledge on this subject in Bishop Berkeley's
+Essay on Vision, a work of great ingenuity.<a href="#c3_l144"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l145" name="canto3_l145"></a>
+<i>Starts young Surprise</i>, l. 145. Surprise is occasioned by
+the sudden interruption of the usual trains of our ideas by any
+violent stimulus from external objects, as from the unexpected
+discharge of a pistol, and hence does not exist in our dreams, because
+our external senses are closed or inirritable. The fetus in the womb
+must experience many sensations, as of resistance, figure, fluidity,
+warmth, motion, rest, exertion, taste; and must consequently possess
+trains both of waking and sleeping ideas. Surprise must therefore be
+strongly excited at its nativity, as those trains of ideas must
+instantly be dissevered by the sudden and violent sensations
+occasioned by the dry and cold atmosphere, the hardness of external
+bodies, light, sound, and odours; which are accompanied with pleasure
+or pain according to their quantity or intensity.</p>
+
+<p>As some of these sensations become familiar by repetition, other
+objects not previously attended to present themselves, and produce the
+idea of novelty, which is a less degree of surprise, and like that is
+not perceived in our dreams, though for another reason; because in
+sleep we possess no voluntary power to compare our trains of ideas
+with our previous knowledge of nature, and do not therefore perceive
+their difference by intuitive analogy from what usually occurs.</p>
+
+<p>As the novelty of our ideas is generally attended with pleasurable
+sensation, from this arises Curiosity, or a desire of examining a
+variety of objects, hoping to find novelty, and the pleasure
+consequent to this degree of surprise; see Additional Note <a href="#notes7_3">VII. 3</a>.<a href="#c3_l145"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l152" name="canto3_l152"></a>
+<i>And meeting lips</i>, l. 152. Young children put small bodies
+into their mouths, when they are satiated with food, as well as when
+they are hungry, not with design to taste them, but use their lips as
+an organ of touch to distinguish the shape of them. Puppies, whose
+toes are terminated with nails, and who do not much use their forefeet
+as hands, seem to have no other means of acquiring a knowledge of the
+forms of external bodies, and are therefore perpetually playing with
+things by taking them between their lips.<a href="#c3_l152"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l169" name="canto3_l169"></a>
+<i>Seeks with spread hands</i>, l. 169. These eight beautiful
+lines are copied from Mr. Bilsborrow's Address prefixed to Zoonomia,
+and are translated from that work; Sect. XVI. 6.<a href="#c3_l169"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l176" name="canto3_l176"></a>
+<i>Ideal Beauty</i>, l. 176. Sentimental Love, as distinguished
+from the animal passion of that name, with which it is frequently
+accompanied, consists in the desire or sensation of beholding,
+embracing, and saluting a beautiful object.</p>
+
+<p>The characteristic of beauty therefore is that it is the object of
+love; and though many other objects are in common language called
+beautiful, yet they are only called so metaphorically, and ought to be
+termed agreeable. A Grecian temple may give us the pleasurable idea of
+sublimity, a Gothic temple may give us the pleasurable idea of
+variety, and a modern house the pleasurable idea of utility; music and
+poetry may inspire our love by association of ideas; but none of
+these, except metaphorically, can be termed beautiful, as we have no
+wish to embrace or salute them.</p>
+
+<p>Our perception of beauty consists in our recognition by the sense of
+vision of those objects, first, which have before inspired our love by
+the pleasure, which they have afforded to many of our senses; as to
+our sense of warmth, of touch, of smell, of taste, hunger and thirst;
+and, secondly, which bear any analogy of form to such objects.<a href="#c3_l176"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l178" name="canto3_l178"></a>
+<i>Alights young Eros</i>, l. 178. There were two deities of
+Love belonging to the heathen mythology, the one said to be celestial,
+and the other terrestrial. Aristophanes says, "Sable-winged Night
+produced an egg, from which sprung up like a blossom Eros, the lovely,
+the desirable, with his glossy golden wings." See Botanic Garden,
+Canto I. l. 412. Note. The other deity of Love, Cupido, seems of much
+later date, as he is not mentioned in the works of Homer, where there
+were so many apt situations to have introduced him.<a href="#c3_l178"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l181" name="canto3_l181"></a>
+<i>Earth at his feet</i>, l. 181.</p>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+  Te, Dea, te fugiunt venti, te nubila c&oelig;li,<br>
+  Adventumque tuum; tibi suaves dædala tellus<br>
+  Submittit flores; tibi rident æquora ponti;<br>
+  Placatumque nitet diffuso lumine c&oelig;lum.<br>
+<span class="left50 smcap">Lucret.</span><a href="#c3_l181"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l207" name="canto3_l207"></a>
+<i>The wavy lawns</i>, l. 207. When the babe, soon after it is
+born into this cold world, is applied to its mother's bosom; its sense
+of perceiving warmth is first agreeably affected; next its sense of
+smell is delighted with the odour of her milk; then its taste is
+gratified by the flavour of it; afterwards the appetites of hunger and
+of thirst afford pleasure by the possession of their objects, and by
+the subsequent digestion of the aliment; and lastly, the sense of
+touch is delighted by the softness and smoothness of the milky
+fountain, the source of such variety of happiness.</p>
+
+<p>All these various kinds of pleasure at length become associated with
+the form of the mother's breast; which the infant embraces with its
+hands, presses with its lips, and watches with its eyes; and thus
+acquires more accurate ideas of the form of its mother's bosom, than
+of the odour and flavour or warmth, which it perceives by its other
+senses. And hence at our maturer years, when any object of vision is
+presented to us, which by its waving or spiral lines bears any
+similitude to the form of the female bosom, whether it be found in a
+landscape with soft gradations of rising and descending surface, or in
+the forms of some antique vases, or in other works of the pencil or
+the chisel, we feel a general glow of delight, which seems to
+influence all our senses; and if the object be not too large, we
+experience an attraction to embrace it with our arms, and to salute it
+with our lips, as we did in our early infancy the bosom of our mother.
+And thus we find, according to the ingenious idea of Hogarth, that the
+waving lines of beauty were originally taken from the temple of
+Venus.<a href="#c3_l207"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l230" name="canto3_l230"></a>
+<i>With his arm sublime</i>, l. 230. Objects of taste have been
+generally divided into the beautiful, the sublime, and the new; and
+lately to these have been added the picturesque. The beautiful so well
+explained in Hogarth's analysis of beauty, consists of curved lines
+and smooth surfaces, as expressed in the preceding note; any object
+larger than usual, as a very large temple or a very large mountain,
+gives us the idea of sublimity; with which is often confounded the
+terrific, and the melancholic: what is now termed picturesque includes
+objects, which are principally neither sublime nor beautiful, but
+which by their variety and intricacy joined with a due degree of
+regularity or uniformity convey to the mind an agreeable sentiment of
+novelty. Many other agreeable sentiments may be excited by visible
+objects, thus to the sublime and beautiful may be added the terrific,
+tragic, melancholic, artless, &amp;c. while novelty superinduces a charm
+upon them all. See Additional Note <a href="#notes13">XIII</a>.<a href="#c3_l230"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l237" name="canto3_l237"></a>
+<i>Poetic melancholy treads</i>, l. 237. The pleasure arising
+from the contemplation of the ruins of ancient grandeur or of ancient
+happiness, and here termed poetic melancholy, arises from a
+combination of the painful idea of sorrow with the pleasurable idea of
+the grandeur or happiness of past times; and becomes very interesting
+to us by fixing our attention more strongly on that grandeur and
+happiness, as the passion of Pity mentioned in the succeeding note is
+a combination of the painful idea of sorrow with the pleasurable one
+of beauty, or of virtue.<a href="#c3_l237"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l246" name="canto3_l246"></a>
+<i>The tragic Muse</i>, l. 246. Why we are delighted with the
+scenical representations of Tragedy, which draw tears from our eyes,
+has been variously explained by different writers. The same
+distressful circumstance attending an ugly or wicked person affects us
+with grief or disgust; but when distress occurs to a beauteous or
+virtuous person, the pleasurable idea of beauty or of virtue becomes
+mixed with the painful one of sorrow and the passion of Pity is
+produced, which is a combination of love or esteem with sorrow; and
+becomes highly interesting to us by fixing our attention more
+intensely on the beauteous or virtuous person.</p>
+
+<p>Other distressful scenes have been supposed to give pleasure to the
+spectator from exciting a comparative idea of his own happiness, as
+when a shipwreck is viewed by a person safe on shore, as mentioned by
+Lucretius, L. 3. But these dreadful situations belong rather to the
+terrible, or the horrid, than to the tragic; and may be objects of
+curiosity from their novelty, but not of Taste, and must suggest much
+more pain than pleasure.<a href="#c3_l246"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l258" name="canto3_l258"></a>
+<i>Nature unchastised</i>, l. 258. In cities or their vicinity,
+and even in the cultivated parts of the country we rarely see
+undisguised nature; the fields are ploughed, the meadows mown, the
+shrubs planted in rows for hedges, the trees deprived of their lower
+branches, and the animals, as horses, dogs, and sheep, are mutilated
+in respect to their tails or ears; such is the useful or ill-employed
+activity of mankind! all which alterations add to the formality of the
+soil, plants, trees, or animals; whence when natural objects are
+occasionally presented to us, as an uncultivated forest and its wild
+inhabitants, we are not only amused with greater variety of form, but
+are at the same time enchanted by the charm of novelty, which is a
+less degree of Surprise, already spoken of in note on l. 145 of this
+Canto.<a href="#c3_l258"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l270" name="canto3_l270"></a>
+<i>When rest accumulates</i>, l. 270. The accumulation of the
+spirit of animation, when those parts of the system rest, which are
+usually in motion, produces a disagreeable sensation. Whence the pain
+of cold and of hunger, and the irksomeness of a continued attitude,
+and of an indolent life: and hence the propensity to action in those
+confined animals, which have been accustomed to activity, as is seen
+in the motions of a squirrel in a cage; which uses perpetual exertion
+to exhaust a part of its accumulated sensorial power. This is one
+source of our general propensity to action; another perhaps arises
+from our curiosity or expectation of novelty mentioned in the note on
+l. 145. of this canto.</p>
+
+<p>But the immediate cause of our propensity to imitation above that of
+other animals arises from the greater facility, with which by the
+sense of touch we acquire the ideas of the outlines of objects, and
+afterwards in consequence by the sense of sight; this seems to have
+been observed by Aristotle, who calls man, "the imitative animal;" see
+Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XXII.<a href="#c3_l270"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l288" name="canto3_l288"></a>
+<i>All moral virtues</i>, l. 288. See the sequel of this canto
+<a href="#canto3_l453">l. 453</a> on sympathy; and <a href="#canto3_l331">l. 331</a> on language; and the subsequent lines
+on the arts of painting and architecture.<a href="#c3_l288"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l294" name="canto3_l294"></a>
+<i>Another sense</i>, l. 294. As the part of the organs of touch
+or of sight, which is stimulated into action by a tangible or visible
+object, must resemble in figure at least the figure of that object, as
+it thus constitutes an idea; it may be said to imitate the figure of
+that object; and thus imitation may be esteemed coeval with the
+existence both of man and other animals: but this would confound
+perception with imitation; which latter is better defined from the
+actions of one sense copying those of another.<a href="#c3_l294"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l303" name="canto3_l303"></a>
+<i>Thus when great Angelo</i>, l. 303. The origin of this
+propensity to imitation has not been deduced from any known principle;
+when any action presents itself to the view of a child, as of whetting
+a knife, or threading a needle; the parts of this action in respect of
+time, motion, figure, are imitated by parts of the retina of his eye;
+to perform this action therefore with his hands is easier to him than
+to invent any new action; because it consists in repeating with
+another set of fibres, viz. with the moving muscles, what he had just
+performed by some parts of the retina; just as in dancing we transfer
+the times of the motions from the actions of the auditory nerves to
+the muscles of the limbs. Imitation therefore consists of repetition,
+which is the easiest kind of animal action; as the ideas or motions
+become presently associated together; which adds to the facility of
+their production; as shown in Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XXII. 2.</p>
+
+<p>It should be added, that as our ideas, when we perceive external
+objects, are believed to consist in the actions of the immediate
+organs of sense in consequence of the stimulus of those objects; so
+when we think of external objects, our ideas are believed to consist
+in the repetitions of the actions of the immediate organs of sense,
+excited by the other sensorial powers of volition, sensation, or
+association.<a href="#c3_l303"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l319" name="canto3_l319"></a>
+<i>The Muse of Mimicry</i>, l. 319. Much of the pleasure
+received from the drawings of flowers finely finished, or of
+portraits, is derived from their imitation or resemblance of the
+objects or persons which they represent. The same occurs in the
+pleasure we receive from mimicry on the stage; we are surprised at the
+accuracy of its enacted resemblance. Some part of the pleasure
+received from architecture, as when we contemplate the internal
+structure of gothic temples, as of King's College chapel in Cambridge,
+or of Lincoln Cathedral, may arise also from their imitation or
+resemblance of those superb avenues of large trees, which were
+formerly appropriated to religious ceremonies.<a href="#c3_l319"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l334" name="canto3_l334"></a>
+<i>Imitation marks</i>, l. 334. Many other curious instances of
+one part of the animal system imitating another part of it, as in some
+contagious diseases; and also of some animals imitating each other,
+are given in Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XXII. 3. To which may be added,
+that this propensity to imitation not only appears in the actions of
+children, but in all the customs and fashions of the world; many
+thousands tread in the beaten paths of others, who precede or
+accompany them, for one who traverses regions of his own discovery.<a href="#c3_l334"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l342" name="canto3_l342"></a>
+<i>And the first Language</i>, l. 342. There are two ways by
+which we become acquainted with the passions of others: first, by
+having observed the effects of them, as of fear or anger, on our own
+bodies, we know at sight when others are under the influence of these
+affections. So children long before they can speak, or understand the
+language of their parents, may be frightened by an angry countenance,
+or soothed by smiles and blandishments.</p>
+
+<p>Secondly, when we put ourselves into the attitude that any passion
+naturally occasions, we soon in some degree acquire that passion;
+hence when those that scold indulge themselves in loud oaths and
+violent actions of the arms, they increase their anger by the mode of
+expressing themselves; and, on the contrary, the counterfeited smile
+of pleasure in disagreeable company soon brings along with it a
+portion of the reality, as is well illustrated by Mr. Burke. (Essay on
+the Sublime and Beautiful.)</p>
+
+<p>These are natural signs by which we understand each other, and on this
+slender basis is built all human language. For without some natural
+signs no artificial ones could have been invented or understood, as is
+very ingeniously observed by Dr. Reid. (Inquiry into the Human Mind.)<a href="#c3_l342"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l371" name="canto3_l371"></a>
+<i>Hence the first accents</i>, l. 371. Words were originally
+the signs or names of individual ideas; but in all known languages
+many of them by changing their terminations express more than one
+idea, as in the cases of nouns, and the moods and tenses of verbs.
+Thus a whip suggests a single idea of that instrument; but "to whip,"
+suggests an idea of action, joined with that of the instrument, and is
+then called a verb; and "to be whipped," suggests an idea of being
+acted upon or suffering. Thus in most languages two ideas are
+suggested by one word by changing its termination; as amor, love;
+amare, to love; amari, to be loved.</p>
+
+<p>Nouns are the names of the ideas of things, first as they are received
+by the stimulus of objects, or as they are afterwards repeated;
+secondly, they are names of more abstracted ideas, which do not
+suggest at the same time the external objects, by which they were
+originally excited; or thirdly, of the operations of our minds, which
+are termed reflex ideas by metaphysical writers; or lastly, they are
+the names of our ideas of parts or properties of objects; and are
+termed by grammarians nouns adjective.</p>
+
+<p>Verbs are also in reality names of our ideas of things, or nouns, with
+the addition of another idea to them, as of acting or suffering; or of
+more than one other annexed idea, as of time, and also of existence.
+These with the numerous abbreviations, so well illustrated by Mr.
+Horne Tooke in his Diversions of Purley, make up the general theory of
+language, which consists of the symbols of ideas represented by vocal
+or written words; or by parts of those words, as their terminations;
+or by their disposition in respect to their order or succession; as
+further explained in Additional Note XIV.<a href="#c3_l371"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l398" name="canto3_l398"></a>
+<i>In parted links</i>, l. 398. As our ideas consist of
+successive trains of the motions, or changes of figure, of the
+extremities of the nerves of one or more of our senses, as of the
+optic or auditory nerves; these successive trains of motion, or
+configuration, are in common life divided into many links, to each of
+which a word or name is given, and it is called an idea. This chain of
+ideas may be broken into more or fewer links, or divided in different
+parts of it, by the customs of different people. Whence the meanings
+of the words of one language cannot always be exactly expressed by
+those of another; and hence the acquirement of different languages in
+their infancy may affect the modes of thinking and reasoning of whole
+nations, or of different classes of society; as the words of them do
+not accurately suggest the same ideas, or parts of ideal trains; a
+circumstance which has not been sufficiently analysed.<a href="#c3_l398"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l401" name="canto3_l401"></a>
+<i>Whence Reason's empire</i>, l. 401. The facility of the use
+of the voluntary power, which is owing to the possession of the clear
+ideas acquired by our superior sense of touch, and afterwards of
+vision, distinguishes man from brutes, and has given him the empire of
+the world, with the power of improving nature by the exertions of art.</p>
+
+<p>Reasoning is that operation of the sensorium by which we excite two or
+many tribes of ideas, and then reexcite the ideas in which they differ
+or correspond. If we determine this difference, it is called judgment;
+if we in vain endeavour to determine it, it is called doubting.</p>
+
+<p>If we reexcite the ideas in which they differ, it is called
+distinguishing. If we reexcite those in which they correspond, it is
+called comparing.<a href="#c3_l401"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l411" name="canto3_l411"></a>
+<i>The Wasp, fine architect</i>, l. 411. Those animals which
+possess a better sense of touch are, in general, more ingenious than
+others. Those which have claviculæ, or collar-bones, and thence use
+the forefeet as hands, as the monkey, squirrel, rat, are more
+ingenious in seizing their prey or escaping from danger. And the
+ingenuity of the elephant appears to arise from the sense of touch at
+the extremity of his proboscis, which has a prominence on one side of
+its cavity like a thumb to close against the other side of it, by
+which I have seen him readily pick up a shilling which was thrown
+amongst the straw he stood upon. Hence the excellence of the sense of
+touch in many insects seems to have given them wonderful ingenuity so
+as to equal or even excel mankind in some of their arts and
+discoveries; many of which may have been acquired in situations
+previous to their present ones, as the great globe itself, and all
+that it inhabit, appear to be in a perpetual state of mutation and
+improvement; see Additional Note <a href="#notes9">IX</a>.<a href="#c3_l411"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l435" name="canto3_l435"></a>
+<i>Thy potent acts, Volition</i>, l. 435. It was before
+observed, how much the superior accuracy of our sense of touch
+contributes to increase our knowledge; but it is the greater energy
+and activity of the power of volition, that marks mankind, and has
+given them the empire of the world.</p>
+
+<p>There is a criterion by which we may distinguish our voluntary acts or
+thoughts from those that are excited by our sensations: "The former
+are always employed about the means to acquire pleasurable objects, or
+to avoid painful ones; while the latter are employed about the
+possession of those that are already in our power."</p>
+
+<p>The ideas and actions of brutes, like those of children, are almost
+perpetually produced by their present pleasures or their present
+pains; and they seldom busy themselves about the <i>means</i> of procuring
+future bliss, or of avoiding future misery.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst the acquiring of languages, the making of tools, and the
+labouring for money, which are all only the <i>means</i> of procuring
+pleasure; and the praying to the Deity, as another means to procure
+happiness, are characteristic of human nature.<a href="#c3_l435"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l456" name="canto3_l456"></a>
+<i>And gather'd Right and Wrong</i>, l. 456. Some philosophers
+have believed that the acquisition of knowledge diminishes the
+happiness of the possessor; an opinion which seems to have been
+inculcated by the history of our first parents, who are said to have
+become miserable from eating of the tree of knowledge. But as the
+foresight and the power of mankind are much increased by their
+voluntary exertions in the acquirement of knowledge, they may
+undoubtedly avoid many sources of evil, and procure many sources of
+good; and yet possess the pleasures of sense, or of imagination, as
+extensively as the brute or the savage.<a href="#c3_l456"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l466" name="canto3_l466"></a>
+<i>And soft emotions</i>, l. 466. From our aptitude to imitation
+arises what is generally understood by the word sympathy, so well
+explained by Dr. Smith of Glasgow. Thus the appearance of a cheerful
+countenance gives us pleasure, and of a melancholy one makes us
+sorrowful. Yawning, and sometimes vomiting, are thus propagated by
+sympathy; and some people of delicate fibres, at the presence of a
+spectacle of misery, have felt pain in the same parts of their bodies,
+that were diseased or mangled in the object they saw.</p>
+
+<p>The effect of this powerful agent in the moral world, is the
+foundation of all our intellectual sympathies with the pains and
+pleasures of others, and is in consequence the source of all our
+virtues. For in what consists our sympathy with the miseries or with
+the joys of our fellow creatures, but in an involuntary excitation of
+ideas in some measure similar or imitative of those which we believe
+to exist in the minds of the persons whom we commiserate or
+congratulate!<a href="#c3_l466"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto3_l485" name="canto3_l485"></a>
+<i>High on yon scroll</i>, l. 485. The famous sentence of
+Socrates "Know thyself," so celebrated by writers of antiquity, and
+said by them to have descended from Heaven, however wise it may be,
+seems to be rather of a selfish nature; and the author of it might
+have added "Know also other people." But the sacred maxims of the
+author of Christianity, "Do as you would be done by," and "Love your
+neighbour as yourself," include all our duties of benevolence and
+morality; and, if sincerely obeyed by all nations, would a
+thousandfold multiply the present happiness of mankind.<a href="#c3_l485"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l7" name="canto4_l7"></a>
+<i>Blest is the Sage</i>, l. 7.</p>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+  Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas;<br>
+  Quique metus omnes, et inexorabile fatum,<br>
+  Subjecit pedibus, strepitumque Acherontis avari.<br>
+<span class="left50"><span class="smcap">Virg.</span> Georg. II. 490.</span><a href="#c4_l7"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l19" name="canto4_l19"></a>
+<i>The towering eagle</i>, l. 19.</p>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+  Torva leæna lupum sequitur, lupus ipse capellam,<br>
+  Florentem cytisum sequitur lasciva capella.<br>
+<span class="left50 smcap">Virg.</span><a href="#c4_l19"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l29" name="canto4_l29"></a>
+<i>Fell Oestrus buries</i>, l. 29. The gadfly, bot-fly, or
+sheep-fly: the larva lives in the bodies of cattle throughout the
+whole winter; it is extracted from their backs by an African bird
+called Buphaga. Adhering to the anus it artfully introduces itself
+into the intestines of horses, and becomes so numerous in their
+stomachs, as sometimes to destroy them; it climbs into the nostrils of
+sheep and calves, and producing a nest of young in a transparent
+hydatide in the frontal sinus, occasions the vertigo or turn of those
+animals. In Lapland it so attacks the rein deer that the natives
+annually travel with the herds from the woods to the mountains. Lin.
+Syst. Nat.<a href="#c4_l29"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l33" name="canto4_l33"></a>
+<i>The wing'd Ichneumon</i>, l. 33. Linneus describes
+seventy-seven species of the ichneumon fly, some of which have a sting
+as long and some twice as long as their bodies. Many of them insert
+their eggs into various caterpillars, which when they are hatched seem
+for a time to prey on the reservoir of silk in the backs of those
+animals designed for their own use to spin a cord to support them, or
+a bag to contain them, while they change from their larva form to a
+butterfly; as I have seen in above fifty cabbage-caterpillars. The
+ichneumon larva then makes its way out of the caterpillar, and spins
+itself a small cocoon like a silk worm; these cocoons are about the
+size of a small pin's head, and I have seen about ten of them on each
+cabbage caterpillar, which soon dies after their exclusion.</p>
+
+<p>Other species of ichneumon insert their eggs into the aphis, and into
+the larva of the aphidivorous fly: others into the bedeguar of rose
+trees, and the gall-nuts of oaks; whence those excrescences seem to be
+produced, as well as the hydatides in the frontal sinus of sheep and
+calves by the stimulus of the larvæ deposited in them.<a href="#c4_l33"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l37" name="canto4_l37"></a>
+<i>While fierce Libellula</i>, l. 37. The Libellula or
+Dragon-fly is said to be a most voracious animal; Linneus says in
+their perfect state they are the hawks to naked winged flies; in their
+larva state they run beneath the water, and are the cruel crocodiles
+of aquatic insects. Syst. Nat.<a href="#c4_l37"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l39" name="canto4_l39"></a>
+<i>Contending bee-swarms</i>, l. 39. Stronger bee-swarms
+frequently attack weak hives, and in two or three days destroy them
+and carry away their honey; this I once prevented by removing the
+attacked hive after the first day's battle to a distinct part of the
+garden. See Phytologia, Sect. XIV. 3. 7.<a href="#c4_l39"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l57" name="canto4_l57"></a>
+<i>The shark rapacious</i>, l. 57. The shark has three rows of
+sharp teeth within each other, which he can bend downwards internally
+to admit larger prey, and raise to prevent its return; his snout hangs
+so far over his mouth, that he is necessitated to turn upon his back,
+when he takes fish that swim over him, and hence seems peculiarly
+formed to catch those that swim under him.<a href="#c4_l57"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l59" name="canto4_l59"></a>
+<i>The crawling crocodiles</i>, l. 59. As this animal lives
+chiefly at the bottom of the rivers, which he frequents, he has the
+power of opening the upper jaw as well as the under one, and thus with
+greater facility catches the fish or water-fowl which swim over him.<a href="#c4_l59"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l66" name="canto4_l66"></a>
+<i>One great slaughter-house</i>, l. 66. As vegetables are an
+inferior order of animals fixed to the soil; and as the locomotive
+animals prey upon them, or upon each other; the world may indeed be
+said to be one great slaughter-house. As the digested food of
+vegetables consists principally of sugar, and from this is produced
+again their mucilage, starch, and oil, and since animals are sustained
+by these vegetable productions, it would seem that the sugar-making
+process carried on in vegetable vessels was the great source of life
+to all organized beings. And that if our improved chemistry should
+ever discover the art of making sugar from fossile or aerial matter
+without the assistance of vegetation, food for animals would then
+become as plentiful as water, and they might live upon the earth
+without preying on each other, as thick as blades of grass, with no
+restraint to their numbers but the want of local room.</p>
+
+<p>It would seem that roots fixed in the earth and leaves innumerable
+waving in the air were necessary for the decomposition of water and
+air, and the conversion of them into saccharine matter, which would
+have been not only cumberous but totally incompatible with the
+locomotion of animal bodies. For how could a man or quadruped have
+carried on his head or back a forest of leaves, or have had long
+branching lacteal or absorbent vessels terminating in the earth?
+Animals therefore subsist on vegetables; that is they take the matter
+so prepared, and have organs to prepare it further for the purposes of
+higher animation and greater sensibility.<a href="#c4_l66"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l71" name="canto4_l71"></a>
+<i>While cold and hunger</i>, l. 71. Those parts of our system,
+which are in health excited into perpetual action, give us pain, when
+they are not excited into action: thus when the hands are for a time
+immersed in snow, an inaction of the cutaneous capillaries is induced,
+as is seen from the paleness of the skin, which is attended with the
+pain of coldness. So the pain of hunger is probably produced by the
+inaction of the muscular fibres of the stomach from the want of the
+stimulus of food.</p>
+
+<p>Thus those, who have used much voluntary exertion in their early
+years, and have continued to do so, till the decline of life
+commences, if they then lay aside their employment, whether that of a
+minister of state, a general of an army, or a merchant, or
+manufacturer; they cease to have their faculties excited into their
+usual activity, and become unhappy, I suppose from the too great
+accumulation of the sensorial power of volition; which wants the
+accustomed stimulus or motive to cause its expenditure.<a href="#c4_l71"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l77" name="canto4_l77"></a>
+<i>Here laughs Ebriety</i>, l. 77.</p>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+<span class="add6em">Sævior armis</span><br>
+  Luxuria incubuit, victumque ulciscitur orbem.<br>
+<span class="left50 smcap">Horac.</span><a href="#c4_l77"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l87" name="canto4_l87"></a>
+<i>E'en o'er the grave</i>, l. 87. Many theatric preachers among
+the Methodists successfully inculcate the fear of death and of Hell,
+and live luxuriously on the folly of their hearers: those who suffer
+under this insanity, are generally most innocent and harmless people,
+who are then liable to accuse themselves of the greatest imaginary
+crimes; and have so much intellectual cowardice, that they dare not
+reason about those things, which they are directed by their priests to
+believe. Where this intellectual cowardice is great, the voice of
+reason is ineffectual; but that of ridicule may save many from these
+mad-making doctors, as the farces of Mr. Foot; though it is too weak
+to cure those who are already hallucinated.<a href="#c4_l87"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l93" name="canto4_l93"></a>
+<i>And last association</i>, l. 93. The miseries and the
+felicities of life may be divided into those which arise in
+consequence of irritation, sensation, volition, and association; and
+consist in the actions of the extremities of the nerves of sense,
+which constitute our ideas; if they are much more exerted than usual,
+or much less exerted than usual, they occasion pain; as when the
+finger is burnt in a candle; or when we go into a cold bath: while
+their natural degree of exertion produces the pleasure of life or
+existence. This pleasure is nevertheless increased, when the system is
+stimulated into rather stronger action than usual, as after a copious
+dinner, and at the beginning of intoxication; and diminished, when it
+is only excited into somewhat less activity than usual, which is
+termed ennui, or irksomeness of life.<a href="#c4_l93"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l94" name="canto4_l94"></a>
+<i>Ideal ills</i>, l. 94. The tooth-edge is an instance of
+bodily pain occasioned by association of ideas. Every one in his
+childhood has repeatedly bit a part of the glass or earthen vessel, in
+which his food has been given him, and has thence had a disagreeable
+sensation in his teeth, attended at the same time with a jarring
+sound: and ever after, when such a sound is accidentally produced, the
+disagreeable sensation of the teeth follows by association of ideas;
+this is further elucidated in Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XVI. 10.<a href="#c4_l94"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l100" name="canto4_l100"></a>
+<i>Enrich his heir</i>, l. 100.</p>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+  Cum furor haud dubius, cum sit manifesta phrenitis,<br>
+  Ut locuples moriaris, egenti vivere fato.<br>
+<span class="left50 smcap">Juvenal.</span><a href="#c4_l100"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l102" name="canto4_l102"></a>
+<i>A Wolf in wool</i>, l. 102. A wolf in sheep's clothing.<a href="#c4_l102"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l119" name="canto4_l119"></a>
+<i>With airs volcanic</i>, l. 119. Those epidemic complaints,
+which are generally termed influenza, are believed to arise from
+vapours thrown out from earthquakes in such abundance as to affect
+large regions of the atmosphere, see Botanic Garden, V. I. Canto IV.
+l. 65. while the diseases properly termed contagious originate from
+the putrid effluvia of decomposing animal or vegetable matter.<a href="#c4_l119"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l130" name="canto4_l130"></a>
+<i>Sentimental pain</i>, l. 130. Children should be taught in
+their early education to feel for all the remediable evils, which they
+observe in others; but they should at the same time be taught
+sufficient firmness of mind not intirely to destroy their own
+happiness by their sympathizing with too great sensibility with the
+numerous irremediable evils, which exist in the present system of the
+world: as by indulging that kind of melancholy they decrease the sum
+total of public happiness; which is so far rather reprehensible than
+commendable. See Plan for Female Education by Dr. Darwin, Johnson,
+London, Sect. XVII.</p>
+
+<p>This has been carried to great excess in the East by the disciples of
+Confucius; the Gentoos during a famine in India refused to eat the
+flesh of cows and of other animals to satisfy their hunger, and save
+themselves from death. And at other times they have been said to
+permit fleas and musquitoes to feed upon them from this erroneous
+sympathy.<a href="#c4_l130"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l147" name="canto4_l147"></a>
+<i>From wandering atoms</i>, l. 147. Had those ancient
+philosophers, who contended that the world was formed from atoms,
+ascribed their combinations to certain immutable properties received
+from the hand of the Creator, such as general gravitation, chemical
+affinity, or animal appetency, instead of ascribing them to a blind
+chance; the doctrine of atoms, as constituting or composing the
+material world by the variety of their combinations, so far from
+leading the mind to atheism, would strengthen the demonstration of the
+existence of a Deity, as the first cause of all things; because the
+analogy resulting from our perpetual experience of cause and effect
+would have thus been exemplified through universal nature.<a href="#c4_l147"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l160" name="canto4_l160"></a>
+<i>The varied landscape</i>, l. 160. The pleasure, we feel on
+examining a fine landscape, is derived from various sources; as first
+the excitement of the retina of the eye into certain quantities of
+action; which when there is in the optic nerve any accumulation of
+sensorial power, is always agreeable. 2. When it is excited into such
+successive actions, as relieve each other; as when a limb has been
+long exerted in one direction, by stretching it in another; as
+described in Zoonomia, Sect. XL. 6. on ocular spectra. 3. And lastly
+by the associations of its parts with some agreeable sentiments or
+tastes, as of sublimity, beauty, utility, novelty; and the objects
+suggesting other sentiments, which have lately been termed picturesque
+as mentioned in the note to Canto III, l. 230 of this work. The two
+former of these sources of pleasure arise from irritation, the last
+from association.<a href="#c4_l160"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l178" name="canto4_l178"></a>
+<i>We drink delighted</i>, l. 178. The pleasure we experience
+from music, is, like that from viewing a landscape, derived from
+various sources; as first from the excitement of the auditory nerve
+into certain quantities of action, when there exists any accumulation
+of sensorial power. 2. When the auditory nerve is exerted in such
+successive actions as relieve each other, like stretching or yawning,
+as described in Botanic Garden, Vol. II, Interlude the third, these
+successions of sound are termed melody, and their combinations
+harmony. 3. From the repetition of sounds at certain intervals of
+time; as we hear them with greater facility and accuracy, when we
+expect them; because they are then excited by volition, as well as by
+irritation, or at least the tympanum is then better adapted to assist
+their production; hence the two musical times or bars; and hence the
+rhimes in poetry give pleasure, as well as the measure of the verse:
+and lastly the pleasure we receive from music, arises from the
+associations of agreeable sentiments with certain proportions, or
+repetitions, or quantities, or times of sounds which have been
+previously acquired; as explained in Zoonomia Vol. I. Sect. XVI. 10.
+and Sect. XXII. 2.<a href="#c4_l178"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l242" name="canto4_l242"></a>
+<i>Mark'd the figur'd sand</i>, l. 242. The ancient orators seem
+to have spoken disrespectfully of the mechanic philosophers. Cicero
+mentioning Archimedes, calls him Homunculus e pulvere et radio,
+alluding to the custom of drawing problems on the sand with a staff.<a href="#c4_l242"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l249" name="canto4_l249"></a>
+<i>So Savery guided</i>, l. 249. Captain Savery first applied
+the pressure of the atmosphere to raise water in consequence of a
+vacuum previously produced by the condensation of steam, though the
+Marquis of Worcester had before proposed to use for this purpose the
+expansive power of steam; see Botanic Garden, Vol. I. Canto I. l. 253.
+Note.<a href="#c4_l249"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l254" name="canto4_l254"></a>
+<i>The waving flax</i>, l. 254. Flax is said to have been first
+discovered on the banks of the Nile, and Isis to have been the
+inventress of spinning and weaving.<a href="#c4_l254"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l261" name="canto4_l261"></a>
+<i>So Arkwright taught</i>, l. 261. See Botanic Garden, Vol. II.
+Canto II. l. 87, Note.<a href="#c4_l261"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l270" name="canto4_l270"></a>
+<i>The immortal Press</i>, l. 270. The discovery of the art of
+printing has had so great influence on human affairs, that from thence
+may be dated a new æra in the history of mankind. As by the diffusion
+of general knowledge, both of the arts of taste and of useful
+sciences, the public mind has become improved to so great a degree,
+that though new impositions have been perpetually produced, the arts
+of detecting them have improved with greater rapidity. Hence since the
+introduction of printing, superstition has been much lessened by the
+reformation of religion; and necromancy, astrology, chiromancy,
+witchcraft, and vampyrism, have vanished from all classes of society;
+though some are still so weak in the present enlightened times as to
+believe in the prodigies of animal magnetism, and of metallic
+tractors; by this general diffusion of knowledge, if the liberty of
+the press be preserved, mankind will not be liable in this part of the
+world to sink into such abject slavery as exists at this day in
+China.<a href="#c4_l270"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l294" name="canto4_l294"></a>
+<i>Her expressive verb</i>, l. 294. The verb, or the word, has
+been so called from its being the most expressive term in all
+languages; as it suggests the ideas of existence, action or suffering,
+and of time; see the Note on Canto III. <a href="#canto3_l371">l. 371</a>, of this work.<a href="#c4_l294"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l299" name="canto4_l299"></a>
+<i>Call'd by thy voice</i>, l. 299. The numerous trains of
+associated ideas are divided by Mr. Hume into three classes, which he
+has termed contiguity, causation, and resemblance. Nor should we
+wonder to find them thus connected together, since it is the business
+of our lives to dispose them into these three classes; and we become
+valuable to ourselves and our friends as we succeed in it. Those who
+have combined an extensive class of ideas by the contiguity of time or
+place, are men learned in the history of mankind, and of the sciences
+they have cultivated. Those who have connected a great class of ideas
+of resemblances, possess the source of the ornaments of poetry and
+oratory, and of all rational analogy. While those who have connected
+great classes of ideas of causation, are furnished with the powers of
+producing effects. These are the men of active wisdom who lead armies
+to victory, and kingdoms to prosperity; or discover and improve the
+sciences which meliorate and adorn the condition of humanity.<a href="#c4_l299"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l309" name="canto4_l309"></a>
+<i>Polish'd wit bestows</i>, l. 309. Mr. Locke defines wit to
+consist of an assemblage of ideas, brought together with quickness and
+variety, wherein can be found any resemblance or congruity, thereby to
+make up pleasant pictures and agreeable visions in the fancy. To which
+Mr. Addison adds, that these must occasion surprise as well as
+delight; Spectator, Vol. I. No. LXII. See Note on Canto III. <a href="#canto3_l145">l. 145</a>.
+and Additional Note, <a href="#notes7_3">VII. 3</a>. Perhaps wit in the extended use of the
+word may mean to express all kinds of fine writing, as the word Taste
+is applied to all agreeable visible objects, and thus wit may mean
+descriptive sublimity, beauty, the pathetic, or ridiculous, but when
+used in the confined sense, as by Mr. Locke and Mr. Addison as above,
+it may probably be better defined a combination of ideas with
+agreeable novelty, as this may be effected by opposition as well as by
+resemblance.<a href="#c4_l309"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l339" name="canto4_l339"></a>
+<i>The goaded fibre</i>, l. 339. Old age consists in the
+inaptitude to motion from the inirritability of the system, and the
+consequent want of fibrous contraction; see Additional Note <a href="#notes7">VII</a>.<a href="#c4_l339"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l349" name="canto4_l349"></a>
+<i>Ten thousand seeds</i>, l. 349. The fertility of plants in
+respect to seeds is often remarkable; from one root in one summer the
+seeds of zea, maize, amount to 2000; of inula, elecampane, to 3000; of
+helianthus, sunflower, to 4000; of papaver, poppy, 32000; of
+nicotiana, tobacco, to 40320; to this must be added the perennial
+roots, and the buds. Buds, which are so many herbs, in one tree, the
+trunk of which does not exceed a span in thickness, frequently amount
+to 10000; Lin. Phil. Bot. p. 86.<a href="#c4_l349"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l351" name="canto4_l351"></a>
+<i>The countless Aphides</i>, l. 351. The aphises, pucerons, or
+vine-fretters, are hatched from an egg in the early spring, and are
+all called females, as they produce a living offspring about once in a
+fortnight to the ninth generation, which are also all of them females;
+then males are also produced, and by their intercourse the females
+become oviparous, and deposite their eggs on the branches, or in the
+bark to be hatched in the ensuing spring.</p>
+
+<p>This double mode of reproduction, so exactly resembling the buds and
+seeds of trees, accounts for the wonderful increase of this insect,
+which, according to Dr. Richardson, consists of ten generations, and
+of fifty at an average in each generation; so that the sum of fifty
+multiplied by fifty, and that product again multiplied by fifty nine
+times, would give the product of one egg only in countless millions;
+to which must be added the innumerable eggs laid by the tenth
+generation for the renovation of their progeny in the ensuing spring.<a href="#c4_l351"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l352" name="canto4_l352"></a>
+<i>The honey'd sap</i>, l. 352. The aphis punctures with its
+fine proboscis the sap-vessels of vegetables without any visible
+wound, and thus drinks the sap-juice, or vegetable chyle, as it
+ascends. Hence on the twigs of trees they stand with their heads
+downwards, as I have observed, to acquire this ascending sap-juice
+with greater facility. The honey-dew on the upper surface of leaves is
+evacuated by these insects, as they hang on the underside of the
+leaves above; when they take too much of this saccharine juice during
+the vernal or midsummer sap-flow of most vegetables; the black powder
+on leaves is also their excrement at other times. The vegetable world
+seems to have escaped total destruction from this insect by the number
+of flies, which in their larva state prey upon them; and by the
+ichneumon fly, which deposits its eggs in them. Some vegetables put
+forth stiff bristles with points round their young shoots, as the
+moss-rose, apparently to prevent the depredation of these insects, so
+injurious to them by robbing them of their chyle or nourishment.<a href="#c4_l352"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l359" name="canto4_l359"></a>
+<i>The tadpole swims</i>, l. 359. The progress of a tadpole from
+a fish to a quadruped by his gradually putting forth his limbs, and at
+length leaving the water, and breathing the dry air, is a subject of
+great curiosity, as it resembles so much the incipient state of all
+other quadrupeds, and men, who are aquatic animals in the uterus, and
+become aerial ones at their birth.<a href="#c4_l359"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l381" name="canto4_l381"></a>
+<i>Which buds or breathes</i>, l. 381. Organic bodies, besides
+the carbon, hydrogen, azote, and the oxygen and heat, which are
+combined with them, require to be also immersed in loose heat and
+loose oxygen to preserve their mutable existence; and hence life only
+exists on or near the surface of the earth; see Botan. Garden, Vol. I.
+Canto IV. l. 419. L'organisation, le sentiment, le movement spontané,
+la vie, n'existent qu'à la surface de la terre, et dans les lieux
+exposés à la lumière. Traité de Chimie par M. Lavoisier, Tom. I. p.
+202.<a href="#c4_l381"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l387" name="canto4_l387"></a>
+<i>Born to new life</i>, l. 387. From the innumerable births of
+the larger insects, and the spontaneous productions of the microscopic
+ones, every part of organic matter from the recrements of dead
+vegetable or animal bodies, on or near the surface of the earth,
+becomes again presently reanimated; which by increasing the number and
+quantity of living organizations, though many of them exist but for a
+short time, adds to the sum total of terrestrial happiness.<a href="#c4_l387"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l403" name="canto4_l403"></a>
+<i>Thus sainted Paul</i>, l. 403. The doctrine of St. Paul
+teaches the resurrection of the body in an incorruptible and glorified
+state, with consciousness of its previous existence; he therefore
+justly exults over the sting of death, and the victory of the grave.<a href="#c4_l403"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l410" name="canto4_l410"></a>
+<i>And lights the dawn</i>, l. 410. The sum total of the
+happiness of organized nature is probably increased rather than
+diminished, when one large old animal dies, and is converted into many
+thousand young ones; which are produced or supported with their
+numerous progeny by the same organic matter. Linneus asserts, that
+three of the flies, called musca vomitoria, will consume the body of a
+dead horse, as soon as a lion can; Syst. Nat.<a href="#c4_l410"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l411" name="canto4_l411"></a>
+<i>So when Arabia's bird</i>, l. 411. The story of the Ph&oelig;nix
+rising from its own ashes with a star upon its head seems to have been
+an hieroglyphic emblem of the destruction and resuscitation of all
+things; see Botan. Garden, Vol. I. Canto IV. l. 389.<a href="#c4_l411"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l417" name="canto4_l417"></a>
+<i>So erst the Sage</i>, l. 417. It is probable, that the
+perpetual transmigration of matter from one body to another, of all
+vegetables and animals, during their lives, as well as after their
+deaths, was observed by Pythagoras; which he afterwards applied to the
+soul, or spirit of animation, and taught, that it passed from one
+animal to another as a punishment for evil deeds, though without
+consciousness of its previous existence; and from this doctrine he
+inculcated a system of morality and benevolence, as all creatures thus
+became related to each other.<a href="#c4_l417"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l431" name="canto4_l431"></a>
+<i>The marble mountain</i>, l. 431. From the increased knowledge
+in Geology during the present century, owing to the greater attention
+of philosophers to the situations of the different materials, which
+compose the strata of the earth, as well as to their chemical
+properties, it seems clearly to appear, that the nucleus of the globe
+beneath the ocean consisted of granite; and that on this the great
+beds of limestone were formed from the shells of marine animals during
+the innumerable primeval ages of the world; and that whatever strata
+lie on these beds of limestone, or on the granite, where the limestone
+does not cover it, were formed after the elevation of islands and
+continents above the surface of the sea by the recrements of
+vegetables and of terrestrial animals; see on this subject Botanic
+Garden, Vol. I. Additional Note XXIV.<a href="#c4_l431"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l450" name="canto4_l450"></a>
+<i>Are mighty monuments</i>, l. 450. The reader is referred to a
+few pages on this subject in Phytologia, Sect. XIX. 7. 1, where the
+felicity of organic life is considered more at large; but it is
+probable that the most certain way to estimate the happiness and
+misery of organic beings; as it depends on the actions of the organs
+of sense, which constitute ideas; or of the muscular fibres which
+perform locomotion; would be to consider those actions, as they are
+produced or excited by the four sensorial powers of irritation,
+sensation, volition, and association. A small volume on this subject
+by some ingenious writer, might not only amuse, as an object of
+curiosity; but by showing the world the immediate sources of their
+pains and pleasures might teach the means to avoid the one, and to
+procure the other, and thus contribute both ways to increase the sum
+total of organic happiness.<a href="#c4_l450"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l453" name="canto4_l453"></a>
+<i>How Life increasing</i>, l. 453. Not only the vast calcareous
+provinces, which form so great a part of the terraqueous globe, and
+also whatever rests upon them, as clay, marl, sand, and coal, were
+formed from the fluid elements of heat, oxygen, azote, and hydrogen
+along with carbon, phosphorus, and perhaps a few other substances,
+which the science of chemistry has not yet decomposed; and gave the
+pleasure of life to the animals and vegetables, which formed them; and
+thus constitute monuments of the past happiness of those organized
+beings. But as those remains of former life are not again totally
+decomposed, or converted into their original elements, they supply
+more copious food to the succession of new animal or vegetable beings
+on their surface; which consists of materials convertible into
+nutriment with less labour or activity of the digestive powers; and
+hence the quantity or number of organized bodies, and their
+improvement in size, as well as their happiness, has been continually
+increasing, along with the solid parts of the globe; and will probably
+continue to increase, till the whole terraqueous sphere, and all that
+inhabit it shall dissolve by a general conflagration, and be again
+reduced to their elements.</p>
+
+<p>Thus all the suns, and the planets, which circle round them, may again
+sink into one central chaos; and may again by explosions produce a new
+world; which in process of time may resemble the present one, and at
+length again undergo the same catastrophe! these great events may be
+the result of the immutable laws impressed on matter by the Great
+Cause of Causes, Parent of Parents, Ens Entium!<a href="#c4_l453"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2"><a id="canto4_l489" name="canto4_l489"></a>
+<i>To Chaos next</i>, l. 489.</p>
+
+<p class="poem20">
+  Namque canebat uti magnum per inane coacta<br>
+  Semina terrarumque, animæque, marisque fuissent;<br>
+  Et liquidi simul ignis; ut his exordia primis<br>
+  Omnia, et ipse tener mundi concreverit orbis.<br>
+<span class="left50"><span class="smcap">Virg. Ec.</span> VI. l. 31.</span><a href="#c4_l489"><span class="small">[Back to Canto]</span></a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Temple of Nature; or, the Origin
+of Society, by Erasmus Darwin
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Temple of Nature; or, the Origin of
+Society, by Erasmus Darwin
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Temple of Nature; or, the Origin of Society
+       A Poem, with Philosophical Notes
+
+Author: Erasmus Darwin
+
+Release Date: October 9, 2008 [EBook #26861]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TEMPLE OF NATURE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Steven Gibbs, Christine P. Travers and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's note: Obvious printer's errors have been corrected, all
+other inconsistencies are as in the original. The author's spelling
+has been maintained.
+
+Some printed caracters could not be reproduce in this file and have
+been described [TN: description].]
+
+
+
+
+THE TEMPLE OF NATURE;
+
+OR,
+
+THE ORIGIN OF SOCIETY.
+
+
+T. Bensley, Printer, Bolt Court, Fleet Street, London.
+
+
+
+
+THE TEMPLE OF NATURE;
+
+OR,
+
+THE ORIGIN OF SOCIETY:
+
+A POEM,
+
+WITH PHILOSOPHICAL NOTES.
+
+
+BY
+
+ERASMUS DARWIN, M.D. F.R.S.
+
+AUTHOR OF THE BOTANIC GARDEN, OF ZOONOMIA, AND OF PHYTOLOGIA.
+
+
+
+
+  Unde hominum pecudumque genus, vitaeque volantum,
+  Et quae marmoreo fert monstra sub aequore pontus?
+  Igneus est illis vigor, & caelestis origo.
+
+                                        VIRG. AEn. VI. 728.
+
+
+
+
+LONDON: PRINTED FOR J. JOHNSON, ST. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD,
+
+BY T. BENSLEY, BOLT COURT, FLEET STREET.
+
+1803.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The Poem, which is here offered to the Public, does not pretend to
+instruct by deep researches of reasoning; its aim is simply to amuse
+by bringing distinctly to the imagination the beautiful and sublime
+images of the operations of Nature in the order, as the Author
+believes, in which the progressive course of time presented them.
+
+The Deities of Egypt, and afterwards of Greece, and Rome, were derived
+from men famous in those early times, as in the ages of hunting,
+pasturage, and agriculture. The histories of some of their actions
+recorded in Scripture, or celebrated in the heathen mythology, are
+introduced, as the Author hopes, without impropriety into his account
+of those remote periods of human society.
+
+In the Eleusinian mysteries the philosophy of the works of Nature,
+with the origin and progress of society, are believed to have been
+taught by allegoric scenery explained by the Hierophant to the
+initiated, which gave rise to the machinery of the following Poem.
+
+PRIORY NEAR DERBY,
+
+Jan. 1, 1802.
+
+
+
+
+ORIGIN OF SOCIETY.
+
+CANTO I.
+
+PRODUCTION OF LIFE.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+I. Subject proposed. Life, Love, and Sympathy 1. Four past Ages, a
+fifth beginning 9. Invocation to Love 15. II. Bowers of Eden, Adam and
+Eve 33. Temple of Nature 65. Time chained by Sculpture 75. Proteus
+bound by Menelaus 83. Bowers of Pleasure 89. School of Venus 97. Court
+of Pain 105. Den of Oblivion 113. Muse of Melancholy 121. Cave of
+Trophonius 125. Shrine of Nature 129. Eleusinian Mysteries 137. III.
+Morning 155. Procession of Virgins 159. Address to the Priestess 167.
+Descent of Orpheus into Hell 185. IV. Urania 205. GOD the First Cause
+223. Life began beneath the Sea 233. Repulsion, Attraction,
+Contraction, Life 235. Spontaneous Production of Minute Animals 247.
+Irritation, Appetency 251. Life enlarges the Earth 265. Sensation,
+Volition, Association 269. Scene in the Microscope; Mucor, Monas,
+Vibrio, Vorticella, Proteus, Mite 281. V. Vegetables and Animals
+improve by Reproduction 295. Have all arisen from Microscopic
+Animalcules 303. Rocks of Shell and Coral 315. Islands and Continents
+raised by Earthquakes 321. Emigration of Animals from the Sea 327.
+Trapa 335. Tadpole, Musquito 343. Diodon, Lizard, Beaver, Lamprey,
+Remora, Whale 351. Venus rising from the Sea, emblem of Organic Nature
+371. All animals are first Aquatic 385. Fetus in the Womb 389. Animals
+from the Mud of the Nile 401. The Hierophant and Muse 421-450.
+
+
+
+
+CANTO I.
+
+PRODUCTION OF LIFE.
+
+
+  I. By firm immutable immortal laws
+  Impress'd on Nature by the GREAT FIRST CAUSE,
+  Say, MUSE! how rose from elemental strife
+  Organic forms, and kindled into life;
+  How Love and Sympathy with potent charm
+  Warm the cold heart, the lifted hand disarm;
+  Allure with pleasures, and alarm with pains,
+  And bind Society in golden chains.
+
+    Four past eventful Ages then recite,
+  And give the fifth, new-born of Time, to light;                   10
+  The silken tissue of their joys disclose,
+  Swell with deep chords the murmur of their woes;
+  Their laws, their labours, and their loves proclaim,
+  And chant their virtues to the trump of Fame.
+
+    IMMORTAL LOVE! who ere the morn of Time,
+  On wings outstretch'd, o'er Chaos hung sublime;
+  Warm'd into life the bursting egg of Night,
+  And gave young Nature to admiring Light!--
+  YOU! whose wide arms, in soft embraces hurl'd
+  Round the vast frame, connect the whirling world!                 20
+  Whether immers'd in day, the Sun your throne,
+  You gird the planets in your silver zone;
+  Or warm, descending on ethereal wing,
+  The Earth's cold bosom with the beams of spring;
+  Press drop to drop, to atom atom bind,
+  Link sex to sex, or rivet mind to mind;
+  Attend my song!--With rosy lips rehearse,
+  And with your polish'd arrows write my verse!--
+  So shall my lines soft-rolling eyes engage,
+  And snow-white fingers turn the volant page;                      30
+  The smiles of Beauty all my toils repay,
+  And youths and virgins chant the living lay.
+
+    II. WHERE EDEN'S sacred bowers triumphant sprung,
+  By angels guarded, and by prophets sung,
+  Wav'd o'er the east in purple pride unfurl'd,
+  And rock'd the golden cradle of the World;
+  Four sparkling currents lav'd with wandering tides
+  Their velvet avenues, and flowery sides;
+  On sun-bright lawns unclad the Graces stray'd,
+  And guiltless Cupids haunted every glade;                         40
+  Till the fair Bride, forbidden shades among,
+  Heard unalarm'd the Tempter's serpent-tongue;
+  Eyed the sweet fruit, the mandate disobey'd,
+  And her fond Lord with sweeter smiles betray'd.
+  Conscious awhile with throbbing heart he strove,
+  Spread his wide arms, and barter'd life for love!--
+  Now rocks on rocks, in savage grandeur roll'd,
+  Steep above steep, the blasted plains infold;
+  The incumbent crags eternal tempest shrouds,
+  And livid light'nings cleave the lambent clouds;                  50
+  Round the firm base loud-howling whirlwinds blow,
+  And sands in burning eddies dance below.
+
+         [Footnote: _Cradle of the world_, l. 36. The nations, which
+         possess Europe and a part of Asia and of Africa, appear to
+         have descended from one family; and to have had their origin
+         near the banks of the Mediterranean, as probably in Syria,
+         the site of Paradise, according to the Mosaic history. This
+         seems highly probable from the similarity of the structure of
+         the languages of these nations, and from their early
+         possession of similar religions, customs, and arts, as well
+         as from the most ancient histories extant. The two former of
+         these may be collected from Lord Monboddo's learned work on
+         the Origin of Language, and from Mr. Bryant's curious account
+         of Ancient Mythology.
+
+         The use of iron tools, of the bow and arrow, of earthen
+         vessels to boil water in, of wheels for carriages, and the
+         arts of cultivating wheat, of coagulating milk for cheese,
+         and of spinning vegetable fibres for clothing, have been
+         known in all European countries, as long as their histories
+         have existed; besides the similarity of the texture of their
+         languages, and of many words in them; thus the word sack is
+         said to mean a bag in all of them, as [Greek: sakkon] in
+         Greek, saccus in Latin, sacco in Italian, sac in French, and
+         sack in English and German.
+
+         Other families of mankind, nevertheless, appear to have
+         arisen in other parts of the habitable earth, as the language
+         of the Chinese is said not to resemble those of this part of
+         the world in any respect. And the inhabitants of the islands
+         of the South-Sea had neither the use of iron tools nor of the
+         bow, nor of wheels, nor of spinning, nor had learned to
+         coagulate milk, or to boil water, though the domestication of
+         fire seems to have been the first great discovery that
+         distinguished mankind from the bestial inhabitants of the
+         forest.]
+
+    Hence ye profane!--the warring winds exclude
+  Unhallow'd throngs, that press with footstep rude;
+  But court the Muse's train with milder skies,
+  And call with softer voice the good and wise.
+  --Charm'd at her touch the opening wall divides,
+  And rocks of crystal form the polish'd sides;
+  Through the bright arch the Loves and Graces tread,
+  Innocuous thunders murmuring o'er their head;                     60
+  Pair after pair, and tittering, as they pass,
+  View their fair features in the walls of glass;
+  Leave with impatient step the circling bourn,
+  And hear behind the closing rocks return.
+
+    HERE, high in air, unconscious of the storm.
+  Thy temple, NATURE, rears it's mystic form;
+  From earth to heav'n, unwrought by mortal toil,
+  Towers the vast fabric on the desert soil;
+  O'er many a league the ponderous domes extend.
+  And deep in earth the ribbed vaults descend;                      70
+  A thousand jasper steps with circling sweep
+  Lead the slow votary up the winding steep;
+  Ten thousand piers, now join'd and now aloof,
+  Bear on their branching arms the fretted roof.
+
+    Unnumber'd ailes connect unnumber'd halls,
+  And sacred symbols crowd the pictur'd walls;
+  With pencil rude forgotten days design,
+  And arts, or empires, live in every line.
+  While chain'd reluctant on the marble ground,
+  Indignant TIME reclines, by Sculpture bound;                      80
+  And sternly bending o'er a scroll unroll'd,
+  Inscribes the future with his style of gold.
+  --So erst, when PROTEUS on the briny shore,
+  New forms assum'd of eagle, pard, or boar;
+  The wise ATRIDES bound in sea-weed thongs
+  The changeful god amid his scaly throngs;
+  Till in deep tones his opening lips at last
+  Reluctant told the future and the past.
+
+         [Footnote: _Pictur'd walls_, l. 76. The application of
+         mankind, in the early ages of society, to the imitative arts
+         of painting, carving, statuary, and the casting of figures in
+         metals, seems to have preceded the discovery of letters; and
+         to have been used as a written language to convey
+         intelligence to their distant friends, or to transmit to
+         posterity the history of themselves, or of their discoveries.
+         Hence the origin of the hieroglyphic figures which crowded
+         the walls of the temples of antiquity; many of which may be
+         seen in the tablet of Isis in the works of Montfaucon; and
+         some of them are still used in the sciences of chemistry and
+         astronomy, as the characters for the metals and planets, and
+         the figures of animals on the celestial globe.]
+
+         [Footnote: _So erst, when Proteus_, l. 83. It seems probable
+         that Proteus was the name of a hieroglyphic figure
+         representing Time; whose form was perpetually changing, and
+         who could discover the past events of the world, and predict
+         the future. Herodotus does not doubt but that Proteus was an
+         Egyptian king or deity; and Orpheus calls him the principle
+         of all things, and the most ancient of the gods; and adds,
+         that he keeps the keys of Nature, _Danet's Dict._, all which
+         might well accord with a figure representing Time.]
+
+    HERE o'er piazza'd courts, and long arcades,
+  The bowers of PLEASURE root their waving shades;                  90
+  Shed o'er the pansied moss a checker'd gloom,
+  Bend with new fruits, with flow'rs successive bloom.
+  Pleas'd, their light limbs on beds of roses press'd,
+  In slight undress recumbent Beauties rest;
+  On tiptoe steps surrounding Graces move,
+  And gay Desires expand their wings above.
+
+    HERE young DIONE arms her quiver'd Loves,
+  Schools her bright Nymphs, and practises her doves;
+  Calls round her laughing eyes in playful turns,
+  The glance that lightens, and the smile that burns;              100
+  Her dimpling cheeks with transient blushes dies,
+  Heaves her white bosom with seductive sighs;
+  Or moulds with rosy lips the magic words,
+  That bind the heart in adamantine cords.
+
+    Behind in twilight gloom with scowling mien
+  The demon PAIN, convokes his court unseen;
+  Whips, fetters, flames, pourtray'd on sculptur'd stone,
+  In dread festoons, adorn his ebon throne;
+  Each side a cohort of diseases stands,
+  And shudd'ring Fever leads the ghastly bands;                    110
+  O'er all Despair expands his raven wings,
+  And guilt-stain'd Conscience darts a thousand stings.
+
+    Deep-whelm'd beneath, in vast sepulchral caves,
+  OBLIVION dwells amid unlabell'd graves;
+  The storied tomb, the laurell'd bust o'erturns,
+  And shakes their ashes from the mould'ring urns.--
+  No vernal zephyr breathes, no sunbeams cheer,
+  Nor song, nor simper, ever enters here;
+  O'er the green floor, and round the dew-damp wall,
+  The slimy snail, and bloated lizard crawl;                       120
+  While on white heaps of intermingled bones
+  The muse of MELANCHOLY sits and moans;
+  Showers her cold tears o'er Beauty's early wreck,
+  Spreads her pale arms, and bends her marble neck.
+
+    So in rude rocks, beside the AEgean wave,
+  TROPHONIUS scoop'd his sorrow-sacred cave;
+  Unbarr'd to pilgrim feet the brazen door,
+  And the sad sage returning smil'd no more.
+
+         [Footnote: _Trophonius scoop'd_, l. 126. Plutarch mentions,
+         that prophecies of evil events were uttered from the cave of
+         Trophonius; but the allegorical story, that whoever entered
+         this cavern were never again seen to smile, seems to have
+         been designed to warn the contemplative from considering too
+         much the dark side of nature. Thus an ancient poet is said to
+         have written a poem on the miseries of the world, and to have
+         thence become so unhappy as to destroy himself. When we
+         reflect on the perpetual destruction of organic life, we
+         should also recollect, that it is perpetually renewed in
+         other forms by the same materials, and thus the sum total of
+         the happiness of the world continues undiminished; and that a
+         philosopher may thus smile again on turning his eyes from the
+         coffins of nature to her cradles.]
+
+    SHRIN'D in the midst majestic NATURE stands,
+  Extends o'er earth and sea her hundred hands;                    130
+  Tower upon tower her beamy forehead crests,
+  And births unnumber'd milk her hundred breasts;
+  Drawn round her brows a lucid veil depends,
+  O'er her fine waist the purfled woof descends;
+  Her stately limbs the gather'd folds surround,
+  And spread their golden selvage on the ground.
+
+         [Footnote: _Fam'd Eleusis stole_, l. 137. The Eleusinian
+         mysteries were invented in Egypt, and afterwards transferred
+         into Greece along with most of the other early arts and
+         religions of Europe. They seem to have consisted of scenical
+         representations of the philosophy and religion of those
+         times, which had previously been painted in hieroglyphic
+         figures to perpetuate them before the discovery of letters;
+         and are well explained in Dr. Warburton's divine legation of
+         Moses; who believes with great probability, that Virgil in
+         the sixth book of the AEneid has described a part of these
+         mysteries in his account of the Elysian fields.
+
+         In the first part of this scenery was represented Death, and
+         the destruction of all things; as mentioned in the note on
+         the Portland Vase in the Botanic Garden. Next the marriage of
+         Cupid and Psyche seems to have shown the reproduction of
+         living nature; and afterwards the procession of torches,
+         which is said to have constituted a part of the mysteries,
+         probably signified the return of light, and the resuscitation
+         of all things.
+
+         Lastly, the histories of illustrious persons of the early
+         ages seem to have been enacted; who were first represented by
+         hieroglyphic figures, and afterwards became the gods and
+         goddesses of Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Might not such a
+         dignified pantomime be contrived, even in this age, as might
+         strike the spectators with awe, and at the same time explain
+         many philosophical truths by adapted imagery, and thus both
+         amuse and instruct?]
+
+    From this first altar fam'd ELEUSIS stole
+  Her secret symbols and her mystic scroll;
+  With pious fraud in after ages rear'd
+  Her gorgeous temple, and the gods rever'd.                       140
+  --First in dim pomp before the astonish'd throng,
+  Silence, and Night, and Chaos, stalk'd along;
+  Dread scenes of Death, in nodding sables dress'd,
+  Froze the broad eye, and thrill'd the unbreathing breast.
+  Then the young Spring, with winged Zephyr, leads
+  The queen of Beauty to the blossom'd meads;
+  Charm'd in her train admiring Hymen moves,
+  And tiptoe Graces hand in hand with Loves.
+  Next, while on pausing step the masked mimes
+  Enact the triumphs of forgotten times,                           150
+  Conceal from vulgar throngs the mystic truth,
+  Or charm with Wisdom's lore the initiate youth;
+  Each shifting scene, some patriot hero trod,
+  Some sainted beauty, or some saviour god.
+
+    III. Now rose in purple pomp the breezy dawn,
+  And crimson dew-drops trembled on the lawn;
+  Blaz'd high in air the temple's golden vanes,
+  And dancing shadows veer'd upon the plains.--
+  Long trains of virgins from the sacred grove,
+  Pair after pair, in bright procession move,                      160
+  With flower-fill'd baskets round the altar throng,
+  Or swing their censers, as they wind along.
+  The fair URANIA leads the blushing bands,
+  Presents their offerings with unsullied hands;
+  Pleas'd to their dazzled eyes in part unshrouds
+  The goddess-form;--the rest is hid in clouds.
+
+    "PRIESTESS OF NATURE! while with pious awe
+  Thy votary bends, the mystic veil withdraw;
+  Charm after charm, succession bright, display,
+  And give the GODDESS to adoring day!                             170
+  So kneeling realms shall own the Power divine,
+  And heaven and earth pour incense on her shrine.
+
+    "Oh grant the MUSE with pausing step to press
+  Each sun-bright avenue, and green recess;
+  Led by thy hand survey the trophied walls,
+  The statued galleries, and the pictur'd halls;
+  Scan the proud pyramid, and arch sublime,
+  Earth-canker'd urn, medallion green with time,
+  Stern busts of Gods, with helmed heroes mix'd,
+  And Beauty's radiant forms, that smile betwixt.                  180
+
+         [Footnote: _The statued galleries_, l. 176. The art of
+         painting has appeared in the early state of all societies
+         before the invention of the alphabet. Thus when the Spanish
+         adventurers, under Cortez, invaded America, intelligence of
+         their debarkation and movements was daily transmitted to
+         Montezuma, by drawings, which corresponded with the Egyptian
+         hieroglyphics. The antiquity of statuary appears from the
+         Memnon and sphinxes of Egypt; that of casting figures in
+         metals from the golden calf of Aaron; and that of carving in
+         wood from the idols or household gods, which Rachel stole
+         from her father Laban, and hid beneath her garments as she
+         sat upon the straw. Gen. c. xxxi. v. 34.]
+
+    "Waked by thy voice, transmuted by thy wand,
+  Their lips shall open, and their arms expand;
+  The love-lost lady, and the warrior slain,
+  Leap from their tombs, and sigh or fight again.
+  --So when ill-fated ORPHEUS tuned to woe
+  His potent lyre, and sought the realms below;
+  Charm'd into life unreal forms respir'd,
+  And list'ning shades the dulcet notes admir'd.--
+
+    "LOVE led the Sage through Death's tremendous porch,
+  Cheer'd with his smile, and lighted with his torch;--            190
+  Hell's triple Dog his playful jaws expands,
+  Fawns round the GOD, and licks his baby hands;
+  In wondering groups the shadowy nations throng,
+  And sigh or simper, as he steps along;
+  Sad swains, and nymphs forlorn, on Lethe's brink,
+  Hug their past sorrows, and refuse to drink;
+  Night's dazzled Empress feels the golden flame
+  Play round her breast, and melt her frozen frame;
+  Charms with soft words, and sooths with amorous wiles,
+  Her iron-hearted Lord,--and PLUTO smiles.--                      200
+  His trembling Bride the Bard triumphant led
+  From the pale mansions of the astonish'd dead;
+  Gave the fair phantom to admiring light,--
+  Ah, soon again to tread irremeable night!"
+
+         [Footnote: _Love led the Sage_, l. 189. This description is
+         taken from the figures on the Barbarini, or Portland Vase,
+         where Eros, or Divine Love, with his torch precedes the manes
+         through the gates of Death, and reverting his smiling
+         countenance invites him into the Elysian fields.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Fawns round the God_, l. 192. This idea is copied
+         from a painting of the descent of Orpheus, by a celebrated
+         Parisian artist.]
+
+    IV. HER snow-white arm, indulgent to my song,
+  Waves the fair Hierophant, and moves along.--
+  High plumes, that bending shade her amber hair,
+  Nod, as she steps, their silver leaves in air;
+  Bright chains of pearl, with golden buckles brac'd,
+  Clasp her white neck, and zone her slender waist;                210
+  Thin folds of silk in soft meanders wind
+  Down her fine form, and undulate behind;
+  The purple border, on the pavement roll'd,
+  Swells in the gale, and spreads its fringe of gold.
+
+    "FIRST, if you can, celestial Guide! disclose
+  From what fair fountain mortal life arose,
+  Whence the fine nerve to move and feel assign'd,
+  Contractile fibre, and ethereal mind:
+
+    "How Love and Sympathy the bosom warm,
+  Allure with pleasure, and with pain alarm,                       220
+  With soft affections weave the social plan,
+  And charm the listening Savage into Man."
+
+    "GOD THE FIRST CAUSE!--in this terrene abode
+  Young Nature lisps, she is the child of GOD.
+  From embryon births her changeful forms improve,
+  Grow, as they live, and strengthen as they move.
+
+         [Footnote: _God the first cause_, l. 223.
+
+           A Jove principium, musae! Jovis omnia plena.
+                                        VIRGIL.
+
+           In him we live, and move, and have our being.
+                                        ST. PAUL.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Young Nature lisps_, l. 224. The perpetual
+         production and increase of the strata of limestone from the
+         shells of aquatic animals; and of all those incumbent on them
+         from the recrements of vegetables and of terrestrial animals,
+         are now well understood from our improved knowledge of
+         geology; and show, that the solid parts of the globe are
+         gradually enlarging, and consequently that it is young; as
+         the fluid parts are not yet all converted into solid ones.
+         Add to this, that some parts of the earth and its inhabitants
+         appear younger than others; thus the greater height of the
+         mountains of America seems to show that continent to be less
+         ancient than Europe, Asia, and Africa; as their summits have
+         been less washed away, and the wild animals of America, as
+         the tigers and crocodiles, are said to be less perfect in
+         respect to their size and strength; which would show them to
+         be still in a state of infancy, or of progressive
+         improvement. Lastly, the progress of mankind in arts and
+         sciences, which continues slowly to extend, and to increase,
+         seems to evince the youth of human society; whilst the
+         unchanging state of the societies of some insects, as of the
+         bee, wasp, and ant, which is usually ascribed to instinct,
+         seems to evince the longer existence, and greater maturity of
+         those societies. The juvenility of the earth shows, that it
+         has had a beginning or birth, and is a strong natural
+         argument evincing the existence of a cause of its production,
+         that is of the Deity.]
+
+    "Ere Time began, from flaming Chaos hurl'd
+  Rose the bright spheres, which form the circling world;
+  Earths from each sun with quick explosions burst,
+  And second planets issued from the first.                        230
+  Then, whilst the sea at their coeval birth,
+  Surge over surge, involv'd the shoreless earth;
+  Nurs'd by warm sun-beams in primeval caves
+  Organic Life began beneath the waves.
+
+         [Footnote: _Earths from each sun_, l. 229. See Botan. Garden,
+         Vol. I. Cant. I. l. 107.]
+
+    "First HEAT from chemic dissolution springs,
+  And gives to matter its eccentric wings;
+  With strong REPULSION parts the exploding mass,
+  Melts into lymph, or kindles into gas.
+  ATTRACTION next, as earth or air subsides,
+  The ponderous atoms from the light divides,                      240
+  Approaching parts with quick embrace combines,
+  Swells into spheres, and lengthens into lines.
+  Last, as fine goads the gluten-threads excite,
+  Cords grapple cords, and webs with webs unite;
+  And quick CONTRACTION with ethereal flame
+  Lights into life the fibre-woven frame.--
+  Hence without parent by spontaneous birth
+  Rise the first specks of animated earth;
+  From Nature's womb the plant or insect swims,
+  And buds or breathes, with microscopic limbs.                    250
+
+         [Footnote: _First Heat from chemic_, l. 235. The matter of
+         heat is an ethereal fluid, in which all things are immersed,
+         and which constitutes the general power of repulsion; as
+         appears in explosions which are produced by the sudden
+         evolution of combined heat, and by the expansion of all
+         bodies by the slower diffusion of it in its uncombined state.
+         Without heat all the matter of the world would be condensed
+         into a point by the power of attraction; and neither fluidity
+         nor life could exist. There are also particular powers of
+         repulsion, as those of magnetism and electricity, and of
+         chemistry, such as oil and water; which last may be as
+         numerous as the particular attractions which constitute
+         chemical affinities; and may both of them exist as
+         atmospheres round the individual particles of matter; see
+         Botanic Garden, Vol. I. additional note VII. on elementary
+         heat.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Attraction next_, l. 239. The power of attraction
+         may be divided into general attraction, which is called
+         gravity; and into particular attraction, which is termed
+         chemical affinity. As nothing can act where it does not
+         exist, the power of gravity must be conceived as extending
+         from the sun to the planets, occupying that immense space;
+         and may therefore be considered as an ethereal fluid, though
+         not cognizable by our senses like heat, light, and
+         electricity.
+
+         Particular attraction, or chemical affinity, must likewise
+         occupy the spaces between the particles of matter which they
+         cause to approach each other. The power of gravity may
+         therefore be called the general attractive ether, and the
+         matter of heat may be called the general repulsive ether;
+         which constitute the two great agents in the changes of
+         inanimate matter.]
+
+         [Footnote: _And quick Contraction_, l. 245. The power of
+         contraction, which exists in organized bodies, and
+         distinguishes life from inanimation, appears to consist of an
+         ethereal fluid which resides in the brain and nerves of
+         living bodies, and is expended in the act of shortening their
+         fibres. The attractive and repulsive ethers require only the
+         vicinity of bodies for the exertion of their activity, but
+         the contractive ether requires at first the contact of a goad
+         or stimulus, which appears to draw it off from the
+         contracting fibre, and to excite the sensorial power of
+         irritation. These contractions of animal fibres are
+         afterwards excited or repeated by the sensorial powers of
+         sensation, volition, or association, as explained at large in
+         Zoonomia, Vol. I.
+
+         There seems nothing more wonderful in the ether of
+         contraction producing the shortening of a fibre, than in the
+         ether of attraction causing two bodies to approach each
+         other. The former indeed seems in some measure to resemble
+         the latter, as it probably occasions the minute particles of
+         the fibre to approach into absolute or adhesive contact, by
+         withdrawing from them their repulsive atmospheres; whereas
+         the latter seems only to cause particles of matter to
+         approach into what is popularly called contact, like the
+         particles of fluids; but which are only in the vicinity of
+         each other, and still retain their repulsive atmospheres, as
+         may be seen in riding through shallow water by the number of
+         minute globules of it thrown up by the horses feet, which
+         roll far on its surface; and by the difficulty with which
+         small globules of mercury poured on the surface of a quantity
+         of it can be made to unite with it.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Spontaneous birth_, l. 247. See additional Note,
+         No. I.]
+
+    "IN earth, sea, air, around, below, above,
+  Life's subtle woof in Nature's loom is wove;
+  Points glued to points a living line extends,
+  Touch'd by some goad approach the bending ends;
+  Rings join to rings, and irritated tubes
+  Clasp with young lips the nutrient globes or cubes;
+  And urged by appetencies new select,
+  Imbibe, retain, digest, secrete, eject.
+  In branching cones the living web expands,
+  Lymphatic ducts, and convoluted glands;                          260
+  Aortal tubes propel the nascent blood,
+  And lengthening veins absorb the refluent flood;
+  Leaves, lungs, and gills, the vital ether breathe
+  On earth's green surface, or the waves beneath.
+  So Life's first powers arrest the winds and floods,
+  To bones convert them, or to shells, or woods;
+  Stretch the vast beds of argil, lime, and sand,
+  And from diminish'd oceans form the land!
+
+         [Footnote: _In branching cones_, l. 259. The whole branch of
+         an artery or vein may be considered as a cone, though each
+         distinct division of it is a cylinder. It is probable that
+         the amount of the areas of all the small branches from one
+         trunk may equal that of the trunk, otherwise the velocity of
+         the blood would be greater in some parts than in others,
+         which probably only exists when a part is compressed or
+         inflamed.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Absorb the refluent flood_, l. 262. The force of
+         the arterial impulse appears to cease, after having propelled
+         the blood through the capillary vessels; whence the venous
+         circulation is owing to the extremities of the veins
+         absorbing the blood, as those of the lymphatics absorb the
+         fluids. The great force of absorption is well elucidated by
+         Dr. Hales's experiment on the rise of the sap-juice in a
+         vine-stump; see Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XXIII.]
+
+         [Footnote: _And from diminish'd oceans_, l. 268. The increase
+         of the solid parts of the globe by the recrements of organic
+         bodies, as limestone rocks from shells and bones, and the
+         beds of clay, marl, coals, from decomposed woods, is now well
+         known to those who have attended to modern geology; and Dr.
+         Halley, and others, have endeavoured to show, with great
+         probability, that the ocean has decreased in quantity during
+         the short time which human history has existed. Whence it
+         appears, that the exertions of vegetable and animal life
+         convert the fluid parts of the globe into solid ones; which
+         is probably effected by combining the matter of heat with the
+         other elements, instead of suffering it to remain simply
+         diffused amongst them, which is a curious conjecture, and
+         deserves further investigation.]
+
+    "Next the long nerves unite their silver train,
+  And young SENSATION permeates the brain;                         270
+  Through each new sense the keen emotions dart,
+  Flush the young cheek, and swell the throbbing heart.
+  From pain and pleasure quick VOLITIONS rise,
+  Lift the strong arm, or point the inquiring eyes;
+  With Reason's light bewilder'd Man direct,
+  And right and wrong with balance nice detect.
+  Last in thick swarms ASSOCIATIONS spring,
+  Thoughts join to thoughts, to motions motions cling;
+  Whence in long trains of catenation flow
+  Imagined joy, and voluntary woe.                                 280
+
+         [Footnote: _And young Sensation_, l. 270. Both sensation and
+         volition consist in an affection of the central part of the
+         sensorium, or of the whole of it; and hence cannot exist till
+         the nerves are united in the brain. The motions of a limb of
+         any animal cut from the body, are therefore owing to
+         irritation, not to sensation or to volition. For the
+         definitions of irritation, sensation, volition, and
+         association, see additional Note II.]
+
+    "So, view'd through crystal spheres in drops saline,
+  Quick-shooting salts in chemic forms combine;
+  Or Mucor-stems, a vegetative tribe,
+  Spread their fine roots, the tremulous wave imbibe.
+  Next to our wondering eyes the focus brings
+  Self-moving lines, and animated rings;
+  First Monas moves, an unconnected point,
+  Plays round the drop without a limb or joint;
+  Then Vibrio waves, with capillary eels,
+  And Vorticella whirls her living wheels;                         290
+  While insect Proteus sports with changeful form
+  Through the bright tide, a globe, a cube, a worm.
+  Last o'er the field the Mite enormous swims,
+  Swells his red heart, and writhes his giant limbs.
+
+         [Footnote: _Or Mucor-stems_, l. 283. Mucor or mould in its
+         early state is properly a microscopic vegetable, and is
+         spontaneously produced on the scum of all decomposing organic
+         matter. The Monas is a moving speck, the Vibrio an undulating
+         wire, the Proteus perpetually changes its shape, and the
+         Vorticella has wheels about its mouth, with which it makes an
+         eddy, and is supposed thus to draw into its throat invisible
+         animalcules. These names are from Linneus and Muller; see
+         Appendix to Additional Note I.]
+
+    V. "ORGANIC LIFE beneath the shoreless waves
+  Was born and nurs'd in Ocean's pearly caves;
+  First forms minute, unseen by spheric glass,
+  Move on the mud, or pierce the watery mass;
+  These, as successive generations bloom,
+  New powers acquire, and larger limbs assume;                     300
+  Whence countless groups of vegetation spring,
+  And breathing realms of fin, and feet, and wing.
+
+         [Footnote: _Beneath the shoreless waves_, l. 295. The earth
+         was originally covered with water, as appears from some of
+         its highest mountains, consisting of shells cemented together
+         by a solution of part of them, as the limestone rocks of the
+         Alps; Ferber's Travels. It must be therefore concluded, that
+         animal life began beneath the sea.
+
+         Nor is this unanalogous to what still occurs, as all
+         quadrupeds and mankind in their embryon state are aquatic
+         animals; and thus may be said to resemble gnats and frogs.
+         The fetus in the uterus has an organ called the placenta, the
+         fine extremities of the vessels of which permeate the
+         arteries of the uterus, and the blood of the fetus becomes
+         thus oxygenated from the passing stream of the maternal
+         arterial blood; exactly as is done by the gills of fish from
+         the stream of water, which they occasion to pass through
+         them.
+
+         But the chicken in the egg possesses a kind of aerial
+         respiration, since the extremities of its placental vessels
+         terminate on a membranous bag, which contains air, at the
+         broad end of the egg; and in this the chick in the egg
+         differs from the fetus in the womb, as there is in the egg no
+         circulating maternal blood for the insertion of the
+         extremities of its respiratory vessels, and in this also I
+         suspect that the eggs of birds differ from the spawn of fish;
+         which latter is immersed in water, and which has probably the
+         extremities of its respiratory organ inserted into the soft
+         membrane which covers it, and is in contact with the water.]
+
+         [Footnote: _First forms minute_, l. 297. See Additional Note
+         I. on Spontaneous Vitality.]
+
+    "Thus the tall Oak, the giant of the wood,
+  Which bears Britannia's thunders on the flood;
+  The Whale, unmeasured monster of the main,
+  The lordly Lion, monarch of the plain,
+  The Eagle soaring in the realms of air,
+  Whose eye undazzled drinks the solar glare,
+  Imperious man, who rules the bestial crowd,
+  Of language, reason, and reflection proud,                       310
+  With brow erect who scorns this earthy sod,
+  And styles himself the image of his God;
+  Arose from rudiments of form and sense,
+  An embryon point, or microscopic ens!
+
+    "Now in vast shoals beneath the brineless tide,
+  On earth's firm crust testaceous tribes reside;
+  Age after age expands the peopled plain,
+  The tenants perish, but their cells remain;
+  Whence coral walls and sparry hills ascend
+  From pole to pole, and round the line extend.                    320
+
+         [Footnote: _An embryon point_, l. 314. The arguments showing
+         that all vegetables and animals arose from such a small
+         beginning, as a living point or living fibre, are detailed in
+         Zoonomia, Sect. XXXIX. 4. 8. on Generation.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Brineless tide_, l. 315. As the salt of the sea
+         has been gradually accumulating, being washed down into it
+         from the recrements of animal and vegetable bodies, the sea
+         must originally have been as fresh as river water; and as it
+         is not saturated with salt, must become annually saline. The
+         sea-water about our island contains at this time from about
+         one twenty-eighth to one thirtieth part of sea salt, and
+         about one eightieth of magnesian salt; Brownrigg on Salt.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Whence coral walls_, l. 319. An account of the
+         structure of the earth is given in Botanic Garden, Vol. I.
+         Additional Notes, XVI. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXIII. XXIV.]
+
+    "Next when imprison'd fires in central caves
+  Burst the firm earth, and drank the headlong waves;
+  And, as new airs with dread explosion swell,
+  Form'd lava-isles, and continents of shell;
+  Pil'd rocks on rocks, on mountains mountains raised,
+  And high in heaven the first volcanoes blazed;
+  In countless swarms an insect-myriad moves
+  From sea-fan gardens, and from coral groves;
+  Leaves the cold caverns of the deep, and creeps
+  On shelving shores, or climbs on rocky steeps.                   330
+  As in dry air the sea-born stranger roves,
+  Each muscle quickens, and each sense improves;
+  Cold gills aquatic form respiring lungs,
+  And sounds aerial flow from slimy tongues.
+
+         [Footnote: _Drunk the headlong waves_, l. 322. See Additional
+         Note III.]
+
+         [Footnote: _An insect-myriad moves_, l. 327. After islands or
+         continents were raised above the primeval ocean, great
+         numbers of the most simple animals would attempt to seek food
+         at the edges or shores of the new land, and might thence
+         gradually become amphibious; as is now seen in the frog, who
+         changes from an aquatic animal to an amphibious one; and in
+         the gnat, which changes from a natant to a volant state.
+
+         At the same time new microscopic animalcules would
+         immediately commence wherever there was warmth and moisture,
+         and some organic matter, that might induce putridity. Those
+         situated on dry land, and immersed in dry air, may gradually
+         acquire new powers to preserve their existence; and by
+         innumerable successive reproductions for some thousands, or
+         perhaps millions of ages, may at length have produced many of
+         the vegetable and animal inhabitants which now people the
+         earth.
+
+         As innumerable shell-fish must have existed a long time
+         beneath the ocean, before the calcareous mountains were
+         produced and elevated; it is also probable, that many of the
+         insect tribes, or less complicate animals, existed long
+         before the quadrupeds or more complicate ones, which in some
+         measure accords with the theory of Linneus in respect to the
+         vegetable world; who thinks, that all the plants now extant
+         arose from the conjunction and reproduction of about sixty
+         different vegetables, from which he constitutes his natural
+         orders.
+
+         As the blood of animals in the air becomes more oxygenated in
+         their lungs, than that of animals in water by their gills; it
+         becomes of a more scarlet colour, and from its greater
+         stimulus the sensorium seems to produce quicker motions and
+         finer sensations; and as water is a much better vehicle for
+         vibrations or sounds than air, the fish, even when dying in
+         pain, are mute in the atmosphere, though it is probable that
+         in the water they may utter sounds to be heard at a
+         considerable distance. See on this subject, Botanic Garden,
+         Vol. I. Canto IV. l. 176, Note.]
+
+    "So Trapa rooted in pellucid tides,
+  In countless threads her breathing leaves divides,
+  Waves her bright tresses in the watery mass,
+  And drinks with gelid gills the vital gas;
+  Then broader leaves in shadowy files advance,
+  Spread o'er the crystal flood their green expanse;               340
+  And, as in air the adherent dew exhales,
+  Court the warm sun, and breathe ethereal gales.
+
+         [Footnote: _So Trapa rooted_, l. 335. The lower leaves of
+         this plant grow under water, and are divided into minute
+         capillary ramifications; while the upper leaves are broad and
+         round, and have air bladders in their footstalks to support
+         them above the surface of the water. As the aerial leaves of
+         vegetables do the office of lungs, by exposing a large
+         surface of vessels with their contained fluids to the
+         influence of the air; so these aquatic leaves answer a
+         similar purpose like the gills of fish, and perhaps gain from
+         water a similar material. As the material thus necessary to
+         life seems to be more easily acquired from air than from
+         water, the subaquatic leaves of this plant and of sisymbrium,
+         oenanthe, ranunculus aquatilis, water crow-foot, and some
+         others, are cut into fine divisions to increase the surface,
+         whilst those above water are undivided; see Botanic Garden,
+         Vol. II. Canto IV. l. 204. Note.
+
+         Few of the water plants of this country are used for
+         economical purposes, but the ranunculus fluviatilis may be
+         worth cultivation; as on the borders of the river Avon, near
+         Ringwood, the cottagers cut this plant every morning in
+         boats, almost all the year round, to feed their cows, which
+         appear in good condition, and give a due quantity of milk;
+         see a paper from Dr. Pultney in the Transactions of the
+         Linnean Society, Vol. V.]
+
+    "So still the Tadpole cleaves the watery vale
+  With balanc'd fins, and undulating tail;
+  New lungs and limbs proclaim his second birth,
+  Breathe the dry air, and bound upon the earth.
+  So from deep lakes the dread Musquito springs,
+  Drinks the soft breeze, and dries his tender wings,
+  In twinkling squadrons cuts his airy way,
+  Dips his red trunk in blood, and man his prey.                   350
+
+         [Footnote: _So still the Tadpole_, l. 343. The transformation
+         of the tadpole from an aquatic animal into an aerial one is
+         abundantly curious, when first it is hatched from the spawn
+         by the warmth of the season, it resembles a fish; it
+         afterwards puts forth legs, and resembles a lizard; and
+         finally losing its tail, and acquiring lungs instead of
+         gills, becomes an aerial quadruped.
+
+         The rana temporaria of Linneus lives in the water in spring,
+         and on the land in summer, and catches flies. Of the rana
+         paradoxa the larva or tadpole is as large as the frog, and
+         dwells in Surinam, whence the mistake of Merian and of Seba,
+         who call it a frog fish. The esculent frog is green, with
+         three yellow lines from the mouth to the anus; the back
+         transversely gibbous, the hinder feet palmated; its more
+         frequent croaking in the evenings is said to foretell rain.
+         Linnei Syst. Nat. Art. rana.
+
+         Linneus asserts in his introduction to the class Amphibia,
+         that frogs are so nearly allied to lizards, lizards to
+         serpents, and serpents to fish, that the boundaries of these
+         orders can scarcely be ascertained.]
+
+         [Footnote: _The dread Musquito springs_, l. 347. See
+         Additional Note IV.]
+
+    "So still the Diodons, amphibious tribe,
+  With two-fold lungs the sea or air imbibe;
+  Allied to fish, the lizard cleaves the flood
+  With one-cell'd heart, and dark frigescent blood;
+  Half-reasoning Beavers long-unbreathing dart
+  Through Erie's waves with perforated heart;
+  With gills and lungs respiring Lampreys steer,
+  Kiss the rude rocks, and suck till they adhere;
+  The lazy Remora's inhaling lips,
+  Hung on the keel, retard the struggling ships;                   360
+  With gills pulmonic breathes the enormous Whale,
+  And spouts aquatic columns to the gale;
+  Sports on the shining wave at noontide hours,
+  And shifting rainbows crest the rising showers.
+
+         [Footnote: _So still the Diodon_, l. 351. See Additional Note
+         V.]
+
+         [Footnote: _At noontide hours_, l. 363. The rainbows in our
+         latitude are only seen in the mornings or evenings, when the
+         sun is not much more than forty-two degrees high. In the more
+         northern latitudes, where the meridian sun is not more than
+         forty-two degrees high, they are also visible at noon.]
+
+    "So erst, ere rose the science to record
+  In letter'd syllables the volant word;
+  Whence chemic arts, disclosed in pictured lines,
+  Liv'd to mankind by hieroglyphic signs;
+  And clustering stars, pourtray'd on mimic spheres,
+  Assumed the forms of lions, bulls, and bears;                    370
+  --So erst, as Egypt's rude designs explain,
+  Rose young DIONE from the shoreless main;
+  Type of organic Nature! source of bliss!
+  Emerging Beauty from the vast abyss!
+  Sublime on Chaos borne, the Goddess stood,
+  And smiled enchantment on the troubled flood;
+  The warring elements to peace restored,
+  And young Reflection wondered and adored."
+
+         [Footnote: _As Egypt's rude design_, l. 371. See Additional
+         Note VI.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Rose young Dione_, l. 372. The hieroglyphic
+         figure of Venus rising from the sea supported on a shell by
+         two tritons, as well as that of Hercules armed with a club,
+         appear to be remains of the most remote antiquity. As the
+         former is devoid of grace, and of the pictorial art of
+         design, as one half of the group exactly resembles the other;
+         and as that of Hercules is armed with a club, which was the
+         first weapon.
+
+         The Venus seems to have represented the beauty of organic
+         Nature rising from the sea, and afterwards became simply an
+         emblem of ideal beauty; while the figure of Adonis was
+         probably designed to represent the more abstracted idea of
+         life or animation. Some of these hieroglyphic designs seem to
+         evince the profound investigations in science of the Egyptian
+         philosophers, and to have outlived all written language; and
+         still constitute the symbols, by which painters and poets
+         give form and animation to abstracted ideas, as to those of
+         strength and beauty in the above instances.]
+
+    Now paused the Nymph,--The Muse responsive cries,
+  Sweet admiration sparkling in her eyes,                          380
+  "Drawn by your pencil, by your hand unfurl'd,
+  Bright shines the tablet of the dawning world;
+  Amazed the Sea's prolific depths I view,
+  And VENUS rising from the waves in YOU!
+
+    "Still Nature's births enclosed in egg or seed
+  From the tall forest to the lowly weed,
+  Her beaux and beauties, butterflies and worms,
+  Rise from aquatic to aerial forms.
+  Thus in the womb the nascent infant laves
+  Its natant form in the circumfluent waves;                       390
+  With perforated heart unbreathing swims,
+  Awakes and stretches all its recent limbs;
+  With gills placental seeks the arterial flood,
+  And drinks pure ether from its Mother's blood.
+  Erewhile the landed Stranger bursts his way,
+  From the warm wave emerging into day;
+  Feels the chill blast, and piercing light, and tries
+  His tender lungs, and rolls his dazzled eyes;
+  Gives to the passing gale his curling hair,
+  And steps a dry inhabitant of air.                               400
+
+         [Footnote: _Awakes and stretches_, l. 392. During the first
+         six months of gestation, the embryon probably sleeps, as it
+         seems to have no use for voluntary power; it then seems to
+         awake, and to stretch its limbs, and change its posture in
+         some degree, which is termed quickening.]
+
+         [Footnote: _With gills placental_, l. 393. The placenta
+         adheres to any side of the uterus in natural gestation, or of
+         any other cavity in extra-uterine gestation; the extremities
+         of its arteries and veins probably permeate the arteries of
+         the mother, and absorb from thence through their fine coats
+         the oxygen of the mother's blood; hence when the placenta is
+         withdrawn, the side of the uterus, where it adhered, bleeds;
+         but not the extremities of its own vessels.]
+
+         [Footnote: _His dazzled eyes_, l. 398. Though the membrana
+         pupillaris described by modern anatomists guards the tender
+         retina from too much light; the young infant nevertheless
+         seems to feel the presence of it by its frequently moving its
+         eyes, before it can distinguish common objects.]
+
+    "Creative Nile, as taught in ancient song,
+  So charm'd to life his animated throng;
+  O'er his wide realms the slow-subsiding flood
+  Left the rich treasures of organic mud;
+  While with quick growth young Vegetation yields
+  Her blushing orchards, and her waving fields;
+  Pomona's hand replenish'd Plenty's horn,
+  And Ceres laugh'd amid her seas of corn.--
+  Bird, beast, and reptile, spring from sudden birth,
+  Raise their new forms, half-animal, half-earth;                  410
+  The roaring lion shakes his tawny mane,
+  His struggling limbs still rooted in the plain;
+  With flapping wings assurgent eagles toil
+  To rend their talons from the adhesive soil;
+  The impatient serpent lifts his crested head,
+  And drags his train unfinish'd from the bed.--
+  As Warmth and Moisture blend their magic spells,
+  And brood with mingling wings the slimy dells;
+  Contractile earths in sentient forms arrange,
+  And Life triumphant stays their chemic change."                  420
+
+         [Footnote: _As warmth and moisture_, l. 417.
+
+                           In eodem corpore saepe
+           Altera pars vivit; rudis est pars altera tellus.
+           Quippe ubi temperiem sumpsere humorque calorque,
+           Concipiunt; & ab his oriuntur, cuncta duobus.
+
+                                        OVID. MET. l. 1. 430.
+
+         This story from Ovid of the production of animals from the
+         mud of the Nile seems to be of Egyptian origin, and is
+         probably a poetical account of the opinions of the magi or
+         priests of that country; showing that the simplest animations
+         were spontaneously produced like chemical combinations, but
+         were distinguished from the latter by their perpetual
+         improvement by the power of reproduction, first by solitary,
+         and then by sexual generation; whereas the products of
+         natural chemistry are only enlarged by accretion, or purified
+         by filtration.]
+
+    Then hand in hand along the waving glades
+  The virgin Sisters pass beneath the shades;
+  Ascend the winding steps with pausing march,
+  And seek the Portico's susurrant arch;
+  Whose sculptur'd architrave on columns borne
+  Drinks the first blushes of the rising morn,
+  Whose fretted roof an ample shield displays,
+  And guards the Beauties from meridian rays.
+  While on light step enamour'd Zephyr springs,
+  And fans their glowing features with his wings,                  430
+  Imbibes the fragrance of the vernal flowers,
+  And speeds with kisses sweet the dancing Hours.
+
+    Urania, leaning with unstudied grace,
+  Rests her white elbow on a column's base;
+  Awhile reflecting takes her silent stand,
+  Her fair cheek press'd upon her lily hand;
+  Then, as awaking from ideal trance,
+  On the smooth floor her pausing steps advance,
+  Waves high her arm, upturns her lucid eyes,
+  Marks the wide scenes of ocean, earth, and skies;                440
+  And leads, meandering as it rolls along
+  Through Nature's walks, the shining stream of Song.
+
+    First her sweet voice in plaintive accents chains
+  The Muse's ear with fascinating strains;
+  Reverts awhile to elemental strife,
+  The change of form, and brevity of life;
+  Then tells how potent Love with torch sublime
+  Relights the glimmering lamp, and conquers Time.
+  --The polish'd walls reflect her rosy smiles,
+  And sweet-ton'd echoes talk along the ailes.                     450
+
+
+END OF CANTO I.
+
+
+
+
+ORIGIN OF SOCIETY.
+
+CANTO II.
+
+REPRODUCTION OF LIFE.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+I. Brevity of Life 1. Reproduction 13. Animals improve 31. Life and
+Death alternate 37. Adonis emblem of Mortal Life 45. II. Solitary
+reproduction 61. Buds, Bulbs, Polypus 65. Truffle; Buds of trees how
+generated 71. Volvox, Polypus, Taenia, Oysters, Corals, are without Sex
+83. Storge goddess of Parental Love; First chain of Society 92. III.
+Female sex produced 103. Tulip bulbs, Aphis 125. Eve from Adam's rib
+135. IV. Hereditary diseases 159. Grafted trees, bulbous roots
+degenerate 167. Gout, Mania, Scrofula, Consumption 177. Time and
+Nature 185. V. Urania and the Muse lament 205. Cupid and Psyche, the
+deities of sexual love 221. Speech of Hymen 239. Second chain of
+Society 250. Young Desire 251. Love and Beauty save the world 257.
+Vegetable sexes, Anthers and Stigmas salute 263. Vegetable sexual
+generation 271. Anthers of Vallisneria float to the Stigmas 279. Ant,
+Lampyris, Glow-Worm, Snail 287. Silk-Worm 293. VI. Demon of Jealousy
+307. Cocks, Quails, Stags, Boars 313. Knights of Romance 327. Helen
+and Paris 333. Connubial love 341. Married Birds, nests of the Linnet
+and Nightingale 343. Lions, Tigers, Bulls, Horses 357. Triumphal car
+of Cupid 361. Fish, Birds, Insects 371. Vegetables 389. March of Hymen
+411. His lamp 419. VII. Urania's advice to her Nymphs 425. Dines with
+the Muse on forbidden Fruit 435. Angels visit Abraham 447-458.
+
+
+
+
+CANTO II.
+
+REPRODUCTION OF LIFE.
+
+
+  I. "How short the span of LIFE! some hours possess'd,
+  Warm but to cool, and active but to rest!--
+  The age-worn fibres goaded to contract,
+  By repetition palsied, cease to act;
+  When Time's cold hands the languid senses seize,
+  Chill the dull nerves, the lingering currents freeze;
+  Organic matter, unreclaim'd by Life,
+  Reverts to elements by chemic strife.
+  Thus Heat evolv'd from some fermenting mass
+  Expands the kindling atoms into gas;                              10
+  Which sink ere long in cold concentric rings,
+  Condensed, on Gravity's descending wings.
+
+         [Footnote: _How short the span of Life_, l. 1. The thinking
+         few in all ages have complained of the brevity of life,
+         lamenting that mankind are not allowed time sufficient to
+         cultivate science, or to improve their intellect. Hippocrates
+         introduces his celebrated aphorisms with this idea; "Life is
+         short, science long, opportunities of knowledge rare,
+         experiments fallacious, and reasoning difficult."--A
+         melancholy reflection to philosophers!]
+
+         [Footnote: _The age-worn fibres_, l. 3. Why the same kinds of
+         food, which enlarge and invigorate the body from infancy to
+         the meridian of life, and then nourish it for some years
+         unimpaired, should at length gradually cease to do so, and
+         the debility of age and death supervene, would be liable to
+         surprise us if we were not in the daily habit of observing
+         it; and is a circumstance which has not yet been well
+         understood.
+
+         Before mankind introduced civil society, old age did not
+         exist in the world, nor other lingering diseases; as all
+         living creatures, as soon as they became too feeble to defend
+         themselves, were slain and eaten by others, except the young
+         broods, who were defended by their mother; and hence the
+         animal world existed uniformly in its greatest strength and
+         perfection; see Additional Note VII.]
+
+    "But REPRODUCTION with ethereal fires
+  New Life rekindles, ere the first expires;
+  Calls up renascent Youth, ere tottering age
+  Quits the dull scene, and gives him to the stage;
+  Bids on his cheek the rose of beauty blow,
+  And binds the wreaths of pleasure round his brow;
+  With finer links the vital chain extends,
+  And the long line of Being never ends.                            20
+
+         [Footnote: _But Reproduction_, l. 13. See Additional Note
+         VIII.]
+
+    "Self-moving Engines by unbending springs
+  May walk on earth, or flap their mimic wings;
+  In tubes of glass mercurial columns rise,
+  Or sink, obedient to the incumbent skies;
+  Or, as they touch the figured scale, repeat
+  The nice gradations of circumfluent heat.
+  But REPRODUCTION, when the perfect Elf
+  Forms from fine glands another like itself,
+  Gives the true character of life and sense,
+  And parts the organic from the chemic Ens.--                      30
+  Where milder skies protect the nascent brood,
+  And earth's warm bosom yields salubrious food;
+  Each new Descendant with superior powers
+  Of sense and motion speeds the transient hours;
+  Braves every season, tenants every clime,
+  And Nature rises on the wings of Time.
+
+         [Footnote: _Unbending springs_, l. 21. See Additional Note I.
+         4.]
+
+    "As LIFE discordant elements arrests,
+  Rejects the noxious, and the pure digests;
+  Combines with Heat the fluctuating mass,
+  And gives a while solidity to gas;                                40
+  Organic forms with chemic changes strive,
+  Live but to die, and die but to revive!
+  Immortal matter braves the transient storm,
+  Mounts from the wreck, unchanging but in form.--
+
+         [Footnote: _Combines with Heat_, l. 39. It was shown in note
+         on line 248 of the first Canto, that much of the aerial and
+         liquid parts of the terraqueous globe was converted by the
+         powers of life into solid matter; and that this was effected
+         by the combination of the fluid, heat, with other elementary
+         bodies by the appetencies and propensities of the parts of
+         living matter to unite with each other. But when these
+         appetencies and propensities of the parts of organic matter
+         to unite with each other cease, the chemical affinities of
+         attraction and the aptitude to be attracted, and of repulsion
+         and the aptitude to be repelled, succeed, and reduce much of
+         the solid matters back to the condition of elements; which
+         seems to be effected by the matter of heat being again set at
+         liberty, which was combined with other matters by the powers
+         of life; and thus by its diffusion the solid bodies return
+         into liquid ones or into gasses, as occurs in the processes
+         of fermentation, putrefaction, sublimation, and calcination.
+         Whence solidity appears to be produced in consequence of the
+         diminution of heat, as the condensation of steam into water,
+         and the consolidation of water into ice, or by the
+         combination of heat with bodies, as with the materials of
+         gunpowder before its explosion.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Immortal matter_, l. 43. The perpetual mutability
+         of the forms of matter seems to have struck the philosophers
+         of great antiquity; the system of transmigration taught by
+         Pythagoras, in which the souls of men were supposed after
+         death to animate the bodies of a variety of animals, appears
+         to have arisen from this source. He had observed the
+         perpetual changes of organic matter from one creature to
+         another, and concluded, that the vivifying spirit must attend
+         it.]
+
+    "So, as the sages of the East record
+  In sacred symbol, or unletter'd word;
+  Emblem of Life, to change eternal doom'd,
+  The beauteous form of fair ADONIS bloom'd.--
+  On Syrian hills the graceful Hunter slain
+  Dyed with his gushing blood the shuddering plain;                 50
+  And, slow-descending to the Elysian shade,
+  A while with PROSERPINE reluctant stray'd;
+  Soon from the yawning grave the bursting clay
+  Restor'd the Beauty to delighted day;
+  Array'd in youth's resuscitated charms,
+  And young DIONE woo'd him to her arms.--
+  Pleased for a while the assurgent youth above
+  Relights the golden lamp of life and love;
+  Ah, soon again to leave the cheerful light,
+  And sink alternate to the realms of night.                        60
+
+         [Footnote: _Emblem of Life_, l. 47. The Egyptian figure of
+         Venus rising from the sea seems to have represented the
+         Beauty of organic Nature; which the philosophers of that
+         country, the magi, appear to have discovered to have been
+         elevated by earthquakes from the primeval ocean. But the
+         hieroglyphic figure of Adonis seems to have signified the
+         spirit of animation or life, which was perpetually wooed or
+         courted by organic matter, and which perished and revived
+         alternately. Afterwards the fable of Adonis seems to have
+         given origin to the first religion promising a resurrection
+         from the dead; whence his funeral and return to life were
+         celebrated for many ages in Egypt and Syria, the ceremonies
+         of which Ezekiel complains as idolatrous, accusing the women
+         of Israel of lamenting over Thammus; which St. Cyril
+         interprets to be Adonis, in his Commentaries on Isaiah;
+         Danet's Diction.]
+
+    II. "HENCE ere Vitality, as time revolves,
+  Leaves the cold organ, and the mass dissolves;
+  The Reproductions of the living Ens
+  From sires to sons, unknown to sex, commence.
+  New buds and bulbs the living fibre shoots
+  On lengthening branches, and protruding roots;
+  Or on the father's side from bursting glands
+  The adhering young its nascent form expands;
+  In branching lines the parent-trunk adorns,
+  And parts ere long like plumage, hairs, or horns.                 70
+
+    "So the lone Truffle, lodged beneath the earth,
+  Shoots from paternal roots the tuberous birth;
+  No stamen-males ascend, and breathe above,
+  No seed-born offspring lives by female love.
+  From each young tree, for future buds design'd
+  Organic drops exsude beneath the rind;
+  While these with appetencies nice invite,
+  And those with apt propensities unite;
+  New embryon fibrils round the trunk combine
+  With quick embrace, and form the living line:                     80
+  Whose plume and rootlet at their early birth
+  Seek the dry air, or pierce the humid earth.
+
+         [Footnote: _So the lone Truffle_, l. 71. Lycoperdon tuber.
+         This plant never rises above the earth, is propagated without
+         seed by its roots only, and seems to require no light.
+         Perhaps many other fungi are generated without seed by their
+         roots only, and without light, and approach on the last
+         account to animal nature.]
+
+         [Footnote: _While these with appetencies_, l. 77. See
+         Additional Note VIII.]
+
+    "So safe in waves prolific Volvox dwells,
+  And five descendants crowd his lucid cells;
+  So the male Polypus parental swims,
+  And branching infants bristle all his limbs;
+  So the lone Taenia, as he grows, prolongs
+  His flatten'd form with young adherent throngs;
+  Unknown to sex the pregnant oyster swells,
+  And coral-insects build their radiate shells;                     90
+  Parturient Sires caress their infant train,
+  And heaven-born STORGE weaves the social chain;
+  Successive births her tender cares combine,
+  And soft affections live along the line.
+
+         [Footnote: _Prolific Volvox_, l. 83. The volvox globator
+         dwells in the lakes of Europe, is transparent, and bears
+         within it children and grandchildren to the fifth generation;
+         Syst. Nat.]
+
+         [Footnote: _The male polypus_, l. 85. The Hydra viridis and
+         fusca of Linneus dwell in our ditches and rivers under
+         aquatic plants; these animals have been shown by ingenious
+         observers to revive after having been dried, to be restored
+         when mutilated, to be multiplied by dividing them, and
+         propagated from portions of them, parts of different ones to
+         unite, to be turned inside outwards and yet live, and to be
+         propagated by seeds, to produce bulbs, and vegetate by
+         branches. Syst. Nat.]
+
+         [Footnote: _The lone Taenia_, l. 87. The tape-worm dwells in
+         the intestines of animals, and grows old at one extremity,
+         producing an infinite series of young ones at the other; the
+         separate joints have been called Gourd-worms, each of which
+         possesses a mouth of its own, and organs of digestion. Syst.
+         Nat.]
+
+         [Footnote: _The pregnant oyster_, l. 89. Ostrea edulis dwells
+         in the European oceans, frequent at the tables of the
+         luxurious, a living repast! New-born oysters swim swiftly by
+         an undulating movement of fins thrust out a little way from
+         their shells. Syst. Nat. But they do not afterwards change
+         their place during their whole lives, and are capable of no
+         other movement but that of opening the shell a little way:
+         whence Professor Beckman observes, that their offspring is
+         probably produced without maternal organs; and that those,
+         who speak of male and female oysters, must be mistaken: Phil.
+         Magaz. March 1800. It is also observed by H. I. le Beck, that
+         on nice inspection of the Pearl oysters in the gulf of Manar,
+         he could observe no distinction of sexes. Nicholson's
+         Journal. April 1800.]
+
+         [Footnote: _And coral insects_, l. 90. The coral habitation
+         of the Madrepora of Linneus consists of one or more star-like
+         cells; a congeries of which form rocks beneath the sea; the
+         animal which constructs it is termed Medusa; and as it
+         adheres to its calcareous cavity, and thence cannot travel to
+         its neighbours, is probably without sex. I observed great
+         masses of the limestone in Shropshire, which is brought to
+         Newport, to consist of the cells of these animals.]
+
+         [Footnote: _And heaven-born Storge_, l. 92. See Additional
+         Note IX.]
+
+    "On angel-wings the GODDESS FORM descends,
+  Round her fond broods her silver arms she bends;
+  White streams of milk her tumid bosom swell,
+  And on her lips ambrosial kisses dwell.
+  Light joys on twinkling feet before her dance
+  With playful nod, and momentary glance;                          100
+  Behind, attendant on the pansied plain,
+  Young PSYCHE treads with CUPID in her train.
+
+    III. "IN these lone births no tender mothers blend
+  Their genial powers to nourish or defend;
+  No nutrient streams from Beauty's orbs improve
+  These orphan babes of solitary love;
+  Birth after birth the line unchanging runs,
+  And fathers live transmitted in their sons;
+  Each passing year beholds the unvarying kinds,
+  The same their manners, and the same their minds.                110
+  Till, as erelong successive buds decay,
+  And insect-shoals successive pass away,
+  Increasing wants the pregnant parents vex
+  With the fond wish to form a softer sex;
+  Whose milky rills with pure ambrosial food
+  Might charm and cherish their expected brood.
+  The potent wish in the productive hour
+  Calls to its aid Imagination's power,
+  O'er embryon throngs with mystic charm presides,
+  And sex from sex the nascent world divides,                      120
+  With soft affections warms the callow trains,
+  And gives to laughing Love his nymphs and swains;
+  Whose mingling virtues interweave at length
+  The mother's beauty with the father's strength.
+
+         [Footnote: _A softer sex_, l. 114. The first buds of trees
+         raised from seed die annually, and are succeeded by new buds
+         by solitary reproduction; which are larger or more perfect
+         for several successive years, and then they produce sexual
+         flowers, which are succeeded by seminal reproduction. The
+         same occurs in bulbous rooted plants raised from seed; they
+         die annually, and produce others rather more perfect than the
+         parent for several years, and then produce sexual flowers.
+         The Aphis is in a similar manner hatched from an egg in the
+         vernal months, and produces a viviparous offspring without
+         sexual intercourse for nine or ten successive generations;
+         and then the progeny is both male and female, which cohabit,
+         and from these new females are produced eggs, which endure
+         the winter; the same process probably occurs in many other
+         insects.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Imagination's power_, l. 118. The manner in which
+         the similarity of the progeny to the parent, and the sex of
+         it, are produced by the power of imagination, is treated of
+         in Zoonomia. Sect. 39. 6. 3. It is not to be understood, that
+         the first living fibres, which are to form an animal, are
+         produced by imagination, with any similarity of form to the
+         future animal; but with appetencies or propensities, which
+         shall produce by accretion of parts the similarity of form
+         and feature, or of sex, corresponding with the imagination of
+         the father.]
+
+         [Footnote: _His nymphs and swains_, l. 122. The arguments
+         which have been adduced to show, that mankind and quadrupeds
+         were formerly in an hermaphrodite state, are first deduced
+         from the present existence of breasts and nipples in all the
+         males; which latter swell on titillation like those of the
+         females, and which are said to contain a milky fluid at their
+         birth; and it is affirmed, that some men have given milk to
+         their children in desert countries, where the mother has
+         perished; as the male pigeon is said to give a kind of milk
+         from his stomach along with the regurgitated food, to the
+         young doves, as mentioned in Additional Note IX. on Storge.
+
+         Secondly, from the apparent progress of many animals to
+         greater perfection, as in some insects, as the flies with two
+         wings, termed Diptera; which have rudiments of two other
+         wings, called halteres, or poisers; and in many flowers which
+         have rudiments of new stamina, or filaments without anthers
+         on them. See Botanic Garden, Vol. II. Curcuma, Note, and the
+         Note on l. 204 of Canto I. of this work. It has been supposed
+         by some, that mankind were formerly quadrupeds as well as
+         hermaphrodites; and that some parts of the body are not yet
+         so convenient to an erect attitude as to a horizontal one; as
+         the fundus of the bladder in an erect posture is not exactly
+         over the insertion of the urethra; whence it is seldom
+         completely evacuated, and thus renders mankind more subject
+         to the stone, than if he had preserved his horizontality:
+         these philosophers, with Buffon and Helvetius, seem to
+         imagine, that mankind arose from one family of monkeys on the
+         banks of the Mediterranean; who accidentally had learned to
+         use the adductor pollicis, or that strong muscle which
+         constitutes the ball of the thumb, and draws the point of it
+         to meet the points of the fingers; which common monkeys do
+         not; and that this muscle gradually increased in size,
+         strength, and activity, in successive generations; and by
+         this improved use of the sense of touch, that monkeys
+         acquired clear ideas, and gradually became men.
+
+         Perhaps all the productions of nature are in their progress
+         to greater perfection! an idea countenanced by modern
+         discoveries and deductions concerning the progressive
+         formation of the solid parts of the terraqueous globe, and
+         consonant to the dignity of the Creator of all things.]
+
+    "So tulip-bulbs emerging from the seed,
+  Year after year unknown to sex proceed;
+  Erewhile the stamens and the styles display
+  Their petal-curtains, and adorn the day;
+  The beaux and beauties in each blossom glow
+  With wedded joy, or amatorial woe.                               130
+  Unmarried Aphides prolific prove
+  For nine successions uninform'd of love;
+  New sexes next with softer passions spring,
+  Breathe the fond vow, and woo with quivering wing.
+
+    "So erst in Paradise creation's LORD,
+  As the first leaves of holy writ record,
+  From Adam's rib, who press'd the flowery grove,
+  And dreamt delighted of untasted love,
+  To cheer and charm his solitary mind,
+  Form'd a new sex, the MOTHER OF MANKIND.                         140
+  --Buoy'd on light step the Beauty seem'd to swim,
+  And stretch'd alternate every pliant limb;
+  Pleased on Euphrates' velvet margin stood,
+  And view'd her playful image in the flood;
+  Own'd the fine flame of love, as life began,
+  And smiled enchantment on adoring Man.
+  Down her white neck and o'er her bosom roll'd,
+  Flow'd in sweet negligence her locks of gold;
+  Round her fine form the dim transparence play'd,
+  And show'd the beauties, that it seem'd to shade.                150
+  --Enamour'd ADAM gaz'd with fond surprise,
+  And drank delicious passion from her eyes;
+  Felt the new thrill of young Desire, and press'd
+  The graceful Virgin to his glowing breast.--
+  The conscious Fair betrays her soft alarms,
+  Sinks with warm blush into his closing arms,
+  Yields to his fond caress with wanton play,
+  And sweet, reluctant, amorous, delay.
+
+         [Footnote: _The mother of mankind_, l. 140. See Additional
+         Note X.]
+
+    IV. "WHERE no new Sex with glands nutritious feeds,
+  Nurs'd in her womb, the solitary breeds;                         160
+  No Mother's care their early steps directs,
+  Warms in her bosom, with her wings protects;
+  The clime unkind, or noxious food instills
+  To embryon nerves hereditary ills;
+  The feeble births acquired diseases chase,
+  Till Death extinguish the degenerate race.
+
+         [Footnote: _Acquired diseases_, l. 165. See Additional Note
+         XI.]
+
+    "So grafted trees with shadowy summits rise,
+  Spread their fair blossoms, and perfume the skies;
+  Till canker taints the vegetable blood,
+  Mines round the bark, and feeds upon the wood.                   170
+  So, years successive, from perennial roots
+  The wire or bulb with lessen'd vigour shoots;
+  Till curled leaves, or barren flowers, betray
+  A waning lineage, verging to decay;
+  Or till, amended by connubial powers,
+  Rise seedling progenies from sexual flowers.
+
+         [Footnote: _So grafted trees_, l. 167. Mr. Knight first
+         observed that those apple and pear trees, which had been
+         propagated for above a century by ingraftment were now so
+         unhealthy, as not to be worth cultivation. I have suspected
+         the diseases of potatoes attended with the curled leaf, and
+         of strawberry plants attended with barren flowers, to be
+         owing to their having been too long raised from roots, or by
+         solitary reproduction, and not from seeds, or sexual
+         reproduction, and to have thence acquired those hereditary
+         diseases.]
+
+    "E'en where unmix'd the breed, in sexual tribes
+  Parental taints the nascent babe imbibes;
+  Eternal war the Gout and Mania wage
+  With fierce uncheck'd hereditary rage;                           180
+  Sad Beauty's form foul Scrofula surrounds
+  With bones distorted, and putrescent wounds;
+  And, fell Consumption! thy unerring dart
+  Wets its broad wing in Youth's reluctant heart.
+
+         [Footnote: _And, fell Consumption_, l. 183.
+
+           ... Haeret lateri lethalis arundo.
+                                        VIRGIL.]
+
+    "With pausing step, at night's refulgent noon,
+  Beneath the sparkling stars, and lucid moon,
+  Plung'd in the shade of some religious tower,
+  The slow bell counting the departed hour,
+  O'er gaping tombs where shed umbrageous Yews
+  On mouldering bones their cold unwholesome dews;                 190
+  While low aerial voices whisper round,
+  And moondrawn spectres dance upon the ground;
+  Poetic MELANCHOLY loves to tread,
+  And bend in silence o'er the countless Dead;
+  Marks with loud sobs infantine Sorrows rave,
+  And wring their pale hands o'er their Mother's grave;
+  Hears on the new-turn'd sod with gestures wild
+  The kneeling Beauty call her buried child;
+  Upbraid with timorous accents Heaven's decrees,
+  And with sad sighs augment the passing breeze.                   200
+  'Stern Time,' She cries, 'receives from Nature's womb
+  Her beauteous births, and bears them to the tomb;
+  Calls all her sons from earth's remotest bourn,
+  And from the closing portals none return!'
+
+    V. URANIA paused,--upturn'd her streaming eyes,
+  And her white bosom heaved with silent sighs;
+  With her the MUSE laments the sum of things,
+  And hides her sorrows with her meeting wings;
+  Long o'er the wrecks of lovely Life they weep,
+  Then pleased reflect, "to die is but to sleep;"                  210
+  From Nature's coffins to her cradles turn,
+  Smile with young joy, with new affection burn.
+
+    And now the Muse, with mortal woes impress'd,
+  Thus the fair Hierophant again address'd.
+  --"Ah me! celestial Guide, thy words impart
+  Ills undeserved, that rend the nascent heart!
+  O, Goddess, say, if brighter scenes improve
+  Air-breathing tribes, and births of sexual love?"--
+  The smiling Fair obeys the inquiring Muse,
+  And in sweet tones her grateful task pursues.                    220
+
+    "Now on broad pinions from the realms above
+  Descending CUPID seeks the Cyprian grove;
+  To his wide arms enamour'd PSYCHE springs,
+  And clasps her lover with aurelian wings.
+  A purple sash across HIS shoulder bends,
+  And fringed with gold the quiver'd shafts suspends;
+  The bending bow obeys the silken string,
+  And, as he steps, the silver arrows ring.
+  Thin folds of gauze with dim transparence flow
+  O'er HER fair forehead, and her neck of snow;                    230
+  The winding woof her graceful limbs surrounds,
+  Swells in the breeze, and sweeps the velvet grounds;
+  As hand in hand along the flowery meads
+  His blushing bride the quiver'd hero leads;
+  Charm'd round their heads pursuing Zephyrs throng,
+  And scatter roses, as they move along;
+  Bright beams of Spring in soft effusion play,
+  And halcyon Hours invite them on their way.
+
+         [Footnote: _Enamoured Psyche_, l. 223. A butterfly was the
+         ancient emblem of the soul after death as rising from the
+         tomb of its former state, and becoming a winged inhabitant of
+         air from an insect creeping upon earth. At length the wings
+         only were given to a beautiful nymph under the name of
+         Psyche, which is the greek word for the soul, and also became
+         afterwards to signify a butterfly probably from the
+         popularity of this allegory. Many allegorical designs of
+         Cupid or Love warming a butterfly or the Soul with his torch
+         may be seen in Spence's Polymetis, and a beautiful one of
+         their marriage in Bryant's Mythology; from which this
+         description is in part taken.]
+
+    "Delighted HYMEN hears their whisper'd vows,
+  And binds his chaplets round their polish'd brows,               240
+  Guides to his altar, ties the flowery bands,
+  And as they kneel, unites their willing hands.
+  'Behold, he cries, Earth! Ocean! Air above,
+  'And hail the DEITIES OF SEXUAL LOVE!
+  'All forms of Life shall this fond Pair delight,
+  'And sex to sex the willing world unite;
+  'Shed their sweet smiles in Earth's unsocial bowers,
+  'Fan with soft gales, and gild with brighter hours;
+  'Fill Pleasure's chalice unalloy'd with pain,
+  'And give SOCIETY his golden chain.'                             250
+
+    "Now young DESIRES, on purple pinions borne,
+  Mount the warm gales of Manhood's rising morn;
+  With softer fires through virgin bosoms dart,
+  Flush the pale cheek, and goad the tender heart.
+  Ere the weak powers of transient Life decay,
+  And Heaven's ethereal image melts away;
+  LOVE with nice touch renews the organic frame,
+  Forms a young Ens, another and the same;
+  Gives from his rosy lips the vital breath,
+  And parries with his hand the shafts of death;                   260
+  While BEAUTY broods with angel wings unfurl'd
+  O'er nascent life, and saves the sinking world.
+
+         [Footnote: _While Beauty broods_, l. 261.
+
+           Alma Venus! per te quoniam genus omne animantum
+           Concipitur, visitque exortum lumina coeli.
+                                        LUCRET.]
+
+    "HENCE on green leaves the sexual Pleasures dwell,
+  And Loves and Beauties crowd the blossom's bell;
+  The wakeful Anther in his silken bed
+  O'er the pleased Stigma bows his waxen head;
+  With meeting lips and mingling smiles they sup
+  Ambrosial dewdrops from the nectar'd cup;
+  Or buoy'd in air the plumy Lover springs,
+  And seeks his panting bride on Hymen-wings.                      270
+
+         [Footnote: _From the nectar'd cup_, l. 268. The anthers and
+         stigmas of flowers are probably nourished by the honey, which
+         is secreted by the honey-gland called by Linneus the nectary;
+         and possess greater sensibility or animation than other parts
+         of the plant. The corol of the flower appears to be a
+         respiratory organ belonging to these anthers and stigmas for
+         the purpose of further oxygenating the vegetable blood for
+         the production of the anther dust and of this honey, which is
+         also exposed to the air in its receptacle or honey-cup;
+         which, I suppose, to be necessary for its further
+         oxygenation, as in many flowers so complicate an apparatus is
+         formed for its protection from insects, as in aconitum,
+         delphinium, larkspur, lonicera, woodbine; and because the
+         corol and nectary fall along with the anthers and stigmas,
+         when the pericarp is impregnated.
+
+         Dr. B. S. Barton in the American Transactions has lately
+         shown, that the honey collected from some plants is
+         intoxicating and poisonous to men, as from rhododendron,
+         azalea, and datura; and from some other plants that it is
+         hurtful to the bees which collect it; and that from some
+         flowers it is so injurious or disagreeable, that they do not
+         collect it, as from the fritillaria or crown imperial of this
+         country.]
+
+    "The Stamen males, with appetencies just,
+  Produce a formative prolific dust;
+  With apt propensities, the Styles recluse
+  Secrete a formative prolific juice;
+  These in the pericarp erewhile arrive,
+  Rush to each other, and embrace alive.
+  --Form'd by new powers progressive parts succeed,
+  Join in one whole, and swell into a seed.
+
+         [Footnote: _With appetencies just_, l. 271. As in the
+         productions by chemical affinity one set of particles must
+         possess the power of attraction, and the other the aptitude
+         to be attracted, as when iron approaches a magnet; so when
+         animal particles unite, whether in digestion or reproduction,
+         some of them must possess an appetite to unite, and others a
+         propensity to be united. The former of these are secreted by
+         the anthers from the vegetable blood, and the latter by the
+         styles or pericarp; see the Additional Note VIII. on
+         Reproduction.]
+
+    "So in fond swarms the living Anthers shine
+  Of bright Vallisner on the wavy Rhine;                           280
+  Break from their stems, and on the liquid glass
+  Surround the admiring stigmas as they pass;
+  The love-sick Beauties lift their essenced brows,
+  Sigh to the Cyprian queen their secret vows,
+  Like watchful Hero feel their soft alarms,
+  And clasp their floating lovers in their arms.
+
+         [Footnote: _Of bright Vallisner_, l. 280. Vallisneria, of the
+         class of dioecia. The flowers of the male plant are produced
+         under water, and as soon as their farina or dust is mature,
+         they detach themselves from the plant, rise to the surface
+         and continue to flourish, and are wafted by the air or borne
+         by the current to the female flowers. In this they resemble
+         those tribes of insects, where the males at certain seasons
+         acquire wings, but not the females, as ants, coccus,
+         lampyris, phalaena, brumata, lichanella; Botanic Garden, Vol.
+         II. Note on Vallisneria.]
+
+    "Hence the male Ants their gauzy wings unfold,
+  And young Lampyris waves his plumes of gold;
+  The Glow-Worm sparkles with impassion'd light
+  On each green bank, and charms the eye of night;                 290
+  While new desires the painted Snail perplex,
+  And twofold love unites the double sex.
+
+         [Footnote: _And young Lampyris_, l. 288. The fire-fly is at
+         some seasons so luminous, that M. Merian says, that by
+         putting two of them under a glass, she was able to draw her
+         figures of them by night. Whether the light of this and of
+         other insects be caused by their amatorial passion, and thus
+         assists them to find each other; or is caused by respiration,
+         which is so analogous to combustion; or to a tendency to
+         putridity, as in dead fish and rotten wood, is still to be
+         investigated; see Botanic Garden, Vol. I. Additional Note
+         IX.]
+
+    "Hence, when the Morus in Italia's lands
+  To spring's warm beam its timid leaf expands;
+  The Silk-Worm broods in countless tribes above
+  Crop the green treasure, uninform'd of love;
+  Erewhile the changeful worm with circling head
+  Weaves the nice curtains of his silken bed;
+  Web within web involves his larva form,
+  Alike secured from sunshine and from storm;                      300
+  For twelve long days He dreams of blossom'd groves,
+  Untasted honey, and ideal loves;
+  Wakes from his trance, alarm'd with young Desire,
+  Finds his new sex, and feels ecstatic fire;
+  From flower to flower with honey'd lip he springs,
+  And seeks his velvet loves on silver wings.
+
+         [Footnote: _Untasted honey_, l. 302. The numerous moths and
+         butterflies seem to pass from a reptile leaf-eating state,
+         and to acquire wings to flit in air, with a proboscis to gain
+         honey for their food along with their organs of reproduction,
+         solely for the purpose of propagating their species by sexual
+         intercourse, as they die when that is completed. By the use
+         of their wings they have access to each other on different
+         branches or on different vegetables, and by living upon honey
+         probably acquire a higher degree of animation, and thus seem
+         to resemble the anthers of flowers, which probably are
+         supported by honey only, and thence acquire greater
+         sensibility; see Note on Vallisneria, l. 280 of this Canto.
+
+         A naturalist, who had studied this subject, thought it not
+         impossible that the first insects were the anthers and
+         stigmas of flowers, which had by some means loosened
+         themselves from their parent plant, like the male flowers of
+         vallisneria, and that other insects in process of time had
+         been formed from these, some acquiring wings, others fins,
+         and others claws, from their ceaseless efforts to procure
+         food or to secure themselves from injury. He contends, that
+         none of these changes are more incomprehensible than the
+         transformation of caterpillars into butterflies; see Botanic
+         Garden, Vol. I. Additional Note XXXIX.]
+
+    VI. "The Demon, Jealousy, with Gorgon frown
+  Blasts the sweet flowers of Pleasure not his own,
+  Rolls his wild eyes, and through the shuddering grove
+  Pursues the steps of unsuspecting Love;                          310
+  Or drives o'er rattling plains his iron car,
+  Flings his red torch, and lights the flames of war.
+
+    Here Cocks heroic burn with rival rage,
+  And Quails with Quails in doubtful fight engage;
+  Of armed heels and bristling plumage proud,
+  They sound the insulting clarion shrill and loud,
+  With rustling pinions meet, and swelling chests,
+  And seize with closing beaks their bleeding crests;
+  Rise on quick wing above the struggling foe,
+  And aim in air the death-devoting blow.                          320
+  There the hoarse stag his croaking rival scorns,
+  And butts and parries with his branching horns;
+  Contending Boars with tusk enamell'd strike,
+  And guard with shoulder-shield the blow oblique;
+  While female bands attend in mute surprise,
+  And view the victor with admiring eyes.--
+
+         [Footnote: _There the hoarse stag_, l. 321. A great want of
+         one part of the animal world has consisted in the desire of
+         the exclusive possession of the females; and these have
+         acquired weapons to combat each other for this purpose, as
+         the very thick shield-like horny skin on the shoulder of the
+         boar is a defence only against animals of his own species,
+         who strike obliquely upwards, nor are his tushes for other
+         purposes, except to defend himself, as he is not naturally a
+         carnivorous animal. So the horns of the stag are sharp to
+         offend his adversary, but are branched for the purpose of
+         parrying or receiving the thrusts of horns similar to his
+         own, and have therefore been formed for the purpose of
+         combating other stags for the exclusive possession of the
+         females, who are observed, like the ladies in the times of
+         chivalry, to attend the car of the victor.
+
+         The birds, which do not carry food to their young, and do not
+         therefore marry, are armed with spurs for the purpose of
+         fighting for the exclusive possession of the females, as
+         cocks and quails. It is certain that these weapons are not
+         provided for their defence against other adversaries, because
+         the females of these species are without this armour;
+         Zoonomia, Sect. XXXIX. 4, 8.]
+
+      "So Knight on Knight, recorded in romance,
+    Urged the proud steed, and couch'd the extended lance;
+    He, whose dread prowess with resistless force,
+    O'erthrew the opposing warrior and his horse,                  330
+    Bless'd, as the golden guerdon of his toils,
+    Bow'd to the Beauty, and receiv'd her smiles.
+
+      "So when fair HELEN with ill-fated charms,
+    By PARIS wooed, provoked the world to arms,
+    Left her vindictive Lord to sigh in vain
+    For broken vows, lost love, and cold disdain;
+    Fired at his wrongs, associate to destroy
+    The realms unjust of proud adulterous Troy,
+    Unnumber'd Heroes braved the dubious fight,
+    And sunk lamented to the shades of night.                      340
+
+      "Now vows connubial chain the plighted pair,
+    And join paternal with maternal care;
+    The married birds with nice selection cull
+    Soft thistle-down, gray moss, and scattered wool,
+    Line the secluded nest with feathery rings,
+    Meet with fond bills, and woo with fluttering wings.
+    Week after week, regardless of her food,
+    The incumbent Linnet warms her future brood;
+    Each spotted egg with ivory lips she turns,
+    Day after day with fond expectance burns,                      350
+    Hears the young prisoner chirping in his cell,
+    And breaks in hemispheres the obdurate shell.
+    Loud trills sweet Philomel his tender strain,
+    Charms his fond bride, and wakes his infant train;
+    Perch'd on the circling moss, the listening throng
+    Wave their young wings, and whisper to the song.
+
+         [Footnote: _The incumbent Linnet_, l. 348. The affection of
+         the unexperienced and untaught bird to its egg, which induces
+         it to sit days and weeks upon it to warm the enclosed
+         embryon, is a matter of great difficulty to explain; See
+         Additional Note IX. on Storge. Concerning the fabrication of
+         their nests, see Zoonomia, Sect. XVI. 13. on instinct.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Hears the young prisoner_, l. 351. The air-vessel
+         at the broad end of an incubated egg gradually extends its
+         edges along the sides of the shell, as the chick enlarges,
+         but is at the same time applied closer to the internal
+         surface of the shell; when the time of hatching approaches
+         the chick is liable to break this air-bag with its beak, and
+         thence begin to breathe and to chirp; at this time the edges
+         of the enlarged air-bag extend so as to cover internally one
+         hemisphere of the egg; and as one half of the external shell
+         is thus moist, and the other half dry, as soon as the mother
+         hearing the chick chirp, or the chick itself wanting
+         respirable air, strikes the egg, about its equatorial line,
+         it breaks into two hemispheres, and liberates the prisoner.]
+
+         [Footnote: _And whisper to the song_, l. 356. A curious
+         circumstance is mentioned by Kircherus de Musurgia, in his
+         Chapter de Lusciniis. "That the young nightingales, that are
+         hatched under other birds, never sing till they are
+         instructed by the company of other nightingales." And
+         Johnston affirms, that the nightingales that visit Scotland,
+         have not the same harmony as those of Italy, (Pennant's
+         Zoology, octavo, p. 255), which would lead us to suspect,
+         that the singing of birds, like human music, is an artificial
+         language rather than a natural expression of passion.]
+
+    "The Lion-King forgets his savage pride,
+  And courts with playful paws his tawny bride;
+  The listening Tiger hears with kindling flame
+  The love-lorn night-call of his brinded dame.                    360
+  Despotic LOVE dissolves the bestial war,
+  Bends their proud necks, and joins them to his car;
+  Shakes o'er the obedient pairs his silken thong,
+  And goads the humble, or restrains the strong.--
+  Slow roll the silver wheels,--in beauty's pride
+  Celestial PSYCHE blushing by his side.--
+  The lordly Bull behind and warrior Horse
+  With voice of thunder shake the echoing course,
+  Chain'd to the car with herds domestic move,
+  And swell the triumph of despotic LOVE.                          370
+
+    "Pleased as they pass along the breezy shore
+  In twinkling shoals the scaly realms adore,
+  Move on quick fin with undulating train,
+  Or lift their slimy foreheads from the main.
+  High o'er their heads on pinions broad display'd
+  The feather'd nations shed a floating shade;
+  Pair after pair enamour'd shoot along,
+  And trill in air the gay impassion'd song.
+  With busy hum in playful swarms around
+  Emerging insects leave the peopled ground,                       380
+  Rise in dark clouds, and borne in airy rings
+  Sport round the car, and wave their golden wings.
+  Admiring Fawns pursue on dancing hoof,
+  And bashful Dryads peep from shades aloof;
+  Emerging Nereids rise from coral cells,
+  Enamour'd Tritons sound their twisted shells;
+  From sparkling founts enchanted Naiads move,
+  And swell the triumph of despotic LOVE.
+
+         [Footnote: _With undulating train_, l. 373. The side fins of
+         fish seem to be chiefly used to poise them; as they turn upon
+         their backs immediately when killed, the air-bladder assists
+         them perhaps to rise or descend by its possessing the power
+         to condense the air in it by muscular contraction; and it is
+         possible, that at great depths in the ocean the air in this
+         receptacle may by the great pressure of the incumbent water
+         become condensed into so small a space, as to cease to be
+         useful to the animal, which was possibly the cause of the
+         death of Mr. Day in his diving ship. See note on Ulva, Botan.
+         Gard. V. II.
+
+         The progressive motion of fish beneath the water is produced
+         principally by the undulation of their tails. One oblique
+         plain of a part of the tail on the right side of the fish
+         strikes the water at the same time that another oblique plain
+         strikes it on the left side, hence in respect to moving to
+         the right or left these percussions of the water counteract
+         each other, but they coincide in respect to the progression
+         of the fish; this power seems to be better applied to push
+         forwards a body in water, than the oars of boats, as the
+         particles of water recede from the stroke of the oar, whence
+         the comparative power acquired is but as the difference of
+         velocity between the striking oar and the receding water. So
+         a ship moves swifter with an oblique wind, than with a wind
+         of the same velocity exactly behind it; and the common
+         windmill sail placed obliquely to the wind is more powerful
+         than one which directly recedes from it. Might not some
+         machinery resembling the tails of fish be placed behind a
+         boat, so as to be moved with greater effect than common oars,
+         by the force of wind or steam, or perhaps by hand?]
+
+         [Footnote: _On pinions broad display'd_, l. 375. The
+         progressive motion of birds in the air is principally
+         performed by the movement of their wings, and not by that of
+         their tails as in fish. The bird is supported in an element
+         so much lighter than itself by the resistance of the air as
+         it moves horizontally against the oblique plain made by its
+         breast, expanded tail and wings, when they are at rest; the
+         change of this obliquity also assists it to rise, and even
+         directs its descent, though this is owing principally to its
+         specific gravity, but it is in all situations kept upright or
+         balanced by its wings.
+
+         As the support of the bird in the air, as well as its
+         progression, is performed by the motion of the wings; these
+         require strong muscles as are seen on the breasts of
+         partridges. Whence all attempts of men to fly by wings
+         applied to the weak muscles of their arms have been
+         ineffectual; but it is not certain whether light machinery so
+         contrived as to be moved by their feet, might not enable them
+         to fly a little way, though not so as to answer any useful
+         purpose.]
+
+    "Delighted Flora, gazing from afar,
+  Greets with mute homage the triumphal car;                       390
+  On silvery slippers steps with bosom bare,
+  Bends her white knee, and bows her auburn hair;
+  Calls to her purple heaths, and blushing bowers,
+  Bursts her green gems, and opens all her flowers;
+  O'er the bright Pair a shower of roses sheds,
+  And crowns with wreathes of hyacinth their heads.--
+  --Slow roll the silver wheels with snowdrops deck'd,
+  And primrose bands the cedar spokes connect;
+  Round the fine pole the twisting woodbine clings,
+  And knots of jasmine clasp the bending springs;                  400
+  Bright daisy links the velvet harness chain,
+  And rings of violets join each silken rein;
+  Festoon'd behind, the snow-white lilies bend,
+  And tulip-tassels on each side depend.
+  --Slow rolls the car,--the enamour'd Flowers exhale
+  Their treasured sweets, and whisper to the gale;
+  Their ravelled buds, and wrinkled cups unfold,
+  Nod their green stems, and wave their bells of gold;
+  Breathe their soft sighs from each enchanted grove,
+  And hail THE DEITIES OF SEXUAL LOVE.                             410
+
+    "ONWARD with march sublime in saffron robe
+  Young HYMEN steps, and traverses the globe;
+  O'er burning sands, and snow-clad mountains, treads,
+  Blue fields of air, and ocean's briny beds;
+  Flings from his radiant torch celestial light
+  O'er Day's wide concave, and illumes the Night.
+  With dulcet eloquence his tuneful tongue
+  Convokes and captivates the Fair and Young;
+  His golden lamp with ray ethereal dyes
+  The blushing cheek, and lights the laughing eyes;                420
+  With secret flames the virgin's bosom warms,
+  And lights the impatient bridegroom to her arms;
+  With lovely life all Nature's frame inspires,
+  And, as they sink, rekindles all her fires."
+
+    VII. Now paused the beauteous Teacher, and awhile
+  Gazed on her train with sympathetic smile.
+  'Beware of Love! she cried, ye Nymphs, and hear
+  'His twanging bowstring with alarmed ear;
+  'Fly the first whisper of the distant dart,
+  'Or shield with adamant the fluttering heart;                    430
+  'To secret shades, ye Virgin trains, retire,
+  'And in your bosoms guard the vestal fire.'
+  --The obedient Beauties hear her words, advised,
+  And bow with laugh repress'd, and smile chastised.
+
+         [Footnote: _With laugh repress'd_, l. 434. The cause of the
+         violent actions of laughter, and of the difficulty of
+         restraining them, is a curious subject of inquiry. When pain
+         afflicts us, which we cannot avoid, we learn to relieve it by
+         great voluntary exertions, as in grinning, holding the
+         breath, or screaming; now the pleasurable sensation, which
+         excites laughter, arises for a time so high as to change its
+         name, and become a painful one; and we excite the convulsive
+         motions of the respiratory muscles to relieve this pain. We
+         are however unwilling to lose the pleasure, and presently put
+         a stop to this exertion; and immediately the pleasure recurs,
+         and again as instantly rises into pain. Which is further
+         explained in Zoonomia, Sect. 34. 1. 4. When this pleasurable
+         sensation rises into a painful one, and the customs of
+         society will not permit us to laugh aloud, some other violent
+         voluntary exertion is used instead of it to alleviate the
+         pain.]
+
+         [Footnote: _With smile chastised_, l. 434. The origin of the
+         smile has generally been ascribed to inexplicable instinct,
+         but may be deduced from our early associations of actions and
+         ideas. In the act of sucking, the lips of the infant are
+         closed round the nipple of its mother, till it has filled its
+         stomach, and the pleasure of digesting this grateful food
+         succeeds; then the sphincter of the mouth, fatigued by the
+         continued action of sucking, is relaxed; and the antagonist
+         muscles of the face gently acting, produce the smile of
+         pleasure, which is thus during our lives associated with
+         gentle pleasure, which is further explained in Zoonomia,
+         Sect. 16. 8. 4.]
+
+    Now at her nod the Nymphs attendant bring
+  Translucent water from the bubbling spring;
+  In crystal cups the waves salubrious shine,
+  Unstain'd untainted with immodest wine.
+  Next, where emerging from its ancient roots
+  Its widening boughs the Tree of Knowledge shoots;                440
+  Pluck'd with nice choice before the Muse they placed
+  The now no longer interdicted taste.
+  Awhile they sit, from higher cares released,
+  And pleased partake the intellectual feast.
+  Of good and ill they spoke, effect and cause,
+  Celestial agencies, and Nature's laws.
+
+    So when angelic Forms to Syria sent
+  Sat in the cedar shade by ABRAHAM'S tent;
+  A spacious bowl the admiring Patriarch fills
+  With dulcet water from the scanty rills;                         450
+  Sweet fruits and kernels gathers from his hoard,
+  With milk and butter piles the plenteous board;
+  While on the heated hearth his Consort bakes
+  Fine flour well kneaded in unleaven'd cakes.
+  The Guests ethereal quaff the lucid flood,
+  Smile on their hosts, and taste terrestrial food;
+  And while from seraph-lips sweet converse springs,
+  Lave their fair feet, and close their silver wings.
+
+
+END OF CANTO II.
+
+
+
+
+ORIGIN OF SOCIETY.
+
+CANTO III.
+
+PROGRESS OF THE MIND.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+I. Urania and the Muse converse 1. Progress of the Mind 42. II. The
+Four sensorial powers of Irritation, Sensation, Volition, and
+Association 55. Some finer senses given to Brutes 93. And Armour 108.
+Finer Organ of Touch given to Man 121. Whence clear ideas of Form 125.
+Vision is the Language of the Touch 131. Magic Lantern 139. Surprise,
+Novelty, Curiosity 145. Passions, Vices 149. Philanthropy 159. Shrine
+of Virtue 160. III. Ideal Beauty from the Female Bosom 163. Eros the
+God of Sentimental Love 177. Young Dione idolized by Eros 186. Third
+chain of Society 206. IV. Ideal Beauty from curved Lines 207. Taste
+for the Beautiful 222. Taste for the Sublime 223. For poetic
+Melancholy 231. For Tragedy 241. For artless Nature 247. The Genius of
+Taste 259. V. The Senses easily form and repeat ideas 269. Imitation
+from clear ideas 279. The Senses imitate each other 293. In dancing
+295. In drawing naked Nymphs 299. In Architecture, as at St. Peter's
+at Rome 303. Mimickry 319. VI. Natural Language from imitation 335.
+Language of Quails, Cocks, Lions, Boxers 343. Pantomime Action 357.
+Verbal Language from Imitation and Association 363. Symbols of ideas
+371. Gigantic form of Time 385. Wings of Hermes 391. VII. Recollection
+from clear ideas 395. Reason and Volition 401. Arts of the Wasp, Bee,
+Spider, Wren, Silk-Worm 411. Volition concerned about Means or Causes
+435. Man distinguished by Language, by using Tools, labouring for
+Money, praying to the Deity 438. The Tree of Knowledge of Good and
+Evil 445. VIII. Emotions from Imitation 461. The Seraph; Sympathy 467.
+Christian Morality the great bond of Society 483-496.
+
+
+
+
+CANTO III.
+
+PROGRESS OF THE MIND.
+
+
+  I. Now rose, adorn'd with Beauty's brightest hues,
+  The graceful HIEROPHANT, and winged MUSE;
+  Onward they step around the stately piles,
+  O'er porcelain floors, through laqueated ailes,
+  Eye Nature's lofty and her lowly seats,
+  Her gorgeous palaces, and green retreats,
+  Pervade her labyrinths with unerring tread,
+  And leave for future guests a guiding thread.
+
+    First with fond gaze blue fields of air they sweep,
+  Or pierce the briny chambers of the deep;                         10
+  Earth's burning line, and icy poles explore,
+  Her fertile surface, and her caves of ore;
+  Or mark how Oxygen with Azote-Gas
+  Plays round the globe in one aerial mass,
+  Or fused with Hydrogen in ceaseless flow
+  Forms the wide waves, which foam and roll below.
+
+         [Footnote: _How Oxygen_, l. 13. The atmosphere which
+         surrounds us, is composed of twenty-seven parts of oxygen gas
+         and seventy-three of azote or nitrogen gas, which are simply
+         diffused together, but which, when combined, become nitrous
+         acid. Water consists of eighty-six parts oxygen, and fourteen
+         parts of hydrogen or inflammable air, in a state of
+         combination. It is also probable, that much oxygen enters the
+         composition of glass; as those materials which promote
+         vitrification, contain so much of it, as minium and
+         manganese; and that glass is hence a solid acid in the
+         temperature of our atmosphere, as water is a fluid one.]
+
+    Next with illumined hands through prisms bright
+  Pleased they untwist the sevenfold threads of light;
+  Or, bent in pencils by the lens, convey
+  To one bright point the silver hairs of Day.                      20
+  Then mark how two electric streams conspire
+  To form the resinous and vitreous fire;
+  Beneath the waves the fierce Gymnotus arm,
+  And give Torpedo his benumbing charm;
+  Or, through Galvanic chain-work as they pass,
+  Convert the kindling water into gas.
+
+         [Footnote: _Two electric streams_, l. 21. It is the opinion
+         of some philosophers, that the electric ether consists of two
+         kinds of fluids diffused together or combined; which are
+         commonly known by the terms of positive and negative
+         electricity, but are by these electricians called vitreous
+         and resinous electricity. The electric shocks given by the
+         torpedo and by the gymnotus, are supposed to be similar to
+         those of the Galvanic pile, as they are produced in water.
+         Which water is decomposed by the Galvanic pile and converted
+         into oxygen and hydrogen gas; see Additional Note XII.
+
+         The magnetic ether may also be supposed to consist of two
+         fluids, one of which attracts the needle, and the other
+         repels it; and, perhaps, chemical affinities, and gravitation
+         itself, may consist of two kinds of ether surrounding the
+         particles of bodies, and may thence attract at one distance
+         and repel at another; as appears when two insulated
+         electrised balls are approached to each other, or when two
+         small globules of mercury are pressed together.]
+
+    How at the poles opposing Ethers dwell,
+  Attract the quivering needle, or repel.
+  How Gravitation by immortal laws
+  Surrounding matter to a centre draws;                             30
+  How Heat, pervading oceans, airs, and lands,
+  With force uncheck'd the mighty mass expands;
+  And last how born in elemental strife
+  Beam'd the first spark, and lighten'd into Life.
+
+    Now in sweet tones the inquiring Muse express'd
+  Her ardent wish; and thus the Fair address'd.
+  "Priestess of Nature! whose exploring sight
+  Pierces the realms of Chaos and of Night;
+  Of space unmeasured marks the first and last,
+  Of endless time the present, future, past;                        40
+  Immortal Guide! O, now with accents kind
+  Give to my ear the progress of the Mind.
+  How loves, and tastes, and sympathies commence
+  From evanescent notices of sense?
+  How from the yielding touch and rolling eyes
+  The piles immense of human science rise?--
+  With mind gigantic steps the puny Elf,
+  And weighs and measures all things but himself!"
+
+    The indulgent Beauty hears the grateful Muse,
+  Smiles on her pupil, and her task renews.                         50
+  Attentive Nymphs in sparkling squadrons throng,
+  And choral Virgins listen to the song;
+  Pleased Fawns and Naiads crowd in silent rings,
+  And hovering Cupids stretch their purple wings.
+
+    II. "FIRST the new actions of the excited sense,
+  Urged by appulses from without, commence;
+  With these exertions pain or pleasure springs,
+  And forms perceptions of external things.
+  Thus, when illumined by the solar beams,
+  Yon waving woods, green lawns, and sparkling streams,
+  In one bright point by rays converging lie                        61
+  Plann'd on the moving tablet of the eye;
+  The mind obeys the silver goads of light,
+  And IRRITATION moves the nerves of sight.
+
+         [Footnote: _And Irritation moves_, l. 64. Irritation is an
+         exertion or change of some extreme part of the sensorium
+         residing in the muscles or organs of sense in consequence of
+         the appulses of external bodies. The word perception includes
+         both the action of the organ of sense in consequence of the
+         impact of external objects and our attention to that action;
+         that is, it expresses both the motion of the organ of sense,
+         or idea, and the pain or pleasure that succeeds or
+         accompanies it. Irritative ideas are those which are preceded
+         by irritation, which is excited by objects external to the
+         organs of sense: as the idea of that tree, which either I
+         attend to, or which I shun in walking near it without
+         attention. In the former case it is termed perception, in the
+         latter it is termed simply an irritative idea.]
+
+    "These acts repeated rise from joys or pains,
+  And swell Imagination's flowing trains;
+  So in dread dreams amid the silent night
+  Grim spectre-forms the shuddering sense affright;
+  Or Beauty's idol-image, as it moves,
+  Charms the closed eye with graces, smiles, and loves;             70
+  Each passing form the pausing heart delights,
+  And young SENSATION every nerve excites.
+
+         [Footnote: _And young Sensation_, l. 72. Sensation is an
+         exertion or change of the central parts of the sensorium or
+         of the whole of it, _beginning_ at some of those extreme
+         parts of it which reside in the muscles or organs of sense.
+         Sensitive ideas are those which are preceded by the sensation
+         of pleasure or pain, are termed Imagination, and constitute
+         our dreams and reveries.]
+
+    "Oft from sensation quick VOLITION springs,
+  When pleasure thrills us, or when anguish stings;
+  Hence Recollection calls with voice sublime
+  Immersed ideas from the wrecks of Time,
+  With potent charm in lucid trains displays
+  Eventful stories of forgotten days.
+  Hence Reason's efforts good with ill contrast,
+  Compare the present, future, and the past;                        80
+  Each passing moment, unobserved restrain
+  The wild discordancies of Fancy's train;
+  But leave uncheck'd the Night's ideal streams,
+  Or, sacred Muses! your meridian dreams.
+
+         [Footnote: _Quick Volition springs_, l. 73. Volition is an
+         exertion or change of the central parts of the sensorium, or
+         of the whole of it _terminating_ in some of those extreme
+         parts of it which reside in the muscles and organs of sense.
+         The vulgar use of the word _memory_ is too unlimited for our
+         purpose: those ideas which we voluntarily recall are here
+         termed ideas of _recollection_, as when we will to repeat the
+         alphabet backwards. And those ideas which are suggested to us
+         by preceding ideas are here termed ideas of _suggestion_, as
+         whilst we repeat the alphabet in the usual order; when by
+         habits previously acquired B is suggested by A, and C by B,
+         without any effort of deliberation. Reasoning is that
+         operation of the sensorium by which we excite two or many
+         tribes of ideas, and then reexcite the ideas in which they
+         differ or correspond. If we determine this difference, it is
+         called judgment; if we in vain endeavour to determine it, it
+         is called doubting.
+
+         If we reexcite the ideas in which they differ, it is called
+         distinguishing. If we reexcite those in which they
+         correspond, it is called comparing.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Each passing moment_, l. 81. During our waking
+         hours, we perpetually compare the passing trains of our ideas
+         with the known system of nature, and reject those which are
+         incongruous with it; this is explained in Zoonomia, Sect.
+         XVII. 3. 7. and is there termed Intuitive Analogy. When we
+         sleep, the faculty of volition ceases to act, and in
+         consequence the uncompared trains of ideas become incongruous
+         and form the farrago of our dreams; in which we never
+         experience any surprise, or sense of novelty.]
+
+    "And last Suggestion's mystic power describes
+  Ideal hosts arranged in trains or tribes.
+  So when the Nymph with volant finger rings
+  Her dulcet harp, and shakes the sounding strings;
+  As with soft voice she trills the enamour'd song,
+  Successive notes, unwill'd, the strain prolong;                   90
+  The transient trains ASSOCIATION steers,
+  And sweet vibrations charm the astonish'd ears.
+
+         [Footnote: _Association steers_, l. 91. Association is an
+         exertion or change of some extreme part of the sensorium
+         residing in the muscles and organs of sense in consequence of
+         some antecedent or attendant fibrous contractions. Associate
+         ideas, therefore, are those which are preceded by other ideas
+         or muscular motions, without the intervention of irritation,
+         sensation, or volition between them; these are also termed
+         ideas of suggestion.]
+
+    "ON rapid feet o'er hills, and plains, and rocks,
+  Speed the scared leveret and rapacious fox;
+  On rapid pinions cleave the fields above
+  The hawk descending, and escaping dove;
+  With nicer nostril track the tainted ground
+  The hungry vulture, and the prowling hound;
+  Converge reflected light with nicer eye
+  The midnight owl, and microscopic fly;                           100
+  With finer ear pursue their nightly course
+  The listening lion, and the alarmed horse.
+
+    "The branching forehead with diverging horns
+  Crests the bold bull, the jealous stag adorns;
+  Fierce rival boars with side-long fury wield
+  The pointed tusk, and guard with shoulder-shield;
+  Bounds the dread tiger o'er the affrighted heath
+  Arm'd with sharp talons, and resistless teeth;
+  The pouncing eagle bears in clinched claws
+  The struggling lamb, and rends with ivory jaws;                  110
+  The tropic eel, electric in his ire,
+  Alarms the waves with unextinguish'd fire;
+  The fly of night illumes his airy way,
+  And seeks with lucid lamp his sleeping prey;
+  Fierce on his foe the poisoning serpent springs,
+  And insect armies dart their venom'd stings.
+
+         [Footnote: _The branching forehead_, l. 103. The
+         peculiarities of the shapes of animals which distinguish them
+         from each other, are enumerated in Zoonomia, Sect. XXXIX. 4.
+         8. on Generation, and are believed to have been gradually
+         formed from similar living fibres, and are varied by
+         reproduction. Many of these parts of animals are there shown
+         to have arisen from their three great desires of lust,
+         hunger, and security.]
+
+         [Footnote: _The tropic eel_, l. 111. Gymnotus electricus.]
+
+         [Footnote: _The fly of night_, l. 113. Lampyris noctiluca.
+         Fire-fly.]
+
+    "Proud Man alone in wailing weakness born,
+  No horns protect him, and no plumes adorn;
+  No finer powers of nostril, ear, or eye,
+  Teach the young Reasoner to pursue or fly.--                     120
+  Nerved with fine touch above the bestial throngs,
+  The hand, first gift of Heaven! to man belongs;
+  Untipt with claws the circling fingers close,
+  With rival points the bending thumbs oppose,
+  Trace the nice lines of Form with sense refined,
+  And clear ideas charm the thinking mind.
+  Whence the fine organs of the touch impart
+  Ideal figure, source of every art;
+  Time, motion, number, sunshine or the storm,
+  But mark varieties in Nature's _form_.                           130
+
+         [Footnote: _The hand, first gift of Heaven_, l. 122. The
+         human species in some of their sensations are much inferior
+         to animals, yet the accuracy of the sense of touch, which
+         they possess in so eminent a degree, gives them a great
+         superiority of understanding; as is well observed by the
+         ingenious Mr. Buffon. The extremities of other animals
+         terminate in horns, and hoofs, and claws, very unfit for the
+         sensation of touch; whilst the human hand is finely adapted
+         to encompass its object with this organ of sense. Those
+         animals who have clavicles or collar-bones, and thence use
+         their forefeet like hands, as cats, squirrels, monkeys, are
+         more ingenious than other quadrupeds, except the elephant,
+         who has a fine sense at the extremity of his proboscis; and
+         many insects from the possessing finer organs of touch have
+         greater ingenuity, as spiders, bees, wasps.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Trace the nice lines of form_, l. 125. When the
+         idea of solidity is excited a part of the extensive organ of
+         touch is compressed by some external body, and this part of
+         the sensorium so compressed exactly resembles in figure the
+         figure of the body that compressed it. Hence when we acquire
+         the idea of solidity, we acquire at the same time the idea of
+         figure; and this idea of figure, or motion of a part of the
+         organ of touch, exactly resembles in its figure the figure of
+         the body that occasions it; and thus exactly acquaints us
+         with this property of the external world.
+
+         Now, as the whole universe with all its parts possesses a
+         certain form or figure, if any part of it moves, that form or
+         figure of the whole is varied. Hence, as motion is no other
+         than a perpetual variation of figure, our idea of motion is
+         also a real resemblance of the motion that produced it.
+
+         Hence arises the certainty of the mathematical sciences, as
+         they explain these properties of bodies, which are exactly
+         resembled by our ideas of them, whilst we are obliged to
+         collect almost all our other knowledge from experiment; that
+         is, by observing the effects exerted by one body upon
+         another.]
+
+    "Slow could the tangent organ wander o'er
+  The rock-built mountain, and the winding shore;
+  No apt ideas could the pigmy mite,
+  Or embryon emmet to the touch excite;
+  But as each mass the solar ray reflects,
+  The eye's clear glass the transient beams collects;
+  Bends to their focal point the rays that swerve,
+  And paints the living image on the nerve.
+  So in some village-barn, or festive hall
+  The spheric lens illumes the whiten'd wall;                      140
+  O'er the bright field successive figures fleet,
+  And motley shadows dance along the sheet.--
+  Symbol of solid forms is colour'd light,
+  And the mute language of the touch is sight.
+
+         [Footnote: _The mute language of the touch_, l. 144. Our eyes
+         observe a difference of colour, or of shade, in the
+         prominences and depressions of objects, and that those shades
+         uniformly vary when the sense of touch observes any
+         variation. Hence when the retina becomes stimulated by
+         colours or shades of light in a certain form, as in a
+         circular spot, we know by experience that this is a sign that
+         a tangible body is before us; and that its figure is
+         resembled by the miniature figure of the part of the organ of
+         vision that is thus stimulated.
+
+         Here whilst the stimulated part of the retina resembles
+         exactly the visible figure of the whole in miniature, the
+         various kinds of stimuli from different colours mark the
+         visible figures of the minuter parts; and by habit we
+         instantly recall the tangible figures.
+
+         So that though our visible ideas resemble in miniature the
+         outline of the figure of coloured bodies, in other respects
+         they serve only as a language, which by acquired associations
+         introduce the tangible ideas of bodies. Hence it is, that
+         this sense is so readily deceived by the art of the painter
+         to our amusement and instruction. The reader will find much
+         very curious knowledge on this subject in Bishop Berkeley's
+         Essay on Vision, a work of great ingenuity.]
+
+    "HENCE in Life's portico starts young Surprise
+  With step retreating, and expanded eyes;
+  The virgin, Novelty, whose radiant train
+  Soars o'er the clouds, or sinks beneath the main,
+  With sweetly-mutable seductive charms
+  Thrills the young sense, the tender heart alarms.                150
+  Then Curiosity with tracing hands
+  And meeting lips the lines of form demands,
+  Buoy'd on light step, o'er ocean, earth, and sky,
+  Rolls the bright mirror of her restless eye.
+  While in wild groups tumultuous Passions stand,
+  And Lust and Hunger head the Motley band;
+  Then Love and Rage succeed, and Hope and Fear;
+  And nameless Vices close the gloomy rear;
+  Or young Philanthropy with voice divine
+  Convokes the adoring Youth to Virtue's shrine;                   160
+  Who with raised eye and pointing finger leads
+  To truths celestial, and immortal deeds.
+
+         [Footnote: _Starts young Surprise_, l. 145. Surprise is
+         occasioned by the sudden interruption of the usual trains of
+         our ideas by any violent stimulus from external objects, as
+         from the unexpected discharge of a pistol, and hence does not
+         exist in our dreams, because our external senses are closed
+         or inirritable. The fetus in the womb must experience many
+         sensations, as of resistance, figure, fluidity, warmth,
+         motion, rest, exertion, taste; and must consequently possess
+         trains both of waking and sleeping ideas. Surprise must
+         therefore be strongly excited at its nativity, as those
+         trains of ideas must instantly be dissevered by the sudden
+         and violent sensations occasioned by the dry and cold
+         atmosphere, the hardness of external bodies, light, sound,
+         and odours; which are accompanied with pleasure or pain
+         according to their quantity or intensity.
+
+         As some of these sensations become familiar by repetition,
+         other objects not previously attended to present themselves,
+         and produce the idea of novelty, which is a less degree of
+         surprise, and like that is not perceived in our dreams,
+         though for another reason; because in sleep we possess no
+         voluntary power to compare our trains of ideas with our
+         previous knowledge of nature, and do not therefore perceive
+         their difference by intuitive analogy from what usually
+         occurs.
+
+         As the novelty of our ideas is generally attended with
+         pleasurable sensation, from this arises Curiosity, or a
+         desire of examining a variety of objects, hoping to find
+         novelty, and the pleasure consequent to this degree of
+         surprise; see Additional Note VII. 3.]
+
+         [Footnote: _And meeting lips_, l. 152. Young children put
+         small bodies into their mouths, when they are satiated with
+         food, as well as when they are hungry, not with design to
+         taste them, but use their lips as an organ of touch to
+         distinguish the shape of them. Puppies, whose toes are
+         terminated with nails, and who do not much use their forefeet
+         as hands, seem to have no other means of acquiring a
+         knowledge of the forms of external bodies, and are therefore
+         perpetually playing with things by taking them between their
+         lips.]
+
+    III. "As the pure language of the Sight commands
+  The clear ideas furnish'd by the hands;
+  Beauty's fine forms attract our wondering eyes,
+  And soft alarms the pausing heart surprise.
+  Warm from its cell the tender infant born
+  Feels the cold chill of Life's aerial morn;
+  Seeks with spread hands the bosoms velvet orbs,
+  With closing lips the milky fount absorbs;                       170
+  And, as compress'd the dulcet streams distil,
+  Drinks warmth and fragrance from the living rill;
+  Eyes with mute rapture every waving line,
+  Prints with adoring kiss the Paphian shrine,
+  And learns erelong, the perfect form confess'd,
+  IDEAL BEAUTY from its Mother's breast.
+
+         [Footnote: _Seeks with spread hands_, l. 169. These eight
+         beautiful lines are copied from Mr. Bilsborrow's Address
+         prefixed to Zoonomia, and are translated from that work;
+         Sect. XVI. 6.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Ideal Beauty_, l. 176. Sentimental Love, as
+         distinguished from the animal passion of that name, with
+         which it is frequently accompanied, consists in the desire or
+         sensation of beholding, embracing, and saluting a beautiful
+         object.
+
+         The characteristic of beauty therefore is that it is the
+         object of love; and though many other objects are in common
+         language called beautiful, yet they are only called so
+         metaphorically, and ought to be termed agreeable. A Grecian
+         temple may give us the pleasurable idea of sublimity, a
+         Gothic temple may give us the pleasurable idea of variety,
+         and a modern house the pleasurable idea of utility; music and
+         poetry may inspire our love by association of ideas; but none
+         of these, except metaphorically, can be termed beautiful, as
+         we have no wish to embrace or salute them.
+
+         Our perception of beauty consists in our recognition by the
+         sense of vision of those objects, first, which have before
+         inspired our love by the pleasure, which they have afforded
+         to many of our senses; as to our sense of warmth, of touch,
+         of smell, of taste, hunger and thirst; and, secondly, which
+         bear any analogy of form to such objects.]
+
+    "Now on swift wheels descending like a star
+  Alights young EROS from his radiant car;
+  On angel-wings attendant Graces move,
+  And hail the God of SENTIMENTAL LOVE.                            180
+  Earth at his feet extends her flowery bed,
+  And bends her silver blossoms round his head;
+  Dark clouds dissolve, the warring winds subside.
+  And smiling ocean calms his tossing tide,
+  O'er the bright morn meridian lustres play,
+  And Heaven salutes him with a flood of day.
+
+         [Footnote: _Alights young Eros_, l. 178. There were two
+         deities of Love belonging to the heathen mythology, the one
+         said to be celestial, and the other terrestrial. Aristophanes
+         says, "Sable-winged Night produced an egg, from which sprung
+         up like a blossom Eros, the lovely, the desirable, with his
+         glossy golden wings." See Botanic Garden, Canto I. l. 412.
+         Note. The other deity of Love, Cupido, seems of much later
+         date, as he is not mentioned in the works of Homer, where
+         there were so many apt situations to have introduced him.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Earth at his feet_, l. 181.
+
+           Te, Dea, te fugiunt venti, te nubila coeli,
+           Adventumque tuum; tibi suaves daedala tellus
+           Submittit flores; tibi rident aequora ponti;
+           Placatumque nitet diffuso lumine coelum.
+                                        LUCRET.]
+
+    "Warm as the sun-beam, pure as driven snows,
+  The enamour'd GOD for young DIONE glows;
+  Drops the still tear, with sweet attention sighs,
+  And woos the Goddess with adoring eyes;                          190
+  Marks her white neck beneath the gauze's fold,
+  Her ivory shoulders, and her locks of gold;
+  Drinks with mute ecstacy the transient glow,
+  Which warms and tints her bosom's rising snow.
+  With holy kisses wanders o'er her charms,
+  And clasps the Beauty in Platonic arms;
+  Or if the dewy hands of Sleep, unbid,
+  O'er her blue eye-balls close the lovely lid,
+  Watches each nascent smile, and fleeting grace,
+  That plays in day-dreams o'er her blushing face;                 200
+  Counts the fine mazes of the curls, that break
+  Round her fair ear, and shade her damask cheek;
+  Drinks the pure fragrance of her breath, and sips
+  With tenderest touch the roses of her lips;--
+  O'er female hearts with chaste seduction reigns,
+  And binds SOCIETY in silken chains.
+
+    IV. "IF the wide eye the wavy lawns explores,
+  The bending woodlands, or the winding shores,
+  Hills, whose green sides with soft protuberance rise,
+  Or the blue concave of the vaulted skies;--                      210
+  Or scans with nicer gaze the pearly swell
+  Of spiral volutes round the twisted shell;
+  Or undulating sweep, whose graceful turns
+  Bound the smooth surface of Etrurian urns,
+  When on fine forms the waving lines impress'd
+  Give the nice curves, which swell the female breast;
+  The countless joys the tender Mother pours
+  Round the soft cradle of our infant hours,
+  In lively trains of unextinct delight
+  Rise in our bosoms _recognized by sight_;                        220
+  Fond Fancy's eye recalls the form divine,
+  And TASTE sits smiling upon Beauty's shrine.
+
+         [Footnote: _The wavy lawns_, l. 207. When the babe, soon
+         after it is born into this cold world, is applied to its
+         mother's bosom; its sense of perceiving warmth is first
+         agreeably affected; next its sense of smell is delighted with
+         the odour of her milk; then its taste is gratified by the
+         flavour of it; afterwards the appetites of hunger and of
+         thirst afford pleasure by the possession of their objects,
+         and by the subsequent digestion of the aliment; and lastly,
+         the sense of touch is delighted by the softness and
+         smoothness of the milky fountain, the source of such variety
+         of happiness.
+
+         All these various kinds of pleasure at length become
+         associated with the form of the mother's breast; which the
+         infant embraces with its hands, presses with its lips, and
+         watches with its eyes; and thus acquires more accurate ideas
+         of the form of its mother's bosom, than of the odour and
+         flavour or warmth, which it perceives by its other senses.
+         And hence at our maturer years, when any object of vision is
+         presented to us, which by its waving or spiral lines bears
+         any similitude to the form of the female bosom, whether it be
+         found in a landscape with soft gradations of rising and
+         descending surface, or in the forms of some antique vases, or
+         in other works of the pencil or the chisel, we feel a general
+         glow of delight, which seems to influence all our senses; and
+         if the object be not too large, we experience an attraction
+         to embrace it with our arms, and to salute it with our lips,
+         as we did in our early infancy the bosom of our mother. And
+         thus we find, according to the ingenious idea of Hogarth,
+         that the waving lines of beauty were originally taken from
+         the temple of Venus.]
+
+    "Where Egypt's pyramids gigantic stand,
+  And stretch their shadows o'er the shuddering sand;
+  Or where high rocks o'er ocean's dashing floods
+  Wave high in air their panoply of woods;
+  Admiring TASTE delights to stray beneath
+  With eye uplifted, and forgets to breathe;
+  Or, as aloft his daring footsteps climb,
+  Crests their high summits with his arm sublime.                  230
+
+         [Footnote: _With his arm sublime_, l. 230. Objects of taste
+         have been generally divided into the beautiful, the sublime,
+         and the new; and lately to these have been added the
+         picturesque. The beautiful so well explained in Hogarth's
+         analysis of beauty, consists of curved lines and smooth
+         surfaces, as expressed in the preceding note; any object
+         larger than usual, as a very large temple or a very large
+         mountain, gives us the idea of sublimity; with which is often
+         confounded the terrific, and the melancholic: what is now
+         termed picturesque includes objects, which are principally
+         neither sublime nor beautiful, but which by their variety and
+         intricacy joined with a due degree of regularity or
+         uniformity convey to the mind an agreeable sentiment of
+         novelty. Many other agreeable sentiments may be excited by
+         visible objects, thus to the sublime and beautiful may be
+         added the terrific, tragic, melancholic, artless, &c. while
+         novelty superinduces a charm upon them all. See Additional
+         Note XIII.]
+
+    "Where mouldering columns mark the lingering wreck
+  Of Thebes, Palmyra, Babylon, Balbec;
+  The prostrate obelisk, or shatter'd dome,
+  Uprooted pedestal, and yawning tomb,
+  On loitering steps reflective TASTE surveys
+  With folded arms and sympathetic gaze;
+  Charm'd with poetic Melancholy treads
+  O'er ruin'd towns and desolated meads;
+  Or rides sublime on Time's expanded wings,
+  And views the fate of ever-changing things.                      240
+
+         [Footnote: _Poetic melancholy treads_, l. 237. The pleasure
+         arising from the contemplation of the ruins of ancient
+         grandeur or of ancient happiness, and here termed poetic
+         melancholy, arises from a combination of the painful idea of
+         sorrow with the pleasurable idea of the grandeur or happiness
+         of past times; and becomes very interesting to us by fixing
+         our attention more strongly on that grandeur and happiness,
+         as the passion of Pity mentioned in the succeeding note is a
+         combination of the painful idea of sorrow with the
+         pleasurable one of beauty, or of virtue.]
+
+    "When Beauty's streaming eyes her woes express,
+  Or Virtue braves unmerited distress;
+  Love sighs in sympathy, with pain combined,
+  And new-born Pity charms the kindred mind;
+  The enamour'd Sorrow every cheek bedews,
+  And TASTE impassion'd woos the tragic Muse.
+
+         [Footnote: _The tragic Muse_, l. 246. Why we are delighted
+         with the scenical representations of Tragedy, which draw
+         tears from our eyes, has been variously explained by
+         different writers. The same distressful circumstance
+         attending an ugly or wicked person affects us with grief or
+         disgust; but when distress occurs to a beauteous or virtuous
+         person, the pleasurable idea of beauty or of virtue becomes
+         mixed with the painful one of sorrow and the passion of Pity
+         is produced, which is a combination of love or esteem with
+         sorrow; and becomes highly interesting to us by fixing our
+         attention more intensely on the beauteous or virtuous person.
+
+         Other distressful scenes have been supposed to give pleasure
+         to the spectator from exciting a comparative idea of his own
+         happiness, as when a shipwreck is viewed by a person safe on
+         shore, as mentioned by Lucretius, L. 3. But these dreadful
+         situations belong rather to the terrible, or the horrid, than
+         to the tragic; and may be objects of curiosity from their
+         novelty, but not of Taste, and must suggest much more pain
+         than pleasure.]
+
+    "The rush-thatch'd cottage on the purple moor,
+  Where ruddy children frolic round the door,
+  The moss-grown antlers of the aged oak,
+  The shaggy locks that fringe the colt unbroke,                   250
+  The bearded goat with nimble eyes, that glare
+  Through the long tissue of his hoary hair;--
+  As with quick foot he climbs some ruin'd wall,
+  And crops the ivy, which prevents its fall;--
+  With rural charms the tranquil mind delight,
+  And form a picture to the admiring sight.
+  While TASTE with pleasure bends his eye surprised
+  In modern days at Nature unchastised.
+
+         [Footnote: _Nature unchastised_, l. 258. In cities or their
+         vicinity, and even in the cultivated parts of the country we
+         rarely see undisguised nature; the fields are ploughed, the
+         meadows mown, the shrubs planted in rows for hedges, the
+         trees deprived of their lower branches, and the animals, as
+         horses, dogs, and sheep, are mutilated in respect to their
+         tails or ears; such is the useful or ill-employed activity of
+         mankind! all which alterations add to the formality of the
+         soil, plants, trees, or animals; whence when natural objects
+         are occasionally presented to us, as an uncultivated forest
+         and its wild inhabitants, we are not only amused with greater
+         variety of form, but are at the same time enchanted by the
+         charm of novelty, which is a less degree of Surprise, already
+         spoken of in note on l. 145 of this Canto.]
+
+    "The GENIUS-FORM, on silver slippers born,
+  With fairer dew-drops gems the rising morn;                      260
+  Sheds o'er meridian skies a softer light,
+  And decks with brighter pearls the brow of night;
+  With finer blush the vernal blossom glows,
+  With sweeter breath enamour'd Zephyr blows,
+  The limpid streams with gentler murmurs pass,
+  And gayer colours tinge the watery glass,
+  Charm'd round his steps along the enchanted groves
+  Flit the fine forms of Beauties, Graces, Loves.
+
+    V. "Alive, each moment of the transient hour,
+  When Rest accumulates sensorial power,                           270
+  The impatient Senses, goaded to contract,
+  Forge new ideas, changing as they act;
+  And, in long streams dissever'd, or concrete
+  In countless tribes, the fleeting forms repeat.
+  Which rise excited in Volition's trains,
+  Or link the sparkling rings of Fancy's chains;
+  Or, as they flow from each translucent source,
+  Pursue Association's endless course.
+
+         [Footnote: _When rest accumulates_, l. 270. The accumulation
+         of the spirit of animation, when those parts of the system
+         rest, which are usually in motion, produces a disagreeable
+         sensation. Whence the pain of cold and of hunger, and the
+         irksomeness of a continued attitude, and of an indolent life:
+         and hence the propensity to action in those confined animals,
+         which have been accustomed to activity, as is seen in the
+         motions of a squirrel in a cage; which uses perpetual
+         exertion to exhaust a part of its accumulated sensorial
+         power. This is one source of our general propensity to
+         action; another perhaps arises from our curiosity or
+         expectation of novelty mentioned in the note on l. 145. of
+         this canto.
+
+         But the immediate cause of our propensity to imitation above
+         that of other animals arises from the greater facility, with
+         which by the sense of touch we acquire the ideas of the
+         outlines of objects, and afterwards in consequence by the
+         sense of sight; this seems to have been observed by
+         Aristotle, who calls man, "the imitative animal;" see
+         Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XXII.]
+
+    "Hence when the inquiring hands with contact fine
+  Trace on hard forms the circumscribing line;                     280
+  Which then the language of the rolling eyes
+  From distant scenes of earth and heaven supplies;
+  Those clear ideas of the touch and sight
+  Rouse the quick sense to anguish or delight;
+  Whence the fine power of IMITATION springs,
+  And apes the outlines of external things;
+  With ceaseless action to the world imparts
+  All moral virtues, languages, and arts.
+  First the charm'd Mind mechanic powers collects,
+  Means for some end, and causes of effects;                       290
+  Then learns from other Minds their joys and fears,
+  Contagious smiles and sympathetic tears.
+
+         [Footnote: _All moral virtues_, l. 288. See the sequel of
+         this canto l. 453 on sympathy; and l. 331 on language; and
+         the subsequent lines on the arts of painting and
+         architecture.]
+
+    "What one fine stimulated Sense discerns,
+  Another Sense by IMITATION learns.--
+  So in the graceful dance the step sublime
+  Learns from the ear the concordance of Time.
+  So, when the pen of some young artist prints
+  Recumbent Nymphs in TITIAN'S living tints;
+  The glowing limb, fair cheek, and flowing hair,
+  Respiring bosom, and seductive air,                              300
+  He justly copies with enamour'd sigh
+  From Beauty's image pictured on his eye.
+
+         [Footnote: _Another sense_, l. 294. As the part of the organs
+         of touch or of sight, which is stimulated into action by a
+         tangible or visible object, must resemble in figure at least
+         the figure of that object, as it thus constitutes an idea; it
+         may be said to imitate the figure of that object; and thus
+         imitation may be esteemed coeval with the existence both of
+         man and other animals: but this would confound perception
+         with imitation; which latter is better defined from the
+         actions of one sense copying those of another.]
+
+    "Thus when great ANGELO in wondering Rome
+  Fix'd the vast pillars of Saint Peter's dome,
+  Rear'd rocks on rocks sublime, and hung on high
+  A new Pantheon in the affrighted sky.
+  Each massy pier, now join'd and now aloof,
+  The figured architraves, and vaulted roof,
+  Ailes, whose broad curves gigantic ribs sustain,
+  Where holy echoes chant the adoring strain;                      310
+  The central altar, sacred to the Lord,
+  Admired by Sages, and by Saints ador'd,
+  Whose brazen canopy ascends sublime
+  On spiral columns unafraid of Time,
+  Were first by Fancy in ethereal dyes
+  Plann'd on the rolling tablets of his eyes;
+  And his true hand with imitation fine
+  Traced from his Retina the grand design.
+
+         [Footnote: _Thus when great Angelo_, l. 303. The origin of
+         this propensity to imitation has not been deduced from any
+         known principle; when any action presents itself to the view
+         of a child, as of whetting a knife, or threading a needle;
+         the parts of this action in respect of time, motion, figure,
+         are imitated by parts of the retina of his eye; to perform
+         this action therefore with his hands is easier to him than to
+         invent any new action; because it consists in repeating with
+         another set of fibres, viz. with the moving muscles, what he
+         had just performed by some parts of the retina; just as in
+         dancing we transfer the times of the motions from the actions
+         of the auditory nerves to the muscles of the limbs. Imitation
+         therefore consists of repetition, which is the easiest kind
+         of animal action; as the ideas or motions become presently
+         associated together; which adds to the facility of their
+         production; as shown in Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XXII. 2.
+
+         It should be added, that as our ideas, when we perceive
+         external objects, are believed to consist in the actions of
+         the immediate organs of sense in consequence of the stimulus
+         of those objects; so when we think of external objects, our
+         ideas are believed to consist in the repetitions of the
+         actions of the immediate organs of sense, excited by the
+         other sensorial powers of volition, sensation, or
+         association.]
+
+    "The Muse of MIMICRY in every age
+  With silent language charms the attentive stage;                 320
+  The Monarch's stately step, and tragic pause,
+  The Hero bleeding in his country's cause,
+  O'er her fond child the dying Mother's tears,
+  The Lover's ardor, and the Virgin's fears;
+  The tittering Nymph, that tries her comic task,
+  Bounds on the scene, and peeps behind her mask,
+  The Punch and Harlequin, and graver throng,
+  That shake the theatre with dance and song,
+  With endless trains of Angers, Loves, and Mirths,
+  Owe to the Muse of Mimicry their births.                         330
+
+         [Footnote: _The Muse of Mimicry_, l. 319. Much of the
+         pleasure received from the drawings of flowers finely
+         finished, or of portraits, is derived from their imitation or
+         resemblance of the objects or persons which they represent.
+         The same occurs in the pleasure we receive from mimicry on
+         the stage; we are surprised at the accuracy of its enacted
+         resemblance. Some part of the pleasure received from
+         architecture, as when we contemplate the internal structure
+         of gothic temples, as of King's College chapel in Cambridge,
+         or of Lincoln Cathedral, may arise also from their imitation
+         or resemblance of those superb avenues of large trees, which
+         were formerly appropriated to religious ceremonies.]
+
+    "Hence to clear images of form belong
+  The sculptor's statue, and the poet's song,
+  The painter's landscape, and the builder's plan,
+  And IMITATION marks the mind of Man.
+
+         [Footnote: _Imitation marks_, l. 334. Many other curious
+         instances of one part of the animal system imitating another
+         part of it, as in some contagious diseases; and also of some
+         animals imitating each other, are given in Zoonomia, Vol. I.
+         Sect. XXII. 3. To which may be added, that this propensity to
+         imitation not only appears in the actions of children, but in
+         all the customs and fashions of the world; many thousands
+         tread in the beaten paths of others, who precede or accompany
+         them, for one who traverses regions of his own discovery.]
+
+    VI. "WHEN strong desires or soft sensations move
+  The astonish'd Intellect to rage or love;
+  Associate tribes of fibrous motions rise,
+  Flush the red cheek, or light the laughing eyes.
+  Whence ever-active Imitation finds
+  The ideal trains, that pass in kindred minds;                    340
+  Her mimic arts associate thoughts excite
+  And the first LANGUAGE enters at the sight.
+
+         [Footnote: _And the first Language_, l. 342. There are two
+         ways by which we become acquainted with the passions of
+         others: first, by having observed the effects of them, as of
+         fear or anger, on our own bodies, we know at sight when
+         others are under the influence of these affections. So
+         children long before they can speak, or understand the
+         language of their parents, may be frightened by an angry
+         countenance, or soothed by smiles and blandishments.
+
+         Secondly, when we put ourselves into the attitude that any
+         passion naturally occasions, we soon in some degree acquire
+         that passion; hence when those that scold indulge themselves
+         in loud oaths and violent actions of the arms, they increase
+         their anger by the mode of expressing themselves; and, on the
+         contrary, the counterfeited smile of pleasure in disagreeable
+         company soon brings along with it a portion of the reality,
+         as is well illustrated by Mr. Burke. (Essay on the Sublime
+         and Beautiful.)
+
+         These are natural signs by which we understand each other,
+         and on this slender basis is built all human language. For
+         without some natural signs no artificial ones could have been
+         invented or understood, as is very ingeniously observed by
+         Dr. Reid. (Inquiry into the Human Mind.)]
+
+    "Thus jealous quails or village-cocks inspect
+  Each other's necks with stiffen'd plumes erect;
+  Smit with the wordless eloquence, they know
+  The rival passion of the threatening foe.
+  So when the famish'd wolves at midnight howl,
+  Fell serpents hiss, or fierce hyenas growl;
+  Indignant Lions rear their bristling mail,
+  And lash their sides with undulating tail.                       350
+  Or when the Savage-Man with clenched fist
+  Parades, the scowling champion of the list;
+  With brandish'd arms, and eyes that roll to know
+  Where first to fix the meditated blow;
+  Association's mystic power combines
+  Internal passions with external signs.
+
+    "From these dumb gestures first the exchange began
+  Of viewless thought in bird, and beast, and man;
+  And still the stage by mimic art displays
+  Historic pantomime in modern days;                               360
+  And hence the enthusiast orator affords
+  Force to the feebler eloquence of words.
+
+    "Thus the first LANGUAGE, when we frown'd or smiled,
+  Rose from the cradle, Imitation's child;
+  Next to each thought associate sound accords,
+  And forms the dulcet symphony of words;
+  The tongue, the lips articulate; the throat
+  With soft vibration modulates the note;
+  Love, pity, war, the shout, the song, the prayer
+  Form quick concussions of elastic air.                           370
+
+    "Hence the first accents bear in airy rings
+  The vocal symbols of ideal things,
+  Name each nice change appulsive powers supply
+  To the quick sense of touch, or ear or eye.
+  Or in fine traits abstracted forms suggest
+  Of Beauty, Wisdom, Number, Motion, Rest;
+  Or, as within reflex ideas move,
+  Trace the light steps of Reason, Rage, or Love.
+  The next new sounds adjunctive thoughts recite,
+  As hard, odorous, tuneful, sweet, or white.                      380
+  The next the fleeting images select
+  Of action, suffering, causes and effect;
+  Or mark existence, with the march sublime
+  O'er earth and ocean of recording TIME.
+
+         [Footnote: _Hence the first accents_, l. 371. Words were
+         originally the signs or names of individual ideas; but in all
+         known languages many of them by changing their terminations
+         express more than one idea, as in the cases of nouns, and the
+         moods and tenses of verbs. Thus a whip suggests a single idea
+         of that instrument; but "to whip," suggests an idea of
+         action, joined with that of the instrument, and is then
+         called a verb; and "to be whipped," suggests an idea of being
+         acted upon or suffering. Thus in most languages two ideas are
+         suggested by one word by changing its termination; as amor,
+         love; amare, to love; amari, to be loved.
+
+         Nouns are the names of the ideas of things, first as they are
+         received by the stimulus of objects, or as they are
+         afterwards repeated; secondly, they are names of more
+         abstracted ideas, which do not suggest at the same time the
+         external objects, by which they were originally excited; or
+         thirdly, of the operations of our minds, which are termed
+         reflex ideas by metaphysical writers; or lastly, they are the
+         names of our ideas of parts or properties of objects; and are
+         termed by grammarians nouns adjective.
+
+         Verbs are also in reality names of our ideas of things, or
+         nouns, with the addition of another idea to them, as of
+         acting or suffering; or of more than one other annexed idea,
+         as of time, and also of existence. These with the numerous
+         abbreviations, so well illustrated by Mr. Horne Tooke in his
+         Diversions of Purley, make up the general theory of language,
+         which consists of the symbols of ideas represented by vocal
+         or written words; or by parts of those words, as their
+         terminations; or by their disposition in respect to their
+         order or succession; as further explained in Additional Note
+         XIV.]
+
+    "The GIANT FORM on Nature's centre stands,
+  And waves in ether his unnumber'd hands;
+  Whirls the bright planets in their silver spheres,
+  And the vast sun round other systems steers;
+  Till the last trump amid the thunder's roar
+  Sound the dread Sentence "TIME SHALL BE NO MORE!"
+
+    "Last steps Abbreviation, bold and strong,                     391
+  And leads the volant trains of words along;
+  With sweet loquacity to HERMES springs,
+  And decks his forehead and his feet with wings.
+
+    VII. "As the soft lips and pliant tongue are taught
+  With other minds to interchange the thought;
+  And sound, the symbol of the sense, explains
+  In parted links the long ideal trains;
+  From clear conceptions of external things
+  The facile power of Recollection springs.                        400
+
+         [Footnote: _In parted links_, l. 398. As our ideas consist of
+         successive trains of the motions, or changes of figure, of
+         the extremities of the nerves of one or more of our senses,
+         as of the optic or auditory nerves; these successive trains
+         of motion, or configuration, are in common life divided into
+         many links, to each of which a word or name is given, and it
+         is called an idea. This chain of ideas may be broken into
+         more or fewer links, or divided in different parts of it, by
+         the customs of different people. Whence the meanings of the
+         words of one language cannot always be exactly expressed by
+         those of another; and hence the acquirement of different
+         languages in their infancy may affect the modes of thinking
+         and reasoning of whole nations, or of different classes of
+         society; as the words of them do not accurately suggest the
+         same ideas, or parts of ideal trains; a circumstance which
+         has not been sufficiently analysed.]
+
+    "Whence REASON'S empire o'er the world presides,
+  And man from brute, and man from man divides;
+  Compares and measures by imagined lines
+  Ellipses, circles, tangents, angles, sines;
+  Repeats with nice libration, and decrees
+  In what each differs, and in what agrees;
+  With quick Volitions unfatigued selects
+  Means for some end, and causes of effects;
+  All human science worth the name imparts,
+  And builds on Nature's base the works of Arts.                   410
+
+         [Footnote: _Whence Reason's empire_, l. 401. The facility of
+         the use of the voluntary power, which is owing to the
+         possession of the clear ideas acquired by our superior sense
+         of touch, and afterwards of vision, distinguishes man from
+         brutes, and has given him the empire of the world, with the
+         power of improving nature by the exertions of art.
+
+         Reasoning is that operation of the sensorium by which we
+         excite two or many tribes of ideas, and then reexcite the
+         ideas in which they differ or correspond. If we determine
+         this difference, it is called judgment; if we in vain
+         endeavour to determine it, it is called doubting.
+
+         If we reexcite the ideas in which they differ, it is called
+         distinguishing. If we reexcite those in which they
+         correspond, it is called comparing.]
+
+    "The Wasp, fine architect, surrounds his domes
+  With paper-foliage, and suspends his combs;
+  Secured from frost the Bee industrious dwells,
+  And fills for winter all her waxen cells;
+  The cunning Spider with adhesive line
+  Weaves his firm net immeasurably fine;
+  The Wren, when embryon eggs her cares engross,
+  Seeks the soft down, and lines the cradling moss;
+  Conscious of change the Silkworm-Nymphs begin
+  Attach'd to leaves their gluten-threads to spin;                 420
+  Then round and round they weave with circling heads
+  Sphere within Sphere, and form their silken beds.
+  --Say, did these fine volitions first commence
+  From clear ideas of the tangent sense;
+  From sires to sons by imitation caught,
+  Or in dumb language by tradition taught?
+  Or did they rise in some primeval site
+  Of larva-gnat, or microscopic mite;
+  And with instructive foresight still await
+  On each vicissitude of insect-state?--                           430
+  Wise to the present, nor to future blind,
+  They link the reasoning reptile to mankind!
+  --Stoop, selfish Pride! survey thy kindred forms,
+  Thy brother Emmets, and thy sister Worms!
+
+         [Footnote: _The Wasp, fine architect_, l. 411. Those animals
+         which possess a better sense of touch are, in general, more
+         ingenious than others. Those which have claviculae, or
+         collar-bones, and thence use the forefeet as hands, as the
+         monkey, squirrel, rat, are more ingenious in seizing their
+         prey or escaping from danger. And the ingenuity of the
+         elephant appears to arise from the sense of touch at the
+         extremity of his proboscis, which has a prominence on one
+         side of its cavity like a thumb to close against the other
+         side of it, by which I have seen him readily pick up a
+         shilling which was thrown amongst the straw he stood upon.
+         Hence the excellence of the sense of touch in many insects
+         seems to have given them wonderful ingenuity so as to equal
+         or even excel mankind in some of their arts and discoveries;
+         many of which may have been acquired in situations previous
+         to their present ones, as the great globe itself, and all
+         that it inhabit, appear to be in a perpetual state of
+         mutation and improvement; see Additional Note IX.]
+
+    "Thy potent acts, VOLITION, still attend
+  The means of pleasure to secure the end;
+  To express his wishes and his wants design'd
+  Language, the _means_, distinguishes Mankind;
+  For _future_ works in Art's ingenious schools
+  His hands unwearied form and finish tools;                       440
+  He toils for money _future_ bliss to share,
+  And shouts to Heaven his mercenary prayer.
+  Sweet Hope delights him, frowning Fear alarms,
+  And Vice and Virtue court him to their arms.
+
+         [Footnote: _Thy potent acts, Volition_, l. 435. It was before
+         observed, how much the superior accuracy of our sense of
+         touch contributes to increase our knowledge; but it is the
+         greater energy and activity of the power of volition, that
+         marks mankind, and has given them the empire of the world.
+
+         There is a criterion by which we may distinguish our
+         voluntary acts or thoughts from those that are excited by our
+         sensations: "The former are always employed about the means
+         to acquire pleasurable objects, or to avoid painful ones;
+         while the latter are employed about the possession of those
+         that are already in our power."
+
+         The ideas and actions of brutes, like those of children, are
+         almost perpetually produced by their present pleasures or
+         their present pains; and they seldom busy themselves about
+         the _means_ of procuring future bliss, or of avoiding future
+         misery.
+
+         Whilst the acquiring of languages, the making of tools, and
+         the labouring for money, which are all only the _means_ of
+         procuring pleasure; and the praying to the Deity, as another
+         means to procure happiness, are characteristic of human
+         nature.]
+
+    "Unenvied eminence, in Nature's plan
+  Rise the reflective faculties of Man!
+  Labour to Rest the thinking Few prefer!
+  Know but to mourn! and reason but to err!--
+  In Eden's groves, the cradle of the world,
+  Bloom'd a fair tree with mystic flowers unfurl'd;                450
+  On bending branches, as aloft it sprung,
+  Forbid to taste, the fruit of KNOWLEDGE hung;
+  Flow'd with sweet Innocence the tranquil hours,
+  And Love and Beauty warm'd the blissful bowers.
+  Till our deluded Parents pluck'd, erelong,
+  The tempting fruit, and gather'd Right and Wrong;
+  Whence Good and Evil, as in trains they pass,
+  Reflection imaged on her polish'd glass;
+  And Conscience felt, for blood by Hunger spilt,
+  The pains of shame, of sympathy, and guilt!                      460
+
+         [Footnote: _And gather'd Right and Wrong_, l. 456. Some
+         philosophers have believed that the acquisition of knowledge
+         diminishes the happiness of the possessor; an opinion which
+         seems to have been inculcated by the history of our first
+         parents, who are said to have become miserable from eating of
+         the tree of knowledge. But as the foresight and the power of
+         mankind are much increased by their voluntary exertions in
+         the acquirement of knowledge, they may undoubtedly avoid many
+         sources of evil, and procure many sources of good; and yet
+         possess the pleasures of sense, or of imagination, as
+         extensively as the brute or the savage.]
+
+    VIII. "LAST, as observant Imitation stands,
+  Turns her quick glance, and brandishes her hands,
+  With mimic acts associate thoughts excites,
+  And storms the soul with sorrows or delights;
+  Life's shadowy scenes are brighten'd and refin'd,
+  And soft emotions mark the feeling mind.
+
+         [Footnote: _And soft emotions_, l. 466. From our aptitude to
+         imitation arises what is generally understood by the word
+         sympathy, so well explained by Dr. Smith of Glasgow. Thus the
+         appearance of a cheerful countenance gives us pleasure, and
+         of a melancholy one makes us sorrowful. Yawning, and
+         sometimes vomiting, are thus propagated by sympathy; and some
+         people of delicate fibres, at the presence of a spectacle of
+         misery, have felt pain in the same parts of their bodies,
+         that were diseased or mangled in the object they saw.
+
+         The effect of this powerful agent in the moral world, is the
+         foundation of all our intellectual sympathies with the pains
+         and pleasures of others, and is in consequence the source of
+         all our virtues. For in what consists our sympathy with the
+         miseries or with the joys of our fellow creatures, but in an
+         involuntary excitation of ideas in some measure similar or
+         imitative of those which we believe to exist in the minds of
+         the persons whom we commiserate or congratulate!]
+
+    "The Seraph, SYMPATHY, from Heaven descends,
+  And bright o'er earth his beamy forehead bends;
+  On Man's cold heart celestial ardor flings,
+  And showers affection from his sparkling wings;                  470
+  Rolls o'er the world his mild benignant eye,
+  Hears the lone murmur, drinks the whisper'd sigh;
+  Lifts the closed latch of pale Misfortune's door,
+  Opes the clench'd hand of Avarice to the poor,
+  Unbars the prison, liberates the slave,
+  Sheds his soft sorrows o'er the untimely grave,
+  Points with uplifted hand to realms above,
+  And charms the world with universal love.
+
+    "O'er the thrill'd frame his words assuasive steal,
+  And teach the selfish heart what others feel;                    480
+  With sacred truth each erring thought control,
+  Bind sex to sex, and mingle soul with soul;
+  From heaven, He cried, descends the moral plan,
+  And gives Society to savage man.
+
+    "High on yon scroll, inscribed o'er Nature's shrine,
+  Live in bright characters the words divine.
+  "IN LIFE'S DISASTROUS SCENES TO OTHERS DO,
+  WHAT YOU WOULD WISH BY OTHERS DONE TO YOU."
+  --Winds! wide o'er earth the sacred law convey,
+  Ye Nations, hear it! and ye Kings, obey!                         490
+
+         [Footnote: _High on yon scroll_, l. 485. The famous sentence
+         of Socrates "Know thyself," so celebrated by writers of
+         antiquity, and said by them to have descended from Heaven,
+         however wise it may be, seems to be rather of a selfish
+         nature; and the author of it might have added "Know also
+         other people." But the sacred maxims of the author of
+         Christianity, "Do as you would be done by," and "Love your
+         neighbour as yourself," include all our duties of benevolence
+         and morality; and, if sincerely obeyed by all nations, would
+         a thousandfold multiply the present happiness of mankind.]
+
+    "Unbreathing wonder hush'd the adoring throng,
+  Froze the broad eye, and chain'd the silent tongue;
+  Mute was the wail of Want, and Misery's cry,
+  And grateful Pity wiped her lucid eye;
+  Peace with sweet voice the Seraph-form address'd,
+  And Virtue clasp'd him to her throbbing breast."
+
+
+END OF CANTO III.
+
+
+
+
+ORIGIN OF SOCIETY.
+
+CANTO IV.
+
+OF GOOD AND EVIL.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+I. Few affected by Sympathy 1. Cruelty of War 11. Of brute animals,
+Wolf, Eagle, Lamb, Dove, Owl, Nightingale 17. Of insects, Oestrus,
+Ichneumon, Libellula 29. Wars of Vegetables 41. Of fish, the Shark,
+Crocodile, Whale 55. The World a Slaughter-house 66. Pains from Defect
+and from Excess of Stimulus 71. Ebriety and Superstition 77. Mania 89.
+Association 93. Avarice, Imposture, Ambition, Envy, Jealousy 97.
+Floods, Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Famine 109. Pestilence 117. Pains from
+Sympathy 123. II. Good outbalances Evil 135. Life combines inanimate
+Matter, and produces happiness by Irritation 145. As in viewing a
+Landscape 159. In hearing Music 171. By Sensation or Fancy in Dreams
+183. The Patriot and the Nun 197. Howard, Moira, Burdett 205. By
+Volition 223. Newton, Herschel 233. Archimedes, Savery 241. Isis,
+Arkwright 253. Letters and Printing 265. Freedom of the Press 273. By
+Association 291. Ideas of Contiguity, Resemblance, and of Cause and
+Effect 299. Antinous 319. Cecilia 329. III. Life soon ceases, Births
+and Deaths alternate 337. Acorns, Poppy-seeds, Aphises, Snails, Worms,
+Tadpoles, Herrings innumerable 347. So Mankind 369. All Nature teems
+with Life 375. Dead Organic Matter soon revives 383. Death is but a
+change of Form 393. Exclamation of St. Paul 403. Happiness of the
+World increases 405. The Phoenix 411. System of Pythagoras 417. Rocks
+and Mountains produced by Organic Life 429. Are Monuments of past
+Felicity 447. Munificence of the Deity 455. IV. Procession of Virgins
+469. Hymn to Heaven 481. Of Chaos 489. Of Celestial Love 499. Offering
+of Urania 517-524.
+
+
+
+
+CANTO IV.
+
+OF GOOD AND EVIL.
+
+
+  I. "HOW FEW," the MUSE in plaintive accents cries,
+  And mingles with her words pathetic sighs.--
+  "How few, alas! in Nature's wide domains
+  The sacred charm of SYMPATHY restrains!
+  Uncheck'd desires from appetite commence,
+  And pure reflection yields to selfish sense!
+  --Blest is the Sage, who learn'd in Nature's laws
+  With nice distinction marks effect and cause;
+  Who views the insatiate Grave with eye sedate,
+  Nor fears thy voice, inexorable Fate!                             10
+
+         [Footnote: _Blest is the Sage_, l. 7.
+
+           Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas;
+           Quique metus omnes, et inexorabile fatum,
+           Subjecit pedibus, strepitumque Acherontis avari.
+                                        VIRG. Georg. II. 490.]
+
+    "WHEN War, the Demon, lifts his banner high,
+  And loud artillery rends the affrighted sky;
+  Swords clash with swords, on horses horses rush,
+  Man tramples man, and nations nations crush;
+  Death his vast sithe with sweep enormous wields,
+  And shuddering Pity quits the sanguine fields.
+
+    "The wolf, escorted by his milk-drawn dam,
+  Unknown to mercy, tears the guiltless lamb;
+  The towering eagle, darting from above,
+  Unfeeling rends the inoffensive dove;                             20
+  The lamb and dove on living nature feed,
+  Crop the young herb, or crush the embryon seed.
+  Nor spares the loud owl in her dusky flight,
+  Smit with sweet notes, the minstrel of the night;
+  Nor spares, enamour'd of his radiant form,
+  The hungry nightingale the glowing worm;
+  Who with bright lamp alarms the midnight hour,
+  Climbs the green stem, and slays the sleeping flower.
+
+         [Footnote: _The towering eagle_, l. 19.
+
+           Torva leaena lupum sequitur, lupus ipse capellam,
+           Florentem cytisum sequitur lasciva capella.
+                                        VIRG.]
+
+    "Fell Oestrus buries in her rapid course
+  Her countless brood in stag, or bull, or horse;                   30
+  Whose hungry larva eats its living way,
+  Hatch'd by the warmth, and issues into day.
+  The wing'd Ichneumon for her embryon young
+  Gores with sharp horn the caterpillar throng.
+  The cruel larva mines its silky course,
+  And tears the vitals of its fostering nurse.
+  While fierce Libellula with jaws of steel
+  Ingulfs an insect-province at a meal;
+  Contending bee-swarms rise on rustling wings,
+  And slay their thousands with envenom'd stings.                   40
+
+         [Footnote: _Fell Oestrus buries_, l. 29. The gadfly, bot-fly,
+         or sheep-fly: the larva lives in the bodies of cattle
+         throughout the whole winter; it is extracted from their backs
+         by an African bird called Buphaga. Adhering to the anus it
+         artfully introduces itself into the intestines of horses, and
+         becomes so numerous in their stomachs, as sometimes to
+         destroy them; it climbs into the nostrils of sheep and
+         calves, and producing a nest of young in a transparent
+         hydatide in the frontal sinus, occasions the vertigo or turn
+         of those animals. In Lapland it so attacks the rein deer that
+         the natives annually travel with the herds from the woods to
+         the mountains. Lin. Syst. Nat.]
+
+         [Footnote: _The wing'd Ichneumon_, l. 33. Linneus describes
+         seventy-seven species of the ichneumon fly, some of which
+         have a sting as long and some twice as long as their bodies.
+         Many of them insert their eggs into various caterpillars,
+         which when they are hatched seem for a time to prey on the
+         reservoir of silk in the backs of those animals designed for
+         their own use to spin a cord to support them, or a bag to
+         contain them, while they change from their larva form to a
+         butterfly; as I have seen in above fifty
+         cabbage-caterpillars. The ichneumon larva then makes its way
+         out of the caterpillar, and spins itself a small cocoon like
+         a silk worm; these cocoons are about the size of a small
+         pin's head, and I have seen about ten of them on each cabbage
+         caterpillar, which soon dies after their exclusion.
+
+         Other species of ichneumon insert their eggs into the aphis,
+         and into the larva of the aphidivorous fly: others into the
+         bedeguar of rose trees, and the gall-nuts of oaks; whence
+         those excrescences seem to be produced, as well as the
+         hydatides in the frontal sinus of sheep and calves by the
+         stimulus of the larvae deposited in them.]
+
+         [Footnote: _While fierce Libellula_, l. 37. The Libellula or
+         Dragon-fly is said to be a most voracious animal; Linneus
+         says in their perfect state they are the hawks to naked
+         winged flies; in their larva state they run beneath the
+         water, and are the cruel crocodiles of aquatic insects. Syst.
+         Nat.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Contending bee-swarms_, l. 39. Stronger
+         bee-swarms frequently attack weak hives, and in two or three
+         days destroy them and carry away their honey; this I once
+         prevented by removing the attacked hive after the first day's
+         battle to a distinct part of the garden. See Phytologia,
+         Sect. XIV. 3. 7.]
+
+    "Yes! smiling Flora drives her armed car
+  Through the thick ranks of vegetable war;
+  Herb, shrub, and tree, with strong emotions rise
+  For light and air, and battle in the skies;
+  Whose roots diverging with opposing toil
+  Contend below for moisture and for soil;
+  Round the tall Elm the flattering Ivies bend,
+  And strangle, as they clasp, their struggling friend;
+  Envenom'd dews from Mancinella flow,
+  And scald with caustic touch the tribes below;                    50
+  Dense shadowy leaves on stems aspiring borne
+  With blight and mildew thin the realms of corn;
+  And insect hordes with restless tooth devour
+  The unfolded bud, and pierce the ravell'd flower.
+
+    "In ocean's pearly haunts, the waves beneath
+  Sits the grim monarch of insatiate Death;
+  The shark rapacious with descending blow
+  Darts on the scaly brood, that swims below;
+  The crawling crocodiles, beneath that move,
+  Arrest with rising jaw the tribes above;                          60
+  With monstrous gape sepulchral whales devour
+  Shoals at a gulp, a million in an hour.
+  --Air, earth, and ocean, to astonish'd day
+  One scene of blood, one mighty tomb display!
+  From Hunger's arm the shafts of Death are hurl'd,
+  And one great Slaughter-house the warring world!
+
+         [Footnote: _The shark rapacious_, l. 57. The shark has three
+         rows of sharp teeth within each other, which he can bend
+         downwards internally to admit larger prey, and raise to
+         prevent its return; his snout hangs so far over his mouth,
+         that he is necessitated to turn upon his back, when he takes
+         fish that swim over him, and hence seems peculiarly formed to
+         catch those that swim under him.]
+
+         [Footnote: _The crawling crocodiles_, l. 59. As this animal
+         lives chiefly at the bottom of the rivers, which he
+         frequents, he has the power of opening the upper jaw as well
+         as the under one, and thus with greater facility catches the
+         fish or water-fowl which swim over him.]
+
+         [Footnote: _One great slaughter-house_, l. 66. As vegetables
+         are an inferior order of animals fixed to the soil; and as
+         the locomotive animals prey upon them, or upon each other;
+         the world may indeed be said to be one great slaughter-house.
+         As the digested food of vegetables consists principally of
+         sugar, and from this is produced again their mucilage,
+         starch, and oil, and since animals are sustained by these
+         vegetable productions, it would seem that the sugar-making
+         process carried on in vegetable vessels was the great source
+         of life to all organized beings. And that if our improved
+         chemistry should ever discover the art of making sugar from
+         fossile or aerial matter without the assistance of
+         vegetation, food for animals would then become as plentiful
+         as water, and they might live upon the earth without preying
+         on each other, as thick as blades of grass, with no restraint
+         to their numbers but the want of local room.
+
+         It would seem that roots fixed in the earth and leaves
+         innumerable waving in the air were necessary for the
+         decomposition of water and air, and the conversion of them
+         into saccharine matter, which would have been not only
+         cumberous but totally incompatible with the locomotion of
+         animal bodies. For how could a man or quadruped have carried
+         on his head or back a forest of leaves, or have had long
+         branching lacteal or absorbent vessels terminating in the
+         earth? Animals therefore subsist on vegetables; that is they
+         take the matter so prepared, and have organs to prepare it
+         further for the purposes of higher animation and greater
+         sensibility.]
+
+    "THE brow of Man erect, with thought elate,
+  Ducks to the mandate of resistless fate;
+  Nor Love retains him, nor can Virtue save
+  Her sages, saints, or heroes from the grave.                      70
+  While cold and hunger by defect oppress,
+  Repletion, heat, and labour by excess,
+  The whip, the sting, the spur, the fiery brand,
+  And, cursed Slavery! thy iron hand;
+  And led by Luxury Disease's trains,
+  Load human life with unextinguish'd pains.
+
+         [Footnote: _While cold and hunger_, l. 71. Those parts of our
+         system, which are in health excited into perpetual action,
+         give us pain, when they are not excited into action: thus
+         when the hands are for a time immersed in snow, an inaction
+         of the cutaneous capillaries is induced, as is seen from the
+         paleness of the skin, which is attended with the pain of
+         coldness. So the pain of hunger is probably produced by the
+         inaction of the muscular fibres of the stomach from the want
+         of the stimulus of food.
+
+         Thus those, who have used much voluntary exertion in their
+         early years, and have continued to do so, till the decline of
+         life commences, if they then lay aside their employment,
+         whether that of a minister of state, a general of an army, or
+         a merchant, or manufacturer; they cease to have their
+         faculties excited into their usual activity, and become
+         unhappy, I suppose from the too great accumulation of the
+         sensorial power of volition; which wants the accustomed
+         stimulus or motive to cause its expenditure.]
+
+    "Here laughs Ebriety more fell than arms,
+  And thins the nations with her fatal charms,
+  With Gout, and Hydrops groaning in her train,
+  And cold Debility, and grinning Pain,                             80
+  With harlot's smiles deluded man salutes,
+  Revenging all his cruelties to brutes!
+  There the curst spells of Superstition blind,
+  And fix her fetters on the tortured mind;
+  She bids in dreams tormenting shapes appear,
+  With shrieks that shock Imagination's ear,
+  E'en o'er the grave a deeper shadow flings,
+  And maddening Conscience darts a thousand stings.
+
+         [Footnote: _Here laughs Ebriety_, l. 77.
+
+                                   Saevior armis
+           Luxuria incubuit, victumque ulciscitur orbem.
+                                        HORAC.]
+
+         [Footnote: _E'en o'er the grave_, l. 87. Many theatric
+         preachers among the Methodists successfully inculcate the
+         fear of death and of Hell, and live luxuriously on the folly
+         of their hearers: those who suffer under this insanity, are
+         generally most innocent and harmless people, who are then
+         liable to accuse themselves of the greatest imaginary crimes;
+         and have so much intellectual cowardice, that they dare not
+         reason about those things, which they are directed by their
+         priests to believe. Where this intellectual cowardice is
+         great, the voice of reason is ineffectual; but that of
+         ridicule may save many from these mad-making doctors, as the
+         farces of Mr. Foot; though it is too weak to cure those who
+         are already hallucinated.]
+
+    "There writhing Mania sits on Reason's throne,
+  Or Melancholy marks it for her own,                               90
+  Sheds o'er the scene a voluntary gloom,
+  Requests oblivion, and demands the tomb.
+  And last Association's trains suggest
+  Ideal ills, that harrow up the breast,
+  Call for the dead from Time's o'erwhelming main,
+  And bid departed Sorrow live again.
+
+         [Footnote: _And last association_, l. 93. The miseries and
+         the felicities of life may be divided into those which arise
+         in consequence of irritation, sensation, volition, and
+         association; and consist in the actions of the extremities of
+         the nerves of sense, which constitute our ideas; if they are
+         much more exerted than usual, or much less exerted than
+         usual, they occasion pain; as when the finger is burnt in a
+         candle; or when we go into a cold bath: while their natural
+         degree of exertion produces the pleasure of life or
+         existence. This pleasure is nevertheless increased, when the
+         system is stimulated into rather stronger action than usual,
+         as after a copious dinner, and at the beginning of
+         intoxication; and diminished, when it is only excited into
+         somewhat less activity than usual, which is termed ennui, or
+         irksomeness of life.]
+
+         [Footnote: _Ideal ills_, l. 94. The tooth-edge is an instance
+         of bodily pain occasioned by association of ideas. Every one
+         in his childhood has repeatedly bit a part of the glass or
+         earthen vessel, in which his food has been given him, and has
+         thence had a disagreeable sensation in his teeth, attended at
+         the same time with a jarring sound: and ever after, when such
+         a sound is accidentally produced, the disagreeable sensation
+         of the teeth follows by association of ideas; this is further
+         elucidated in Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XVI. 10.]
+
+    "Here ragged Avarice guards with bolted door
+  His useless treasures from the starving poor;
+  Loads the lorn hours with misery and care,
+  And lives a beggar to enrich his heir.                           100
+  Unthinking crowds thy forms, Imposture, gull,
+  A Saint in sackcloth, or a Wolf in wool.
+  While mad with foolish fame, or drunk with power,
+  Ambition slays his thousands in an hour;
+  Demoniac Envy scowls with haggard mien,
+  And blights the bloom of other's joys, unseen;
+  Or wrathful Jealousy invades the grove,
+  And turns to night meridian beams of Love!
+
+         [Footnote: _Enrich his heir_, l. 100.
+
+           Cum furor haud dubius, cum sit manifesta phrenitis,
+           Ut locuples moriaris, egenti vivere fato.
+                                        JUVENAL.]
+
+         [Footnote: _A Wolf in wool_, l. 102. A wolf in sheep's
+         clothing.]
+
+    "Here wide o'er earth impetuous waters sweep,
+  And fields and forests rush into the deep;                       110
+  Or dread Volcano with explosion dire
+  Involves the mountains in a flood of fire;
+  Or yawning Earth with closing jaws inhumes
+  Unwarned nations, living in their tombs;
+  Or Famine seizes with her tiger-paw,
+  And swallows millions with unsated maw.
+
+    "There livid Pestilence in league with Dearth
+  Walks forth malignant o'er the shuddering earth,
+  Her rapid shafts with airs volcanic wings,
+  Or steeps in putrid vaults her venom'd stings.                   120
+  Arrests the young in Beauty's vernal bloom,
+  And bears the innocuous strangers to the tomb!--
+
+         [Footnote: _With airs volcanic_, l. 119. Those epidemic
+         complaints, which are generally termed influenza, are
+         believed to arise from vapours thrown out from earthquakes in
+         such abundance as to affect large regions of the atmosphere,
+         see Botanic Garden, V. I. Canto IV. l. 65. while the diseases
+         properly termed contagious originate from the putrid effluvia
+         of decomposing animal or vegetable matter.]
+
+    "AND now, e'en I, whose verse reluctant sings
+  The changeful state of sublunary things,
+  Bend o'er Mortality with silent sighs,
+  And wipe the secret tear-drops from my eyes,
+  Hear through the night one universal groan,
+  And mourn unseen for evils not my own,
+  With restless limbs and throbbing heart complain,
+  Stretch'd on the rack of sentimental pain!                       130
+  --Ah where can Sympathy reflecting find
+  One bright idea to console the mind?
+  One ray of light in this terrene abode
+  To prove to Man the Goodness of his GOD?"
+
+         [Footnote: _Sentimental pain_, l. 130. Children should be
+         taught in their early education to feel for all the
+         remediable evils, which they observe in others; but they
+         should at the same time be taught sufficient firmness of mind
+         not intirely to destroy their own happiness by their
+         sympathizing with too great sensibility with the numerous
+         irremediable evils, which exist in the present system of the
+         world: as by indulging that kind of melancholy they decrease
+         the sum total of public happiness; which is so far rather
+         reprehensible than commendable. See Plan for Female Education
+         by Dr. Darwin, Johnson, London, Sect. XVII.
+
+         This has been carried to great excess in the East by the
+         disciples of Confucius; the Gentoos during a famine in India
+         refused to eat the flesh of cows and of other animals to
+         satisfy their hunger, and save themselves from death. And at
+         other times they have been said to permit fleas and
+         musquitoes to feed upon them from this erroneous sympathy.]
+
+    II. "HEAR, O YE SONS OF TIME!" the Nymph replies,
+  Quick indignation darting from her eyes;
+  "When in soft tones the Muse lamenting sings,
+  And weighs with tremulous hand the sum of things;
+  She loads the scale in melancholy mood,
+  Presents the evil, but forgets the good.                         140
+  But if the beam some firmer hand suspends,
+  And good and evil load the adverse ends;
+  With strong libration, where the Good abides,
+  Quick nods the beam, the ponderous gold subsides.
+
+    "HEAR, O ye Sons of Time! the powers of Life
+  Arrest the elements, and stay their strife;
+  From wandering atoms, ethers, airs, and gas,
+  By combination form the organic mass;
+  And,--as they seize, digest, secrete,--dispense
+  The bliss of Being to the vital Ens.                             150
+  Hence in bright groups from IRRITATION rise
+  Young Pleasure's trains, and roll their azure eyes.
+
+         [Footnote: _From wandering atoms_, l. 147. Had those ancient
+         philosophers, who contended that the world was formed from
+         atoms, ascribed their combinations to certain immutable
+         properties received from the hand of the Creator, such as
+         general gravitation, chemical affinity, or animal appetency,
+         instead of ascribing them to a blind chance; the doctrine of
+         atoms, as constituting or composing the material world by the
+         variety of their combinations, so far from leading the mind
+         to atheism, would strengthen the demonstration of the
+         existence of a Deity, as the first cause of all things;
+         because the analogy resulting from our perpetual experience
+         of cause and effect would have thus been exemplified through
+         universal nature.]
+
+    "With fond delight we feel the potent charm,
+  When Zephyrs cool us, or when sun-beams warm;
+  With fond delight inhale the fragrant flowers,
+  Taste the sweet fruits, which bend the blushing bowers,
+  Admire the music of the vernal grove,
+  Or drink the raptures of delirious love.
+
+    "So with long gaze admiring eyes behold
+  The varied landscape all its lights unfold;                      160
+  Huge rocks opposing o'er the stream project
+  Their naked bosoms, and the beams reflect;
+  Wave high in air their fringed crests of wood,
+  And checker'd shadows dance upon the flood;
+  Green sloping lawns construct the sidelong scene,
+  And guide the sparkling rill that winds between;
+  Conduct on murmuring wings the pausing gale,
+  And rural echoes talk along the vale;
+  Dim hills behind in pomp aerial rise,
+  Lift their blue tops, and melt into the skies.                   170
+
+         [Footnote: _The varied landscape_, l. 160. The pleasure, we
+         feel on examining a fine landscape, is derived from various
+         sources; as first the excitement of the retina of the eye
+         into certain quantities of action; which when there is in the
+         optic nerve any accumulation of sensorial power, is always
+         agreeable. 2. When it is excited into such successive
+         actions, as relieve each other; as when a limb has been long
+         exerted in one direction, by stretching it in another; as
+         described in Zoonomia, Sect. XL. 6. on ocular spectra. 3. And
+         lastly by the associations of its parts with some agreeable
+         sentiments or tastes, as of sublimity, beauty, utility,
+         novelty; and the objects suggesting other sentiments, which
+         have lately been termed picturesque as mentioned in the note
+         to Canto III, l. 230 of this work. The two former of these
+         sources of pleasure arise from irritation, the last from
+         association.]
+
+    "So when by HANDEL tuned to measured sounds
+  The trumpet vibrates, or the drum rebounds;
+  Alarm'd we listen with ecstatic wonder
+  To mimic battles, or imagined thunder.
+  When the soft lute in sweet impassion'd strains
+  Of cruel nymphs or broken vows complains;
+  As on the breeze the fine vibration floats,
+  We drink delighted the melodious notes.
+  But when young Beauty on the realms above
+  Bends her bright eye, and trills the tones of love;              180
+  Seraphic sounds enchant this nether sphere;
+  And listening angels lean from Heaven to hear.
+
+         [Footnote: _We drink delighted_, l. 178. The pleasure we
+         experience from music, is, like that from viewing a
+         landscape, derived from various sources; as first from the
+         excitement of the auditory nerve into certain quantities of
+         action, when there exists any accumulation of sensorial
+         power. 2. When the auditory nerve is exerted in such
+         successive actions as relieve each other, like stretching or
+         yawning, as described in Botanic Garden, Vol. II, Interlude
+         the third, these successions of sound are termed melody, and
+         their combinations harmony. 3. From the repetition of sounds
+         at certain intervals of time; as we hear them with greater
+         facility and accuracy, when we expect them; because they are
+         then excited by volition, as well as by irritation, or at
+         least the tympanum is then better adapted to assist their
+         production; hence the two musical times or bars; and hence
+         the rhimes in poetry give pleasure, as well as the measure of
+         the verse: and lastly the pleasure we receive from music,
+         arises from the associations of agreeable sentiments with
+         certain proportions, or repetitions, or quantities, or times
+         of sounds which have been previously acquired; as explained
+         in Zoonomia Vol. I. Sect. XVI. 10. and Sect. XXII. 2.]
+
+    "Next by SENSATION led, new joys commence
+  From the fine movements of the excited sense;
+  In swarms ideal urge their airy flight,
+  Adorn the day-scenes, and illume the night.
+  Her spells o'er all the hand of Fancy flings,
+  Gives form and substance to unreal things;
+  With fruits and foliage decks the barren waste,
+  And brightens Life with sentiment and taste;                     190
+  Pleased o'er the level and the rule presides,
+  The painter's brush, the sculptor's chisel guides,
+  With ray ethereal lights the poet's fire,
+  Tunes the rude pipe, or strings the heroic lyre:
+  Charm'd round the nymph on frolic footsteps move
+  The angelic forms of Beauty, Grace, and Love.
+
+    "So dreams the Patriot, who indignant draws
+  The sword of vengeance in his Country's cause;
+  Bright for his brows unfading honours bloom,
+  Or kneeling Virgins weep around his tomb.                        200
+  So holy transports in the cloister's shade
+  Play round thy toilet, visionary maid!
+  Charm'd o'er thy bed celestial voices sing,
+  And Seraphs hover on enamour'd wing.
+
+    "So HOWARD, MOIRA, BURDETT, sought the cells,
+  Where want, or woe, or guilt in darkness dwells;
+  With Pity's torch illumed the dread domains,
+  Wiped the wet eye, and eased the galling chains;
+  With Hope's bright blushes warm'd the midnight air,
+  And drove from earth the Demon of Despair.                       210
+  Erewhile emerging from the caves of night
+  The Friends of Man ascended into light;
+  With soft assuasive eloquence address'd
+  The ear of Power to stay his stern behest;
+  At Mercy's call to stretch his arm and save
+  His tottering victims from the gaping grave.
+  These with sweet smiles Imagination greets,
+  For these she opens all her treasured sweets,
+  Strews round their couch, by Pity's hand combined,
+  Bright flowers of joy, the sunshine of the mind;                 220
+  While Fame's loud trump with sounds applausive breathes
+  And Virtue crowns them with immortal wreathes.
+
+    "Thy acts, VOLITION, to the world impart
+  The plans of Science with the works of art;
+  Give to proud Reason her comparing power,
+  Warm every clime, and brighten every hour.
+  In Life's first cradle, ere the dawn began
+  Of young Society to polish man;
+  The staff that propp'd him, and the bow that arm'd,
+  The boat that bore him, and the shed that warm'd,                230
+  Fire, raiment, food, the ploughshare, and the sword,
+  Arose, VOLITION, at thy plastic word.
+
+    "By thee instructed, NEWTON'S eye sublime
+  Mark'd the bright periods of revolving time;
+  Explored in Nature's scenes the effect and cause,
+  And, charm'd, unravell'd all her latent laws.
+  Delighted HERSCHEL with reflected light
+  Pursues his radiant journey through the night;
+  Detects new guards, that roll their orbs afar
+  In lucid ringlets round the Georgian star.                       240
+
+    "Inspired by thee, with scientific wand
+  Pleased ARCHIMEDES mark'd the figured sand;
+  Seized with mechanic grasp the approaching decks,
+  And shook the assailants from the inverted wrecks.
+  --Then cried the Sage, with grand effects elate,
+  And proud to save the Syracusian state;
+  While crowds exulting shout their noisy mirth,
+  'Give where to stand, and I will move the earth.'
+  So SAVERY guided his explosive steam
+  In iron cells to raise the balanced beam;                        250
+  The Giant-form its ponderous mass uprears,
+  Descending nods and seems to shake the spheres.
+
+         [Footnote: _Mark'd the figur'd sand_, l. 242. The ancient
+         orators seem to have spoken disrespectfully of the mechanic
+         philosophers. Cicero mentioning Archimedes, calls him
+         Homunculus e pulvere et radio, alluding to the custom of
+         drawing problems on the sand with a staff.]
+
+         [Footnote: _So Savery guided_, l. 249. Captain Savery first
+         applied the pressure of the atmosphere to raise water in
+         consequence of a vacuum previously produced by the
+         condensation of steam, though the Marquis of Worcester had
+         before proposed to use for this purpose the expansive power
+         of steam; see Botanic Garden, Vol. I. Canto I. l. 253.
+         Note.]
+
+    "Led by VOLITION on the banks of Nile
+  Where bloom'd the waving flax on Delta's isle,
+  Pleased ISIS taught the fibrous stems to bind,
+  And part with hammers from the adhesive rind;
+  With locks of flax to deck the distaff-pole,
+  And whirl with graceful bend the dancing spole.
+  In level lines the length of woof to spread,
+  And dart the shuttle through the parting thread.                 260
+  So ARKWRIGHT taught from Cotton-pods to cull,
+  And stretch in lines the vegetable wool;
+  With teeth of steel its fibre-knots unfurl'd,
+  And with the silver tissue clothed the world.
+
+         [Footnote: _The waving flax_, l. 254. Flax is said to have
+         been first discovered on the banks of the Nile, and Isis to
+         have been the inventress of spinning and weaving.]
+
+         [Footnote: _So Arkwright taught_, l. 261. See Botanic Garden,
+         Vol. II. Canto II. l. 87, Note.]
+
+    "Ages remote by thee, VOLITION, taught
+  Chain'd down in characters the winged thought;
+  With silent language mark'd the letter'd ground,
+  And gave to sight the evanescent sound.
+  Now, happier lot! enlighten'd realms possess
+  The learned labours of the immortal Press;                       270
+  Nursed on whose lap the births of science thrive,
+  And rising Arts the wrecks of Time survive.
+
+         [Footnote: _The immortal Press_, l. 270. The discovery of the
+         art of printing has had so great influence on human affairs,
+         that from thence may be dated a new aera in the history of
+         mankind. As by the diffusion of general knowledge, both of
+         the arts of taste and of useful sciences, the public mind has
+         become improved to so great a degree, that though new
+         impositions have been perpetually produced, the arts of
+         detecting them have improved with greater rapidity. Hence
+         since the introduction of printing, superstition has been
+         much lessened by the reformation of religion; and necromancy,
+         astrology, chiromancy, witchcraft, and vampyrism, have
+         vanished from all classes of society; though some are still
+         so weak in the present enlightened times as to believe in the
+         prodigies of animal magnetism, and of metallic tractors; by
+         this general diffusion of knowledge, if the liberty of the
+         press be preserved, mankind will not be liable in this part
+         of the world to sink into such abject slavery as exists at
+         this day in China.]
+
+    "Ye patriot heroes! in the glorious cause
+  Of Justice, Mercy, Liberty, and Laws,
+  Who call to Virtue's shrine the British youth,
+  And shake the senate with the voice of Truth;
+  Rouse the dull ear, the hoodwink'd eye unbind,
+  And give to energy the public mind;
+  While rival realms with blood unsated wage
+  Wide-wasting war with fell demoniac rage;                        280
+  In every clime while army army meets,
+  And oceans groan beneath contending fleets;
+  Oh save, oh save, in this eventful hour
+  The tree of knowledge from the axe of power;
+  With fostering peace the suffering nations bless,
+  And guard the freedom of the immortal Press!
+  So shall your deathless fame from age to age
+  Survive recorded in the historic page;
+  And future bards with voice inspired prolong
+  Your sacred names immortalized in song.                          290
+
+    "Thy power ASSOCIATION next affords
+  Ideal trains annex'd to volant words,
+  Conveys to listening ears the thought superb,
+  And gives to Language her expressive verb;
+  Which in one changeful sound suggests the fact
+  At once to be, to suffer, or to act;
+  And marks on rapid wing o'er every clime
+  The viewless flight of evanescent Time.
+
+         [Footnote: _Her expressive verb_, l. 294. The verb, or the
+         word, has been so called from its being the most expressive
+         term in all languages; as it suggests the ideas of existence,
+         action or suffering, and of time; see the Note on Canto III.
+         l. 371, of this work.]
+
+    "Call'd by thy voice contiguous thoughts embrace
+  In endless streams arranged by Time or Place;                    300
+  The Muse historic hence in every age
+  Gives to the world her _interesting_ page;
+  While in bright landscape from her moving pen
+  Rise the fine tints of manners and of men.
+
+         [Footnote: _Call'd by thy voice_, l. 299. The numerous trains
+         of associated ideas are divided by Mr. Hume into three
+         classes, which he has termed contiguity, causation, and
+         resemblance. Nor should we wonder to find them thus connected
+         together, since it is the business of our lives to dispose
+         them into these three classes; and we become valuable to
+         ourselves and our friends as we succeed in it. Those who have
+         combined an extensive class of ideas by the contiguity of
+         time or place, are men learned in the history of mankind, and
+         of the sciences they have cultivated. Those who have
+         connected a great class of ideas of resemblances, possess the
+         source of the ornaments of poetry and oratory, and of all
+         rational analogy. While those who have connected great
+         classes of ideas of causation, are furnished with the powers
+         of producing effects. These are the men of active wisdom who
+         lead armies to victory, and kingdoms to prosperity; or
+         discover and improve the sciences which meliorate and adorn
+         the condition of humanity.]
+
+    "Call'd by thy voice Resemblance next describes
+  Her sister-thoughts in lucid trains or tribes;
+  Whence pleased Imagination oft combines
+  By loose analogies her fair designs;
+  Each winning grace of polish'd wit bestows
+  To deck the Nymphs of Poetry and Prose.                          310
+
+         [Footnote: _Polish'd wit bestows_, l. 309. Mr. Locke defines
+         wit to consist of an assemblage of ideas, brought together
+         with quickness and variety, wherein can be found any
+         resemblance or congruity, thereby to make up pleasant
+         pictures and agreeable visions in the fancy. To which Mr.
+         Addison adds, that these must occasion surprise as well as
+         delight; Spectator, Vol. I. No. LXII. See Note on Canto III.
+         l. 145. and Additional Note, VII. 3. Perhaps wit in the
+         extended use of the word may mean to express all kinds of
+         fine writing, as the word Taste is applied to all agreeable
+         visible objects, and thus wit may mean descriptive sublimity,
+         beauty, the pathetic, or ridiculous, but when used in the
+         confined sense, as by Mr. Locke and Mr. Addison as above, it
+         may probably be better defined a combination of ideas with
+         agreeable novelty, as this may be effected by opposition as
+         well as by resemblance.]
+
+    "Last, at thy potent nod, Effect and Cause
+  Walk hand in hand accordant to thy laws;
+  Rise at Volition's call, in groups combined,
+  Amuse, delight, instruct, and serve Mankind;
+  Bid raised in air the ponderous structure stand,
+  Or pour obedient rivers through the land;
+  With cars unnumber'd crowd the living streets,
+  Or people oceans with triumphant fleets.
+
+    "Thy magic touch imagined forms supplies
+  From colour'd light, the language of the eyes;                   320
+  On Memory's page departed hours inscribes,
+  Sweet scenes of youth, and Pleasure's vanish'd tribes.
+  By thee ANTINOUS leads the dance sublime
+  On wavy step, and moves in measured time;
+  Charm'd round the Youth successive Graces throng,
+  And Ease conducts him, as he moves along;
+  Unbreathing crowds the floating form admire,
+  And Vestal bosoms feel forbidden fire.
+
+    "When rapp'd CECILIA breathes her matin vow,
+  And lifts to Heaven her fair adoring brow;                       330
+  From her sweet lips, and rising bosom part
+  Impassion'd notes, that thrill the melting heart;
+  Tuned by thy hand the dulcet harp she rings,
+  And sounds responsive echo from the strings;
+  Bright scenes of bliss in trains suggested move,
+  And charm the world with melody and love.
+
+    III. "SOON the fair forms with vital being bless'd,
+  Time's feeble children, lose the boon possess'd;
+  The goaded fibre ceases to obey,
+  And sense deserts the uncontractile clay;                        340
+  While births unnumber'd, ere the parents die,
+  The hourly waste of lovely life supply;
+  And thus, alternating with death, fulfil
+  The silent mandates of the Almighty Will;
+  Whose hand unseen the works of nature dooms
+  By laws unknown--WHO GIVES, AND WHO RESUMES.
+
+         [Footnote: _The goaded fibre_, l. 339. Old age consists in
+         the inaptitude to motion from the inirritability of the
+         system, and the consequent want of fibrous contraction; see
+         Additional Note VII.]
+
+    "Each pregnant Oak ten thousand acorns forms
+  Profusely scatter'd by autumnal storms;
+  Ten thousand seeds each pregnant poppy sheds
+  Profusely scatter'd from its waving heads;                       350
+  The countless Aphides, prolific tribe,
+  With greedy trunks the honey'd sap imbibe;
+  Swarm on each leaf with eggs or embryons big,
+  And pendent nations tenant every twig.
+  Amorous with double sex, the snail and worm,
+  Scoop'd in the soil, their cradling caverns form;
+  Heap their white eggs, secure from frost and floods,
+  And crowd their nurseries with uncounted broods.
+  Ere yet with wavy tail the tadpole swims,
+  Breathes with new lungs, or tries his nascent limbs;             360
+  Her countless shoals the amphibious frog forsakes,
+  And living islands float upon the lakes.
+  The migrant herring steers her myriad bands
+  From seas of ice to visit warmer strands;
+  Unfathom'd depths and climes unknown explores,
+  And covers with her spawn unmeasured shores.
+  --All these, increasing by successive birth,
+  Would each o'erpeople ocean, air, and earth.
+
+         [Footnote: _Ten thousand seeds_, l. 349. The fertility of
+         plants in respect to seeds is often remarkable; from one root
+         in one summer the seeds of zea, maize, amount to 2000; of
+         inula, elecampane, to 3000; of helianthus, sunflower, to
+         4000; of papaver, poppy, 32000; of nicotiana, tobacco, to
+         40320; to this must be added the perennial roots, and the
+         buds. Buds, which are so many herbs, in one tree, the trunk
+         of which does not exceed a span in thickness, frequently
+         amount to 10000; Lin. Phil. Bot. p. 86.]
+
+         [Footnote: _The countless Aphides_, l. 351. The aphises,
+         pucerons, or vine-fretters, are hatched from an egg in the
+         early spring, and are all called females, as they produce a
+         living offspring about once in a fortnight to the ninth
+         generation, which are also all of them females; then males
+         are also produced, and by their intercourse the females
+         become oviparous, and deposite their eggs on the branches, or
+         in the bark to be hatched in the ensuing spring.
+
+         This double mode of reproduction, so exactly resembling the
+         buds and seeds of trees, accounts for the wonderful increase
+         of this insect, which, according to Dr. Richardson, consists
+         of ten generations, and of fifty at an average in each
+         generation; so that the sum of fifty multiplied by fifty, and
+         that product again multiplied by fifty nine times, would give
+         the product of one egg only in countless millions; to which
+         must be added the innumerable eggs laid by the tenth
+         generation for the renovation of their progeny in the ensuing
+         spring.]
+
+         [Footnote: _The honey'd sap_, l. 352. The aphis punctures
+         with its fine proboscis the sap-vessels of vegetables without
+         any visible wound, and thus drinks the sap-juice, or
+         vegetable chyle, as it ascends. Hence on the twigs of trees
+         they stand with their heads downwards, as I have observed, to
+         acquire this ascending sap-juice with greater facility. The
+         honey-dew on the upper surface of leaves is evacuated by
+         these insects, as they hang on the underside of the leaves
+         above; when they take too much of this saccharine juice
+         during the vernal or midsummer sap-flow of most vegetables;
+         the black powder on leaves is also their excrement at other
+         times. The vegetable world seems to have escaped total
+         destruction from this insect by the number of flies, which in
+         their larva state prey upon them; and by the ichneumon fly,
+         which deposits its eggs in them. Some vegetables put forth
+         stiff bristles with points round their young shoots, as the
+         moss-rose, apparently to prevent the depredation of these
+         insects, so injurious to them by robbing them of their chyle
+         or nourishment.]
+
+         [Footnote: _The tadpole swims_, l. 359. The progress of a
+         tadpole from a fish to a quadruped by his gradually putting
+         forth his limbs, and at length leaving the water, and
+         breathing the dry air, is a subject of great curiosity, as it
+         resembles so much the incipient state of all other
+         quadrupeds, and men, who are aquatic animals in the uterus,
+         and become aerial ones at their birth.]
+
+    "So human progenies, if unrestrain'd,
+  By climate friended, and by food sustain'd,                      370
+  O'er seas and soils, prolific hordes! would spread
+  Erelong, and deluge their terraqueous bed;
+  But war, and pestilence, disease, and dearth,
+  Sweep the superfluous myriads from the earth.
+  Thus while new forms reviving tribes acquire
+  Each passing moment, as the old expire;
+  Like insects swarming in the noontide bower,
+  Rise into being, and exist an hour;
+  The births and deaths contend with equal strife,
+  And every pore of Nature teems with Life;                        380
+  Which buds or breathes from Indus to the Poles,
+  And Earth's vast surface kindles, as it rolls!
+
+         [Footnote: _Which buds or breathes_, l. 381. Organic bodies,
+         besides the carbon, hydrogen, azote, and the oxygen and heat,
+         which are combined with them, require to be also immersed in
+         loose heat and loose oxygen to preserve their mutable
+         existence; and hence life only exists on or near the surface
+         of the earth; see Botan. Garden, Vol. I. Canto IV. l. 419.
+         L'organisation, le sentiment, le movement spontane, la vie,
+         n'existent qu'a la surface de la terre, et dans les lieux
+         exposes a la lumiere. Traite de Chimie par M. Lavoisier, Tom.
+         I. p. 202.]
+
+    "HENCE when a Monarch or a mushroom dies,
+  Awhile extinct the organic matter lies;
+  But, as a few short hours or years revolve,
+  Alchemic powers the changing mass dissolve;
+  Born to new life unnumber'd insects pant,
+  New buds surround the microscopic plant;
+  Whose embryon senses, and unwearied frames,
+  Feel finer goads, and blush with purer flames;                   390
+  Renascent joys from irritation spring,
+  Stretch the long root, or wave the aurelian wing.
+
+         [Footnote: _Born to new life_, l. 387. From the innumerable
+         births of the larger insects, and the spontaneous productions
+         of the microscopic ones, every part of organic matter from
+         the recrements of dead vegetable or animal bodies, on or near
+         the surface of the earth, becomes again presently reanimated;
+         which by increasing the number and quantity of living
+         organizations, though many of them exist but for a short
+         time, adds to the sum total of terrestrial happiness.]
+
+    "When thus a squadron or an army yields,
+  And festering carnage loads the waves or fields;
+  When few from famines or from plagues survive,
+  Or earthquakes swallow half a realm alive;--
+  While Nature sinks in Time's destructive storms,
+  The wrecks of Death are but a change of forms;
+  Emerging matter from the grave returns,
+  Feels new desires, with new sensations burns;                    400
+  With youth's first bloom a finer sense acquires,
+  And Loves and Pleasures fan the rising fires.--
+  Thus sainted PAUL, 'O Death!' exulting cries,
+  'Where is thy sting? O Grave! thy victories?'
+
+         [Footnote: _Thus sainted Paul_, l. 403. The doctrine of St.
+         Paul teaches the resurrection of the body in an incorruptible
+         and glorified state, with consciousness of its previous
+         existence; he therefore justly exults over the sting of
+         death, and the victory of the grave.]
+
+    "Immortal Happiness from realms deceased
+  Wakes, as from sleep, unlessen'd or increased;
+  Calls to the wise in accents loud and clear,
+  Sooths with sweet tones the sympathetic ear;
+  Informs and fires the revivescent clay,
+  And lights the dawn of Life's returning day.                     410
+
+         [Footnote: _And lights the dawn_, l. 410. The sum total of
+         the happiness of organized nature is probably increased
+         rather than diminished, when one large old animal dies, and
+         is converted into many thousand young ones; which are
+         produced or supported with their numerous progeny by the same
+         organic matter. Linneus asserts, that three of the flies,
+         called musca vomitoria, will consume the body of a dead
+         horse, as soon as a lion can; Syst. Nat.]
+
+    "So when Arabia's Bird, by age oppress'd,
+  Consumes delighted on his spicy nest;
+  A filial Phoenix from his ashes springs,
+  Crown'd with a star, on renovated wings;
+  Ascends exulting from his funeral flame,
+  And soars and shines, another and the same.
+
+         [Footnote: _So when Arabia's bird_, l. 411. The story of the
+         Phoenix rising from its own ashes with a star upon its head
+         seems to have been an hieroglyphic emblem of the destruction
+         and resuscitation of all things; see Botan. Garden, Vol. I.
+         Canto IV. l. 389.]
+
+    "So erst the Sage with scientific truth
+  In Grecian temples taught the attentive youth;
+  With ceaseless change how restless atoms pass
+  From life to life, a transmigrating mass;                        420
+  How the same organs, which to day compose
+  The poisonous henbane, or the fragrant rose,
+  May with to morrow's sun new forms compile,
+  Frown in the Hero, in the Beauty smile.
+  Whence drew the enlighten'd Sage the moral plan,
+  That man should ever be the friend of man;
+  Should eye with tenderness all living forms,
+  His brother-emmets, and his sister-worms.
+
+         [Footnote: _So erst the Sage_, l. 417. It is probable, that
+         the perpetual transmigration of matter from one body to
+         another, of all vegetables and animals, during their lives,
+         as well as after their deaths, was observed by Pythagoras;
+         which he afterwards applied to the soul, or spirit of
+         animation, and taught, that it passed from one animal to
+         another as a punishment for evil deeds, though without
+         consciousness of its previous existence; and from this
+         doctrine he inculcated a system of morality and benevolence,
+         as all creatures thus became related to each other.]
+
+    "HEAR, O ye Sons of Time! your final doom,
+  And read the characters, that mark your tomb:                    430
+  The marble mountain, and the sparry steep,
+  Were built by myriad nations of the deep,--
+  Age after age, who form'd their spiral shells,
+  Their sea-fan gardens and their coral cells;
+  Till central fires with unextinguished sway
+  Raised the primeval islands into day;--
+  The sand-fill'd strata stretch'd from pole to pole;
+  Unmeasured beds of clay, and marl, and coal,
+  Black ore of manganese, the zinky stone,
+  And dusky steel on his magnetic throne,                          440
+  In deep morass, or eminence superb,
+  Rose from the wrecks of animal or herb;
+  These from their elements by Life combined,
+  Form'd by digestion, and in glands refined,
+  Gave by their just excitement of the sense
+  The Bliss of Being to the vital Ens.
+
+         [Footnote: _The marble mountain_, l. 431. From the increased
+         knowledge in Geology during the present century, owing to the
+         greater attention of philosophers to the situations of the
+         different materials, which compose the strata of the earth,
+         as well as to their chemical properties, it seems clearly to
+         appear, that the nucleus of the globe beneath the ocean
+         consisted of granite; and that on this the great beds of
+         limestone were formed from the shells of marine animals
+         during the innumerable primeval ages of the world; and that
+         whatever strata lie on these beds of limestone, or on the
+         granite, where the limestone does not cover it, were formed
+         after the elevation of islands and continents above the
+         surface of the sea by the recrements of vegetables and of
+         terrestrial animals; see on this subject Botanic Garden, Vol.
+         I. Additional Note XXIV.]
+
+    "Thus the tall mountains, that emboss the lands,
+  Huge isles of rock, and continents of sands,
+  Whose dim extent eludes the inquiring sight,
+  ARE MIGHTY MONUMENTS OF PAST DELIGHT;                            450
+  Shout round the globe, how Reproduction strives
+  With vanquish'd Death,--and Happiness survives;
+  How Life increasing peoples every clime,
+  And young renascent Nature conquers Time;
+  --And high in golden characters record
+  The immense munificence of NATURE'S LORD!--
+
+         [Footnote: _Are mighty monuments_, l. 450. The reader is
+         referred to a few pages on this subject in Phytologia, Sect.
+         XIX. 7. 1, where the felicity of organic life is considered
+         more at large; but it is probable that the most certain way
+         to estimate the happiness and misery of organic beings; as it
+         depends on the actions of the organs of sense, which
+         constitute ideas; or of the muscular fibres which perform
+         locomotion; would be to consider those actions, as they are
+         produced or excited by the four sensorial powers of
+         irritation, sensation, volition, and association. A small
+         volume on this subject by some ingenious writer, might not
+         only amuse, as an object of curiosity; but by showing the
+         world the immediate sources of their pains and pleasures
+         might teach the means to avoid the one, and to procure the
+         other, and thus contribute both ways to increase the sum
+         total of organic happiness.]
+
+         [Footnote: _How Life increasing_, l. 453. Not only the vast
+         calcareous provinces, which form so great a part of the
+         terraqueous globe, and also whatever rests upon them, as
+         clay, marl, sand, and coal, were formed from the fluid
+         elements of heat, oxygen, azote, and hydrogen along with
+         carbon, phosphorus, and perhaps a few other substances, which
+         the science of chemistry has not yet decomposed; and gave the
+         pleasure of life to the animals and vegetables, which formed
+         them; and thus constitute monuments of the past happiness of
+         those organized beings. But as those remains of former life
+         are not again totally decomposed, or converted into their
+         original elements, they supply more copious food to the
+         succession of new animal or vegetable beings on their
+         surface; which consists of materials convertible into
+         nutriment with less labour or activity of the digestive
+         powers; and hence the quantity or number of organized bodies,
+         and their improvement in size, as well as their happiness,
+         has been continually increasing, along with the solid parts
+         of the globe; and will probably continue to increase, till
+         the whole terraqueous sphere, and all that inhabit it shall
+         dissolve by a general conflagration, and be again reduced to
+         their elements.
+
+         Thus all the suns, and the planets, which circle round them,
+         may again sink into one central chaos; and may again by
+         explosions produce a new world; which in process of time may
+         resemble the present one, and at length again undergo the
+         same catastrophe! these great events may be the result of the
+         immutable laws impressed on matter by the Great Cause of
+         Causes, Parent of Parents, Ens Entium!]
+
+    "He gives and guides the sun's attractive force,
+  And steers the planets in their silver course;
+  With heat and light revives the golden day,
+  And breathes his spirit on organic clay;                         460
+  With hand unseen directs the general cause
+  By firm immutable immortal laws."
+
+    Charm'd with her words the Muse astonish'd stands,
+  The Nymphs enraptured clasp their velvet hands;
+  Applausive thunder from the fane recoils,
+  And holy echoes peal along the ailes;
+  O'er NATURE'S shrine celestial lustres glow,
+  And lambent glories circle round her brow.
+
+    IV. Now sinks the golden sun,--the vesper song
+  Demands the tribute of URANIA'S tongue;                          470
+  Onward she steps, her fair associates calls
+  From leaf-wove avenues, and vaulted halls.
+  Fair virgin trains in bright procession move,
+  Trail their long robes, and whiten all the grove;
+  Pair after pair to Nature's temple sweep,
+  Thread the broad arch, ascend the winding steep;
+  Through brazen gates along susurrant ailes
+  Stream round their GODDESS the successive files;
+  Curve above curve to golden seats retire,
+  And star with beauty the refulgent quire.                        480
+
+    AND first to HEAVEN the consecrated throng
+  With chant alternate pour the adoring song,
+  Swell the full hymn, now high, and now profound,
+  With sweet responsive symphony of sound.
+  Seen through their wiry harps, below, above,
+  Nods the fair brow, the twinkling fingers move;
+  Soft-warbling flutes the ruby lip commands,
+  And cymbals ring with high uplifted hands.
+
+    TO CHAOS next the notes melodious pass,
+  How suns exploded from the kindling mass,                        490
+  Waved o'er the vast inane their tresses bright,
+  And charm'd young Nature's opening eyes with light.
+  Next from each sun how spheres reluctant burst,
+  And second planets issued from the first.
+  And then to EARTH descends the moral strain,
+  How isles, emerging from the shoreless main,
+  With sparkling streams and fruitful groves began,
+  And form'd a Paradise for mortal man.
+
+         [Footnote: _To Chaos next_, l. 489.
+
+           Namque canebat uti magnum per inane coacta
+           Semina terrarumque, animaeque, marisque fuissent;
+           Et liquidi simul ignis; ut his exordia primis
+           Omnia, et ipse tener mundi concreverit orbis.
+                                        VIRG. EC. VI. l. 31.]
+
+    Sublimer notes record CELESTIAL LOVE,
+  And high rewards in brighter climes above;                       500
+  How Virtue's beams with mental charm engage
+  Youth's raptured eye, and warm the frost of age,
+  Gild with soft lustre Death's tremendous gloom,
+  And light the dreary chambers of the tomb.
+  How fell Remorse shall strike with venom'd dart,
+  Though mail'd in adamant, the guilty heart;
+  Fierce furies drag to pains and realms unknown
+  The blood-stain'd tyrant from his tottering throne.
+
+    By hands unseen are struck aerial wires,
+  And Angel-tongues are heard amid the quires;                     510
+  From aile to aile the trembling concord floats,
+  And the wide roof returns the mingled notes,
+  Through each fine nerve the keen vibrations dart,
+  Pierce the charm'd ear, and thrill the echoing heart.--
+
+    MUTE the sweet voice, and still the quivering strings,
+  Now Silence hovers on unmoving wings.--
+  --Slow to the altar fair URANIA bends
+  Her graceful march, the sacred steps ascends,
+  High in the midst with blazing censer stands,
+  And scatters incense with illumined hands:                       520
+  Thrice to the GODDESS bows with solemn pause,
+  With trembling awe the mystic veil withdraws,
+  And, meekly kneeling on the gorgeous shrine,
+  Lifts her ecstatic eyes to TRUTH DIVINE!                         524
+
+
+END OF CANTO IV.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS OF THE NOTES.
+
+
+CANTO I.
+
+  Line.
+
+   36 Origin of European Nations.
+   76 Early use of Painting and Hieroglyphics.
+   83 Proteus represents Time.
+  126 Cave of Trophonius.
+  137 Eleusinian Mysteries.
+  176 Antiquity of Statuary, casting Figures, and Carving.
+  224 Infancy of the present World.
+  235 Of Heat.
+  239 Of Attraction.
+  245 Of Contraction.
+  259 Arteries not conical.
+  262 Venous Absorption.
+  268 Decrease of the Ocean.
+  270 Sensation and Volition.
+  283 Mucor, Vibrio.
+  295 Animals are first aquatic.
+  315 Sea, originally was not Salt.
+  327 Animals from the Sea.
+  335 Aquatic Plants.
+  343 Frogs.
+  363 Rainbow in Northern Latitudes.
+  372 Venus rising from the Sea.
+  392 The Fetus in the Womb.
+  417 Animals from the Mud of the Nile.
+
+
+CANTO II.
+
+    1 Shortness of Life.
+    3 Old Age surprising.
+   39 Organic and chemical Properties.
+   43 Immortality of Matter.
+   47 Adonis emblem of Life.
+   71 The Truffle, Lycoperdon.
+   83 Volvox.
+   85 Polypus.
+   87 Taenia.
+   89 Oysters.
+   90 Coral-Insect.
+  114 Female Sex produced.
+  118 Power of Imagination.
+  122 Mankind were formerly Hermaphrodites and Quadrupeds.
+  167 Hereditary Diseases of Vegetables.
+  223 Psyche and Cupid.
+  268 Some Honey poisonous.
+  271 Appetency and Propensity.
+  280 Vallisneria.
+  288 Lampyris.
+  302 Insects from Anthers and Stigmas.
+  321 Horns of Stags, and Tusks of Boars, Spurs of Cocks.
+  351 Chick in the Egg.
+  356 Songs of Birds.
+  373 How Fish swim.
+  375 How Birds fly.
+  434 Of Smiles, and of Laughter.
+
+
+CANTO III.
+
+   13 Oxygen, and Hydrogen, and Azote.
+   21 Two electric Ethers.
+   64 Irritation.
+   72 Sensation.
+   73 Volition, Memory.
+   81 Intuitive Analogy.
+   91 Association.
+  103 Armour of Brutes.
+  122 Of the Human Hand.
+  125 Perception of Figure.
+  144 Sight the Language of the Touch.
+  145 Surprise, Novelty, Curiosity.
+  152 The Lips an Organ of Touch.
+  176 Ideal Beauty.
+  178 Two Deities of Love.
+  207 Idea of Beauty from the Female Bosom.
+  230 Taste for Sublimity.
+  237 Poetic Melancholy.
+  246 Taste for Tragedy.
+  258 Taste for uncultivated Nature.
+  270 Accumulation of sensorial Power.
+  294 Imitation described.
+  303 Imitation of one Sense by another.
+  319 Mimickry or Resemblance.
+  334 The Parts of the System imitate each other.
+  342 External Signs of Passions.
+  371 Theory of Language.
+  398 Ideas so called are parts of a train of Actions.
+  401 Of Reason.
+  411 Reasoning of Insects.
+  435 Volition distinguishes Mankind.
+  456 If Knowledge produces Happiness.
+  466 Sympathy the source of Virtue.
+  485 Maxim of Socrates.
+
+
+CANTO IV.
+
+   29 Oestrus or Gadfly.
+   33 Ichneumon fly.
+   37 Libellula.
+   39 Bees.
+   57 Shark.
+   59 Crocodile
+   66 Animals prey on Vegetables.
+   71 Defect of Stimulus.
+   87 Theatric Preachers.
+   93 Pleasure of Life, Ennui.
+   94 Of Tooth-edge.
+  119 Epidemic Complaints.
+  130 Compassion may be too great.
+  147 Doctrine of Atoms.
+  160 Pleasure of viewing a Landscape.
+  178 Pleasure from Music.
+  242 Ancient Orators spoke disrespectfully of the mechanic
+      Philosophers.
+  270 Influence of Printing.
+  299 Associated ideas of three Classes.
+  309 Wit defined.
+  349 Surprising number of Seeds.
+  351 Of the Aphis, its Numbers.
+  352 Aphis drinks the Sap-juice.
+  359 The Mutation of the Tadpole.
+  387 Animation near the Surface of the Earth.
+  387 All dead animal and vegetable Bodies become animated.
+  403 Doctrine of St. Paul.
+  411 Happiness increased.
+  417 Doctrine of Pythagoras.
+  431 Geology.
+  450 Method of investigation of Organic happiness.
+  453 Organic Life increases.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES.
+
+SPONTANEOUS VITALITY OF MICROSCOPIC ANIMALS.
+
+  Hence without parent by spontaneous birth
+  Rise the first specks of animated earth.
+                                        CANTO I. l. 227.
+
+
+_Prejudices against this doctrine._
+
+I. From the misconception of the ignorant or superstitious, it has
+been thought somewhat profane to speak in favour of spontaneous vital
+production, as if it contradicted holy writ; which says, that God
+created animals and vegetables. They do not recollect that God created
+all things which exist, and that these have been from the beginning in
+a perpetual state of improvement; which appears from the globe itself,
+as well as from the animals and vegetables, which possess it. And
+lastly, that there is more dignity in our idea of the supreme author
+of all things, when we conceive him to be the cause of causes, than
+the cause simply of the events, which we see; if there can be any
+difference in infinity of power!
+
+Another prejudice which has prevailed against the spontaneous production
+of vitality, seems to have arisen from the misrepresentation of this
+doctrine, as if the larger animals had been thus produced; as Ovid
+supposes after the deluge of Deucalion, that lions were seen rising out
+of the mud of the Nile, and struggling to disentangle their hinder
+parts. It was not considered, that animals and vegetables have been
+perpetually improving by reproduction; and that spontaneous vitality was
+only to be looked for in the simplest organic beings, as in the smallest
+microscopic animalcules; which perpetually, perhaps hourly, enlarge
+themselves by reproduction, like the roots of tulips from seed, or the
+buds of seedling trees, which die annually, leaving others by solitary
+reproduction rather more perfect than themselves for many successive
+years, till at length they acquire sexual organs or flowers.
+
+A third prejudice against the existence of spontaneous vital
+productions has been the supposed want of analogy; this has also
+arisen from the expectation, that the larger or more complicated
+animals should be thus produced; which have acquired their present
+perfection by successive generations during an uncounted series of
+ages. Add to this, that the want of analogy opposes the credibility of
+all new discoveries, as of the magnetic needle, and coated electric
+jar, and Galvanic pile; which should therefore certainly be well
+weighed and nicely investigated before distinct credence is given
+them; but then the want of analogy must at length yield to repeated
+ocular demonstration.
+
+
+_Preliminary observations._
+
+II. Concerning the spontaneous production of the smallest microscopic
+animals it should be first observed, that the power of reproduction
+distinguishes organic being, whether vegetable or animal, from
+inanimate nature. The circulation of fluids in vessels may exist in
+hydraulic machines, but the power of reproduction belongs alone to
+life. This reproduction of plants and of animals is of two kinds,
+which may be termed solitary and sexual. The former of these, as in
+the reproduction of the buds of trees, and of the bulbs of tulips, and
+of the polypus, and aphis, appears to be the first or most simple mode
+of generation, as many of these organic beings afterwards acquire
+sexual organs, as the flowers of seedling trees, and of seedling
+tulips, and the autumnal progeny of the aphis. See Phytologia.
+
+Secondly, it should be observed, that by reproduction organic beings
+are gradually enlarged and improved; which may perhaps more rapidly
+and uniformly occur in the simplest modes of animated being; but
+occasionally also in the more complicated and perfect kinds. Thus the
+buds of a seedling tree, or the bulbs of seedling tulips, become
+larger and stronger in the second year than the first, and thus
+improve till they acquire flowers or sexes; and the aphis, I believe,
+increases in bulk to the eighth or ninth generation, and then produces
+a sexual progeny. Hence the existence of spontaneous vitality is only
+to be expected to be found in the simplest modes of animation, as the
+complex ones have been formed by many successive reproductions.
+
+
+_Experimental facts._
+
+III. By the experiments of Buffon, Reaumur, Ellis, Ingenhouz, and
+others, microscopic animals are produced in three or four days,
+according to the warmth of the season, in the infusions of all
+vegetable or animal matter. One or more of these gentlemen put some
+boiling veal broth into a phial previously heated in the fire, and
+sealing it up hermetically or with melted wax, observed it to be
+replete with animalcules in three or four days.
+
+These microscopic animals are believed to possess a power of
+generating others like themselves by solitary reproduction without
+sex; and these gradually enlarging and improving for innumerable
+successive generations. Mr. Ellis in Phil. Transact. V. LIX. gives
+drawings of six kinds of animalcula infusoria, which increase by
+dividing across the middle into two distinct animals. Thus in paste
+composed of flour and water, which has been suffered to become
+acescent, the animalcules called eels, vibrio anguillula, are seen in
+great abundance; their motions are rapid and strong; they are
+viviparous, and produce at intervals a numerous progeny: animals
+similar to these are also found in vinegar; Naturalist's Miscellany by
+Shaw and Nodder, Vol. II. These eels were probably at first as minute
+as other microscopic animalcules; but by frequent, perhaps hourly
+reproduction, have gradually become the large animals above described,
+possessing wonderful strength and activity.
+
+To suppose the eggs of the former microscopic animals to float in the
+atmosphere, and pass through the sealed glass phial, is so contrary to
+apparent nature, as to be totally incredible! and as the latter are
+viviparous, it is equally absurd to suppose, that their parents float
+universally in the atmosphere to lay their young in paste or vinegar!
+
+Not only microscopic animals appear to be produced by a spontaneous
+vital process, and then quickly improve by solitary generation like
+the buds of trees, or like the polypus and aphis, but there is one
+vegetable body, which appears to be produced by a spontaneous vital
+process, and is believed to be propagated and enlarged in so short a
+time by solitary generation as to become visible to the naked eye; I
+mean the green matter first attended to by Dr. Priestley, and called
+by him conferva fontinalis. The proofs, that this material is a
+vegetable, are from its giving up so much oxygen, when exposed to the
+sunshine, as it grows in water, and from its green colour.
+
+Dr. Ingenhouz asserts, that by filling a bottle with well-water, and
+inverting it immediately into a basin of well-water, this green
+vegetable is formed in great quantity; and he believes, that the water
+itself, or some substance contained in the water, is converted into
+this kind of vegetation, which then quickly propagates itself.
+
+M. Girtanner asserts, that this green vegetable matter is not produced
+by water and heat alone, but requires the sun's light for this
+purpose, as he observed by many experiments, and thinks it arises from
+decomposing water deprived of a part of its oxygen, and laughs at Dr.
+Priestley for believing that the seeds of this conferva, and the
+parents of microscopic animals, exist universally in the atmosphere,
+and penetrate the sides of glass jars; Philos. Magazine for May 1800.
+
+Besides this green vegetable matter of Dr. Priestley, there is another
+vegetable, the minute beginnings of the growth of which Mr. Ellis
+observed by his microscope near the surface of all putrefying
+vegetable or animal matter, which is the mucor or mouldiness; the
+vegetation of which was amazingly quick so as to be almost seen, and
+soon became so large as to be visible to the naked eye. It is
+difficult to conceive how the seeds of this mucor can float so
+universally in the atmosphere as to fix itself on all putrid matter in
+all places.
+
+
+_Theory of Spontaneous Vitality._
+
+IV. In animal nutrition the organic matter of the bodies of dead
+animals, or vegetables, is taken into the stomach, and there suffers
+decompositions and new combinations by a chemical process. Some parts
+of it are however absorbed by the lacteals as fast as they are
+produced by this process of digestion; in which circumstance this
+process differs from common chemical operations.
+
+In vegetable nutrition the organic matter of dead animals, or
+vegetables, undergoes chemical decompositions and new combinations on
+or beneath the surface of the earth; and parts of it, as they are
+produced, are perpetually absorbed by the roots of the plants in
+contact with it; in which this also differs from common chemical
+processes.
+
+Hence the particles which are produced from dead organic matter by
+chemical decompositions or new consequent combinations, are found
+proper for the purposes of the nutrition of living vegetable and
+animal bodies, whether these decompositions and new combinations are
+performed in the stomach or beneath the soil.
+
+For the purposes of nutrition these digested or decomposed recrements
+of dead animal or vegetable matter are absorbed by the lacteals of the
+stomachs of animals or of the roots of vegetables, and carried into
+the circulation of their blood, and these compose new organic parts to
+replace others which are destroyed, or to increase the growth of the
+plant or animal.
+
+It is probable, that as in inanimate or chemical combinations, one of
+the composing materials must possess a power of attraction, and the
+other an aptitude to be attracted; so in organic or animated
+compositions there must be particles with appetencies to unite, and
+other particles with propensities to be united with them.
+
+Thus in the generation of the buds of trees, it is probable that two
+kinds of vegetable matter, as they are separated from the solid
+system, and float in the circulation, become arrested by two kinds of
+vegetable glands, and are then deposed beneath the cuticle of the
+tree, and there join together forming a new vegetable, the caudex of
+which extends from the plumula at the summit to the radicles beneath
+the soil, and constitutes a single fibre of the bark.
+
+These particles appear to be of two kinds; one of them possessing an
+appetency to unite with the other, and the latter a propensity to be
+united with the former; and they are probably separated from the
+vegetable blood by two kinds of glands, one representing those of the
+anthers, and the others those of the stigmas, in the sexual organs of
+vegetables; which is spoken of at large in Phytologia, Sect. VII. and
+in Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XXXIX. 8. of the third edition, in octavo;
+where it is likewise shown, that none of these parts which are
+deposited beneath the cuticle of the tree, is in itself a complete
+vegetable embryon, but that they form one by their reciprocal
+conjunction.
+
+So in the sexual reproduction of animals, certain parts separated from
+the living organs, and floating in the blood, are arrested by the
+sexual glands of the female, and others by those of the male. Of these
+none are complete embryon animals, but form an embryon by their
+reciprocal conjunction.
+
+There hence appears to be an analogy between generation and nutrition,
+as one is the production of new organization, and the other the
+restoration of that which previously existed; and which may therefore
+be supposed to require materials somewhat similar. Now the food taken
+up by animal lacteals is previously prepared by the chemical process
+of digestion in the stomach; but that which is taken up by vegetable
+lacteals, is prepared by chemical dissolution of organic matter
+beneath the surface of the earth. Thus the particles, which form
+generated animal embryons, are prepared from dead organic matter by
+the chemico-animal processes of sanguification and of secretion; while
+those which form spontaneous microscopic animals or microscopic
+vegetables are prepared by chemical dissolutions and new combinations
+of organic matter in watery fluids with sufficient warmth.
+
+It may be here added, that the production and properties of some kinds
+of inanimate matter, are almost as difficult to comprehend as those of
+the simplest degrees of animation. Thus the elastic gum, or
+caoutchouc, and some fossile bitumens, when drawn out to a great
+length, contract themselves by their elasticity, like an animal fibre
+by stimulus. The laws of action of these, and all other elastic
+bodies, are not yet understood; as the laws of the attraction of
+cohesion, to produce these effects, must be very different from those
+of general attraction, since the farther the particles of elastic
+bodies are drawn from each other till they separate, the stronger they
+seem to attract; and the nearer they are pressed together, the more
+they seem to repel; as in bending a spring, or in extending a piece of
+elastic gum; which is the reverse to what occurs in the attractions
+of disunited bodies; and much wants further investigation. So the
+spontaneous production of alcohol or of vinegar, by the vinous and
+acetous fermentations, as well as the production of a mucus by
+putrefaction which will contract when extended, seems almost as
+difficult to understand as the spontaneous production of a fibre from
+decomposing animal or vegetable substances, which will contract when
+stimulated, and thus constitutes the primordium of life.
+
+Some of the microscopic animals are said to remain dead for many days
+or weeks, when the fluid in which they existed is dried up, and
+quickly to recover life and motion by the fresh addition of water and
+warmth. Thus the chaos redivivum of Linnaeus dwells in vinegar and in
+bookbinders paste: it revives by water after having been dried for
+years, and is both oviparous and viviparous; Syst. Nat. Thus the
+vorticella or wheel animal, which is found in rain water that has
+stood some days in leaden gutters, or in hollows of lead on the tops
+of houses, or in the slime or sediment left by such water, though it
+discovers no sign of life except when in the water, yet it is capable
+of continuing alive for many months though kept in a dry state. In
+this state it is of a globulous shape, exceeds not the bigness of a
+grain of sand, and no signs of life appear; but being put into water,
+in the space of half an hour a languid motion begins, the globule
+turns itself about, lengthens itself by slow degrees, assumes the form
+of a lively maggot, and most commonly in a few minutes afterwards puts
+out its wheels, swimming vigorously through the water as if in search
+of food; or else, fixing itself by the tail, works the wheels in such
+a manner as to bring its food to its mouth; English Encyclopedia, Art.
+Animalcule.
+
+Thus some shell-snails in the cabinets of the curious have been kept
+in a dry state for ten years or longer, and have revived on being
+moistened with warmish water; Philos. Transact. So eggs and seeds
+after many months torpor, are revived by warmth and moisture; hence it
+may be concluded, that even the organic particles of dead animals may,
+when exposed to a due degree of warmth and moisture, regain some
+degree of vitality, since this is done by more complicate animal
+organs in the instances above mentioned.
+
+The hydra of Linnaeus, which dwells in the rivers of Europe under
+aquatic plants, has been observed by the curious of the present time,
+to revive after it has been dried, to be restored after being
+mutilated, to multiply by being divided, to be propagated from small
+portions, to live after being inverted; all which would be best
+explained by the doctrine of spontaneous reproduction from organic
+particles not yet completely decomposed.
+
+To this should be added, that these microscopic animals are found in
+all solutions of vegetable or animal matter in water; as black pepper
+steeped in water, hay suffered to become putrid in water, and the
+water of dunghills, afford animalcules in astonishing numbers. See Mr.
+Ellis's curious account of Animalcules produced from an infusion of
+Potatoes and Hempseed; Philos. Transact. Vol. LIX. from all which it
+would appear, that organic particles of dead vegetables and animals
+during their usual chemical changes into putridity or acidity, do not
+lose all their organization or vitality, but retain so much of it as
+to unite with the parts of living animals in the process of nutrition,
+or unite and produce new complicate animals by secretion as in
+generation, or produce very simple microscopic animals or microscopic
+vegetables, by their new combinations in warmth and moisture.
+
+And finally, that these microscopic organic bodies are multiplied and
+enlarged by solitary reproduction without sexual intercourse till they
+acquire greater perfection or new properties. Lewenhoek observed in
+rain-water which had stood a few days, the smallest scarcely visible
+microscopic animalcules, and in a few more days he observed others
+eight times as large; English Encyclop. Art. Animalcule.
+
+
+_Conclusion._
+
+There is therefore no absurdity in believing that the most simple
+animals and vegetables may be produced by the congress of the parts of
+decomposing organic matter, without what can properly be termed
+generation, as the genus did not previously exist; which accounts for
+the endless varieties, as well as for the immense numbers of
+microscopic animals.
+
+The green vegetable matter of Dr. Priestley, which is universally
+produced in stagnant water, and the mucor, or mouldiness, which is
+seen on the surface of all putrid vegetable and animal matter, have
+probably no parents, but a spontaneous origin from the congress of the
+decomposing organic particles, and afterwards propagate themselves.
+Some other fungi, as those growing in close wine-vaults, or others
+which arise from decaying trees, or rotten timber, may perhaps be
+owing to a similar spontaneous production, and not previously exist as
+perfect organic beings in the juices of the wood, as some have
+supposed. In the same manner it would seem, that the common esculent
+mushroom is produced from horse dung at any time and in any place, as
+is the common practice of many gardeners; Kennedy on Gardening.
+
+
+_Appendix._
+
+The knowledge of microscopic animals is still in its infancy: those
+already known are arranged by Mr. Muller into the following classes;
+but it is probable, that many more classes, as well as innumerable
+individuals, may be discovered by improvements of the microscope, as
+Mr. Herschell has discovered so many thousand stars, which were before
+invisible, by improvements of the telescope.
+
+Mr. Muller's classes consist of
+
+I. _Such as have no External Organs._
+
+  1. Monas: Punctiformis. A mere point.
+  2. Proteus: Mutabilis. Mutable.
+  3. Volvox: Sphaericum. Spherical.
+  4. Enchelis: Cylindracea. Cylindrical.
+  5. Vibrio: Elongatum. Long.
+
+  *Membranaceous.
+
+  6. Cyclidium: Ovale. Oval.
+  7. Paramecium: Oblongum. Oblong.
+  8. Kolpoda: Sinuatum. Sinuous.
+  9. Gonium: Angulatum. With angles.
+  10. Bursaria. Hollow like a purse.
+
+II. _Those that have External Organs._
+
+  *Naked, or not enclosed in a shell.
+
+  1. Cercaria: Caudatum. With a tail.
+  2. Trichoda: Crinitum. Hairy.
+  3. Kerona: Corniculatum. With horns.
+  4. Himantopus: Cirratum. Cirrated.
+  5. Leucophra: Ciliatum undique. Every part ciliated.
+  6. Vorticella: Ciliatum apice. The apex ciliated.
+
+  *Covered with a shell.
+
+  7. Brachionus: Ciliatum apice. The apex ciliated.
+
+1. These animalcules are discovered in two or three days in all
+decompositions of organic matter, whether vegetable or animal, in
+moderate degrees of warmth with sufficient moisture.
+
+2. They appear to enlarge in a few days, and some to change their
+form; which are probably converted from more simple into more
+complicate animalcules by repeated reproductions. See Note VIII.
+
+3. In their early state they seem to multiply by viviparous solitary
+reproduction, either by external division, as the smaller ones, or by
+an internal progeny, as the eels in paste or vinegar; and lastly, in
+their more mature state, the larger ones are said to appear to have
+sexual connexion. Engl. Encyclop.
+
+4. Those animalcules discovered in pustules of the itch, in the feces
+of dysenteric patients, and in semine masculino, I suppose to be
+produced by the stagnation and incipient decomposition of those
+materials in their receptacles, and not to exist in the living blood
+or recent secretions; as none, I believe, have been discovered in
+blood when first drawn from the arm, or in fluids newly secreted from
+the glands, which have not previously stagnated in their reservoirs.
+
+5. They are observed to move in all directions with ease and rapidity,
+and to avoid obstacles, and not to interfere with each other in their
+motions. When the water is in part evaporated, they are seen to flock
+towards the remaining part, and show great agitation. They sustain a
+great degree of cold, as some insects, and perish in much the same
+degree of heat as destroys insects; all which evince that they are
+living animals.
+
+And it is probable, that other or similar animalcules may be produced
+in the air, or near the surface of the earth, but it is not so easy to
+view them as in water; which as it is transparent, the creatures
+produced in it can easily be observed by applying a drop to a
+microscope. I hope that microscopic researches may again excite the
+attention of philosophers, as unforeseen advantages may probably be
+derived from them, like the discovery of a new world.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES. II.
+
+THE FACULTIES OF THE SENSORIUM.
+
+  Next the long nerves unite their silver train,
+  And young Sensation permeates the brain.
+                                        CANT. I. l. 250.
+
+
+I. The fibres, which constitute the muscles and organs of sense,
+possess a power of contraction. The circumstances attending the
+exertion of this power of contraction constitute the laws of animal
+motion, as the circumstances attending the exertion of the power of
+attraction constitute the laws of motion of inanimate matter.
+
+II. The spirit of animation is the immediate cause of the contraction
+of animal fibres, it resides in the brain and nerves, and is liable to
+general or partial diminution or accumulation.
+
+III. The stimulus of bodies external to the moving organ is the remote
+cause of the original contractions of animal fibres.
+
+IV. A certain quantity of stimulus produces irritation, which is an
+exertion of the spirit of animation exciting the fibres into
+contraction.
+
+V. A certain quantity of contraction of animal fibres, if it be
+perceived at all, produces pleasure; a greater or less quantity of
+contraction, if it be perceived at all, produces pain; these
+constitute sensation.
+
+VI. A certain quantity of sensation produces desire or aversion; these
+constitute volition.
+
+VII. All animal motions which have occurred at the same time, or in
+immediate succession, become so connected, that when one of them is
+reproduced, the other has a tendency to accompany or succeed it. When
+fibrous contractions succeed or accompany other fibrous contractions,
+the connexion is termed association; when fibrous contractions succeed
+sensorial motions, the connexion is termed causation; when fibrous and
+sensorial motions reciprocally introduce each other, it is termed
+catenation of animal motions.
+
+VIII. These four faculties of the sensorium during their inactive
+state are termed irritability, sensibility, voluntarily, and
+associability; in their active state they are termed as above
+irritation, sensation, volition, association.
+
+Irritation is an exertion or change of some extreme part of the
+sensorium residing in the muscles or organs of sense, in consequence
+of the appulses of external bodies.
+
+Sensation is an exertion or change of the central parts of the
+sensorium, or of the whole of it, beginning at some of those extreme
+parts of it, which reside in the muscles or organs of sense.
+
+Volition is an exertion or change of the central parts of the
+sensorium, or of the whole of it, terminating in some of those extreme
+parts of it, which reside in the muscles or organs of sense.
+
+Association is an exertion or change of some extreme part of the
+sensorium residing in the muscles or organs of sense, in consequence
+of some antecedent or attendant fibrous contractions; see Zoonomia,
+Vol. I.
+
+The word sensorium is used to express not only the medullary part of
+the brain, spinal marrow, nerves, organs of sense and muscles, but
+also at the same time that living principle, or spirit of animation,
+which resides throughout the body, without being cognizable to our
+senses except by its effects.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES. III.
+
+  Next when imprison'd fires in central caves
+  Burst the firm earth, and drank the headlong waves.
+                                        CANTO I. l. 302.
+
+
+The great and repeated explosions of volcanoes are shown by Mr.
+Mitchell in the Philosoph. Transact. to arise from their communication
+with the sea, or with rivers, or inundations; and that after a chink
+or crack is made, the water rushing into an immense burning cavern,
+and falling on boiling lava, is instantly expanded into steam, and
+produces irresistible explosions.
+
+As the first volcanic fires had no previous vent, and were probably
+more central, and larger in quantity, before they burst the crust of
+the earth then intire, and as the sea covered the whole, it must
+rapidly sink down into every opening chink; whence these primeval
+earthquakes were of much greater extent, and of much greater force,
+than those which occur in the present era.
+
+It should be added, that there may be other elastic vapours produced
+by great heat from whatever will evaporate, as mercury, and even
+diamonds; which may be more elastic, and consequently exert greater
+force than the steam of water even though heated red hot. Which may
+thence exert a sufficient power to raise islands and continents, and
+even to throw the moon from the earth.
+
+If the moon be supposed to have been thus thrown out of the great
+cavity which now contains the South Sea, the immense quantity of water
+flowing in from the primeval ocean, which then covered the earth,
+would much contribute to leave the continents and islands, which might
+be raised at the same time above the surface of the water. In later
+days there are accounts of large stones falling from the sky, which
+may have been thus thrown by explosion from some distant earthquake,
+without sufficient force to cause them to circulate round the earth,
+and thus produce numerous small moons or satellites.
+
+Mr. Mitchell observes, that the agitations of the earth from the great
+earthquake at Lisbon were felt in this country about the same time
+after the shock, as sound would have taken in passing from Lisbon
+hither; and thence ascribes these agitations to the vibrations of the
+solid earth, and not to subterraneous caverns of communication;
+Philos. Transact. But from the existence of warm springs at Bath and
+Buxton, there must certainly be unceasing subterraneous fires at some
+great depth beneath those parts of this island; see on this subject
+Botanic Garden, Vol. II. Canto IV. l. 79, note. For an account of the
+noxious vapours emitted from volcanoes, see Botanic Garden, Vol. II.
+Cant. IV. l. 328, note. For the milder effects of central fires, see
+Botanic Garden, Vol. I. Cant. I. l. 139, and Additional Note VI.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES. IV.
+
+  So from deep lakes the dread musquito springs,
+  Drinks the soft breeze, and dries his tender wings.
+                                        CANTO I. l. 327.
+
+
+The gnat, or musquito, culex pipiens. The larva of this insect lives
+chiefly in water, and the pupa moves with great agility. It is fished
+for by ducks; and, when it becomes a fly, is the food of the young of
+partridges, quails, sparrows, swallows, and other small birds. The
+females wound us, and leave a red point; and in India their bite is
+more venomous. The male has its antennae and feelers feathered, and
+seldom bites or sucks blood; Lin. Syst. Nat.
+
+It may be driven away by smoke, especially by that from inula
+helenium, elecampane; and by that of cannabis, hemp. Kalm. It is said
+that a light in a chamber will prevent their attack on sleeping
+persons.
+
+The gnats of this country are produced in greater numbers in some
+years than others, and are then seen in swarms for many evenings near
+the lakes or rivers whence they arise; and, I suppose, emigrate to
+upland situations, where fewer of them are produced. About thirty
+years ago such a swarm was observed by Mr. Whitehurst for a day or two
+about the lofty tower of Derby church, as to give a suspicion of the
+fabric being on fire.
+
+Many other kinds of flies have their origin in the water, as perhaps
+the whole class of neuroptera. Thus the libellula, dragon fly: the
+larva of which hurries amid the water, and is the cruel crocodile of
+aquatic insects. After they become flies, they prey principally on the
+class of insects termed lepidoptera, and diptera of Linneus. The
+ephemera is another of this order, which rises from the lakes in such
+quantities in some countries, that the rustics have carried cart-loads
+of them to manure their corn lands; the larva swims in the water: in
+its fly-state the pleasures of life are of short duration, as its
+marriage, production of its progeny, and funeral, are often
+celebrated in one day. The phryganea is another fly of this order; the
+larva lies concealed under the water in moveable cylindrical tubes of
+their own making. In the fly-state they institute evening dances in
+the air in swarms, and are fished for by the swallows.
+
+Many other flies, who do not leave their eggs in water, contrive to
+lay them in moist places, as the oestros bovis; the larvae of which
+exist in the bodies of cattle, where they are nourished during the
+winter, and are occasionally extracted by a bird of the crow-kind
+called buphaga. These larvae are also found in the stomachs of horses,
+whom they sometimes destroy; another species of them adhere to the
+anus of horses, and creep into the lowest bowel, and are called botts;
+and another species enters the frontal sinus of sheep, occasioning a
+vertigo called the turn. The musca pendula lives in stagnant water;
+the larva is suspended by a thread-form respiratory tube; of the musca
+chamaeleon, the larva lives in fountains, and the fly occasionally
+walks upon the water. The musca vomitoria is produced in carcases;
+three of these flies consume the dead body of a horse as soon as a
+lion. Lin. Syst. Nat.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTE. V.
+
+AMPHIBIOUS ANIMALS.
+
+  So still the Diodons, amphibious tribe,
+  With twofold lungs the sea and air imbibe.
+                                        CANT. I. l. 331.
+
+
+D. D. Garden dissected the amphibious creature called diodon by
+Linneus, and was amazed to find that it possessed both external gills
+and internal lungs, which he described and prepared and sent to
+Linneus; who thence put this animal into the order nantes of his class
+amphibia. He adds also, in his account of polymorpha before the class
+amphibia, that some of this class breathe by lungs only, and others by
+both lungs and gills.
+
+Some amphibious quadrupeds, as the beaver, water rat, and otter, are
+said to have the foramen ovale of the heart open, which communicates
+from one cavity of it to the other; and that, during their continuance
+under water, the blood can thus for a time circulate without passing
+through the lungs; but as it cannot by these means acquire oxygen
+either from the air or water, these creatures find it frequently
+necessary to rise to the surface to respire. As this foramen ovale is
+always open in the foetus of quadrupeds, till after its birth that it
+begins to respire, it has been proposed by some to keep young puppies
+three or four times a day for a minute or two under warm water to
+prevent this communication from one cavity of the heart to the other
+from growing up; whence it has been thought such dogs might become
+amphibious. It is also believed that this circumstance has existed in
+some divers for pearl; whose children are said to have been thus kept
+under water in their early infancy to enable them afterwards to
+succeed in their employment.
+
+But the most frequent distinction of the amphibious animals, that live
+much in the water, is, that their heart consists but of one cell; and
+as they are pale creatures with but little blood, and that colder and
+darker coloured, as frogs and lizards, they require less oxygen than
+the warmer animals with a greater quantity and more scarlet blood; and
+thence, though they have only lungs, they can stay long under water
+without great inconvenience; but are all of them, like frogs, and
+crocodiles, and whales, necessitated frequently to rise above the
+surface for air.
+
+In this circumstance of their possessing a one-celled heart, and
+colder and darker blood, they approach to the state of fish; which
+thus appear not to acquire so much oxygen by their gills from the
+water as terrestrial animals do by their lungs from the atmosphere;
+whence it may be concluded that the gills of fish do not decompose the
+water which passes through them, and which contains so much more
+oxygen than the air, but that they only procure a small quantity of
+oxygen from the air which is diffused in the water; which also is
+further confirmed by an experiment with the air-pump, as fish soon die
+when put in a glass of water into the exhausted receiver, which they
+would not do if their gills had power to decompose the water and
+obtain the oxygen from it.
+
+The lamprey, petromyzon, is put by Linneus amongst the nantes, which
+are defined to possess both gills and lungs. It has seven spiracula,
+or breathing holes, on each side of the neck, and by its more perfect
+lungs approaches to the serpent kind; Syst. Nat. The means by which it
+adheres to stones, even in rapid streams, is probably owing to a
+partial vacuum made by its respiring organs like sucking, and may be
+compared to the ingenious method by which boys are seen to lift large
+stones in the street, by applying to them a piece of strong moist
+leather with a string through the centre of it; which, when it is
+forcibly drawn upwards, produces a partial vacuum under it, and thus
+the stone is supported by the pressure of the atmosphere.
+
+The leech, hirudo, and the remora, echeneis, adhere strongly to
+objects probably by a similar method. I once saw ten or twelve leeches
+adhere to each foot of an old horse a little above his hoofs, who was
+grazing in a morass, and which did not lose their hold when he moved
+about. The bare-legged travellers in Ceylon are said to be much
+infested by leeches; and the sea-leech, hirudo muricata, is said to
+adhere to fish, and the remora is said to adhere to ships in such
+numbers as to retard their progress.
+
+The respiratory organ of the whale, I suppose, is pulmonary in part,
+as he is obliged to come frequently to the surface, whence he can be
+pursued after he is struck with the harpoon; and may nevertheless be
+in part like the gills of other fish, as he seems to draw in water
+when he is below the surface, and emits it again when he rises above
+it.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTE. VI.
+
+HIEROGLYPHIC CHARACTERS.
+
+  So erst as Egypt's rude designs explain.
+                                        CANTO I. l. 351.
+
+
+The outlines of animal bodies, which gave names to the constellations,
+as well as the characters used in chemistry for the metals, and in
+astronomy for the planets, were originally hieroglyphic figures, used
+by the magi of Egypt before the invention of letters, to record their
+discoveries in those sciences.
+
+Other hieroglyphic figures seem to have been designed to perpetuate
+the events of history, the discoveries in other arts, and the opinions
+of those ancient philosophers on other subjects. Thus their figures of
+Venus for beauty, Minerva for wisdom, Mars and Bellona for war,
+Hercules for strength, and many others, became afterwards the deities
+of Greece and Rome; and together with the figures of Time, Death, and
+Fame, constitute the language of the painters to this day.
+
+From the similarity of the characters which designate the metals in
+chemistry, and the planets in astronomy, it may be concluded that
+these parts of science were then believed to be connected; whence
+astrology seems to have been a very early superstition. These, so far,
+constitute an universal visible language in those sciences.
+
+So the glory, or halo, round the head is a part of the universal
+language of the eye, designating a holy person; wings on the shoulders
+denote a good angel; and a tail and hoof denote the figure of an evil
+demon; to which may be added the cap of liberty and the tiara of
+popedom. It is to be wished that many other universal characters could
+be introduced into practice, which might either constitute a more
+comprehensive language for painters, or for other arts; as those of
+ciphers and signs have done for arithmetic and algebra, and crotchets
+for music, and the alphabets for articulate sounds; so a zigzag line
+made on white paper by a black-lead pencil, which communicates with
+the surface of the mercury in the barometer, as the paper itself is
+made constantly to move laterally by a clock, and daily to descend
+through the space necessary, has ingeniously produced a most accurate
+visible account of the rise and fall of the mercury in the barometer
+every hour in the year.
+
+Mr. Grey's Memoria Technica was designed as an artificial language to
+remember numbers, as of the eras, or dates of history. This was done
+by substituting one consonant and one vowel for each figure of the ten
+cyphers used in arithmetic, and by composing words of these letters;
+which words Mr. Grey makes into hexameter verses, and produces an
+audible jargon, which is to be committed to memory, and occasionally
+analysed into numbers when required. An ingenious French botanist,
+Monsieur Bergeret, has proposed to apply this idea of Mr. Grey to a
+botanical nomenclature, by making the name of each plant to consist of
+letters, which, when analysed, were to signify the number of the
+class, order, genus, and species, with a description also of some
+particular part of the plant, which was designed to be both an audible
+and visible language.
+
+Bishop Wilkins in his elaborate "Essay towards a Real Character and a
+Philosophical Language," has endeavoured to produce, with the greatest
+simplicity, and accuracy, and conciseness, an universal language both
+to be written and spoken, for the purpose of the communication of all
+our ideas with greater exactness and less labour than is done in
+common languages, as they are now spoken and written. But we have to
+lament that the progress of general science is yet too limited both
+for his purpose, and for that even of a nomenclature for botany; and
+that the science of grammar, and even the number and manner of the
+pronunciation of the letters of the alphabet, are not yet determined
+with such accuracy as would be necessary to constitute Bishop
+Wilkins's grand design of an universal language, which might
+facilitate the acquirement of knowledge, and thus add to the power and
+happiness of mankind.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTE. VII.
+
+OLD AGE AND DEATH.
+
+  The age-worn fibres goaded to contract
+  By repetition palsied, cease to act.
+                                        CANTO II. l. 4
+
+
+I. _Effects of Age._
+
+The immediate cause of the infirmities of age, or of the progress of
+life to death, has not yet been well ascertained. The answer to the
+question, why animals become feeble and diseased after a time, though
+nourished with the same food which increased their growth from
+infancy, and afterwards supported them for many years in unimpaired
+health and strength, must be sought for from the laws of animal
+excitability, which, though at first increased, is afterwards
+diminished by frequent repetitions of its adapted stimulus, and at
+length ceases to obey it.
+
+1. There are four kinds of stimulus which induce the fibres to
+contract, which constitute the muscles or the organs of sense; as,
+first, The application of external bodies, which excites into action
+the sensorial power of irritation; 2dly, Pleasure and pain, which
+excite into action the sensorial power of sensation; 3dly, Desire and
+aversion, which excite into action the power of volition; and lastly,
+The fibrous contractions, which precede association, which is another
+sensorial power; see Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. II. 13.
+
+Many of the motions of the organic system, which are necessary to
+life, are excited by more than one of these stimuli at the same time,
+and some of them occasionally by them all. Thus respiration is
+generally caused by the stimulus of blood in the lungs, or by the
+sensation of the want of oxygen; but is also occasionally voluntary.
+The actions of the heart also, though generally owing to the stimulus
+of the blood, are also inflamed by the association of its motions with
+those of the stomach, whence sometimes arises an inequality of the
+pulse, and with other parts of the system, as with the capillaries,
+whence heat of the skin in fevers with a feeble pulse, see Zoonomia.
+They are also occasionally influenced by sensation, as is seen in the
+paleness occasioned by fear, or the blush of shame and anger; and
+lastly the motions of the heart are sometimes assisted by volition;
+thus in those who are much weakened by fevers, the pulse is liable to
+stop during their sleep, and to induce great distress; which is owing
+at that time to the total suspension of voluntary power; the same
+occurs during sleep in some asthmatic patients.
+
+2. The debility of approaching age appears to be induced by the
+inactivity of many parts of the system, or their disobedience to their
+usual kinds and quantities of stimulus: thus the pallid appearance of
+the skin of old age is owing to the inactivity of the heart, which
+ceases to obey the irritation caused by the stimulus of the blood, or
+its association with other moving organs with its former energy;
+whence the capillary arteries are not sufficiently distended in their
+diastole, and consequently contract by their elasticity, so as to
+close the canal, and their sides gradually coalesce. Of these, those
+which are most distant from the heart, and of the smallest diameters,
+will soonest close, and become impervious; hence the hard pulse of
+aged patients is occasioned by the coalescence of the sides of the
+vasa vasorum, or capillary arteries of the coats of the other
+arteries.
+
+The veins of elderly people become turgid or distended with blood, and
+stand prominent on the skin; for as these do not possess the
+elasticity of the arteries, they become distended with accumulation of
+blood; when the heart by its lessened excitability does not contract
+sufficiently forcibly, or frequently, to receive, as fast as usual,
+the returning blood; and their apparent prominence on the skin is
+occasioned by the deficient secretion of fat or mucus in the cellular
+membrane; and also to the contraction and coalescence and consequent
+less bulk of many capillary arteries.
+
+3. Not only the muscular fibres lose their degree of excitability from
+age, as in the above examples; and as may be observed in the tremulous
+hands and feeble step of elderly persons; but the organs of sense
+become less excitable by the stimulus of external objects; whence the
+sight and hearing become defective; the stimulus of the sensorial
+power of sensation also less affects the aged, who grieve less for the
+loss of friends or for other disappointments; it should nevertheless
+be observed, that when the sensorial power of irritation is much
+exhausted, or its production much diminished; the sensorial power of
+sensation appears for a time to be increased; as in intoxication there
+exists a kind of delirium and quick flow of ideas, and yet the person
+becomes so weak as to totter as he walks; but this delirium is owing
+to the defect of voluntary power to correct the streams of ideas by
+intuitive analogy, as in dreams: see Zoonomia: and thus also those who
+are enfeebled by habits of much vinous potation, or even by age alone,
+are liable to weep at shaking hands with a friend, whom they have not
+lately seen; which is owing to defect of voluntary power to correct
+their trains of ideas caused by sensation, and not to the increased
+quantity of sensation, as I formerly supposed.
+
+The same want of voluntary power to keep the trains of sensitive ideas
+consistent, and to compare them by intuitive analogy with the order of
+nature, is the occasion of the starting at the clapping to of a door,
+or the fall of a key, which occasions violent surprise with fear and
+sometimes convulsions, in very feeble hysterical patients, and is not
+owing I believe (as I formerly supposed) to increased sensation; as
+they are less sensible to small stimuli than when in health.
+
+Old people are less able also to perform the voluntary exertions of
+exercise or of reasoning, and lastly the association of their ideas
+becomes more imperfect, as they are forgetful of the names of persons
+and places; the associations of which are less permanent, than those
+of the other words of a language, which are more frequently repeated.
+
+4. This disobedience of the fibres of age to their usual stimuli, has
+generally been ascribed to repetition or habit, as those who live near
+a large clock, or a mill, or a waterfall, soon cease to attend to the
+perpetual noise of it in the day, and sleep dining the night
+undisturbed. Thus all medicines, if repeated too frequently, gradually
+lose their effect; as wine and opium cease to intoxicate: some
+disagreeable tastes as tobacco, by frequent repetition cease to be
+disagreeable; grief and pain gradually diminish and at length cease
+altogether; and hence life itself becomes tolerable.
+
+This diminished power of contraction of the fibres of the muscles or
+organs of sense, which constitutes permanent debility or old age, may
+arise from a deficient secretion of sensorial power in the brain, as
+well as from the disobedience of the muscles and organs of sense to
+their usual stimuli; but this less production of sensorial power must
+depend on the inactivity of the glands, which compose the brain, and
+are believed to separate it perpetually from the blood; and is thence
+owing to a similar cause with the inaction of the fibres of the other
+parts of the system.
+
+It is finally easy to understand how the fibres may cease to act by
+the usual quantity of stimulus after having been previously exposed to
+a greater quantity of stimulus, or to one too long continued; because
+the expenditure of sensorial power has then been greater than its
+production; but it is not easy to explain why the repetition of
+fibrous contractions, which during the meridian of life did not expend
+the sensorial power faster than it was produced; or only in such a
+degree as was daily restored by rest and sleep, should at length in
+the advance of life expend too much of it; or otherwise, that less of
+it should be produced in the brain; or reside in the nerves; lastly
+that the fibres should become less excitable by the usual quantity of
+it.
+
+5. But these facts would seem to show, that all parts of the system
+are not changed as we advance in life, as some have supposed; as in
+that case it might have preserved for ever its excitability; and it
+might then perhaps have been easier for nature to have continued her
+animals and vegetables for ever in their mature state, than
+perpetually by a complicate apparatus to have produced new ones, and
+suffer the old ones to perish; for a further account of stimulus and
+the consequent animal exertion, see Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. 12.
+
+
+II. _Means of preventing old age._
+
+The means of preventing the approach of age must therefore consist in
+preventing the inexcitability of the fibres, or the diminution of the
+production of sensorial power.
+
+1. As animal motion cannot be performed without the fluid matter of
+heat, in which all things are immersed, and without a sufficient
+quantity of moisture to prevent rigidity: nothing seems so well
+adapted to both these purposes as the use of the warm bath; and
+especially in those, who become thin or emaciated with age, and who
+have a hard and dry skin, with hardness of the coat of the arteries;
+which feels under the finger like a cord; the patient should sit in
+warm water for half an hour every day, or alternate days, or twice a
+week; the heat should be about ninety-eight degrees on Fahrenheit's
+scale, or of such a warmth, as may be most agreeable to his sensation;
+but on leaving the bath he should always be kept so cool, whether he
+goes into bed, or continues up, as not sensibly to perspire.
+
+There is a popular prejudice, that the warm bath relaxes people, and
+that the cold bath braces them; which are mechanical terms belonging
+to drums and fiddle-strings, but not applicable except metaphorically
+to animal bodies, and then commonly mean weakness and strength: during
+the continuance in the bath the patient does not lose weight, unless
+he goes in after a full meal, but generally weighs heavier as the
+absorption is greater than the perspiration; but if he suffers himself
+to sweat on his leaving the bath, he will undoubtedly be weakened by
+the increased action of the system, and its exhaustion: the same
+occurs to those who are heated by exercise, or by wine, or spice, but
+not during their continuance in the warm bath: whence we may conclude,
+that the warm bath is the most harmless of all those stimuli, which
+are greater than our natural habits have accustomed us to; and that it
+particularly counteracts the approach of old age in emaciated people
+with dry skins.
+
+It may be here observed in favour of bathing, that some fish are
+believed to continue to a great age, and continually to enlarge in
+size, as they advance in life; and that long after their state of
+puberty. I have seen perch full of spawn, which were less than two
+inches long; and it is known, that they will grow to six or eight
+times that size; it is said, that the whales, which have been caught
+of late years, are much less in size than those, which were caught,
+when first the whale-fishery was established; as the large ones, which
+were supposed to have been some hundred years old, are believed to be
+already destroyed.
+
+All cold-blooded amphibious animals more slowly waste their sensorial
+power; as they are accustomed to less stimulus from their respiring
+less oxygen; and their movements in water are slower than those of
+aerial animals from the greater resistance of the element. There
+besides seems to be no obstacle to the growth of aquatic animals; as
+by means of the air-bladder, they can make their specific gravity the
+same as that of the water in which they swim. And the moisture of the
+element seems well adapted to counteract the rigidity of their fibres;
+and as their exertions in locomotion, and the pressure of some parts
+on others, are so much less than in the bodies of land animals.
+
+2. But as all excessive stimuli exhaust the sensorial power, and
+render the system less excitable for a time till the quantity of
+sensorial power is restored by sleep, or by the diminution or absence
+of stimulus; which is seen by the weakness of inebriates for a day at
+least after intoxication. And as the frequent repetition of this great
+and unnatural stimulus of fermented liquors produces a permanent
+debility, or disobedience of the system to the usual and natural kinds
+and quantities of stimulus, as occurs in those who have long been
+addicted to the ingurgitation of fermented liquors.
+
+And as, secondly, the too great deficiency of the quantity of natural
+stimuli, as of food, and warmth, or of fresh air, produces also
+diseases; as is often seen in the children of the poor in large towns,
+who become scrofulous from want of due nourishment, and from cold,
+damp, unairy lodgings.
+
+The great and principal means to prevent the approach of old age and
+death, must consist in the due management of the quantity of every
+kind of stimulus, but particularly of that from objects external to
+the moving organ; which may excite into action too great or too small
+a quantity of the sensorial power of irritation, which principally
+actuates the vital organs. Whence the use of much wine, or opium, or
+spice, or of much salt, by their unnatural stimulus induces consequent
+debility, and shortens life, on the one hand, by the exhaustion of
+sensorial power; so on the other hand, the want of heat, food, and
+fresh air, induces debility from defect of stimulus, and a consequent
+accumulation of sensorial power, and a general debility of the system.
+Whence arise the pains of cold and hunger, and those which are called
+nervous; and which are the cause of hysteric, epileptic, and perhaps
+of asthmatic paroxysms, and of the cold fits of fever.
+
+3. Though all excesses of increase and decrease of stimulus should be
+avoided, yet a certain variation of stimulus seems to prolong the
+excitability of the system; as during any diminution of the usual
+quantity of stimulus, an accumulation of sensorial power is produced;
+and in consequence the excitability, which was lessened by the action
+of habitual stimulus, becomes restored. Thus those, who are uniformly
+habituated to much artificial heat, as in warm parlours in the winter
+months, lose their irritability in some degree, and become feeble like
+hot-house plants; but by frequently going for a time into the cold
+air, the sensorial power of irritability is accumulated and they
+become stronger.
+
+Whence it may be deduced, that the variations of the cold and heat of
+this climate contribute to strengthen its inhabitants, who are more
+active and vigorous, and live longer, than those of either much warmer
+or much colder latitudes.
+
+This accumulation of sensorial power from diminution of stimulus any
+one may observe, who in severe weather may sit by the fire-side till
+he is chill and uneasy with the sensation of cold; but if he walks
+into the frosty air for a few minutes, an accumulation of sensorial
+power is produced by diminution of the stimulus of heat, and on his
+returning into the room where he was chill before, his whole skin will
+now glow with warmth.
+
+Hence it may be concluded, that the variations of the quantity of
+stimuli within certain limits contribute to our health; and that those
+houses which are kept too uniformly warm, are less wholesome than
+where the inhabitants are occasionally exposed to cold air in passing
+from one room to another.
+
+Nevertheless to those weak habits with pale skins and large pupils of
+the eyes, whose degree of irritability is less than health requires,
+as in scrofulous, hysterical, and some consumptive constitutions, a
+climate warmer than our own may be of service, as a greater stimulus
+of heat may be wanted to excite their less irritability. And also a
+more uniform quantity of heat may be serviceable to consumptive
+patients than is met with in this country, as the lungs cannot be
+clothed like the external skin, and are therefore subject to greater
+extremes of heat and cold in passing in winter from a warm room into
+the frosty air.
+
+4. It should nevertheless be observed, that there is one kind of
+stimulus, which though it be employed in quantity beyond its usual
+state, seems to increase the production of sensorial power beyond the
+expenditure of it (unless its excess is great indeed) and thence to
+give permanent strength and energy to the system; I mean that of
+volition. This appears not only from the temporary strength of angry
+or insane people, but because insanity even cures some diseases of
+debility, as I have seen in dropsy, and in some fevers; but it is also
+observable, that many who have exerted much voluntary effort during
+their whole lives, have continued active to great age. This however
+may be conceived to arise from these great exertions being performed
+principally by the organs of sense, that is by exciting and comparing
+ideas; as in those who have invented sciences, or have governed
+nations, and which did not therefore exhaust the sensorial power of
+those organs which are necessary to life, but perhaps rather prevented
+them from being sooner impaired, their sensorial power not having been
+so frequently exhausted by great activity, for very violent exercise
+of the body, long continued, forwards old age; as is seen in
+post-horses that are cruelly treated, and in many of the poor, who
+with difficulty support their families by incessant labour.
+
+
+III. _Theory of the Approach of Age._
+
+The critical reader is perhaps by this time become so far interested
+in this subject as to excuse a more prolix elucidation of it.
+
+In early life the repetition of animal actions occasions them to be
+performed with greater facility, whether those repetitions are
+produced by volition, sensation, or irritation; because they soon
+become associated together, if as much sensorial power is produced
+between every reiteration of action, as is expended by it.
+
+But if a stimulus be repeated at uniform intervals of time, the
+action, whether of our muscles or organs of sense, is performed with
+still greater facility and energy; because the sensorial power of
+association mentioned above, is combined with the sensorial power of
+irritation, and forms part of the diurnal chain of animal motions;
+that is, in common language, the acquired habit assists the power of
+the stimulus; see Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XXII. 2. and Sect. XII. 3.
+3.
+
+On this circumstance depends the easy motions of the fingers in
+performing music, and of the feet and arms in dancing and fencing, and
+of the hands in the use of tools in mechanic arts, as well as all the
+vital motions which animate and nourish organic bodies.
+
+On the contrary, many animal motions by perpetual repetition are
+performed with less energy; as those who live near a waterfall, or a
+smith's forge, after a time, cease to hear them. And in those
+infectious diseases which are attended with fever, as the small-pox
+and measles, violent motions of the system are excited, which at
+length cease, and cannot again be produced by application of the same
+stimulating material; as when those are inoculated for the small-pox,
+who have before undergone that malady. Hence the repetition, which
+occasions animal actions for a time to be performed with greater
+energy, occasions them at length to become feeble, or to cease
+entirely.
+
+To explain this difficult problem we must more minutely consider the
+catenations of animal motions, as described in Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect.
+XVII. The vital motions, as suppose of the heart and arterial system,
+commence from the irritation occasioned by the stimulus of the blood,
+and then have this irritation assisted by the power of association; at
+the same time an agreeable sensation is produced by the due actions of
+the fibres, as in the secretions of the glands, which constitutes the
+pleasure of existence; this agreeable sensation is intermixed between
+every link of this diurnal chain of actions, and contributes to
+produce it by what is termed animal causation. But there is also a
+degree of the power of volition excited in consequence of this vital
+pleasure, which is also intermixed between the links of the chain of
+fibrous actions; and thus also contributes to its uniform easy and
+perpetual production.
+
+The effects of surprise and novelty must now be considered by the
+patient reader, as they affect the catenations of action; and, I hope,
+the curiosity of the subject will excuse the prolixity of this account
+of it. When any violent stimulus breaks the passing current or
+catenation of our ideas, surprise is produced, which is accompanied
+with pain or pleasure, and consequent volition to examine the object
+of it, as explained in Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XVIII. 17, and which
+never affects us in sleep. In our waking hours whenever an idea of
+imagination occurs, which is incongruous to our former experience, we
+feel another kind of surprise, and instantly dissever the train of
+imagination by the power of volition, and compare the incongruous idea
+with our previous knowledge of nature, and reject it by an act of
+reasoning, of which we are unconscious, termed in Zoonomia, "Intuitive
+Analogy," Vol. I Sect. XVII. 7.
+
+The novelty of any idea may be considered as affecting us with another
+kind of surprise, or incongruity, as it differs from the usual train
+of our ideas, and forms a new link in this perpetual chain; which, as
+it thus differs from the ordinary course of nature, we instantly
+examine by the voluntary efforts of intuitive analogy; or by
+reasoning, which we attend to; and compare it with the usual
+appearances of nature.
+
+These ideas which affect us with surprise, or incongruity, or novelty,
+are attended with painful or pleasurable sensation; which we mentioned
+before as intermixing with all catenations of animal actions, and
+contributing to strengthen their perpetual and energetic production;
+and also exciting in some degree the power of volition, which also
+intermixes with the links of the chain of animal actions, and
+contributes to produce it.
+
+Now by frequent repetition the surprise, incongruity, or novelty
+ceases; and, in consequence, the pleasure or pain which accompanied
+it, and also the degree of volition which was excited by that
+sensation of pain or pleasure; and thus the sensorial power of
+sensation and of volition are subducted from the catenation of vital
+actions, and they are in consequence produced much weaker, and at
+length cease entirely. Whence we learn why contagious matters induce
+their effects on the circulation but once; and why, in process of
+time, the vital movements are performed with less energy, and at
+length cease; whence the debilities of age, and consequent death.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES. VIII.
+
+REPRODUCTION.
+
+  But Reproduction with ethereal fires
+  New life rekindles, ere the first expires.
+                                        CANTO II. l. 13.
+
+
+I. The reproduction or generation of living organized bodies, is the
+great criterion or characteristic which distinguishes animation from
+mechanism. Fluids may circulate in hydraulic machines, or simply move
+in them, as mercury in the barometer or thermometer, but the power of
+producing an embryon which shall gradually acquire similitude to its
+parent, distinguishes artificial from natural organization.
+
+The reproduction of plants and animals appears to be of two kinds,
+solitary and sexual; the former occurs in the formation of the buds of
+trees, and the bulbs of tulips; which for several successions generate
+other buds, and other bulbs, nearly similar to the parent, but
+constantly approaching to greater perfection, so as finally to produce
+sexual organs, or flowers, and consequent seeds.
+
+The same occurs in some inferior kinds of animals; as the aphises in
+the spring and summer are viviparous for eight or nine generations,
+which successively produce living descendants without sexual
+intercourse, and are themselves, I suppose, without sex; at length in
+the autumn they propagate males and females, which copulate and lay
+eggs, which lie dormant during the winter, and are hatched by the
+vernal sun; while the truffle, and perhaps mushrooms amongst
+vegetables, and the polypus and taenia amongst insects, perpetually
+propagate themselves by solitary reproduction, and have not yet
+acquired male and female organs.
+
+Philosophers have thought these viviparous aphides, and the taenia, and
+volvox, to be females; and have supposed them to have been impregnated
+long before their nativity within each other; so the taenia and volvox
+still continue to produce their offspring without sexual intercourse.
+One extremity of the taenia, is said by Linneus to grow old, whilst at
+the other end new ones are generated proceeding to infinity like the
+roots of grass. The volvox globator is transparent, and carries within
+itself children and grandchildren to the fifth generation like the
+aphides; so that the taenia produces children and grandchildren
+longitudinally in a chain-like series, and the volvox propagates an
+offspring included within itself to the fifth generation; Syst. Nat.
+
+Many microscopic animals, and some larger ones, as the hydra or
+polypus, are propagated by splitting or dividing; and some still
+larger animals, as oysters, and perhaps eels, have not yet acquired
+sexual organs, but produce a paternal progeny, which requires no
+mother to supply it with a nidus, or with nutriment and oxygenation;
+and, therefore, very accurately resemble the production of the buds of
+trees, and the wires of some herbaceous plants, as of knot-grass and
+of strawberries, and the bulbs of other plants, as of onions and
+potatoes; which is further treated of in Phytologia, Sect. VII.
+
+The manner in which I suspect the solitary reproduction of the buds of
+trees to be effected, may also be applied to the solitary generation
+of the insects mentioned above, and probably of many others, perhaps
+of all the microscopic ones. It should be previously observed, that
+many insects are hermaphrodite, possessing both male and female organs
+of reproduction, as shell-snails and dew-worms; but that these are
+seen reciprocally to copulate with each other, and are believed not to
+be able to impregnate themselves; which belongs, therefore, to sexual
+generation, and not to the solitary reproduction of which I am now
+speaking.
+
+As in the chemical production of any new combination of matter, two
+kinds of particles appear to be necessary; one of which must possess
+the power of attraction, and the other the aptitude to be attracted,
+as a magnet and a piece of iron; so in vegetable or animal
+combinations, whether for the purpose of nutrition or for
+reproduction, there must exist also two kinds of organic matter; one
+possessing the appetency to unite, and the other the propensity to be
+united; (see Zoonomia, octavo edition, Sect. XXXIX. 8.) Hence in the
+generation of the buds of trees, there are probably two kinds of
+glands, which acquire from the vegetable blood, and deposite beneath
+the cuticle of the tree two kinds of formative organic matter, which
+unite and form parts of the new vegetable embryon; which again uniting
+with other such organizations form the caudex, or the plumula, or the
+radicle, of a new vegetable bud.
+
+A similar mode of reproduction by the secretion of two kinds of
+organic particles from the blood, and by depositing them either
+internally as in the vernal and summer aphis or volvox, or externally
+as in the polypus and taenia, probably obtains in those animals; which
+are thence propagated by the father only, not requiring a cradle, or
+nutriment, or oxygenation from a mother; and that the five
+generations, said to be seen in the transparent volvox globator within
+each other, are perhaps the successive progeny to be delivered at
+different periods of time from the father, and erroneously supposed to
+be mothers impregnated before their nativity.
+
+
+II. Sexual as well as solitary reproduction appears to be effected by
+two kinds of glands; one of which collects or secretes from the blood
+formative organic particles with appetencies to unite, and the other
+formative organic particles with propensities to be united. These
+probably undergo some change by a kind of digestion in their
+respective glands; but could not otherwise unite previously in the
+mass of blood from its perpetual motion.
+
+The first mode of sexual reproduction seems to have been by the
+formation of males into hermaphrodites; that is, when the numerous
+formative glands, which existed in the caudex of the bud of a tree, or
+on the surface of a polypus, became so united as to form but two
+glands; which might then be called male and female organs. But they
+still collect and secrete their adapted particles from the same mass
+of blood as in snails and dew-worms, but do not seem to be so placed
+as to produce an embryon by the mixture of their secreted fluids, but
+to require the mutual assistance of two hermaphrodites for that
+purpose.
+
+From this view-of the subject, it would appear that vegetables and
+animals were at first propagated by solitary generation, and
+afterwards by hermaphrodite sexual generation; because most vegetables
+possess at this day both male and female organs in the same flower,
+which Linneus has thence well called hermaphrodite flowers; and that
+this hermaphrodite mode of reproduction still exists in many insects,
+as in snails and worms; and, finally, because all the male quadrupeds,
+as well as men, possess at this day some remains of the female
+apparatus, as the breasts with nipples, which still at their nativity
+are said to be replete with a kind of milk, and the nipples swell on
+titillation.
+
+Afterwards the sexes seem to have been formed in vegetables as in
+flowers, in addition to the power of solitary reproduction by buds. So
+in animals the aphis is propagated both by solitary reproduction as in
+spring, or by sexual generation as in autumn; then the vegetable sexes
+began to exist in separate plants, as in the classes monoecia and
+dioecia, or both of them in the same plant also, as in the class
+polygamia; but the larger and more perfect animals are now propagated
+by sexual reproduction only, which seems to have been the
+chef-d'oeuvre, or capital work of nature; as appears by the wonderful
+transformations of leaf-eating caterpillars into honey-eating moths
+and butterflies, apparently for the sole purpose of the formation of
+sexual organs, as in the silk-worm, which takes no food after its
+transformation, but propagates its species and dies.
+
+
+III. _Recapitulation._
+
+The microscopic productions of spontaneous vitality, and the next most
+inferior kinds of vegetables and animals, propagate by solitary
+generation only; as the buds and bulbs raised immediately from seeds,
+the lycoperdon tuber, with probably many other fungi, and the polypus,
+volvox, and taenia. Those of the next order propagate both by solitary
+and sexual reproduction, as those buds and bulbs which produce flowers
+as well as other buds or bulbs; and the aphis, and probably many other
+insects. Whence it appears, that many of those vegetables and animals,
+which are produced by solitary generation, gradually become more
+perfect, and at length produce a sexual progeny.
+
+A third order of organic nature consists of hermaphrodite vegetables
+and animals, as in those flowers which have anthers and stigmas in the
+same corol; and in many insects, as leeches, snails, and worms; and
+perhaps all those reptiles which have no bones, according to the
+observation of M. Poupart, who thinks, that the number of
+hermaphrodite animals exceeds that of those which are divided into
+sexes; Mem. de l'Acad. des Sciences. These hermaphrodite insects I
+suspect _to_ be incapable of impregnating themselves for reasons
+mentioned in Zoonomia, Sect. XXXIX. 6. 2.
+
+And, lastly, the most perfect orders of animals are propagated by
+sexual intercourse only; which, however, does not extend to
+vegetables, as all those raised from seed produce some generations of
+buds or bulbs, previous to their producing flowers, as occurs not only
+in trees, but also in the annual plants. Thus three or four joints of
+wheat grow upon each other, before that which produces a flower; which
+joints are all separate plants growing over each other, like the buds
+of trees, previous to the uppermost; though this happens in a few
+months in annual plants, which requires as many years in the
+successive buds of trees; as is further explained in Phytologia, Sect.
+IX. 3. 1.
+
+
+IV. _Conclusion._
+
+Where climate is favourable, and salubrious food plentiful, there is
+reason to believe, that the races of animals perpetually improve by
+reproduction. The smallest microscopic animals become larger ones in a
+short time, probably by successive reproductions, as is so distinctly
+seen in the buds of seedling apple-trees, and in the bulbs of tulips
+raised from seed; both which die annually, and leave behind them one
+or many, which are more perfect than themselves, till they produce a
+sexual progeny, or flowers. To which may be added, the rapid
+improvement of our domesticated dogs, horses, rabbits, pigeons, which
+improve in size, or in swiftness, or in the sagacity of the sense of
+smell, or in colour, or other properties, by sexual reproduction.
+
+The great Linneus having perceived the changes produced in the
+vegetable world by sexual reproduction, has supposed that not more
+than about sixty plants were at first created, and that all the others
+have been formed by their solitary or sexual reproductions; and adds,
+Suadent haec Creatoris leges a simplicibus ad composita; Gen. Plant.
+preface to the natural orders, and Amenit. Acad. VI. 279. This mode
+of reasoning may be extended to the most simple productions of
+spontaneous vitality.
+
+There is one curious circumstance of animal life analogous in some
+degree to this wonderful power of reproduction; which is seen in the
+propagation of some contagious diseases. Thus one grain of variolous
+matter, inserted by inoculation, shall in about seven days stimulate
+the system into unnatural action; which in about seven days more
+produces ten thousand times the quantity of a similar material thrown
+out on the skin in pustules!
+
+The mystery of reproduction, which alone distinguishes organic life
+from mechanic or chemic action, is yet wrapt in darkness. During the
+decomposition of organic bodies, where there exists a due degree of
+warmth with moisture, new microscopic animals of the most minute kind
+are produced; and these possess the wonderful power of reproduction,
+or of producing animals similar to themselves in their general
+structure, but with frequent additional improvements; which the
+preceding parent might in some measure have acquired by his habits of
+life or accidental situation.
+
+But it may appear too bold in the present state of our knowledge on
+this subject, to suppose that all vegetables and animals now existing
+were originally derived from the smallest microscopic ones, formed by
+spontaneous vitality? and that they have by innumerable reproductions,
+during innumerable centuries of time, gradually acquired the size,
+strength, and excellence of form and faculties, which they now
+possess? and that such amazing powers were originally impressed on
+matter and spirit by the great Parent of Parents! Cause of Causes! Ens
+Entium!
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES. IX.
+
+STORGE.
+
+  And Heaven-born STORGE weaves the social chain.
+                                        CANTO II. l. 92.
+
+
+The Greek word Storge is used for the affection of parents to
+children; which was also visibly represented by the Stork or Pelican
+feeding her young with blood taken from her own wounded bosom. A
+number of Pelicans form a semicircle in shallow parts of the sea near
+the coast, standing on their long legs; and thus including a shoal of
+small fish, they gradually approach the shore; and seizing the fish as
+they advance, receive them into a pouch under their throats; and
+bringing them to land regurgitate them for the use of their young, or
+for their future support. Adanson, Voyage to Senegal. In this country
+the parent Pigeons both male and female swallow the grain or other
+seeds, which they collect for their young, and bring it up mixed with
+a kind of milk from their stomachs, with their bills inserted into the
+mouths of the young doves. J. Hunter's works.
+
+The affection of the parent to the young in experienced mothers may be
+in part owing to their having been relieved by them from the burden of
+their milk; but it is difficult to understand, how this affection
+commences in those mothers of the bestial world, who have not
+experienced this relief from the sucking of their offspring; and still
+more so to understand how female birds were at first induced to
+incubate their eggs for many weeks; and lastly how caterpillars, as of
+the silk-worm, are induced to cover themselves with a well-woven house
+of silk before their transformation.
+
+These as well as many other animal facts, which are difficult to
+account for, have been referred to an inexplicable instinct; which is
+supposed to preclude any further investigation: but as animals seem to
+have undergone great changes, as well as the inanimate parts of the
+earth, and are probably still in a state of gradual improvement; it is
+not unreasonable to conclude, that some of these actions both of large
+animals and of insects, may have been acquired in a state preceding
+their present one; and have been derived from the parents to their
+offspring by imitation, or other kind of tradition; thus the eggs of
+the crocodile are at this day hatched by the warmth of the sun in
+Egypt; and the eggs of innumerable insects, and the spawn of fish, and
+of frogs, in this climate are hatched by the vernal warmth: this might
+be the case of birds in warm climates, in their early state of
+existence; and experience might have taught them to incubate their
+eggs, as they became more perfect animals, or removed themselves into
+colder climates: thus the ostrich is said to sit upon its eggs only in
+the night in warm situations, and both day and night in colder ones.
+
+This love of the mother in quadrupeds to the offspring, whom she licks
+and cleans, is so allied to the pleasure of the taste or palate, that
+nature seems to have had a great escape in the parent quadruped not
+devouring her offspring. Bitches, and cats, and sows, eat the
+placenta; and if a dead offspring occurs, I am told, that also is
+sometimes eaten, and yet the living offspring is spared; and by that
+nice distinction the progenies of those animals are saved from
+destruction!
+
+"Certior factus sum a viro rebus antiquissimis docto, quod legitur in
+Berosi operibus homines ante diluvium mulierum puerperarum placentam
+edidisse, quasi cibum delicatum in epulis luxuriosis; et quod hoc
+nefandissimo crimine movebatur Deus diluvio submergere terrarum
+incolas." ANON.
+
+It may be finally concluded, that this affection from the parent to
+the progeny existed before animals were divided into sexes, and
+produced the beginning of sympathetic society, the source of which may
+perhaps be thus well accounted for; whenever the glandular system is
+stimulated into greater natural action within certain limits, an
+addition of pleasure is produced along with the increased secretion;
+this pleasure arising from the activity of the system is supposed to
+constitute the happiness of existence, in contradistinction to the
+ennui or taedium vitae; as shown in Zoonomia, Sect. XXXIII. 1.
+
+Hence the secretion of nutritious juices occasioned by the stimulus of
+an embryon or egg in the womb gives pleasure to the parent for a
+length of time; whence by association a similar pleasure may be
+occasioned to the parent by seeing and touching the egg or fetus after
+its birth; and in lactescent animals an additional pleasure is
+produced by the new secretion of milk, as well as by its emission into
+the sucking lips of the infant. This appears to be one of the great
+secrets of Nature, one of those fine, almost invisible cords, which
+have bound one animal to another.
+
+The females of lactiferous animals have thus a passion or inlet of
+pleasure in their systems more than the males, from their power of
+giving suck to their offspring; the want of the object of this
+passion, either owing to the death of the progeny, or to the unnatural
+fashion of their situation in life, not only deprives them of this
+innocent and virtuous source of pleasure; but has occasioned diseases,
+which have been fatal to many of them.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES. X.
+
+EVE FROM ADAM'S RIB.
+
+  Form'd a new sex, the mother of mankind.
+                                        CANTO II. l. 140.
+
+
+The mosaic history of Paradise and of Adam and Eve has been thought by
+some to be a sacred allegory, designed to teach obedience to divine
+commands, and to account for the origin of evil, like Jotham's fable
+of the trees; Judges ix. 8. or Nathan's fable of the poor man and his
+lamb; 2 Sam. xii. 1. or like the parables in the New Testament; as
+otherwise knowledge could not be said to grow upon one tree, and life
+upon another, or a serpent to converse; and lastly that this account
+originated with the magi or philosophers of Egypt, with whom Moses was
+educated, and that this part of the history, where Eve is said to have
+been made from a rib of Adam might have been an hieroglyphic design of
+the Egyptian philosophers, showing their opinion that Mankind was
+originally of both sexes united, and was afterwards divided into males
+and females: an opinion in later times held by Plato, and I believe by
+Aristotle, and which must have arisen from profound inquiries into the
+original state of animal existence.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES. XI.
+
+HEREDITARY DISEASES.
+
+  The feeble births acquired diseases chase,
+  Till Death extinguish the degenerate race.
+                                        CANTO II. l. 165.
+
+
+As all the families both of plants and animals appear in a state of
+perpetual improvement or degeneracy, it becomes a subject of
+importance to detect the causes of these mutations.
+
+The insects, which are not propagated by sexual intercourse, are so
+few or so small, that no observations have been made on their
+diseases; but hereditary diseases are believed more to affect the
+offspring of solitary than of sexual generation in respect to
+vegetables; as those fruit trees, which have for more than a century
+been propagated only by ingrafting, and not from seeds, have been
+observed by Mr. Knight to be at this time so liable to canker, as not
+to be worth cultivation. From the same cause I suspect the degeneracy
+of some potatoes and of some strawberries to have arisen; where the
+curled leaf has appeared in the former, and barren flowers in the
+latter.
+
+This may arise from the progeny by solitary reproduction so much more
+exactly resembling the parent, as is well seen in grafted trees
+compared with seedling ones; the fruit of the former always resembling
+that of the parent tree, but not so of the latter. The grafted scion
+also accords with the branch of the tree from whence it was taken, in
+the time of its bearing fruit; for if a scion be taken from a bearing
+branch of a pear or apple tree, I believe, it will produce fruit even
+the next year, or that succeeding; that is, in the same time that it
+would have produced fruit, if it had continued growing on the parent
+tree; but if the parent pear or apple tree has been cut down or
+headed, and scions are then, taken from the young shoots of the stem,
+and ingrafted; I believe those grafted trees will continue to grow for
+ten or twelve years, before they bear fruit, almost as long as
+seedling trees, that is they will require as much time, as those new
+shoots from the lopped trunk would require, before they produce fruit.
+It should thence be inquired, when grafted fruit trees are purchased,
+whether the scions were taken from bearing branches, or from the young
+shoots of a lopped trunk; as the latter, I believe, are generally
+sold, as they appear stronger plants. This greater similitude of the
+progeny to the parent in solitary reproduction must certainly make
+them more liable to hereditary diseases, if such have been acquired by
+the parent from unfriendly climate or bad nourishment, or accidental
+injury.
+
+In respect to the sexual progeny of vegetables it has long been
+thought, that a change of seed or of situation is in process of time
+necessary to prevent their degeneracy; but it is now believed, that it
+is only changing for seed of a superior quality, that will better the
+product. At the same time it may be probably useful occasionally to
+intermix seeds from different situations together; as the anther-dust
+is liable to pass from one plant to another in its vicinity; and by
+these means the new seeds or plants may be amended, like the marriages
+of animals into different families.
+
+As the sexual progeny of vegetables are thus less liable to hereditary
+diseases than the solitary progenies; so it is reasonable to conclude,
+that the sexual progenies of animals may be less liable to hereditary
+diseases, if the marriages are into different families, than if into
+the same family; this has long been supposed to be true, by those who
+breed animals for sale; since if the male and female be of different
+temperaments, as these are extremes of the animal system, they may
+counteract each other; and certainly where both parents are of
+families, which are afflicted with the same hereditary disease, it is
+more likely to descend to their posterity.
+
+The hereditary diseases of this country have many of them been the
+consequence of drinking much fermented or spirituous liquor; as the
+gout always, most kinds of dropsy, and, I believe, epilepsy, and
+insanity. But another material, which is liable to produce diseases in
+its immoderate use, I believe to be common salt; the sea-scurvy is
+evidently caused by it in long voyages; and I suspect the scrofula,
+and consumption, to arise in the young progeny from the debility of
+the lymphatic and venous absorption produced in the parent by this
+innutritious fossile stimulus. The petechiae and vibices in the
+sea-scurvy and occasional haemorrhages evince the defect of venous
+absorption; the occasional haemoptoe at the commencement of pulmonary
+consumption, seems also to arise from defect of venous absorption; and
+the scrofula, which arises from the inactivity of the lymphatic
+absorbent system, frequently exists along with pulmonary as well as
+with mesenteric consumption. A tendency to these diseases is certainly
+hereditary, though perhaps not the diseases themselves; thus a less
+quantity of ale, cyder, wine, or spirit, will induce the gout and
+dropsy in those constitutions, whose parents have been intemperate in
+the use of those liquors; as I have more than once had occasion to
+observe.
+
+Finally the art to improve the sexual progeny of either vegetables or
+animals must consist in choosing the most perfect of both sexes, that
+is the most beautiful in respect to the body, and the most ingenious
+in respect to the mind; but where one sex is given, whether male or
+female, to improve a progeny from that person may consist in choosing
+a partner of a contrary temperament.
+
+As many families become gradually extinct by hereditary diseases, as
+by scrofula, consumption, epilepsy, mania, it is often hazardous to
+marry an heiress, as she is not unfrequently the last of a diseased
+family.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES. XII.
+
+CHEMICAL THEORY OF ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM.
+
+  Then mark how two electric streams conspire
+  To form the resinous and vitreous fire.
+                                        CANTO III. l. 21.
+
+
+I. _Of Attraction and Repulsion._
+
+The motions, which accomplish the combinations and decompositions of
+bodies, depend on the peculiar attractions and repulsions of the
+particles of those bodies, or of the sides and angles of them; while
+the motions of the sun and planets, of the air and ocean, and of all
+bodies approaching to a general centre or retreating from it, depend
+on the general attraction or repulsion of those masses of matter. The
+peculiar attractions above mentioned are termed chemical affinities,
+and the general attraction is termed gravitation; but the peculiar
+repulsions of the particles of bodies, or the general repulsion of the
+masses of matter, have obtained no specific names, nor have been
+sufficiently considered; though they appear to be as powerful agents
+as the attractions.
+
+The motions of ethereal fluids, as of magnetism and electricity, are
+yet imperfectly understood, and seem to depend both on chemical
+affinity, and on gravitation; and also on the peculiar repulsions of
+the particles of bodies, and on the general repulsion of the masses of
+matter.
+
+In what manner attraction and repulsion are produced has not yet been
+attempted to be explained by modern philosophers; but as nothing can
+act, where it does not exist, all distant attraction of the particles
+of bodies, as well as general gravitation, must be ascribed to some
+still finer ethereal fluid; which fills up all space between the suns
+and their planets, as well as the interstices of coherent matter.
+Repulsion in the same manner must consist of some finer ethereal
+fluid; which at first projected the planets from the sun, and I
+suppose prevents their return to it; and which occasionally
+volatilizes or decomposes solid bodies into fluid or aerial ones, and
+perhaps into ethereal ones.
+
+May not the ethereal matter which constitutes repulsion, be the same
+as the matter of heat in its diffused state; which in its quiescent
+state is combined with various bodies, as appears from many chemical
+explosions, in which so much heat is set at liberty? The ethereal
+matter, which constitutes attraction, we are less acquainted with; but
+it may also exist combined with bodies, as well as in its diffused
+state; since the specific gravities of some metallic mixtures are said
+not to accord with what ought to result from the combination of their
+specific gravities, which existed before their mixture; but their
+absolute gravities have not been attended to sufficiently; as these
+have always been supposed to depend on their quantity of matter, and
+situation in respect to the centre of the earth.
+
+The ethereal fluids, which constitute peculiar repulsions and
+attractions, appear to gravitate round the particles of bodies mixed
+together; as those, which constitute the general repulsion or
+attraction, appear to gravitate round the greater masses of matter
+mixed together; but that which constitutes attraction seems to exist
+in a denser state next to the particles or masses of matter; and that
+which constitutes repulsion to exist more powerfully in a sphere
+further from them; whence many bodies attract at one distance, and
+repel at another. This may be observed by approaching to each other
+two electric atmospheres round insulated cork-balls; or by pressing
+globules of mercury, which roll on the surface, till they unite with
+it; or by pressing the drops of water,' which stand on a cabbage leaf,
+till they unite with it, and hence light is reflected from the surface
+of a mirror without touching it.
+
+Thus the peculiar attractions and repulsions of the particles of
+bodies, and the general ones of the masses of matter, perpetually
+oppose and counteract each other; whence if the power of attraction
+should cease to act, all matter would be dissipated by the power of
+repulsion into boundless space; and if heat, or the power of
+repulsion, should cease to act, the whole world would become one solid
+mass, condensed into a point.
+
+
+II. _Preliminary Propositions._
+
+The following propositions concerning Electricity and Galvanism will
+either be proved by direct experiments, or will be rendered probable
+by their tending to explain or connect the variety of electric facts,
+to which they will be applied.
+
+1. There are two kinds of electric ether, which exist either
+separately or in combination. That which is accumulated on the surface
+of smooth glass, when it is rubbed with a cushion, is here termed
+vitreous ether; and that which is accumulated on the surface of resin
+or sealing-wax, when it is rubbed with a cushion, is here termed
+resinous ether; and a combination of them, as in their usual state,
+may be termed neutral electric ethers.
+
+2. Atmospheres of vitreous or of resinous or of neutral electricity
+surround all separate bodies, are attracted by them, and permeate
+those, which are called conductors, as metallic and aqueous and
+carbonic ones; but will not permeate those, which are termed
+nonconductors, as air, glass, silk, resin, sulphur.
+
+3. The particles of vitreous electric ether strongly repel each other
+as they surround other bodies; but strongly attract the particles of
+resinous electric ether: in similar manner the particles of the
+resinous ether powerfully repel each other, and as powerfully attract
+those of the vitreous ether. Hence in their separate state they appear
+to occupy much greater space, as they, gravitate round insulated
+bodies, and are then only cognizable by our senses or experiments.
+They rush violently together through conducting substances, and then
+probably possess much less space in this their combined state. They
+thus resemble oxygen gas and nitrous gas; which rush violently
+together when in contact; and occupy less space when united, than
+either of them possessed separately before their union. When the two
+electric ethers thus unite, a chemical explosion occurs, like an
+ignited train of gunpowder; as they give out light and heat; and rend
+or fuse the bodies they occupy; which cannot be accounted for on the
+mechanical theory of Dr. Franklin.
+
+4. Glass holds within it in combination much resinous electric ether,
+which constitutes a part of it, and which more forcibly attracts
+vitreous electric ether from surrounding bodies, which stands on it
+mixed with a less proportion of resinous ether like an atmosphere, but
+cannot unite with the resinous ether, which is combined with the
+glass; and resin, on the contrary, holds within it in combination much
+vitreous electric ether, which constitutes a part of it, and which
+more forcibly attracts resinous electric ether from surrounding
+bodies, which stands on it mixed with a less proportion of vitreous
+ether like an atmosphere, but cannot unite with the vitreous ether,
+which is combined with the resin.
+
+As in the production of vitrification, those materials are necessary
+which contain much oxygen, as minium, and manganese; there is probably
+much oxygen combined with glass, which may thence be esteemed a solid
+acid, as water may be esteemed a fluid one. It is hence not
+improbable, that one kind of electric ether may also be combined with
+it, as it seems to affect the oxygen of water in the Galvanic
+experiments. The combination of the other kind of electric ether with
+wax or sulphur, is countenanced from those bodies, when heated or
+melted, being said to part with much electricity as they cool, and as
+it appears to affect the hydrogen in the decomposition of water by
+Galvanism.
+
+5. Hence the nonconductors of electricity are of two kinds; such as
+are combined with vitreous ether, as resin, and sulphur; and such as
+are combined with resinous ether, as glass, air, silk. But both these
+kinds of nonconductors are impervious to either of the electric
+ethers; as those ethers being already combined with other bodies will
+not unite with each other, or be removed from their situations by each
+other. Whereas the perfect conducting bodies, as metals, water,
+charcoal, though surrounded with electric atmospheres, as they have
+neither of the electric ethers combined with them, suffer them to
+permeate and pass through them, whether separately or in their neutral
+state of reciprocal combination.
+
+But it is probable, that imperfect conductors may possess more or less
+of either the vitreous or resinous ether combined with them, since
+their natural atmospheres are dissimilar as mentioned below; and that
+this makes them more or less imperfect conductors.
+
+6. Those bodies which are perfect conductors, have probably neutral
+electric atmospheres gravitating round them consisting of an equal or
+saturated mixture of the two electric ethers, whereas the atmospheres
+round the nonconducting bodies probably consist of an unequal mixture
+of the electric ethers, as more of the vitreous one round glass, and
+more of the resinous one round resin; and, it is probable, that these
+mixed atmospheres, which surround imperfect conducting bodies, consist
+also of different proportions of the vitreous and resinous ethers,
+according to their being more or less perfect conductors. These minute
+degrees of the difference of these electric atmospheres are evinced by
+Mr. Bennet's Doubler of Electricity, as shown in his work, and are
+termed by him Adhesive Electric Atmospheres, to distinguish them from
+those accumulated by art; thus the natural adhesive electricity of
+silver is more of the vitreous kind compared with that of zinc, which
+consists of a greater proportion of the resinous; that is, in his
+language, silver is positive and zinc negative. This experiment I have
+successfully repeated with Mr. Bennet's Doubler along with Mr.
+Swanwick.
+
+7. Great accumulation or condensation of the separate electric ethers
+attract each other so strongly, that they will break a passage through
+nonconducting bodies, as through a plate of glass, or of air, and will
+rend bodies which are less perfect conductors, and give out light and
+heat like the explosion of a train of gunpowder; whence, when a strong
+electric shock is passed through a quire of paper, a bur, or elevation
+of the sheets, is seen on both sides of it occasioned by the
+explosion. Whence trees and stone walls are burst by lightning, and
+wires are fused, and inflammable bodies burnt, by the heat given out
+along with the flash of light, which cannot be explained by the
+mechanic theory.
+
+8. When artificial or natural accumulations of these separate ethers
+are very minute in quantity or intensity, they pass slowly and with
+difficulty from one body to another, and require the best conductors
+for this purpose; whence many of the phenomena of the torpedo or
+gymnotus, and of Galvanism. Thus after having discharged a coated
+jar, if the communicating wire has been quickly withdrawn, a second
+small shock may be taken after the principal discharge, and this
+repeatedly two or three times.
+
+Hence the charge of the Galvanic pile being very minute in quantity or
+intensity, will not readily pass through the dry cuticle of the hands,
+though it so easily passes through animal flesh or nerves, as this
+combination of charcoal with water seems to constitute the most
+perfect conductor yet known.
+
+9. As light is reflected from the surface of a mirror before it
+actually touches it, and as drops of water are repelled from cabbage
+leaves without touching them, and as oil lies on water without
+touching it, and also as a fine needle may be made to lie on water
+without touching it, as shown by Mr. Melville in the Literary Essays
+of Edinburgh; there is reason to believe, that the vitreous and
+resinous electric ethers are repelled by, or will not pass through,
+the surfaces of glass or resin, to which they are applied. But though
+neither of these electric ethers passes through the surfaces of glass
+or resin, yet their attractive or repulsive powers pass through them:
+as the attractive or repulsive power of the magnet to iron passes
+through the atmosphere, and all other bodies which exist between them.
+So an insulated cork-ball, when electrised either with vitreous or
+resinous ether, repels another insulated cork-ball electrised with the
+same kind of ether, through half an inch of common air, though these
+electric atmospheres do not unite.
+
+Whence it may be concluded, that the general attractive and repulsive
+ethers accompany the electric ethers as well as they accompany all
+other bodies; and that the electric ethers do not themselves attract
+or repel through glass or resin, as they cannot pass through them, but
+strongly attract each other when they come into contact, rush
+together, and produce an explosion of the sudden liberation of heat
+and light.
+
+
+III. _Effect of Metallic Points._
+
+1. When a pointed wire is presented by a person standing on the ground
+to an insulated conductor, on which either vitreous or resinous
+electricity is accumulated, the accumulated electricity will pass off
+at a much greater distance than if a metallic knob be fixed on the
+wire and presented in its stead.
+
+2. The same occurs if the metallic point be fixed on the electrised
+conductor, and the finger of a person standing on the ground be
+presented to it, the accumulated electricity will pass off at a much
+greater distance, and indeed will soon discharge itself by
+communicating the accumulated electricity to the atmosphere.
+
+3. If a metallic point be fixed on the prime conductor, and the flame
+of a candle be presented to it, on electrising the conductor either
+with vitreous or resinous ether, the flame of the candle is blown from
+the point, which must be owing to the electric fluid in its passage
+from the point carrying along with it a stream of atmospheric air.
+
+The manner in which the accumulated electricity so readily passes off
+by a metallic point may be thus understood; when a metallic point
+stands erect from an electrised metallic plane, the accumulated
+electricity which exists on the extremity of the point, is attracted
+less than that on the other parts of the electrised surface. For the
+particle of electric matter immediately over the point is attracted by
+that point only, whereas the particles of electric matter over every
+other part of the electrised plane, is not only attracted by the parts
+of the plane immediately under them, but also laterally by the
+circumjacent parts of it; whence the accumulated electric fluid is
+pushed off at this point by that over the other parts being more
+strongly attracted to the plane.
+
+Thus if a light insulated horizontal fly be constructed of wire with
+points fixed as tangents to the circle, it will revolve the way
+contrary to the direction of the points as long as it continues to be
+electrised. For the same reason as when a circle of cork, with a point
+of the cork standing from it like a tangent, is smeared with oil, and
+thrown upon a lake, it will continue to revolve backwards in respect
+to the direction of the point till all the oil is dispersed upon the
+lake, as first observed by Dr. Franklin; for the oil being attracted
+to all the other parts of the cork-circle more than towards the
+pointed tangent, that part over the point is pushed off and diffuses
+itself on the water, over which it passes without touching, and
+consequently without friction; and thus the cork revolves in the
+contrary direction.
+
+As the flame of a candle is blown from a point fixed on an electrised
+conductor, whether vitreous or resinous electricity is accumulated on
+it, it shows that in both cases electricity passes from the point,
+which is a forcible argument against the mechanical theory of positive
+and negative electricity; because then the flame should be blown
+towards the point in one case, and from it in the other.
+
+So the electric fly, as it turns horizontally, recedes from the
+direction of the points of the tangents, whether it be electrised with
+vitreous or resinous electricity; whereas if it was supposed to
+receive electricity, when electrised by resin, and to part with it
+when electrised by glass, it ought to revolve different ways; which
+also forcibly opposes the theory of positive and negative electricity.
+
+As an electrised point with either kind of electricity causes a stream
+of air to pass from it in the direction of the point, it seems to
+affect the air much in the same manner as the fluid matter of heat
+affects it; that is, it will not readily pass through it, but will
+adhere to the particles of air, and is thus carried away with them.
+
+From this it will also appear, that points do not attract electricity,
+properly speaking, but suffer it to depart from them; as it is there
+less attracted to the body which it surrounds, than by any other part
+of the surface.
+
+And as a point presented to an electrised conductor facilitates the
+discharge of it, and blows the flame of a candle towards the
+conductor, whether vitreous or resinous electricity be accumulated
+upon it; it follows, that in both cases some electric matter passes
+from the point to the conductor, and that hence there are two electric
+ethers; and that they combine or explode when they meet together, and
+give out light and heat, and occupy less space in this their combined
+state, like the union of nitrous gas with oxygen gas.
+
+
+IV. _Accumulation of Electric Ethers by Contact._
+
+The electric ethers may be separately accumulated by contact of
+conductors with nonconductors, by vicinity of the two ethers, by heat,
+and by decomposition.
+
+Glass is believed to consist in part of consolidated resinous ether,
+and thence to attract an electric atmosphere round it, which consists
+of a greater proportion of vitreous ether compared to the quantity of
+the resinous, as mentioned in Proposition No. 4. This atmosphere may
+stand off a line from the surface of the glass, though its attractive
+or repulsive power may extend to a much greater distance; and a more
+equally mixed electric atmosphere may stand off about the same
+distance from the surface of a cushion.
+
+Now when a cushion is forcibly pressed upon the surface of a glass
+cylinder or plane, the atmosphere of the cushion is forced within that
+of the glass, and consequently the vitreous part of it is brought
+within the sphere of the attraction of the resinous ether combined
+with the glass, and therefore becomes attracted by it in addition to
+the vitreous part of the spontaneous atmosphere of the glass; and the
+resinous part of the atmosphere of the cushion is at the same time
+repelled by its vicinity to the combined resinous ether of the glass.
+From both which circumstances a vitreous ether alone surrounds the
+part of the glass on which the cushion is forcibly pressed; which does
+not, nevertheless, resemble an electrised coated jar; as this
+accumulation of vitreous ether on one side of the glass is not so
+violently condensed, or so forcibly attracted to the glass by the
+loose resinous ether on the other side of it, as occurs in the charged
+coated jar.
+
+Hence as weak differences of the kinds or quantities of electricity do
+not very rapidly change place, if the cushion be suddenly withdrawn,
+with or without friction, I suppose an accumulation of vitreous
+electric ether will be left on the surface of the glass, which will
+diffuse itself on an insulated conductor by the assistance of points,
+or will gradually be dissipated in the air, probably like odours by
+the repulsion of its own particles, or may be conducted away by the
+surrounding air as it is repelled from it, or by the moisture or other
+impurities of the atmosphere. And hence I do not suppose the friction
+of the glass-globe to be necessary, except for the purpose of more
+easily removing the parts of the surface from the pressure of the
+cushion to the points of the prime conductor, and to bring them more
+easily into reciprocal contact.
+
+When sealing wax or sulphur is rubbed by a cushion, exactly the same
+circumstance occurs, but with the different ethers; as the resinous
+ether of the spontaneous atmosphere of the cushion, when it is pressed
+within the spontaneous atmosphere of the sealing wax, is attracted by
+the solid vitreous ether, which is combined with it; and at the same
+time the vitreous ether of the cushion is repelled by it; and hence an
+atmosphere of resinous ether alone exists between the sealing wax and
+the cushion thus pressed together. It is nevertheless possible, that
+friction on both sealing wax and glass may add some facility to the
+accumulations of their opposite ethers by the warmth which it
+occasions. As most electric machines succeed best after being warmed,
+I think even in dry frosty seasons.
+
+Though when a cushion is applied to a smooth surfaced glass, so as to
+intermix their electric atmospheres, the vitreous ether of the cushion
+is attracted by the resinous ether combined with the glass; but does
+not intermix with it, but only adheres to it: and as the glass turns
+round, the vitreous electric atmosphere stands on the solid resinous
+electric ether combined with the glass; and is taken away by the
+metallic points of the prime conductor.
+
+Yet if the surface of the glass be roughened by scratching it with a
+diamond or with hard sand, a new event occurs; which is, that the
+vitreous ether attracted from the cushion by the resinous ether
+combined with the glass becomes adhesive to it; and stands upon the
+roughened glass, and will not quit the glass to go to the prime
+conductor; whence the surface of the glass having a vitreous electric
+atmosphere united, as it were, to its inequalities, becomes similar to
+resin; and will now attract resinous electric ether, like a stick of
+sealing wax, without combining with it. Whence this curious and
+otherwise unintelligible phenomenon, that smooth surfaced glass will
+give vitreous electric ether to an insulated conductor, and glass with
+a roughened surface will give resinous ether to it.
+
+
+V. _Accumulation of electric ethers by vicinity._
+
+Though the contact of a cushion on the whirling glass is the easiest
+method yet in use for the accumulation of the vitreous electric ether
+on an insulated conductor; yet there are other methods of effecting
+this, as by the vicinity of the two electric ethers with a
+nonconductor between them.
+
+Thus I believe a great quantity of both vitreous and resinous electric
+ether may be accumulated in the following manner. Let a glass jar be
+coated within in the usual manner; but let it have a loose external
+coating, which can easily be withdrawn by an insulating handle. Then
+charge the jar, as highly as it may be, by throwing into it vitreous
+electric ether; and in this state hermetically seal it, if
+practicable, otherwise close it with a glass stopple and wax. When the
+external coating is drawn off by an insulating handle, having
+previously had a communication with the earth, it will possess an
+accumulation of resinous electric ether; and then touching it with
+your finger, a spark will be seen, and there will cease to be any
+accumulated ether.
+
+Thus by alternately replacing this loose coating, and withdrawing it
+from the sealed charged jar, by means of an insulating handle; and by
+applying it to one insulated conductor, when it is in the vicinity of
+the jar; and to another insulated conductor, when it is withdrawn;
+vitreous electric ether may be accumulated on one of them, and
+resinous on the other; and thus I suspect an immense quantity of both
+ethers may be produced without friction or much labour, if a large
+electric battery was so contrived; and that it might be applied to
+many mechanical purposes, where other explosions are now used, as in
+the place of steam engines, or to rend rocks, or timber, or destroy
+invading armies!
+
+The principle of this mode of accumulating the two electric ethers in
+some measure resembles that of Volta's Electrophorus and Bennet's
+Doubler.
+
+
+VI. _Accumulation of electric ethers by heat and by decomposition._
+
+When glass or amber is heated by the fire in a dry season, I suspect
+that it becomes in some degree electric; as either of the electric
+ethers which is combined with them may have its combination with those
+materials loosened by the application of heat; and that on this
+account they may more forcibly attract the opposite one from the air
+in their vicinity.
+
+It has long been known, that a siliceous stone called the tourmalin,
+when its surfaces are polished, if it be laid down before the fire,
+will become electrified with vitreous, or what is called positive
+electricity on its upper surface; and resinous, or what is called
+negative electricity on its under surface; which I suppose lay in
+contact with somewhat which supported it near the fire.
+
+In this experiment I suppose the tourmalin to be naturally combined
+with resinous electric ether like glass; which on one side next
+towards the fire by the increase of its attractive power, owing to the
+heat having loosened its combination with the earth of the stone, more
+strongly attracts vitreous electric ether from the atmosphere; which
+now stands on its surface: and then as the lower surface of the stone
+lies in contact with the hearth, the less quantity of vitreous ether
+is there repelled by the greater quantity of it on the upper surface;
+while the resinous ether is attracted by it: and the stone is thus
+charged like a coated jar with vitreous electric ether condensed on
+one side of it, and resinous on the other.
+
+So cats, as they lie by the fire in a frosty day, become so electric
+as frequently to give a perceptible spark to one's finger from their
+ears without friction.
+
+A fourth method of separating the two ethers would seem to be by the
+decomposition of metallic bodies, as in the experiment with Volta's
+Galvanic pile; which is said by Mr. Davy to act so much more
+powerfully, when an acid is added to the water used in the experiment;
+as will be spoken of below.
+
+From experiments made by M. Saussure on the electricity of evaporated
+water from hot metallic vessels, and from those of china and glass, he
+found when the vessel was calcined or made rusty by the evaporating
+water, that the electricity of it was positive (or vitreous), and that
+from china or glass was negative (or resinous), Encyclop. Britan. Art.
+Elect. No. 206, which seems also to show, that vitreous electric ether
+was given out or produced by the corrosion of metals, and resinous
+ether from the evaporation of water.
+
+
+VII. _The spark from the conductor, and of electric light._
+
+When either the vitreous or resinous electric ether is accumulated on
+an insulated conductor, and an uninsulated conductor, as the finger of
+an attendant, is applied nearly in contact with it, what happens? The
+attractive and repulsive powers of the accumulated electric ether pass
+through the nonconducting plate of air, and if it be of the vitreous
+kind, it attracts the resinous electric ether of the finger towards
+it, and repels the vitreous electric ether of the finger from it.
+
+Hence there exists for an instant a charged plate of air between the
+finger and the prime conductor, with an accumulation of vitreous ether
+on one side of it, and of resinous ether on the other side of it; and
+lastly these two kinds of electric ethers suddenly unite by their
+powerful attraction of each other, explode, and give out heat and
+light, and rupture the plate of nonconducting air, which separated
+them.
+
+The rupture or disjunction of the plate of air is known by the sound
+of the spark, as of thunder; which shows that a vacuum of air was
+previously produced by the explosion of the electric fluids, and a
+vibration of the air in consequence of the sudden joining again of the
+sides of the vacuum.
+
+The light which attends electric sparks and shocks, is not accounted
+for by the Theory of Dr. Franklin. I suspect that it is owing to the
+combination of the two electric ethers, from which as from all
+chemical explosions both light and heat are set at liberty, and
+because a smell is said to be perceptible from electric sparks, and
+even a taste which must be deduced from new combinations, or
+decompositions, as in other explosions: add to this that the same
+thing occurs, when electric shocks are passed through eggs in the
+dark, or through water, a luminous line is seen like the explosion of
+a train of gunpowder; lastly, whether light is really produced in the
+passage of the Galvanic electricity through the eyes, or that the
+sensation alone of light is perceived by its stimulating the optic
+nerve, has not yet been investigated; but I suspect the former, as it
+emits light from its explosion even in passing through eggs and
+through water, as mentioned above.
+
+
+VIII. _The shock from the coated jar, and of electric condensation._
+
+1. When a glass jar is coated on both sides, and either vitreous or
+resinous electricity is thrown upon the coating on one side, and there
+is a communication to the earth from the other side, the same thing
+happens as in the plate of air between the finger and prime conductor
+above described; that is, the accumulated electricity, if it be of the
+vitreous kind, on one coating of the glass jar will attract the
+resinous part of the electricity, which surrounds or penetrates the
+coating on the other side of the jar, and also repel the vitreous part
+of it; but this occurs on a much more extensive surface than in the
+instance of the plate of air between the finger and prime conductor.
+
+The difference between electric sparks and shocks consists in this
+circumstance, that in the former the insulating medium, whether of
+air, or of thin glass, is ruptured in one part, and thus a
+communication is made between the vitreous and resinous ethers, and
+they unite immediately, like globules of quicksilver, when pressed
+forcibly together: but in the electric shock a communication is made
+by some conducting body applied to the other extremities of the
+vitreous, and of the resinous atmospheres, through which they pass and
+unite, whether both sides of the coated jar are insulated, or only one
+side of it.
+
+And in this line, as they reciprocally meet, they appear to explode
+and give out light and heat, and a new combination of the two ethers
+is produced, as a residuum after the explosion, which probably
+occupies much less space than either the vitreous or resinous ethers
+did separately before. At the same time there may be another
+unrestrainable ethereal fluid yet unobserved, given out from this
+explosion, which rends oak trees, bursts stone-walls, lights
+inflammable substances, and fuses metals, or dissipates them in a
+calciform smoak, along with which great light and much heat are
+emitted, or these effects are produced by the heat and light only thus
+set at liberty by their synchronous and sudden evolution.
+
+2. The curious circumstance of electric condensation appears from the
+violence of the shock of the coated jar compared with the strongest
+spark from an insulated conductor, though the latter possesses a much
+greater surface; when vitreous electric ether is thrown on one side of
+a coated jar, it attracts the resinous electric ether of the other
+side of the coated jar; and the same occurs, when resinous ether is
+thrown on one side of it, it attracts the vitreous ether of the other
+side of it, and thus the vitreous electric ether on one side of the
+jar, and the resinous ether on the other side of it become condensed,
+that is accumulated in less space, by their reciprocal attraction of
+each other.
+
+This condensation of the two electric ethers owing to their reciprocal
+attraction appears from another curious event, that the thinner the
+glass jar is, the stronger will the charge be on the same quantity of
+surface, as then the two ethers approaching nearer without their
+intermixing attract each other stronger, and consequently condense
+each other more. And when the glass jar is very thin the reciprocal
+attractive powers of the vitreous and resinous ether attract each
+other so violently as at length to pass through the glass by rupturing
+it, in the same manner as a less forcible attraction of them ruptures
+and passes through the plate of air in the production of sparks from
+the prime conductor.
+
+As these two ethers on each side of a charged coated jar so powerfully
+attract each other, when a communication is made between them by some
+conducting substance as in the common mode of discharging an
+electrised coated jar, they reciprocally pass to each other for the
+purpose of combining, as some chemical fluids are known to do; as when
+nitrous gas and oxygen gas are mixed together; whence as these fluids
+pass both ways to intermix with each other, and then explode; a bur
+appears on each side of a quire of paper well pressed together, when a
+strong electric shock is passed through it; which is occasioned by
+their explosion, like a train of gunpowder, and consequent emission of
+some other ethereal fluid, either those of heat and light or of some
+new one not yet observed. Whence it becomes difficult to explain,
+according to the theory of Dr. Franklin, which way the electric fluid
+passed; and which side of the coated jar contained positive and which
+the negative charge according to that doctrine.
+
+But the theory of the ingenious Dr. Franklin failed also in explaining
+other phenomena of the coated jar; since if the positive electricity
+accumulated on one side of the jar repelled the electricity from the
+coating on the other side of it, so as to produce an electric vacuum;
+why should it be so eager, when a communication is made by some
+conducting body, to run into that vacuum by its attraction or
+gravitation, which has been made by its repulsion; as thus it seems to
+be violently attracted by the vacuum, from which it had previously
+repelled a fluid similar to itself, which is not easily to be
+comprehended.
+
+3. There is another mode by which either vitreous or resinous electric
+ether is capable of condensation; which consists in contracting the
+volume, so as to diminish the surface of the electrised body; as was
+ingeniously shown by Dr. Franklin's experiment of electrising a silver
+tankard with a length of chain rolled up within it; and then drawing
+up the chain by a silk string, which weakened the electric attraction
+of the tankard; which was strengthened again by returning the chain
+into it; thus the condensation of an electrised cloud is believed to
+condense the electric ether, which it contains, and thus to occasion
+the lightning passing from one cloud to another, or from a cloud into
+the earth.
+
+This experiment of the chain and tankard is said to succeed as well with
+what is termed negative electricity in the theory of Dr. Franklin, as
+with what is termed positive electricity; but in that theory the
+negative electricity means a less quantity or total deprivation or
+vacuity of that fluid; now to condense negative electricity by lowering
+the suspended chain into the tankard ought to make it less negative;
+whereas in this experiment I am told it becomes more so, as appears by
+its stronger repulsion of cork balls suspended on silk strings, and
+previously electrised by rubbed sealing wax: and if the negative
+electricity be believed to be a perfect vacuum of it, the condensation
+of a vacuum of electricity is totally incomprehensible; and this
+experiment alone seems to demonstrate the existence of two electric
+ethers.
+
+
+IX. _Of Galvanic Electricity._
+
+1. The conductors of electricity, as well as the nonconductors of it,
+have probably a portion of the vitreous and resinous ethers combined
+with them, and have also another portion of these ethers diffused
+round them, which forms their natural or spontaneous adhesive
+atmospheres; and which exists in different proportions round them
+correspondent in quantity to those which are combined with them, but
+opposite in kind.
+
+These adhesive spontaneous atmospheres of electricity are shown to
+consist of different proportions or quantities of the electric ethers
+by Mr. Bennet's Doubler of Electricity, as mentioned in his work
+called New Experiments on Electricity, sold by Johnson. In this work,
+p. 91, the blade of a steel knife was evidently, in his language,
+positive, compared to a soft iron wire which was comparatively
+negative; so the adhesive electricity of gold, silver, copper, brass,
+bismuth, mercury, and various kinds of wood and stone, were what he
+terms positive or vitreous; and that of tin and zinc, what he terms
+negative or resinous.
+
+Where these spontaneous atmospheres of diffused electricity
+surrounding two conducting bodies, as two pieces of silver, are
+perfectly similar, they probably do not intermix when brought into the
+vicinity of each other; but if these spontaneous atmospheres of
+diffused electricity are different in respect to the proportion of the
+two ethers, or perhaps in respect to their quantity, in however small
+degree either of these circumstances exists, they may be made to unite
+but with some difficulty; as the two metallic plates, suppose one of
+silver, and another of zinc, which they surround, must be brought into
+absolute or adhesive contact; or otherwise these atmospheres may be
+forced together so as to be much flattened, and compress each other
+where they meet, like small globules of quicksilver when pressed
+together, but without uniting.
+
+This curious phenomenon may be seen in more dense electric atmospheres
+accumulated by art, as in the following experiment ascribed to Mr.
+Canton. Lay a wooden skewer the size of a goose-quill across a dry
+wine-glass, and another across another wine-glass; let the ends of
+them touch each other, as they lie in a horizontal line; call them X
+and Y; approach a rubbed glass-tube near the external end of the
+skewer X, but not so as to touch it; then separate the two skewers by
+removing the wine-glasses further from each other; and lastly,
+withdraw the rubbed glass-tube, and the skewer X will now be found to
+possess resinous electricity, which has been generally called negative
+or minus electricity; and the skewer Y will be found to possess
+vitreous, or what is generally termed positive or plus electricity.
+
+The same phenomenon will occur if rubbed sealing wax be applied near
+to, but not in contact with, the skewer X, as the skewer X will then
+be left with an atmosphere of vitreous ether, and the skewer Y with
+one of resinous ether. These experiments also evince the existence of
+two electric fluids, as they cannot be understood from an idea of one
+being a greater or less quantity of the same material; as a vacuum of
+electric ether, brought near to one end of the skewer, cannot be
+conceived so to attract the ether as to produce a vacuum at the other
+end.
+
+In this experiment the electric atmospheres, which are nearly of
+similar kinds, do not seem to touch, as there may remain a thin plate
+of air between them, in the same manner as small globules of mercury
+may be pressed together so as to compress each other, long before they
+intermix; or as plates of lead or brass require strongly to be pressed
+together before they acquire the attraction of cohesion; that is,
+before they come into real contact.
+
+2. It is probable, that all bodies are more or less perfect
+conductors, as they have less or more of either of the electric ethers
+combined with them; as mentioned in Preliminary Proposition, No. VI.
+as they may then less resist the passage of either of the ethers
+through them. Whence some conducting bodies admit the junction of
+these spontaneous electric atmospheres, in which the proportions or
+quantities of the two ethers are not very different, with greater
+facility than others.
+
+Thus in the common experiments, where the vitreous or resinous ether
+is accumulated by art, metallic bodies have been esteemed the best
+conductors, and next to these water, and all other moist bodies; but
+it was lately discovered, that dry charcoal, recently burnt, was a
+more perfect conductor than metals; and it appears from the
+experiments discovered by Galvani, which have thence the name of
+Galvanism, that animal flesh, and particularly perhaps the nerves of
+animals, both which are composed of much carbon and water, are the
+most perfect conductors yet discovered; that is, that they give the
+least resistance to the junction of the spontaneous electric
+atmospheres, which exist round metallic bodies, and which differ very
+little in respect to the proportions of their vitreous and resinous
+ingredients.
+
+Thus also, though where the accumulated electricities are dense, as in
+charging a coated glass-jar, the glass, which intervenes, may be of
+considerable thickness, and may still become charged by the stronger
+attraction of the secondary electric ethers; but where the spontaneous
+adhesive electric atmospheres are employed to charge plates of air, as
+in the Galvanic pile, or probably to charge thin animal membranes or
+cuticles, as perhaps in the shock given by the torpedo or gymnotus, it
+seems necessary that the intervening nonconducting plate must be
+extremely thin, that it may become charged by the weaker attraction of
+these small quantities or difference of the spontaneous electric
+atmospheres; and in this circumstance only, I suppose, the shocks from
+the Galvanic pile, and from the torpedo and gymnotus, differ from
+those of the coated jar.
+
+3. When atmospheres of electricity, which do not differ much in the
+quantity or proportion of their vitreous and resinous ethers, approach
+each other, they are not easily or rapidly united; but the predominant
+vitreous or resinous ether of one of them repels the similar ether of
+the opposed atmosphere, and attracts the contrary kind of ether.
+
+The slowness or difficulty with, which atmospheres, which differ but
+little in kind or in density, unite with each other, appears not only
+from the experiment of Mr. Canton above related, but also from the
+repeated smaller shocks, which may be taken from a charged coated jar
+after the first or principal discharge, if the conducting medium has
+not been quickly removed, as is also mentioned above.
+
+Hence those atmospheres of either kind of electric matter, which
+differ but very little from each other in kind or quantity, require
+the most perfect conductors to cause them to unite. Thus it appears by
+Mr. Bennet's doubler, as mentioned in the Preliminary Proposition, No.
+VI. that the natural adhesive atmosphere round silver contains more
+vitreous electricity than that naturally round zinc; but when thin
+plates of these metals, each about an ounce in weight, are laid on
+each other, or moderately pressed together, their atmospheres do not
+unite. For metallic plates, which when laid on each other, do not
+adhere, cannot be said to be in real contact, of which their not
+adhering is a proof; and in consequence a thin plate of air, or of
+their own repulsive ethers exists between them.
+
+Hence when two plates of zinc and silver are thus brought in to the
+vicinity of each other, the plate of air between them, as they are not
+in adhesive contact, becomes like a charged coated jar; and if these
+two metallic plates are touched by your dry hands, they do not unite
+their electricities, as the dry cuticle is not a sufficiently good
+conductor; but if one of the metals be put above, and another under
+the tongue, the saliva and moist mucous membrane, muscular fibres, and
+nerves, supply so good a conductor, that this very minute electric
+shock is produced, and a kind of pungent taste is perceived.
+
+When a plate or pencil of silver is put between the upper lip and the
+gum, and a plate or pencil of zinc under the tongue, a sensation of
+light is perceived in the eyes, as often as the exterior extremities
+of these metals are brought into contact; which is owing in like
+manner to the discharge of a very minute electric shock, which would
+not have been produced but by the intervention of such good conductors
+as moist membranes, muscular fibres, and nerves.
+
+In this situation, a sensation of light is produced in the eyes; which
+seems to show, that these ethers pass through nerves more easily, than
+through muscular flesh simply; since the passage of them through the
+retina of the eyes from the upper gum to the parts beneath the tongue
+is a more distant one, than would otherwise appear necessary. It is
+not so easy to give the sensation of light in the eyes by passing a
+small shock of artificially accumulated electricity through, the eyes
+(though this may, I believe, be done) because this artificial
+accumulated electricity, as it passes with greater velocity than the
+spontaneous accumulations of it, will readily permeate the muscles or
+other moist parts of animal bodies; whereas the spontaneous
+accumulations of electricity seem to require the best of all
+conductors, as animal nerves, to facilitate their passage.
+
+4. In the Galvanic pile of Volta this electric shock becomes so much
+increased, as to pass by less perfect conductors, and to give shocks
+to the arms of the conducting person, if the cuticle of his hands be
+moistened, and even to show sparks like the coated jar; which appears
+to be effected in this manner. When a plate of silver is laid
+horizontally on a plate of zinc, the plate of air between them becomes
+charged like a coated jar; as the silver, naturally possessing more
+vitreous electric ether, repels the vitreous ether, which the zinc
+possesses in less quantity, and attracts the resinous ether of the
+zinc. Whence the inferior surface of the plate of zinc abounds now
+with vitreous ether, and its upper surface with resinous ether.
+Beneath this pair of plates lay a cloth moistened with water, or with
+some better conductor, as salt and water, or a slight acid mixed with
+water, or volatile alcali of ammoniac mixed with water, and this
+vitreous electric ether on the lower surface of the zinc plate will be
+given to the second silver plate which lies beneath it; and thus this
+second silver plate will possess not only its own natural vitreous
+atmosphere, which was denser or in greater quantity than that of the
+zinc plate next beneath it, but now acquires an addition of vitreous
+ether from the zinc plate above it, conducted to it through the moist
+cloth.
+
+This then will repel more vitreous ether from the second zinc plate
+into the third silver one; and so on till the plates of air between
+the zincs and silvers are all charged, and each stronger and stronger,
+as they descend in the pile.
+
+If the reader still prefers the Franklinian theory of positive and
+negative electricity, he will please to put the word positive for
+vitreous, and negative for resinous, and he will find the theory of
+the Galvanic pile equally thus accounted for.
+
+5. When a Galvanic pile is thus placed, and a communication between
+the two ends of it is made by wires, so that the electric shocks pass
+through water, the water becomes decomposed in some measure, and
+oxygen is liberated from it at the point of one wire, and hydrogen at
+the point of the other; and this though a syphon of water be
+interposed between them. This curious circumstance seems to evince the
+existence of two electric ethers, which enter the water at different
+ends of the syphon, and have chemical affinities to the component
+parts of it; the resinous ether sets at liberty the hydrogen at one
+end, and the vitreous ether the oxygen at the other end of the
+conducting medium.
+
+Hence it must appear, that the longer the Galvanic pile, or the
+greater the number of the alternate pieces of silver and zinc that it
+consists of, the stronger will be the Galvanic shock; but there is
+another circumstance, difficult to explain, which is the perpetual
+decomposition of water by the Galvanic pile; when water is made the
+conducting medium between the two extremities of the pile.
+
+As no conductors of electricity are absolutely perfect, there must be
+produced a certain accumulation of vitreous ether on one side of each
+charged plate of the Galvanic pile, and of resinous ether on the other
+side of it, before the discharge takes place, even though the
+conducting medium be in apparent contact. When the discharge does take
+place, the whole of the accumulated electricity explodes and vanishes;
+and then an instant of time is required for the silver and zinc again
+to attract from the air, or other bodies in their vicinity, their
+spontaneous natural atmospheres, and then another discharge ensues;
+and so repeatedly and perpetually till the surface of one of the
+metallic plates becomes so much oxydated or calcined, that it ceases
+to act.
+
+Hence a perpetual motion may be said to be produced, with an incessant
+decomposition of water into the two gasses of oxygen and hydrogen;
+which must probably be constantly proceeding on all moist Surfaces,
+where a chain of electric conductors exists, surrounded with different
+proportions of the two electric ethers. Whence the ceaseless
+liberation of oxygen from the water has oxydated or calcined the ores
+of metals near the surface of the earth, as of manganese, of zinc into
+lapis calaminaris, of iron into various ochres, and other calciform
+ores. From this source also the corrosion of some metals may be
+traced, when they are immersed in water in the vicinity of each
+other, as when the copper sheathing of ships was held on by iron
+nails. And hence another great operation of nature is probably
+produced, I mean the restoration of oxygen to the atmosphere from the
+surface of the earth in dewy mornings, as well as from the
+perspiration of vegetable leaves; which atmospheric oxygen is hourly
+destructible by the respiration of animals and plants, by combustion,
+and by other oxydations.
+
+6. The combination of the electric ethers with metallic bodies, before
+mentioned appears from the Galvanic pile; since, according to the
+experiments of Mr. Davy, when an acid is mixed with the water placed
+between the alternate pairs of silver and zinc plates, a much greater
+electric shock is produced by the same pile; and an anonymous writer
+in the Phil. Magaz. No. 36, for May 1801, asserts, that when the
+intervening cloths or papers are moistened with pure alcali, as a
+solution of pure ammonia, the effect is greater than by any other
+material. It must here be observed, that both the acid and the
+alcaline solution, or common salt and water, and even water alone, in
+these experiments much erodes the plates of zinc, and somewhat
+tarnishes those of silver. Whence it would appear, that as by the
+repeated explosions of the two electric ethers in the conducting
+water, both oxygen and hydrogen are liberated; the oxygen erodes the
+zinc plates, and thus increases the Galvanic shock by liberating their
+combined electric ethers: and that this erosion is much increased by a
+mixture either of acid or of volatile alcali with the water. Further
+experiments are wanting on this subject to show whether metallic
+bodies emit either or both of the electric ethers at the time of their
+solution or erosion in acids or in alcalies.
+
+
+X. _Of the two Magnetic Ethers._
+
+1. Magnetism coincides with electricity in so many important points,
+that the existence of two magnetic ethers, as well as of two electric
+ones, becomes highly probable. We shall suppose, that in a common bar
+of iron or steel the two magnetic ethers exist intermixed or in their
+neutral state; which for the greater ease of speaking of them may be
+called arctic ether and antarctic ether; and in this state like the
+two electric fluids they are not cognizable by our senses of
+experiments.
+
+When these two magnetic ethers are separated from each other, and the
+arctic ether is accumulated on one end of an iron or steel bar, which
+is then called the north pole of the magnet, and the antarctic ether
+is accumulated on the other end of the bar, and is then termed the
+south pole of the magnet; they become capable of attracting other
+pieces of iron or steel, and are thus cognizable by experiments.
+
+It seems probable, that it is not the magnetic ether itself which
+attracts or repels particles of iron, but that an attractive and
+repulsive ether attends the magnetic ethers, as was shown to attend
+the electric ones in No. II. 9. of this Note; because magnetism does
+not pass through other bodies, as it does not escape from magnetised
+steel when in contact with other bodies; just as the electric fluids
+do not pass through glass, but the attractive and repellent ethers,
+which attend both the magnetic and electric ethers, pass through all
+bodies.
+
+2. The prominent articles of analogical coincidence between magnetism
+and electricity are first, that when one end of an iron bar possesses
+an accumulation of arctic magnetic ether, or northern polarity; the
+other end possesses an accumulation of antarctic magnetic ether, or
+southern polarity; in the same manner as when vitreous electric ether
+is accumulated on one side of a coated glass jar, resinous electric
+ether becomes accumulated on the other side of it; as the vitreous and
+resinous ethers strongly attract each other, and strongly repel the
+ethers of the same denomination, but are prevented from intermixing by
+the glass plane between them; so the arctic and antarctic ethers
+attract each other, and repel those of similar denomination, but are
+prevented from intermixing by the iron or steel being a bad conductor
+of them; they will, nevertheless, sooner combine, when the bar is of
+soft iron, than when it is of hardened steel; and then they slowly
+combine without explosion, that is, without emitting heat and light
+like the electric ethers, and therefore resemble a mixture of oxygen
+and pure ammonia; which unite silently producing a neutral fluid
+without emitting any other fluids previously combined with them.
+
+Secondly, If the north pole of a magnetic bar be approached near to
+the eye of a sewing needle, the arctic ether of the magnet attracts
+the antarctic ether, which resides in the needle towards the eye of
+it, and repels the arctic ether, which resides in the needle towards
+the point, precisely in the same manner as occurs in presenting an
+electrised, glass tube, or a rubbed stick of sealing wax to one
+extremity of two skewers insulated horizontally on wine-glasses in the
+experiment ascribed to Mr. Canton, and described in No. IX. 1, of this
+Additional Note, and also so exactly resembles the method of producing
+a separation and consequent accumulation of the two electric ethers by
+pressing a cushion on glass or on sealing wax, described in No. 4 of
+this Note, that their analogy is evidently apparent.
+
+Thirdly, When much accumulated electricity is approached to one end of
+a long glass tube by a charged prime conductor, there will exist many
+divisions of the vitreous and resinous electricity alternately; as the
+vitreous ether attracts the resinous ether from a certain distance on
+the surface of the glass tube, and repels the vitreous ether; but, as
+this surface is a bad conductor, these reciprocal attractions and
+repulsions do not extend very far along it, but cease and recur in
+various parts of it. Exactly similar to this, when a magnetic bar is
+approximated to the end of a common bar of iron or steel, as described
+in Mr. Cavallo's valuable Treatise on Magnetism; the arctic ether of
+the north pole of the magnetic bar attracts the antarctic ether of the
+bar of common iron towards the end in contact, and repels the arctic
+ether; but, as iron and steel are as bad conductors of magnetism, as
+glass is of electricity, this accumulation of arctic ether extends but
+a little way, and then there exists an accumulation of antarctic
+ether; and thus reciprocally in three or four divisions of the bar,
+which now becomes magnetised, as the glass tube became electrised.
+
+Another striking feature, which shows the sisterhood of electricity
+and magnetism, consists in the origin of both of them from the earth,
+or common mass of matter. The eduction of electricity from the earth
+is shown by an insulated cushion soon ceasing to supply either the
+vitreous or resinous ether to the whirling globe of glass or of
+sulphur; the eduction of magnetism from the earth appears from the
+following experiment: if a bar of iron be set upright on the earth in
+this part of the world, it becomes in a short time magnetical; the
+lower end possessing northern polarity, or arctic ether, and the
+higher end in consequence possessing southern polarity or antarctic
+ether; which may be well explained, if we suppose with Mr. Cavallo,
+that the earth itself is one great magnet, with its southern polarity
+or antarctic ether at the northern end of its axis; and, in
+consequence, that it attracts the arctic ether of the iron bar into
+that end of it which touches the earth, and repels the antarctic ether
+of the iron bar to the other end of it, exactly the same as when the
+southern pole of an artificial magnet is brought into contact with one
+end of a sewing needle.
+
+3. The magnetic and electric ethers agree in the characters above
+mentioned, and perhaps in many others, but differ in the following
+ones. The electric ethers pass readily through metallic, aqueous, and
+carbonic bodies, but do not permeate vitreous or resinous ones; though
+on the surfaces of these they are capable of adhering, and of being
+accumulated by the approach or contact of other bodies; while the
+magnetic ethers will not permeate any bodies, and are capable of being
+accumulated only on iron and steel by the approach or contact of
+natural or artificial magnets, or of the earth; at the same time the
+attractive and repulsive powers both of the magnetic and electric
+ethers will act through all bodies, like those of gravitation and
+heat.
+
+Secondly, The two electric ethers rush into combination, when they can
+approach each other, after having been separated and condensed, and
+produce a violent explosion emitting the heat and light, which were
+previously combined with them; whereas the two magnetic ethers slowly
+combine, after having been separated and accumulated on the opposite
+ends of a soft iron bar, and without emitting heat and light produce a
+neutral mixture, which, like the electric combination, ceases to be
+cognizable by our senses or experiments.
+
+Thirdly, The wonderful property of the magnetic ethers, when
+separately accumulated on the ends of a needle, endeavouring to
+approach the two opposite poles of the earth; nothing similar to which
+has been observed in the electric ethers.
+
+From these strict analogies between electricity and magnetism, we may
+conclude that the latter consists of two ethers as well as the former;
+and that they both, when separated by art or nature, combine by
+chemical affinity when they approach, the one exploding, and then
+consisting of a residuum after having emitted heat and light; and the
+other producing simply a neutralised fluid by their union.
+
+
+XI. _Conclusion._
+
+1. When two fluids are diffused together without undergoing any change
+of their chemical properties, they are said simply to be mixed, and
+not combined; as milk and water when poured together, or as oxygen and
+azote in the common atmosphere. So when salt or sugar is diffused in
+water, it is termed solution, and not combination; as no change of
+their chemical properties succeeds.
+
+But when an acid is mixed with a pure alcali a combination is
+produced, and the mixture is said to become neutral, as it does not
+possess the chemical properties which either of the two ingredients
+possessed in their separate state, and is therefore similar to neither
+of them. But when a carbonated alcali, as mild salt of tartar, is
+mixed with a mineral acid, they presently combine as above, but now
+the carbonic acid flies forcibly away in the form of gas; this,
+therefore, may be termed a kind of explosion, but cannot properly be
+so called, as the ethereal fluids of heat and light are not
+principally emitted, but an aerial one or gas; which may probably
+acquire a small quantity of heat from the combining matters.
+
+But when strong acid of nitre is poured upon charcoal in fine powder,
+or upon oil of cloves, a violent explosion ensues, and the ethereal
+matters of heat and light are emitted in great abundance, and are
+dissipated; while in the former instance the oxygen of the nitrous
+acid unites with the carbone forming carbonic acid gas, and the azote
+escapes in its gaseous form; which may be termed a residuum after the
+explosion, and may be confined in a proper apparatus, which the heat
+and light cannot; for the former, if its production be great and
+sudden, bursts the vessels, or otherwise it passes slowly through
+them; and the latter passes through transparent bodies, and combines
+with opake ones.
+
+But where ethers only are concerned in an explosion, as the two
+electric ones, which are previously difficult to confine in vessels;
+the repulsive ethers of heat and light are given out; and what remains
+is a combination of the two electric ethers; which in this state are
+attracted by all bodies, and form atmospheres round them.
+
+These combined electric atmospheres must possess less heat and light
+after their explosion; which they seem afterwards to acquire at the
+time they are again separated from each other, probably from the
+combined heat and combined light of the cushion and glass, or of the
+cushion and resin; by the contact of which they are separated; and not
+from the diffused heat of them; but no experiments have yet been made
+to ascertain this fact, this combination of the vitreous and resinous
+ethers may be esteemed the residuum after their explosion.
+
+2. Hence the essence of explosion consists in two bodies, which are
+previously united with heat and light, so strongly attracting each
+other, as to set at liberty those two repulsive ethers; but it
+happens, that these explosive materials cannot generally be brought
+into each other's vicinity in a state of sufficient density; unless
+they are also previously combined with some other material beside the
+light and heat above spoken of: as in the nitrous acid, the oxygen is
+previously combined with azote; and is thus in a condensed state,
+before it is brought into the contact or vicinity of the carbone;
+there are however bodies which will slowly explode; or give out heat
+and light, without being previously combined with other bodies; as
+phosphorus in the common atmosphere, some dead fish in a certain
+degree of putridity, and some living insects probably by their
+respiration in transparent lungs, which is a kind of combustion.
+
+But the two electric ethers are condensed by being brought into
+vicinity with each other with a nonconductor between them; and thus
+explode, violently as soon as they communicate, either by rupturing
+the interposed nonconductor, or by a metallic communication. This
+curious method of a previous condensation of the two exploding
+matters, without either of them being combined with any other
+material except with the ethers of heat and light, distinguishes, this
+ethereal explosion from that of most other bodies; and seems to have
+been the cause, which prevented the ingenious Dr. Franklin, and others
+since his time, from ascribing the powerful effects of the electric
+battery, and of lightning in bursting trees, inflaming combustible
+materials, and fusing metals, to chemical explosion; which it
+resembles in every other circumstance, but in the manner of the
+previous condensation of the materials, so as violently to attract
+each other, and suddenly set at liberty the heat and light, with which
+one or both of them were combined.
+
+3. This combination of vitreous and resinous electric ethers is again
+destroyed or weakened by the attractions of other bodies; as they
+separate intirely, or exist in different proportions, forming
+atmospheres round conducting and nonconducting bodies; and in this
+they resemble other combinations of matters; as oxygen and azote, when
+united in the production of nitrous acid, are again separated by
+carbone; which attracts the oxygen more powerfully, than that attracts
+the azote, with which it is combined.
+
+This mode of again separating the combined electric ethers by pressing
+them, as they surround bodies in different proportions, into each
+other's atmospheres, as by the glass and cushion, has not been
+observed respecting the decomposition of other bodies; when their
+minute particles are brought so near together as to decompose each
+other; which has thence probably contributed to prevent this
+decomposition of the two combined electric ethers from being ascribed
+to chemical laws; but, as far as we know, the attractive and repulsive
+atmospheres round the minute particles of bodies in chemical
+operations may act in a similar manner; as the attractive and
+repulsive atmospheres, which accompany the electric ethers surrounding
+the larger masses of matter, and that hence both the electric and the
+chemical explosions are subject to the same laws, and also the
+decomposition again of those particles, which were combined in the act
+of explosion.
+
+4. It is probable that this theory of electric and magnetic
+attractions and repulsions, which so visibly exist in atmospheres
+round larger masses of matter, may be applied to explain the invisible
+attractions and repulsions of the minute particles of bodies in
+chemical combinations and decompositions, and also to give a clear
+idea of the attractions of the great masses of matter, which form the
+gravitations of the universe.
+
+We are so accustomed to see bodies attract each other, when they are
+in absolute contact, as dew drops or particles of quicksilver forming
+themselves into spheres, as water rising in capillary tubes, the
+solution of salts and sugar in water, and the cohesion with which all
+hard bodies are held together, that we are not surprised at the
+attractions of bodies in contact with each other, but ascribe them to
+a law affecting all matter. In similar manner when two bodies in
+apparent contact repel each other, as oil thrown on water; or when
+heat converts ice into water and water into steam; or when one hard
+body in motion pushes another hard body out of its place; we feel no
+surprise, as these events so perpetually occur to us, but ascribe them
+as well as the attractions of bodies in contact with each other, to a
+general law of nature.
+
+But when distant bodies appear to attract or repel each other, as we
+believe that nothing can act where it does not exist, we are struck
+with astonishment; which is owing to our not seeing the intermediate
+ethers, the existence of which is ascertained by the electric and
+magnetic facts above related.
+
+From the facts and observations above mentioned electricity and
+magnetism consist each of them of two ethers, as the vitreous and
+resinous electric ethers, and the arctic and antarctic magnetic
+ethers. But as neither of the electric ethers will pass through glass
+or resin; and as neither of the magnetic ethers will pass through any
+bodies except iron; and yet the attractive and repulsive powers
+accompanying all these ethers permeate bodies of all kinds; it
+follows, that ethers more subtile than either the electric or magnetic
+ones attend those ethers forming atmospheres round them; as those
+electric and magnetic ethers themselves form atmospheres round other
+bodies.
+
+This secondary atmosphere of the electric one appears to consist of
+two ethers, like the electric one which it surrounds: but these ethers
+are probably more subtile as they permeate all bodies; and when they
+unite by the reciprocal approach of the bodies, which they surround,
+they do not appear to emit heat and light, as the primary electric
+atmospheres do; and therefore they are simpler fluids, as they are not
+previously combined with heat and light. The secondary magnetic
+atmospheres are also probably more subtile or simple than the primary
+ones.
+
+Hence we may suppose, that not only all the larger insulated masses of
+matter, but all the minute particles also, which constitute those
+masses, are surrounded by two ethereal fluids; which like the electric
+and magnetic ones attract each other forcibly, and as forcibly repel
+those of the same denomination; and at the same time strongly adhere
+to the bodies, which they surround. Secondly that these ethers are of
+the finer kind, like those secondary ones, which surround the primary
+electric and magnetic ethers; and that therefore they do not explode
+giving out heat and light when they unite, but simply combine, and
+become neutral; and lastly, that they surround different bodies in
+different proportions, as the vitreous and resinous electric ethers
+were shown to surround silver and zinc and many other metals in
+different proportions in No. IX. of this note.
+
+5. For the greater ease of conversing on this subject, we shall call
+these two ethers, with which all bodies are surrounded, the masculine
+and the feminine ethers; and suppose them to possess the properties
+above mentioned. We should here however previously observe, that in
+chemical processes it is necessary, that the bodies, which are to
+combine or unite with each other, should be in a fluid state, and the
+particles in contact with each other; thus when salt is dissolving in
+water, the particles of salt unite with those of the water, which
+touch them; these particles of water become saturated, and thence
+attract some of the saline particles with less force; which are
+therefore attracted from them by those behind; and the first particles
+of water are again saturated from the solid salt; or in some similar
+processes the saturated combinations may subside or evaporate, as in
+the union of the two electric ethers, or in the explosion of
+gunpowder, and thus those in their vicinity may approach each other.
+This necessity of a liquid form for the purpose of combination
+appears in the lighting of gunpowder, as well as in all other
+combustion, the spark of fire applied dissolves the sulphur, and
+liquifies the combined heat; and by these means a fluidity succeeds,
+and the consequent attractions and repulsions, which form the
+explosion.
+
+The whole mixed mass of matter, of which the earth is composed, we
+suppose to be surrounded and penetrated by the two ethers, but with a
+greater proportion of the masculine ether than of the feminine. When a
+stone is elevated above the surface of the earth, we suppose it also
+to be surrounded with an atmosphere of the two ethers, but with a
+greater proportion of the feminine than of the masculine, and that
+these ethers adhere strongly by cohesion both to the earth and to the
+stone elevated above it. Now the greater quantity of the masculine
+ether of the earth becomes in contact with the greater quantity of the
+feminine ether of the stone above it; which it powerfully attracts,
+and at the same time repels the less quantity of the masculine ether
+of the stone. The reciprocal attractions of these two fluids, if not
+restrained by counter attractions, bring them together as in chemical
+combination, and thus they bring together the solid bodies, which they
+reciprocally adhere to; if they be not immovable; which solid bodies,
+when brought into contact, cohere by their own reciprocal attractions,
+and hence the mysterious affair of distant attraction or gravitation
+becomes intelligible, and consonant to the chemical combinations of
+fluids.
+
+To further elucidate these various attractions, if the patient reader
+be not already tired, he will please to attend to the following
+experiment: let a bit of sponge suspended on a silk line be moistened
+with a solution of pure alcali, and another similar piece of sponge be
+moistened with a weak acid, and suspended near the former; electrize
+one of them with vitreous ether, and the other with resinous ether; as
+they hang with a thin plate of glass between them: now as these two
+electric ethers appear to attract each other without intermixing; as
+neither of them can pass through glass; they must be themselves
+surrounded with secondary ethers, which pass through the glass, and
+attract each other, as they become in contact; as these secondary
+ethers adhere to the primary vitreous and resinous ethers, these
+primary ones are drawn by them into each other's vicinity by the
+attraction of cohesion, and become condensed on each side of the glass
+plane; and then when the glass plane is withdrawn, the two electric
+ethers being now in contact rush violently together, and draw along
+with them the pieces of moistened sponge, to which they adhere; and
+finally the acid and alcaline liquids being now brought into contact
+combine by their chemical affinity.
+
+The repulsions of distant bodies are also explicable by this idea of
+their being surrounded with two ethers, which we have termed masculine
+and feminine for the ease of conversing about them; and have compared
+them to vitreous and resinous electricity, and to arctic and antarctic
+magnetism. As when two particles of matter, or two larger masses of
+it, are surrounded both with their masculine ethers, these ethers
+repel each other or refuse to intermix; and in consequence the bodies
+to which they adhere, recede from each other; as two cork-balls
+suspended near each other, and electrised both with vitreous or both
+with resinous ether, repel each other; or as the extremities of two
+needles magnetised both with arctic, or both with antarctic ether,
+repel each other; or as oil and water surrounded both with their
+masculine, or both with their feminine ethers, repel each other
+without touching; so light is believed to be reflected from a mirror
+without touching its surface, and to be bent towards the edge of a
+knife, or refracted by its approach from a rarer medium into a denser
+one, by the repulsive ether of the mirror, and the attractive ones of
+the knife-edge, and of the denser medium. Thus a polished tea-cup
+slips on the polished saucer probably without their actual contact
+with each other, till a few drops of water are interposed between them
+by capillary attraction, and prevent its sliding by their tenacity.
+And so, lastly, one hard body in motion pushes another hard body out
+of its place by their repulsive ethers without being in contact; as
+appears from their not adhering to each other, which all bodies in
+real contact are believed to do. Whence also may be inferred the
+reason why bodies have been supposed to repel at one distance and
+attract at another, because they attract when their particles are in
+contact with each other, and either attract or repel when at a
+distance by the intervention of their attractive or repulsive ethers.
+
+Thus have I endeavoured to take one step further back into the mystery
+of the gravitation and repulsion of bodies, which appeared to be
+distant from each other, as of the sun and planets, as I before
+endeavoured to take one step further back into the mysteries of
+generation in my account of the production of the buds of vegetables
+in Phytologia. With what success these have been attended I now leave
+to the judgment of philosophical readers, from which I can make no
+appeal.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES. XIII.
+
+ANALYSIS OF TASTE.
+
+  Fond Fancy's eye recalls the form divine,
+  And Taste sits smiling upon Beauty's shrine.
+                                        CANTO III. l. 221.
+
+
+The word Taste in its extensive application may express the pleasures
+received by any of our senses, when excited into action by the
+stimulus of external objects; as when odours stimulate the nostrils,
+or flavours the palate; or when smoothness, or softness, are perceived
+by the touch, or warmth by its adapted organ of sense. The word Taste
+is also used to signify the pleasurable trains of ideas suggested by
+language, as in the compositions of poetry and oratory. But the
+pleasures, consequent to the exertions of our sense of vision only,
+are designed here to be treated of, with occasional references to
+those of the ear, when they elucidate each other.
+
+When any of our organs of sense are excited into their due quantity of
+action, a pleasurable sensation succeeds, as shown in Zoonomia, Vol.
+I. Sect. IV. These are simply the pleasures attending perception, and
+not those which are termed the pleasures of Taste; which consist of
+additional pleasures arising from the peculiar forms or colours of
+objects, or of their peculiar combinations or successions, or from
+other agreeable trains of ideas previously associated with them.
+
+There are four sources of pleasure attendant on the excitation of the
+nerves of vision by light and colours, besides that simply of
+perception above mentioned; the first is derived from a degree of
+novelty of the forms, colours, numbers, combinations, or successions,
+and visible objects. The second is derived from a degree of repetition
+of their forms, colours, numbers, combinations, or successions. Where
+these two circumstances exist united in certain quantities, and
+compose the principal part of a landscape, it is termed picturesque by
+modern writers. The third source of pleasure from the perception of
+the visible world may be termed the melody of colours, which will be
+shown to coincide with melody of sounds: this circumstance may also
+accompany the picturesque, and will add to the pleasure it affords.
+The fourth source of pleasure from the perception of visible objects
+is derived from the previous association of other pleasurable trains
+of ideas with certain forms, colours, combinations, or successions of
+them. Whence the beautiful, sublime, romantic, melancholic, and other
+emotions, which have not acquired names to express them. We may add,
+that all these four sources of pleasure from perceptions are equally
+applicable to those of sounds as of sights.
+
+
+I. _Novelty or infrequency of visible objects._
+
+The first circumstance, which suggests an additional pleasure in the
+contemplation of visible objects, besides that of simple perception,
+arises from their novelty or infrequency; that is from the unusual
+combinations or successions of their forms or colours. From this
+source is derived the perpetual cheerfulness of youth, and the want of
+it is liable to add a gloom to the countenance of age. It is this
+which produces variety in landscape compared with the common course of
+nature, an intricacy which incites investigation, and a curiosity
+which leads to explore the works of nature. Those who travel into
+foreign regions instigated by curiosity, or who examine and unfold the
+intricacies of sciences at home, are led by novelty; which not only
+supplies ornament to beauty or to grandeur, but adds agreeable
+surprise to the point of the epigram, and to the double meaning of the
+pun, and is courted alike by poets and philosophers.
+
+It should be here premised, that the word Novelty, as used in these
+pages, admits of degrees or quantities, some objects, or the ideas
+excited by them, possessing more or less novelty, as they are more or
+less unusual. Which the reader will please to attend to, as we have
+used the word Infrequency of objects, or of the ideas excited by them,
+to express the degrees or quantities of their novelty.
+
+The source, from which is derived the pleasure of novelty, is a
+metaphysical inquiry of great curiosity, and will on that account
+excuse my here introducing it. In our waking hours whenever an idea
+occurs, which is incongruous to our former experience, we instantly
+dissever the train of imagination by the power of volition; and
+compare the incongruous idea with our previous knowledge of nature,
+and reject it. This operation of the mind has not yet acquired a
+specific name, though it is exerted every minute of our waking hours,
+unless it may be termed INTUITIVE ANALOGY. It is an act of reasoning
+of which we are unconscious except by its effects in preserving the
+congruity of our ideas; Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XVII. 5. 7.
+
+In our sleep as the power of volition is suspended, and consequently
+that of reason, when any incongruous ideas occur in the trains of
+imagination, which compose our dreams; we cannot compare them with our
+previous knowledge of nature and reject them; whence arises the
+perpetual inconsistency of our sleeping trains of ideas; and whence in
+our dreams we never feel the sentiment of novelty; however different
+the ideas, which present themselves, may be from the usual course of
+nature.
+
+But in our waking hours, whenever any object occurs which does not
+accord with the usual course of nature, we immediately and
+unconsciously exert our voluntary power, and examine it by intuitive
+analogy, comparing it with our previous knowledge of nature. This
+exertion of our volition excites many other ideas, and is attended
+with pleasurable sensation; which constitutes the sentiment of
+novelty. But when the object of novelty stimulates us so forcibly as
+suddenly to disunite our passing trains of ideas, as if a pistol be
+unexpectedly discharged, the emotion of surprise is experienced; which
+by exciting violent irritation and violent sensation, employs for a
+time the whole sensorial energy, and thus dissevers the passing trains
+of ideas; before the power of volition has time to compare them with
+the usual phenomena of nature; but as the painful emotion of fear is
+then generally added to that of surprise, as every one experiences,
+who hears a noise in the dark, which he cannot immediately account
+for; this great degree of novelty, when it produces much surprise,
+generally ceases to be pleasurable, and does not then belong to
+objects of taste.
+
+In its less degree surprise is generally agreeable, as it simply
+expresses the sentiment occasioned by the novelty of our ideas; as in
+common language we say, we are agreeably surprised at the unexpected
+meeting with a friend, which not only expresses the sentiment of
+novelty, but also the pleasure from other agreeable ideas associated
+with the object of it.
+
+It must appear from hence, that different persons must be affected
+more or less agreeably by different degrees or quantities of novelty
+in the objects of taste; according to their previous knowledge of
+nature, or their previous habits or opportunities of attending to the
+fine arts. Thus before its nativity the fetus experiences the
+perceptions of heat and cold, of hardness and softness, of motion and
+rest, with those perhaps of hunger and repletion, sleeping and waking,
+pain and pleasure; and perhaps some other perceptions, which may at
+this early time of its existence have occasioned perpetual trains of
+ideas. On its arrival into the world the perceptions of light and
+sound must by their novelty at first dissever its usual trains of
+ideas and occasion great surprise; which after a few repetitions will
+cease to be disagreeable, and only excite the emotion from novelty,
+which has not acquired a separate name, but is in reality a less
+degree of surprise; and by further experience the sentiment of
+novelty, or any degree of surprise, will cease to be excited by the
+sounds or sights, which at first excited perhaps a painful quantity of
+surprise.
+
+It should here be observed, that as the pleasure of novelty is
+produced by the exertion of our voluntary power in comparing uncommon
+objects with those which are more usually exhibited; this sentiment of
+novelty is less perceived by those who do not readily use the faculty
+of volition, or who have little previous knowledge of nature, as by
+very ignorant or very stupid people, or by brute animals; and that
+therefore to be affected with this circumstance of the objects of
+Taste requires some previous knowledge of-such kinds of objects, and
+some degree of mental exertion.
+
+Hence when a greater variety of objects than usual is presented to the
+eye, or when some intricacy of forms, colours, or reciprocal locality
+more than usual accompanies them, it is termed novelty if it only
+excites the exertion of intuitive comparison with the usual order of
+nature, and affects us with pleasurable sensation; but is termed
+surprise, if it suddenly dissevers our accustomed habits of motion,
+and is then more generally attended with disagreeable sensation. To
+this circumstance attending objects of taste is to be referred what is
+termed wild and irregular in landscapes, in contradistinction to the
+repetition of parts or uniformity spoken of below. We may add, that
+novelty of notes and tones in music, or of their combinations or
+successions, are equally agreeable to the ear, as the novelty of forms
+and colours, and of their combinations or successions are to the eye;
+but that the greater quantity or degree of novelty, the sentiment of
+which is generally termed Surprise, is more frequently excited by
+unusual or unexpected sounds; which are liable to alarm us with fear,
+as well as surprise us with novelty.
+
+
+II. _Repetition of visible objects._
+
+The repeated excitement of the same or similar ideas with certain
+intervals of time, or distances of space between them, is attended
+with agreeable sensations, besides that simply of perception; and,
+though it appears to be diametrically opposite to the pleasure arising
+from the novelty of objects above treated of, enters into the
+compositions of all the agreeable arts.
+
+The pleasure arising from the repetition of similar ideas with certain
+intervals of time or distances of space between them is a subject of
+great metaphysical curiosity, as well as the source of the pleasure
+derived from novelty, which will I hope excuse its introduction in
+this place.
+
+The repetitions of motions may be at first produced either by
+volition, or by sensation, or by irritation, but they soon become
+easier to perform than any other kinds of action, because they soon
+become associated together; and thus their frequency of repetition, if
+as much sensorial power be produced during every reiteration, as is
+expended, adds to the facility of their production.
+
+If a stimulus be repeated at uniform intervals of time, the action,
+whether of our muscles or organs of sense, is produced with still
+greater facility or energy; because the sensorial power of
+association, mentioned above, is combined with the sensorial power of
+irritation; that is in common language, the acquired habit assists the
+power of the stimulus.
+
+This not only obtains in the annual, lunar, and diurnal catenations of
+animal motions, as explained in Zoonomia, Sect. XXXVI. which are thus
+performed with great facility and energy; but in every less circle of
+actions or ideas, as in the burden of a song, or the reiterations of a
+dance. To the facility and distinctness, with which we hear sounds at
+repeated intervals, we owe the pleasure, which we receive from musical
+time, and from poetic time, as described in Botanic Garden, V. II.
+Interlude III. And to this the pleasure we receive from the rhimes and
+alliterations of modern versification; the source of which without
+this key would be difficult to discover.
+
+There is no variety of notes referable to the gamut in the beating of
+a drum, yet if it be performed in musical time, it is agreeable to our
+ears; and therefore this pleasurable sensation must be owing to the
+repetition of the divisions of the sounds at certain intervals of
+time, or musical bars. Whether these times or bars are distinguished
+by a pause, or by an emphasis, or accent, certain it is, that this
+distinction is perpetually repeated; otherwise the ear could not
+determine instantly, whether the successions of sound were in common
+or in triple time.
+
+But besides these little circles of musical time, there are the
+greater returning periods, and the still more distinct choruses;
+which, like the rhimes at the end of verses, owe their beauty to
+repetition; that is, to the facility and distinctness with which we
+perceive sounds, which we expect to perceive or have perceived before;
+or in the language of this work, to the greater ease and energy with
+which our organ is excited by the combined sensorial powers of
+association and irritation, than by the latter singly.
+
+This kind of pleasure arising from repetition, that is from the
+facility and distinctness with which we perceive and understand
+repeated sensations, enters into all the agreeable arts; and when it
+is carried to excess is termed formality. The art of dancing like that
+of music depends for a great part of the pleasure, it affords, on
+repetition; architecture, especially the Grecian, consists of one part
+being a repetition of another, and hence the beauty of the pyramidal
+outline in landscape-painting; where one side of the picture may be
+said in some measure to balance the other. So universally does
+repetition contribute to our pleasure in the fine arts, that beauty
+itself has been defined by some writers to consist in a due
+combination of uniformity and variety: Zoonomia, Vol. I. Sect. XXII.
+2. 1.
+
+Where these repetitions of form, and reiterations of colour, are
+produced in a picture or a natural landscape, in an agreeable
+quantity, it is termed simplicity, or unity of character; where the
+repetition principally is seen in the disposition or locality of the
+divisions, it is called symmetry, proportion, or grouping the separate
+parts; where this repetition is most conspicuous in the forms of
+visible objects, it is called regularity or uniformity; and where it
+affects the colouring principally, the artists call it breadth of
+colour.
+
+There is nevertheless, an excess of the repetition of the same or
+similar ideas, which ceases to please, and must therefore be excluded
+from compositions of Taste in painted landscapes, or in ornamented
+gardens; which is then called formality, monotony, or insipidity. Why
+the excitation of ideas should give additional pleasure by the
+facility and distinctness of their production for a certain time, and
+then cease to give additional pleasure; and gradually to give less
+pleasure than that, which attends simple exertion of them; is another
+curious metaphysical problem, and deserves investigation.
+
+In our waking hours a perpetual voluntary exertion, of which we are
+unconscious, attends all our new trains of ideas, whether those of
+imagination or of perception; which by comparing them with our former
+experience preserves the consistency of the former, by rejecting such
+as are incongruous; and adds to the credibility of the latter, by
+their analogy to objects of our previous knowledge: and this exertion
+is attended with pleasurable sensation. After very frequent repetition
+these trains of ideas do not excite the exertion of this intuitive
+analogy, and in consequence are not attended with additional pleasure
+to that simply of perception; and by continued repetition they at
+length lose even the pleasure simply of perception, and thence finally
+cease to be excited; whence one cause of the torpor of old age, and of
+death, as spoken of in Additional Note, No. VII. 3. of this work.
+
+When there exists in any landscape a certain number and diversity of
+forms and colours, or of their combinations or successions, so as to
+produce a degree of novelty; and that with a certain repetition, or
+arrangement of parts, so as to render them gradually comprehensible or
+easily compared with the usual course of nature; if this agreeable
+combination of visible objects be on a moderate scale, in respect to
+magnitude, and form the principal part of the landscape, it is termed
+PICTURESQUE by modern artists; and when such a combination of forms
+and colours contains many easy flowing curves and smooth surfaces, the
+delightful sentiment of BEAUTY becomes added to the pleasure of the
+Picturesque.
+
+If the above agreeable combination of novelty and repetition exists on
+a larger scale with more projecting rocks, and deeper dells, and
+perhaps with a somewhat greater proportion of novelty than repetition,
+the landscape assumes the name of ROMANTIC; and if some of these forms
+or combinations are much above the usual magnitude of similar objects,
+the more interesting sentiment of SUBLIMITY becomes mixed with the
+pleasure of the romantic.
+
+
+III. _Melody of Colours._
+
+A third source of pleasure arising from the inspection of visible
+objects, besides that of simple perception, arises from what may be
+termed melody of colours, as certain colours are more agreeable, when
+they succeed each other; or when they are disposed in each other's
+vicinity, so as successively to affect the organ of vision.
+
+In a paper on the colours seen in the eye after looking for some time
+on luminous objects, published by Dr. Darwin of Shrewsbury in the
+Philos. Trans. Vol. 76, it is evidently shown, that we see certain
+colours not only with greater ease and distinctness, but with relief
+and pleasure, after having for some time inspected other certain
+colours; as green after red, or red after green; orange after blue, or
+blue after orange; yellow after violet, or violet after yellow; this,
+he shows, arises from the ocular spectrum of the colour last viewed
+coinciding with the irritation of the colour now under contemplation.
+
+Thus if you make a dot with ink in the centre of a circle of red silk
+the size of a letter-wafer, and place it on a sheet of white paper,
+and look on it for a minute without moving your eyes; and then gently
+turn them on the white paper in its vicinity, or gently close them,
+and hold one hand an inch or two before them, to prevent too much
+light from passing through the eyelids, a circular spot of pale green
+will be seen on the white paper, or in the closed eye; which is called
+the ocular spectrum of the red silk, and is formed as Dr. Darwin shows
+by the pandiculation or stretching of the fine fibrils, which
+constitute the extremities of the optic nerve, in a direction contrary
+to that, in which they have been excited by previously looking at a
+luminous object, till they become fatigued; like the yawning or
+stretching of the larger muscles after acting long in one direction.
+
+If at this time the eye, fatigued by looking long at the centre of the
+red silk, be turned on paper previously coloured with pale green; the
+circular spot or ocular spectrum will appear of a much darker green;
+as now the irritation from the pale green paper coincides with the
+pale green spectrum remaining in the eye, and thus excites those
+fibres of the retina into stronger action; on this account some
+colours are seen more distinctly, and consequently more agreeably
+after others; or when placed in the vicinity of others; thus if
+orange-coloured letters are painted on a blue ground, they may be read
+at as great distance as black on white, perhaps at a greater.
+
+The colours, which are thus more distinct when seen in succession are
+called opposite colours by Sir Isaac Newton in his optics, Book I.
+Part 2, and may be easily discovered by any one, by the method above
+described; that is by laying a coloured circle of paper or silk on a
+sheet of white paper, and inspecting it some time with steady eyes,
+and then either gently closing them, or removing them on another part
+of the white paper, and the ocular spectrum or opposite colour becomes
+visible in the eye.
+
+Sir Isaac Newton has observed, that the breadths of the seven primary
+colours in the sun's image refracted by a prism, are proportioned to
+the seven musical notes of the gamut; or to the intervals of the eight
+sounds contained in an octave.
+
+From this curious coincidence, it has been proposed to produce a
+luminous music, consisting of successions or combinations of colours,
+analogous to a tune in respect to the proportions above mentioned.
+This might be performed by a strong light, made by means of Mr.
+Argand's lamps, passing through coloured glasses, and falling on a
+defined part of the wall, with moveable blinds before them, which
+might communicate with the keys of a harpsichord, and thus produce at
+the same time visible and audible music in unison with each other.
+
+Now as the pleasure we receive from the sensation of melodious notes,
+independent of musical time, and of the previous associations of
+agreeable ideas with them, must arise from our hearing some
+proportions of sounds after others more easily, distinctly, or
+agreeably; and as there is a coincidence between the proportions of
+the primary colours, and the primary sounds, if they may be so called;
+the same laws must probably govern the sensations of both. In this
+circumstance therefore consists the sisterhood of Music and Painting;
+and hence they claim a right to borrow metaphors from each other:
+musicians to speak of the brilliancy of sounds, and the light and
+shade of a concerto; and painters of the harmony of colours, and the
+tone of a picture.
+
+This source of pleasure received from the melodious succession of
+colours or of sounds must not be confounded with the pleasure received
+from the repetition of them explained above, though the repetition, or
+division of musical notes into bars, so as to produce common or triple
+time, contributes much to the pleasure of music; but in viewing a
+fixed landscape nothing like musical time exists; and the pleasure
+received therefore from certain successions of colours must depend
+only on the more easy or distinct action of the retina in perceiving
+some colours after others, or in their vicinity, like the facility or
+even pleasure with which we act with contrary muscles in yawning or
+stretching after having been fatigued with a long previous exertion in
+the contrary direction.
+
+Hence where colours are required to be distinct, those which are
+opposite to each other, should be brought into succession or vicinity;
+as red and green, orange and blue, yellow and violet; but where
+colours are required to intermix imperceptibly, or slide into each
+other, these should not be chosen; as they might by contrast appear
+too glaring or tawdry. These gradations and contrasts of colours have
+been practically employed both by the painters of landscape, and by
+the planters of ornamental gardens; though the theory of this part of
+the pleasure derived from visible objects was not explained before the
+publication of the paper on ocular spectra above mentioned; which is
+reprinted at the end of the first part of Zoonomia, and has thrown
+great light on the actions of the nerves of sense in consequence of
+the stimulus of external bodies.
+
+
+IV. _Association of agreeable sentiments with visible objects._
+
+Besides the pleasure experienced simply by the perception of visible
+objects, it has been already shown, that there is an additional
+pleasure arising from the inspection of those, which possess novelty,
+or some degree of it; a second additional pleasure from those, which
+possess in some degree a repetition of their parts; and a third from
+those, which possess a succession of particular colours, which either
+contrast or slide into each other, and which we have termed melody of
+colours.
+
+We now step forward to the fourth source of the pleasures arising from
+the contemplation of visible objects besides that simply of
+perception, which consists in our previous association of some
+agreeable sentiment with certain forms or combinations of them. These
+four kinds of pleasure singly or in combination constitute what is
+generally understood by the word Taste in respect to the visible
+world; and by parity of reasoning it is probable, that the pleasurable
+ideas received by the other senses, or which are associated with
+language, may be traced to similar sources.
+
+It has been shown by Bishop Berkeley in his ingenious essay on vision,
+that the eye only acquaints us with the perception of light and
+colours; and that our idea of the solidity of the bodies, which
+reflect them, is learnt by the organ of touch: he therefore calls our
+vision the language of touch, observing that certain gradations of the
+shades of colour, by our previous experience of having examined
+similar bodies by our hands or lips, suggest our ideas of solidity,
+and of the forms of solid bodies; as when we view a tree, it would
+otherwise appear to us a flat green surface, but by association of
+ideas we know it to be a cylindrical stem with round branches. This
+association of the ideas acquired by the sense of touch with those of
+vision, we do not allude to in the following observations, but to the
+agreeable trains or tribes of ideas and sentiments connected with
+certain kinds of visible objects.
+
+
+V. _Sentiment of Beauty._
+
+Of these catenations of sentiments with visible objects, the first is
+the sentiment of Beauty or Loveliness; which is suggested by
+easy-flowing curvatures of surface, with smoothness; as is so well
+illustrated in Mr. Burke's Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful, and in
+Mr. Hogarth's analysis of Beauty; a new edition of which is much
+wanted separate from his other works.
+
+The sentiment of Beauty appears to be attached from our cradles to the
+easy curvatures of lines, and smooth surfaces of visible objects, and
+to have been derived from the form of the female bosom; as spoken of
+in Zoonomia, Vol. I. Section XVI. on Instinct.
+
+Sentimental love, as distinguished from the animal passion of that
+name, with which it is frequently accompanied, consists in the desire
+or sensation of beholding, embracing, and saluting, a beautiful
+object.
+
+The characteristic of beauty therefore is that it is the object of
+love; and though many other objects are in common language called
+beautiful, yet they are only called so metaphorically, and ought to be
+termed agreeable. A Grecian temple may give us the pleasurable idea of
+sublimity; a Gothic temple may give us the pleasurable idea of
+variety; and a modern house the pleasurable idea of utility; music and
+poetry may inspire our love by association of ideas; but none of
+these, except metaphorically, can be termed beautiful; as we have no
+wish to embrace or salute them.
+
+Our perception of beauty consists in our recognition by the sense of
+vision of those objects, first which have before inspired our love by
+the pleasure, which they have afforded to many of our senses: as to
+our sense of warmth, of touch, of smell, of taste, hunger and thirst;
+and secondly, which bear any analogy of form to such objects.
+
+When the babe, soon after it is born into this cold world, is applied
+to its mother's bosom, its sense of perceiving warmth is first
+agreeably affected; next its sense of smell is delighted with the
+odour of her milk; then its taste is gratified by the flavour of it,
+afterwards the appetites of hunger and of thirst afford pleasure by
+the possession of their objects, and by the subsequent digestion of
+the aliment; and lastly, the sense of touch is delighted by the
+softness and smoothness of the milky fountain, the source of such
+variety of happiness.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES. XIV.
+
+THE THEORY AND STRUCTURE OF LANGUAGE
+
+  Next to each thought associate sound accords,
+  And forms the dulcet symphony of words.
+                                        CANTO III. l. 365.
+
+
+Ideas consist of synchronous motions or configurations of the
+extremities of the organs of sense; these when repeated by sensation,
+volition, or association, are either simple or complex, as they were
+first excited by irritation; or have afterwards some parts abstracted
+from them, or some parts added to them. Language consists of words,
+which are the names or symbols of ideas. Words are therefore properly
+all of them nouns or names of things.
+
+Little had been done in the investigation of the theory of language
+from the time of Aristotle to the present aera, till Mr. Horne Tooke,
+the ingenious and learned author of the Diversions of Purley,
+explained those undeclined words of all languages, which had puzzled
+the grammarians, and evinced from their etymology, that they were
+abbreviations of other modes of expression. Mr. Tooke observes, that
+the first aim of language was to communicate our thoughts, and the
+second to do it with dispatch; and hence he divides words into those,
+which were necessary to express our thoughts, and those which are
+abbreviations of the former; which he ingeniously styles the wings of
+Hermes.
+
+For the greater dispatch of conversation many words suggest more than
+one idea; I shall therefore arrange them according to the number and
+kinds of ideas, which they suggest; and am induced to do this, as a
+new distribution of the objects of any science may advance the
+knowledge of it by developing another analogy of its constituent
+parts. And in thus endeavouring to analyze the theory of language I
+mean to speak primarily of the English, and occasionally to add what
+may occur concerning the structure of the Greek and Latin.
+
+
+I. _Conjunctions and Prepositions._
+
+The first class of words consists of those, which suggest but one
+idea, and suffer no change of termination; which have been termed by
+grammarians CONJUNCTIONS and PREPOSITIONS; the former of which connect
+sentences, and the latter words. Both which have been ingeniously
+explained by Mr. Horne Tooke from their etymology to be abbreviations
+of other modes of expression.
+
+1. Thus the conjunction _if_ and _an_, are shown by Mr. Tooke to be
+derived from the imperative mood of the verbs to give and to grant;
+but both of these conjunctions by long use appear to have become the
+name of a more abstracted idea, than the words give or grant suggest,
+as they do not now express any ideas of person, or of number, or of
+time; all which are generally attendant upon the meaning of a verb;
+and perhaps all the words of this class are the names of ideas much
+abstracted, which has caused the difficulty of explaining them.
+
+2. The number of Prepositions is very great in the English language,
+as they are used before the cases of nouns, and the infinitive mood of
+verbs, instead of the numerous changes of termination of the nouns and
+verbs of the Greek and Latin; which gives greater simplicity to our
+language, and greater facility of acquiring it.
+
+The prepositions, as well as the preceding conjunctions, have been
+well explained by Mr. Horne Tooke; who has developed the etymology of
+many of them. As the greatest number of the ideas, we receive from
+external objects, are complex ones, the names of these constitute a
+great part of language, as the proper names of persons and places;
+which are complex terms. Now as these complex terms do not always
+exactly suggest the quantity of combined ideas we mean to express,
+some of the prepositions are prefixed to them to add or to deduct
+something, or to limit their general meaning; as a house with a party
+wall, or a house without a roof. These words are also derived by Mr.
+Tooke, as abbreviations of the imperative moods of verbs; but which
+appear now to suggest ideas further abstracted than those generally
+suggested by verbs, and are all of them properly nouns, or names of
+ideas.
+
+
+II. _Nouns Substantive._
+
+The second class of words consists of those, which in their simplest
+state suggest but one idea, as the word man; but which by two changes
+of termination in our language suggest one secondary idea of number,
+as the word men; or another secondary idea of the genitive case, as
+man's mind, or the mind of man. These words by other changes of
+termination in the Greek and Latin languages suggest many other
+secondary ideas, as of gender, as well as of number, and of all the
+other cases described in their grammars; which in English are
+expressed by prepositions.
+
+This class of words includes the NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE, or names of
+things, of common grammars, and may be conveniently divided into three
+kinds. 1. Those which suggest the ideas of things believed to possess
+hardness and figure, as a house or a horse. 2. Those which suggest the
+ideas of things, which are not supposed to possess hardness and
+figure, except metaphorically, as virtue, wisdom; which have therefore
+been termed abstracted ideas. 3. Those which have been called by
+metaphysical writers reflex ideas, and mean those of the operations of
+the mind, as sensation, volition, association.
+
+Another convenient division of these nouns substantive or names of
+things may be first into general terms, or the names of classes of
+ideas, as man, quadruped, bird, fish, animal. 2. Into the names of
+complex ideas, as this house, that dog. 3. Into the names of simple
+ideas, as whiteness, sweetness.
+
+A third convenient division of the names of things may be into the
+names of intire things, whether of real or imaginary being; these are
+the nouns substantive of grammars. 2. Into the names of the qualities
+or properties of the former; these are the nouns adjective of
+grammars. 3. The names of more abstracted ideas as the conjunctions
+and prepositions of grammarians.
+
+These nouns substantive, or names of intire things, suggest but one
+idea in their simplest form, as in the nominative case singular of
+grammars. As the word a stag is the name of a single complex idea; but
+the word stags by a change of termination adds to this a secondary
+idea of number; and the word stag's, with a comma before the final s,
+suggests, in English, another secondary idea of something appertaining
+to the stag, as a stag's horn; which is, however, in our language, as
+frequently expressed by the preposition _of_, as the horn of a stag.
+
+In the Greek and Latin languages an idea of gender is joined with the
+names of intire things, as well as of number; but in the English
+language the nouns, which express inanimate objects, have no genders
+except metaphorically; and even the sexes of many animals have names
+so totally different from each other, that they rather give an idea of
+the individual creature than of the sex, as bull and cow, horse and
+mare, boar and sow, dog and bitch. This constitutes another
+circumstance, which renders our language more simple, and more easy to
+acquire; and at the same time contributes to the poetic excellence of
+it; as by adding a masculine or feminine pronoun, as he, or she, other
+nouns substantive are so readily personified.
+
+In the Latin language there are five cases besides the nominative, or
+original word, and in the Greek four. Whence the original noun
+substantive by change of its termination suggests a secondary idea
+either corresponding with the genitive, dative, accusative, vocative,
+or ablative cases, besides the secondary ideas of number and gender
+above mentioned. The ideas suggested by these changes of termination,
+which are termed cases, are explained in the grammars of these
+languages, and are expressed in ours by prepositions, which are called
+the signs of those cases.
+
+Thus the word Domini, of the Lord, suggests beside the primary idea a
+secondary one of something appertaining to it, as templum domini, the
+temple of the Lord, or the Lord's temple; which in English is either
+effected by an addition of the letter s, with a comma before it, or by
+the preposition _of_. This genitive case is said to be expressed in
+the Hebrew language simply by the locality of the words in succession
+to each other; which must so far add to the conciseness of that
+language.
+
+Thus the word Domino, in the dative case, to the Lord, suggests
+besides the primary idea a secondary one of something being added to
+the primary one; which is effected in English by the preposition _to_.
+
+The accusative case, or Dominum, besides the primary idea implies
+something having acted upon the object of that primary idea; as felis
+edit murem, the cat eats the mouse. This is thus effected in the Greek
+and Latin by a change of termination of the noun acted upon, but is
+managed in a more concise way in our language by its situation in the
+sentence, as it follows the verb. Thus if the mouse in the above
+sentence was placed before the verb, and the cat after it, in English
+the sense would be inverted, but not so in Latin; this necessity of
+generally placing the accusative case after the verb is inconvenient
+in poetry; though it adds to the conciseness and simplicity of our
+language, as it saves the intervention of a preposition, or of a
+change of termination.
+
+The vocative case of the Latin language, or Domine, besides the
+primary idea suggests a secondary one of appeal, or address; which in
+our language is either marked by its situation in the sentence, or by
+the preposition O preceding it. Whence this interjection O conveys the
+idea of appeal joined to the subsequent noun, and is therefore
+properly another noun, or name of an idea, preceding the principal one
+like other prepositions.
+
+The ablative case in the Latin language, as Domino, suggests a
+secondary idea of something being deducted from or by the primary one.
+Which is perhaps more distinctly expressed by one of those
+prepositions in our language; which, as it suggests somewhat
+concerning the adjoined noun, is properly another noun, or name of an
+idea, preceding the principal one.
+
+When to these variations of the termination of nouns in the singular
+number are added those equally numerous of the plural, and the great
+variety of these terminations correspondent to the three genders, it
+is evident that the prepositions of our own and other modern languages
+instead of the changes of termination add to the simplicity of these
+languages, and to the facility of acquiring them.
+
+Hence in the Latin language, besides the original or primary idea
+suggested by each noun substantive, or name of an entire thing, there
+attends an additional idea of number, another of gender, and another
+suggested by each change of termination, which constitutes the cases;
+so that in this language four ideas are suggested at the same time by
+one word; as the primary idea, its gender, number, and case; the
+latter of which has also four or five varieties. These nouns
+therefore may properly be termed the abbreviation of sentences; as the
+conjunctions and prepositions are termed by Mr. Tooke the abbreviation
+of words; and if the latter are called the wings affixed to the feet
+of Hermes, the former may be called the wings affixed to his cap.
+
+
+III. _Adjectives, Articles, Participles, Adverbs._
+
+1. The third class of words consists of those, which in their simplest
+form suggest two ideas; one of them is an abstracted idea of the
+quality of an object, but not of the object itself; and the other is
+an abstracted idea of its appertaining to some other noun called a
+substantive, or a name of an entire thing.
+
+These words are termed ADJECTIVES, are undeclined in our language in
+respect to cases, number, or gender; but by three changes of
+termination they suggest the secondary ideas of greater, greatest, and
+of less; as the word sweet changes into sweeter, sweetest, and
+sweetish; which may be termed three degrees of comparison besides the
+positive meaning of the word; which terminations of _er_ and _est_ are
+seldom added to words of more than two syllables; as those degrees are
+then most frequently denoted by the prepositions more and most.
+
+Adjectives seem originally to have been derived from nouns
+substantive, of which they express a quality, as a musky rose, a
+beautiful lady, a stormy day. Some of them are formed from the
+correspondent substantive by adding the syllable _ly_, or _like_, as a
+lovely child, a warlike countenance; and in our language it is
+frequently only necessary to put a hyphen between two nouns
+substantive for the purpose of converting the former one into an
+adjective, as an eagle-eye, a Mayday. And many of our adjectives are
+substantives unchanged, and only known by their situation in a
+sentence, as a German, or a German gentleman. Adjectives therefore are
+names of qualities, or parts of things; as substantives are the names
+of entire things.
+
+In the Latin and Greek languages these adjectives possess a great
+variety of terminations; which suggest occasionally the ideas of
+number, gender, and the various cases, agreeing in all these with the
+substantive, to which they belong; besides the two original or
+primary ideas of quality, and of their appertaining to some other
+word, which must be adjoined to make them sense. Insomuch that some of
+these adjectives, when declined through all their cases, and genders,
+and numbers, in their positive, comparative, and superlative degrees,
+enumerate fifty or sixty terminations. All which to one, who wishes to
+learn these languages, are so many new words, and add much to the
+difficulty of acquiring them.
+
+Though the English adjectives are undeclined, having neither case,
+gender, nor number; and with this simplicity of form possess a degree
+of comparison by the additional termination of ish, more than the
+generality of Latin or Greek adjectives, yet are they less adapted to
+poetic measure, as they must accompany their corresponding
+substantives; from which they are perpetually separated in Greek and
+Latin poetry.
+
+2. There is a second kind of adjectives, which abound in our language,
+and in the Greek, but not in the Latin, which are called ARTICLES by
+the writers of grammar, as the letter _a_, and the word _the_. These,
+like the adjectives above described, suggest two primary ideas, and
+suffer no change of termination in our language, and therefore suggest
+no secondary ideas.
+
+Mr. Locke observes, that languages consist principally of general
+terms; as it would have been impossible to give a name to every
+individual object, so as to communicate an idea of it to others; it
+would be like reciting the name of every individual soldier of an
+army, instead of using the general term, army. Now the use of the
+article _a_, and _the_ in English, and _o_ in Greek, converts general
+terms into particular ones; this idea of particularity as a quality,
+or property of a noun, is one of the primary ideas suggested by these
+articles; and the other is, that of its appertaining to some
+particular noun substantive, without which it is not intelligible. In
+both these respects these articles correspond with adjectives; to
+which may be added, that our article _a_ may be expressed by the
+adjective one or any; and that the Greek article _o_ is declined like
+other adjectives.
+
+The perpetual use of the article, besides its converting general terms
+into particular ones, contributes much to the force and beauty of our
+language from another circumstance, that abstracted ideas become so
+readily personified simply by the omission of it; which perhaps
+renders the English language better adapted to poetry than any other
+ancient or modern: the following prosopopoeia from Shakspeare is thus
+beautiful.
+
+  She let Concealment like a worm i' th' bud
+  Feed on her damask cheek.
+
+And the following line, translated from Juvenal by Dr. Johnson, is
+much superior to the original, owing to the easy personification of
+Worth and Poverty, and to the consequent conciseness of it.
+
+  Difficile emergunt, quorum virtutibus obstat
+  Res angusta domi.
+  Slow rises Worth by Poverty depress'd.
+
+3. A third class of adjectives includes what are termed PARTICIPLES,
+which are allied to the infinitive moods of verbs, and are formed in
+our language by the addition only of the syllable _ing_ or _ed_; and
+are of two kinds, active and passive, as loving, loved, from the verb
+to love. The verbs suggest an idea of the noun, or thing spoken of;
+and also of its manner of existence, whether at rest, in action, or in
+being acted upon; as I lie still, or I whip, or I am whipped; and,
+lastly, another idea of the time of resting, acting, or suffering; but
+these adjectives called participles, suggest only two primary ideas,
+one of the noun, or thing spoken of, and another of the mode of
+existence, but not a third idea of time; and in this respect
+participles differ from the verbs, from which they originate, or which
+originated from them, except in their infinitive moods.
+
+Nor do they resemble adjectives only in their suggesting but two
+primary ideas; but in the Latin and Greek languages they are declined
+through all the cases, genders, and numbers, like other adjectives;
+and change their terminations in the degrees of comparison.
+
+In our language the participle passive, joined to the verb _to be_,
+for the purpose of adding to it the idea of time, forms the whole of
+the passive voice; and is frequently used in a similar manner in the
+Latin language, as I am loved is expressed either by amor, or amatus
+sum. The construction of the whole passive voice from the verb _to be_
+and the participles passive of other verbs, contributes much to the
+simplicity of our language, and the ease of acquiring it; but renders
+it less concise than perhaps it might have been by some simple
+variations of termination, as in the active voice of it.
+
+4. A fourth kind of adjective is called by the grammarians an ADVERB;
+which has generally been formed from the first kind of adjectives, as
+these were frequently formed from correspondent substantives; or it
+has been formed from the third kind of adjectives, called participles;
+and this is effected in both cases by the addition, of the syllable
+_ly_, as wisely, charmingly.
+
+This kind of adjective suggests two primary ideas, like the
+adjectives, and participles, from which they are derived; but differ
+from them in this curious circumstance, that the other adjectives
+relate to substantives, and are declined like them in the Latin and
+Greek languages, as a lovely boy, a warlike countenance; but these
+relate to verbs, and are therefore undeclined, as to act boldly, to
+suffer patiently.
+
+
+IV. _Verbs._
+
+The fourth class of words consists of those which are termed VERBS,
+and which in their simplest state suggest three ideas; first an idea
+of the noun, or name of the thing spoken of, as a whip. 2. An idea of
+its mode of existence, whether at rest, or in action, or in being
+acted upon. 3. An idea of the time of its existence. Thus "the beadle
+whipped the beggar," in prolix language might be expressed, the beadle
+with a whip struck in time past the beggar. Which three ideas are
+suggested by the one word whipped.
+
+Verbs are therefore nouns, or names of intire ideas, with the
+additional ideas of their mode of existence and of time; but the
+participles suggest only the noun, and the mode of existence, without
+any idea of time; as whipping, or whipped. The infinitive moods of
+verbs correspond in their signification with the participles; as they
+also suggest only the noun, or name of the thing spoken of, and an
+idea of its mode of existence, excluding the idea of time; which is
+expressed by all the other moods and tenses; whence it appears, that
+the infinitive mood, as well as the participle, is not truly a part of
+the verb; but as the participle resembles the adjective in its
+construction; so the infinitive mood may be said to resemble the
+substantive, and it is often used as a nominative case to another
+verb.
+
+Thus in the words "a charming lady with a smiling countenance," the
+participle acts as an adjective; and in the words "to talk well
+commands attention," the infinitive mood acts as the nominative case
+of a noun substantive; and their respective significations are also
+very similar, as whipping, or to whip, mean the existence of a person
+acting with a whip.
+
+In the Latin language the verb in its simplest form, except the
+infinitive mood, and the participle, both which we mean to exclude
+from complete verbs, suggests four primary ideas, as amo, suggests the
+pronoun I, the noun love, its existence in its active state, and the
+present time; which verbs in the Greek and Latin undergo an uncounted
+variation of termination, suggesting so many different ideas in
+addition to the four primary ones.
+
+We do not mean to assert, that all verbs are literally derived from
+nouns in any language; because all languages have in process of time
+undergone such great variation; many nouns having become obsolete or
+have perished, and new verbs have been imported from foreign
+languages, or transplanted from ancient ones; but that this has
+originally been the construction of all verbs, as well as those to
+whip and to love above mentioned, and innumerable others.
+
+Thus there may appear some difficulty in analyzing from what noun
+substantive were formed the verbs to stand or to lie; because we have
+not properly the name of the abstract ideas from which these verbs
+arose, except we use the same word for the participle and the noun
+substantive, as standing, lying. But the verbs, to sit, and to walk,
+are less difficult to trace to their origin; as we have names for the
+nouns substantive, a seat, and a walk.
+
+But there is another verb of great consequence in all languages, which
+would appear, in its simplest form in our language to suggest but two
+primary ideas, as the verb _to be_, but that it suggests three primary
+ideas like other verbs maybe understood, if we use the synonymous term
+to exist instead of to be. Thus "I exist" suggests first the abstract
+idea of existence, not including the mode of existence, whether at
+rest, or in action, or in suffering; secondly it adds to that
+abstracted idea of existence its real state, or actual resting,
+acting, or suffering, existence; and thirdly the idea of the present
+time: thus the infinitive mood _to be_, and the participle, _being_,
+suggest both the abstract idea of existence, and the actual state of
+it, but not the time.
+
+The verb _to be_ is also used irregularly to designate the parts of
+time and actual existence; and is then applied to either the active or
+passive participles of other verbs, and called an auxiliary verb;
+while the mode of existence, whether at rest, or in action, or being
+acted upon, is expressed by the participle, as "I am loving" is nearly
+the same as "I love," amo; and "I am loved," amatus sum, is nearly the
+same as amor. This mode of application of the verb _to be_ is used in
+French as well as in English, and in the passive voice of the Latin,
+and perhaps in many other languages; and is by its perpetual use in
+conversation rendered irregular in them all, as I am, thou art, he is,
+would not seem to belong to the infinitive mood _to be_, any more than
+sum, fui, sunt, fuerunt, appear to belong to esse.
+
+The verb _to have_ affords another instance of irregular application;
+the word means in its regular sense to possess, and then suggests
+three ideas like the above verb of existence: first the abstracted
+idea of the thing spoken of, or possession; secondly, the actual
+existence of possession, and lastly the time, as I have or possess.
+This verb _to have_ like the verb _to be_ is also used irregularly to
+denote parts of past time, and is then joined to the passive
+participles alone, as I have eaten; or it is accompanied with the
+passive participle of the verb _to be_, and then with the active
+participle of another verb, as I have been eating.
+
+There is another word _will_ used in the same irregular manner to
+denote the parts of future time, which is derived from the verb _to
+will_; which in its regular use signifies to exert our volition. There
+are other words used to express other circumstances attending upon
+verbs, as may, can, shall, all which are probably the remains of
+verbs otherwise obsolete. Lastly, when we recollect, that in the moods
+and tenses of verbs one word expresses never less than three ideas in
+our language, and many more in the Greek and Latin; as besides those
+three primary ideas the idea of person, and of number, are always
+expressed in the indicative mood, and other ideas suggested in the
+other moods, we cannot but admire what excellent abbreviations of
+language are thus achieved; and when we observe the wonderful
+intricacy and multiplicity of sounds in those languages, especially in
+the Greek verbs, which change both the beginning and ending of the
+original word through three voices, and three numbers, with uncounted
+variations of dialect; we cannot but admire the simplicity of modern
+languages compared to these ancient ones; and must finally perceive,
+that all language consists simply of nouns, or names of ideas,
+disposed in succession or in combination, all of which are expressed
+by separate words, or by various terminations of the same word.
+
+
+_Conclusion._
+
+The theory of the progressive production of language in the early
+times of society, and its gradual improvements in the more civilized
+ones, may be readily induced from the preceding pages. In the
+commencement of Society the names of the ideas of entire things,
+which, it was necessary most frequently to communicate, would first be
+invented, as the names of individual persons, or places, fire, water,
+this berry, that root; as it was necessary perpetually to announce,
+whether one or many of such external things existed, it was soon found
+more convenient to add this idea of number by a change of termination
+of the word, than by the addition of another word.
+
+As many of these nouns soon became general terms, as bird, beast,
+fish, animal; it was next convenient to distinguish them when used for
+an individual, from the same word used as a general term; whence the
+two articles _a_ and _the_, in our language, derive their origin.
+
+Next to these names of the ideas of entire things, the words most
+perpetually wanted in conversation would probably consist of the
+names of the ideas of the parts or properties of things; which might
+be derived from the names of some things, and applied to others which
+in these respects resembled them; these are termed adjectives, as rosy
+cheek, manly voice, beastly action; and seem at first to have been
+formed simply by a change of termination of their correspondent
+substantives. The comparative degrees of greater and less were found
+so frequently necessary to be suggested, that a change of termination
+even in our language for this purpose was produced; and is as
+frequently used as an additional word, as wiser or more wise.
+
+The expression of general similitude, as well as partial similitude,
+becomes so frequently used in conversation, that another kind of
+adjective, called an adverb, was expressed by a change of termination,
+or addition of the syllable ly or like; and as adjectives of the
+former kind are applied to substantives, and express a partial
+similitude, these are applied to verbs and express a general
+similitude, as to act heroically, to speak boldly, to think freely.
+
+The perpetual chain of causes and effects, which constitute the
+motions, or changing configurations, of the universe, are so
+conveniently divided into active and passive, for expressing the
+exertions or purposes of common life, that it became particularly
+convenient in all languages to substitute changes of termination,
+instead of additional nouns, to express, whether the thing spoken of
+was in a state of acting or of being acted upon. This change of
+termination betokening action or suffering constitutes the participle,
+as loving, loved; which, as it expresses a property of bodies, is
+classed amongst adjectives in the preceding pages.
+
+Besides the perpetual allusions to the active or passive state of
+things, the comparative times of these motions, or changes, were also
+perpetually required to be expressed; it was therefore found
+convenient in all languages to suggest them by changes of terminations
+in preference to doing it by additional nouns. At the same time the
+actual or real existence of the thing spoken of was perpetually
+required, as well as the times of their existence, and the active or
+passive state of that existence. And as no conversation could be
+carried on without unceasingly alluding to these circumstances, they
+became in all languages suggested by changes of termination; which are
+termed moods and tenses in grammars, and convert the participle above
+mentioned into a verb; as that participle had originally been formed
+by adding a termination to a noun, as chaining, and chained, from
+chain.
+
+The great variety of changes of termination in all languages consists
+therefore of abbreviations used instead of additional words; and adds
+much to the conciseness of language, and the quickness with which we
+are enabled to communicate our ideas; and may be said to add
+unnumbered wings to every limb of the God of Eloquence.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES. XV.
+
+ANALYSIS OF ARTICULATE SOUNDS.
+
+  The tongue, the lips articulate; the throat
+  With soft vibration modulates the note.
+                                        CANTO III. l. 367.
+
+
+Having explained in the preceding account of the theory of language
+that it consists solely of nouns, or the names of ideas, disposed in
+succession or combination; I shall now attempt to investigate the
+number of the articulate sounds, which constitute those names of ideas
+by their successions and combinations; and to show by what parts of
+the organs of speech they are modulated and articulated; whence may be
+deduced the precise number of letters or symbols necessary to suggest
+those sounds, and form an alphabet, which may spell with accuracy the
+words of all languages.
+
+
+I. _Imperfections of the present Alphabet._
+
+It is much to be lamented, that the alphabet, which has produced and
+preserved almost all the improvements in other arts and sciences,
+should have itself received no improvement in modern times; which have
+added so much elucidation to almost every branch of knowledge, that
+can meliorate the condition of humanity. Thus in our present alphabets
+many letters are redundant, others are wanted; some simple articulate
+sounds have two letters to suggest them; and in other instances two
+articulate sounds are suggested by one letter. Some of these
+imperfections in the alphabet of our own language shall be enumerated.
+
+X. Thus the letter x is compounded of ks, or of gz, as in the words
+excellent, example: eksellent, egzample.
+
+C. is sometimes k, at other times s, as in the word access.
+
+G. is a single letter in go; and suggests the letters d and the French
+J in pigeon.
+
+Qu is kw, as quality is kwality.
+
+NG in the words long and in king is a simple sound like the French n,
+and wants a new character.
+
+SH is a simple sound, and wants a new character.
+
+TH is either sibilant as in thigh; or semivocal as in thee; both of
+which are simple sounds, and want two new characters.
+
+J French exists in our words confu_si_on, and conclusion, judge,
+pigeon, and wants a character.
+
+J consonant, in our language, expresses the letters d, and the French
+j conjoined, as in John, Djon.
+
+CH is either k as in Arch-angel, or is used for a sound compounded of
+Tsh, as in Children, Tshildren.
+
+GL is dl, as Glove is pronounced by polite people dlove.
+
+CL is tl, as Cloe is pronounced by polite speakers Tloe.
+
+The spelling of our language in respect to the pronunciation is also
+wonderfully defective, though perhaps less so than that of the French;
+as the words slaughter and laughter are pronounced totally different,
+though spelt alike. The word sough, now pronounced suff, was formerly
+called sow; whence the iron fused and received into a sough acquired
+the name of sowmetal; and that received into less soughs from the
+former one obtained the name of pigs of iron or of lead; from the pun
+on the word sough, into sow and pigs. Our word jealousies contains all
+the vowels, though three of them only were necessary; nevertheless in
+the two words abstemiously and facetiously the vowels exist all of
+them in their usual order, and are pronounced in their most usual
+manner.
+
+Some of the vowels of our language are diphthongs, and consist of two
+vocal sounds, or vowels, pronounced in quick succession; these
+diphthongs are discovered by prolonging the sound, and observing, if
+the ending of it be different from the beginning; thus the vowel i in
+in our language, as in the word high, if drawn put ends in the sound
+of the letter e as used in English; which is expressed by the letter i
+in most other languages: and the sound of this vowel i begins with ah,
+and consists therefore of ah and ee. Whilst the diphthong on in our
+language, as in the word how, begins with ah also and ends in oo, and
+the vowel u of our language, as in the word use, is likewise a
+diphthong; which begins with e and ends with oo, as eoo. The French u
+is also a diphthong compounded of a and oo, as aoo. And many other
+defects and redundancies in our alphabet will be seen by perusing the
+subsequent structure of a more perfect one.
+
+
+II. _Production of Sounds._
+
+By our organ of hearing we perceive the vibrations of the air; which
+vibrations are performed in more or in less time, which constitutes
+high or low notes in respect to the gammut; but the tone depends on
+the kind of instrument which produces them. In speaking of articulate
+sounds they may be conveniently divided first into clear continued
+sounds, expressed by the letters called vowels; secondly, Into hissing
+sounds, expressed by the letters called sibilants; thirdly, Into
+semivocal sounds, which consist of a mixture of the two former; and,
+lastly, Into interrupted sounds, represented by the letters properly
+termed consonants.
+
+The clear continued sounds are produced by the streams of air passing
+from the lungs in respiration through the larynx; which is furnished
+with many small muscles, which by their action give a proper tension
+to the extremity of this tube; and the sounds, I suppose, are produced
+by the opening and closing of its aperture; something like the trumpet
+stop of an organ, as may be observed by blowing through the wind-pipe
+of a dead goose.
+
+These sounds would all be nearly similar except in their being an
+octave or two higher or lower; but they are modulated again, or
+acquire various tones, in their passage through the mouth; which thus
+converts them into eight vowels, as will be explained below.
+
+The hissing sounds are produced by air forcibly pushed through certain
+passages of the mouth without being previously rendered sonorous by
+the larynx; and obtain their sibilancy from their slower vibrations,
+occasioned by the mucous membrane, which lines those apertures or
+passages, being less tense than that of the larynx. I suppose the
+stream of air is in both cases frequently interrupted by the closing
+of the sides or mouth of the passages or aperture; but that this is
+performed much slower in the production of sibilant sounds, than in
+the production of clear ones.
+
+The semivocal sounds are produced by the stream of air having received
+quick vibrations, or clear sound, in passing through the larynx, or in
+the cavity of the mouth; but apart of it, as the outsides of this
+sonorous current of air, afterwards receives slower vibrations, or
+hissing sound, from some other passages of the lips or mouth, through
+which it then flows. Lastly the stops, or consonants, impede the
+current of air, whether sonorous or sibilant, for a perceptible time;
+and probably produce some change of tone in the act of opening and
+closing their apertures.
+
+There are other clear sounds besides those formed by the larynx; some
+of them are formed in the mouth, as may be heard previous to the
+enunciation of the letters b, and d, and ga; or during the
+pronunciation of the semivocal letters, v. z. j. and others in
+sounding the liquid letters r and l; these sounds we shall term
+orisonance. The other clear sounds are formed in the nostrils, as in
+pronouncing the liquid letters m, n, and ng, these we shall term
+narisonance.
+
+Thus the clear sounds, except those above mentioned, are formed in the
+larynx along with the musical height or lowness of note; but receive
+afterward a variation of tone from the various passages of the mouth:
+add to these that as the sibilant sounds consist of vibrations slower
+than those formed by the larynx, so a whistling through the lips
+consists of vibrations quicker than those formed by the larynx.
+
+As all sound consists in the vibrations of the air, it may not be
+disagreeable to the reader to attend to the immediate causes of those
+vibrations. When any sudden impulse is given to an elastic fluid like
+the air, it acquires a progressive motion of the whole, and a
+condensation of the constituent particles, which first receive the
+impulse; on this account the currents of the atmosphere in stormy
+seasons are never regular, but blow and cease to blow by intervals; as
+a part of the moving stream is condensed by the projectile force; and
+the succeeding part, being consequently rarefied, requires some time
+to recover its density, and to follow the former part: this elasticity
+of the air is likewise the cause of innumerable eddies in it; which
+are much more frequent than in streams of water; as when it is
+impelled against any oblique plane, it results with its elastic force
+added to its progressive one.
+
+Hence when a vacuum is formed in the atmosphere, the sides of the
+cavity forcibly rush together both by the general pressure of the
+superincumbent air, and by the expansion of the elastic particles of
+it; and thus produce a vibration of the atmosphere to a considerable
+distance: this occurs, whether this vacuity of air be occasioned by
+the discharge of cannon, in which the air is displaced by the sudden
+evolution of heat, which as suddenly vanishes; or whether the vacuity
+be left by a vibrating string, as it returns from each side of the
+arc, in which it vibrates; or whether it be left under the lid of the
+valve in the trumpet stop of an organ, or of a child's play trumpet,
+which continues perpetually to open and close, when air is blown
+through it; which is caused by the elasticity of the currents, as it
+occasions the pausing gusts of wind mentioned above.
+
+Hence when a quick current of air is suddenly broken by any
+intervening body, a vacuum is produced by the momentum of the
+proceeding current, between it and the intervening body; as beneath
+the valve of the trumpet-stop above mentioned; and a vibration is in
+consequence produced; which with the great facility, which elastic
+fluids possess of forming eddies, may explain the production of sounds
+by blowing through a fissure upon a sharp edge in a common organ-pipe
+or child's whistle; which has always appeared difficult to resolve;
+for the less vibration an organ-pipe itself possesses, the more
+agreeable, I am informed, is the tone; as the tone is produced by the
+vibration of the air in the organ pipe, and not by that of the sides
+of it; though the latter, when it exists, may alter the tone though,
+not the note, like the belly of a harpsichord, or violin.
+
+When a stream of air is blown on the edge of the aperture of an
+organ-pipe about two thirds of it are believed to pass on the outside
+of this edge, and one third to pass on the inside of it; but this
+current of air on the inside forms an eddy, whether the bottom of the
+pipe be closed or not; which eddy returns upwards, and strikes by
+quick intervals against the original stream of air, as it falls on the
+edge of the aperture, and forces outwards this current of air with
+quick repetitions, so as to make more than two thirds of it, and less
+than two thirds alternately pass on the outside; whence a part of this
+stream of air, on each side of the edge of the aperture is perpetually
+stopped by that edge; and thus a vacuum and vibration in consequence,
+are reciprocally produced on each side of the edge of the aperture.
+
+The quickness or slowness of these vibrations constitute the higher
+and lower notes of music, but they all of them are propagated to
+distant places in the same time; as the low notes of a distant ring of
+bells are heard in equal times with the higher ones: hence in speaking
+at a distance from the auditors, the clear sounds produced in the
+larynx by the quick vibrations of its aperture, which form the vowels;
+the tremulous sounds of the L. R. M. N. NG. which are owing to
+vibrations of certain apertures of the mouth and nose, and are so
+slow, that the intervals between them are perceived; the sibilant
+sounds, which I suppose are occasioned by the air not rushing into a
+complete vacuum, whence the vibrations produced are defective in
+velocity; and lastly the very high notes made by the quickest
+vibrations of the lips in whistling; are all heard in due succession
+without confusion; as the progressive motions of all sounds I believe
+travel with equal velocity, notwithstanding the greater or less
+quickness of their vibrations.
+
+
+III. STRUCTURE OF THE ALPHABET.
+
+_Mute and antesonant Consonants, and nasal Liquids._
+
+P. If the lips be pressed close together and some air be condensed in
+the mouth behind them, on opening the lips the mute consonant P begins
+a syllable; if the lips be closed suddenly during the passage of a
+current of air through them, the air becomes condensed in the mouth
+behind them, and the mute consonant P terminates a syllable.
+
+B. If in the above situation of the lips a sound is previously
+produced in the mouth, which may be termed orisonance, the semisonant
+consonant B is produced, which like the letter P above described may
+begin or terminate a syllable.
+
+M. In the above situation of the lips, if a sound is produced through
+the nostrils, which sound is termed narisonance, the nasal letter M is
+formed; the sound of which may be lengthened in pronunciation like
+those of the vowels.
+
+T. If the point of the tongue be applied to the forepart of the
+palate, at the roots of the upper teeth, and some air condensed in the
+mouth behind, on withdrawing the tongue downwards the mute consonant T
+is formed; which may begin or terminate a syllable.
+
+D. If the tongue be placed as above described, and a sound be
+previously produced in the mouth, the semisonant consonant D is
+formed, which may begin or terminate a syllable.
+
+N. If in the above situation of the tongue and palate a sound be
+produced through the nostrils, the nasal letter N is formed, the sound
+of which may be elongated like those of the vowels.
+
+K. If the point of the tongue be retracted, and applied to the middle
+part of the palate; and some air condensed in the mouth behind; on
+withdrawing the tongue downwards the mute consonant K is produced,
+which may begin or terminate a syllable.
+
+Ga. If in the above situation of the tongue and palate a sound be
+previously produced in the mouth behind, the semisonant consonant G is
+formed, as pronounced in the word go, and may begin or terminate a
+syllable.
+
+NG. If in the above situation of the tongue and palate a sound be
+produced through the nostrils; the nasal letter ng is produced, as in
+king and throng; which is the french n, the sound of which may be
+elongated like a vowel; and should have an appropriated character, as
+thus _v_.
+
+Three of these letters, P, T, K, are stops to the stream of vocal air,
+and are called mutes by grammarians; three, B, D, Ga, are preceded by
+a little orisonance; and three, M, N, NG, possess continued
+narisonance, and have been called liquids by grammarians.
+
+
+_Sibilants and Sonisibilants._
+
+W. Of the Germans; if the lips be appressed together, as informing the
+letter P; and air from the mouth be forced between them; the W
+sibilant is produced, as pronounced by the Germans, and by some of the
+inferiour people of London, and ought to have an appropriated
+character as thus M.[TN: Upside down W.]
+
+W. If in the above situation of the lips a sound be produced in the
+mouth, as in the letter B, and the sonorous air be forced between
+them; the sonisibilant letter W is produced; which is the common W of
+our language.
+
+F. If the lower lip be appressed to the edges of the upper teeth, and
+air from the mouth be forced between them, the sibilant letter F is
+formed.
+
+V. If in the above situation of the lip and teeth a sound be produced
+in the mouth, and the sonorous air be forced between them, the
+sonisibilant letter V is formed.
+
+Th. Sibilant. If the point of the tongue be placed between the teeth,
+and air from the mouth be forced between them, the Th sibilant is
+produced, as in thigh, and should have a proper character, as [TN: Looks
+like the Greek 'phi'].
+
+Th. Sonisibilant. If in the above situation of the tongue and teeth a
+sound be produced in the mouth, and the sonorous air be forced between
+them, the sonisibilant Th is formed, as in Thee; and should have an
+appropriated character as [TN: Looks like the Greek 'theta'].
+
+S. If the point of the tongue be appressed to the forepart of the
+palate, as in forming the letter T, and air from the mouth be forced
+between them, the sibilant letter S is produced.
+
+Z. If in the above situation of the tongue and palate a sound be
+produced in the mouth, as in the letter D, and the sonorous air be
+forced between them, the sonisibilant letter Z is formed.
+
+SH. If the point of the tongue be retracted and applied to the middle
+part of the palate, as in forming the letter K, and air from the mouth
+be forced between them, the letter Sh is produced, which is a simple
+sound and ought to have a single character, thus [TN: Looks like the
+Greek 'lambda'].
+
+J. French. If in the above situation of the tongue and palate a sound
+be produced in the mouth, as in the letter Ga; and the sonorous air
+be forced between them; the J consonant of the French is formed; which
+is a sonisibilant letter, as in the word conclusion, confusion,
+pigeon; it should be called Je, and should have a different character
+from the vowel i, with which it has an analogy, as thus _V_.
+
+H. If the back part of the tongue be appressed to the pendulous
+curtain of the palate and uvula; and air from behind be forced between
+them; the sibilant letter H is produced.
+
+Ch Spanish. If in the above situation of the tongue and palate a sound
+be produced behind; and the sonorous air be forced between them; the
+Ch Spanish is formed; which is a sonisibilant letter, the same as the
+Ch Scotch in the words Bu_ch_anan and lo_ch_: it is also perhaps the
+Welsh guttural expressed by their double L as in Lloyd, Lluellen; it
+is a simple sound, and ought to have a single character as [TN: Looks
+like an H on its side].
+
+The sibilant and sonisibilant letters may be elongated in
+pronunciation like the vowels; the sibilancy is probably occasioned by
+the vibrations of the air being slower than those of the lowest
+musical notes. I have preferred the word sonisibilants to the word
+semivocal sibilants; as the sounds of these sonisibilants are formed
+in different apertures of the mouth, and not in the larynx like the
+vowels.
+
+
+_Orisonant Liquids._
+
+R. If the point of the tongue be appressed to the forepart of the
+palate, as in forming the letters T, D, N, S, Z, and air be pushed
+between them so as to produce continued sound, the letter R is formed.
+
+L. If the retracted tongue be appressed to the middle of the palate,
+as in forming the letters K, Ga, NG, Sh, J French, and air be pushed
+over its edges so as to produce continued sound, the letter L is
+formed.
+
+The nasal letters m, n, and ng, are clear tremulous sounds like R and
+L, and have all of them been called liquids by grammarians. Besides
+the R and L, above described, there is another orisonant sound
+produced by the lips in whistling; which is not used in this country
+as a part of language, and has therefore obtained no character, but is
+analogous to the R and L; it is also possible, that another orisonant
+letter may be formed by the back part of the tongue and back part of
+the palate, as in pronouncing H and Ch, which may perhaps be the Welch
+Ll in Lloyd, Lluellin.
+
+
+_Four pairs of Vowels._
+
+A pronounced like au, as in the word call. If the aperture, made by
+approximating the back part of the tongue to the uvula and pendulous
+curtain of the palate, as in forming the sibilant letter H, and the
+sonisibilant letter Ch Spanish, be enlarged just so much as to prevent
+sibilancy; and a continued sound produced by the larynx be modulated
+in passing through it; the letter A is formed, as in ball, wall, which
+is sounded like aw in the word awkward; and is the most usual sound of
+the letter A in foreign languages; and to distinguish it from the
+succeeding A might be called A micron; as the aperture of the fauces,
+where it is produced, is less than in the next A.
+
+A pronounced like ah, as in the word hazard. If the aperture of the
+fauces above described, between the back part of the tongue and the
+back part of the palate, be enlarged as much as convenient, and a
+continued sound, produced in the larynx, be modulated in passing
+through it; the letter A is formed, as in animal, army, and ought to
+have an appropriated character in our language, as thus [TN: Looks like
+an A on its head]. As this letter A is formed by a larger aperture than
+the former one, it may be called A mega.
+
+A pronounced as in the words cake, ale. If the retracted tongue by
+approximation to the middle part of the palate, as in forming the
+letters R, Ga, NG, Sh, J French, L, leaves an aperture just so large
+as to prevent sibilancy, and sonorous air from the larynx be modulated
+in passing through it; the letter A is produced, as pronounced in the
+words whale, sale, and ought to have an appropriated character in our
+language, as thus [TN: Looks like a handwritten 9]; this is expressed by
+the letter E in some modern languages, and might be termed E micron;
+as it is formed by a less aperture of the mouth than the succeeding E.
+
+E pronounced like the vowel a, when short, as in the words emblem,
+dwelling. If the aperture above described between the retracted tongue
+and the middle of the palate be enlarged as much as convenient, and
+sonorous air from the larynx be modulated in passing through it, the
+letter E is formed, as in the words egg, herring; and as it is
+pronounced in most foreign languages, and might be called E mega to
+distinguish it from the preceding E.
+
+I pronounced like e in keel. If the point of the tongue by
+approximation to the forepart of the palate, as in forming the letters
+T, D, N, S, Z, R, leaves an aperture just so large as to prevent
+sibilancy, and sonorous air from the larynx be modulated in passing
+through it; the vowel I is produced, which is in our language
+generally represented by e when long, as in the word keel; and by i
+when, short, as in the word it, which is the sound of this letter in
+most foreign languages; and may be called E micron to distinguish it
+from the succeeding E or Y.
+
+Y, when it begins a word, as in youth. If the aperture above described
+between the point of the tongue, and the forepart of the palate be
+enlarged as much as convenient, and sonorous air from the larynx be
+modulated in passing through it, the letter Y is formed; which, when
+it begins a word, has been called Y consonant by some, and by others
+has been thought only a quick pronunciation of our e, or the i of
+foreign languages; as in the word year, yellow; and may be termed E
+mega, as it is formed by a larger aperture than the preceding e or i.
+
+O pronounced like oo, as in the word fool. If the lips by
+approximation to each other, as in forming the letters P, B, M, W
+sibilant, W sonisibilant, leave an aperture just so wide as to prevent
+sibilancy; and sonorous air from the larynx be modulated in passing
+through it; the letter O is formed, as in the words cool, school, and
+ought to have an appropriated character as thus [TN: Looks like the
+infinity symbol], and may be termed o micron to distinguish it from
+the succeeding o.
+
+O pronounced as in the word cold. If the aperture above described
+between the approximated lips be enlarged as much as convenient; and
+sonorous air from the larynx be modulated in passing through it, the
+letter o is formed, as in sole, coal, which may be termed o mega, as
+it is formed in a larger aperture than the preceding one.
+
+
+_Conclusion._
+
+The alphabet appears from this analysis of it to consist of thirty-one
+letters, which spell all European languages.
+
+Three mute consonants, P, T, K.
+
+Three antesonant consonants, B, D, Ga.
+
+Three narisonant liquids, M, N, NG.
+
+Six sibilants, W German, F, Th, S, Sh, H.
+
+Six sonisibilants, W, V, Th, Z, J French, Ch Spanish.
+
+Two orisonant liquids, R, L.
+
+Eight vowels, Aw, ah, a, e, i, y, oo, o.
+
+To these thirty-one characters might perhaps be added one for the
+Welsh L, and another for whistling with the lips; and it is possible,
+that some savage nations, whose languages are said to abound with
+gutturals, may pronounce a mute consonant, as well as an antesonant
+one, and perhaps another narisonant letter, by appressing the back
+part of the tongue to the back part of the palate, as in pronouncing
+the H, and Ch Spanish.
+
+The philosophical reader will perceive that these thirty-one sounds
+might be expressed by fewer characters referring to the manner of
+their production. As suppose one character was to express the
+antesonance of B, D, Ga; another the orisonance of R, L; another the
+sibilance of W, S, Sh, H; another the sonisibilance of W, Z, J French,
+Ch Spanish; another to express the more open vowels; another the less
+open vowels; for which the word micron is here used, and for which the
+word mega is here used.
+
+Then the following characters only might be necessary to express them
+all; P alone, or with antesonance B; with narisonance M; with
+sibilance W German; with sonisibilance W; with vocality, termed micron
+OO; with vocality, termed mega O.
+
+T alone, or with the above characters added to it, would in the same
+manner suggest D, N, S, Z, EE, Y, and R with a mark for orisonance.
+
+K alone, or with the additional characters, would suggest Ga, NG, Sh,
+J French, A, E, and L, with a mark for orisonance.
+
+F alone, or with a mark for sonisibilance, V.
+
+Th alone, or with a mark for sonisibilance, Th.
+
+H alone, or with a mark for sonisibilance, Ch Spanish, and with a mark
+for less open vocality, aw, with another for more open vocality ah.
+
+Whence it appears that six single characters, for the letters P, T, K,
+F, Th, H, with seven additional marks joined to them for antesonance,
+narisonance, orisonance, sibilance, sonisibilance, less open vocality,
+and more open vocality; being in all but thirteen characters, may
+spell all the European languages.
+
+I have found more difficulty in analyzing the vowels than the other
+letters; as the apertures, through which they are modulated, do not
+close; and it was therefore less easy to ascertain exactly, in what
+part of the mouth they were modulated; but recollecting that those
+parts of the mouth must be more ready to use for the purpose of
+forming the vowels, which were in the habit of being exerted in
+forming the other letters; I rolled up some tin foil into cylinders
+about the size of my finger; and speaking the vowels separately
+through them, found by the impressions made on them, in what part of
+the mouth each of the vowels was formed with somewhat greater
+accuracy, but not so as perfectly to satisfy myself.
+
+The parts of the mouth appeared to me to be those in which the letters
+P, I, K, and H, are produced; as those, where the letters F and Th are
+formed, do not suit the production of mute or antesonant consonants;
+as the interstices of the teeth would occasion some sibilance; and
+these apertures are not adapted to the formation of vowels on the same
+account.
+
+The two first vowels aw and ah being modulated in the back part of the
+mouth, it is necessary to open wide the lips and other passages of the
+mouth in pronouncing them; that those passages may not again alter
+their tone; and that more so in pronouncing ah, than aw; as the
+aperture of the fauces is opened wider, where it is formed, and from
+the greater or less size of these apertures used in forming the vowels
+by different persons, the tone of all of them may be somewhat altered
+as spoken by different orators.
+
+I have treated with greater confidence on the formation of articulate
+sounds, as I many years ago gave considerable attention to this
+subject for the purpose of improving shorthand; at that time I
+contrived a wooden mouth with lips of soft leather, and with a valve
+over the back part of it for nostrils, both which could be quickly
+opened or closed by the pressure of the fingers, the vocality was
+given by a silk ribbon about an inch long and a quarter of an inch
+wide stretched between two bits of smooth wood a little hollowed; so
+that when a gentle current of air from bellows was blown on the edge
+of the ribbon, it gave an agreeable tone, as it vibrated between the
+wooden sides, much like a human voice. This head pronounced the p, b,
+m, and the vowel a, with so great nicety as to deceive all who heard
+it unseen, when it pronounced the words mama, papa, map, and pam; and
+had a most plaintive tone, when the lips were gradually closed. My
+other occupations prevented me from proceeding in the further
+construction of this machine; which might have required but thirteen
+movements, as shown in the above analysis, unless some variety of
+musical note was to be added to the vocality produced in the larynx;
+all of which movements might communicate with the keys of a
+harpsichord or forte piano, and perform the song as well as the
+accompaniment; or which if built in a gigantic form, might speak so
+loud as to command an army or instruct a crowd.
+
+I conclude this with an agreeable hope, that now war is ceased, the
+active and ingenious of all nations will attend again to those
+sciences, which better the condition of human nature; and that the
+alphabet will undergo a perfect reformation, which may indeed make it
+more difficult to trace the etymologies of words, but will much
+facilitate the acquisition of modern languages; which as science
+improves and becomes more generally diffused, will gradually become
+more distinct and accurate than the ancient ones; as metaphors will
+cease to be necessary in conversation, and only be used as the
+ornaments of poetry.
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS OF THE ADDITIONAL NOTES.
+
+
+NOTE I. SPONTANEOUS VITALITY OF MICROSCOPIC ANIMALS.
+
+I. Spontaneous vital production not contrary to scripture; to be
+looked for only in the simplest organic beings; supposed want of
+analogy no argument against it, as this equally applies to all new
+discoveries. II. The power of reproduction distinguishes organic
+beings; which are gradually enlarged and improved by it. III.
+Microscopic animals produced from all vegetable and animal infusions;
+generate others like themselves by solitary reproduction; not produced
+from eggs; conferva fontinalis; mucor. IV. Theory of spontaneous
+vitality. Animal nutrition; vegetable; some organic particles have
+appetencies to unite, others propensities to be united; buds of trees;
+sexual reproduction: analogy between generation and nutrition; laws of
+elasticity not understood; dead animalcules recover life by heat and
+moisture; chaos redivivum; vorticella; shell-snails; eggs and seeds:
+hydra. Classes of microscopic animals; general remarks.
+
+
+NOTE II. FACULTIES OF THE SENSORIUM.
+
+Fibres possess a power of contraction; spirit of animation immediate
+cause of their contracting; stimulus of external bodies the remote
+cause; stimulus produces irritation; due contraction occasions
+pleasure; too much, or too little, pain; sensation produces desire or
+aversion, which constitute volition: associated motions; irritation;
+sensation; volition; association; sensorium.
+
+
+NOTE III. VOLCANOES.
+
+Their explosions occasioned by water falling on boiling lava; primeval
+earthquakes of great extent; more elastic vapours might raise islands
+and continents, or even throw the moon from the earth; stones falling
+from the sky; earthquake at, Lisbon; subterraneous fires under this
+island.
+
+
+NOTE IV. MUSQUITO.
+
+The larva lives chiefly in water; it may be driven away by smoke;
+gnats; libelulla; aestros bovis; bolts: musca chamaeleon; vomitoria.
+
+
+NOTE V. AMPHIBIOUS ANIMALS.
+
+Diodon has both lungs and gills; some amphibious quadrupeds have the
+foramen ovale open; perhaps it may be kept open in dogs by frequent
+immersion so as to render them amphibious; pearl divers; distinctions
+of amphibious animals; lamprey, leech; remora; whale.
+
+
+NOTE VI. HIEROGLYPHIC CHARACTERS.
+
+Used by the magi of Egypt to record discoveries in science, and
+historical events; astrology an early superstition; universal
+characters desirable; Grey's Memoria Technica; Bergeret's Botanical
+Nomenclature; Bishop Wilkins's Real Character and Philosophical
+Language.
+
+
+NOTE VII. OLD AGE AND DEATH.
+
+I. Immediate cause of the infirmities of age not yet well ascertained;
+must be sought in the laws of animal excitability; debility induced by
+inactivity of many parts of the system; organs of sense become less
+excitable; this ascribed to habit; may arise from deficient secretion
+of sensorial power; all parts of the system not changed as we advance
+in life. II. Means of preventing old age; warm bath; fishes;
+cold-blooded amphibious animals; fermented liquors injurious; also
+want of heat, food, and fresh air; variation of stimuli; volition;
+activity. III. Theory of the approach of age; surprise: novelty; why
+contagious diseases affect a person but once; debility; death.
+
+
+NOTE VIII. REPRODUCTION.
+
+I. Distinguishes animation from mechanism; solitary and sexual; buds
+and bulbs; aphises; tenia; volvox; polypus; oyster; eel;
+hermaphrodites. II. Sexual. III. Inferior vegetables and animals
+propagate by solitary generation only; next order by both; superior by
+sexual generation alone. IV. Animals are improved by reproduction;
+contagious diseases; reproduction a mystery.
+
+
+NOTE IX. STORGE.
+
+Pelicans; pigeons; instincts of animals acquired by a previous state,
+and transmitted by tradition; parental love originates from pleasure.
+
+
+NOTE X. EVE FROM ADAM'S RIB.
+
+Mosaic history of Paradise supposed by some to be an allegory;
+Egyptian philosophers, and others, supposed mankind to have been
+originally of both sexes united.
+
+
+NOTE XI. HEREDITARY DISEASES.
+
+Most affect the offspring of solitary reproduction: grafted trees,
+strawberries, potatoes; changing seed; intermarriages; hereditary
+diseases owing to indulgence in fermented liquors; immoderate use of
+common salt; improvement of progeny; hazardous to marry an heiress.
+
+
+NOTE XII. CHEMICAL THEORY OF ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM.
+
+I. Attraction and repulsion. II. Two kinds of electric ether;
+atmospheres of electricity surround all separate bodies; atmospheres
+of similar kinds repel, of different kinds attract each other
+strongly; explode on uniting; nonconductors; imperfect conductors;
+perfect conductors; torpedo, gymnotus, galvanism. III. Effect of
+metallic points. IV. Accumulation of electric ethers by contact. V. By
+vicinity; Volta's electrophorus and Rennet's doubler. VI. By heat and
+by decomposition; the tourmalin; cats; galvanic pile; evaporation of
+water. VII. The spark from the conductor; electric light; not
+accounted for by Franklin's theory. VIII. Shock from a coated jar;
+perhaps an unrestrainable ethereal fluid yet unobserved; electric
+condensation. IX. Galvanic electricity. X. Two magnetic ethers;
+analogy between magnetism and electricity; differences between them.
+XI. Conclusion.
+
+
+NOTE XIII. ANALYSIS OF TASTE.
+
+Taste may signify the pleasures received by any of the senses, but not
+those which simply attend perception; four sources of pleasure in
+vision. I. Novelty or infrequency of visible objects; surprise. II.
+Repetition; beating of a drum; dancing; architecture; landscapes;
+picturesque; beautiful; romantic; sublime. III. Melody of colours. IV.
+Association of agreeable sentiments with visible objects; vision the
+language of touch; sentiment of beauty.
+
+
+NOTE XIV. THEORY AND STRUCTURE OF LANGUAGE.
+
+Ideas; words the names or symbols of ideas. I. Conjunctions and
+prepositions; abbreviations of other words. II. Nouns substantive.
+III. Adjectives, articles; participles, adverbs. IV. Verbs;
+progressive production of language.
+
+
+NOTE XV. ANALYSIS OF ARTICULATE SOUNDS.
+
+I. Imperfections of the present alphabet; of our orthography. II.
+Production of sounds. III. Structure of the alphabet; mute and
+antesonant consonants, and nasal liquids; sibilants and sonisibilants;
+orisonant liquids; four pairs of vowels; alphabet consists of
+thirty-one letters; speaking figure.
+
+
+
+
+ERRATUM.
+
+Additional Notes, p. 43, l. 3, for Canto II, l. 129, read Canto II, l.
+165.
+
+
+T. Bensley, Printer, Bolt Court; Fleet Street, London.
+
+
+
+
+
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