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diff --git a/26754.txt b/26754.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f4bc9b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/26754.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8564 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of One Thousand Secrets of Wise and Rich Men +Revealed, by C. A. Bogardus + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: One Thousand Secrets of Wise and Rich Men Revealed + +Author: C. A. Bogardus + +Release Date: October 3, 2008 [EBook #26754] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1000 SECRETS OF WISE AND RICH *** + + + + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file made using scans of public domain works at the +University of Georgia.) + + + + + + +[Illustration: C. A. BOGARDUS + CHAMPION QUICKSHOT OF THE WORLD.] + + + + +ONE THOUSAND SECRETS + +OF WISE AND RICH MEN + +REVEALED + + + +C. A. BOGARDUS +Champion Quick Shot of the World + + + +1907 +DE LUXE . EDITION . LIMITED +SPRINGFIELD, MO. + +COPYRIGHTED +1898 +BY C. A. BOGARDUS + +REVISED AND ENLARGED +1907 +FOURTEENTH EDITION + + + + +Transcriber's Note: This ebook does not contain any text that +matches "The Art Department between pages 132-133," as listed in the +Contents. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + +Chapter. Page. + + I. Quick Shooting Records of C. A. Bogardus 7 + + II. Medical Department 10 + Accidents and Emergencies--What to Do 19 + The Mind Cure 24 + Poisons and Their Antidotes 25 + + III. Ink Department 27 + + IV. Cosmetic Department 32 + + V. Live Stock Department 35 + How to tell the Age of Horses, Cattle, etc. 39 + + VI. Hog Department 43 + + VII. Poultry Department 51 + +VIII. Chemical Department 54 + + IX. Miscellaneous Department 61 + What to Invent, and How to Protect Your Invention 78 + Candy--Directions for Making all Kinds of 85 + + X. Coin Department--Illustrated List and Tables of Values of + Rare Coins 95 + +Loisette's System of Memory 107 + Useful Tables of Mnemonics 111 + +Facts Worth Knowing 121 + +Art Department between pages 132-133 + +Gems of Thought from Poor Richard's Almanac, etc. 135 + Robert Burns 147 + + XI. Oratorical Department 149 + Patrick Henry's Speech 149 + Abraham Lincoln's Speech 152 + Wm. J. Bryan's Speeches 153 + +Speeches of C. A. Bogardus 164 + +Address Delivered at Farmington, Iowa 165 + +Speech at Decatur, Indiana 169 + +Speech at Jacksonville, Ill. 174 + +What Next 189 + + + + +ANNOUNCEMENT. + + +SPRINGFIELD, MO., August 28th, 1907. + +TO THE PUBLIC: + +In as much as the former editions of this book have been so well liked, +excepting the type being so small, it has been mentioned by many that a +correction in that particular would be well. I have revised and +enlarged the book and it now appears from larger type. + +C. A. B. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +Agesilaus, king of Sparta, being asked what things he thought most +proper for _boys to learn_, replied: "Those things which they should +_practice_ when they become _men_." His reply was in perfect harmony +with the good judgment of mankind, and cannot fail to be appreciated by +all who have good common sense. If Agesilaus lived at the present time, +the question would most probably have included both boys and girls, and +undoubtedly his reply would be so worded as to apply to men and women. + +Mankind, especially of the United States, has two great duties. First, +that of self-support and education. Second, that of governmental +support and national enlightenment. While I have thus divided man's +responsibility in two parts, it might not be improper to obliviate the +dividing line and say that man's duties are all under one comprehensive +head, viz.: "Mankind's duty is to man." However, in the preparation of +this volume the dividing line is recognized and two general departments +are presented; that of domestic or household economy, and national or +political economy. The former department is a compilation of useful +household formulas so arranged and worded as to form a neat and concise +household receipt book. Frequent reference to its pages will impart +such information as will enable the reader to save money and at the +same time enjoy life. + +Department number two treats on social questions that are now knocking +at humanity's intellectual threshold for admission and solution. + +Records show that less than one-thirtieth part of the time of man in +general is consumed in productive pursuits, yet some people toil +diligently three-fifths of their time and receive only a scanty living. +To assist in making clear the road to private and national prosperity +is therefore the motive which actuates me in the publication of this +book. + +C. A. B. + + + + +CHAPTER I. + +QUICK SHOOTING RECORDS. + + +From the time I was twelve years old I was considered a very fine shot +with a rifle, although I did but very little shooting, and, in fact, +did not know that I was any more than a common marksman; yet in any +contests while a boy I always won. + +One day in June, 1884, while passing a shooting gallery, my friends +called me in for a match to pay for shots: I beat them all shooting, my +score was 11 consecutive bull's eyes, while none of my friends had made +half that score. The boys said I did well, to which I jestingly +remarked that "that was common shooting for me; just throw up an apple +and I will hit it." The apple was thrown up, and I hit it, which was as +much of a surprise to me as it was to any of the rest. I then borrowed +a 22-calibre Stevens rifle and practiced shooting at objects thrown in +the air, first shooting at tomato cans, afterwards at smaller objects, +and finally at marbles and various other small objects. By practicing +half an hour a day, within a month I could hit 70 per cent of the glass +balls which were thrown in the air. On July 4, 1884, I shot a match +with James Robinson, at Pratt, Kansas; conditions, 10 glass balls each +at 21 foot rise, he using a shot gun, I a rifle; I lost with a score of +4 to 6. This is the only match I ever lost with a rifle against a shot +gun. The trouble with me was, this being my first match, I was thinking +more about the stake money than the shooting. Besides the stake money +which I lost, I had to treat all the boys who attended the match; they +all laughed and had a good time at my expense. + +The next day after my shoot with Robinson, I sent to P. Power & Son, of +Cincinnati, for a 32-calibre Winchester repeating rifle. I continued +practicing with the Winchester for about six weeks, when I challenged +G. W. Washburn of Kingman, Kansas, to a match. (Mr. W. was at that time +champion of Kingman County.) He to use a shot gun at glass balls from a +Moles rotary trap, 21 yards rise, I to use a 32-calibre Winchester, +balls from a straight trap, 10-1/2 yards rise, 50 balls each. In the +toss up I won and preferred to shoot second. The score was a tie on 47 +balls; we shot the tie off at 10 balls each; again we tied on ten balls +straight. The match was continued at 10 balls more each. By this time +things had become a little exciting. Over $1500 was bet; many were +betting $4 to $1 against me, thinking that I would lose my nerve and go +to missing. Mr. W. walked to the score for the third time and broke 9 +balls out of 10 shot at; it then came my turn to shoot, and I hit nine +balls in succession when I was interrupted by a big fellow who offered +to bet $25 I would miss the 10th ball; this bet was accepted, and it +turned out that the fellow had just spoken in time to lose his $25, for +the 10th ball had not got eight feet from the trap when I broke it. I +won this match with a score of 67 against 66 out of 70 balls shot at. I +then went to shooting at glass balls with rifle against a shot gun, and +in the past 20 years I have competed against 206 good trap shots and +have not lost a match. I will mention only a few of them. In the summer +of '85, in Medicine Lodge, Kansas, an expert shooter came over from +Cold Water, Kansas, to shoot with me. We had a match at target, +distance 90 feet, with 22-calibre Stephens rifle; he used globe and +peep sight, I used open sights. The score stood in my favor 114 to 107 +out of a possible 120, at a quarter-inch bull's eye. The next day we +shot a match at 100 glass balls, he using a shot gun, I a rifle. The +score stood 99 to 94 in my favor. I will mention a match which I had in +Omaha, Nebraska, in August, 1886. There was nothing very striking about +this match because of fine shooting; I only mention it to show how +unfair people sometimes are toward strangers. I have forgotten the +man's name, but he was a barber working on Tenth street; he held a +championship medal that he had won in Dakota with a Winchester rifle at +glass balls. He challenged me to shoot three matches: First, 100 glass +balls hanging still from the limb of a tree, fifty yards distance. +Second match at 100 balls, 10 yards rise, thrown by hand. Third match, +each to shoot 100 glass balls laid on the ground in a circle 200 feet +in circumference, balls two feet apart, shooter to stand in the center +of the circle, the one who broke the balls in the shortest time to win, +but neither of us was allowed more than 133 shots in which to break the +100 balls. I had heard a good deal said of this man, over Nebraska +everywhere he was spoken of as a fine shot, and in the first match I +was really afraid of being beaten, for I never had practiced a great +amount at stationary targets, but on the whole I was not afraid, for +the party who won two out of the series of matches was to be declared +the winner. In the first match I broke 100 balls in 206 shots, while my +opponent broke 82 in the same number of shots; this made me easy winner +of the first match. In the second match all kinds of tricks were +resorted to, to beat me. My opponent's friends tried to rattle me by +offering to bet that I would miss certain balls, but when they failed +in this, the party throwing the balls would first throw a ball four +feet high, then one 20 feet high, while my opponent's were thrown +uniformly. Notwithstanding the fact that I was treated very unfair, the +score stood a tie on 83 balls out of 100. In the third match at 100 +balls in shortest time, I won easily, breaking the 100 balls in two +minutes and three seconds, shooting 127 shots, while my opponent broke +61 balls in 133 shots, time four minutes, forty-two seconds. In Fort +Smith, Arkansas, March 21, 1889, I shot on time at 100 glass balls +against five men with shot guns, I using a 32-calibre Winchester rifle. +I broke 100 balls in ninety-five seconds, while the five men broke 100 +balls in three minutes and two seconds. Ravena, Ohio, July 4, 1890, I +broke 250 glass balls in four minutes and sixteen seconds. At Newark, +N.Y., July 4, 1891, I broke 81 glass balls in seventy-four seconds, 31 +of which I broke in sixteen seconds, which is far the best record ever +made with a rifle. In all of the matches I had assistants to load. I +have hit 39 44-calibre cartridge shells out of 110 thrown up, 67 +22-calibre cartridge shells out of 110 thrown up. The most difficult +feat I ever performed was hitting 7 balls thrown up at one time. This I +did at Shelby, Michigan, October 24, 1889, using a 44-calibre +Winchester rifle loaded with shot cartridges. On July 4, 1893, I hit +1000 wooden balls with 22-calibre Marlin rifle in 17-1/4 minutes, which +is 9.25 minutes quicker than the feat has ever been accomplished by any +other person. + +I have thrown an object into the air and hit it 12 times before it +struck the ground, I using an automatic shot gun. + +In concluding this article, I will suggest to those learning to shoot, +that as a workman is known by the kind of tools he uses, it is equally +true of the marksman. In order to do good shooting a good gun must be +used. As a repeating rifle I have never seen the equal of the Marlin, +model '92. When the gun is kept in good repair, used with well loaded +cartridges, it is absolutely sure to repeat, a thing that I cannot say +of any other repeating rifle. Although others are good, I consider the +Marlin the _best_. + +C. A. BOGARDUS, +_Champion Quick Shot of the World._ + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.[1] + + +BOGARDUS' LINIMENT.--Take two ozs. Oil Cajeput, one oz. Oil Sassafras, +one oz. Oil Cloves, one oz. Oil Organum, 1/2-oz. Oil Mustard, one oz. +Tinc. Capsicum, two ozs. Gum Camphor, one-half Gallon of Alcohol. Use +as other liniments for any ache or pain. For sore throat or hoarseness, +saturate a towel with the liniment, place it over the mouth, let it +remain so for 4 or 5 hours, and you will be cured. For croup, bathe +throat and chest with the liniment. Give one-fourth teaspoonful of +liniment in one teaspoonful of warm water every 5 to 10 minutes till +relieved. Also, let the child breathe the fumes of the liniment. I +especially recommend this liniment for general family use. + + [1] NOTE--It is not pretended that in every instance the formulas + are absolutely those used to make the medicines as indicated + herein; but in every instance the medicines are equally good, + when made according to instructions. + +HEALING SALVE.--One lb. Lard, 1/2 lb. Resin, 1/2 lb. Sweet Elder bark. +Simmer over a slow fire 4 hours, or until it forms a hard, brown salve. +This is for the cure of cuts, bruises, boils, old sores and all like +ailments. Spread on a cotton cloth and apply to the parts affected. + +SPECIFIC INFLAMMATORY RHEUMATISM.--One oz. Salt Petre, pulverized; one +pint Sweet Oil. Bathe the parts affected three times a day with this +mixture and a speedy cure will be the result. + +ANOTHER SALVE.--One oz. Sheep's Tallow, Beeswax one oz., one-half oz. +Sweet Oil, one-half oz. Red Lead, two ozs. Gum Camphor. Fry all these +together in a stone dish. Continue to simmer for 4 hours. Spread on +green basswood leaves or paper and apply to the sore. + +MAGNETIC OINTMENT.--One lb. Elder Bark, one lb. Spikenard Root, one lb. +Yellow Dock Root. Boil in two gallons of water down to one, then press +the strength out of the bark and roots and boil the liquid down to +one-half gallon. Add 8 lbs. of best Resin, one lb. Beeswax, and Tallow +enough to soften. Apply to the sores, etc., by spreading on linen +cloth. + +OINTMENT STRAMONIUM.--One lb. Stramonium Leaves, three lbs. Lard, +one-half lb. Yellow Wax. Boil the Stramonium Leaves in the Lard until +they become pliable, then strain through linen. Lastly add the wax +previously melted and stir until they are cold. This a useful anodyne +application in irritable ulcers, painful hemorrhoids, and in cutaneous +eruptions. + +CATHARTIC PILLS.--One-half oz. extract Colacinth, in powder, three +drms. Jolop in powder, three drms. Calomel, two scru. Gamboge in +powder. Mix these together and with water form into mass and roll into +180 pills. Dose, one pill as a mild laxative, two in vigorous +operations. Use in all bilious diseases when purges are necessary. + +FOR HEARTBURN--LOZENGES.--One oz. Gum Arabic, one oz. pulverized +Licorice Root, one-fourth oz. Magnesia. Add water to make into +lozenges. Let dissolve in mouth and swallow. + +ANOTHER COUGH CURE--(GOOD).--Take the white of an egg and pulverized +sugar; beat to a froth. Take a tablespoonful every hour for 3 or 4 +hours. + +TETTER OINTMENT.--One oz. Spirits Turpentine, one ounce Red Precipitate +in powder, one oz. Burgundy Pitch in powder, one lb. Hog's Lard. Melt +all these ingredients over a slow fire until the ointment is formed. +Stir until cold. Spread on a linen rag and apply to the parts affected. + +A SURE CURE FOR PILES.--Confection of Senna, two ozs., Cream of Tartar +one oz., Sulphur one oz., Syrup of Ginger, enough to make a stiff +paste; mix. A piece as large as a nut is to be taken as often as +necessary to keep the bowels open. One of the best remedies known. + +DIPHTHERIA.--Take a clean clay tobacco pipe, put a live coal in it, +then put common tar on the fire and smoke it, inhaling and breathing +back through the nostrils. + +FEVER AND AGUE.--Quinine one scru., Elixir Vitriol one drm. Dissolve +the Quinine in the Elixir and Tinc. of Black Cohash fourteen drops. +Dose: 20 drops in a little water once an hour. + +CORNS.--A SURE CURE AND PAINLESS ERADICATION.--Extract of Cannabis +Indicus ten grs., Salicylic Acid 6 grs., Collodion one oz. Mix and +apply with a camel's hair pencil so as to form a thick covering over +the corn for 3 or 4 nights. Take a hot foot bath and the corn can +easily be removed with the aid of a knife. + +MAGIC OIL.--One gallon Sweet Oil, two ozs. Oil Hemlock, two ozs. Oil +Organum, two ozs. Chloroform, four ozs. Spirits Ammonia. Mix. Let it +stand 24 hours and it is ready for use. Dose, internally, one +teaspoonful for adults. Bathe the affected parts well. This is a great +remedy for aches and pains, Rheumatism, Neuralgia, and all nervous and +inflammatory diseases. + +CURE FOR SORE THROAT IN ALL ITS DIFFERENT FORMS.--Two ozs. Cayenne +Pepper, one oz. common Salt, one-half pint of Vinegar. Warm over a slow +fire and gargle the throat and mouth every hour. Garlic and Onion +poultice applied to the outside. Castor Oil, one spoonful to keep the +bowels open. + +DROPS OF LIFE.--One oz. Gum Opium, one drm. Gum Kino, forty grs. Gum +Camphor, one-half ounce Nutmeg powdered, one pint French Brandy. Let +stand from one to ten days. Dose, from 30 to 40 drops for an adult; +children, half doses. This is one of the most valuable preparations in +the Materia Medica, and will in some dangerous hours, when all hope is +fled, and the system is racked with pain, be the soothing balm which +cures the most dangerous disease to which the human body is +liable--flux, dysentery and all summer complaints. + +CATARRH, POSITIVE CURE.--Carbolic Acid, ten to twenty drops; Vaseline, +one to two ozs. Mix and use with an atomizer 3 or 4 times per day. + +COUGH DROPS.--Tinc. Aconite 5 drops, Tinc. Asclepias one drm., +Glycerine two ozs., Syrup of Wild Cherry. Mix and take a teaspoonful +every 40 minutes until relieved. + +EYE WATER.--Table Salt and White Vitriol, each one teaspoonful. Heat +them on earthen dish until dry. Now add them to soft water one-half +pint. White Sugar one teaspoonful, Blue Vitriol a piece as large as a +common pea. Should this be too strong add a little more water. Apply to +the eye 3 or 4 times a day. + +TO REMOVE TAPE WORM.--Let the patient miss two meals. Give two +teaspoonfuls powdered Kamala. Should the bowels not move within two +and-a half hours, give another teaspoonful of the Kamala. You may +follow this in two hours by from half to one oz. Castor Oil. This is a +positive cure for Tape Worm. It will not make the patient sick. In +buying the drug be sure and get Kamala, not Camellea. Kamala is in +appearance like quite red brick dust, and is nearly tasteless, whereas +Camellea is of a yellowish color. + +A SURE CURE FOR SMALL POX.--A gentleman contributes to the _Chicago +News_ the following as a sure and never failing cure for small pox: One +ounce Cream of Tartar dissolved in pint of boiling water, to be drank +when cold at intervals. It can be taken at any time, and as a +preventive as well as a curative. It is known to have cured in +thousands of cases without a failure. + +TO STRENGTHEN AND INVIGORATE THE SYSTEM.--Two drms. Essential Salt of +the Round Leaf Cornel, one scru. Extract Rhubarb, one scru. Ginger +Powder. Make into pills, and take for a dose 2 or 3 twice a day. + +GONORRHEA.--Balsam of Copabia one oz., Oil of Cubebs two drms., +Laudanum one dram, Mucilage of Gum Arabic two ozs., Sweet Spirits Nitre +half oz., Compound Spirits Lavender three drms., Camphor Water four +ozs., White Sugar two drms., Oil of Partridge Berry five drops. Mix. +Dose, a tablespoonful 3 or 4 times a day. + +SURE CORN CURE.--One-half ounce Tincture of Iodine, one-half ounce +Chloride or Antimony, 12 grains Iodide of Iron. Mix. Pare the corn with +a sharp knife; apply the lotion with a pencil brush. Put up in one +ounce bottles. Sell for 25 to 40 cents. This sells to everybody. (See +price of labels.) + +N.B.--The law imposing stamp duty on medicines, compounds, perfumes, +cosmetics, etc., has been repealed. + +RUSSIA SALVE.--Take equal parts of Yellow Wax and Sweet Oil, melt +slowly, carefully stirring; when cooling stir in a small quantity of +Glycerine. Good for all kinds of wounds, etc. + +PARADISE LINIMENT.--Take a gill of Alcohol, one-fourth ounce Tincture +Capsicum, one-half ounce Paradise Seed, cracked, and put all together. +For rheumatism, sprains, lameness, etc. + +COURT PLASTER.--This plaster is a kind of varnished silk, and its +manufacture is very easy. Bruise a sufficient quantity of Isinglass, +and let it soak in a little warm water for twenty-four hours. Expose it +to heat over the fire until the greater part of the water is dissipated +and supply its place by proof Spirits of Wine, which will combine with +the Isinglass. Strain the whole through a piece of open linen, taking +care that the consistency of the mixture shall be such that when cool +it may form a trembling jelly. Extend a piece of black or flesh-colored +silk on a wooden frame, and fix it in that position by means of tacks +or twine. Then apply the Isinglass, after it has been rendered liquid +by a gentle heat, to the silk with a brush of fine hair (badger's is +the best). As soon as this coating is dried, which will not be long, +apply a second, and afterward, if the article is to be very superior, a +third. When the whole is dry, cover it with two or three coatings of +the Balsam of Peru. This is the genuine court plaster. It is pliable +and never breaks, which is far from being the case with spurious +articles sold under the same name. + +A CERTAIN CURE FOR DRUNKENNESS.--Sulphate of Iron five grains, Magnesia +ten grains, Peppermint water eleven drachms, Spirits of Nutmeg, one +drachm, twice a day. This preparation acts as a tonic and stimulant, +and so partially supplies the place of the accustomed liquor, and +prevents that absolute physical and mental prostration that follows a +sudden breaking off from the use of stimulating drinks. + +FRENCH LUSTRAL.--Take Castor Oil three ozs., Alcohol one and one-half +ozs., Ammonia one-sixteenth of an oz., well shaken and mixed together; +perfume to suit--Bergamont or any other perfume. Splendid hair +dressing. Three ounce bottles, twenty-five cents. + +LUNG MEDICINE.--Take Black Cohosh one-half oz., Lobelia one-fourth oz., +Canker root three-fourths oz., Blackberry Root three-fourths of an oz., +Sarsaparilla one oz., Pleurisy Root one-half oz., steeped in three +pints of water. Dose, one tablespoonful three times a day, before +eating. Sure cure for spitting blood. + +TOOTHACHE DROPS.--Four ounces pulverized Alum, fourteen ozs. Sweet +Spirits of Nitre. Put up in one oz. bottles. Retails readily at 25 +cents per bottle. This is the most effective remedy for toothache that +was ever discovered, and is a fortune to any one who will push its +sale. It sells at every house. + +MAGNETIC TOOTHACHE DROPS.--Take equal parts of Camphor, Sulphuric +Ether, Ammonia, Laudanum, Tincture of Cayenne, and one-eighth part of +Oil of Cloves. Mix well together. Saturate with the liquid a small +piece of cotton, and apply to the cavity of the diseased tooth, and the +pain will cease immediately. Put up in long drachm bottles. Retail at +25 cents. This is a very salable preparation, and affords a large +profit to the manufacturer. + +GREEN MOUNTAIN SALVE.--Take one pound Beeswax, one pound of soft +Butter, and one and one-half pounds soft Turpentine, twelve ounces +Balsam Fir. Melt and strain. Use to heal fresh wounds, burns, scalds +and all bad sores. + +WARTS AND CORNS--TO CURE IN TEN MINUTES.--Take a small piece of Potash +and let it stand in the open air until it slacks, then thicken it to a +paste with pulverized Gum Arabic, which prevents it from spreading +where it is not wanted. + +LINIMENT--GOOD SAMARITAN.--Take 98 per cent Alcohol two quarts, and add +to it the following articles: Oils of Sassafras, Hemlock, Spirits of +Turpentine, Tincture Cayenne, Catechu, Guaic (guac), and Laudanum, of +each one ounce, Tincture of Myrrh four ounces, Oil of Organum two +ounces, Oil of Wintergreen one-half ounce. Gum Camphor two ounces, and +Chloroform one and one-half ounce. This is one of the best applications +for internal pains known. It is superior to any other enumerated in +this work. + +PLAIN COURT PLASTER, that will not stick and remains flexible: Soak +Isinglass in a little warm water for twenty-four hours, then evaporate +nearly all the water by gentle heat. Dissolve the residue with a little +Proof Spirits of Wine, and strain the whole through a piece of open +linen. The strained mass should be a stiff jelly when cool. Stitch a +piece of silk or sarcenet on a wooden frame with tacks or thread. Melt +the jelly and apply it to the silk thinly and evenly with a badger hair +brush. A second coating must be applied after the first has dried. When +the both are dry apply over the whole surface two or three coatings of +Balsam of Peru. This plaster remains quite pliable, and never breaks. + +A CURE FOR CANCER (AS USED BY A NEW YORK PHYSICIAN WITH GREAT +SUCCESS).--Take Red Oak Bark, and boil it to the thickness of molasses, +then mix with sheep's tallow of equal proportion. Spread it on leaves +of Linnwood green, and keep the plaster over the ulcer. Change once in +eight hours. + +DAVIS' PAIN KILLER--One quart proof Alcohol, one drm., Chloroform, one +oz. Oil Sassafras, one oz. Gum Camphor, one drm. Spirits of Ammonia, +two drms. Oil of Cayenne. Mix well and let stand 24 hours before using. + +AUGUST FLOWER.--Powdered Rhubarb one oz., Golden Seal one-fourth oz., +Aloes one drachm, Peppermint Leaves two drms., Carbonate of Potash two +drms., Capsicum five grs., Sugar five ozs., Alcohol three ozs., Water +ten ozs., Essence of Peppermint twenty drops. Powder the drugs and let +stand covered with Alcohol and water, equal parts for seven days. +Filter and add through the filter enough diluted Alcohol to make one +pint. + +BLOOD PURIFIER--B.B.B.--Fluid Extract Burdock one oz., Fluid Extract +Sarsaparilla one oz., Fluid Extract Yellow Dock one oz., Fluid Extract +Senna one oz., Syrup eight ozs., Alcohol two ozs. Mix. + +BOSCHEE'S GERMAN SYRUP.--Wine of Tar two ozs., Fluid Extract Squills +one oz., Tinct. Opium two drms., Fluid Extract Sanguinarie two drms., +Syrup of Sugar eight ozs. Mix. + +CENTAUR LINIMENT.--Oil Speke one oz., Oil Wormwood one oz., Oil +Sassafras one oz., Oil Organum one oz., Oil Cinnamon one oz., Oil +Cloves one drm., Oil Cedar one drm., Sulphur. Ether one oz., Aqua +Ammonia one oz., Tinc. Opium one oz., Alcohol one gal. Mix. This is an +excellent liniment and good whenever a liniment is needed. + +CASTORIA.--Pumpkin Seed one oz., Cenria Leaves one oz., Rochelle Salts +one oz., Anise Seed one-half oz., Bi. Carb. Soda one oz., Worm Seed +one-half oz. Mix and thoroughly rub together in an earthen vessel, then +put into a bottle and pour over it four ozs. water and one oz. Alcohol, +and let stand four days, then strain off and add Syrup made of White +Sugar, quantity to make one pint, then add one-half oz. Alcohol drops +and five drops Wintergreen. Mix thoroughly and add to the contents of +the bottle and take as directed. + +HARTER'S IRON TONIC.--Calisaya Bark two ozs., Citrate of Iron two ozs., +Gentian two ozs., Cardamon Seed two ozs., Syrup two ozs., Alcohol two +ozs., Water eight ozs. Mix. + +HALL'S BALSAM FOR THE LUNGS.--Fluid Extract Ipecac one-half oz., Fluid +Extract Squills one oz., Chloroform one-fourth oz., Wine of Tar one +oz., Tinct. Opium, one-fifth oz., Fluid Extract of Mullen one oz., +Syrup enough to make one pint. + +GODFREY'S CORDIAL.--Tinct. Opium six ozs., Molasses four pints, Alcohol +eight ozs., Water six pints, Carbonate Potash four drms., Oil Sassafras +cut with Alcohol one drm. Dissolve the Potash in water, add the +Molasses; heat over a gentle fire till it simmers, remove the scum, add +the other ingredients, the oil dissolved in the Alcohol. + +HALL'S HONEY OF HOARHOUND AND TAR.--Wine of Tar one oz., Fluid Extract +of Hoarhound one oz., Tinct. Opium one drm., Syrup Orange Peel one-half +oz., Honey three ozs., Syrup enough to make one pint. + +HOOD'S SARSAPARILLA.--Fluid Extract Sarsaparilla one oz., Fluid Extract +Yellow Dock one oz., Fluid Extract Poke Root, one-half oz., Iodide of +Potash one-half oz., Syrup Orange Peel one oz., Alcohol four ozs., +Syrup enough to make one pint. + +HAMLIN'S WIZARD OIL.--Oil Sassafras two ozs., Oil Cedar one oz., Gum +Camphor one oz., Sulph. Ether two ozs., Chloroform two ozs., Tinct. +Capsicum one oz., Aqua Ammonia two ozs., Oil Turpentine one oz., Tinct. +Quassia three ozs., Alcohol half a gallon. Mix and you have a fine +liniment. + +HOP BITTERS.--Hops four ozs., Orange Peel two ozs., Cardamon two drms., +Cinnamon one drm., Cloves one-half drm., Alcohol eight ozs., Sherry +Wine two pints, Simple Syrup one pint. Water sufficient. Grind the +drugs, macerate in the Alcohol and Wine for one week, percolate and add +enough syrup and water to make one gallon. + +HOSTETTER'S BITTERS.--Gentian Root (ground) one-half oz., Cinnamon Bark +one-half oz., Cinchona Bark (ground) one-half oz., Anise Seed one-half +oz., Coriander Seed (ground) one-half oz., Cardamon Seed one-eighth +oz., Gum Kino one-fourth oz., Alcohol one pint. Water four quarts, +Sugar one lb. Mix and let stand for one week, pour off the fluid, boil +the drug for a few minutes in one quart of water, strain off and add +the first fluid, and then the sugar and water. + +INJECTION BROU.--Water four ozs., Nitrate Silver twenty grs., Tinct. +Opium one-half oz., Sulph. Bismuth and Hydratis two oz. Mix. + +JAYNE'S EXPECTORANT.--Syrup Squills two ozs., Tinct. Tolu one oz., +Spirits Camphor one drm., Tinct. Digitalis one drm., Tinct. Lobelia one +drm., Wine of Ipecac two drms., Tinc. Opium two drms., Antimonia two +grains. Mix. + +JAYNE'S TONIC VERMIFUGE.--L. santonnie twenty grs., Fluid Extract Pink +Root three drms., Fluid Extract Senna two drms., Simple Elixir two +ozs., Syrup two ozs. Mix. Take tablespoonful night and morning. + +MUSTANG LINIMENT.--Linseed Oil fourteen ozs., Aqua Ammonia two ozs., +Tinct. Capsicum one-fourth oz., Oil Organum one-fourth oz., Turpentine +one oz., Oil Mustard, one-fourth oz. Mix. + +S.S.S. FLUID.--Extract Phytolacca one oz., Fluid Extract Sarsaparilla +one oz., Iodide Potash one oz., Extract Fluid Xanthoxylon one-half oz., +Culiver's Root Fluid Extract one oz., Acetate Potash one oz., Cinnamon +Tinct. one-fourth oz., Tinct. Cardamon Seed one oz., Alcohol four ozs., +Sugar one-half pound, Water thirty-six ozs. Mix. + +SMITH'S TONIC.--Fowler's Solution of Arsenic two drms., Culiver's Root +one oz., Syrup Orange Peel four ozs., Simple Syrup twelve ozs. Mix. +Then add Chinchonia forty grains dissolved in Aromatic Sulph. Acid. +Shake to mix well. + +SOZODONT FRAGRANT.--Tinct. Soap Bark two ozs., Tinct. Myrrh one drm., +Glycerine one-half oz., Water one and one-half ozs., Essence Cloves ten +drops, Essence Wintergreen ten drops, Tinct. Cochineal enough to color. +Mix. Accompanying the above is a powder composed of prepared Chalk, +Orris Root, Carbonate Magnesia, of each equal parts. Mix. + +SHAKER'S CUTIVE SYRUP.--Fluid Extract Blue Flag twenty drops, Fluid +Extract Culiver's Root twenty drops, Fluid Extract Poke Root twenty +drops, Fluid Extract Butternut twenty drops, Fluid Extract Dandelion +twenty drops, Fluid Extract Prince Pine ten drops, Fluid Extract +Mandrake five drops, Fluid Extract Gentian five drops, Fluid Extract +Calcium five drops, Fluid Extract Black Cohoes thirty drops, Tinct. +Aloe thirty drops, Tinct. Capsicum ten drops, Tinct. Sassafras thirty +drops, Borax one drm., Salt three-fourths drm., Syrup three ozs., Water +eight ozs. + +AYER'S CHERRY PECTORAL.--Take four grains of Acetate of Morphia, two +fluid drachms of Tincture of Bloodroot, three fluid drachms each of +Antimonial Wine and Wine of Ipecacuanha, and three fluid ounces Syrup +of Wild Cherry. Mix. + +BROWN'S BRONCHIAL TROCHES.--Take one pound pulverized Extract of +Licorice, one and one-half pounds Pulverized Sugar, four ounces +pulverized Cubebs, four ounces pulverized Gum Arabic, and one ounce of +pulverized Extract of Conium. Mix. + +SUCCUS ALTERNS (McDADE'S).--Fluid Extract Starlinga one oz., Fluid +Extract Sarsaparilla one oz., Fluid Extract Phytolacca Decandra +one-half oz., Fluid Extract Lappa Minor one oz., Fluid Extract +Xanthoxylon one-half oz., Syrup fourteen ozs., Mix. Teaspoonful three +times a day. + +SEVEN SEALS OF GOLDEN WONDER.--Oil Cajeput two drms., Sassafras +one-half oz., Oil Organum one drm., Oil Hemlock one drm., Oil Cedar one +drm., Tincture Capsicum one-fourth oz., Alcohol enough to make one +pint. + +WAKEFIELD'S WINE BITTERS.--Cinchona Bark four ozs., Gentian Bark two +ozs., Juniper Berries one oz., Orange Peel one oz., Lemon Peel fresh +sliced one-fourth oz., California Port Wine four pints, Alcohol one +pint, Water three pints. Digest or let stand ten days, then filter and +add wine enough to preserve measure. + +ST. JACOB'S OIL.--Camphor Gum one oz., Chloral Hydrate one oz., +Chloroform one oz., Sulphate Ether one oz., Tinct. Opium (non-aqueous) +one-half oz., Oil Organum one-half oz., Oil Sassafras one-half oz., +Alcohol one-half gallon. Dissolve Gum Camphor with Alcohol and then add +the oil, then the other ingredients. + +R.R.R.--Alcohol two pints, Oil Sassafras two ozs., Oil Organum twi +ozs., Camphor Spirits one-half oz., Tinct. Opium one oz., Chloroform +one oz. Mix. + +PISO'S CONSUMPTION CURE.--Tartar Emetic four grains, Tinc. Tolu +one-half oz., Sulphate Morphia four grains, Fluid Extract Lobelia two +drms., Chloroform one drm., Fluid Extract Cannabis Indica two drms., +Essence Spearmint ten drops, Hot Water eight ozs., Sugar four ozs., +Dissolve the Morphia and Tartar Emetic in hot water and add the rest. + +WARNER'S TIPPECANOE BITTERS.--Cardamon Seed two ozs., Nutmeg one drm., +Grains of Paradise one drm., Cloves one oz., Cinnamon two ozs., Ginger +one oz., Orange Peel one oz., Lemon Peel one oz., Alcohol one gallon, +Water one gallon, Sugar three pounds. Mix and let stand for six or +seven days and filter. Then add enough water to make four gallons. + +WARNER'S SAFE CURE.--Take of Smart Weed four pounds, boil for one hour +with one gallon soft water, adding warm water to supply waste by +evaporation; then strain off and add Acetate Potash four ozs., Sugar +four pounds. Boil again till sugar is dissolved, then add Alcohol eight +ozs., and flavor with Oil of Wintergreen cut with Alcohol. + +WAKEFIELD'S BLACKBERRY BALSAM.--Blackberries crushed two pounds, +Boiling Water four ozs., Sugar four ozs., Jamaica Ginger four grs., +Alcohol two ozs. Mix and add Syrup enough to make sixteen ozs. + + + + +ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES. + +WHAT TO DO. + + +If an artery is cut, red blood spurts. Compress it above the wound. If +a vein is cut, dark blood flows. Compress it below and above. + +If choked, go upon all fours and cough. + +For slight burns, dip the part in cold water; if the skin is destroyed, +cover with varnish or linseed oil. + +For apoplexy, raise the head and body; for fainting, lay the person +flat. + +Send for a physician when a serious accident of any kind occurs, but +treat as directed until he arrives. + +SCALDS AND BURNS.--The following facts cannot be too firmly impressed +on the mind of the reader, that in either of these accidents the +_first_, _best_ and _often the only remedies required_, are sheets of +wadding, fine wool, or carded cotton, and in the default of these, +violet powder, flour, magnesia or chalk. The object for which these +several articles are employed is the same in each instance; namely, to +exclude the air from injured part; for if the air can be effectually +shut out from the raw surface, and care is taken not to expose the +tender part till the new cuticle is formed, the cure may be safely left +to nature. The moment a person is called to a case of scald or burn, he +should cover the part with a sheet, or a portion of a sheet, of +wadding, taking care not to break any blister that may have formed, or +stay to remove any burnt clothes that may adhere to the surface, but as +quickly as possible envelope every part of the injury from all access +of the air, laying one or two more pieces of wadding on the first, so +as to effectually guard the burn or scald from the irritation of the +atmosphere; and if the article used is wool or cotton, the same +precaution, of adding more material where the surface is thinly +covered, must be adopted; a light bandage finally securing all in their +places. Any of the popular remedies recommended below may be employed +when neither wool, cotton nor wadding are to be procured, it being +always remembered that that article which will best exclude the air +from a burn or scald is the best, quickest, and least painful mode of +treatment. And in this respect nothing has surpassed cotton loose or +attached to paper as in wadding. + +_If the Skin is Much Injured_ in burns, spread some linen pretty +thickly with chalk ointment, and lay over the part, and give the +patient some brandy and water if much exhausted; then send for a +medical man. If not much injured, and very painful, use the same +ointment, or apply carded cotton dipped in lime water and linseed oil. +If you please, you may lay cloths dipped in ether over the parts, or +cold lotions. Treat scalds in same manner, or cover with scraped raw +potato; but the chalk ointment is the best. In the absence of all +these, cover the injured part with treacle, and dust over it plenty of +flour. + +BODY IN FLAMES.--Lay the person down on the floor of the room, and +throw the table cloth, rug or other large cover over him, and roll him +on the floor. + +DIRT IN THE EYE.--Place your forefinger upon the cheek-bone, having the +patient before you; then slightly bend the finger, this will draw down +the lower lid of the eye, and you will probably be able to remove the +dirt; but if this will not enable you to get at it, repeat this +operation while you have a netting needle or bodkin placed over the +eyelid; this will turn it inside out, and enable you to remove the sand +or eyelash, etc., with the corner of a fine silk handkerchief. As soon +as the substance is removed, bathe the eye with cold water, and exclude +the light for a day. If the inflammation is severe, let the patient use +a refrigerant lotion. + +LIME IN THE EYE.--Syringe it well with warm vinegar and water in the +proportion of one ounce of vinegar to eight ounces of water; exclude +light. + +IRON OR STEEL SPICULAE IN THE EYE.--These occur while turning iron or +steel in a lathe, and are best remedied by doubling back the upper or +lower eyelid, according to the situation of the substance, and with the +flat edge of a silver probe, taking up the metallic particle, using a +lotion made by dissolving six grains of sugar of lead and the same of +white vitriol, in six ounces of water, and bathing the eye three times +a day till the inflammation subsides. Another plan is--Drop a solution +of sulphate of copper (from one to three grains of the salt to one +ounce of water) into the eye, or keep the eye open in a wineglassful of +the solution. Bathe with cold lotion, and exclude light to keep down +inflammation. + +DISLOCATED THUMB.--This is frequently produced by a fall. Make a clove +hitch, by passing two loops of cord over the thumb, placing a piece or +rag under the cord to prevent it cutting the thumb; then pull in the +same line as the thumb. Afterwards apply a cold lotion. + +CUTS AND WOUNDS.--Clean cut wounds, whether deep or superficial, and +likely to heal by the first intention, should always be washed or +cleaned, and at once evenly and smoothly closed by bringing both edges +close together, and securing them in that position by adhesive plaster. +Cut thin strips of sticking plaster, and bring the parts together; or +if large and deep, cut two broad pieces, so as to look like the teeth +of a comb, and place one on each side of the wound, which must be +cleaned previously. These pieces must be arranged so that they will +interlace one another; then, by laying hold of the pieces on the right +side with one hand, and those on the other side with the other hand, +and pulling them from one another, the edges of the wound are brought +together without any difficulty. + +_Ordinary Cuts_ are dressed by thin strips, applied by pressing down +the plaster on one side of the wound, and keeping it there and pulling +in the opposite direction; then suddenly depressing the hand when the +edges of the wound are brought together. + +CONTUSIONS are best healed by laying a piece of folded lint, well +wetted with extract of lead, or boracic acid, on the part, and, if +there is much pain, placing a hot bran poultice over the dressing, +repeating both, if necessary, every two hours. When the injuries are +very severe, lay a cloth over the part, and suspend a basin over it +filled with cold lotion. Put a piece of cotton into the basin, so that +it shall allow the lotion to drop on the cloth, and thus keep it always +wet. + +HEMORRHAGE, when caused by an artery being divided or torn, may be +known by the blood issuing out of the wound in leaps or jerks, and +being of a bright scarlet color. If a vein is injured, the blood is +darker and flows continuously. To arrest the latter, apply pressure by +means of a compress and bandage. To arrest arterial bleeding, get a +piece of wood (part of a broom handle will do), and tie a piece of tape +to one end of it; then tie a piece of tape loosely over the arm, and +pass the other end of the wood under it; twist the stick round and +round until the tape compresses the arm sufficiently to arrest the +bleeding, and then confine the other end by tying the string around the +arm. A compress made by enfolding a penny piece in several folds of +lint or linen should, however, be first placed under the tape and over +the artery. If the bleeding is very obstinate, and it occurs in the +_arm_, place a cork underneath the string, on the inside of the fleshy +part, where the artery may be felt beating by anyone, if in the _leg_, +place a cork in the direction of a line drawn from the inner part of +the knee towards the outer part of the groin. It is an excellent thing +to accustom yourself to find out the position of these arteries, or, +indeed, any that are superficial, and to explain to every person in +your house where they are, and how to stop bleeding. If a stick cannot +be got, take a handkerchief, make a cord bandage of it, and tie a knot +in the middle; the knot acts as a compress, and should be placed over +the artery, while the two ends are to be tied around the thumb. Observe +_always to place the ligature between the wound and the heart_. Putting +your finger into a bleeding wound, and making pressure until a surgeon +arrives, will generally stop violent bleeding. + +BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE, from whatever cause, may generally be stopped +by putting a plug of lint into the nostrils; if this does not do, apply +a cold lotion to the forehead; raise the head, and place over it both +arms, so that it will rest on the hands; dip the lint plug, _slightly +moistened_, into some powdered Gum Arabic, and plug the nostrils again; +or dip the plug into equal parts of powdered Gum Arabic and alum, and +plug the nose. Or the plug may be dipped in Friar's balsam, or tincture +of Kino. Heat should be applied to the feet; and, in obstinate cases, +the sudden shock of a cold key, or cold water poured down the spine, +will instantly stop the bleeding. If the bowels are confined take a +purgative. Injections of alum solution from a small syringe into the +nose will often stop hemorrhage. + +VIOLENT SHOCKS will sometimes stun a person, and he will remain +unconscious. Untie strings, collars, etc.; loosen anything that is +tight, and interferes with the breathing; raise the head; see if there +is bleeding from any part; apply smelling salts to the nose, and hot +bottles to the feet. + +IN CONCUSSION, the surface of the body is cold and pale, and the pulse +weak and small, the breathing slow and _gentle_, and the pupil of the +eye generally contracted or small. You can get an answer by speaking +loud, so as to rouse the patient. Give a little brandy and water, keep +the place quiet, apply warmth, and do not raise the head too high. If +you tickle the feet, the patient feels it. + +IN COMPRESSION OF THE BRAIN from any cause, such as apoplexy, or a +piece of fractured bone pressing on it, there is loss of sensation. If +you tickle the feet of the injured person he does not feel it. You +cannot arouse him so as to get an answer. The pulse is slow and +labored; the breathing deep, labored, and _snorting_; the pupil +enlarged. Raise the head, loosen strings or tight things, and send for +a surgeon. If one cannot be got at once, apply mustard poultices to the +feet and thighs, leeches to the temples, and hot water to the feet. + +CHOKING.--When a person has a fish bone in the throat, insert the +forefinger, press upon the root of the tongue, so as to induce +vomiting; if this does not do, let him swallow a large piece of potato +or soft bread; and if these fail, give a mustard emetic. + +FAINTING, HYSTERICS, ETC.--Loosen the garments, bathe the temples with +water or eau-de-Cologne; open the window, admit plenty of fresh air, +dash cold water on the face, apply hot bricks to the feet, and avoid +bustle and excessive sympathy. + +DROWNING.--Attend to the following _essential rules_: 1. Lose no time. +2. Handle the body gently. 3. Carry the body face downwards, with the +head gently raised, and never hold it up by the feet. 4. Send for +medical assistance immediately, and in the meantime act as follows: 5. +Strip the body; rub it dry, then wrap it in hot blankets, and place it +in a warm bed in a warm room. 6. Cleanse away the froth and mucous from +the nose and mouth. 7. Apply warm bricks, bottles, bags of sand, etc., +to the arm pits, between the thighs, and to the soles of the feet. 8. +Rub the surface of the body with the hands inclosed in warm, dry +worsted socks. 9. If possible, put the body into a warm bath. 10. To +restore breathing, put the pipe of a common bellows into one nostril, +carefully closing the other, and the mouth; at the same time drawing +downwards, and pushing gently backwards, the upper part of the +windpipe, to allow a more free admission of air; blow the bellows +gently, in order to inflate the lungs, till the breast is raised a +little; then set the mouth and nostrils free, and press gently on the +chest; repeat this until signs of life appear. The body should be +covered from the moment it is placed on the table, except the face, and +all the rubbing carried on under the sheet or blanket. When they can be +obtained, a number of tiles or bricks should be made tolerably hot in +the fire, laid in a row on the table, covered with a blanket, and the +body placed in such a manner on them that their heat may enter the +spine. When the patient revives, apply smelling-salts to the nose, give +warm wine or brandy and water. _Cautions._--1. Never rub the body with +salt or spirits. 2. Never roll the body on casks. 3. Continue the +remedies for twelve hours without ceasing. + +HANGING.--Loosen the cord, or whatever it may be by which the person +has been suspended. Open the temporal artery or jugular vein, or bleed +from the arm; employ electricity, if at hand, and proceed as for +drowning, taking the additional precaution to apply eight or ten +leeches to the temples. + +APPARENT DEATH FROM DRUNKENNESS--Raise the head, loosen the clothes, +maintain warmth of surface, and give a mustard emetic as soon as the +person can swallow. + +APOPLEXY AND FITS GENERALLY.--Raise the head; loosen all tight clothes, +strings, etc.; apply cold lotions to the head, which should be shaved; +apply leeches to the temples, bleed, and send for a surgeon. + +SUFFOCATION FROM NOXIOUS GASES, ETC.--Remove to the fresh air; dash +cold vinegar and water in the face, neck, and breast; keep up the +warmth of the body; if necessary, apply mustard poultices to the soles +of the feet and to the spine, and try artificial respirations as in +drowning, with electricity. + +LIGHTNING AND SUNSTROKE.--Treat the same as apoplexy. + + +MIND CURE. + +THE MIND CURE, otherwise known in its various subdivisions as +metaphysics, Christian science, mental science, etc., is a species of +delusion quite popular at the present time. Every era of the world has +cherished similar delusions, for the mass of the human race, even in +what are considered the educated classes, are so unfamiliar with the +processes of exact reasoning that they fall a ready prey to quacks of +all kinds. The fundamental idea of the mind cure system is that there +is no such thing as sickness. Disease, says one of their apostles, is +an error of the mind, the result of fear. Fear is only faith inverted +and perverted. God, who is all good Himself, and who made everything +good, cannot have been the author of any disease. As disease, +therefore, is not a creation, it has no existence, and when the healer +has succeeded in impressing this fact upon the mind of the patient, the +cure is effected. It is curious to note into what utter absurdities the +need for consistency carries these apostles. Poisons, they say, would +be quite harmless if the fear of them was removed, but we have yet to +find the "mental science" teacher who will undertake to prove this by +herself taking liberal doses of aconite and strychnine. The illnesses +of children are explained by the hypothesis of hereditary fear. The +majority of the teachers of this new faith are women, many of whom, no +doubt, are sincere in their belief; but it may be safely stated that +the men engaged as the so-called physicians of the new practice are, +with few exceptions, unprincipled quacks, who have gone into the +business for the money they can make by duping the ignorant. As far as +there is any truth underlying the vagaries of mind cures, and their +boasts of remarkable cases of healing, it may be admitted that the mind +has much influence over the body. This fact has been recognized by +intelligent physicians for centuries. And that the peculiar modern type +of nervous diseases, which are so largely caused by excessive stimulus +of the nerves and the imagination, should be amendable to cure through +the imagination, is not strange. It will be noted that this mental cure +has effected its miracles mainly among women, where it has the +emotional temperament to work on, and almost wholly in the ranks of the +wealthy and well-to-do, where there is little or no impoverishment of +the system by insufficient food and excessive toil to hinder its +effects. We have not heard, nor are we likely to hear, of an epidemic +disease checked by the mind cure, or of the healing of acute affections +or organic troubles through its agency. Nor do we hear of its seeking +to carry its message of healing into the houses of the suffering poor +in large cities, where hunger, exposure and foul airs open wide the +door to fevers and all deadly diseases, nor yet into the hospitals for +contagious or incurable affections. In the presence of such realities +it would prove, as its votaries probably understand, a too-painful +mockery. Intelligently analyzed, therefore, this new revelation amounts +to nothing more than a quite striking proof of the remarkable influence +of the mind over the nervous system. Beyond this, the craze, in +attempting to disprove the existence of disease, and to show that +poisons do not kill, is simply running against the plain and inevitable +facts of life, and can safely be left to perish through its own +rashness. + +While it must be admitted that many upright and worthy people are +followers of this faith, it can be asserted that to say "disease is +only a mental derangement" is carrying the idea of the power of mind +over matter entirely too far. + + +POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES. + +Always send immediately for a medical man. Save all fluids vomited, and +articles of food, cups, glasses, etc., used by the patient before taken +ill, and lock them up. + +As a rule give emetics after poisons that cause sleepiness and raving; +chalk, milk, eggs, butter and warm water, or oil, after poisons that +cause vomiting and pain in the stomach and bowels, with purging; and +when there is no inflammation about the throat, tickle it with a +feather to excite vomiting. + +Vomiting may be caused by giving warm water, with a teaspoonful of +mustard to the tumblerful, well stirred up. Sulphate of zinc (white +vitriol) may be used in place of the mustard, or powdered alum. Powder +of ipecacuanha, a teaspoonful rubbed up with molasses, may be employed +for children. _Tartar emetic should never be given_, as it is +excessively depressing, and uncontrolable in its effects. The stomach +pump can only be used by skillful hands, and even then with caution. + +_Opium and Other Narcotics._--After vomiting has occurred, cold water +should be _dashed_ over the face and head. The patient must be kept +awake, walked about between two strong persons, made to grasp the +handles of a galvanic battery, dosed with strong coffee, and vigorously +slapped. _Belladonna_ is an antidote for opium and for morphia, etc., +its active principles; and, on the other hand, the latter counteract +the effects of belladonna. But a knowledge of medicine is necessary for +dealing with these articles. + +_Strychnia._--After emetics have been freely and successfully given, +the patient should be allowed to breathe the vapor of sulphuric ether, +poured on a handkerchief and held to the face, in such quantities as to +keep down the tendency to convulsions. Bromide of potassium, twenty +grains at a dose, dissolved in syrup, may be given every hour. + +_Alcoholic Poisoning_ should be combated by emetics, of which the +sulphate of zinc given as above directed, is the best. After that, +strong coffee internally, and stimulation by heat externally, should be +used. + +_Acids_ are sometimes swallowed by mistake. Alkalies, lime water, +magnesia, or common chalk mixed with water, may be freely given, and +afterward mucilaginous drinks, such as thick gum water or flaxseed tea. + +_Alkalies_ are less frequently taken in injurious strength or quantity, +but sometimes children swallow lye by mistake. Common vinegar may be +given freely, and then castor or sweet oil in full doses--a +tablespoonful at a time, repeated every half hour or two. + +_Nitrate of Silver_ when swallowed is neutralized by common table salt +freely given in solution in water. + +The salts of _mercury_ or _arsenic_ (often kept as bedbug poison), +which are powerful irritants, are apt to be very quickly fatal. Milk or +the whites of eggs may be freely given, and afterward a very thin paste +of flour is neutralized. + +_Phosphorus_ paste, kept for roach poison or in parlor matches, is +sometimes eaten by children, and has been wilfully taken for the +purpose of suicide. It is a powerful irritant. The first thing to be +done is to give freely of magnesia and water; then to give mucilaginous +drinks, as flaxseed tea, gum water or sassafras pith and water; and +lastly to administer finely-powdered bone-charcoal, either in pill or +in mixture with water. + +In no case of poisoning should there be any avoidable delay in +obtaining the advice of a physician, and, meanwhile, the friends or +by-standers should endeavor to find out exactly what has been taken, so +that the treatment adopted may be as prompt and effective as possible. + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +INK DEPARTMENT. + + +RED INK.--Two ounces Cochineal, bruised; pour over it one quart Boiling +Water, let it stand eight hours. Boil two ounces Brazil Wood in one +pint of Water, let it stand eight hours and then add the two together. +Dissolve one-half ounce Gum Arabic in one-half pint Hot Water; add all +together and let stand four days. Strain and bottle for use. + +BLUE INK.--Six parts Persian Blue, one quart Oxalic Acid; triturate +with little Water to smoothe paste, add Gum Arabic and the necessary +quantity of Water. + +INDELIBLE INK TO MARK LINEN.--One and a half ounces Nitrate of Silver +dissolved in six ounces Liquor Ammonia Fortis, one ounce Archill, for +coloring; one-half ounce Gum Arabic. Mix. + +FOR YELLOW.--Write with Muriate of Antimony; when dry wash with +Tincture of Galls. + +BLACK.--Write with a Solution of Green Vitriol and wash with Tincture +of Galls. + +BLUE.--Nitrate of Cobate, wash with Oxalic Acid. + +YELLOW.--Subacetate of Lead, wash with Hydrochloric Acid. + +GREEN.--Arsenate of Potash, wash with Nitrate of Copper. + +PURPLE.--Solution of Gold and Muriate of Tin. + +BLACK.--Perchloride of Mercury, the wash is Hydrochloric of Tin. + +BLACK INK.--Extract of Logwood one ounce, Bicromate of Potash +one-quarter ounce. Pulverize and mix in a quart of soft hot water. This +makes a beautiful jet black ink, which will not spoil by freezing. + +COPYING INK.--One-half gallon of soft water, one ounce Gum Arabic, one +ounce Brown Sugar, one ounce clean Copperas, three ounces powdered Nut +Gall. Mix and shake occasionally from 7 to 10 days and strain. The best +copying ink made. + +BLACK INK.--Shellac four ounces, Borax two ounces, Water one quart; +boil till dissolved and add two ounces Gum Arabic, dissolved in a +little hot water; boil and add enough of a well triturated mixture of +equal parts of Indigo and Lampblack to produce a copper color. After +standing several hours draw off and bottle. + +GREEN INK.--Dissolve 180 grains Bichromate of Potash in one fluid ounce +of Water; add while warm one-half ounce Spirits of Wine, then decompose +the mixture with concentrated sulphuric acid until it assumes a brown +color; evaporate this liquid until its quantity is reduced one-half, +dilute it with two ounces distilled water, filter it, add one-half +ounce Alcohol, followed by a few drops of strong sulphuric acid; it is +now allowed to rest, and after a time it assumes a beautiful green +color. Add a small quantity Gum Arabic and it is ready for use. + +BEAUTIFUL BLUE WRITING FLUID.--Dissolve Basic or Soluble Prussian Blue +in pure water. This is the most permanent and beautiful blue ink known. + +VIOLET COPYING INK.--For blue violet dissolve in 300 parts of boiling +water, Methyl Violet, 5 B, Hofman's Violet, 3 B, or Gentiana Violet, B. +For reddish violet dissolve in a similar quantity of water Methyl +Violet BR. A small quantity of sugar added to these inks improves their +copying qualities. If the writing when dry retains a bronzy appearance, +more water must be added. + +NEW INVISIBLE INK.--C. Wideman communicates a new method of making an +invisible ink to _Die Natur_. To make the writing or drawing appear +which has been made upon paper it is sufficient to dip it in water. On +drying the traces disappear again, and reappear again at each +succeeding immersion. The ink is made by intimately mixing Linseed Oil +one part. Water of Ammonia twenty parts, Water 100 parts. The mixture +must be agitated each time before the pen is dipped into it, as a +little of the oil may separate and float on top, which would, of +course, leave an oily stain upon the paper. + +BUCHER'S CARMINE INK.--Pure Carmine, twelve grains, Water of Ammonia +three ounces, dissolve, then add Powdered Gum eighteen grains. One-half +drachm of Powdered Drop Lake may be substituted for the Carmine, where +expense is an object. + +BRILLIANT RED INK.--Brazil Wood two ounces, Muriate of Tin one-half +drachm, Gum Arabic one drachm. Boil down in 32 ounces water to +one-half, and strain. + +WHITE INK.--Mix pure freshly precipitated Barium Sulphate, or "Flake +White," with Water containing enough Gum Arabic to prevent the +immediate settling of the substance. Starch or Magnesium Carbonate may +be used in a similar way. They must be reduced to palpable powders. + +INDELIBLE INK FOR MARKING LINEN.--Add Caustic Alkali to a saturated +solution of Corpous Chloride until no further precipitate forms; allow +the precipitate to settle, draw off the supernatant liquid with a +siphon and dissolve the hydrated copper oxide in the smallest quantity +of Ammonia. It may be mixed with about 6 per cent of Gum Dextrine for +use. + +TO WRITE SECRET LETTERS.--Put five cents' worth Citrate of Potassa in +an ounce vial of clear cold water. This forms an invisible fluid. Let +it dissolve and you can use on paper of any color. Use quill pen in +writing. When you wish the writing to become visible hold it to red hot +stove. + +BLACK COPYING INK OR WRITING FLUID.--Take two gallons of Rain Water, +and put into it Gum Arabic one-fourth pound, Brown Sugar one pound, +clean Copperas one-fourth pound, Powdered Nutgall three-fourths pound; +mix, and shake occasionally for ten days, and strain; if needed sooner +let it stand in an iron kettle until the strength is obtained. This ink +will stand the action of the atmosphere for centuries if required. + +TO MAKE RUBBER STAMP INK.--Dissolve Aniline in hot Glycerine, and +strain while hot or warm. + +COMMERCIAL WRITING INK.--Galls one ounce, Gum one-half ounce, Cloves +one-half ounce, Sulphate of Iron, one-half ounce, Water eight ounces. +Digest by frequent shaking till it has sufficient color. This is a good +durable ink and will bear diluting. + +TRAVELERS' INK.--White Blotting Paper is saturated with Aniline Black, +and several sheets are pasted together, so as to form a thick pad. When +required for use a small piece is torn off and covered with a little +water. The black liquid which dissolves out is a good writing ink. A +square inch of paper will produce enough ink to last for a considerable +writing, and a few pads would be all that an exploring party need carry +with them. As water is always available the ink is readily made. This +is a perfectly original and new recipe. Any enterprising man can make a +large income out of its manufacture. + +INDELIBLE MARKING INK WITHOUT A PREPARATION.--Dissolve separately one +ounce of Nitrate of Silver and one and one-half ounces of Sub-Carbonate +of Soda (best washing soda) in rain water. Mix the solutions and +collect and wash the precipitate in a filter; while still moist rub it +up in a marble or hardwood mortar with three drachms of Tartaric Acid, +add two ounces of Rain Water, mix six drachms White Sugar and ten +drachms powdered Gum Arabic, one-half ounce Archill and Water to make +up six ounces in measure. It should be put up in short drachm bottles +and sold at twenty-five cents. This is the best ink for marking clothes +that has ever been discovered. There is a fortune in this recipe, as a +good marking ink is very salable. + +INVISIBLE INK.--Sulphuric Acid one quart, Water twenty parts; mix +together and write with a quill pen, which writing can be read only +after heating it. + +HORTICULTURAL INK.--Copper one part, dissolve in Nitric Acid ten parts +and add Water ten parts; used to write on zinc or tin labels. + +GOLD INK.--Honey and Gold Leaf equal parts, Turpentine until the Gold +is reduced to the finest possible state of division, agitate with +thirty parts Hot Water and allow it to settle. Decant the Water and +repeat the washing several times; finally dry the Gold and mix it with +a little Gum Water for use. + +SILVER INK.--For silver ink the process is the same as gold, +substituting Silver Leaf for the Gold leaf. + +INDELIBLE INK FOR GLASS OR METAL.--Borax one ounce, Shellac two ounces, +Water eighteen fluid ounces; boil in a covered vessel, add of thick +Mucilage one ounce; triturate it with Levigated Indigo and Lamp Black +q.s. to give it a good color. After two hours' repose decant from the +dregs and bottle for use. It may be bronzed after being applied. +Resists moisture, chlorine and gases. + +BROWN INK.--A strong decoction of Catechu. The shade may be varied by +the cautious addition of a little weak solution of bicromate of potash. + +LUMINOUS INK.--Shines in the dark. Phosphorous one-half drachm, Oil +Cinnamon one-half ounce; mix in a vial, cork tightly, heat it slowly +until mixed. A letter written in this ink can only be read in a dark +room, when the writing will have the appearance of a fire. + +TICKETING INK FOR GROCERS, ETC.--Dissolve one ounce of Gum Arabic in +six ounces of Water and strain; this is the Mucilage; for a _black +color_ use Drop Black, powdered and ground with the mucilage to extreme +fineness; for _blue_, Ultra-Marine is used in the same manner; for +_green_, Emerald Green; for _white_, Flake White; _red_, Vermillion, +Lake or Carmine; for _yellow_, Chrome Yellow. When ground too thick +they are thinned with a little water. Apply to the cards with a small +brush. The cards may be sized with a thin glue, afterward varnished, if +it is desired to preserve them. + +COMMON INK.--To one gallon boiling Soft Water add three-fourths ounce +Extract of Logwood; boil two minutes; remove from the fire and stir in +forty-eight grains Bichromate of Potash and eight grains Prussiate of +Potash. For ten gallons use six and one-half ounces Logwood Extract, +one ounce Bichromate of Potash, and eighty grains Prussiate Potash; +strain. Six cents should buy the former and twenty-five cents the +latter. + +RED INK.--In an ounce phial put one teaspoonful Aqua Ammonia, Gum +Arabic size of two or three peas, and six grains No. 40 Carmine. Fill +up with soft water and it is soon ready for use. + +INK FOR MARKING PACKAGES.--Take Lamp Black and mix thoroughly with +sufficient Turpentine to make it thin enough to flow from the brush. +Powdered Ultra-Marine instead of Lamp Black, makes a fine blue marking +mixture for the same purpose. + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +COSMETIC DEPARTMENT. + + +LIQUID FOR CURLING THE HAIR.--Two ounces scrapings of lead, half ounce +Litharge, one-quarter ounce Gum Camphor. Boil all in one pint of soft +water for half an hour. Let it cool; pour off liquid and add to it one +drachm Rosemary Flowers. Boil all again and strain, when it is ready +for use. Apply about once a week. + +HAIR OIL.--One gallon Cologne Spirits, 90 per cent proof, one pint +Castor Oil, one ounce Oil Cinnamon. Mix well and it is ready for use. + +POWDER FOR THE COMPLEXION.--Half ounce Tincture of Elder Blossoms, half +ounce Beef Marrow, half pint Orange Flower Water, one Cassia Buds, two +ounces Bitter Almonds, four drachms Spirits Oriental Roses. Mix, and +apply it in the evening and wash it off in the morning. + +PASTE TO PRODUCE WHISKERS.--One ounce of Oil of Paricada, two ounces +Southern Wood Bark, one ounce Dog's Lard. Fry over a slow fire until it +forms a paste. Apply to the face once a day until the whiskers begin to +grow. + +TO CLEAN THE TEETH.--Castile Soap and Cigar Ashes applied with a soft +rag is one of the best tooth preparations known. + +TO MAKE THE HAIR SOFT AND GLOSSY.--One pint Alcohol, four ounces Castor +Oil. Mix, and flavor with Bergamot. Apply frequently with the hands. + +TO REMOVE FRECKLES.--Use Oxolate of Copper Ointment. + +HAIR TONIC.--Sugar of Lead five grains, Sulphate Quinine two grains, +Muriat of Ammonia one drachm, Glycerine six ounces, Distilled Water six +ounces. Mix and apply two or three times per day. + +HAIR DYES. NO. 1.--Distilled Water six ounces, Alcohol one ounce, +Pyrogalic Acid one drachm. The Acid must be dissolved in the Alcohol +before the water is added. + +NO. 2.--Aqua Ammonia one ounce, Water one ounce, Nitrate of Silver two +drachms. Dissolve the Silver in water and add the Ammonia. Cork tight +and keep in a cool place. + +NO. 3.--Water four ounces, Sulphate of Potash half ounce. Mix. To dye +the hair or whiskers, have them free from dirt or soap suds. They +should be a little damp. Add carefully No. 1, using care not to allow +the dye to touch the skin. When somewhat dry apply No. 2; in about +three minutes apply No. 3. Use care not to allow any of these +preparations to touch the skin. + +TO BEAUTIFY THE TEETH AND MAKE THE BREATH SMELL SWEET AND +PLEASANT.--One ounce Chlorate of Lime in a pint of Soft Water, and let +it stand 24 hours. Then pour off the clear water and add forty drops of +Essence of Rose. + +TO MAKE THE CHEEKS AND LIPS ROSY.--Use a little Red Carmine. + +PERFUMERY.--Oils of Rosemary and Lemon each a half ounce, Bergamot and +Lavender half drachm, Cinnamon four drops, Cloves and Rose each two +drops, Alcohol one quart. Mix and let stand one week. + +HAIR RESTORATIVE.--Sugar of Lead, Borax and Lac Sulphur each one ounce, +Aqua Ammonia half ounce, Alcohol one gill. Mix and let stand 20 hours, +then add Bay Rum one gill, fine Table Salt one tablespoonful, Soft +Water three pints, Essence of Bergamot half ounce. + +NEW YORK BARBER'S STAR HAIR OIL.--Castor Oil six and one-half pints, +Alcohol one and one-half pints, Oil of Citronella one-half ounce, +Lavender one-fourth ounce. Mix well, put in four ounce bottles, retail +for 25 cents. + +CELEBRATED MOTH AND FRECKLE LOTION.--For the skin and complexion; a +great secret. Distill two handfuls Jessamine Flowers in a quart of Rose +Water and a quart of Orange Water. Strain through porous paper and add +a scruple of Musk and a scruple of Ambergris. Bottle and label. +Splendid wash for the skin. + +IMPERIAL ONGUENT FOR FORCING WHISKERS AND MUSTACHE TO GROW.--Made as +follows: Two drachms of Benzoin Comp., two drachms Tincture of +Cantharides, six ounces of Castor Oil, nine and one-fourth ounces +Alcohol, one drachm Oil of Bergamot. Mix well, bottle and label. Apply +the Onguent night and morning. Circulation should be stimulated with a +rough towel. + +CURLOLINE, FOR MAKING THE HAIR CURL.--One pound Olive Oil, one drachm +Oil of Origanum, one and one-half drachms Oil of Rosemary. Mix well, +bottle and label. Apply two or three times weekly. Will curl the +straightest hair if not cut too short. + +HAIR RESTORATIVE AND INVIGORATOR.--For a trifling cost. Sugar of Lead, +Borax and Lac Sulphur of each one ounce, Aqua Ammonia one-half ounce, +Alcohol one gill. mix and let stand for fourteen hours; then add Bay +Rum one gill, fine Table Salt one tablespoonful, Soft Water three +pints, Essence of Bergamot one ounce. This preparation not only gives a +beautiful gloss, but will cause hair to grow upon bald heads arising +from all common causes, and turning gray hair to a dark color. + +_Manner of Application._--When the hair is thin or bald, make two +applications daily, until this amount is used up. Work it into the +roots of the hair with a soft brush or the ends of the fingers, rubbing +well each time. For gray hair one application daily is sufficient. + +JOCKEY CLUB.--Spirits of Wine five gallons, Orange Flower Water one +gallon, Balsam of Peru four ounces, Essence of Bergamot eight ounces. +Essence of Musk eight ounces, Essence of Cloves four ounces, Essence of +Neroli two ounces. Mix. + +LADIES' OWN.--Spirits of Wine one gallon, Otto of Roses twenty drops, +Essence of Thyme one-half ounce, Essence of Neroli one-fourth ounce, +Essence of Vanilla one-half ounce, Essence of Bergamot one-fourth +ounce, Orange Flower Water six ounces. + +UPPER TEN.--Spirits of Wine four quarts, Essence of Cedrat two drachms, +Essence of Violets one-fourth ounce, Essence of Neroli one-half ounce, +Otto of Roses twenty drops, Orange Flower Essence one ounce, Oil of +Rosemary thirty drops, Oils of Bergamot and Neroli each one-half ounce. + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +LIVE STOCK DEPARTMENT. + + +Each and Every Recipe in This Department Has Been Tested by the Most +Eminent Veterinary Surgeons in the United States, and Pronounced by +Them as the Best. + +WOUNDS AND CUTS.--Take four ounces Lard, Beeswax four ounces, Resin +three ounces, Vaseline four to six ounces. Melt these together and add +Carbolic Acid half ounce. This is excellent. + +COLIC.--Gum Camphor one ounce, Cayenne one ounce, Gum Myrrh one ounce, +powdered Gum Quaial one ounce, Sassafras Bark one ounce, Spirits of +Turpentine one ounce, Oil of Origanum one-quarter ounce, Oil Hemlock +half ounce, Pulverized Opium half ounce, good alcohol two quarts. Mix +and let stand ten to twelve days and filter. Dose from one to four +teaspoonfuls in a pint of milk. Keep this on hand. It is the best colic +cure known. + +LINIMENT TO KILL PAIN.--One gallon Alcohol, one ounce Tincture Cayenne, +two ounces Tincture Gum Camphor, two ounces Tincture Ammonia, one-half +ounce Chloroform. Mix well and let stand twelve hours. + +BEST CONDITION POWDERS.--Fenugreek, Cream of Tartar, Gentian, Sulphur, +Saltpetre, Resin, Black Antimony and Ginger each two ounces, Cayenne +Pepper one ounce. Pulverize and mix thoroughly. Dose, two +tablespoonfuls once a day in feed. + +BRITTLE AND CONTRACTED HOOFS.--Take Castor Oil, Barbadoes, Tar and Soft +Soap. Equal parts of each. Melt all together and stir while cooling, +and apply a little to the hoof three or four times a week. + +CONTRACTED HOOF AND SORE FEET.--Take equal parts of Soft Fat, Yellow +Wax, Linseed Oil, Venice Turpentine and Norway Tar; first melt the wax, +then add the others, mixing thoroughly. Apply to the edge of the hair +once a day. + +CRACKED HEELS.--Tar eight ounces, Beeswax one ounce, Resin one ounce, +Alum one ounce, Tallow one ounce, Sulphate of Iron one ounce, Carbolic +Acid one drachm. Mix and boil over a slow fire. Skim off the filth and +add two ounces of the scrapings of Sweet Elder. + +EYE WATER.--White Vitriol and pure Saltpetre of each one scruple, pure +soft water eight ounces. Mix. This should be applied to the inflamed +lids three or four times a day, and if the inflammation does not lessen +in one or two days it may be injected directly into the eye. + +The writer has used this for his own eyes, reduced one-half with water, +and dropped directly into the eye, which would cause the eye to smart +considerably for about five minutes, when he should bathe the eye with +cold water for a few minutes, and by repeating this three or four times +a day, it has given the best of satisfaction. It does nicely, many +times, to just close the eye and bathe the outside freely. + +CURE FOR SWEENEY.--Alcohol and Spirits of Turpentine each eight ounces, +Camphor Gum, pulverized Cantharides and Capsicum each one ounce, Oil of +Spike three ounces. Mix. Bathe with hot iron. + +FARCY.--Nitrate of Potash four ounces, Black Antimony two ounces, +Sulphite of Soda one ounce, Elecampane two ounces. Mix. Dose, one +tablespoonful once or twice a day. + +FARCY AND GLANDERS.--Iodide of Potassium one and one-quarter drachms, +Copperas one-half, Ginger one drachm, Gentian two drachms, powdered Gum +Arabic and Syrup to form a ball; or, take one-half ounce Sulphite Soda, +five grains powdered Cantharides. Mix, and give at night in cut feed +for several weeks; give at the same time every morning and noon three +drachms powdered Gentian, two drachms powdered Blue Vitriol, give the +medicines for a long time; feed well. This is the best treatment that +can be given for this disease. + +WOLF'S LINIMENT.--One quart Alcohol, two ounces Tincture Arnica, one +ounce Oil Hemlock, one ounce Oil of Spike. Mix well and let stand +twenty-four hours. This will cure any burn, scald, bruise, sprain or +any like ailment; also aches and pains of all kinds. Apply by wetting a +flannel cloth and wrapping it around the diseased parts. + +CUTS, WOUNDS AND SORES.--Take of Lard four ounces, Beeswax four ounces, +Resin two ounces, Carbolic Acid one-quarter ounce. Mix the first three +and melt, add Carbolic Acid, stirring until cool. This is excellent for +man as well as beast. + +FOR POLL EVIL.--Rock Salt one ounce, Blue Vitriol one ounce, Copperas +one-half ounce. Pulverize and mix well. Fill a goose quill with the +powder and push to the bottom of the pipe. Have a stick at the top of +the quill and push the powder out of the quill, leaving it at the +bottom of the pipe. Repeat in four days, and in two or three days you +can remove the pipe without any trouble. + +CURE FOR SCRATCHES.--Sweet Oil three ounces, Borax one ounce, Sugar of +Lead one ounce. Mix and apply twice daily after washing thoroughly with +castile soap, giving time for legs to dry. + +GREAT ARABIAN HEAVE REMEDY.--Give your horse a teaspoonful of Lobelia +once a day for a week and then once a week, and you will hardly know he +ever had the heaves. Try it. + +BOTS.--Take new Milk two quarts, Syrup one quart, mix and give the +whole, and in fifteen or twenty minutes after give two quarts of warm, +strong Sage tea; half an hour after the tea give one quart of raw +Linseed Oil, or if the Oil cannot be had give Lard instead. + +DIURETICS.--Take Balsam Copaiba two ounces, Sweet Spirits of Nitre +three ounces, Spirits of Turpentine two ounces, Oil of Juniper two +ounces, Tincture of Camphor two ounces. Mix; shake the bottle before +pouring the medicine. Dose for adult horse, two tablespoonfuls in a +pint of milk, repeated every four to six hours, if necessary. This is a +reliable preparation for kidney difficulties. + +FOUNDER.--Vinegar three pints, Capsicum one-half drachm, Tincture of +Aconite Root fifteen drops. Mix and boil down to one quart; when cool +give it as a drench. Blanket the horse well; after the horse has +perspired for an hour or more, give one quart of raw Linseed Oil. This +treatment will be found good for horses foundered by eating too much +grain. + +MANGE.--Oil Tar one ounce, Lac Sulphur one and one-half ounces, Whale +Oil two ounces. Mix. Rub a little on the skin wherever the disease +appears, and continue daily for a week, then wash off with castile soap +and warm water. + +POLL EVIL AND FISTULA.--Tincture of Opium one drachm, Potash two +drachms, Water one ounce; mix, and when dissolved inject into the pipes +with a small syringe, having cleansed the sore with soap-suds; repeat +every two days until pipes are completely destroyed. + +CONDITION POWDER.--Take Antimony Crude one ounce, Lobelia gr. one +ounce, Ginger two ounces, Sulphur Flour three ounces, Berberry gr. one +ounce, Cream Tartar four ounces, Saltpetre Flour four ounces; well +mixed. Dose, one tablespoonful each day in wet feed. Best in the +market; will sell well. + +FOR BONE SPAVIN.--Hog's Lard half pint, best Oil Origanum one and a +half ounces, Oil Cajeput two ounces, pulverized Cantharides half ounce. +Mix, and apply each morning for four mornings, heating it in with hot +iron each time, then discontinue its use for three days, after which +use as before for five mornings. Wait about eight or ten days and if +not gone repeat as before. + +ARABIAN HORSE TAMER'S SECRET.--Take Oil of Cummin, Oil of Rhodium and +Horse Castor. Keep separate in air-tight bottles. Rub a little of the +Oil of Cummin on your hand and approach the horse on the windward side, +so that he can smell the Cummin. The horse will then let you come up to +him without trouble. Rub your hand gently on the horse's nose, getting +a little oil on it. He will then follow you. Give him a little of the +Castor on a piece of Loaf Sugar or Apple; get a few drops of the +Rhodium on his tongue, and he is your servant. He will follow you like +a pet dog. + +CURE FOR SPAVIN AND RINGBONE.--Cantharides one ounce, Mercurial +Ointment half ounce, Corrosive Sublimate a half drachm, Turpentine one +and a half ounces, Tincture Iodine one ounce, Gum Euphorbium four +ounces. Mix well with one pound of Lard. For spavin or ringbone, cut +the hair away and grease the part well with the ointment, rubbing it in +well. In two days grease the parts with Lard; wash it off in two days +more, and again apply the ointment. So continue until a cure is +effected, which will be in a short time. For bog Spavin, wind gall, +curb or splint, apply the ointment every six days. + +JOCKEY TRICKS.--How to make a horse appear as though he was badly +foundered.--Take a fine wire and fasten it tightly around the fetlock, +between the foot and the heel, and smooth the hair over it. In twenty +minutes the horse will show lameness. Do not leave it on over nine +hours. To make a horse lame.--Take a single hair from its tail, put it +through the eye of a needle, then lift the front leg and press the skin +between the outer and middle tendon or cord, and shove the needle +through, cut off the hair each side and let down the foot. The horse +will go lame in twenty minutes. How to make a horse stand by his food +and not take it.--Grease the front teeth and the roof of the mouth with +common beef tallow, and he will not eat until you wash it out. This, in +conjunction with the above, will consummate a complete founder. How to +cure a horse from the crib or sucking wind.--Saw between the upper +teeth to the gums. How to put a young countenance on a horse.--Make a +small incision in the sunken place over the eye, insert the point of a +goose quill and blow it up; close the external wound with a thread, and +it is done. To cover up the heaves.--Drench the horse with one-fourth +pound of common bird-shot, and he will not heave until they pass +through him. To make a horse appear as if he had the glanders.--Melt +four ounces fresh Butter and pour into his ear. To distinguish between +glanders and distemper.--The discharge from the nose in glanders will +sink in water; in distemper it floats. How to make a true pulling horse +balk.--Take Tincture of Cantharides one ounce, and Corrosive Sublimate +one drachm; mix and bathe his shoulder at night. How to serve a horse +that is lame.--Make a small incision about half way from the knee to +the joint on the outside of the leg, and at the back part of the shin +bone you will find a small, white tendon or cord; cut it off and close +the external wound with a stitch, and he will walk off on the hardest +pavement and not limp a particle. + +HOW TO TELL THE AGE OF A HORSE.--The safest way of determining the age +of a horse is by the appearance of the teeth, which undergo certain +changes in the course of years. + +Eight to fourteen days after birth, the first middle nippers of the set +of milk teeth are cut; four to six weeks afterwards the pair next to +them, and finally, after six or eight months, the last. + +All these milk teeth have a well defined body and neck, and a slender +fang, and on their front surface grooves or furrows, which disappear +from the middle nippers at the end of one year, from the next pair in +two years, and from the incisive teeth (cutters) in three years. + +At the age of two the nippers become loose and fall out, in their +places appear two permanent teeth, with deep, black cavities, and full, +sharp edges. + +At the age of three, the next pair fall out. + +At four years old, the corner teeth fall out. + +At five years old, the horse has his permanent set of teeth. + +The teeth grow in length as the horse advances in years, but at the +same time his teeth are worn away by use about one-twelfth of an inch +every year, so that the black cavities of the center nippers below +disappear in the sixth year, those of the next pair in the seventh +year, and those of the corner teeth in the eighth year. Also the outer +corner of upper and lower jaw just meet at eight years of age. + +At nine years old, cups leave the two center nippers above, and each of +the two upper corner teeth has a little sharp protrusion at the extreme +outer corner. + +At the age of ten the cups disappear from the adjoining teeth. + +At the age of eleven, the cups disappear from the corner teeth above, +and are only indicated by brownish spots. + +The oval form becomes broader, and changes, from the twelfth to the +sixteenth year, more and more into a triangular form, and the teeth +lose, finally, with the twentieth year, all regularity. There is +nothing remaining in the teeth that can afterwards clearly show the age +of the horse, or justify the most experienced examiner in giving a +positive opinion. + +The tushes, or canine teeth, conical in shape, with a sharp point, and +curved, are cut between the third and fourth year, their points become +more and more rounded until the ninth year, and after that, more and +more dull in the course of years, and lose, finally, all regular shape. +Mares seldom have tusks; if any, they are very faintly indicated. + +Frequent reference to the chart for telling the horse's age will +thoroughly acquaint one with this valuable bit of knowledge. + +AGE OF SHEEP AND GOATS.--At one year old they have eight front teeth of +uniform size. At two years the two middle ones are supplanted by two +large ones. At three a small tooth appears on each side. At four there +are six large teeth. At five all the front teeth are large, and at six +all begin to get worn. + +AGE OF CATTLE.--A cow's horn is supposed to furnish a correct +indication of the age of the animal, but this is not always true. For +ordinary purposes, however, the following will be found approximately +correct: At two years of age a circle of thicker matter begins to form +on the animal's horns, which becomes clearly defined at three years of +age, when another circle begins to form, and an additional circle every +year thereafter. The cow's age then can be determined by adding two to +the number of circles. The rings on a bull's horns do not show +themselves until he is five years old--so in the case of a bull five +must be added to the number of rings. Unless the rings are clear and +distinct these rules will not apply. Besides, dishonest dealers +sometimes file off some of the rings of old cattle. + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + +HOG DEPARTMENT. + +THE DISPOSITION AND CHARACTER OF THE HOG. + + +In all histories of animals, the hog stands a natural phenomenon, and +alone in relation to his appetite and physical constitution. The hog is +the only kind of animal known to man that can feed on any kind of food. +The stomach of the hog is adapted both to flesh and grass, which is not +the case with any other animal in all the history of animals. Another +peculiarity of his nature is his great ferociousness; perhaps the hog +is more valiant than any animal known. The ferocious and warlike +disposition (perhaps) is one among the reasons of this animal's great +health. There are very few diseases among animals that the hog is +subject to; in fact, it (the Cholera) is the only disease to be greatly +feared among that order of animals; and as this great and valuable +remedy is found and demonstrated beyond the shadow of a doubt, the +farmer may go on raising and feeding his hogs with the full assurance +that his labors will not be lost. He can improve his hogs with +confidence and assurance that health and prosperity will be the rich +reward of his labors. + +There is more money made in the culture and growing of hogs than any +animal in the known world; notwithstanding the great loss by Cholera, +there is no one but what will say amen to this fact. Even Boone County +loses $100,000.00 worth of hogs with the Cholera, annually. There are +114 counties in the State of Missouri. Now make the calculation of the +great saving of money by this invaluable discovery for the prevention +and cure of the above disease. We see that if all farmers and traders +in hogs had this book, and carried out its instructions, it would save +$11,400,000.00 for the State of Missouri, which amount would soon +enable Missouri or any other State that observes this book's +instructions to be the richest State in the Union. + +There is no farmer but that will become wealthy if he uses economy, +industry and has the Stephen's Remedy for Hog Cholera. + + +SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE, HOG CHOLERA. + +1st. Gentleness and sluggishness. + +2d. You will see the hog moving around with his nose close to the +ground, with a kind of a forced cough, hair looking dead and kind of a +reddish color; then they quit eating and soon die. These symptoms are +generally of a slow progress, but certain death if Stephen's Cholera +Remedy is not used. These symptoms are set forth both in dry and +purging Hog Cholera. On the first appearance, this disease is more +fatal, from the fact that nature teaches the brute, by unlearned laws, +natural medical aid; but this disease is so powerful and destructive +there is something more necessary than the animal can generally get at. + +We now propose to give the cause and the whole cause of the fearful +disease caused Hog Cholera: The system of both man and brute is made up +and composed of a living animalcule so small that it cannot be +discovered with the eye, it being so delicate; but, by the use of the +microscope, it can be readily seen and realized. In good health, with +this animal, this animalcule is the life and spirit of the hog, causing +the functions throughout the whole system to perform nature's intended +designs--regular digestion, and a perfect circulation throughout the +whole animal nature; but when this valuable animal is ranging in +certain localities where he has no resort to certain material, the +system becomes of an impure character, and this delicate animalcule +commanding a rapid growth, feeds upon the nutriment of the body of the +hogs and consequently destroys life without a counteracting remedy of +speedy effect. The liver is the seat of worms or animalcule; it is also +the king or main spring of digestion of both man and beast; when the +hog begins to droop, the worm is rapidly growing; and, without +something to destroy this worm, the hog will die. In certain localities +the hog never has this disease. + +Now, this is full and ample evidence that it is the locality in +relation to feed that keeps this fearful disease from the hog. In my +travels I have observed, the localities and health of this valuable +animal depends on what range or food he gets. The Author, having +traveled through different countries and localities, observing at the +same time the health of this animal, gave rise to this great discovery +as a perfect remedy for health. This remedy will both prevent and cure +this disease, when the disease has not too strong a hold, and the liver +and blood fevered too much by the worm. The liver, being the seat of +digestion, must not be disturbed; if its digestion is disturbed, +secretions are located--the system depending on the liver as the clock +or watch depends on its mainspring for time; therefore, knowing the +disease and remedy, end experiencing the facts, the Author is fully +satisfied that his remedy, both as a preventative and cure, is all that +it claims to be, and is undoubtedly the most valuable discovery for the +health of the swine that has ever been known or found out. + +The reasons and cause of Hog Cholera having been explained, the Author +now proposes to give the + + +PREVENTION AND CURE OF HOG CHOLERA. + +We are aware of the fact that the talent, ingenuity and skill of man +has been employed in searching out some remedy as a preventative and +cure for this lamentable disease; and there have been some preventions +used that have been valuable in that direction. For instance, the +simple article called ashes is a healthy article for stock, which many +people use, but it never cured one case of Cholera. I have no doubt but +it has been beneficial for the general health of hogs. Of all remedies, +simple ones when they will cure are the best; and this remedy is as +simple and as easily used as it is possible in the use of any remedy. + +The effective remedy is simply old lime and sand, with arsenic. Now, I +am aware that the nature of man is to look for some great and unknown +article as a remedy for such a great curse as Hog Cholera; but, +considering the cause of the disease being the animalcule, reader, you +see that it requires something to prevent the excess, or destroy the +increase of this minute animal. Now, we see readily that the Old Lime, +Sand and Arsenic does the work without a doubt, and the hog is healthy +and clear of disease. + +Now, reader, you have the remedy; the next thing is how to use it. + +In the first place drive your wagon to some sandbar and haul a wagon +load of sand; throw it out where you feed your hogs; to one wagon load +of sand, put one bushel of old slacked lime; throw your feed on that +for your hogs, and about every three months replenish with the same. If +your hogs have the Cholera, separate the sick from the well ones, and +have a trough, and put some of the sand and lime in it, with about +one-half of a thimbleful of arsenic to the hog; then pour some rich +slop on this preparation so that the hogs will eat it; milk would be +preferable if you have it. This preparation once every other day will +soon have your hogs healthy and sound; it destroys the worms, then the +hog is all right. To your healthy hogs give one-half thimbleful of +arsenic in slop to every hog, once per month. This is all the arsenic +you must use; you must not mix the arsenic with the lime and sand, or +the hog may not get it. + +After using this remedy, your hogs that are not yet complaining with +Cholera will never take it; you may rely on it. I have tried this +valuable remedy until I am perfectly satisfied; where the Cholera was +killing out the gang every day, it put a stop to it at once; and not +only for myself, but many others under my notice. I have never seen +Cholera bother hogs, where this Stephen's Remedy was used as above +stated. You will ask, what is to be done where pigs have it? In answer +to that, reader, just get a trough and put in the remedy, and pour the +slop to their mother, and the milk will be just as effective to the +pigs as the remedy is with the sow. + +This Stephen's Remedy for Hog Cholera, if studied and observed, will be +worth from $100.00 to $1,000.00 to every farmer or hog trader, where +Cholera has ever been; and there is no trouble or expense to have the +benefit of it. This very little book is worth its weight in gold. The +countries where they have no Hog Cholera are rocky and hilly, sandy and +limy, where the hog can get this remedy, and Providence has so taught +the animal that nature dictates to him the remedy. See the dog, when he +is sick, he knows how to take an emetic, vomit, and get well; so it is +with the hog, if he can find this remedy he hardly ever takes Cholera. + +In addition to those cures as a prevention of the disease, use +Asafetida, as follows: Cut in small pieces about one ounce; melt it in +water or grease, pour it in rich slop. Feed it to about ten hogs, once +per week in Hog Cholera season, more or less according to number of +hogs. If you will keep up these remedies your swine will keep healthy. +Keep the sick ones and well ones separate. If you have clover keep the +sick ones on it, it is healthy for hogs. + + +ON TREATMENT. + +A little further advice concerning the treatment of hogs when penned +for fattening; hogs should be penned on rolling ground if possible; +they fatten better and consume less corn; they should be salted twice a +week. The way to salt is as follows: If there is no decaying stump in +the pen, haul a rotten log and pour salt on it, and the hogs will use +all the salt and waste none; and the demands of nature will have them +use just enough and no more; this preparation will save 2-1/2 bushels +of corn to every hog, which is $1.00--quite an item where you have a +large pen of hogs. Salt your stock hogs in the same way. When you have +used Stephen's Remedies one year, you would not be without this +knowledge for any small amount, for your hogs will be healthy and +prosperous. If the reader has only one hog per year, it will pay him to +buy this book in relation to the breed of hogs. I don't know that I +could enlighten you on this subject, for the world's attention is +directed to that information, and perhaps, reader, you are as well +posted on that subject as your humble writer. For the western country, +as a hardy and profitable stock of thrifty hogs, the Berkshire mixed or +crossed with the Poland China, would be my choice, but every man has +his own notions concerning the breed of his stock. The main point is to +keep them healthy. Please fathom these instructions, which will cost +you no more hard labor. + +Now, reader, the Author has endeavored, in his plain and simple manner, +and in as few words as possible, to explain the cause of Hog Cholera, +its effects, symptoms, and its cure and prevention, which have been +demonstrated by the Author, and not only by him but by divers others +under his instruction. + +Before the Author wrote this book, he sold these receipts at from +$10.00 to $50.00; but seeing the great loss of labor and perplexity in +relation to Hog Cholera, and the pressing necessity throughout our +land, alone induced the Author of this work to write a book and set +such a low price on it as to enable every poor widow, that has even a +pet pig, to be in possession of one as a security for its health. + + +ADVICE TO THE YOUNG MAN. + +When the young man leaves his father's home to plan out his course as a +farmer it is very necessary for him to observe two grand points: + +1st. To so live, act and speak, as the Apostle Paul says, "void of +offense both to God and man;" and in these words there is a world of +thought. This constitutes our noblest characters in this life and the +life to come. + +2nd. In relation to finance, or making and saving of money. Purchase a +good farm, just as much land as you can cultivate well, and no more; +don't have one surplus acre; don't do like some people, raise every +kind of stock and never have anything for market; but when you raise +hogs, raise nothing else for market but hogs; and raise all you can +fatten--that is, all you can raise corn to make fat; and by this rule +to have one or two car loads for sale every fall; you will become +wealthy if you live to be old. + +In relation to managing your fields, be sure not to exhaust your soil; +if you are in timber land, sow wheat every other year on your +corn-fields; this will keep your land constantly improving from +ordinary land to rich land. If you live in prairie country where your +wheat will not pay, never sow oats unless you let your hogs take them +before cutting. Always have one clover field for your hogs to run on in +the hard months of summer and fall. + +Now, reader, in conclusion, I will give you certificates of the most +prominent men in our vicinity, who tried and experienced the Stephen's +Hog Cholera Remedy, and became convinced of its great value and benefit +to man; and that all men may have confidence and rely on this remedy as +a fact, these men have gone before the Justice of the Peace and sworn +to the facts as they exist. You will see their certificates on the +following pages. + +Now, reader, hoping we may both be greatly benefited by this little +work, I bid you God speed. Good-bye. + + + HOG CHOLERA. + + This is to certify that I bought one of Dr. J. H. Stephen's Hog + Cholera books in 1880, when my hogs were dying with that disease. I + went home and followed the directions of the book. I cured my hogs + and prevented the rest from having the disease. I here state I have + followed Dr. Stephen's book's directions for fifteen years, feeding + and raising hogs, with Cholera around me, and have kept my hogs + healthy ever since. You need not be afraid of Hog Cholera if you + have one of the books. The remedy will not cost more than one + dollar a year for one hundred hogs. No one that has hogs can afford + to do without it. I was living in Monroe county when I bought the + book. I am now living in Brunswick, Chariton county, Mo., with Hog + Cholera all around me. I am not afraid of it. If you doubt this, + write to me. + + REUBEN YOUNG. + + Witness, B. G. YOUNG. + October 15, 1895. + + + A VALUABLE DISCOVERY FOR EVERYBODY. + + In 1870 my hogs, and many of those of my neighbors, died with Hog + Cholera; it also broke out again in '71. Dr. Stephens, of + Centralia, discovered a never failing cure for Hog Cholera. I used + his remedy, it being no expense or trouble, and I never lost a hog, + while every one of my neighbors lost a large portion of their hogs + by disease. My hogs running with them, I am satisfied that I would + have lost them, had it not been for this great remedy of Stephens, + that I used. I am satisfied that this remedy will either cure or + prevent Hog Cholera in any case. I am an old farmer, and would not + be without this sure remedy for any reasonable sum of money. I + conscientiously and unhesitatingly advise every farmer to not fail + to get at least a farm right, and save your hogs from that dreadful + destructive disease; for the remedy will cure and prevent Hog + Cholera in any case. I have experienced this fact, and the benefit + of it is the reason I set so high a value on it. I am a sojourner + near Cairo, Randolph county, Mo. Was born in Kentucky and emigrated + to Missouri in an early day. + + THOMAS PATRICK. + June 24, 1872. + + + VALUABLE NOTICE. + + I hereby state a valuable fact. My hogs were dying with Cholera in + the fall of 1871; I offered the lot for a certain sum of money. + They were dying every day with Hog Cholera, in Boone County. I + finally offered them for a mere nominal sum, not being one-fifth + part of the value of the hogs, had not the Cholera been among them, + and they dying every day. Dr. J. H. Stephens of Centralia, Mo., + said he could cure them, and Mr. R. E. Edwards, of Centralia, Mo., + having faith in Dr. Stephens, bought the hogs. To my own knowledge, + the hogs were cured and fatted up, and made well; and I say for the + benefit of the public, that I believe that Dr. Stephens can either + cure or prevent Hog Cholera on any man's farm. I advise all farmers + to get his great and valuable remedy; it may save you thousands of + dollars. + + Given under my hand this June 22nd, 1872. This is for no benefit of + mine, but alone for the benefit of the public. This is a fact. + + E. T. BENNETT, + Trustee of the M.E. Church, Centralia. + + Subscribed and sworn to before me on this 22nd day of June, 1872. + J. M. WEST, J.P. + + + TO ALL MY FRIENDS, AND THEN TO STRANGERS. + + Centralia, Boone Co., July 3, 1872. + + Dr. Stephens, of this place, I believe, has discovered at last the + great remedy both to cure and to prevent Hog Cholera. This disease + has made its ravages among hogs in every State like cholera among + men, but I hope and believe from experience, that Dr. Stephens has, + after all the remedies have been tried, discovered the great and + only reliable remedy, I am satisfied from theory and experience + that his remedy will both cure and prevent Hog Cholera. I bought a + lot of hogs, every one of which had the Cholera, on the faith that + Dr. Stephens would cure them. I bought the hogs of E. T. Bennett, + living in our town. They were dying every day, and I bought them at + a mere nominal sum, it not being, perhaps, one-fifth or sixth part + of the value of said hogs. I called on Dr. Stephens, and he + instructed me what to do. The remedy cost me but a trifle and I + cured every one, and my hogs fattened and did well--other hogs + dying all over town--mine cured sound and remained healthy. I am + not afraid of Hog Cholera any more; at least I am satisfied I can + cure it with Dr. Stephens' great remedy. This remedy I never before + heard of for Hog Cholera; but I have experienced the fact. The + great value is, it costs you, to prevent 1,000 hogs from having it + one year with three hours' labor, but $1.00. My advice is, don't + fail to obtain this valuable remedy at any cost. This is a fact + that I believe is worth more, and a greater saver of money to the + United States than any discovery that has been made in the 19th + century. + + R. F. EDWARDS, + Sup't. of the M.E. Sunday School, Centralia, Mo. + + Subscribed and sworn to before me, this 3rd day of July, 1872. + JAMES M. WEST, J.P. + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + +POULTRY DEPARTMENT. + +THE TREATMENT OF FOWLS. + + +In the rearing of poultry for profit it may safely be stated that dry, +well-aired, warm poultry houses are necessary. + +To keep fowls in poorly ventilated, damp, cold quarters is a waste of +time and money, as nearly all diseases of fowls are traceable to +improperly kept poultry houses. + +It may also be stated that 99 per cent of the sickness in fowls has its +origin in filth, hence cleanliness is essential in raising good +poultry. + +The hen house should be cleaned as often as the barn. + + +DISEASES OF FOWLS AND HOW TO TREAT THEM. + +Apoplexy.--This disease is usually caused by over feeding in confined +quarters. The bird may be noticed moping for some days, but usually the +trouble is not noticed until the bird falls and dies with hardly a +struggle. + +Remedy.--Open the largest of the veins under the wing, press on the +vein between the opening and the body until the blood flows freely. + +Vertigo.--Like apoplexy, is caused by over feeding and lack of +exercise. The fowl runs in a circle with but partial control of the +limbs. + +Remedy.--Hold the head of the bird under a stream of cold water. Give +ten grains of jalap and reduce the amount of feed. + +Crop-Bound.--Is caused by irregular feeding. A hungry bird fills his +crop to such a degree that the contents, when moistened, becomes a +dense compact mass. + +Remedy.--Puncture the upper part of the crop, loosen the mass by +degrees, with a blunt instrument. If the incision is large, sew up the +slit and feed the bird soft food for ten days. + +Diarrhoea.--Remedy.--Five grains powdered chalk, 5 grains turkey +rhubarb, 5 grains cayenne pepper. + +Roup.--This is a very contagious disease. The well fowls should +immediately be separated from the sick ones, and the old quarters +thoroughly disinfected. Use the following remedy. One-half ounce balsam +copaiba, one-quarter ounce liquorice powder, one-half drachm piperine. +This is enough for thirty doses. Enclose each dose in a small capsule; +give two or three doses per day. If this does not furnish relief in two +days, kill the fowl and burn or bury it. + +The symptoms of this disease are first, a thick opaque and peculiarly +offensive smelling discharge from the nostrils. Froth appears at the +inner corner of the eyes, the lids swell and often the eyes are +entirely closed; the sides of the face become much swollen, and the +bird rapidly declines and dies. + +Gapes.--Is caused by parasitic worms in the wind pipe, or from a small +tick-like parasite lodged on the head of the chicken when between two +and four months old. Examine the head of the bird, with a pocket lens, +and if the parasite is found, destroy them with the following: One +ounce mercurial ointment, one-half ounce petroleum (crude), one-half +ounce flower of sulphur. Mix by heating, and apply when just warm. + +When gapes is caused by worms in the wind pipe, use spirits of +turpentine, it is applied by dipping the end of a feather in the +turpentine, then inserting it in the bird's mouth at the root of the +tongue; generally one operation is all that is required. + +To prevent and cure chicken cholera, renovate the coops thoroughly then +saturate the apartments with kerosene oil. Then grease the chicken +under the wings and wherever the feathers are off, use the formula +mentioned for gapes when caused by parasite (on the head), repeat the +greasing process in two weeks, then once a month until the time of +heavy frost in the fall. + +The following is an elegant internal treatment. Dissolve four ounces of +hyposulphate of soda in one gallon of water and add corn meal to make a +heavy dough, and give an ordinary feed of this twice a day for six +days, and then once a week through the summer months. In severe cases +give one teaspoonful of the water (without meal) three or four times a +day until out of danger. This is the best known remedy for chicken +cholera. + +Poultry Lousiness.--Appears only in poorly kept fowls. Sprinkle the +fowls and nests with Scotch snuff or flower of sulphur. In addition +thoroughly cleanse the hen house and coop with a solution of four +pounds of potash to a gallon of water or with strong soap suds. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. + + +HOW TO IMITATE GOLD.--Take the following metals and melt them in a +covered crucible; sixteen ounces Virgin Platina, twenty-four ounces +pure copper. + +SILVER.--Forty ounces Nickel, twenty ounces Copper, thirty ounces Block +Tin. + +ARTIFICIAL GOLD.--Sixteen parts of Virgin Platina and seven parts +Copper and one of Zinc. Put these in a crucible with powdered charcoal, +and melt them together till the whole forms a mass, and are thoroughly +incorporated together. This also makes a gold of extraordinary beauty +and value. It is not possible by any tests that chemists know of to +distinguish it from pure virgin gold. All I ask of men is to use it for +good and lawful purposes, for the knowledge that I here give you will +bring you a rich and permanent reward without using it for unlawful +purposes. + +MANHEIM, OR JEWELER'S GOLD.--Three parts of Copper, one part of Zinc, +and one part of Block Tin. If these are pure and melted in a covered +crucible containing charcoal, the resemblance will be so good the best +judges cannot tell it from pure gold without analyzing it. + +BEST PINCHBACK GOLD.--Five ounces of pure Copper and one ounce of Zinc. +This makes gold so good in appearance that a great deal of deception by +its use in the way of watches and jewelry has been successfully +practiced for several hundred years back. + +SILVER FLUID.--For silvering brass and copper articles of every +description.--Take an ounce of precipitated Silver to half an ounce of +Cyanate of Potash and quarter of an ounce of Hyper Sulphate of Soda. +Put all into a quart of water, add a little whitening and shake before +using. Apply with a soft rag. This knowledge alone is worth one hundred +dollars. + +ORIGINAL AND GENUINE SILVER PLATING.--Galvanism Simplified.--Dissolve +one ounce of Nitrate of Silver in Crystal in twelve ounces of soft +water. Then dissolve in the water two ounces of Cyanate of Potash. +Shake the whole together and let it stand until it becomes clear. Have +ready some half-ounce vials, and fill them half full with Paris White +or fine Whiting, then fill up the bottles with the liquid, and it is +ready for use. The Whiting does not increase the coating power; it only +helps to clean the articles and to save the silver fluid by half +filling the bottles. The above quantity of materials will only cost +about $1.50, so that the fluid will only cost about three cents a +bottle. + +POWDER FOR CLEANING AND POLISHING TIN, BRITANNIA AND BRASSWARE.--Take +one-half pound ground Pumice Stone and one-quarter pound Red Chalk, mix +them evenly together. This is for tin brass. For silver and fine ware, +take one-half pound Red Chalk, and one-quarter pound Pumice Stone, mix +evenly; use these articles dry with a piece of wash leather. It is one +of the best cleaning powders ever invented, and very valuable. + +SILVER POLISH FOR TIN, BRASS AND METALLIC ARTICLES.--Quicksilver, +Tinfoil or Rottenstone, equal parts, all pulverized together. Roll up +in balls, show as you go, and sell for 10 cents a ball. + +ANOTHER.--Fine.--Four pounds Whiting, one-quarter ounce Oxalic Acid, +one-half ounce Cream Tartar. Stir all together, then add slowly three +ounces Mercury stirring briskly all the time so it will mix. This is +good, 25 cents a ball. + +KANGAROO CEMENT.--Rubber one ounce, pack tightly as possible in a +bottle and cover it with Bi-Sulphate of Carbon. When the rubber is +dissolved you will have the best cement in the world. There is a +fortune in this to an energetic man, as it sells at 25 cents a drachm; +and costs but little to make it. This is the cement used by shoemakers +to put invisible patches on shoes. + +HOW TO EAT FIRE.--Anoint your tongue with liquid Storax, and you may +put hot iron or fire coals into your mouth, and without burning you. +This is a very dangerous trick to be done, and those who practice it +ought to use all means they can to prevent danger. We never saw one of +those fire-eaters that had a good complexion. + +IMITATION SILVER.--Eleven ounces refined Nickel, two ounces Metallic +Bismuth. Melt the composition three times, and pour them out in ley. +The third time, when melting, add two ounces of pure silver. + +IMITATION GOLD.--Four ounces of Platina, three ounces of Silver, one +ounce of Copper. + +OROIDE GOLD.--The best article is made by compounding four parts pure +Copper, one and three-fourths part pure Zinc, one-fourth part Magnesia, +one-tenth part Sal-Ammoniac, one-twelfth part Quick Lime, and one part +Cream Tartar. Melt the Copper first, then add as rapidly as possible +the other articles in the order named. + +HOW TO INCREASE THE WEIGHT OF GOLD.--Take your bar of Gold and rub it +long and carefully with thin Silver, until the Gold absorbs the +quantity of Silver that you require. Then prepare a strong solution of +Brimstone and Quicklime. Now put the Gold into a vessel with a wide +mouth. Now let them boil until the Gold attains the right color, and +you have it, but do not use this knowledge for an ill purpose. + +MASON'S FROZEN PERFUME.--This perfume is in a solid, transparent form, +and by rubbing on the handkerchief it imparts an exquisite perfume; by +carrying it in the pocket it perfumes the entire wearing apparel; by +keeping it in a drawer or box all articles therein obtain the benefits +of this perfume. + +Solidified perfumes are superior to all liquid, as they cannot spill or +waste in any manner, but will last for years. Perhaps no article of +luxury had such a sale as this, and as the sales have steadily +increased since its introduction, no other proof of its excellence is +needed. + +FREEZING MIXTURE.--Take four parts Nitric Acid, six parts Nitrate +Ammonia, and nine parts phosphate of Soda. Having first prepared a +vessel of galvanized iron four inches wide, twenty-four inches long, +and twelve inches deep, have it a little wider at the top than at the +bottom. Now make another vessel eight inches wide, twenty-eight inches +long and fourteen inches high. Put the small vessel inside the larger +one, fill the small one nearly full of as cool water as you can +procure, put the freezing mixture in the large vessel around the +smaller one, set this in as cool a place as possible. If you will have +a faucet at the lower edge of the larger vessel and first fill the +large vessel with the following it will greatly assist in freezing. +Equal parts of Sal-Ammonia and Nitre dissolved in its own weight of +water. In ten to fifteen minutes pour this off and put in the freezing +mixture. + +NOTE.--I have used the above description of a vessel to give you an +idea of how to operate. Any sized vessel made in the same proportion +will work as well. + +IMPROVED TROY STARCH ENAMEL.--Melt five pounds of Refined Paraffine Wax +in a tin boiler or pan over a slow fire; use care in melting. When +melted remove the vessel from the fire and add 200 drops of Oil of +Citronelli. Take some new round tin pie pans, and oil them with sweet +oil as you would for pie baking, but do not use lard. Put these pans on +a level table, and pour in enough of the hot wax to make a depth in +each pan equal to about the thickness of one-eighth of an inch. While +hot, glance over the pans to see that they are level. As this is very +essential, please remember it. If the pans are not level, the cakes +will be all thicknesses, which should not be so. Then let them cool, +but not too fast. Watch them closely, and have a tin stamp ready to +stamp the cakes out about the size of an ordinary candy lozenge. This +stamp should be about eight inches long, larger at the top than at the +bottom, so that the cakes can pass up through the stamp as you are +cutting them out of the pans. Lay the cakes in another pan to cool. +Before they become very hard, separate them from each other; if not, it +will be difficult to do so when they become very hard. Do not neglect +this. Have boxes made at any paper box maker's in any large city. They +cost about from one to two cents each; sliding boxes are the best. Have +your labels printed, and commence business at once. Put 24 to 30 cakes +in each box, and retail for 25 cents. + +Wholesale for $1.50 per dozen. + +_Directions for Use._--To a pint of boiling starch stir in one cake or +tablet. This gives an excellent lustre to linen or muslin, and imparts +a splendid perfume to the clothes, and makes the iron pass very +smoothly over the surface. It requires but half the ordinary labor to +do an ironing. It is admired by every lady. It prevents the iron from +adhering to the surface, and the clothes remain clean and neat much +longer than by any other method. + +BRILLIANT SELF-SHINING STOVE POLISH.--This is one of the greatest +inventions of the age. It has been the result of a large amount of +study on the part of the inventor to perfect a polish that would work +easily and satisfactorily in a perfect dry state, thereby obviating the +disagreeable task of mixing and preparing. A good stove polish is an +absolute necessity in every family. It is only a question, then, of +offering the best to make a sale. To prove that this polish is the best +is an easy task. All you have to do is to have a box open and a piece +of rag to begin operations. You now approach the stove and apply the +polish. The result will be so startlingly beautiful that no further +words will be necessary. If the stove is not convenient, anything will +do to experiment with. You can produce on a piece of wood, a scrap of +paper or a potato, a lustre equal to a burnished mirror. + +Now make the following points just as strong as you can: + +That this polish requires no water or mixing like the various cake or +powder polishes. 2. That it is self-shining and no labor is required. +3. That no dust or smell of any kind rises from its use. And, lastly, +that it has no equal in the world. + +RECIPE.--Take Plumbago (Black Lead) finely pulverized, and put in two +ounce wood boxes, nicely labeled, and sell for ten or fifteen cents a +box. Wholesale to stores and agents at $6.00 a hundred. Costs less than +three cents a box to manufacture. + +_Directions for Use._--Use a damp woolen rag, dip in the box, and apply +to the stove. Then polish with a dry cloth, and a most beautiful polish +will appear. + +TO FROST WINDOW PANES.--Take Epsom Salts and dissolve in beer. Apply +with a brush and you have the finest window frosting known. + +THE HOUSEKEEPER'S FRIEND, or ELECTRIC POWDER.--This is one of the most +salable articles of the day and staple as flour--something that every +housekeeper will buy. It is used for gold and silver plated ware, +German silver, brass, copper, glass, tin, steel, or any material where +a brilliant lustre is required. Is put up in two ounce wood boxes, +costs three cents to manufacture, sells at retail for 25 cents, to +agents and stores for $12.00 per 100 boxes. + +RECIPE.--To four pounds best quality Whiting, add one-half pound Cream +Tartar and three ounces Calcined Magnesia; mix thoroughly together, box +and label. + +_Directions._--Use the polish dry with a piece of chamois skin or +Canton flannel, previously moistened with water or alcohol, and finish +with the polish dry. A few moments' rubbing will develop a surprising +lustre, different from the polish produced by any other substance. + +RECIPE.--Follow the same directions as in "Starch Enamel," and perfume +as follows: Take two ounces Oil Lemon Grass and one-half ounce Oil of +Cloves, and one-fourth ounce Oil of Lavender flowers; mix them well +together. For this amount of perfume you require about four quarts of +the liquid paraffine. Pour the oils into the melted paraffine while +warm, stirring it well while pouring. Stamp into square cakes and put +into neatly printed envelopes. Sell for ten cents a cake, cost two +cents. Agents can sell 100 cakes a day. + +THE LIGHTNING INK ERASER.--The great Lightning Ink Eraser may be used +instead of a knife or scraper for erasing in order to rectify a mistake +or clean off a blot, without injury to the paper, leaving the paper as +clean and good to write upon as it was before the blot or mistake was +made, and without injury to the printer's ink upon any printed form or +ruling upon any first-class paper. Take of Chloride of Lime one pound, +thoroughly pulverized, and four quarts of Soft Water. The above must be +thoroughly shaken when first put together. It is required to stand +twenty-four hours to dissolve the Chloride of Lime. Then strain through +a cotton cloth, after which add a teaspoonful of Acetic Acid (No. 8 +commercial) to every ounce of Chloride of Lime Water. The eraser is +used by reversing the penholder in the hand, dipping the end in the +fluid, and applying it, without rubbing, to the blot to be erased. When +the ink has disappeared, absorb the fluid into a blotter, and the paper +is immediately ready to write upon. Put up in common ink bottles and +retail for 25 cents each. + +THE MAGIC ANNIHILATOR.--To make one gross eight-ounce bottles--aqua +ammonia one gallon, soft water eight gallons, best white soap four +pounds, saltpetre eight ounces. Shave the soap fine, add the water, +boil until the soap is dissolved, let it get cold, then add the +saltpetre, stirring until dissolved. Now strain, let the suds settle, +skim off the dry suds, add the ammonia, bottle and cork at once. Cost +about $7.25 per gross; sells for $72.00. It will do everything claimed +for it and more, too. It is no mixture of soap suds as some may +suppose, but a pure scientific, chemical preparation. If you wish to +make a small quantity for trial, take aqua ammonia two ounces, soft +water one quart, saltpetre one teaspoonful. Shave the soap fine, mix +all, shake well, and let settle a day or two to dissolve the soap. + +_What It Will Do._--It will remove all kinds of grease and oil spots +from every variety of wearing apparel, such as coats, pants, vests, +dress goods, carpets, etc., without injury to the finest silks or +laces. It will shampoo like a charm, raising the lather in proportion +to the amount of dandruff and grease in the hair. A cloth wet with it +will remove all grease from door-knobs, window sills, etc., handled by +kitchen domestics in their daily routine of kitchen work. It will +remove paint from a board, I care not how hard or dry it is, if oil is +used in the paint, yet it will not injure the finest textures. Its +chemical action is such that it turns any oil or grease into soap, +which is easily washed out with clear cold water. For cleaning silver, +brass and copper ware it can't be beat. It is certain death to bed +bugs, for they will never stop after they have encountered the Magic +Annihilator. + +_Directions for Use._--For grease spots, pour upon the article to be +cleaned a sufficient quantity of the Magic Annihilator rubbing well +with a clean sponge, and applying to both sides of the article you are +cleaning. Upon carpets and coarse goods, where the grease is hard and +dry, use a stiff brush and wash out with clear cold water. Apply again +if necessary. One application is all that is needed for any fresh +grease spots, but for old or dried a second may be required. For +shampooing take a small quantity of the Magic Annihilator with an equal +quantity of water, apply to the hair with a stiff brush, brushing into +the pores of the scalp, and wash out with clear water. You will be +surprised at the silk gloss of your hair. For cleaning silver ware, +etc., buy five cents' worth of whitening, mix a small quantity with the +magic annihilator, and apply with a rag, rubbing briskly. For killing +bed bugs, apply to the places they frequent, and they will leave in +short order. You will find it useful in many other ways. (See price +list of labels.) + + + + +CHAPTER IX. + +MISCELLANEOUS DEPARTMENT. + + +FIRE-PROOF PAINT.--Take a sufficient quantity of Water for use; add as +much Potash as can be dissolved therein. When the water will dissolve +no more Potash, stir into the solution first, a quantity of flour paste +of consistency of painter's size; second a sufficiency of pure clay to +render it of the consistency of cream. Apply with a painter's brush. + +N.B.--The above will admit of any coloring you please. + +WATER-PROOF AND FIRE-PROOF CEMENT FOR ROOFS OF HOUSES.--Slack Stone +Lime in a large tub or barrel with boiling water, covering the tub or +barrel to keep in the steam. When thus slacked pass six quarts through +a fine sieve. It will then be in a state of fine flour. To this add one +quart Rock Salt and one gallon of Water. Boil the mixture and skim it +clean. To every five gallons of this skimmed mixture add one pound of +Alum and one-half pound Copperas; by slow degrees add three-fourths +pound Potash and four quarts fine Sand or Wood Ashes sifted. Both of +the above will admit of any coloring you please. It looks better than +paint and is as durable as slate. + +PAINT FOR ROUGH WOODWORK.--Six pounds melted Pitch, one pound Linseed +Oil, and one pound Yellow Ochre. + +SUPERIOR PAINT FOR BRICK HOUSES--To Lime Whitewash add, for a fastener, +Sulphate of Zinc, and shade with any color you choose, as Yellow Ochre, +Venetian Red, etc. It outlasts oil paint. + +ART OF ETCHING ON COPPER.--Having obtained a piece of fine Copper, +which will be well polished, make a mixture of Beeswax and a small +quantity of Resin; melt these together, and when thoroughly +incorporated by stirring, take a camel's hair brush and cover the +plate, which must previously be warmed by the fire, with an even +coating of the mixture. + +When the mixture becomes hardened upon the plate, sketch the desired +object upon the surface, then take an etching point, a large needle +fixed in a handle will do, and cut through the wax to the surface of +the copper, taking care to make the lines as distinct as possible. + +This being done, raise a border of wax all around the plate, then pour +strong Nitric Acid on the plate to the depth of an inch. The Acid will +eat away the copper in those places which have been bared by the +etching point. From time to time pour off the acid and wash the plate +to see how the work is going on. Stop up with wax those places that +appear to be etched deep enough, pour Acid upon the others, and let it +remain until the process is completed. This done, melt off the wax +clean the plate, and the etching is ready for the press. This is an +employment from which a good remuneration may be derived. + +MAHOGANY FURNITURE VARNISH.--Take of Proof Alcohol one quart, cut +therein all the Gum Shellac it will take, add two ounces of Venice +Turpentine, and coloring to suit. This makes a beautiful polish and +will wear for years. + +WATER-PROOF FOR LEATHER.--Take Linseed Oil one pint, Yellow Wax and +White Turpentine each two ounces, Burgundy Pitch two ounces, melt and +color with Lamp Black. + +TO TAKE STAINS OUT OF MAHOGANY.--Mix Spirits of Salts six parts, Salt +of Lemons one part, then drop a little on the stains, and rub them till +they disappear. + +CEMENTS.--Cements of various kinds should be kept for occasional use. +Flour paste answers very well for slight purposes; if required stronger +than usual, boil a little Glue or put some powdered Resin in it. White +of Egg, or a solution of Glue and a strong Gum Water are good cements. +A paste made of Linseed Meal dries very hard and adheres firmly. A soft +cement is made of Yellow Wax, melted with its weight of Turpentine, and +a little Venetian Red to give it color. This when cool is as hard as +soap, and is very useful to stop up cracks, and is better to cover the +corks of bottles than sealing wax or hard cement. + +The best cement for broken china or glass is that sold under the name +of Diamond cement; it is colorless and resists moisture. This is made +by soaking Isinglass in water until it is soft, and then dissolving it +in Proof Spirits; add to this a little Gum Ammoniac or Galbonam or +Mastic, both dissolved in as little Alcohol as possible. When the +cement is to be used, it must be gently liquified by placing the vial +containing it in boiling water. The vial must be well closed with a +good cork, not glass stopper, as they become forced. It is applied to +the broken edges by a camel's hair pencil. + +When objects are not to be exposed to the moisture, the White of an Egg +alone is mixed with finely powdered Quicklime, will answer very well; +Shellac dissolved in water is better. + +A very strong cement for all earthenware is made by boiling slices of +Skim-Milk Cheese and Water into a paste, then grinding the Quicklime in +a marble mortar, or on a slab with a mallet. + +TO MEND IRON.--Mix finely some sifted Lime with the White of an Egg +till a thin sort of paste is formed, then add some Iron Filings. Apply +this to the fracture and the vessel will be found nearly as sound as +ever. + +PATENT GLUE.--One pound fine Isinglass and one pint Rain Water, boil +and prepare an ordinary glue, then add slowly, stirring continually, +two ounces Nitric Acid, bottle and it is fit for use. It will +permanently adhere to wood, leather, paper and everything else. It +sells for twenty-five cents an ounce; by keeping it secret Spaulding +has made a fortune out of it; read his advertisement. Truly it is a +young fortune to a good peddler. + +PATENT BLACKING.--One gallon Alcohol, one ounce Sulphuric Acid, one and +one-half pounds Gum Shellac; let stand 48 hours, then add one-fourth +pound of Ivory Black. Let stand 24 hours, then carefully pour off the +top. This is ready for use and is water-proof. This recipe cost $50; is +for the polish of all leather. It sells in four ounce bottles at $1 per +bottle. + +STENCIL CUTTING.--Take a thin copper or brass plate, lay flat on the +side, then take a sharp edged steel, write thereon the same as common +writing, but press sufficiently hard to cut through the plate. To mark, +lay the plate thus cut upon the cloth, and apply ink by means of a +brush to the back of the plate, and it will wet the cloth where the cut +is made by the writing. A little practice will enable a person to cut +beautifully. There is money to be made at this. Some make $10 a day. + +GLUE FOR CEMENTING PAPER AND LEATHER.--Take Isinglass and Parchment +each one ounce, Sugar Candy and Gum Tragacanth each two drachms, add to +them one ounce Water, and boil the whole together till the mixture +appears (when cold) of the consistency of Glue; then pour it into any +form you please. If this glue be wet with the tongue, and rubbed on the +edge of paper, silk or leather that are to be cemented, they will, on +being laid together, pressed tightly and suffered to dry, be as firmly +united as other parts of the substance. It is fine to seal letters. + +NEW ENGLAND SOAP.--Take three pounds of hard, white soap, shave it up +fine, dissolve it in ten quarts boiling water; add one ounce Salts of +Tartar, three ounces Borax; then take the same from the fire and set it +away to cool; as soon as it becomes cool enough to bear your hand in, +add one ounce liquid Ammonia; stir each article as you put it in. + +TO HARDEN WOOD.--One often desires to impart the hardness of Oak to +shutters, doors, etc., made of soft wood. This is easily done by giving +them a first coating of common gray paint, and then sifting some very +fine sand over it. When dry a coat of paint is laid on, after which the +surface becomes so hard that it will resist the action of sun and rain, +for many years without undergoing the slightest alteration. + +WASHING FLUID.--Two pounds crude Potash, one ounce Sal Ammoniac, +one-half ounce Saltpetre, two gallons Rain Water, one pint for eight +gallons of Water, and one pound Soap. Put the clothes to soak over +night and rinse in the morning. This has been sold for $5 for some +time. + +LIQUID CEMENT.--Cut Gum Shellac in 70 per cent Alcohol, put it in +vials, and it is ready for use. Apply it to the edge of the broken dish +with a feather, and hold it in a spirit lamp as long as the cement will +simmer, then join together evenly, and when cold the dish will break in +another place first, and is as strong as new. + +TO CLEAN WINE DECANTERS.--Use a little Pearl Ash or Soda, and some +Cinders and Water. Rinse them out with water. + +TO CLEAN CHINA.--Use a little of Fuller's Earth and Soda or Pearl Ash +with Water. + +BURNING FLUID.--Four quarts Alcohol, one pint Spirits of Turpentine; +mix well. It is the best in use. + +FLY POISON.--Sugar half ounce, half ounce thoroughly ground Black +Pepper. Make it to thin paste and place it on paper where the flies do +congregate. + +FURNITURE POLISH.--Best Vinegar one pint, Turpentine half pint. Mix and +apply with a brush. + +PATENT SOAP.--Half pint Turpentine, three pints Sal Soda, three pounds +grease, two pounds Resin Soap, forty gallons Water. Boil one hour and +it is fit for use. This is a great soap. Keep it to yourself. + +RAT, MOUSE AND ROACH EXTERMINATOR.--One pint Alcohol, one-fourth ounce +Cayenne Pepper, one ounce powdered Anise Seed, one-fourth ounce +Saltpetre, one-fourth ounce White Lead, four ounces Essence of Hops. +Steam this slowly for an hour, then add thirty drops Quassia. Let stand +48 hours, and add one gallon of Water; bottle for use. To use, saturate +bread, meat, etc., and lay it in their frequented places. In two nights +not one will be seen. It sells for $1.00 per 4-ounce bottle; or drive +them away yourself for $5 a farm or $2 a house. + +TO CLEAN BRITIANNIA WARE.--Britiannia ware should be washed with a +woolen cloth and sweet oil, then washed in water and suds, and rubbed +with soft leather and whiting. Thus treated it will retain its beauty +to the last. + +THE ART OF PAINTING GLASS.--The only difference between ordinary +painting and painting on glass is, that in the latter all transparent +colors are used instead of opaque ones and the color is ground up with +Turpentine and Varnish instead of Oil. In painting upon glass it is +necessary to place the picture between the artist and the light to +enable him to see the effect, the light having the property of casting +a yellowish tinge upon all colors so exposed. To persons having a +knowledge of coloring, this art is easily learned, and affords a +handsome remuneration. + +OIL PASTE FOR BLACKING BOOTS AND SHOES.--Two ounces Oil of Vitriol, +four ounces Tanner's Oil, mix and let stand forty-eight hours, then add +five ounces Molasses and one pound Ivory Black; stir well and then put +up for sale. This has been the fortune of Mason, of Philadelphia. + +CRYSTAL CEMENT.--Dissolve one pound of White Glue in one and one-half +pints of hot water, then cut one ounce Gum Shellac in one and one-half +pints Alcohol, and mix with the glue, then stir in two ounces of dry +White Lead, and add one ounce of Turpentine. This makes the best cement +of anything that has been discovered. It will stand heat, and articles +will break in another place sooner than where put together. This is a +fortune to an enterprising man. + +FOR CLEANING MARBLE.--Muriatic Acid two lbs., Acetic Acid one-half lb., +Verdigris one-quarter ounce. Mix and apply with a brush. Wash the stone +after with sponge and water. After the stone is clean rub it smooth +with Pumice Stone, keeping it wet with water. After some little +practice you can clean an old, dirty tombstone so that a marble cutter +cannot detect it from being new work. + +A NEW ART, OR THE LIGHTNING INTEREST RULES.--Reduce the whole time to +months and set it down in figures; divide the number of days by three, +and set the quotient down to the right of the months, and multiply that +by the quotient of the money divided by two; the answer will be the +interest at six per cent. To change to any other rate, multiply the +interest by it and divide by six. $160--one year, seven months, +twenty-one days, at six per cent. $160--2--$80 x 197--$15.76 at 6. + +Parties in New York are teaching this rule at $5 a scholar. + +BOTTLE WAX.--_Black._--Black Resin six and one-half pounds, Beeswax +one-half pound, finely powdered Ivory Black one and one-half pounds. +Melt together. _Red._--As the last, but substitute Venetian Red or +Red Lead for the Ivory Black. + +LIQUID MUCILAGE.--Fine clean Glue one pound, Gum Arabic ten ounces, +Water one quart. Melt by heat in glue kettle or water bath; when +entirely melted, add slowly ten ounces strong Nitric Acid, set off to +cool. Then bottle, adding a couple of cloves to each bottle. + +BLUING FOR CLOTHES.--Take one ounce of soft Prussian Blue, powder it +and put in a bottle with a quart of clear Rainwater, and add one-fourth +ounce of Oxalic Acid. A teaspoonful is sufficient for a large washing. + +SWAIN'S VERMIFUGE.--Wormseed two ounces, Valerian, Rhubarb, Pink-Root, +White Agaric, of each one and one-fourth ounces. Boil in sufficient +water to yield three quarts of decoction and add to it 30 drops of Oil +of Tansy and 45 drops of Oil of Cloves; dissolve in a quart of +rectified spirits. Dose one tablespoonful at night. + +TO MAKE PADS.--A piece of fine Woolen Cloth saturated with ink, makes +an excellent pad, but it is customary to place sheet cotton underneath +and muslin over the cloth, bringing the muslin down around the edges +and fasten by tacking on a binding of Tin or Morocco Leather strips. + +TO MAKE WAX FLOWERS.--The following articles will be required to +commence wax work: two pounds White Wax, one-fourth pound Hair Wire, +one bottle Carmine, one Ultramarine Blue, one bottle Chrome Yellow, two +bottles Chrome Green, No. 1, two bottles Chrome Green No. 2, one bottle +each of Rose Pink, Royal Purple, Scarlet Powder and Balsam Fir, two +dozen sheets White Wax. This will do to begin with. Now have a clean +tin dish, and pour therein a quart or two of water; then put in about +one pound of the White Wax, and let it boil. When cool enough, so the +bubbles will not form on top, it is ready to sheet, which is done as +follows: Take half a window pane, 7x9, and after having washed it clean +dip into a dish containing weak soap-suds; then dip into the Wax, and +draw out steadily, and plunge it into the suds, when the sheet will +readily come off. Lay it on a cloth or clean paper to dry. Proceed in +like manner until you have enough of the white; then add enough of the +green powder to make a bright color, and heat and stir thoroughly until +the color is evenly distributed, then proceed as for sheeting white +wax. The other colors are rubbed into the leaves after they are cut +out, rubbing light or heavy according to shade. + +For patterns you can use any natural leaf, forming the creases in wax +with thumb nail or needle. To put the flowers together, or the leaves +on the stem, hold in the hand until warm enough to stick. If the +sheeted wax is to be used in summer, put in a little Balsam of Fir to +make it hard. If for winter, none will be required. + +You can make many flowers without a teacher, but one to assist in the +commencement would be a great help, though the most particular thing +about it is to get the wax sheeted. The materials I have suggested can +be procured at any drug store, and will cost from $3.00 to $4.50. + +PORTABLE LEMONADE.--Tartaric Acid one ounce, White Sugar two pounds, +Essense of Lemon one-fourth ounce; powder and keep dry for use. One +dessert spoonful will make a glass of lemonade. + +TO NEUTRALIZE WHISKY TO MAKE VARIOUS LIQUORS.--To forty gallons of +Whisky add one and one-half pounds unslacked Lime, three-fourths of a +pound of Alum, and one-half pint Spirits of Nitre. Stand twenty-four +hours and draw it off. + +MADEIRA WINE.--To four gallons prepared Cider, add one-fourth pound +Tartaric Acid, four gallons of Spirits, three pounds Loaf Sugar. Let +stand ten days, draw it off carefully. Fine it down, and again rack it +in another cask. + +SHERRY WINE.--To forty gallons prepared Cider add two gallons Spirits, +three pounds of Raisins, six gallons good Sherry and one-half ounce Oil +of Bitter Almonds, dissolved in Alcohol. Let it stand ten days, draw it +off carefully. Fine it down, and again rack it in another cask. + +ARTIFICIAL HONEY.--Take eight pounds of White Sugar, add two quarts of +Water, boil four minutes, then add one pound of Bee's Honey. Strain +while hot. Flavor with a drop of Oil of Peppermint and a drop of the +Oil of Rose. + +PORT WINE.--To forty gallons prepared Cider add six gallons good Port +Wine, ten quarts Wild Grapes, clusters, one-half pound bruised Rhatany +Root, three ounces Tincture of Kino, three pounds Loaf Sugar, two +gallons Spirits. Let this stand ten days. Color, if too light with +Tincture of Rhatany, then rack it off and fine it. This should be +repeated until the color is perfect and the liquid clear. + +CLEANING COMPOUND.--Mix one ounce of Borax and one ounce Gum Camphor +with one quart of boiling water. When cool add one pint of Alcohol, +bottle and cork tightly. When wanted for use, shake well and sponge the +garments to be cleaned. This is an excellent mixture for cleaning +soiled black cashmere and woolen dresses, coat collars and black felt +hats. + +SHAVING SOAP.--Good white Soap in fine shavings, three pounds; Balm +Soap, one pound; Soft Water, three-fourths of a pound; Soda, one ounce. +Melt carefully over a slow fire in an earthen vessel; then add Oil of +Lavender sixty drops, Oil of Lemon forty drops; mix well and make into +forms. + +LEATHER CEMENT.--Take Gutta Percha cut in Chloroform to right +consistency for use. Equal to Cook's best for putting patches on +leather, cloth shoes or boots. Well worth $100. + +TO FASTEN PAPER TO TIN.--Take good clear pale yellow Glue, break it +into rather small pieces, and let it soak a few hours in cold water. +Pour off the supernatant water, place the glue thus softened in a +wide-mouthed bottle; add sufficient Glacial Acid to cover the Glue, and +facilitate the solution by standing the bottle in warm water. This +Acetic will stick almost anything. + +HUNTERS' AND TRAPPER'S SECRET.--Take equal parts of Oil of Rhodium, +Anise Oil, Sweet Oil and Honey, and mix well. Put a few drops on any +kind of bait. For musk-rats use sweet apples or vegetables for bait. +For mink use a chicken's head or a piece of fresh meat. + +FIRE KINDLERS--To make very nice fire kindlers take Resin, any +quantity, and melt it, putting in for each pound being used two or +three ounces or Tallow, and when all is hot stir in Pine Sawdust to +make very thick, and while very hot spread it out about one inch thick, +upon boards which have fine Sawdust sprinkled upon them to prevent it +from sticking. When cold break up into lumps about an inch square. But +if for sale take a thin board and press upon it while yet warm, to lay +it off into inch squares. This makes it break regularly, if you press +the crease sufficiently deep. Grease the marked board to prevent it +sticking. + +RED SEALING WAX.--Purchase four pounds Shellac, one and one-half pounds +Veneer Turpentine, three pounds finest Cinnabar, and four ounces +Venetian; mix the whole well together and melt over a very slow fire. +Pour it on a thick, smooth glass, or any other flat smooth surface, and +make it into three, six or ten sticks. + +FURNITURE POLISH.--Equal parts Sweet Oil and Vinegar and a pint of Gum +Arabic finely powdered. Shake the bottle and apply with a rag. It will +make furniture look as good as new. + +BLACK SEALING WAX.--Purchase the best Black Resin three pounds, Beeswax +one-half pound, and finely powdered Ivory Black one pound. Melt the +whole together over a slow fire, and make it into sticks. + +CEMENT FOR LEATHER.--Virgin India Rubber dissolved in Bisulphide of +Carbon. Add Bisulphide until of proper consistency to apply. After +applying hold a moderately warm iron over the patch. + +AROMATIC SCHIEDAM SCHNAPPS, to imitate.--To twenty-five gallons good +common Gin, five over proof, add fifteen pints strained Honey, two +gallons clear Water, five pints White Sugar Syrup, five pints Spirits +of Nutmeg, mixed with Nitric Ether, five pints Orange Flower Water, +seven quarts pure Water, one ounce Acetic Ether, eight drops Oil of +Wintergreen dissolved with the Acetic Ether. Mix all the ingredients +well; if necessary, fine with Alum and Salt of Tartar. + +CHAMPAGNE CIDER.--Good Cider, pale, one hogshead, Spirits three +gallons, Honey or Sugar twenty pounds. Mix and let them stand for two +weeks; then fine with skimmed Milk one-half gallon. This will be very +pale, and a similar article, when bottled in champagne bottles and +silvered and labeled, has often been sold to the ignorant for +champagne. + +CIDER WITHOUT APPLES.--To one gallon of cold Water add dark brown Sugar +one pound, Tartaric Acid one-half ounce, Yeast three tablespoonfuls. +Shake well together. + +ST. CROIX RUM.--To forty gallons p. or n. Spirits add two gallons St. +Croix Rum, two ounces Acetic Acid, one and one-half ounces Butyric +Acid, three pounds Loaf Sugar. + +IRISH OR SCOTCH WHISKY.--To forty gallons proof Spirits add sixty drops +Creosote dissolved in one quart of Alcohol, two ounces Acetic Acid, one +pound Loaf Sugar. Stand forty-eight hours. + +FRENCH BRANDY.--Pure Spirits one gallon, best French Brandy for any +kind you wish to imitate, one quart, Loaf Sugar two ounces, Sweet +Spirits Nitre one-half ounce, a few drops of Tincture of Catechu or Oak +Bark, to roughen the taste, if desired, and color to suit. + +ENGLISH GIN.--Plain Malt Spirits one hundred gallons, Spirits of +Turpentine one pint, Bay Salt seven pounds. Mix and distill. The +difference in the flavor of Gin is produced by varying the proportion +of Turpentine, and by occasionally adding a small quantity of Juniper +Berries. + +FRENCH FURNITURE POLISH.--Alcohol 98 per cent one pint, Gum Copal and +Shellac of each one ounce, Dragon's Blood. Mix and dissolve by setting +in a warm place. + +TO TAKE FAC-SIMILES OF SIGNATURES.--Write your name on a piece of +paper, and while the ink is wet sprinkle over it some finely powdered +Gum Arabic, then make a rim around it and pour on it some Fusible Alloy +in a liquid state. Impressions may be taken from the plates formed in +this way by means of printing ink and a copperplate press. + +CHEMICAL COMPOUND.--Aqua Ammonia two ounces, soft Water one quart, +Saltpetre one teaspoonful, Shaving Soap in shavings one ounce. Mix all +together. Dissolve the Soap well, and any grease or dirt that cannot be +removed with this preparation nothing else need be tried for it. + +DISTILLING WHISKY FROM MOLASSES.--Take five gallons of Molasses, mix +thoroughly with twenty-five gallons soft Water in a barrel. Stir in +one-half gallon Brewer's Yeast; let it set from five to seven days in a +warm place, say 70 degrees. During this time fermentation will proceed, +which is known by a bubbling sensation. When this subsides it is ready +for distilling. To distill use a common washing boiler, with the top +well closed and a hole in the same, or thimble soldered on for the +steam to pass through a pipe. Connect a tin pipe, say two inches in +diameter and ten feet long with a short elbow end to the boiler; let +the other end incline downward. Fill the boiler one-half full of the +fermented wort, boil slowly and regularly until there is no taste of +spirits left. The atmosphere condenses the steam. In this case if it +should not entirely condense it lengthen or enlarge the pipe. The +liquid thus obtained is low wines, and to use the same process of +running proof spirits can be obtained. To continue this daily any given +amount of molasses, etc., can be mixed, say one barrel each day. Five +quarts can be obtained from four quarts of common molasses. + +Intoxicating liquors of any and all kinds are the father of crime, the +mother of abomination, the devil's best friend, and God's worst enemy. + +INK POWDER.--Powdered Nut Galls four ounces, Copperas three ounces, +Logwood one ounce, Gum Arabic one-half ounce. Sufficient for one quart +of water. + +FLORIDA WATER.--Dissolve in one-half gallon of 90 per cent Alcohol, one +ounce each of Oil of Lavender, Oil of Bergamot and Oil of Lemon and Oil +of Cloves and Cinnamon, one drachm each; add one gallon of Water and +filter. + +MOLASSES CANDY.--Boil Molasses over a moderately hot fire, stirring +constantly. When you think it is done drop a little on a plate, and if +sufficiently boiled it will be hard. Add a small quantity of Vinegar to +render it brittle and any flavoring ingredient you prefer. Pour in +buttered tin pans. If nuts are to be added strew them in the pans +before pouring out the candy. + +TO MAKE EGGS OF PHARAOH'S SERPENTS.--Take Mercury and dissolve it in +moderately diluted Nitric Acid by means of heat, take care, however, +that there be always an excess of Metallic Mercury remaining. Decant +the solution and pour it in a solution of Sulphocyanide of Ammonia or +Potassium, which may be bought at a good drug store or of a dealer in +chemicals. Equal weights of both will answer. A precipitate will fall +to the bottom of the beaker or jar, which is to be collected on a +filter, and washed two or three times with water, when it is put in a +warm place to dry. Take for every pound of this material one ounce of +Gum Tragacanth, which has been soaked in hot water. When the gum is +completely softened, it is to be transferred to a mortar, and then +pulverized and dried precipitate gradually mixed with it, by means of a +little water, so as to present a somewhat dried pill mass, from which, +by hand, pellets of the desired size are formed, put on a piece of +glass, and dried again. They are then ready for use. + +BOOT AND SHOE BLACKING.--Ivory Black one pound, Molasses two ounces, +Olive Oil four ounces, Oil of Vitriol four ounces, Alcohol eight +ounces, Rye Flour one pound. Mix them together in a kettle. + +ANGLER'S SECRET NO. 1.--Mix the juice of Lovage or Smellage, or +spoiled cheese, with any kind of bait. + +No. 2.--Mullen Seed pulverized and mixed with dough, and sprinkled on +the surface of still water, intoxicates fish and makes them turn up on +the top of the water. + +BRISTOL'S TOOTH POWDER.--Prepared Chalk one pound, Castile Soap +one-half pound, powdered Yellow Bark two ounces, powdered Gum Myrrh two +ounces, powdered Loaf Sugar two ounces, powdered Orris two ounces; mix +intimately, after having first pulverized the Castile Soap. + +ROYAL WASHING POWDER.--Mix any quantity of Soda Ash with an equal +portion of Carbonate of Soda--ordinary Soda--crushed into coarse +grains. Have a thin solution of Glue, or decoction of Linseed Oil +ready, into which pour the Soda until quite thick. Spread it out on +boards in a warm apartment to dry. As soon as dry, shake up well, so +that it will pack easily into nice square packages. Label neatly. Pound +packages cost seven cents; retails for thirty-five cents. + +EGYPTIAN CEMENT.--For mending china, glass or woodenware: Take one +pound of the best White Glue, one-half pound dry White Lead, one quart +soft Water, one-half pint Alcohol. Put the three first articles in a +dish, and that dish in a pot of boiling water. Let it boil until +dissolved, then add the Alcohol, and boil again until mixed. A little +Camphor should be added, to preserve it and disguise its composition. +Put in small bottles; 25 cents each. + +"HANDY" WATER PENS.--Take best quality violet Analine, reduce to a +thick paste with water; then add Mucilage and mix thoroughly. Apply the +paste thus made to the pen, and let it dry twelve hours Any steel pen +may be prepared in this way. We always keep in stock the best violet +Analine, also a large stock of pens. + +_Directions for Using._--Start action by dipping into water up to +filling. If pen should be greasy, wet point with the tongue. To make +the ink flow thick, dip to the filling; if wanted thin or pale, dip +only to the eye of the pen after starting. After using throw the water +off, but don't wipe it, for it will dry in a minute. + +ARTIFICIAL OYSTERS.--Grate green corn in a dish; to one pint of this +add one egg well beaten, small teacup of flour, half a cup of butter, +salt and pepper; mix well together and fry them brown. + +PASTE THAT WILL NOT SOUR.--Dissolve one-half of an ounce of Alum in a +pint of boiling water, add an equal weight of Flour, made smooth in a +little cold water, and a few drops of Oil of Cloves, and let the whole +come to a boil. Put it into glass or ointment jars. It will keep for +months. + +ESSENCES are made with one ounce of any given oil added to one pint of +Alcohol. Peppermint is colored with Tincture Turmeric, Cinnamon with +Tincture Red Saunders, Wintergreen with Tincture Kino. + +TINCTURES are made with one ounce of Gum, Root, or Bark, etc., dried, +to each pint of proof spirits and let it stand one week and filter. + +OLEOMARGARINE MANUFACTURE.--The process by which suet is converted into +the substance called oleamargarine is as follows: The crude suet after +first being washed in cold water is "rendered," melted, and then drawn +off into movable tanks. The hard substance is subjected to a hydraulic +pressure of 350 tons, and the oil extracted. The butter is made from +the oil thus obtained, while the hard substance remaining is disposed +of as stearine. The oil, being carried off into churns, is mixed with +milk and from three to five per cent of dairy butter. It is then drawn +off in a consistent form, and cooled with broken ice. The latter is +soon removed, and the butter worked up with a small portion of salt. +When this is done the article is ready for packing and consumption. + +SILVER PLATING FLUID.--Take one ounce Precipitate Silver to one-half +ounce Cyanite of Potash and one-fourth ounce of Hyposulphate of Soda. +Put all in a quart of water, add a little Whiting, and shake before +using. Apply with a soft rag. Put up in ounce bottles, and retail for +25 cents. The secret is worth $100 to an agent to sell to families. + +MUCILAGE FOR LABELS.--Dextrine two ounces, Glycerine one drachm, +Alcohol one ounce, water six ounces. + +FIG CANDY.--Take one pound of Sugar and one pint of Water, set over a +slow fire. When done add a few drops of Vinegar and a lump of Butter, +and pour into a pan in which Figs are laid. + +RAISIN CANDY.--Can be made in the same manner, substituting stoned +raisins for the Figs. Common Molasses Candy is very nice with any kind +of nuts added. + +PEPPERMINT, ROSE, or HOARHOUND CANDY.--These may be made as Lemon +Candy. Flavor with Essence of Rose, or Peppermint, or finely powdered +Hoarhound. Pour it out in a buttered paper, placed in a square tin pan. + +COLOGNE.--Take one gallon 95 per cent Alcohol or Cologne Spirits, two +ounces Oil of Bergamot, one-half ounce Orange, one-half ounce Oil of +Cedar, one-half drachm Oil of Nevio, one-half drachm Oil Rosemary. Mix +well and it is fit for use. A nice article. + +BAY RUM, EQUAL TO THE BEST IMPORTED.--Oil of Bay, fine, one and +one-half drachms, Oil of Neroli (bigard) ten drops, Ether Acetic two +drachms, Alcohol deod. (strong) three pints, Water, two and one-fourth +pints, Caromel sufficient to tinge. Let it stand two weeks and filter. + +COPYING PAD.--White Gelatine four ounces, Water eight ounces, Glycerine +eight ounces, Gum Dextrine two ounces. Always use these same +proportions for any amount. Melt the Gelatine in the water at a gentle +heat, add to it the Glycerine, in which the Gum Dextrine has been +thoroughly incorporated. Now stir all together until thoroughly mixed +and then pour into pans of the desired size, to the depth of one-half +inch. + +_Recipe for Ink to Be Used._--Violet Analine forty grains, Gum Arabic +twelve grains, Alcohol one-fourth ounce, Water one-half ounce. Dissolve +the Gum in the Water and Alcohol, then add the Analine. Shake in a +bottle from time to time until the Analine is dissolved. + +_To work the Copying Pad._--Write with ink on any good paper, press the +written surface on the pad and allow it to remain two minutes; then +take off and the writing will remain, from which impressions may be +taken by laying on plain paper, and smoothing with the hand. As soon as +the last impression is taken be sure and wash off with a wet sponge. + +TO BORE HOLES IN GLASS.--Any hard steel tool will cut glass with great +facility when kept freely wet with camphor dissolved in turpentine. A +drill bow may be used, or even the hand alone. A hole bored may be +readily enlarged by a round file. The ragged edges of glass vessels may +also be thus easily smoothed by a flat file. Flat window glass can be +readily sawed by a watch spring saw by aid of this solution. In short +the most brittle glass can be wrought almost as easily as brass by the +use of cutting tools kept constantly moist with Camphorized Oil of +Turpentine. + +TO ETCH UPON GLASS.--Procure several thick, clear pieces of crown +glass; and immerse them in Melted Wax, so that they may receive a +complete coating, or pour over them a solution of Wax in Benzine. When +perfectly cold draw on them with a fine steel point, flowers, trees, +houses, portraits, etc. Whatever parts of the drawings are intended to +be corroded with the acid should be perfectly free from the least +particle of wax. When all these drawings are finished the pieces of +glass must be immersed one by one in a square leaden box or receiver, +where they are to be submitted to the action of Hydroflouric Acid Gas, +made by acting on Powdered Flour-Spar by Concentrated Sulphuric Acid. +When the glasses are sufficiently corroded, they are to be taken out, +and the wax is to be removed by first dipping them in warm and then in +hot water, or by washing with turpentine or benzine. Various colors may +be applied to the corroded parts of the glass, whereby a fine painting +may be executed. In the same manner sentences and initials of names may +be etched on wine-glasses, tumblers, etc. + +RUBBER HAND STAMPS.--Set up the desired name and address in common +type, oil the type, and place a guard about one-half inch high around +the form. Now mix Plaster of Paris to the desired consistency, pour in +and allow it to set. Have your Vulcanized Rubber all ready, as made in +long strips three inches wide and one-eighth of an inch thick, cut off +the size of the intended stamp. Remove the plaster cast from the type, +and place both the cast and the rubber in a screw press, applying +sufficient heat to thoroughly soften the rubber, then turn down the +screw hard, and let it remain until the rubber receives the exact +impression of the cast and becomes cold, when it is removed, neatly +trimmed with a sharp knife, and cemented to the handle, ready for use. + +COMMON TWIST CANDY.--Boil three pounds of common Sugar and one pint of +water over a slow fire for half an hour without skimming. When boiled +enough take it off, rub your hands over with butter; take that which is +a little cooled and pull it as you would molasses candy, until it is +white; then twist or braid it and cut it up in strips. + +STICKY FLY PAPER.--Boiled Linseed Oil and Rosin; melt and add honey. +Soak the paper in a strong solution of Alum, then dry before applying +the above. + +KISS-ME-QUICK.--Spirits one gallon, Essence of Thyme one-fourth ounce, +Essence of Orange Flowers two ounces, Essence of Neroli one-half ounce, +Otto of Roses thirty drops, Essence of Jasmine one ounce, Essence of +Balm Mint one-half ounce, Petals of Roses four ounces, Oil of Lemon +twenty drops, Calorous Aromaticus one-half ounce, Essence Neroli +one-fourth ounce. Mix and strain. + +HOW TO TEST THE RICHNESS OF MILK.--Procure any long glass vessel--a +cologne bottle or long phial. Take a narrow strip of paper, just the +length from the neck to the bottom of the phial, and mark it off with +100 lines at equal distances, or into fifty lines, and count each as +two, and paste upon the phial so as to divide its length into 100 equal +parts. Fill it to the highest mark with milk fresh from the cow, and +allow it to stand in a perpendicular position 24 hours. The number of +spaces occupied by the cream will give you its exact percentage in the +milk without any guess work. + +FINE PEPPERMINT LOZENGES.--Best powdered White Sugar seven pounds, pure +Starch one pound, Oil of Peppermint to flavor. Mix with Mucilage. + +HOW TO FASTEN RUBBER TO WOOD AND METAL.--As rubber plates and rings are +nowadays used almost exclusively for making connections between steam +and other pipes and apparatus, much annoyance is often experienced by +the impossibility or imperfection of an air-tight connection. This is +obviated entirely by employing a cement which fastens alike well to the +rubber and to the metal or wood. Such cement is prepared by a solution +of Shellac in Ammonia. This is best made by soaking pulverized Gum +Shellac in ten times its weight of strong Ammonia, when a slimy mass is +obtained, which in three or four weeks will become liquid without the +use of hot water. This softens the rubber and becomes, after +volatilization of the Ammonia, hard and impermeable to gases and +fluids. + +TO TRANSFER PRINTED MATTER AND PRINT FROM IT AGAIN.--Take your picture +or print and soak it for a short time in a weak solution of Caustic +Potash, then remove it carefully, and let it dry on a sheet of clean +paper. Then take a piece of copper, zinc, or steel, which has +previously been well cleaned, and dip it into hot white wax. Let the +first coat set, then dip again. Having got the plate thoroughly coated +and set, lay the matter to be transferred on the plate, and rub it +gently all over on the back; now raise it up, and it will be +transferred on to the wax on the plate. Now take needles of a different +thickness, and scrawl all over the wax, following the lines of the +engraving. Having got the picture all traced out, pour upon it some +weak acid if you use zinc, which is too soft to print many from, +therefore it is better to use copper or steel. If you use copper, make +the following solution to pour over it: Verdigris four parts, Salt four +parts, Sal Ammoniac four parts, Alum one part, Water sixteen parts, +Sour Vinegar twelve parts. Dissolve by heat. For steel, use +Pyroligneous Acid five parts, Alcohol one part, Nitric Acid one part. +Mix the first two, then add the Nitric Acid. Pouring the preparations +over the plates where the traces of the pictures are, it will eat into +the metal plate without affecting the wax. Let it stand till it has +eaten a sufficient depth, then wash the plate with cold water, dry it +and place it near the fire till all the wax is melted off. You can now +print as many as you please from the plate by rubbing on it printer's +ink, so as to fill all the fine spaces; which, when done, wipe it over +smoothly with clean cloths to remove the superfluous ink which is on +the face of the plate. Now take damp paper or cardboard, and press it +on the plate, either with a copying press or the hand, and you get a +fine impression, or as many as you want by repeating the inking +process. I would recommend beginners to try their skill with valueless +prints before attempting to make transfers of fine engravings, as the +picture to be transferred is destroyed by the process. + +I.X.L. BAKING POWDER.--Take one pound Tartaric Acid in Crystals, one +and one-half pounds Bi-Carbonate of Soda, and one and one-half pounds +of Potash Starch. Each must be powdered separately, well dried by a +slow heat, well mixed through a sieve. Pack hard in tinfoil, tin or +paper glazed on the outside. The Tartaric Acid and Bi-Carbonate of Soda +can of course be bought cheaper of wholesale druggists than you can +make them, unless you are doing things on a large scale, but Potato +Starch any one can make. It is only necessary to peel the potatoes and +to grate them up fine into vessels of water, to let them settle, pour +off the water, and make the settlings into balls, and dry them. With +these directions anyone can make as good baking-powder as is sold +anywhere. If he wants to make it very cheap, he can take Cream of +Tartar and common Washing (Carbonate) Soda, instead of the articles +named in the recipe, but this would be advisable only where customers +insist on excessively low prices in preference to quality of goods. + +EVERLASTING FENCE POSTS.--I discovered many years ago that wood could +be made to last longer than iron in the ground, but thought the process +so simple and inexpensive that it was not worth while to make any stir +about it. I would as soon have poplar, basswood, or quaking ash as any +other kind of timber for fence posts. I have taken out basswood posts +after having been set seven years, which were as sound when taken out +as when they were first put in the ground. Time and weather seem to +have no effect on them. The posts can be prepared for less than two +cents apiece. This is the recipe: Take boiled Linseed Oil and stir it +in pulverized Charcoal to the consistency of paint. Put a coat of this +over the timber, and there is not a man that will live to see it rot. + +LIQUID GLUE.--To one ounce of Borax in one pint of boiling water, add +two ounces of Shellac, and boil until the Shellac is dissolved. + +TO MEND TINWARE BY THE HEAT OF A CANDLE.--Take a phial about two-thirds +full of Muriatic Acid and put into it little bits of Sheet Zinc as long +as it dissolves them; then put in a crumb of Sal Ammoniac and fill up +with water and it is ready to use. Then with the cork of the phial, wet +the place to be mended with the preparation; then put a piece of Zinc +over the hole and hold a lighted candle or spirit lamp under the place, +which melts the solder on the tin, and causes the zinc to adhere +without further trouble. Wet the zinc also with the solution; or a +little solder may be put on instead of the zinc or with the zinc. + +TO WHITEN AND SOFTEN THE HANDS.--Take one-half lb. Mutton Tallow, one +ounce Camphor Gum, one ounce Glycerine; melt, and when thoroughly +mixed, set away to cool. Rub the hands with this every night. + +A BRANDING INK.--A waterproof branding ink, good for marking sheep: +Shellac two ounces, Borax two ounces, Water twenty-four ounces, Gum +Arabic two ounces, Lamp Black sufficient. Boil the Borax and Shellac in +the water till they are dissolved, and withdraw them from the fire. +When the solution becomes cold, complete 25 ounces with water, and add +Lamp Black enough to bring the preparation to a suitable consistency. +When it is to be used with a stencil it must be made thicker than when +it is used with a brush. The above gives black ink. For red ink +substitute Venetian Red for Lamp Black; for blue Ultramarine; and for +green a mixture of Ultramarine and Chrome Yellow. + +FRENCH POLISH, or DRESSING FOR LEATHER.--Mix two pints best Vinegar +with one pint soft water. Stir into it one-fourth pound Glue, broken +up, one-half pound Logwood chips, one-fourth ounce finely powdered +Indigo, one-fourth ounce best soft Soap, and one-fourth Isinglass. Put +the mixture over the fire, and let it boil ten minutes or more; then +strain, bottle and cork. When cold it is fit for use. Apply with a +sponge. + +NEW YORK BARBER'S STAR HAIR OIL.--Castor Oil six and one-half pints, +Alcohol one and one-half pints, Citronella and Lavender Oil, each +one-half ounce. + +BARBER'S SHAMPOOING MIXTURE.--Soft Water one pint, Sal Soda one ounce, +Cream Tartar one-fourth ounce. Apply thoroughly to the hair. + +CRUCIBLES.--The best crucibles are made of a pure fire clay, mixed with +finely ground cement of oil crucibles, and a portion of black lead or +graphite; some pounded coke may be mixed with the plumbago. The clay +should be prepared in a similar way as for making pottery ware. The +vessels, after being formed, must be slowly dried, and then properly +baked in a kiln. + +_Black Lead Crucibles_ are made of two parts of Graphite and one of +Fire Clay, mixed with Water into a paste, pressed in moulds, and well +dried, but not baked hard in the kiln. This compound forms excellent +small or portable furnaces. + + +WHAT TO INVENT, AND HOW TO PROTECT YOUR INVENTION. + +WHAT TO INVENT.--Cheap, useful articles that will sell at sight. +Something that everyone needs, and the poorest can afford. Invent +simple things for the benefit of the masses, and your fortune is made. +Some years back a one-armed soldier amassed a fortune from a single +toy--a wooden ball attached to a rubber string. They cost scarcely +anything, yet millions were sold at a good price. A German became +enormously rich by patenting a simple wooden plug for beer barrels. +"What man has done, man may do." + +HOW TO PROTECT YOUR INVENTION.--Patent it. If you do not, others will +reap the benefits that rightfully belong to you. + +A PATENT IS A PROTECTION given to secure the inventor in the profits +arising from the manufacture and sale of an article of his own +creation. + +TO WHOM LETTERS PATENT ARE GRANTED.--Section 4886 of the Revised +Statutes of the United States provides that: "Any person who has +invented or discovered any new and useful art, machine, manufacture or +composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, not +known or used by others in this country, and not patented or described +in any printed publication in this or any foreign country, before his +invention or discovery thereof, and not in public use, or on sale for +more than two years prior to his application, unless the same is proved +to have been abandoned, may, upon the payment of the fees required by +law, and other due proceedings had, obtain a patent therefor." + +And section 4888 of the same Statute enacts: + +Section 4888. Before any inventor or discoverer shall receive a patent +for his invention or discovery, he shall make application therefor, in +writing, to the Commissioner of Patents, and shall file in the Patent +Office a written description of the same, and of the manner and process +of making, constructing, compounding, and using it, in such full, +clear, concise and exact terms, as to enable any person skilled in the +art or science to which it appertains, or with which it is most nearly +connected, to make, construct, compound, and use the same; and in case +of a machine, he shall explain the principle thereof and the best mode +in which he has contemplated applying that principle, so as to +distinguish it from other inventions; and he shall particularly point +out and distinctly claim that part, improvement or combination which he +claims as his invention or discovery. The specification and claim shall +be signed by the inventor and attested by two witnesses. + +It is also required by law that when "The case admits of drawings," it +shall be properly illustrated; and also, if the Commissioner requires +it, that a model shall be furnished in cases capable of such +demonstration. + +The cost of obtaining Letters Patent in ordinary cases is: First, +Government fees, $15; counsel fees, including drawings, $25; second, or +final Government fees, to be paid within six months from date of +allowance, $20; total, $60. + +DESIGNS.--A design patent can be obtained for novelties in the shape of +configuration of articles, or impressions by any means whatever. These +patents are of great value to the trade. + +The Government fees for a design patent are: + + On filing every application for a design patent $10.00 + On issuing a design patent for 3-1/2 years no further charge. + On issuing a design patent for 7 years 5.00 + On issuing a design patent for 14 years 20.00 + +CAVEATS.--A caveat is a confidential communication used in the Patent +Office, and it consists of a specification, drawings, oath and +petition. The specification must contain a clear description of the +intended invention. + +HOW A COPYRIGHT IS SECURED.--The method by which a copyright is +obtained under the revised acts of Congress is as simple and +inexpensive as can be reasonably asked. All unnecessary red tape is +dispensed with, and the cost to the author who is seeking thus to +protect himself in the enjoyment of the profits of his work, is so +small as to be scarcely appreciable. This is an example of cheapness +and directness toward which all branches of public administration +should tend, if a government is to fulfill its proper mission of +serving the people without needlessly taxing them. Directions have +lately been issued for the guidance of persons wishing to obtain +copyrights; and, as many of our readers may not be conversant with the +subject, we give a brief abstract of the process. + +The first thing necessary is to send a printed copy of the title of the +work, plainly directed to "Librarian of Congress, Washington, D.C." +The copyright law applies not only to books, pamphlets and newspapers, +but also to maps, charts, photographs, paintings, drawings, music, +statuary, etc. If there is a title page, send that; if not, a title +must be printed expressly for the purpose, and in both cases the name +of the author or claimant of copyright must accompany the title. Use no +smaller paper than commercial note. + +A remittance of one dollar must be made along with the application. +This is the whole charge--half of it being for the entry on the record, +and the other half for your certificate, which the Librarian will send +you promptly by mail. You will of course prepay your postage. + +Within ten days after your book, or other article, is published, you +are required to send two complete copies of the best edition to the +Librarian, addressed as before, prepaying postage; or the Librarian +will furnish "penalty labels," under which they can be sent free of +postage. If this deposit of copies is neglected, the copyright is void, +and you are liable to fine of $25. + +The law requires that on the title page of a copyrighted work, or some +part of the drawing, painting, statue, or whatever it may be, there +shall be printed these words: "Entered according to act of Congress, in +the year ----, by ----, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at +Washington;" or, if preferred, this briefer form may be used: +"Copyright, 18--, by ----." To this may be added, "Right of translation +reserved," or "All rights reserved;" but in that case the Librarian +must have been duly notified, so that he may include it in the record. + +Any person who prints the copyright notice on his work without having +obtained a copyright, is liable to a penalty of $1.00. The original +term of a copyright runs for twenty-eight years, and it may then be +renewed for a further term of fourteen years, either by the author or +by his widow or children, application being made not less than six +months before the expiration of the right. Trade marks and labels +cannot be copyrighted under this law, but are provided for by a +separate act, relating to matters of detail, which cannot here be +recited, but in regard to which, the Librarian at Washington will give +the needed information whenever required. + +TRADE MARKS, LABELS, PRINTS, ETC.--Copyrights cannot be granted upon +trade marks, nor upon mere names of companies or articles, nor upon +prints or labels intended to be used with any article of manufacture. +If protection for such names or labels is desired, application must be +made to the Patent Office, where they are registered at a fee of $6 for +labels, and $25 for trade marks. + +By the word "print" is meant any device, word, or figures (not a trade +mark) impressed directly upon the article, to denote the name of the +manufacturer, etc. + +By the word "label" is meant a slip of paper, or other material, to be +attached to manufactured articles, or to packages containing them, and +bearing the name of the manufacturer, directions for use, etc. + +WATER ICES.--Some make these with acid, water, flavor, and the whites +of eggs. _No good._ + +The best rules for the amount of sugar is to suit your taste. + +FRANGIPANNA.--Spirits one gallon, Oil Bergamot one ounce, Oil of Lemon +one ounce; macerate for four days, frequently shaking; then add Water +one gallon, Orange Flower Water one pint, Essence of Vanilla two +ounces. Mix. + +SILVERING POWDER.--Nitrate of Silver and common Salt, of each thirty +grains, Cream of Tartar three and one-half drachms. Pulverize finely, +mix thoroughly, and bottle for use. Unequaled for polishing copper and +plated goods. + +EXTRACT OF LEMON.--Three ounces Oil Lemon; cut with 95 proof Alcohol; +add one gallon 80 proof Alcohol, and filter through cotton or felt. Put +up in two ounce bottles. Sells for 25 cents; jobs at $1.00 and $1.50 +according to quality and style of package. + +BALM OF A THOUSAND FLOWERS.--Deodorized Alcohol one pint, nice white +Bar Soap four ounces; shave the soap when put in, stand in a warm place +till dissolved, then add Oil of Citronella one drachm, and Oils of +Neroli and Rosemary, of each one-half drachm. + +TIN CANS.--Size of sheet for from 1 to 100 gallons: + + For 1 gallon 7 by 20 ins. + For 3-1/2 gallons 10 by 28 ins. + For 5 gallons 12 by 40 ins. + For 6 gallons 14 by 40 ins. + For 10 gallons 20 by 42 ins. + For 15 gallons 30 to 42 ins. + For 25 gallons 30 by 56 ins. + For 40 gallons 36 by 63 ins. + For 50 gallons 40 by 70 ins. + For 75 gallons 40 by 84 ins. + For 100 gallons 40 by 98 ins. + +This includes all laps, seams, etc., which will be found sufficiently +correct for all practical purposes. + +MOULDS AND DIES.--Copper, Zinc and Silver in equal proportions, melt +together under a coat of powdered charcoal, and mould into the form you +desire. Bring them to nearly a white heat, and lay on the thing you +would take an impression of, press with sufficient force, and you will +get a perfect and beautiful impression. + +INDESTRUCTIBLE LAMP WICKS.--Steep common wicks in a concentrated +aqueous solution of Tungstate of Soda, and then dry thoroughly in an +oven. + +A GOLD PLATE FOR SMALL ARTICLES, WITHOUT A BATTERY.--Digest a small +fragment of gold with about ten times its weight of mercury until it is +dissolved, shake the amalgam together in a bottle, and after cleansing +the articles, coat them uniformly with the amalgam. Then expose them on +an iron tray heated to low redness for a few minutes. The mercury +volatilizes, leaving the gold attached as a thin coating to the +article. The heating should be done in a stove, so that the poisonous +mercurial fumes may pass up the chimney. + +A GELATINE MOULD FOR CASTING PLASTER ORNAMENTS.--Allow twelve ounces of +Gelatine to soak for a few hours in water, until it has absorbed as +much as it can, then apply heat, by which it will liquify. If the mould +is required to be elastic, add three ounces of Treacle, and mix well +with the Gelatine. If a little Chrome Alum (precise proportions are +immaterial) be added to the Gelatine, it causes it to lose its property +of being again dissolved in water. A saturated solution of Bichromate +of Potash brushed over the surface of the mould, allowed to become dry +and afterwards exposed to sunlight for a few minutes, renders the +surface so hard as to be unaffected by moisture. + +IMITATION OF GROUND GLASS.--The following is from an Antwerp scientific +journal. Paint the glass with the following varnishes: Sandarac +eighteen drachms, Mastic four drachms, Ether twenty-four ounces, +Benzine six to eighteen ounces. The more Benzine the coarser the grain +of imitation glass will be. + +UNSHRINKABLE PATTERNS.--The best mixture for small patterns, that does +not shrink in casting, is sixty-nine parts Lead, fifteen and one-half +parts Antimony, fifteen and one-half parts Bismuth, by weight. A cheap +kind for finished patterns can be made of ten parts Zinc, one part +Antimony, one part Tin. + +TO MAKE ARTIFICIAL MARBLE FOR PAPER WEIGHTS OR OTHER FANCY +ARTICLES.--Soak Plaster of Paris in a solution of Alum, bake it in an +over, and then grind it to a powder. In using mix it with water, and to +produce the clouds and veins stir in any dry color you wish; this will +become very hard, and is susceptible of a very high polish. + +MOLDS OF GLUE AND MOLASSES, SUCH AS RODGERS USES FOR MAKING HIS +STATUETTES.--The flexible moulds referred to are prepared as follows: +Glue eight pounds, Molasses (New Orleans) seven pounds. Soak the Glue +over night in a small quantity of cold water, then melt it by heat over +a salt water bath, stir until froth begins to rise, then add and stir +in briskly the Molasses previously heated. Continue to heat and stir +the mixture for about half an hour; then pour. + +TO CLARIFY LIQUIDS.--The following composition is said to bleach all +colored liquids, and to render bone-black perfectly unnecessary: +Albumen three hundred, Neutral Tartrate of Potash two, Alum five, Sal +Ammoniac seven hundred parts. The Albumen must of course not be +coagulated. The ingredients are first dissolved in a little water and +then added to the liquid to be clarified. + +TO PREVENT STORE WINDOWS FROM STEAMING.--J. F. writes: I am about to +have the front show windows of my store inclosed with inside windows. +Can you tell any way to prevent the outside windows frosting in cold +weather? A. Clean the glass occasionally with a cloth moistened with +pure Glycerine, wiping it so as to leave only a trace of the Glycerine +adhering to the surface--this on the inside. + +ARTIFICIAL INDIA RUBBER.--A cheap and useful substitute for Indian +rubber is prepared by mixing a thick solution of Glue with Tungstate of +Soda and Hydrochloric Acid. A compound of Tungstic Acid and Glue is +precipitated, which at a temperature of 86 degrees to 104 degrees F. is +sufficiently elastic to admit of being drawn out into very thin sheets. +On cooling this mass becomes solid and brittle, but on being heated is +again soft and plastic. This new compound can be used for many of the +purposes to which rubber is adapted. + +RUBBER STAMPS FOR PHOTOGRAPHS.--Many photographers employ a rubber +stamp for imprinting the backs of mounts, and in these circumstances a +good ink is very essential. Here is the recipe for making one quoted +from the _Engineer_, and said to yield an excellent ink which, while +not drying on the pad, will yet not readily smear when impressed upon +paper: Aniline Red (Violet) one hundred and eighty grains, distilled +Water two ounces, Glycerine one teaspoonful, Treacle one-half +teaspoonful. The crystals of Aniline are powdered and dissolved in the +boiling distilled water, and the other ingredients then added. + +A GOOD IDEA.--_How to Remove Pain and Soreness from Wounds._ The value +of the smoke from burned wool to remove the pain and soreness from +wounds of all kinds, or from sores, is great, and it will give +immediately relief from the intense pain caused by a gathering. The +easiest way to prepare this is to cut all-wool flannel--if you haven't +the wool--into narrow strips, take some hot ashes with a few small live +coals on a shovel, sprinkle some of the flannel strips on it, and hold +the injured member in the smoke for five or ten minutes, using plenty +of flannel to make a thick smoke. Repeat as often as seems necessary, +though one smoking is usually enough. + +CHILBLAINS.--We glean two prescriptions from the _British Medical +Journal_. They are now being used in this country, and with good +results. Lin. Belladonnae two drachms, Lin. Aconita one drachm, Acid +Carbolici six minims, Collod. Flexil one ounce. + +Mix and apply every night with a camel's hair pencil, Collod. Flexil +four drachms, Oleiricini four drachms, Spt. Tereb, four drachms. Use +three times daily with camel's hair brush. + +SAID TO BE GOOD FOR GRIP.--Anything that affords hope of relief from +Grip is of interest. Pauline Crayson writes from Cranford, N.J., to +_New York Tribune_, saying: "I have found Peroxide of Hydrogen +(medicinal) a marvelous remedy in the treatment of grip and influenza. +This medicine should be diluted with water and administered internally, +and by snuffing through the nostrils or by spraying the nostrils and +throat. I believe the good results from this treatment, which I have +never known to fail of producing a speedy cure, are due to the +destruction of the microbe upon which this disease depends." The remedy +is simple and within the reach of everybody, and can easily be tested. + +STICKS LIKE A BROTHER.--A paste that will adhere to anything.--Prof. +Alex. Winchell is credited with the invention of a cement that will +stick to anything (_Nat. Drug_). Take two ounces of clear Gum Arabic, +one and one-half ounces of fine Starch and one-half ounce of White +Sugar. Pulverize the Gum Arabic, and dissolve it in as much water as +the laundress would use for the quality of starch indicated. Dissolve +the starch and sugar in the gum solution. Then cook the mixture in a +vessel suspended in boiling water until the starch becomes clear. The +cement should be as thick as tar and keep so. It can be kept from +spoiling by dropping in a lump of Gum Camphor, or a little Oil of +Cloves or Sassafras. This cement is very strong indeed, and will stick +perfectly to glazed surfaces, and is good to repair broken rocks, +minerals or fossils. The addition of a small amount or Sulphate of +Aluminum will increase the effectiveness of the paste, besides helping +to prevent decomposition. + + +DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING ALL KINDS OF CANDY. + +MOLASSES TAFFY.--New Orleans Molasses one pint, Sugar one and one-half +pounds, Water one-half pint (no doctor). Stir all the time to a good +light snap. Lemon flavor. Work as above. + +CREAM TAFFY.--Same as above. When to the ball degree have ready half +cup cider vinegar, one-fourth pipe Cream Tartar, dissolve in the +Vinegar, four ounces Butter. Add, stir, and work as you do the white +taffy. + +NUT TAFFY.--Use the cream taffy recipe. Just before the candy is done +cooking stir in any kind of nut goodies, pour out, and when cool enough +not to run, form it into a block, cut or break it with a hammer. + +GOOD BROWN BUTTER-SCOTCH.--C Sugar, three pounds; Water, one and +one-fourth pint; Cream Tartar, one full pipe dissolved in one cup Cider +Vinegar; Molasses, one-half pint; Butter, eight ounces (no flavor). Add +all except the Vinegar, Cream Tartar and Butter. Boil to medium ball, +then add the Cream Tartar in the Vinegar and Butter. Stir all the time +carefully. Boil to light snap finish as before in cheap Butter-Scotch. + +SOUR LEMON DROPS.--Make a batch of barley squares. Just as soon as you +pour it on the slab sprinkle over it three-fourths ounce dry Tartaric +Acid, two tablespoons Lemon flavor; turn the cold edges in to the +center of the batch, work it like bread dough; place this before a hot +stove on your table and cut into little pieces with your scissors, or +run the batch through a drop machine. + +All goods that you want to spin out or run through a machine or cut +with scissors should be kept warm by a sheet iron stove, on a brick +foundation, fitted in the table evenly, and the candy placed in front +to keep warm. + +Should the candy slab, after it is greased, act sticky, not allowing +the candy to come up freely, throw a dust of flour over the sticky +place after it has been greased. + +STICK CANDY.--Stick candy is made precisely the same as peppermint +clips, by keeping the batch round, and a second person to twist them +and keep them rolling until cold. This can be done only by practice. +The sticks are then chopped in the desired length by heavy shears. + +STRAWBERRY.--Same, only flavor with strawberry; color with liquid +coloring slightly. + +MAPLE CARAMELS.--Use one-half Maple Sugar with C Sugar. No flavor. + +WALNUT CARAMELS.--Same as the first. When done, stir in sufficient nuts +to suit. + +A better caramel can be made with white sugar, and milk instead of +water. + +Still better, by using cream one quart, and when cream cannot be had, +condensed milk dissolved in milk works fine. + +ALMOND BARS.--Same as peanut, only add the Almond nuts in time to allow +them to roast a little in the boiling sugar. One-fourth of a pint of +New Orleans syrup added to the boiling sugar improves the flavor and +color. + +CHOCOLATE COATING.--Can use sweet confectioners', or confectioners' +plain (never use the quarter and one-pound grocery packages, as it +contains too much sugar to melt good). Place a small piece of paraffine +the size of a hickory-nut and one small teaspoon of lard in a rice +cooker, melt, add one-half pound of chocolate, stir until dissolved; +dip balls of cream in this chocolate, drop on wax paper to cool, and +you have fine hand made chocolate drops. + +COLD SUGAR ICING.--For dipping cream drops. Confectioners' sugar with +the white of eggs and a small amount of dissolved Gum Arabic in water. +Make this into a batter. If thick, the drops will be rough; if thin, +the drops will be smooth. + +COCOANUT CREAM ICE.--Two pounds granulated sugar, three-fourths pint +water, boil to a light crack; set off, add four ounces glucose (or the +amount of cream tartar you can hold on the point of a penknife); set +back on the fire, just let come to a boil to dissolve the glucose; set +off again, add immediately one-fourth ounce shaved paraffine, six +ounces cream dough cut up fine, one grated cocoanut. Stir all until it +creams, pour out into a frame on brown paper dusted with flour, mark +and cut with a knife when cold. + +OPERA CREAMS.--Two pounds white sugar, three-fourths pint cow's cream, +boil to a soft ball; set off; add two ounces glucose; set on, stir easy +until it commences to boil, then pour out, let get three-fourths cold, +and stir it until it turns into a cream. Then work into two tablespoons +vanilla, line a pan with wax paper, flatten the batch in it, and mark +it in squares. Set aside two hours to harden. + +ITALIAN CREAM OPERAS.--Melt four ounces butter with four ounces plain +chocolate. Take a batch of the opera cream; when cooked, add the above, +stir it in the kettle until it creams, then pan and work it as you do +the operas. + +BUTTER CREAMS.--One and one-half pounds white sugar, and one-half pound +C. sugar, three-fourths pound glucose, one-fourth pint molasses, one +and one-fourth pint water; boil to the hard snap, add six ounces +butter, set off until it melts; set on and let boil, to well mix the +butter; pour out. Have one pound hard cream dough thoroughly warmed, +just so you can handle it. When the batch is cold enough on the stove +to handle, place the warm cream lengthwise on the center of it and +completely wrap the cream up in it. Place this on your table before +your heater, spin out in long strips, have some one to mark them heavy +or good. When cold, break where marked. + +BOSTON CHIPS.--Three pounds of white sugar, one-half pipe cream tartar, +one and one-fourth pints water; boil with a lid over it to the hard +snap; pour; pull this only half as much as any other candy; for too +much pulling takes out all the gloss when done; flavor it on the hook; +wear your gloves, place it before your heater on the table, flatten out +and spin out into thin ribbons, break off and curl them up in little +piles. + +Strawberry chips can be made the same way, adding a pinch of cochineal +paste. + +DATE OR FIG SQUARES.--Can be made by cutting them fine, scatter them +thick over the greased stone, and pour over them a batch of barley +square candy. Mark and cut with a knife. + +PINE TREE TAR COUGH CANDY.--First have one tablespoon oil of tar +dissolved in two tablespoons of alcohol. + +Cook to a hard snap twenty pounds sugar (white), three quarts water, +three pounds glucose; pour out; scatter over (while cooling) twenty +drops of tar, two tablespoons oil of capsicum, three tablespoons oil of +wintergreen; work all well into the batch (do not pull this on the +hook). + +Place before your heater on the table and spin it out in large round +sticks. Have some one to keep them rolling until cold. Cut into sticks +about three and one-half inches long. Wrap them in printed labels. + +DATE AND FIG CREAMS.--Seed dates, cut a piece out of the end V shape, +insert a white or pink cream ball, press it in, and stick a clove in +the end; it looks like a pear. + +Cut figs in strips, place the seedy side around a piece of cream dough. +The hand made cream can be made into various varieties of candy to suit +your fancy. + +FACTORY CREAM DOUGH.--This recipe is worth twenty-five dollars to any +candy maker. When the cream is first done it appears flaky and coarse; +but the next morning it is fine, and the longer it sets the better it +is. When made up it never gets stale or hard. Never use flour to roll +out cream with when you can get the XXX lozenge sugar. Forty pounds +granulated sugar, five quarts water; boil to a stiff ball; set off; add +quickly twelve pounds of glucose. Do not stir. Set on the fire, let it +come to a boil until you see even the scum boiled in (do not allow the +glucose to cook in the sugar). Pour out, wait only until you can lay +the back of your hand on the top of batch. (Never let it get colder, it +is better to cream while hot than cold like other goods). Cream it with +two garden hoes, or cream scrapers. Add while creaming one-fourth pint +scant measure of glycerine. No need of kneading it, scrape into your +tub for use. (If A sugar is used the cream is sticky.) + +IMITATION HAND-MADE CHOCOLATE.--Take a suitable hand made. Make your +plaster paris prints. Take a quantity of the above cream, melt in a +bath, flavor and mould. Dip. + +A NUMBER ONE CHOCOLATE DROP.--Moulding cream; granulated sugar, twenty +pounds; water, three quarts. Boiled to a thread, set off, add three +pounds of glucose dissolved; pour, let get cold. Cream, melt, add pinch +of glucose to one pint simple syrup; four tablespoonfuls of glycerine. +Stir. Mould. + +CHEAP CHOCOLATES.--Quick work. Make a batch of the above number one. +Exactly the same process. After the glucose is dissolved in the batch +do not pour out, but add five pounds of the hard factory cream in +pieces. Stir, flavor, melt. Set this kettle in a kettle of boiling +water, have a boy to stir and watch it; do not allow it to get so thin +as to simmer, only thin enough to run into your starch prints. This +cream saves time and labor. + +TO WORK OVER SCRAPS OF CANDY.--To thirty pounds of scraps use one +gallon water; stir until it boils; set off, for it would never melt any +more by boiling; continue stirring until all is dissolved. Set aside +until cold. Skim off the top. This can be worked into hoar-hound or +dark penny goods, pop-corn bricks, etc. + +TO COOK OVER MAPLE SUGAR.--To sixty pounds broken up maple, add water +(according to the hard or soft grain of the sugar) enough to dissolve. +Stir until melted. If the grain was soft, add fifteen pounds granulated +sugar; if the hard grain, only add that amount of C. sugar. Boil to 244 +degrees by thermometer, or good ball. Take out some in porcelain sauce +pan, grain until cloudy (to make quick work always have a small portion +in the same sauce pan for the next stirring). Pour in moulds greased, +or put in a tub of cold water. + +ARTIFICIAL MAPLE SUGAR.--Dark C. sugar (driest), two pounds; water, +one-third pint; butter, two ounces, melted; flavor with maple flavor; +boil to a ball, cream in the pan. Pour before it gets too stiff. + +MOLASSES POP-CORN BALLS.--Always sift your corn after it is popped. For +home use, add butter and lemon flavor to your syrup. This is too +expensive for retail and factory use, though some use lard sparingly. +Boil molasses to a stiff ball, wet your tub, put in your corn; now with +a dipper pour over your candy and stir with a paddle through the corn, +wet your hands in cold water, make your balls and wrap in wax paper, +twisting the ends close to the balls. + +FOR WHITE OR RED.--Sugar and glucose half and half, water, to melt and +boil as above. Work the same. + +To make six hundred bricks a day and pop this corn, put a coarse sieve +in a box or barrel bottom, instead of the natural bottom. Sift your +corn. Have your popper made with a swinging wire, hanging from the +ceiling down over the furnace to save labor. Have a stout, thick, wide +board for the floor of your press; make a stout frame the width that +two brick will measure in length; as long as twelve bricks are thick, +and have your boards six or eight inches wide. Put your frame together; +now make a stout lid of one-inch lumber to fit in your frame; have four +cleats nailed crosswise to make it stout, and a 2x4 piece nailed +lengthwise across the top of these (shorter than the lid is); now for a +lever get a hard 2x4, six to eight feet long; fasten the ends of this +lever to the floor, giving it six inches of the rope to play in. + +Now you are ready; wet your flour board and dust it with flour; do the +lid and frame the same. To every thirty pounds melted scraps of candy +use two pounds of butter. (You can't cut the bricks without it.) Cook +to a hard ball. + +To three-fourths tub of corn, pour three small dippers of syrup; pour +this when mixed in your frame on the flour board, put on the lid, with +the lever press once the center, once each end, and once more the +center; take out the lid, lift the frame, dump out on the table. When +two-thirds cool, cut lengthwise with a sharp, thin knife, then cut your +bricks off crosswise. + +Penny pop-corn bricks are made the same way. + +CANDY PENNY POP-CORN PIECES.--Cook a batch of glucose to a light snap, +flavor well, pour thin. While hot place your pop-corn sheet hard down +on the candy, mark deep cut and wrap. I have put boys on this work in +the shop at five dollars a week pay, and knew them to clear for the +proprietor from five to twenty dollars daily for several months; one to +pop corn, one to cook syrup, one to press, and one to cut them, girls +to wrap and box. + +TO SHELL COCOANUTS.--Take the nut in the left hand with the three eyes +up; strike from the nut down with your hatchet; peel with a knife or +spoke shave, cut them into four pieces, cover them with water, set on +the furnace, and let come to a good boil. If the nuts are sour, strain +and add fresh cold water quickly so as the heat will not darken them, +and repeat. If very sour scrape the insides out. Grate them, taking out +one pieces at a time, as the air does them no good. + +RED CENTER.--Take two-thirds, pour thin; color the remaining one-third +red with the liquor color; place this on the half of the two-thirds, +and turn the other up over on top, roll out flat with a roller, cool, +cut. + +The same goods cooked to a soft ball may be made into balls to be +coated in red sugar after throwing them in hot sugar syrup; also to be +dipped in melted cream, or brown the cocoanut balls on top with burnt +sugar. Chocolate glaze cream coating eats well over these goods, or dip +the balls as you like. + +FLAVORINGS.--To any kind of oils take eight times in bulk the amount of +Alcohol: stir, let set in a warm place a short time; can be used if +needed immediately. + +HOME MADE MAPLE SUGAR.--To two pounds of maple (bricks, not cakes) 1 +pint water, one-third pipe cream of tartar (or four ounces of glucose +is best); boil slow to a smooth degree, cool, skim. White sugar can be +used. + +To keep molasses from sugaring in the barrel; when making the molasses, +to every barrel add twenty pounds of glucose, stir it in. + +To lighten the color and aid the flavor of rank, dark molasses, do the +same as above. To allow molasses to cool slowly makes it dark. It +should be stirred lively until cool. + +Also to improve sour, rank molasses, take the molasses, for instance, +ten gallons; take five pounds dry C sugar, five pounds glucose, water +two quarts. Boil the sugar and glucose until thoroughly dissolved; add +the molasses, boil five minutes. You can make fine syrup this way. + +TO MAKE A CANDY HOUSE.--House for a show window. Take any design you +fancy, of card board. Cut out the windows; place this on your candy +slab. Now with a lead pencil mark out your design, and as many of each +piece as you need (it is a good idea to make an extra piece so if you +break one you can go ahead). Now take of the icing sugar and fill your +paper funnel as if for cake icing, and overline the pencil marks you +made on the stone. When done you find you have a frame that will hold +hot candy. Boil a batch of Barley Square goods (mentioned in this +book), and pour on some in a dipper; take this and pour in your icing +sugar frame or patterns you made on the stone, when half cold, so as +not to run; run a thin knife under them carefully, lift them and lay +them in a different place on the stone; when you have moulded all cut +off the icing sugar that sticks to the candy. Then put your candy house +together, sides first, and take pieces of lemon stick candy, dip them +in the hot candy, and stick in the bottom and top corners of your +house; hold them a few seconds to cool, then finish likewise. When +done, take your icing sugar and funnel paper and on the outside corners +of the candy house put icing sugar and the windows finish the same. +Candies, if desired, can be stuck on with the icing sugar, etc. The +icing sugar should be stiff for a nice job, and will hide the corners. + +Candy pyramids can be made this way also. + +TO MAKE A DELICIOUS CANDY COCOANUT CAKE.--Have your cake layers cold. +Place in your rice steamer one-half grated cocoanut and a chunk of +hand-made cream the size of your fist; stir until mixed and you can +spread it; do not melt it more than necessary. This cake will not dry +out if made with factory cream. I gave this recipe to two London +practical cake bakers; they said it beat any cake recipe they had ever +received. + +Put your mind to work and with a little practice you will get up +candies of your own invention, from the knowledge you derive here in +this book. + +ICE CREAM.--I will give only the best recipe, my own improvement, as +workmen will find all my private recipes in this book to be different +from others, as well as first-class. Two quarts thick cream, one pound +A sugar, one-fourth ounce French gelatine, yolks of three eggs; add one +quart of the cream and gelatine, set on the fire; stir; do not let +boil; melt; set off, add the eggs and sugar stirred up together with a +little of the cream, stirring all the time; set on, let get hot; set +off, add the other quart of cream; stir, strain, freeze. Break your ice +fine; use salt from one pint to one quart. Flavor after it is frozen. + +FAIR GROUND LEMONADE.--Take one barrel water; dissolve in one quart of +warm water twenty-five cents worth citric acid; dissolve two dollars' +worth A sugar in one gallon water. Stir all together. A few cut up +pieces of lemon can be added for appearance sake. + +JAP COCOANUT.--One pound XXX confectioner's sugar, dampened a little; +one and one-half pounds glucose; stir when cooked to a soft ball; add +all the grated cocoanut it will stick together; boil, stir to the +lightest crack. + +LEMON ICE.--Seven lemons, the juice only, juice of three oranges. Take +one pint water, dissolve in one-half ounce of French sheet gelatine; +then add whites of two eggs, one and one-fourth pounds A sugar, +dissolved; add all together with three pints cold water; freeze as for +ice cream. Keep machine running briskly until finished. + +ORANGE ICE.--The same by changing the fruit proportionately. + +THE ADULTERATIONS USED BY CERTAIN FACTORIES.--(Please never try to make +use of the following, for I never would print it for that purpose, only +to expose the stuff.) + +Grape sugar, which looks like cheap suet melted, and is so hard as to +be chopped with an ax, though it dissolves readily. Terra alba, white +clay, which is fine as sugar, and is sieved into cream work or on +candy, and worked into it. Rice flour, ground rice mixed into cocoanut +goods; cerealine, ground, prepared corn mixed into cocoanut. Glucose +has the name of being an adulteration, though I fail, from seventeen +years' experience, to find it such; it contains nothing outside of the +acid to make it so, and that is in so small a portion as to be +harmless. It is an article that is of greater value to man than the +inexperienced give it credit for. If I had time I could argue this +question satisfactorily to any unprejudiced person. Gamboge is a bad +article for candy, yellow, cheap, hurtful color. Ground cocoanut shells +are used mostly in adulterating pepper, etc. "Who is to blame for +adulterating goods?" I claim three parties--first, the proprietor; +next, candy makers; and next, the ignorant class of people that want +sixteen cents' worth of boiled sugar for eight cents, when they do not +stop to think it could not possibly be made for less than eight cents, +all told. + +Germany and France have strong laws against all adulterations. Soon +America will prohibit the same, and bless God when the day and law we +so much need will come. + +HOW TO ORNAMENT CAKES.--You need four cups of confectioners' finest +sugar, whites of two eggs. Beat the eggs just a little, add the sugar +gradually, juice one lemon; beat this stiff, until the sugar will bend +when you hold the paddle up. Now take a sheet of thick writing paper, +fold it into a funnel shape, hold it in your left hand; fill this with +the icing, prepared as above, about two-thirds full, fold in the top +and place both thumbs on it, cut off a little of the small end of the +funnel to allow the icing to come out when you press with your thumbs. +Next, with a knife, cover your cake with icing sugar smoothly; if it +sticks to the knife, wet it a little. Let dry half hour; then with a +lead pencil make leaves or designs, and with your paper funnel ice your +pencil designs. Colored icing looks well. + +TAKING LEAF PHOTOGRAPHS--A very pretty amusement, especially for those +who have just completed the study of botany, is the taking of leaf +photographs. One very simple process is this: At any druggist's get an +ounce of Bichromate of Potassium. Put this into a pint bottle of water. +When the solution becomes saturated--that is, the water is dissolved as +much as it will--pour off some of the clear liquid into a shallow dish; +on this float a piece of ordinary writing paper till it is thoroughly +moistened, let it dry in the dark. It should be a bright yellow. On +this put the leaf, under a piece of black soft cloth and several sheets +of newspaper. Put these between two pieces of glass (all the pieces +should be of the same size) and with spring clothespins fasten them +together. Expose to a bright sun, placing the leaf so that the rays +will fall upon it as nearly perpendicular as possible. In a few moments +it will begin to turn brown; but it requires from half an hour to +several hours to produce a perfect print. When it has become dark +enough, take it from the frame, and put it into clear water, which must +be changed every few minutes until the yellow part becomes white. +Sometimes the leaf veinings will be quite distinct. By following these +directions it is scarcely possible to fail, and a little practice will +make perfect. + +CURIOUS THINGS.--1. To apparently burn water, fill a glass lamp with +water, and put into it for a wick a piece of Gum Camphor. The lamp +should not be quite full, and the camphor may be left to float upon the +surface of the water. On touching a lighted match to the Camphor, up +shoots a clear, steady flame, and seems to sink below the surface of +the water, so that the flame is surrounded by the liquid. It will burn +a long time. If the Camphor be ignited in a large dish of water it will +commonly float about while burning. + +2. To change the faces of a group to a livid, deathly whiteness, and to +destroy colors, wet a half teacupful of common salt in Alcohol and burn +it on a plate in a dark room. Let the salt soak a few minutes before +igniting. The flame will deaden the brightest colors in the room, and +the dresses of the company will seem to be changed. Let each one put +his face behind the flame, and it will present a most ghastly spectacle +to those who stand before it. This is serviceable in tableau where +terror of death is to be represented. The change wrought by the flame, +when the materials are properly prepared, is very surprising. + +3. Wet a piece of thick wrapping paper, then dry near the stove. While +dry, lay it down upon a varnished table or dry woolen cloth, and rub it +briskly with a piece of India rubber. It will soon become electrified, +and if tossed against the wall or the looking glass will stick some +time. Tear tissue-paper into bits, one-eighth of an inch square, and +this piece of electrified paper will draw them. Or take a tea-tray and +put it on three tumblers. Lay the electric paper on it, and on touching +the tray you will get a little spark. Let the paper lay on the tray, +and on touching the tray again you will get another spark, but of the +opposite kind of electricity. Replace the paper and you will get +another, and so on. + +4. To produce a spectrum, burn magnesium wire in a dark room, and as +soon as the flame is extinguished, let each one try to look into the +other's faces. The spectrum of the extinguished light is clearly seen. + +MURIATE OF TIN. TIN LIQUOR.--If druggists keep it, it is best to +purchase of them already made, but if you prefer, proceed as follows: +Get at a tinner's shop block tin, put it into a shovel and melt it. +After it is melted, pour it from the height of four or five feet into a +pail of clear water. The object of this is to have the tin in small +particles, so that the Acid can dissolve it. Take it out of the water +and dry it; then put it in a strong brass bottle. Pour over it Muriatic +Acid twelve ounces, then slowly add sulphuric acid eight ounces. The +Acid should be added about a tablespoonful at a time, at intervals of +five or eight minutes, for if you add it too rapidly you run the risk +of breaking the bottle by heat. After you have all the Acid in, let the +bottle stand until the ebullition subsides; then stop it up with +beeswax or glass stopper, and set it away; and it will keep good for a +year or more, or it will be fit for use in twenty-four hours. + +THE CENTENNIAL ILLUMINATING OIL.--_Recipe for Making One Gallon._--Take +seven-eighths gallon Benzine or crude Petroleum, add to it one-half +ounce Gum Camphor, one-half ounce Alcohol, one-half pint common Salt, +one-half ounce Oil of Sassafras. Stir and mix it well for about five +minutes. Let is stand for twenty-four hours and it is ready for use. It +is better to buy the Benzine from Pittsburgh, Pa., as the druggists +usually charge two or three times the wholesale price. + + + + +CHAPTER X. + +COIN DEPARTMENT. + + +Complete and standard list of American silver and copper coins which +command a premium: + + +UNITED STATES SILVER DOLLARS. + +[Illustration: LIBERTY 1794] + +1794 Flowing Hair $ 20 00 +1794 Flowing Hair, Fine 30 00 +1795 Flowing Hair 1 25 +1796 Fillet Head 1 25 +1796 Fillet Head 1 60 +1797 Fillet Head, 6 Stars Facing 1 60 +1797 Fillet Head, 7 Stars Facing 1 60 +1798 Fillet Head, 13 Stars, Small Eagle 1 50 +1798 Fillet Head, 15 Stars, Small Eagle 2 00 +1798 13 Stars, Large Eagle 1 10 +1799 5 Stars Facing 1 40 +1799 6 " " 1 10 +1800 Spread Eagle 1 15 +1801 Spread Eagle 1 30 +1802 Spread Eagle 1 30 +1802 over 1801, Spread Eagle 1 35 +1803 Spread Eagle 1 35 + + +1804 DOLLAR. + +[Illustration: Obverse] + +[Illustration: Reverse] + +1804 Excessively Rare $500 00 +1840 Liberty Seated 1 05 +1841 Liberty Seated 1 05 +1844 Liberty Seated 1 05 +1845 Liberty Seated 1 05 +1848 Liberty Seated 1 15 +1849 Liberty Seated 1 05 +1851 Liberty Seated 23 00 +1852 Liberty Seated 23 00 +1853 Liberty Seated 1 10 +1854 Liberty Seated 2 50 +1855 Liberty Seated 1 60 +1856 Liberty Seated 1 50 +1857 Liberty Seated 1 50 +1858 Liberty Seated 23 00 +1861 Liberty Seated 1 05 +1862 Liberty Seated 1 05 +1863 Liberty Seated 1 05 +1864 Liberty Seated 1 05 +1865 Liberty Seated 1 05 +1866 Liberty Seated 1 05 +1867 Liberty Seated 1 05 +1868 Liberty Seated 1 05 +1869 Liberty Seated 1 05 +1879 Trade Dollar 1 05 +1880 Trade Dollar 1 05 +1881 Trade Dollar 1 05 +1882 Trade Dollar 1 05 +1883 Trade Dollar 1 05 +1884 Trade Dollar 1 05 + + +UNITED STATES PATTERN DOLLARS. + +[Illustration: 1836] + +1836 C. Gobrecht's Name in Field $ 9 00 +1836 Flying Eagle 4 00 +1838 Flying Eagle 17 00 +1839 Flying Eagle 13 50 + + +HALF DOLLARS. + +[Illustration: LIBERTY 1794] + +1794 Flowing Hair, Fair $ 2 00 +1794 Flowing Hair, Good 3 00 +1795 Flowing Hair 60 +1796 Fillet Head, 15 Stars 17 50 +1796 Fillet Head, 16 Stars 20 00 +1797 Fillet Head, 15 Stars 18 00 +1801 Fillet Head 2 00 +1802 Fillet Head 2 00 +1803 Fillet Head 55 +1804 Fillet Head 7 50 +1805 Fillet Head 55 +1805 over 1804, Fillet Head 60 +1806 Fillet Head, if Extra Fine 55 +1807 Fillet Head, if Extra Fine 55 +1807 Head to Left, if Extra Fine 55 +1815 Head to Left, Fair 1 50 +1815 Head to Left, Good 2 00 +1815 Head to Left, Fine 2 50 +1820 over 1819 55 +1836 Liberty Cap, Milled Edge 1 50 +1836 Liberty Cap, Milled Edge, Fine 1 75 +1838 Liberty Cap 12 00 + +(Having "O" mark underneath bust, and meaning New Orleans Mint, under +head like above cut. Ordinary 1838 half dollars without this mint mark +are not wanted.) + +1851 Liberty Seated $ 55 +1851 Liberty Seated, Fine 65 +1852 Liberty Seated, Fair 1 40 +1852 Liberty Seated, Good 1 75 +1852 Liberty Seated, Fine 2 00 +1879 Liberty Seated, Fine 55 + + +QUARTER DOLLARS. + +[Illustration: LIBERTY 1796] + +1796 Fillet Head, Fair $ 1 50 +1796 Fillet Head, Good 2 00 +1804 Fillet Head, Fair 1 50 +1804 Fillet Head, Good 2 00 +1805 Fillet Head, Good 30 +1806 Fillet Head, Good 30 +1807 Head to Left 30 +1815 Head to Left, Fine 35 +1818 Head to Left, Fine 30 +1819 Head to Left, Fine 30 +1820 Head to Left, Fine 30 +1821 Head to Left, Fine 30 +1822 Head to Left, Fine 30 +1823 Head to Left, Fair 16 00 +1823 Head to Left, Good 21 00 +1824 Head to Left, Fair 35 +1824 Head to Left, Good 60 +1824 Head to Left, Fine 1 00 +1827 Head to Left, Fair 17 50 +1827 Head to Left, Good 22 00 +1853 (without Arrows and Rays) 2 50 + + +TWENTY CENT PIECES. + +1876 $ 25 +1877 1 75 +1878 1 75 + +[Illustration: LIBERTY 1796] + +[Illustration: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA] + + +DIMES. + +1796 Fillet Head, Fair $ 75 +1796 Fillet Head, Good 1 50 +1797 13 Stars, Fair 1 10 +1797 13 Stars, Good 2 00 +1797 16 Stars, Fair 1 25 +1796 16 Stars, Good 2 00 +1798 Fillet Head, Fair 90 +1798 Fillet Head, Good 1 75 +1800 Fillet Head, Fair 1 00 +1800 Fillet Head, Good 1 75 +1801 Fillet Head, Fair 1 00 +1801 Fillet Head, Good 1 75 +1802 Fillet Head, Fair 1 25 +1802 Fillet Head, Good 2 00 +1803 Fillet Head, Fair 75 +1803 Fillet Head, Good 1 25 +1804 Fillet Head, Fair 1 25 +1804 Filled Head, Good 2 22 +1805 Filled Head, Good 20 +1807 Filled Head, Good 25 +1809 Head to Left, Fair 20 +1809 Head to Left, Good 50 +1809 Head to Left, Fine 75 +1811 Head to Left, Fair 25 +1811 Head to Left, Good 50 +1811 Head to Left, Fine 75 +1814 Head to Left, Fine 15 +1820 Head to Left, Fine 15 +1821 Head to Left, Small Date, Fine 15 +1822 Head to Left, Fair 50 +1822 Head to Left, Good 75 +1822 Head to Left, Fine 1 00 +1824 Head to Left, Fine 15 +1828 Head to Left, Fine 15 + +[Illustration: 1846] + +[Illustration: ONE DIME] + +1846 Liberty Seated $ 25 + +[Illustration: LIBERTY 1794] + +[Illustration: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA] + + +HALF DIMES. + +1794 Flowing Hair, Fair $ 1 10 +1794 Flowing Hair, Good 2 00 +1794 Flowing Hair, Fine 3 00 +1795 Flowing Hair, Fair 30 +1795 Flowing Hair, Good 60 +1796 15 Stars, Fillet Head, Fair 1 50 +1796 15 Stars, Fillet Head, Good 2 00 +1797 15 Stars, Fillet Head, Fair 1 10 +1797 15 Stars, Fillet Head, Good 1 75 +1797 16 Stars, Fillet Head, Fair 1 00 +1797 16 Stars, Fillet Head, Good 1 75 +1800 Fillet Head, Fair 40 +1800 Fillet Head, Good 75 +1801 Fillet Head, Fair 1 00 +1801 Fillet Head, Good 2 00 +1802 Fillet Head, Fair 20 00 +1802 Fillet Head, Good 40 00 +1802 Fillet Head, Fine 75 00 +1803 Fillet Head, Fair 1 00 +1803 Fillet Head, Good 1 75 +1805 Fillet Head, Fair 1 60 +1805 Fillet Head, Good 2 25 +1838 Liberty Seated, without stars, Fair 08 +1838 Liberty Seated, without stars, Good 20 +1838 Liberty Seated, without stars, Fine 30 +1846 Liberty Seated, Fair 75 +1846 Liberty Seated, Good 1 00 +1846 Liberty Seated, Fine 1 50 + +[Illustration: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1873] + + +SILVER THREE CENT PIECES. + +1855 Large Star in Center $ 10 +1863 Large Star in Center 40 +1864 Large Star in Center 50 +1865 Large Star in Center 30 +1866 Large Star in Center 30 +1867 Large Star in Center 30 +1868 Large Star in Center 30 +1869 Large Star in Center 25 +1870 Large Star in Center 20 +1871 Large Star in Center 20 +1872 Large Star in Center 20 +1873 Large Star in Center 75 + + +NICKEL, FIVE CENT PIECES. + +1877 $ 25 + +[Illustration: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1877] + + +NICKEL, THREE CENT PIECES. + +1877 $ 40 + + +COPPER TWO CENT PIECES. + +1872 $ 05 +1873 90 + + +COPPER CENTS. + +[Illustration: LIBERTY 1793] + +[Illustration: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ONE CENT 1/100] + +1793 Liberty Cap $ 1 25 +1794 15 +1795 Liberty Cap 10 +1796 Liberty Cap 15 +1796 Fillet Head 15 +1797 Fillet Head 08 +1798 Fillet Head 05 +1799 Fillet Head 3 00 +1799 Fillet Head 6 00 +1800 Fillet Head 05 +1801 Fillet Head 05 +1804 Fillet Head 2 00 +1804 Fillet Head, Fine 2 75 +1805 Fillet Head 08 +1806 Fillet Head 06 +1807 Fillet Head 03 + +[Illustration: 1808] + +[Illustration: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ONE CENT] + +1808 Head to Left $ 10 +1809 Head to Left 40 +1809 Head to Left, Fine 75 +1810 Head to Left 05 +1811 Head to Left 25 +1812 Head to Left 03 +1813 Head to Left 15 +1814 Head to Left 05 +1817 Head to Left, 15 Stars 05 +1821 Head to Left 08 +1823 Head to Left 12 +1857 Head to Left, Large Date 06 +1857 Head to Left 06 +1857 Head to Left, Small Date 06 + +[Illustration: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1856] + + +EAGLE NICKEL CENTS. + +1856 Fair $ 55 +1856 Good 80 +1856 Fine 1 10 + + +HALF CENTS. + +[Illustration: LIBERTY 1795] + +[Illustration: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA HALF CENT] + +1793 Liberty Cap $ 1 00 +1794 Liberty Cap 25 +1795 Lettered Edge 20 +1795 Thin Die 20 +1796 Liberty Cap 7 50 +1797 Liberty Cap 25 +1797 Lettered Edge 85 +1800 Fillet Head 05 +1802 Fillet Head 60 +1803 Fillet Head 05 +1805 Fillet Head 06 +1806 Fillet Head 06 +1807 Fillet Head 06 +1808 Fillet Head 06 +1810 Head to Left 18 +1811 Head to Left 60 +1831 Head to Left 2 00 +1836 Head to Left 3 00 +1840 Head to Left 1 75 +1841 Head to Left 1 75 +1842 Head to Left 2 50 +1843 Head to Left 3 00 +1844 Head to Left 2 00 +1845 Head to Left 1 75 +1846 Head to Left 1 75 +1847 Head to Left 2 50 +1848 Head to Left 3 00 +1849 Head to Left, Small Date 3 00 +1849 Head to Left, Large Date 06 +1850 Head to Left 05 +1852 Head to Left 2 50 +1854 Head to Left 05 +1856 Head to Left 15 +1857 Head to Left 08 + + +AMERICAN SILVER AND COPPER COINS NOT ISSUED BY THE UNITED STATES MINT. + +SILVER COINAGE. + +DOLLARS.--First coinage, 1794; none issued 1805 to 1835, inclusive, and +1837. + +HALF-DOLLARS.--First coinage, 1794; none issued 1798, 1799, 1816. + +QUARTER-DOLLARS.--First coinage, 1796; none issued 1794, 1795, 1797 to +1804, 1808 to 1814, inclusive, 1816, 1817, 1826, 1829, 1830. + +DIMES.--First coinage, 1796; none issued 1794, 1795, 1799, 1806, 1808, +1810, 1812, 1813, 1815 to 1819, inclusive, 1826. + +HALF-DIMES.--First coinage, 1794; none issued 1798, 1799, 1801, 1806 to +1828, inclusive. The coinage of half-dimes was discontinued in 1873 by +Act of Congress. + +THREE-CENT PIECES (SILVER).--First coinage, 1851; and then the dates +follow in succession until 1873, when the coinage of them was +discontinued. + + +COPPER CENTS. + +COPPER CENTS.--First coinage, 1793, none issued 1815; they then follow +to 1857, when the coinage was changed to nickel. The nickel cent of +1856 was only a pattern, which continued during this year up to 1864, +inclusive. The bronze cent was introduced in this year. In 1865 the +nickel cent was discontinued, and up to date the bronze cents are +issued. + +HALF-CENTS.--First coinage, 1793; none issued 1798, 1799, 1801, 1812 to +1824, inclusive; 1827, 1837, 1838, 1839; in 1857 the issue of +half-cents was discontinued. + +In 1864 the two-cent piece in bronze was introduced, and discontinued +in 1873, by Act of Congress. + +In 1865 the three-cent nickel piece was first issued. + +In 1866 the five-cent piece was first issued; a very few were struck in +1865 as pattern. In 1883 the die was changed to that of the current +issue with liberty head. Although upwards of five million coins of the +1883 nickels without the words "cents" were issued, they will in the +course of a few years command a premium. At present they are still +quite common. + + + + +LOISETTE'S SYSTEM OF MEMORY. + + +So much has been said about Loisette's memory system, the art has been +so widely advertised, and so carefully guarded from all the profane who +do not send five or many dollars to the professor, that a few pages +showing how every man may be his own Loisette, may be both interesting +and valuable. + +In the first place, the system is a good one, and well worth the labor +of mastering, and if the directions are implicitly followed there can +be no doubt that the memory will be greatly strengthened and improved, +and that mnemonic feats, otherwise impossible, may be easily performed. +Loisette, however, is not an inventor, but an introducer. He stands in +the same relation to Dr. Pick that the retail dealer holds to the +manufacturer; the one produced the article; the other brings it to the +public. Even this statement is not quite fair to Loisette, for he has +brought much practical common sense to bear upon Pick's system, and in +preparing the new art of mnemonics for the market, in many ways he has +made it his own. + +If each man would reflect upon the method by which he himself remembers +things, he would find his hand upon the key of the whole mystery. For +instance, the author was once trying to remember the word _blythe_. +There occurred to my mind the words "Bellman," "Belle," and then the +verse + + --the peasant upward climbing + Hears the bells of _Buloss_ chiming. + +"Barcarole," "Barrack," and so on, until the word "blythe" presented +itself with a strange insistence, long after I had ceased trying to +recall it. + +On another occasion, when trying to recall the name "Richardson," I got +the words "hay-rick," "Robertson," "Randallstown," and finally "wealthy," +from which naturally I got "rich" and "Richardson" almost in a breath. + +Still another example: trying to recall the name of an old schoolmate, +"Grady," I got "Brady," "grave," "gaseous," "gastronome," "gracious," +and I finally abandoned the attempt, simply saying to myself that it +began with a "G," and there was an "a" sound after it. The next +morning, when thinking of something entirely different, this name +"Grady" came up in my mind with as much distinctness as though some one +had whispered it in my ear. This remembering was done without any +conscious effort on my part, and was evidently the result of the +exertion made the day before, when mnemonic processes were put to work. +Every reader must have had similar experience, which he can recall, and +which will fall in line with the examples given. + +It follows, then, that when we endeavor, without the aid of any system, +to recall a forgotten fact or name, our memory presents to us words of +a similar sound or meaning in its journey toward the goal to which we +have started it. This goes to show that our ideas are arranged in +groups in whatever secret cavity or recess of the brain they occupy, +and that the arrangement is one not alphabetical exactly and not +entirely by meaning, but after some fashion partaking of both. + +If you are looking for the word "meadow" you may reach "middle" before +you come to it, or "Mexico," or many words beginning with the "m" +sound, or containing the "dow," as "window" or "dough," or you may get +"field" or "farm"--but you are on the right track, and if you do not +interfere with your intellectual process you will finally come to the +idea which you are seeking. + +How often have you heard people say: "I forget his name; it is +something like Beadle or Beagle--at any rate it begins with a B." Each +and all of these were unconscious Loisettians, and they were practicing +blindly, and without proper method or direction, the excellent system +which he teaches. The thing, then, to do--and it is the final and +simple truth which Loisette teaches--is to travel over this ground in +the other direction--to cement the fact which you wish to remember to +some other fact or word which you know will be brought out by the +implied conditions--and thus you will always be able to travel from +your given starting point to the thing which you wish to call to mind. + +[Illustration: _a_ _b_ _c_ _d_ _e_] + +To illustrate: let the broken line in the annexed diagram represent a +train of thought. If we connect the idea "_a_" with "_e_" through the +steps _b_, _c_ and _d_, the tendency of the mind ever afterward will be +to get to _e_ from _a_ that way, or from any of the intermediates that +way. It seems as though a channel were cut in our mindstuff along which +the memory flows. How to make it flow this way will be seen later on. +Loisette, in common with all mnemonic teachers, uses the old devise of +representing numbers by letter--and as this is the first and easiest +step in the art, this seems to be the most logical place to introduce +the accepted equivalents of the Arabic numerals: + +0 is always represented by _s_, _z_ or _c_ soft. + +1 is always represented by _t_, _th_ or _d_. + +2 is always represented by _n_. + +3 is always represented by _m_. + +4 is always represented by _r_. + +5 is always represented by _l_. + +6 is always represented by _sh, j, ch_ soft or _g_ soft. + +7 is always represented by _g_ hard, _kc_ hard, _q_ or final _ng_. + +8 is always represented by _f_ or _v_. + +9 is always represented by _p_ or _b_. + +All the other letters are used simply to fill up. Double letters in a +word count only as one. In fact, the system goes by sound, not by +spelling--for instance, "this" or "dizzy" would stand for _ten_; +"catch" or "gush" would stand for 76, and the only difficulty is to +make some word or phrase which will contain only the significant +letters in the proper order, filled out with non-significants into some +guise of meaning or intelligibility.[2] Suppose you wish to get some +phrase or word that would express the number 3,685, you arrange the +letters this way: + ++-----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+ +| | 3 | ^ | 6 | ^ | 8 | ^ | 5 | ++-----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+ +| a | m | a | sh | a | f | a | l | +| e | | e | j | e | v | e | | +| i | | i | ch | i | | i | | +| o | | o | g | o | | o | | +| u | | u | | u | | u | | +| h | | h | | h | | h | | +| w | | w | | w | | w | | +| x | | x | | x | | x | | +| y | | y | | y | | y | | ++-----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+ + +You can make out "image of law," "my shuffle," "matchville," etc., +etc., as far as you like to work it out. + + [2] You can remember the equivalents by noting the fact that _z_ + is the first letter of "zero" and _c_ of "cipher;" _t_ has but + one stroke, _n_ has two, _m_ has three. The script _f_ is very + like 8, the script _p_ like 9; _r_ is the last letter of four, + _l_ is the Roman numeral for _fifty_, which suggests _five_. The + others may be retained as memorizing these two nonsense lines: + + Six _shy_ _J_ewesses c_h_ase _G_eorge + Seven great _k_ings _c_ame _q_uarreli_ng_. + +Now, suppose you wish to memorize the fact that $1,000,000 in gold +weighs 3,685 pounds, you go about it in this way, and here is the +kernel and crux of Loisette's system: + +"How much does $1,000,000 in gold weigh?" + +"Weigh--scales." + +"Scales--statue of Justice." + +"Statue of Justice--_image of law_." + +The process is simplicity itself. The thing you wish to recall, and +that you fear to forget, is the weight; consequently you cement your +chain of suggestion to the idea which is most prominent to your mental +question. What do you weigh with? Scales. What does the mental picture +of scales suggest? The statue of Justice, blindfolded and weighing out +award and punishment to man. Finally, what is this statue of Justice +but the image of law? And the words "image of law," translated back +from the significant letters _m_, _g_ soft, _f_ and _l_, give you +3--6--8--5, the number of pounds in $1,000,000 in gold. You bind +together in your mind each separate step in the journey, the one +suggests the other, and you will find a year from now that the fact +will be as fresh in your memory as it is to-day. You cannot lose it. It +is chained to you by an unbreakable mnemonic tie. Mark, that it is not +claimed that "weight" will of itself suggest "scales" and "scales" +"statue of Justice," etc., but that, once having passed your attention +up and down the ladder of ideas, your mental tendency will be to take +the same route, and get to the same goal again and again. Indeed, +beginning with the weight of $1,000,000, "image of law" will turn up in +your mind without your consciousness of any intermediate station on the +way, after some iteration and reiteration of the original chain. + +Again, so as to fasten the process in the reader's mind even more +firmly, suppose that it were desired to fix the date of the battle of +Hastings (A.D. 1066) in the memory; 1066 may be represented by the +words "the wise judge" (_th_ equals 1, _s_ equals 0, _j_ equals 6, _dg_ +equals 6; the others are non-significants); a chain might be made thus: + +Battle of Hastings--arbitrament of war. + +Arbitrament of war--arbitration. + +Arbitration--judgment. + +Judgment--the wise judge. + +Make mental pictures, connect ideas, repeat words and sounds, go about +it in any way you please, so that you will form a mental habit of +connecting the "battle of Hastings" with the idea of "arbitrament of +war," and so on for the other links in the chain, and the work is done. + +Loisette makes the beginning of his system unnecessarily difficult, to +say nothing of his illogical arrangement in the grammar of the art of +memory, which he makes the first of his lessons. He analyzes suggestion +thus: + +1. Inclusion. 2. Exclusion. 3. Concurrence. + +All of which looks very scientific and orderly, but is really +misleading and badly named. The truth is that one idea will suggest +another. + +1. By likeness or opposition of meaning, as "house" suggests "room" or +"door," etc., or "white" suggests "blacks," "cruel," "kind," etc. + +2. By likeness of sound, as "harrow" and "barrow;" "Henry" and +"Hennepin." + +3. By mental juxtaposition, a peculiarity different in each person and +depending upon each one's own experiences. Thus "St. Charles" suggests +"railway bridge" to me, because I was vividly impressed by the breaking +of the Wabash bridge at that point. "Stable" and "broken leg" come near +each other in my experience, so do "cow" and "shot-gun" and "licking." + +Out of these three sorts of suggestions it is possible to get from any +one fact to any other in a chain certain and safe, along which the mind +may be depended upon afterward always to follow. + +The chain is, of course, by no means all. Its making and its binding +must be accompanied by a vivid, methodically directed attention, which +turns all the mental light gettable in a focus upon the subject passing +across the mind's screen. Before Loisette was thought of this was +known. In the old times in England, in order to impress upon the minds +of the rising generation the parish boundaries in the rural districts, +the boys were taken to each of the landmarks in succession, the +position and bearings of each pointed out carefully, and, in order to +deepen the impression, the young people were then and there vigorously +thrashed, a mechanical method of attracting the attention which was +said never to have failed. This system has had its supporters in many +of the old-fashioned schools, and there are men who will read these +lines who can recall, with an itching sense of vivid expression, the +144 lickings which were said to go with the multiplication table. + +In default of a thrashing, however, the student must cultivate as best +he can an intense fixity of perception upon every fact or word or date +that he wishes to make permanently his own. It is easy. It is a matter +of habit. If you will you can photograph an idea upon your cerebral +gelatine so that neither years nor events will blot it out or overlay +it. You must be clearly and distinctly aware of the thing you are +putting into your mental treasure-house, and drastically certain of the +cord by which you have tied it to some other thing of which you are +sure. Unless it is worth your while to do this, you might as well +abandon any hopes of mnemonic improvement, which will not come without +the hardest kind of hard work, although it is work that will grow +constantly easier with practice and reiteration. + +You need, then: + + 1. Methodic suggestion. + 2. Methodic attention. + 3. Methodic reiteration. + +And this is all there is to Loisette, and a great deal it is. Two of +them will not do without the third. You do not know how many steps +there are from your hall-door to your bed-room, though you have +attended to and often reiterated the journey. But if there are twenty +of them, and you have once bound the word "nice," or "nose," or "news," +or "hyenas," to the fact of the stairway, you could never forget it. + +The Professor makes a point, and very wisely, of the importance of +working through some established chain, so that the whole may be +carried away in the mind--not alone for the value of the facts so bound +together, but for the mental discipline so afforded. + +Here, then, is the "President Series," which contains the name and the +date of inauguration of each President from Washington to Cleveland. +The manner in which it is to be mastered is this: Beginning at the top, +try to find in your mind some connection between each word and the one +following it. See how you can at some future time make one suggest the +next, either by suggestion of sound or sense, or by mental +juxtaposition. When you have found this dwell on it attentively for a +moment or two. Pass it backward and forward before you, and then go on +to the next step. + +The chain runs thus, the names of the Presidents being in small caps, +the date word in italics: + +President Chosen as the first word as the one most apt to occur + to the mind of any one wishing to repeat the names + of the Presidents. +Dentist Presi_dent_ and _dent_ist. +Draw What does a dentist do? +_To give up_ When something is drawn from one it is given up. + This is a date phrase meaning 1789. +Self-sacrifice There is an association of thought between giving + and self-sacrifice. +WASHINGTON Associate the quality of self-sacrifice with + Washington's character. +Morning wash _Wash_ington and _wash_. +Dew Early witness and dew. +Flower beds Dew and flowers. +_Took a bouquet_ Flowers and bouquet. Date phrase (1707.) +Garden Bouquet and garden. +Eden The first garden. +Adam Juxtaposition of thought. +ADAMS Suggestion by sound. +Fall Juxtaposition by thought. +Failure Fall and failure. +_Deficit_ Upon a failure there is usually a deficit. Date + word (1801.) +Debt The consequence of a deficit. +Bonds Debt and bonds. +Confederate bonds Suggestion by meaning. +Jefferson Davis Juxtaposition of thought. +JEFFERSON. + +Now, follow out the rest for yourself, taking about ten at a time, and +binding those you do last to those you have done before each time, +before attacking the next bunch. + + 1 | 2 | 3 +----------------------+--------------------+------------------ +JEFFERSON | _the fraud_ | _the heavy shell_ +Judge Jeffreys | painted clay | mollusk +bloody assize | baked clay | unfamiliar word +bereavement | tiles | dictionary +_too heavy a sob_ | TYLER | Johnson's +parental grief | Wat Tyler | JOHNSON +mad son | poll tax | son +MADISON | compulsory | bad son +Madeira | _free will_ | dishonest boy +first-rate wine | free offering | _thievish boy_ +frustrating | burnt offering | take +_defeating_ | poker | give +feet | POLK | GRANT +toe the line | end of dance | award +row | termination "ly" | school premium +MUNROE | _adverb_ | examination +row | part of speech | cramming +boat | part of a man | _fagging_ +steamer | TAYLOR | laborer +_the funnel_ | measurer | hay field +windpipe | theodolite | HAYES +throat | _Theophilus_ | hazy +quinzy | fill us | clear +QUINZY ADAMS | FILLMORE | _vivid_ +quince | more fuel | brightly lighted +fine fruit | _the flame_ | camp fire +_the fine boy_ | flambeau | war field +sailor boy | bow | GARFIELD +sailor | arrow | Guiteau +jack tar | PIERCE | murderer +JACKSON | hurt | prisoner +stone wall | _feeling_ | prison fare +indomitable | wound | _half fed_ +_tough make_ | soldier | well fed +oaken furniture | cannon | well read +bureau | BUCHANAN | author +VAN BUREN | rebuke | ARTHUR +rent | official censure | round table +side-splitting | _to officiate_ | tea table +_divert_ | wedding | tea cup +annoy | linked | _half full_ +harrassing | LINCOLN | divide +HARRISON | link | cleave +Old Harry | stroll | CLEVELAND +the tempter | sea shore | +----------------------+--------------------+------------------ + +It will be noted that some of the date words, as "free will," only give +three figures of the date, 845; but it is to be supposed that if the +student knows that many figures in the date of Polk's inauguration he +can guess the other one. + +The curious thing about this system will now become apparent. If the +reader has learned the series so that he can say it down from first +President to Cleveland, he can with no effort, and without any further +preparation, say it _backward_, from Cleveland up to the commencement. +There could be no better proof that this is the natural mnemonic +system. It proves itself by its works. + +-------------------+------------------+------------- + | 0--hoes | +-------------------+------------------+------------- + 1--wheat |34--mare |67--jockey + 2--hen |35--mill |68--shave + 3--home |36--image |69--ship + 4--hair |37--mug |70--eggs + 5--oil |38--muff |71--gate + 6--shoe |39--mob |72--gun + 7--hook |40--race |73--comb + 8--off |41--hart |74--hawker + 9--bee |42--horn |75--coal + 10--daisy |43--army |76--cage + 11--tooth |44--warrior |77--cake + 12--dine |45--royal |78--coffee + 13--time |46--arch |79--cube + 14--tower |47--rock |80--vase + 15--dell |48--wharf |81--feet + 16--ditch |49--rope |82--vein + 17--duck |50--wheels |83--fame + 18--dove |51--lad |84--fire + 19--tabby |52--lion |85--vial + 20--hyenas |53--lamb |86--fish + 21--hand |54--lair |87--fig + 22--nun |55--lily |88--fife + 23--name |56--lodge |89--fib + 24--owner |57--lake |90--pies + 25--nail |58--leaf |91--putty + 26--hinge |59--elbow |92--pane + 27--ink |60--chess |93--bomb + 28--knife |61--cheat |94--bier + 29--knob |62--chain |95--bell + 30--muse |63--sham |96--peach + 31--mayday |64--chair |97--book + 32--hymen |65--jail |98--beef + 33--mama |66--judge |99--pope + |------------------| + | 100--diocese | +-------------------+------------------+----------- + +The series should be repeated backward and forward every day for a +month, and should be supplemented by a series of the reader's own +making, and by this one, which gives the numbers from 0 to 100, and +which must be chained together before they can be learned. + +By the use of this table, which should be committed as thoroughly as +the President series, so that it can be repeated backwards and +forwards, any date, figure or number can be at once constructed, and +bound by the usual chain to the fact which you wish it to accompany. + +When the student wishes to go farther and attack larger problems than +the simple binding of two facts together, there is little in Loisette's +system that is new, although there is much that is good. If it is a +book that is to be learned, as one would prepare for an examination, +each chapter is to be considered separately. Of each a _precis_ is +to be written in which the writer must exercise all of his ingenuity to +reduce the matter in hand to its final skeleton of fact. This he is to +commit to memory both by the use of the chain and the old system of +interrogation. Suppose after much labor through a wide space of +language one boils a chapter to an event down to the final irreducible +sediment: "Magna Charta was exacted by the barons from King John at +Runnymede." + +You must now turn this statement this way and that way, asking yourself +about it every possible and impossible question, gravely considering +the answers, and, if you find any part of it especially difficult to +remember, chaining it to the question which will bring it out. Thus, +"What was exacted by the barons from King John at Runnymede?" "Magna +Charta." "By whom was Magna Charta exacted from King John at Runnymede?" +"By the barons." "From whom was," etc., etc.? "King John." "From +what king," etc., etc.? "King John." "Where was Magna Charta," etc., +etc.? "At Runnymede." + +And so on and so on, as long as your ingenuity can suggest questions to +ask, or points of view from which to consider the statement. Your mind +will be finally saturated with the information and prepared to spill it +out at the first squeeze of the examiner. This, however, is not new. It +was taught in the schools hundreds of years before Loisette was born. +Old newspaper men will recall in connection with it Horace Greeley's +statement that the test of a news item was the clear and satisfactory +manner in which a report answered the interrogatories, "What?" "When?" +"Where?" "Who?" "Why?" + +In the same way Loisette advises the learning of poetry, _e.g._, + + "The Assyrian came down like a wolf on the fold." + +"Who came down?" + +"How did the Assyrian come down?" + +"Like what animal did?" etc. + +And so on and so on, until the verses are exhausted of every scrap of +information to be had out of them by the most assiduous cross-examination. + +Whatever the reader may think of the availability or value of this part +of the system, there are so many easily applicable tests of the worth +of much that Loisette has done, that it may be taken with the rest. + +Few people, to give an easy example, can remember the value of +-- the +ratio between the circumference and the diameter of the circle--beyond +four places of decimals, or at most six--3,141,592+. Here is the value +to 108 decimal places: + +3. 14159265.3589793238.4626433832.7950288419.7169399375.1058209749. +4459230781.6406286208.9986280348.2534211706.79 82148086 + +By a very simple application of the numerical letter values these 108 +decimal places can be carried in the mind and recalled about as fast as +you can write them down. All that is to be done is to memorize these +nonsense lines: + + Mother Day will buy any shawl. + My love pick up my new muff. + A Russian jeer may move a woman. + Cables enough for Utopia. + Get a cheap ham pie by my cooley. + The slave knows a bigger ape. + I rarely hop on my sick foot. + Cheer a sage in a fashion safe. + A baby fish now views my wharf. + Annually Mary Ann did kiss a jay. + A cabby found a rough savage. + +Now translate each significant into its proper value and you have the +task accomplished. "Mother Day," _m_ equals 3, _th_ equals 1, _r_ +equals 4, _d_ equals 1, and so on. Learn the lines one at a time by the +method of interrogatories. "Who will buy any shawl?" "Which Mrs. Day +will buy a shawl?" "Is Mother Day particular about the sort of shawl +she will buy?" "Has she bought a shawl?" etc., etc. Then cement the end +of each line to the beginning of the next one, thus, "Shawl"--"warm +garment"--"warmth"--"love"--"my love," and go on as before. Stupid as +the work may seem to you, you can memorize the figures in fifteen +minutes this way so that you will not forget them in fifteen years. +Similarly you can take Haydn's Dictionary of Dates and turn fact after +fact into nonsense lines like these which you cannot lose. + +And this ought to be enough to show anybody the whole art. If you look +back across the sands of time and find out that it is that ridiculous +old "Thirty days hath September," which comes to you when you are +trying to think of the length of October--if you can quote your old +prosody, + + "O datur ambiguis," etc. + +with much more certainty than you can serve up your Horace; if in fine, +jingles and alliterations, wise and otherwise, have stayed with you, +while solid and serviceable information has faded away, you may be +certain that here is the key to the enigma of memory. + +You can apply it yourself in a hundred ways. If you wish to clinch in +your mind the fact that Mr. Love lives at 485 Dearborn Street, what is +more easy than to turn 485 into the words "rifle" and chain the ideas +together, say thus: "Love--happiness--good time--picnic--forest--wood +rangers--range--rifle range--_rifle_--fine weapon--costly weapon--dearly +bought--DEARBORN." + +Or if you wish to remember Mr. Bowman's name, and you notice he has a +mole on his face which is apt to attract your attention when you next +see him, cement the ideas thus: "Mole, mark, target, archer, Bowman." + + + + +FACTS WORTH KNOWING. + +HANDY FACTS TO SETTLE MANY ARGUMENTS + + +London plague in 1665. + +Telephone invented 1861. + +There are 2,750 languages. + +Two persons die every second. + +Sound moves 743 miles per hour. + +Chinese invented paper 170 B.C. + +A square mile contains 640 acres. + +A barrel of pork weighs 200 pounds. + +Hawks can fly 150 miles in one hour. + +Watches were first constructed in 1476. + +Chinese in United States in 1880, 105,613. + +Rome was founded by Romulus, 752 B.C. + +Gold was discovered in California in 1848. + +Phonograph invented by T. A. Edison, 1877. + +The first balloon ascended from Lyons, France, 1783. + +The first fire insurance office in America, Boston, 1724. + +Jet is found along the coast of Yorkshire, Eng., near Whitby. + +Napoleon I. crowned emperor 1804; died at St. Helena, 1820. + +Electric light invented by Lodyguin and Kossloff, at London, 1874. + +Harvard is the oldest college in the United States: established 1638. + +War declared with Great Britain, June 19, 1812; peace Feb. 18, 1815. + +Until 1776 cotton spinning was performed by the hand spinning-wheel. + +Measure 209 feet on each side and you will have a square acre within an +inch. + +Postage stamps first came into use in England in the year 1840; in the +United States in 1847. + +The highest range of mountains are the Himalayas, the mean elevation +being from 16,000 to 18,000 feet. + +Envelopes were first used in 1839. + +Telescopes were invented in 1590. + +Iron horseshoes were made in 481. + +A barrel of flour weighs 196 pounds. + +A hand (horse measure) is four inches. + +A rifle ball moves 1,000 miles per hour. + +First steamer crossed the Atlantic, 1819. + +Assassination of Lincoln, April 14, 1865. + +German empire re-established, Jan. 18, 1871. + +Storm clouds move thirty-six miles an hour. + +First subscription library, Philadelphia, 1731. + +Dark Ages, from the 6th to the 14th century. + +The Latin tongue became obsolete about 580. + +The great London fire occurred Sept. 26, 1666. + +The value of a ton of pure gold is $602,799.21. + +Ether was first used for surgical purposes in 1844. + +Ignatius Loyola founded the order of Jesuits, 1541. + +First authentic use of organs, 755; in England, 951. + +The first newspaper advertisement appeared in 1652. + +Cork is the bark taken from a species of the oak tree. + +Benjamin Franklin used the first lightning rods, 1752. + +Glass windows (colored) were used in the 8th century. + +Authentic history of China commenced 3,000 years B.C. + +Introduction of homoepathy into the United States, 1825. + +Spectacles were invented by an Italian in the 13th century. + +Medicine was introduced into Rome from Greece, 200 B.C. + +First electric telegraph, Paddington to Brayton, Eng., 1835. + +The Chaldeans were the first people who worked in metals. + +First life insurance, in London, 1772; in America, Philadelphia, 1812. + +Egyptian pottery is the oldest known; dates from 2,000 B.C. + +Julius Caesar invaded Britain, 55 B.C.; assassinated, 44 B.C. + +Soap was first manufactured in England in the 16th century. + +The largest free territorial government is the United States. + +First photographs produced in England, 1802; perfected, 1841. + +First marine insurance, A.D. 533; England, 1598; America, 1721. + +Professor Oersted, Copenhagen, discovered electro-magnetism, in 1819. + +First American express, New York to Boston--W. F. Harnden. + +Glass windows were first introduced into England in the 8th century. + +Chicago is little more than fifty years old, and is the eighteenth city +of the world. + +Glass was made in Egypt, 3000 B.C.; earliest date of transparent +glass, 719 B.C. + +First public schools in America were established in the New England +States about 1642. + +The largest inland sea is the Caspian, between Europe and Asia, being +700 miles long and 270 miles wide. + +The term "Almighty Dollar" originated with Washington Irving, as a +satire on the American love for gain. + +The highest natural bridge in the world is at Rockbridge, Virginia, +being 200 feet high to the bottom of the arch. + +The largest circulation of paper money is that of the United States, +being 700 millions, while Russia has 670 millions. + +The largest insurance company in the world is the Mutual Life of New +York City, having cash assets of $108,000,000. + +The largest empire in the world is that of Great Britain, being +8,557,658 square miles, and more than a sixth part of the globe. + +The first electrical signal ever transmitted between Europe and America +passed over the Field submarine cable on Aug. 5, 1858. + +The longest tunnel in the world is St. Gothard, on the line of the +railroad between Luzerne and Milan, being nine and one-half miles in +length. + +The loftiest active volcano is Popocatapetl. It is 17,784 feet high, +and has a crater three miles in circumference and 1,000 feet deep. + +Burnt brick was known to have been used in building the Tower of Babel. +They were introduced into England by the Romans. + +The most remarkable echo known is that in the castle of Simonetta, two +miles from Milan. It repeats the echo of a pistol sixty times. + +The largest volcano in the world is Etna. Its base is 90 miles in +circumference; its cone 11,000 feet high. Its first eruption occurred +474 B.C. + +The largest tree in the world, as yet discovered, is in Tulare County, +California. It is 275 feet high and 106 feet in circumference at its +base. + +The largest desert is Sahara, in Northern Africa. Its length is 3,000 +miles and breadth 900 miles; having an area of 2,000,000 square miles. + +The largest suspension bridge is in Brooklyn. The length of the main +span is 1,595 feet 6 inches. The entire length of the bridge is 5,989 +feet. + +The first deaf and dumb asylum was founded in England by Thomas +Braidwood, 1760; and the first in the United States was at Hartford, +1817. + +The largest diamond in the world is the Braganza, being a part of the +Portuguese jewels. It weighs 1,880 carats. It was found in Brazil in +1741. + +The grade of titles in Great Britain stands in the following order from +the highest: A Prince, Duke, Marquis, Earl, Viscount, Baron, Baronet, +Knight. + +The largest number of cattle ever received in one year was that of +Chicago in the year 1884, being 1,874,984 beeves, 30,223 calves, +5,640,625 hogs, 749,917 sheep and 15,625 horses. It required 9,000 +trains of 31 cars each, which, if coupled together, would reach 2,146 +miles. + +The "Valley of Death," in the island of Java, is simply the crater of +an extinct volcano, filled with carbonic-acid gas. It is half a mile in +circumference. + +The city of Amsterdam, Holland, is built upon piles driven into the +ground. It is intersected by numerous canals, crossed by nearly three +hundred bridges. + +Coal was used as fuel in England as early as 852, and in 1234 the first +charter to dig for it was granted by Henry III. to the inhabitants of +Newcastle-on-Tyne. + +Tobacco was discovered in San Domingo in 1496; afterwards by the +Spaniards in Yucatan in 1520. It was introduced in France in 1560, and +into England in 1583. + +The present national colors of the United States were not adopted by +Congress until 1777. The flag was first used by Washington at +Cambridge, January 1, 1776. + +Paris was known as Lutetia until 1184, when the name of the great +French capital was changed to that which it has borne ever since. + +The longest span of wire in the world is used for a telegraph in India +over the river Ristuah. It is over 6,000 feet, and is stretched between +two hills 1,200 feet high. + +The largest library in the world is in Paris, founded by Louis XIV. It +contains 1,400,000 volumes, 175,000 manuscripts, 300,000 maps and +charts, and 150,000 coins and medals. + +The tallest man was John Hale, of Lancashire, England, who was nine +feet six inches in height. His hand was seventeen inches long and eight +and one-half inches broad. + +In round numbers, the weight of $1,000,000 in standard gold coin is +1-3/4 tons; standard silver coin, 26-3/4 tons; subsidiary silver coin, +25 tons; minor coins, 5-cent nickel, 100 tons. + +The largest stationery engine in the world is at the zinc mines at +Friedenville, Pa. The number of gallons of water raised every minute is +17,500. The driving wheels are 35 feet diameter and weigh 40 tons each. +The cylinder is 110 inches in diameter. + +The part of United States territory most recently acquired is the +island of San Juan, near Vancouver's Island. It was evacuated by +England at the close of November, 1873. + +The highest monument in the world is the Washington monument, being 555 +feet. The highest structure of any kind is the Eiffel Tower, Paris, +finished in 1889 and 989 feet high. + +It is claimed that crows, eagles, ravens and swans live to be 100 years +old; herons, 59; parrots, 60; pelicans and geese, 50; skylarks, 30; +sparrow hawks, 40; peacocks, canaries and cranes, 24. + +The greatest cataract in the world is Niagara, the height of the +American falls being 165 feet. The highest fall of water in the world +is that of the Yosemite in California, being 2,550 feet. + +The most ancient catacombs are those of the Theban kings, begun 4,000 +years ago. The catacombs of Rome contain the remains of about 6,000,000 +human beings; those of Paris, 3,000,000. + +The quickest passage ever made across the Atlantic was that of the +steamer Lucania, of the Cunard line, being 5 days 7 hours and 23 +minutes from New York to Queenstown; the distance being 2,850 miles. + +There has been no irregularity in the recurrence of leap year every +four years since 1800, and will be none until 1900, which will be a +common year, although it will come fourth after the preceding leap +year. + +The first English newspaper was the _English Mercury_, issued in the +reign of Queen Elizabeth, and was issued in the shape of a pamphlet. +The _Gazette_ of Venice was the original model of the modern newspaper. + +The Mormon Church in Utah shows a membership of 127,294--23,000 +families. The church has 12 apostles, 58 patriarchs, 3,885 seventies, +3,153 high priests, 11,000 elders, 1,500 bishops and 4,400 deacons, +being an office for each six persons. + +A "monkey wrench" is not so named because it is a handy thing to monkey +with, or for any kindred reason. "Monkey" is not its name at all, but +"Moncky." Charles Moncky, the inventor of it, sold his patent for +$2,000, and invested the money in a house in Williamsburg, King's +County, N.Y., where he now lives. + +The Union arch of the Washington Aqueduct is the largest in the world, +being 220 feet; 20 feet in excess of the Chester arch across the Dee in +England, 68 feet longer than that of the London bridge; 92 feet longer +than that at Neuilly on the Seine, and 100 feet longer than that of +Waterloo bridge. The height of the Washington arch is 100 feet. + +The largest ship ever built, the Great Eastern, recently broken to +pieces and sold to junk dealers, was designed and constructed by Scott +Russell, at Maxwell, on the Thames. Work on the giant vessel was +commenced in May, 1854. She was successfully launched January 13, 1858. +The launching alone occupied the time from November 3, 1857, until the +date above given. Her total length was 600 feet; breadth, 118 feet; +total weight when launched 12,000 tons. Her first trip of any +consequence was made to New York in 1859-60. + +The most extensive mines in the world are those of Freiberg, Saxony. +They were begun in the twelfth century, and in 1835 the galleries, +taken collectively, had reached the unprecedented length of 123 miles. +A new gallery, begun in 1838, had reached a length of eight miles at +the time of the census of 1878. The deepest perpendicular mining shaft +in the world is located at Prizilram, Bohemia. It is a lead mine; it +was begun 1832. January, 1880, it was 3,280 feet deep. The deepest coal +mine in the world is near Tourney, Belgium; it is 3,542 feet in depth, +but, unlike the lead mine mentioned above, it is not perpendicular. The +deepest rock-salt bore in the world is near Berlin, Prussia; it is +4,185 feet deep. The deepest hole ever bored into the earth is the +artesian well at Pottsdam, which is 5,500 feet in depth. The deepest +coal mines in England are the Dunkirk colleries of Lancashire, which +are 2,824 feet in depth. The deepest coal shaft in the United States is +located at Pottsville, Pa. In 1885 it had reached a depth of 1,576 +feet. From this great depth 400 cars, holding four tons each, are +hoisted daily. The deepest silver mine in the United States is the +Yellow Jacket, one of the great Comstock system at Virginia City, +Nevada; the lower levels are 2,700 feet below the hoisting works. + +FATE OF THE APOSTLES.--The following brief history of the fate of the +Apostles may be new to those whose reading has not been evangelical: + +St. Matthew is supposed to have suffered martyrdom or was slain with +the sword at the city of Ethiopia. + +St. Mark was dragged through the streets of Alexandria, in Egypt, till +he expired. + +St. Luke was hanged upon an olive tree in Greece. + +St. John was put into a cauldron of boiling oil at Rome and escaped +death. He afterward died a natural death at Ephesus in Asia. + +St. James the Great was beheaded at Jerusalem. + +St. James the Less was thrown from a pinnacle or wing of the temple and +then beaten to death with a fuller's club. + +St. Philip was hanged up against a pillar at Hieropolis, a city of +Phrygia. + +St. Bartholomew was flayed alive by the command of a barbarous king. + +St. Andrew was bound to a cross, whence he preached unto the people +until he expired. + +St. Thomas was run through the body with a lance at Caromandel, in the +East Indias. + +St. Jude was shot to death with arrows. + +St. Simon Zealot was crucified in Persia. + +St. Matthias was first stoned and then beheaded. + +St. Barnabas was stoned to death by Jews at Salania. + +St. Paul was beheaded at Rome by the tyrant Nero. + +The capital of the United States has been located at different times at +the following places: At Philadelphia from September 5, 1774, until +December, 1776; at Baltimore from December 20, 1776, to March, 1777; at +Philadelphia from March 4, 1777, to September, 1777; at Lancaster, Pa., +from September 27, 1777, to September 30, 1777; at York, Pa., from +September 30, 1777, to July, 1778; at Philadelphia from July 2, 1778, +to June 30, 1783; at Princeton, N.J., June 30, 1783, to November 20, +1783; Annapolis, Md., November 26, 1783, to November 30, 1784; Trenton, +from November, 1784, to January, 1785; New York from January 11, 1785, +to 1790; then the seat of government was removed to Philadelphia, where +it remained until 1800, since which time it has been in Washington. + + +THE SINGLE TAX. + +This idea was first formulated by Mr. Henry George in 1879, and has +grown steadily in favor. Single tax men assert as a fundamental +principle that all men are equally entitled to the use of the earth; +therefore, no one should be allowed to hold valuable land without +paying to the community the value of the privilege. They hold that this +is the only rightful source of public revenue, and they would therefore +abolish all taxation--local, State and National--except a tax upon the +rental value of land exclusive of its improvements, the revenue thus +raised to be divided among local, State and general governments, as the +revenue from certain direct taxes is now divided between local and +State governments. + +The single tax would not fall on all land, but only on valuable land, +and on that in proportion to its value. It would thus be a tax, not on +use or improvements, but on ownership of land, taking what would +otherwise go to the landlord as owner. + +In accordance with the principle that all men are equally entitled to +the use of the earth, they would solve the transportation problem by +public ownership and control of all highways, including the roadbeds of +railroads, leaving their use equally free to all. + +The single tax system would, they claim, dispense with a hoard of +tax-gatherers, simplify government, and greatly reduce its cost; give +us with all the world that absolute free trade which now exists between +the States of the Union; abolish all taxes on private uses of money; +take the weight of taxation from agricultural districts, where land has +little or no value apart from improvements, and put it upon valuable +land, such as city lots and mineral deposits. It would call upon men to +contribute for public expenses in proportion to the natural +opportunities they monopolize, and make it unprofitable for speculators +to hold land unused, or only partly used, thus opening to labor +unlimited fields of employment, solving the labor problem and +abolishing involuntary poverty. + + VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS. + Proclaimed by Law, January 1, 1891. +--------------------+--------------+-----------------+------------ +| COUNTRY. | Monetary | STANDARD. | Value in +| | Units | | U.S. Money +--------------------+--------------+-----------------+------------ +Argentine Republic |Peso |Gold and Silver |$ .96 5-10 +Austria |Florin |Silver | .38 1-10 +Belgium |Franc |Gold and Silver | .19 3-10 +Bolivia |Boliviano |Silver | .77 1-10 +Brazil |Milreis |Gold | .54 6-10 +Canada |Dollar |Gold | 1.00 +Chili |Peso |Gold and Silver | .91 2-10 +China |Tael |Silver | 1.27 +Cuba |Peso |Gold and Silver | .92 6-10 +Denmark |Crown |Gold | .26 8-10 +Ecuador |Peso |Silver | .77 1-10 +Egypt |Piaster |Gold | .04 9-10 +France |Franc |Gold and Silver | .19 3-10 +Great Britain |Pound Sterling|Gold | 4.86 6-100 +Greece |Drachma |Gold and Silver | .19 3-10 +German Empire |Mark |Gold | .23 8-10 +Hayti |Gourde |Gold and Silver | .96 5-10 +India |Rupee |Silver | .36 6-10 +Italy |Lira |Gold and Silver | .19 3-10 +Japan |Yen |Silver | .85 8-10 +Liberia |Dollar |Gold | 1.00 +Mexico |Dollar |Silver | .83 7-10 +Netherlands |Florin |Gold and Silver | .40 2-10 +Norway |Crown |Gold | .26 8-10 +Peru |Sol |Silver | .77 1-10 +Portugal |Milreis |Gold | 1.08 +Russia |Rouble |Silver | .61 7-10 +Sandwich Islands |Dollar |Gold | 1.00 +Spain |Peseta |Gold and Silver | .19 3-10 +Sweden |Crown |Gold | .26 8-10 +Switzerland |Franc |Gold and Silver | .19 3-10 +Tripoli |Mahbub |Silver | .69 5-10 +Turkey |Piaster |Gold | .04 4-10 +U.S. of Columbia |Peso |Silver | .79 5-10 +Venezuela |Bolivar |Gold and Silver | .15 4-10 +--------------------+--------------+-----------------+------------ + +The largest producing farm in the world lies in the southwest corner of +Louisiana, owned by a northern syndicate. It runs one hundred miles +north and south. The immense tract is divided into convenient pastures, +with stations of ranches every six miles. The fencing alone cost nearly +$50,000. + +The "Seven Wonders of the World" are seven most remarkable objects of +the ancient world. They are: The Pyramids of Egypt, Pharos of +Alexandria, Walls and Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Temple of Diana at +Ephesus, the Statue of the Olympian Jupiter, Mausoleum of Artemisia, +and Colossus of Rhodes. + +The seven sages flourished in Greece in the 6th century B.C. They were +renowned for their maxims of life and as the authors of the mottoes +inscribed in the Delphian Temple. Their names are: Solon, Chilo, +Pittacus, Bias, Periander, Clebolus and Thales. + +The estimated number of Christians in the world is over 408,000,000; of +Buddhists, 420,000,000; of the followers of Brahma, 180,000,000; of +Mohammedans, 150,000,000; of Jews, 8,000,000; of atheists, deists, and +infidels, 85,000,000; of pagans, 50,000,000, and of the 1,100 other +minor creeds, 123,000,000. + +In 1775 there were only 27 newspapers published in the United States. +Ten years later, in 1785, there were seven published in the English +language in Philadelphia alone, of which one was a daily. The oldest +newspaper published in Philadelphia at the time of the Federal +convention was the _Pennsylvania Gazette_, established by Samuel +Keimer, in 1728. The second newspaper in point of age was the +_Pennsylvania Journal_, established in 1742 by William Bradford, +whose uncle, Andrew Bradford, established the first newspaper in +Pennsylvania, the _American Weekly Mercury_, in 1719. The next in age, +but the first in importance, was the _Pennsylvania Packet_, established +by John Dunlop in 1771. In 1784 it became a daily, being the first +daily newspaper printed on this continent. + + + + +GEMS OF THOUGHT. + + + + +POOR RICHARD'S ALMANAC + +BY + +Benjamin Franklin. + + + + +POOR RICHARD'S ALMANAC. + + +COURTEOUS READER: + +I have heard that nothing gives an author so great pleasure as to find +his works respectfully quoted by other learned authors. This pleasure I +have seldom enjoyed. For though I have been, if I may say it without +vanity, an _eminent_ author of _Almanacs_ annually now for a full +quarter of a century, my brother authors in the same way, for what +reason I know not, have ever been very sparing in their applauses; and +no other author has taken the least notice of me; so that did not my +writings produce me some solid pudding, the great deficiency of praise +would have quite discouraged me. + +I concluded at length that the people were the best judges of my merit, +for they buy my works; and besides, in my rambles where I am not +personally known, I have frequently heard one or other of my adages +repeated, with _as Poor Richard says_ at the end of it. This gives me +some satisfaction, as it showed, not only that my instructions were +regarded, but discovered likewise some respect for my authority; and I +own that to encourage the practice of remembering and repeating those +sentences, I have sometimes quoted myself with great activity. + +Judge, then, how much I must have been gratified by an incident I am +going to relate to you. I stopped my horse lately where a great number +of people were collected at a vendue of merchant's goods. The hour of +sale not being come, they were conversing on the badness of the times; +and one of the company called to a plain, clean old man with white +locks, "Pray, Father Abraham, what think you of the times? Won't these +heavy taxes quite ruin the country? How shall we ever be able to pay +them? What would you advise us to do?" Father Abraham stood up and +replied: "If you would have my advice, I will give it you in short; for +_A word to the wise is enough_, and _Many words won't fill a bushel_, +as Poor Richard says." They all joined, desiring him to speak his mind, +and gathering round him, he proceeded as follows: + +Friends, says he, and neighbors, the taxes are indeed very heavy, and +if those laid on by the government were the only ones we had to pay, we +might the more easily discharge them; but we have many others, and much +more grievous to some of us. We are taxed twice as much by our +IDLENESS, three times as much by our PRIDE and four times as much by +our FOLLY; and from these taxes the commissioners cannot ease or +deliver us, by allowing an abatement. However, let us hearken to good +advice, and something may be done for us; _God helps them that help +themselves_, as Poor Richard says in his _Almanac_ of 1733. + +It would be thought a hard government that should tax its people +one-tenth part of their TIME, to be employed in its service, but +idleness taxes many of us much more, if we reckon all that is spent in +absolute sloth, or doing of nothing, with that which is spent in idle +employments or amusements that amount to nothing. Sloth, by bringing on +disease, absolutely shortens life. _Sloth, like rust, consumes faster +than labor wears; while the used key is always bright_, as Poor Richard +says. _But dost thou love life? Then do not squander time, for that's +the stuff life is made of_, as Poor Richard says. + +How much more that is necessary do we spend in sleep? Forgetting that +_the sleeping fox catches no poultry_, and that _there will be sleeping +enough in the grave_, as Poor Richard says. If times be of all things +the most precious, _wasting of time must be_, as Poor Richard says, +_the greatest prodigality_; since, as he elsewhere tells us, _lost time +is never found again_; and what we call _time enough! always proves +little enough_. Let us then up and be doing, and doing to the purpose; +so, by diligence, shall we do more with less perplexity. _Sloth makes +all things difficult, but industry all things easy_, as Poor Richard +says; and _He that riseth late must trot all day, and shall scarce +overtake his business at night; while laziness travels so slowly that +Poverty soon overtakes him_, as we read in Poor Richard; who adds, +_Drive thy business! Let not that drive thee!_ and + + Early to bed and early to rise + Makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. + +So what signifies _wishing_ and _hoping_ for better times? We may make +these times better if we bestir ourselves. _Industry need not wish_, as +Poor Richard says, and _He that lives on hope will die fasting_. _There +are no gains without pains; then help, hands! for I have no lands_; or +if I have they are smartly taxed. And, as Poor Richard likewise +observes, _He that hath a trade hath an estate, and he that hath a +calling hath an honor_; but then the trade must be worked at, and the +calling well followed, or neither the estate nor the office will enable +us to pay our taxes. If we are industrious we shall never starve; for, +as Poor Richard says, _At the working-man's house hunger looks in, but +dares not enter._ Nor will the bailiff or the constable enter, for +_Industry pays debts, while despair increaseth them_. + +What though you have found no treasure, nor has any rich relation left +you a legacy, _Diligence is the mother of good luck_, as Poor Richard +says, _and God gives all things to industry_ + + Then plough deep while the sluggards sleep, + And you shall have corn to sell and to keep, + +says Poor Dick. Work while it is called to-day, for you know not how +much you may be hindered to-morrow; which makes Poor Richard say, _One +to-day is worth two to-morrows_; and farther, _Have you somewhat to do +tomorrow? Do it to-day!_ + +If you were a servant, would you not be ashamed that a good master +should catch you idle? Are you then your own master? _Be ashamed to +catch yourself idle_, as Poor Richard says. When there is so much to be +done for yourself, your family, your country, and your gracious king, +be up by peep of day! _Let not the sun look down and say, "Inglorious +here he lies!"_ Handle your tools without mittens! remember that _The +cat in gloves catches no mice!_ as poor Richard says. + +'Tis true there is much to be done, and perhaps you are weak-handed; +but stick to it steadily, and you will see great effects; for _Constant +dropping wears away stones_; and _By diligence and patience the mouse +ate in two the cable_; and _Little strokes fell great oaks_; as Poor +Richard says in his _Almanac_, the year I cannot just now remember. + +Methinks I hear some of you say, "Must a man afford himself no +leisure?" I will tell, thee, my friend, what Poor Richard says, _Employ +thy time well, if thou meanest to gain leisure_; and _Since thou are +not sure of a minute, throw not away an hour!_ Leisure is time for +doing something useful; this leisure the diligent man will obtain, but +the lazy man never; so that, as Poor Richard says, _A life of leisure +and a life of laziness are two things._ Do you imagine that sloth will +afford you more comfort than labor? No! for as Poor Richard says, +_Trouble springs from idleness, and grievous toil from needless ease. +Many, without labor, would live by their wits only, but they'll break +for want of stock_ (i.e. capital); whereas industry gives comfort, and +plenty, and respect. _Fly pleasures, and they'll follow you. The +diligent spinner has a large shift_; and + + Now I have a sheep and a cow, + Everybody bids me good morrow. + +All which is well said by Poor Richard. But with our industry we must +likewise be steady, settled, and careful, and oversee our own affairs +_with our own eyes_, and not trust too much to others; for, as Poor +Richard says, + + I never saw an oft removed tree, + Nor yet an oft removed family, + That throve so well as those that settled be. + +And again, _Three removes are as bad as a fire_; and again, _Keep thy +shop, and thy shop will keep thee_; and again, _If you would have your +business done, go; if not, send._ And again, + + He that by the plough would thrive, + Himself must either hold or drive. + +And again, _The eye of the master will do more work than both his +hands_; and again, _Want of care does us more damage than want of +knowledge_; and again, _Not to oversee workmen is to leave them your +purse open._ + +Trusting too much to others' care is the ruin of many; for, as the +Almanac says, _In the affairs of this world men are saved, not by +faith, but by the want of it_; but a man's own care is profitable; for +saith Poor Dick, _Learning is to the studious and Riches to the +careful_; as well as, _Power to the bold, and Heaven to the virtuous._ +And further, _If you would have a faithful servant, and one that you +like, serve yourself._ + +And again, he adviseth to circumspection and care, even in the smallest +matters; because, sometimes, _A little neglect may breed great +mischief_; adding, _for want of a nail the shoe was lost; for want of a +shoe the horse was lost; and for want of a horse the rider was lost_; +being overtaken and slain by the enemy; all for want of a little care +about a horseshoe nail! + +So much for industry, my friends, and attention to one's own business; +but to these we must add frugality, if we would make our industry more +certainly successful. _A man may_, if he knows not how to save as he +gets, _keep his nose all his life to the grindstone, and die not worth +a groat at last. A fat kitchen makes a lean will_, as Poor Richard +says; and + + Many estates are spent in the getting, + Since women for tea[3] forsook spinning and knitting, + And men for punch forsook hewing and splitting. + + [3] Tea at this time was a costly drink, and was regarded as a + luxury. + +If you would be wealthy, says he in another Almanac, _Think of saving +as well as of getting. The Indies have not made Spain rich; because her +outgoes are greater than her incomes._ + +Away, then, with your expensive follies, and you will not have so much +cause to complain of hard times, heavy taxes, and chargeable families; +for, as Poor Dick says,-- + + Women and wine, game and deceit, + Make the wealth small and the wants great. + +And farther, _What maintains one vice would bring up two children._ You +may think, perhaps, that a _little_ tea, or a _little_ punch now and +then; a diet a _little_ more mostly; clothes a _little_ more finer; and +a _little_ more entertainment now and then, can be no great matter; but +remember what Poor Richard says, _Many a little makes a mickle_; and +further, _Beware of little expenses_; _A small leak will sink a great +ship_; and again,-- + + Who dainties love, shall beggars prove; + +and moreover, _Fools make feasts and wise men eat them_. + +Here are you all got together at this vendue of fineries knick-knacks. +You call them _goods_; but if you do not take care, they will prove +evils to some of you. You expect they will be sold cheap, and perhaps +they may for less than they cost; but, if you have no occasion for +them, they must be _dear_ to you. Remember what Poor Richard says: +_Buy what thou hast no need of and ere long thou shalt sell thy +necessaries._ And again, _At a great pennyworth, pause a while._ He +means, that perhaps the cheapness is apparent only, and not real; or +the bargain by straitening thee in thy business, may do thee more harm +than good. For in another place he says, _Many have been ruined by +buying good pennyworths._ + +Again, Poor Richard says, _'Tis foolish to lay out money in a purchase +of repentance_; and yet this folly is practiced every day at vendues +for want of minding the _Almanac_. + +_Wise men_, as Poor Richard says, _learn by others' harms_; _Fools +scarcely by their own_; but _Felix quem faciunt aliena pericula +cautum._[4] Many a one for the sake of finery on the back, has gone +with a hungry belly, and half-starved their families. _Silks and +satins, scarlets and velvets_, as Poor Richard says, _put out the +kitchen fire_. These are not the necessaries of life; they can scarcely +be called the conveniences; and yet, only because they look pretty, how +many _want_ to have them! The artificial wants of mankind thus become +more numerous than the natural; and, as Poor Dick says, _For one_ poor +_person there are a hundred_ indigent. + + [4] He's a lucky fellow who is made prudent by other men's + perils. + +By these and other extravagances, the genteel are reduced to poverty, +and forced to borrow of those whom they formerly despised, but who, +through industry and frugality, have maintained their standing; in +which case it appears plainly, that _A ploughman on his legs is higher +than a gentleman on his knees_, as Poor Richard says. Perhaps they have +had a small estate left them, which they know not the getting of; they +think, _'Tis day, and will never be night_, that a _little to be spent +out of so much is not worth minding_; (_A child and a fool_, as Poor +Richard says, _imagine_ twenty shilling and twenty years can never be +spent), but _Always taking out of the meal-tub and never putting in, +soon comes to the bottom._ Then, as Poor Dick says, _When the well's +dry, they know the_ _worth of water_. But this they might have known +before, if they had taken his advice. _If you would know the value of +money, go and try to borrow some_; for _He that goes a borrowing, goes +a sorrowing_, and indeed, so does he that lends to such people, _when +he goes to get it again_. + +Poor Dick further advises and says-- + + Fond pride of dress is, sure a very curse; + Ere fancy you consult, consult your purse. + +And again, _Pride is as loud a beggar as Want, and a great deal more +saucy._ When you have bought one fine thing, you must buy ten more, +that your appearance may be all of a piece; but Poor Dick says, _'Tis +easier to suppress the first desire than to satisfy all that follow +it._ And 'tis as truly folly for the poor to ape the rich, as for the +frog to swell in order to equal the ox. + + Great estates may venture more, + But little boats should keep near shore. + +'Tis, however, a folly soon punished; for, _Pride that dines on vanity +sups on contempt_, as Poor Richard says. And in another place, _Pride +breakfasted with Plenty, dined with Poverty and supped with Infancy_. + +And after all, what use is this pride of appearance, for which so much +is risked, so much is suffered? It cannot promote health or ease pain; +it makes no increase of merit in the person; it creates envy; it +hastens misfortune. + + What is a butterfly? At best + He's but a caterpillar drest, + The gaudy fop's his picture just, + +as poor Richard says. + +But what madness must it be to _run into debt_ for these superfluities! +We are offered, by the terms of this vendue, six months' credit; and +that, perhaps, has induced some of us to attend it, because we cannot +spare the ready money, and hope now to be fine without it. But, ah! +think what you do when you run in debt: _You give to another power over +your liberty._ If you cannot pay at the time, you will be ashamed to +see your creditor; you will be in fear when you speak to him; you will +make poor, pitiful, sneaking excuses, and by degrees come to lose our +veracity, and sink into base, downright lying; for, as Poor Richard +says, _The second vice is lying, the first is running into debt_; and +again, to the same purpose, _lying rides upon debt's back_; whereas a +free-born Englishman ought not to be ashamed or afraid to see or speak +to any man living. But poverty often deprives a man of all spirit and +virtue. _'Tis hard for an empty bag to stand upright!_ as Poor Richard +truly says. What would you think of that prince, or that government who +should issue an edict forbidding you to dress like a gentleman or +gentlewoman, on pain of imprisonment or servitude? Would you not say +that you are free, have a right to dress as you please, and that such +an edict would be a breach of your privileges, and such a government +tyranical? And yet you are about to put yourself under such tyranny, +when you run in debt for such dress! Your creditor has authority, at +his pleasure, to deprive you of your liberty, by confining you in jail +for life, or to sell you for a servant, if you should not be able to +pay him.[5] When you have got your bargain you may, perhaps, think +little of payment; but _Creditors_ (Poor Richard tells us) _have better +memories than debtors_; and in another place says, _Creditors are a +superstitious set, great observers of set days and times._ The day +comes round before you are aware, and the demand is made before you are +prepared to satisfy it; or, if you will bear your debt in mind, the +term which at first seemed so long will, as it lessens, appear +extremely short. Time will seem to have added wings to his heels as +well as his shoulders. _Those have a short Lent_, saith Poor Richard, +_who owe money to be paid at Easter._ Then since, as he says, _The +borrower is a slave to the lender, and the debtor to the creditor_, +disdain the chain, preserve your freedom, and maintain your +independency. Be _industrious_ and _free_; be _frugal_ and _free_. At +present, perhaps, you may think yourself in thriving circumstances, and +that you can bear a little extravagance without injury; but-- + + For age and want, save while you may, + No morning sun lasts a whole day. + + [5] At the time when this was written, and for many years + afterward, the laws against bankrupts and poor debtors were + extremely severe. + +As Poor Richard says, gain may be temporary and uncertain; but ever, +while you live, expense is constant and certain; and _'Tis easier to +build two chimneys than to keep one in fuel_, as Poor Richard says; +so, _Rather go to bed supperless than rise in debt._ + + Get what you can and what you get hold: + 'Tis the stone that will turn all your lead in gold,[6] + +as Poor Richard says; and, while you have got the Philosopher's stone, +sure, you will no longer complain of bad times or the difficulty of +paying taxes. + + [6] In the Middle Ages there was a great search made for the + philosopher's stone, as it was called, a mineral which should + have the power of turning base metals into gold. + +This doctrine, my friends, is reason and wisdom; but, after all, do not +depend too much upon your own industry and frugality and prudence, +though excellent things; for they may all be blasted without the +blessing of Heaven; and therefore, ask that blessing humbly, and be not +uncharitable to those that at present seem to want it, but comfort and +help them. Remember Job suffered, and was afterwards prosperous. + +And now, to conclude, _Experience keeps a dear school, but fools will +learn in no other, and scarce in that_; for it is true, _We may give +advice, but we cannot give conduct_, as Poor Richard says. However, +remember this, _They that won't be counselled, can't be helped_, as +Poor Richard says; and further, that, _If you will not hear reason, +she'll surely rap your knuckles._ + +Thus the old gentleman ended his harangue. The people heard it, and +approved the doctrine; and immediately practiced the contrary, just as +if it had been a common sermon. For the vendue opened, and they began +to buy extravagantly, notwithstanding all his cautions, and their own +fear of taxes. I found the good man had thoroughly studied my +_Almanacs_, and digested all I had dropped on those topics during the +course of five-and-twenty-years. The frequent mention he made of me +must have tired any one else; but my vanity was wonderfully delighted +with it, though I was conscious that not a tenth part of the wisdom was +my own which he ascribed to me, but rather the gleanings that I had +made of the sense of all ages and nations. However, I resolved to be +the better for the echo of it; and, though I had at first determined to +buy stuff for a new coat, I went away resolved to wear my old one a +little longer. Reader, if thou wilt do the same, _thy_ profit will be +as great as mine. I am, as ever, thine to serve thee. + +July 7, 1757. RICHARD SAUNDERS. + + + THE WATER-MILL. + + Oh! listen to the water-mill, through all the live-long day, + As the clicking of the wheels wears hour by hour away; + How languidly the autumn wind doth stir the withered leaves, + As on the field the reapers sing, while binding up the sheaves! + A solemn proverb strikes my mind, and as a spell is cast, + "The mill will never grind again with water that is past." + + The summer winds revive no more leaves strewn o'er earth and main, + The sickle never more will reap the yellow garnered grain; + The rippling stream flows on, aye tranquil, deep, and still, + But never glideth back again to busy water-mill. + The solemn proverb speaks to all, with meaning deep and vast, + "The mill will never grind again with water that is past." + + Oh! clasp the proverb to thy soul, dear loving heart and true, + For golden years are fleeting by, and youth is passing, too; + Ah! learn to make the most of life, nor lose one happy day, + For time will ne'er return sweet joys neglected, thrown away; + Nor leave one tender word unsaid, thy kindness sow broadcast-- + "The mill will never grind again with water that is past." + + Oh! the wasted hours of life, that have swiftly drifted by, + Alas! the good we might have done, all gone without a sigh; + Love that we might once have saved by a single kindly word, + Thoughts conceived but ne'er expressed, perishing unpenned, unheard. + Oh! take the lesson to thy soul, forever clasp it fast, + "The mill will never grind again with water that is past." + + Work on while yet the sun doth shine, thou man of strength and will, + The streamlet ne'er doth useless glide by clicking watermill; + Nor wait until to-morrow's light beams brightly on thy way. + For all that thou canst call thine own, lies in the phrase, "to-day;" + Possessions, power, and blooming health, must all be lost at last-- + + "The mill will never grind again with water that is past." + + Oh! love thy God and fellow man, thyself consider last, + For come it will when they must scan dark errors of the past; + Soon will this fight of life be o'er, and earth recede from view, + And heaven in all its glory shine where all is pure and true. + Ah! then thou'lt see more clearly still the proverb deep and vast, + "The mill will never grind again with water that is past." + + D. C. MCCALLUM. + + +Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of +chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course +others may take, but for me, give me liberty or give me death. + + PATRICK HENRY. + + +The law is a sort of hocus-pocus science, that smiles in yer face while +it picks yer pocket; and the glorious uncertainty of it is of mair use +to the professors than the justice of it. + + MACKLIN. + + + OUR MISSION. + + In calm and stormy weather + Our mission is to grow; + To keep the angle paramount + And bind the brute below. + + We grow not all in sunshine, + But richly in the rain; + And what we deem our losses + May prove our final gain. + + The snows and frosts of winter + A richer fruitage bring; + From battling with the anvil + The smith's grand muscles spring. + + 'Tis by the law of contrast + That fine effects are seen; + As thus we blend in colors + The orange with the green. + + By action and reaction + We reach our perfect growth; + Nor by excess of neither, + But equipoise of both. + The same code binds the human. + + That governs mother earth; + God cradled her in tempest + And earthquakes from her birth. + + Our life is but a struggle + For perfect equipoise; + Our pains are often jewels, + Our pleasures gilded toys. + + Between the good and evil + The monarch will must stand, + To shape the final issue + By God's divine command. + + Our mission is to battle + With ill in every form-- + To borrow strength and volume + From contact with the storm. + + In the beautiful hereafter + These blinding mortal tears + Shall crystalize in jewels + To sparkle in the spheres. + + With weak and moldish vision + We work our way below; + But sure our souls are building + Much wiser than we know. + + And when the work is finished + The scaffolding then falls; + And lo! a radiant temple, + With pearl and sapphire walls. + + A temple far transcending + The grandest piles below, + Whose dome shall blaze with splendor, + In God's eternal glow. + +Wealth is necessary; let us not disclaim against it; every nation needs +it to attain the highest achievements in civilization. But it is a +blessing only as a servant, and is destructive as a master. + + JOHN P. ALTGELD. + + +If I were a young man I should ally myself with some high and at +present unpopular cause, and devote my every effort to accomplish its +success. + + JOHN G. WHITTIER. + + + Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey, + Where wealth accumulates and men decay. + + Princes and lords may flourish and may fade; + A breath can make them, as breath has made; + But an honest peasantry, a country's pride, + When once destroyed, can never be supplied. + +War preys on two things--life and property: but he preys with a partial +appetite. Feasting on life, he licks his jaws and says, "More, by your +leave!" Devouring property, he says, between grin and glut, "This is so +good that it ought to be paid for!" Into the vacuum of wasted life rush +the moaning winds of grief and desolation; in to the vacuum of wasted +property rushes the goblin of debt. The wasted life is transformed at +length into a reminiscent glory; the wasted property becomes a hideous +nightmare. The heroes fallen rise from their bloody cerements into +everlasting fame; the property destroyed rises from the red and +flame-swept field as a spectral vampire, sucking the still warm blood +of the heroic dead and of their posthumous babes to the tenth +generation! The name of the vampire is Bond. + + JOHN CLARK RIDPATH. + + + TO A WATERFOWL. + + Whither, mid'st falling dew, + While glow the heavens with the last steps of day, + Far through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue + Thy solitary way? + + Vainly the fowler's eye + Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong, + As, darkly seen against the crimson sky, + Thy figure floats along. + + Seek'st thou the plashy brink + Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide, + Or where the rocking billows rise and sink + On the chafed ocean side? + + There is a Power whose care + Teaches thy way along that pathless coast-- + The desert and illimitable air-- + Lone wandering, but not lost. + + All day thy wings have fanned, + At that far height, the cold, thin atmosphere, + Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land, + Though the dark night is near. + + And soon that toil shall end; + Soon shall thou find a summer home, and rest, + And scream among thy fellows; reeds shall bend + Soon, o'er thy sheltered nest. + + Thou'rt gone, the abyss of heaven + Hath swallowed up thy form; yet on my heart + Deeply hath sunk the lesson thou hast given + And shall not soon depart. + + He who, from zone to zone, + Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight, + In the long way that I must tread alone + Will lead my steps aright. + + WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT. + + + + +ROBERT BURNS + + +(Considered by many the world's greatest Song writer and natural Poet.) + +While Burns was yet a plow boy he was challenged by two highly educated +gentlemen, who were seated awaiting their dinner to be served at an Inn +in the town of Ayr. + +The terms of the challenge was for each to write a verse on the event +of their first acquaintance, the one writing the best and most +appropriate short rhyme was to have his dinner paid for by the other +two. + +Burns wrote as follows: + + I Jonnie Peep, + Saw two sheep. + Two sheep saw me. + Half a crown apiece + Will pay for their fleece. + And I Jonnie Peep go free. + +On another occasion while drinking at a Bar a hanger on who was notorious +for his much drinking and was dubbed the Marquis, asked Burns to write an +appropriate epitaph for his grave stone. + +Burns, quick as flash and without any apparent effort, wrote: + + Here lies a faulse Marquis: + Whose title is shamed + If ever he rises + It will be to be damned. + + +TO A MOUSE. + + Wee, sleekit, cowrin' tim'rous beastie. + Oh, what a panic's in thy breastie! + Thou needna start awa' sae hasty. + Wi' bickering brattle! + I wad be laith to rin and chase thee, + Wi murd'ing prattle! + + I'm truly sorry man's dominion + Has broken nature's social union, + And justifies that ill opinion + Which makes thee startle + At me, thy poor earth-born companion + And fellow-mortal! + + I doubt na, whiles, but thou may thieve; + What then? poor beastie, thou maun live! + A daimen icker in a thrave + 'S a sma' o' request + I'll get a blessin' wi' the lave, + And never miss 't! + + Thy wee bit housie, too, in ruin! + Its silly wa's the win's are strewin'! + And naething now to big a new ane + O' foggage green! + And bleak December's winds ensuin' + Baith snell and keen! + + Thou saw the fields laid bare and waste + And weary winter comin' fast. + And cozie here, beneath the blast, + Thou thought to dwell; + Till, crash! the cruel coulter past + Out through thy cell. + + That wee bit heap o'leaves and stibble + Has cost thee mony a weary nibble! + Now thou's turn'd out for a' thy trouble, + But house or hauld, + To thole the winter's sleety dribble + And cranreuch cauld. + + But, Mousie, thou art no thy lane, + In proving foresight may be vain; + The bes laid schemes o' mice and men + Gang aft a-gley, + And lea 'e us naught but grief and pain + For promised joy. + + Still thou art blest, compared wi' me! + The present only toucheth thee, + But, och! I backward cast my ee + On prospects drear! + And forward, though I canna see, + I guess and fear. + + ROBERT BURNS. + + + + +CHAPTER XI. + +ORATORICAL DEPARTMENT. + + +The author believes he is here presenting such selections as will be +accepted as masterpieces. + +Mr. Bryan's speech at New Haven, where he was disturbed by students is +taken from his book, the First Battle, and is here offered to show the +wonderful composure of the speaker, rather than to present a fine or +eloquent speech. + +The New York Sun's editorial, and the resolution of the council of +Indians will show the difference of opinion that exists between +commercial editors and the men of nature. It is obvious that these +students were disturbing a public meeting, and to justify them is to +wink at crime, scorn at justice, mock at the freedom of speech and +excuse ignorance. + +Certainly the Indian presents the idea of advancing forward, while the +New York Sun man is advancing (?) backward. + + + + +PATRICK HENRY'S SPEECH. + +VIRGINIA MUST PREPARE FOR WAR. + + +There is no time for ceremony. The question before the House is one of +awful moment to this country. For my own part, I consider it as nothing +less than a question of freedom or slavery; and in proportion to the +magnitude of the subject ought to be the freedom of debate. It is only +in this way that we can hope to arrive at truth, and fulfill the great +responsibility which we hold to God and our country. Should I keep back +my opinions at such a time, through fear of giving offense, I should +consider myself as guilty of treason toward my country, and of an act +of disloyalty toward the Majesty of Heaven, which I revere above all +earthly kings. It is natural to man to indulge in the illusions of +Hope. We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth, and listen +to the song of that Siren till she transforms us into beasts. Is this +the part of wise men engaged in a great and arduous struggle for +liberty? Are we disposed to be of the number of those who, having eyes +see not, and having ears hear not the things which so nearly concern +their temporal salvation? For my part, whatever anguish of spirit it +may cost, I am willing to know the whole truth; to know the worst, and +provide for it. + +I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided; and that is the lamp +of experience. I know of no way of judging of the future but by the +past. And judging by the past, I wish to know what there has been in +the conduct of the British Ministry for the last ten years to justify +those hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased to solace themselves +and the House. Is it that insidious smile with which our petition has +been lately received? Trust it not. It will prove a snare to your feet. +Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed by a kiss. Ask yourselves how this +gracious reception of our petition comports with those warlike +preparations which cover our waters and darken our land. Are fleets and +armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation? Have we shown +ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled, that force must be called in +to win back our love? Let us not deceive ourselves. These are the +implements of war and subjugation; the last arguments to which kings +resort. I ask what means this martial array, if its purpose be not to +force us to submission. Can gentlemen assign any other possible motive +for it? Has Great Britain an enemy in this quarter of the world to call +for all this accumulation of navies and armies? No; she has none. They +are meant for us; they can be meant for no other. They are sent over to +bind and rivet upon us those chains which the British Ministry have +been so long forging. + +And what have we to oppose to them? Shall we try argument? We have been +trying that for the last ten years. Have we anything new to offer upon +the subject? Nothing. We have held the subject up in every light of +which it is capable; but it has been all in vain. Shall we resort to +entreaty and humble supplication? What terms shall we find which have +not been already exhausted? Let us not deceive ourselves longer. We +have done everything that could be done to avert the storm which is now +coming on. We have petitioned, we have remonstrated, we have +supplicated; we have prostrated ourselves before the Throne, and have +implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hand of the +Ministry and Parliament. Our petitions have been slighted; our +remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult; our +supplications have been disregarded; and we have been spurned, with +contempt, from the foot of the Throne. In vain, after these things, may +we indulge the fond hope of peace and reconciliation. There is no +longer any room for hope. If we wish to be free--if we mean to preserve +inviolate those inestimable privileges for which we have been so long +contending--if we mean not basely to abandon the noble struggle in +which we have been so long engaged, and which we have pledged never to +abandon until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained--we +must fight! I repeat it, we must fight! An appeal to arms, and to the +God of Hosts, is all that is left to us. + +They tell us that we are weak--unable to cope with so formidable an +adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week, or +the next year? Will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a +British guard shall be stationed in every house? Shall we gather +strength by irresolution and inaction? Shall we acquire the means of +effectual resistance by lying supinely on our backs, and hugging the +delusive phantom of Hope until our enemies have bound us hand and foot? +We are not weak if we make a proper use of those means which the God of +Nature hath placed in our power. Three millions of people, armed in the +holy cause of liberty, are invincible by any force which the enemy can +send against us. Besides, we shall not fight our battles alone. There +is a just God who presides over the destinies of nations, and will +raise us friends to fight our battle for us. The battle is not to the +strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. + +Besides, we have no election. If we were base enough to desire it, it +is now too late to retire from the contest. There is no retreat but in +submission and slavery. Our chains are forged; their clanking may be +heard on the plains of Boston. The war is inevitable--and let it come! +I repeat it. Let it come! It is in vain to extenuate the matter. +Gentlemen may cry, Peace, peace--but there is no peace. The war is +actually begun. The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to +our ear the clash of resounding arms. Our brethren are already in the +field! Why are we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would +they have? Is life so dear or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the +price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what +course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me +death!--Speech in Convention, March 25, 1775. + + + + +ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S SPEECH. + +SPEECH AT THE DEDICATION OF THE NATIONAL CEMETERY AT GETTYSBURG, +PENNSYLVANIA, NOVEMBER 19, 1863. + + +"Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this +continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the +proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a +great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so +conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great +battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that +field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that +that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we +should do this. But in a large sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot +consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and +dead, who struggled here have consecrated it far above our poor power +to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what +we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, +the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which +they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for +us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that +from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for +which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly +resolve that these dead have not died in vain; that this nation, under +God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the +people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth." + + + + +WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN'S SPEECHES. + +YALE COLLEGE INCIDENT.--BRYAN SPEAKS UNDER DIFFICULTIES + + +I am glad that there are students here, because I want to say a word to +students. Your college has helped to add fame to your city, and those +who assemble here are supposed to come in order that they may better +equip themselves for the duties of life. I am glad to talk to students, +because, my friends, we have a cause which appeals to students. If the +syndicates and corporations rule this country, then no young man has a +fair show unless he is the favorite of a corporation. (Applause--and +yells for McKinley by a cordon of the students.) If the people have a +right to govern themselves and exercise that right, then every citizen +has an equal chance and every man may achieve what he desires. We wish +to leave all the avenues open so that the son of the humblest citizen +may aspire to the highest position within the gift of the people. +(Applause and yells repeated.) + +I am not speaking now to the sons who are sent to college on the +proceeds of ill-gotten gains. (Enthusiastic applause.) I will wait +until these sons have exhausted what their fathers have left them and +then appeal to their children who will have to commence life where +their grandfathers commenced. (Great applause.) My friends, a just +government is best for the great masses of the people. Equal laws and +equal opportunities are best for nine out of every ten of us. (Yells +again repeated.) Therefore, our cause appeals to every young man who +wants to make this Government so good as to deserve the love, +confidence and the support of every citizen in this land. + +We appeal not only to the students; we appeal to business men who have +been terrorized by the financial--what may I call it? (Applause.) +People have been tyrannized over by financial institutions until in +some instances it is more dangerous to raise your voice against the +ruling power than it is in an absolute monarchy. (Great applause and +yells.) If there is anybody who loves this sort of thing then I shall +offend him by speaking of it, but I shall not offend any man who loves +liberty and the right of free speech in this country. (Great applause.) + +The business men have been told that the free coinage of silver would +ruin them. If it can ruin them with more rapidity than the gold +standard has ruined them, then, my friends, it will be bad, indeed, +because the gold standard has increased the number of failures among +business men, and every step that has been taken has been +followed----(Yells from the students.) I have been so used to talking +to young men who earn their own living that I do not know----(Great +applause and cheering.) I say, I have been so used to talking to young +men who earn their own living that I hardly know what language to use +to address myself to those who desire to be known, not as creators of +wealth, but as the distributors of wealth which somebody else created. +(Great applause and cheering.) If you will show me a young man who has +been taught to believe----(More yells and cries of "McKinley.") + +In all my travels I have not found a crowd that needed talking to so +much as this crowd does. (Cries of "That's right.") I came to this city +something more than a year ago, and I then learned something of the +domination of your financial classes. I have seen it elsewhere, but, my +friends, the great mass of the people even of this city, will be better +off under bimetallism that permits the nation to grow, than under a +gold standard which starves everybody except the money changer and the +money owner. + +We sometimes out West are instructed by your insurance companies. I +carry insurance in old line companies and in what are known as the +mutual or assessment companies. I carry insurance in fraternal +organizations like the United Workmen and the Modern Woodmen, as well +as in the old line companies, and I am glad that my assessment +companies are satisfied to take my money and give me insurance without +attempting to tell me how I must vote. Your old line companies have +seen fit to insult the intelligence of the people by attempting to +exercise a guardian care, notwithstanding the fact that we are able to +look after ourselves without their instructions. + +You have laboring men also in large numbers in this city. I do not know +whether the advocates of the gold standard here who employ men in the +shops insist upon telling their employes how to vote. I have in other +places found employers who would put in envelopes the pay for the day's +work or week's work, and then print on the outside of the envelopes +some instructions to the employes. If the manufacturer, employer, or +railroad president feels that there must be something on the outside of +the envelope as well as upon the inside, let him write on the outside: +"You will find within your wages. They are to cover your work. We +recognize that the men who have sense enough to do the work we want +done have sense enough to vote right, without our telling them how to +vote." + +I notice that in some places they have been organizing sound money +clubs, and they have the applicant sign a statement, saying that the +free coinage of silver would hurt him in his business as a wage earner. +I have wondered why our great financial magnates do not put in their +application a statement similar to that. Why don't the heads of these +syndicates which have been bleeding the Government make application to +sound money clubs and write in their application that the free coinage +of silver would hurt them in their business as heads of syndicates? +They want people to believe that they are entirely benevolent, that +they are philanthropists, and that what they do is done merely because +they believe that the people will be benefited by having them run the +Government, and they submit to the inconvenience of running the +Government in order to help the people, who, they say, will be +benefited. (More confusion and applause by the students.) + +Why is it that the broker or the bond buyer does not write in his +application that he has a personal interest in the gold standard? Why +is it that these men want to throw upon the wage earners whatever odium +there may be in using his vote to protect his personal interests? I +believe the wage earner, and the farmer, and the business man, and the +professional man, all of these will be benefited by a volume of money +sufficient to do business with. If you make money scarce you make money +dear. If you make money dear you drive down the value of everything, +and when you have falling prices you have hard times. And who prosper +by hard times? There are but few, and those few are not willing to +admit that they get any benefit from hard times. No party ever declared +in its platform that it was in favor of hard times, and yet the party +that declares for a gold standard in substance declares for a +continuation of hard times. + +Here a band which had been playing for a drill in another part of the +square came nearer and made talking more difficult, and my voice not +being in good condition I concluded my remarks by saying: + +It is hard to talk when all the conditions are favorable, and I must +ask you to excuse me from talking any further in the presence of the +noises against which we have to contend today. + +I have since learned that some misunderstood my closing words, and +thought I again referred to the students, but this is an error. They +were making no disturbance when I finished speaking. I did not even +mean to criticize the band, because I was sure that the interruption +was not intentional, but my voice being hoarse and the crowd large, it +was difficult to make myself heard even when there was perfect quiet. + +The incident gave rise to a good deal of public discussion. + +A few papers criticised my language on that occasion and declared that +my words provoked the hostile demonstration. As a matter of fact, the +hostility was manifested before I began to speak, and it was some +minutes before I could obtain a hearing. This is the only speech in +which I have inserted the applause, and it is only done here because +the interruptions are also quoted. The report is reproduced exactly as +it appeared at the time in order that the reader may form his own +opinion upon the subject. + +The following press dispatch appeared in the morning papers of +September 3: + + YALE STUDENTS CRITICISED. + + Muskogee, I.T., Sept. 29.--At a mass meeting of the Cherokees, + Creeks, Choctaws and Seminoles, held here yesterday, the following + resolution was unanimously adopted: + + Resolved, that we contemplate with deep regret the recent insulting + treatment of William J. Bryan by students of a college in the land + of the boasted white man's civilization, and we admonish all + Indians who think of sending their sons to Yale that association + with such students could but prove hurtful alike to their morals + and their progress toward the higher standard of civilization. + + +THE "SUN" DEFENDS THE YALE STUDENTS. + +The New York Sun came to the defense of the boys in an editorial, from +which the following is an extract: + + What did these students really do? On the day that Yale University + opened its new college year, Bryan came to New Haven and prepared + to address a great crowd at the green adjacent to which are the + college buildings of the center of university life, in a town of + which the university is the great and distinguishing feature. The + students gathered in strong force, as was natural. Practically they + were on their own ground. They expressed their feelings against + repudiation with the vigor and vociferousness of youth; and they + had a right to do it. + + They ought to have done it; and the sentiment to which they gave + utterance was honorable to them. The boys made a great noise, + cheering for McKinley and yelling and jeering at repudiation, so + that Mr. Bryan could not be heard for several minutes. If they had + applauded him incessantly for even a full half hour, would there + have been any complaint of their preventing him from starting out + in his speech? Has not a crowd in the open air as much right to + hiss as to cheer? At what period in our history was that privilege + taken from Americans? These dissenting students, the reports agree, + did not offer any personal violence to Mr. Bryan or anybody else. + They did not throw rotten eggs at him or otherwise assail his + dignity, but merely shouted their college cry and yelled + derisively. They did not like the cause the speaker represented. + They detested and despised both it and him, and they made known + their feelings noisily. + + +Speech Concluding Debate on the Chicago Platform. + +Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Convention: I would be presumptuous, +indeed, to present myself against the distinguished gentlemen to whom +you have listened if this were a mere measuring of abilities; but this +is not a contest between persons. The humblest citizen of the land, +when clad in the armor of a righteous cause, is stronger than all the +hosts of error. I come to speak to you in defense of a cause as holy as +the cause of liberty--the cause of humanity. + +When this debate is concluded, a motion will be made to lay upon the +table the resolution offered in commendation of the administration, and +also the resolution offered in condemnation of the administration. We +object to bringing this question down to the level of persons. The +individual is but an atom; he is born, he acts, he dies; but principles +are eternal; and this has been a contest over a principle. + +Never before in the history of this country has there been witnessed +such a contest as that through which we have just passed. Never before +in the history of American politics has a great issue been fought out +as this issue has been, by the voters of a great party. On the fourth +of March, 1895, a few Democrats, most of them members of Congress, +issued an address to the Democrats of the nation, asserting that the +money question was the paramount issue of the hour; declaring that a +majority of the Democratic party had the right to control the action of +the party on this paramount issue; and concluding with the request that +the believers of free coinage of silver in the Democratic party should +organize, take charge of, and control the policy of the Democratic +party. Three months later, at Memphis, an organization was perfected +and the silver Democrats went forth openly and courageously proclaiming +their belief, and declaring that, if successful, they would crystallize +into a platform the declaration they had made. Then began the conflict. +With a zeal approaching the zeal which inspired the crusaders who +followed Peter the Hermit, our silver Democrats went forth from victory +unto victory until they are now assembled, not to discuss, not to +debate, but to enter up the judgment already rendered by the plain +people of this country. In this contest brother has been arrayed +against brother, father against son. The warmest ties of love, +acquaintance and association have been disregarded; old leaders have +been cast aside when they have refused to give expression to the +sentiments of those whom they would lead, and new leaders have sprung +up to give direction to this cause of truth. Thus has the contest been +waged, and we have assembled here under as binding and solemn +instructions as were ever imposed upon representatives of the people. + +We do not come as individuals. As individuals we might have been glad +to compliment the gentleman from New York (Senator Hill,) but we know +that the people for whom we speak would never be willing to put him in +a position where he could thwart the will of the Democratic party. I +say it was not a question of persons; it was a question of principle, +and it is not with gladness, my friends, that we find ourselves brought +into conflict with those who are now arrayed on the other side. + +The gentleman who preceded me (ex-Governor Russell) spoke of the State +of Massachusetts; let me assure him that not one present in all this +convention entertains the least hostility to the people of the State of +Massachusetts, but we stand here representing people who are the +equals, before the law, of the greatest citizens in the State of +Massachusetts. When you (turning to the gold delegates) come before us +and tell us that we are about to disturb your business interests, we +reply that you have disturbed our business interests by your course. + +We say to you that you have made the definition of a business man too +limited in its application. The man who is employed for wages is as +much a business man as his employer; the attorney in a country town is +as much a business man as the corporation counsel in a great +metropolis; the merchant at the cross-roads store is as much a business +man as the merchant of New York; the farmer who goes forth in the +morning and toils all day--who begins in the spring and toils all +summer--and who by the application of brain and muscle to the natural +resources of the country creates wealth, is as much a business man as +the man who goes upon the board of trade and bets upon the price of +grain; the miners who go down a thousand feet into the earth, or climb +two thousand feet upon the cliffs, and bring forth from their hiding +places the precious metals to be poured into the channels of trade are +as much business men as the few financial magnates who, in a back room, +corner the money of the world. We come to speak for this broader class +of business men. + +Ah, my friends, we say not one word against those who live upon the +Atlantic coast, but the hardy pioneers who have braved all the dangers +of the wilderness, who have made the desert to blossom as the rose--the +pioneers away out there (pointing to the West), who rear their children +near to Nature's heart, where they can mingle their voices with the +voices of the birds--out there where they have erected schoolhouses for +the education of their young, churches where they praise their Creator, +and cemeteries where rest the ashes of their dead--these people, we +say, are as deserving of the consideration of our party as any people +in this country. It is for these that we speak. We do not come as +aggressors. Our war is not a war of conquest; we are fighting in the +defense of our homes, our families, and posterity. We have petitioned, +and our petitions have been scorned; we have entreated, and our +entreaties have been disregarded; we have begged, and they have mocked +when our calamity came. We beg no longer; we entreat no more; we +petition no more. We defy them. + +The gentleman from Wisconsin has said that he fears a Robespierre. My +friends, in this land of the free you need not fear that a tyrant will +spring up from among the people. What we need is an Andrew Jackson to +stand, as Jackson stood, against the encroachments of organized wealth. + +They tell us that this platform was made to catch votes. We reply to +them that changing conditions make new issues; that the principles upon +which Democracy rests are as everlasting as the hills, but that they +must be applied to new conditions as they arise. Conditions have +arisen, and we are here to meet those conditions. They tell us that the +income tax ought not to be brought in here; that it is a new idea. They +criticize us for the criticism of the Supreme Court of the United +States. My friends, we have not criticized; we have simply called +attention to what you already know. If you want criticisms, read the +dissenting opinions of the court. There you will find criticisms. They +say that we have passed an unconstitutional law; we deny it. The income +tax law was not unconstitutional when it was passed; it was not +unconstitutional when it went before the Supreme Court for the first +time; it did not become unconstitutional until one of the judges +changed his mind, and we cannot be expected to know when a judge will +change his mind. The income tax is just. It simply intends to put the +burden of government justly upon the backs of the people. I am in favor +of an income tax. When I find a man who is not willing to bear his +share of the burdens of the government which protects him, I find a man +who is unworthy to enjoy the blessings of a government like ours. + +They say that we are opposing national bank currency; it is true. If +you will read what Thomas Benton said, you will find he said that, in +searching history, he could find but one parallel to Andrew Jackson; +that was Cicero, who destroyed the conspiracy of Cataline and saved +Rome. Benton said that Cicero only did for Rome what Jackson did for us +when he destroyed the bank conspiracy and saved America. We say in our +platform that we believe that the right to coin and issue money is a +function of government. We believe it. We believe that it is a part of +sovereignty, and can no more with safety be delegated to private +individuals than we could afford to delegate to private individuals the +power to make penal statutes or levy taxes. Mr. Jefferson, who was once +regarded as good Democratic authority, seems to have differed in +opinion from the gentleman who has addressed us on the part of the +minority. Those who are opposed to this proposition tell us that the +issue of paper money is a function of the bank, and that the Government +ought to go out of the banking business. I stand with Jefferson rather +than with them, and tell them, as he did, that the banks ought to go +out of the governing business. + +They complain about the plank which declares against life tenure in +office. They have tried to strain it to mean that which is does not +mean. What we oppose by that plank is the life tenure which is being +built up in Washington, and which excludes from participation in +official benefits the humbler members of society. + +Let me call your attention to two or three important things. The +gentleman from New York says that he will propose an amendment to the +platform providing that the proposed change in our monetary system +shall not affect contracts already made. Let me remind you that there +is no intention of affecting those contracts which according to present +laws are made payable in gold; but if he means to say that we cannot +change our monetary system without protecting those who have loaned +money before the change was made, I desire to ask him where, in law or +in morals, he can find justification for not protecting the debtors +when the act of 1873 was passed, if he now insists that we must protect +the creditors. + +He says he will also propose an amendment which will provide for the +suspension of free coinage if we fail to maintain the parity within a +year. We reply that when we advocate a policy which we believe will be +successful, we are not compelled to raise a doubt as to our own +sincerity by suggesting what we shall do if we fail. I ask him, if he +would apply his logic to us, why he does not apply it to himself. He +says he wants the country to try to secure an international agreement. +Why does he not tell us what he is going to do if he fails to secure an +international agreement? There is more reason for him to do that than +there is for us to provide against the failure to maintain the parity. +Our opponents have tried for twenty years to secure an international +agreement, and those are waiting for it most patiently who do not want +it at all. + +And now, my friends, let me come to the paramount issue. If they ask us +why it is that we say more on the money question than we say upon the +tariff question, I reply that, if protection has slain its thousands, +the gold standard has slain its tens of thousands. If they ask us why +we do not embody in our platform all the things that we believe in, we +reply that when we have restored the money of the Constitution all +other necessary reforms will be possible; but that until this is done +there is no other reform that can be accomplished. + +Why is it that within three months such a change has come over the +country? Three months ago, when it was confidently asserted that those +who believe in the gold standard would frame our platform and nominate +our candidates, even the advocates of the gold standard did not think +that we could elect a president. And they had good reason for their +doubt, because there is scarcely a State here today asking for the gold +standard which is not in the absolute control of the Republican party. +But note the change. Mr. McKinley was nominated at St. Louis upon a +platform which declared for the maintenance of the gold standard until +it can be changed into bimetallism by international agreement. Mr. +McKinley was the most popular man among the Republicans, and three +months ago everybody in the Republican party prophesied his election. +How is it today? Why, the man who was once pleased to think that he +looked like Napoleon--that man shudders today when he remembers that he +was nominated on the anniversary of the battle of Waterloo. Not only +that, but as he listens he can hear with ever-increasing distinctness +the sound of the waves as they beat upon the lonely shores of St. +Helena. + +Why this change? Ah, my friends, is not the reason for the change +evident to any one who will look at the matter? No private character, +however pure, no personal popularity, however great, can protect from +the avenging wrath of an indignant people a man who will declare that +he is in favor of fastening the gold standard upon this country, or who +is willing to surrender the right of self-government and place the +legislative control of our affairs in the hands of foreign potentates +and powers. + +We go forth confident that we shall win. Why? Because upon the +paramount issue of this campaign there is not a spot of ground upon +which the enemy will dare to challenge battle. If they tell us that the +gold standard is a good thing, we shall point to their platform and +tell them that their platform pledges the party to get rid of the gold +standard and substitute bimetallism. If the gold standard is a good +thing, why try to get rid of it? I call your attention to the fact that +some of the very people who are in this convention today and who tell +us that we ought to declare in favor of international bimetallism--thereby +declaring that the gold standard is wrong and that the principle of +bimetallism is better--these very people four months ago were open and +avowed advocates of the gold standard, and were then telling us that we +could not legislate two metals together, even with the aid of all the +world. If the gold standard is a good thing, we ought to declare in +favor of its retention and not in favor of abandoning it; and if the +gold standard is a bad thing why should we wait until other nations are +willing to help us to let go? Here is the line of battle, and we care +not upon which issue they force the fight; we are prepared to meet them +on either issue or on both. If they tell us that the gold standard is +the standard of civilization, we reply to them that this, the most +enlightened of all the nations of the earth, has never declared for a +gold standard and that both the great parties this year are declaring +against it. If the gold standard is the standard of civilization, why, +my friends, should we not have it. If they come to meet us on that +issue we can tell them that they will search the pages of history in +vain to find a single instance where the common people of any land have +ever declared themselves in favor of the gold standard. They can find +where the holders of fixed investments have declared for a gold +standard, but not where the masses have. + +Mr. Carlisle said in 1878 that this was a struggle between "the idle +holders of idle capital" and "the struggling masses, who produce the +wealth and pay the taxes of the country"; and, my friends, the question +we are to decide is: Upon which side will the Democratic party fight; +upon the side of "the idle holders of idle capital" or upon the side of +"the struggling masses?" That is the question which the party must +answer first, and then it must be answered by each individual +hereafter. The sympathies of the Democratic party, as shown by the +platform, are on the side of the struggling masses who have ever been +the foundation of the Democratic party. There are two ideas of +government. There are those who believe that, if you will only +legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, their prosperity will leak +through on those below. The Democratic idea, however has been that if +you legislate to make the masses prosperous, their prosperity will find +its way up through every class which rests upon them. + +You come to us and tell us that the great cities are in favor of the +gold standard; we reply that the great cities rest upon our broad and +fertile prairies. Burn down your cities and leave our farms and your +cities will spring up again as if by magic; but destroy our farms and +the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country. + +My friends, we declare that this nation is able to legislate for its +own people on every question, without waiting for the aid or consent of +any other nation on earth; and upon that issue we expect to carry every +State in the Union. I shall not slander the inhabitants of the fair +State of Massachusetts nor the inhabitants of the State of New York by +saying that, when they are confronted with the proposition, they will +declare that this nation is not able to attend to its own business. It +is the issue of 1776 over again. Our ancestors, when but three millions +in number, had the courage to declare their political independence of +every other nation; shall we, their descendants, when we have grown to +seventy millions, declare that we are less independent than our +forefathers? No, my friends, that will never be the verdict of our +people. Therefore, we care not upon what lines the battle is fought. If +they say bimetallism is good, but that we cannot have it until other +nations help us, we reply that, instead of having a gold standard +because England has, we will restore bimetallism, and then let England +have bimetallism because the United States has it. If they dare to come +out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we +will fight them to the uttermost. Having behind us the producing masses +of the nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the +laboring interests, and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their +demand for a gold standard by saying to them: You shall not press down +upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify +mankind upon a cross of gold. + + +SPEECHES OF C. A. BOGARDUS. + +"I don't know much about the tariff | "I don't know much about the +question, but I think I know enough | money question, but it appears +to know that if we buy $20.00 worth | to me that if under the gold +of rails of a foreigner, the | standard we borrow $20,000,000 +foreigner will have the money and | of a foreigner, when we pay it +we will have the rails, but if we | back the foreigner will have the +make the rails in America and buy | money and the interest, too, but +them of an American, America will | if we coin the silver (which +have the money and the rails, too." | is an American product) into + | American dollars, borrow + ABRAHAM LINCOLN. | $20,000,000 of an American, + | when we pay it back America will + | have the money and the interest, + | too." + | + | C. A. BOGARDUS. + | + | +"Nothing should ever tempt | "I hope nothing ever will tempt +us--nothing will ever tempt us | us to scale the debt of the +to scale down the sacred debt | nation through a legal + of the nation through a | technicality. Whatever may + legal technicality. Whatever may | be the language of the contract + be the language of the contract | the United States should +the United States will discharge | discharge its obligations +all its obligations in the | according to the contract." +currency recognized as the best | +throughout the civilized world | C. A. BOGARDUS. +at the time of payment." | + | + WM. MCKINLEY. | + | + | +"This word to all when I am dead, | "This word to all while we are +Be sure you are right, then go | alive, + ahead." | Be sure we are right, then let + | drive." + DAVID CROCKETT. | + | C. A. BOGARDUS. + + +SPEECHES OF C. A. BOGARDUS + +ADDRESS DELIVERED AT FARMINGTON, IOWA, NOVEMBER 20, 1897, BY C. A. +BOGARDUS. + +SUBJECT: HOW TO READ. + +Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen:-- + +It is not so much the amount of reading that educates us, as it is what +we read and the manner it is done that benefits us, for as Poor Richard +says: "The used key is always bright," so the well-read book always +shows the handling. A small well chosen library carefully read is of +vastly more benefit than the large, poorly chosen, unread volumes that +adorn the shelves of many homes. Yet I am not sure but that poorly +chosen books are better not read than read. A learned doctor once said: +"It is not what we eat that sustains life, but is what we digest." + +We might well paraphrase his words and say it is not what we read that +educates us, but it is what we understand. For what we want is not +learning, but knowledge; that is the ability to make learning answer +its true end as a quickener of intelligence and widener of the +intellectual field. + +We should not read to contradict; nor to believe and take for granted; +nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. This being +self-evident, we should ever remember that whatever is worth reading at +all is worth reading well. Hence, inasmuch as reading matter is always +the expression of some author's thoughts, it follows that the object of +reading at all is to learn the thoughts of the writer. So we may well +aver that to read understandingly requires thought and industry. For +reading availeth not unless done understandingly. Therefore, an article +is not read, in the full sense of the word, until it is understood. + +I will close by reading an article from an old scrap-book. When it is +read I trust it will accomplish a double mission, viz: that we more +thoroughly comprehend the necessity of putting thought into our +reading; and that the real virtue in thought is acting in harmony with +the knowledge or right. The article to which I refer is entitled "An +Angel in a Saloon." I will now read it: + +"One afternoon in the month of June, 1870, a lady in deep mourning, +followed by a little child, entered one of the fashionable saloons in +the city of N----. The writer happened to be passing at the time, and +prompted by curiosity, followed her in, to see what would ensue. +Stepping up to the bar, and addressing the proprietor, who happened to +be present, she said: + +"'Sir, can you assist me? I have no home, no friends, and am not able +to work.' + +"He glanced at her and then at the child, with a mingled look of +curiosity and pity. Evidently he was much surprised to see a woman in +such a place begging, but without asking any questions gave her some +change, and turning to those present, he said: + +"'Gentlemen, here is a lady in distress. Can't some of you help her a +little?' + +"They cheerfully acceded to the request, and soon a purse of two +dollars was made up, and put in her hand. + +"'Madam,' said the gentleman who gave her the money, 'why do you come +to a saloon? It isn't a proper place for a lady, and why are you driven +to such a step?' + +"'Sir,' said the lady, 'I know it isn't a proper place for a lady to be +in, and you ask me why I am driven to such a step. I will tell you in +one short word,' pointing to a bottle behind the counter, labelled +whiskey, 'that is what brought me here--whiskey!' + +"'I was once happy and surrounded with all the luxuries that wealth +could procure, with a fond, indulgent husband. But in an evil hour he +was tempted, and not possessing the will to resist the temptation, +fell, and in one short year my dream of happiness was over, my home was +forever desolate, and the kind husband, and the wealth that some called +mine lost, lost, never to return, and all by the accursed wine cup. + +"'You see before you only the wreck of my former self, homeless and +friendless, with nothing left me in this world but this little child,' +and weeping bitterly, she affectionately caressed the golden curls that +shaded a face of exquisite loveliness. Regaining her composure, and +turning to the proprietor of the saloon, she continued: + +"'Sir, the reason why I occasionally enter a place like this is to +implore those who deal in the deadly poison to desist, to stop a +business that spreads desolation, ruin, poverty and starvation. Think +one moment of your own loved ones, and then imagine them in the +situation I am in. I appeal to your better nature, I appeal to your +heart,--for I know you possess a kind one,--to retire from a business +so ruinous to your patrons. + +"'Did you know the money you take across the bar is the same as taking +the bread out of the mouths of the famished wives and children of your +customers? That it strips the clothing from their backs, deprives them +of all the comforts of this life and throws unhappiness, misery, crime, +and desolation in their once happy homes? Oh! sir, I implore, beseech, +and pray you to retire from a business you blush to own you are engaged +in before your fellow-men, and enter one that will not only be +profitable to yourself but your fellow-creatures also. You will excuse +me if I have spoken too plainly, but I could not help it when I thought +of the misery, the unhappiness, and the suffering it has caused me.' + +"'Madam, I am not offended,' he answered in a voice husky with emotion, +'but I thank you from the bottom of my heart for what you have said.' + +"'Mamma,' said the little child, who meantime had been spoken to by +some of the gentlemen present, taking hold of her mother's hand, 'these +gentlemen wish me to sing "Little Bessie" for them. Shall I do so?' + +"They all joined in the request, and placing her in a chair she sang, +in a sweet childish voice, the following beautiful song: + + "'Out in the gloomy night, sadly I roam, + I have no mother dear, no pleasant home; + Nobody cares for me, no one would cry + Even if poor little Bessie should die. + Weary and tired I've been wandering all day, + Asking for work, but I'm too small, they say; + On the damp ground I must now lay my head; + Father's a drunkard and mother is dead. + + "'We were so happy till father drank rum, + Then all our sorrow and trouble begun; + Mother grew pale and wept every day, + Baby and I were too hungry to play; + Slowly they faded till one summer night + Found their dead faces all silent and white; + Then with big tears slowly dropping I said, + "Father's a drunkard and mother is dead." + + "'Oh! If the temperance men only could find + Poor, wretched father and talk very kind; + If they would stop him from drinking, then + I should be so very happy again. + Is it too late, temperance men? Please try + Or poor little Bessie must soon starve and die! + All day long I've been begging for bread,-- + Father's a drunkard and mother is dead.' + +"The game of billiards was left unfinished, the cards thrown aside and +the unemptied glass remained on the counter; all had pressed near, some +with pity-beaming eyes, entranced with the musical voice and beauty of +the child, who seemed better fitted to be with angels above than in +such a place. + +"The scene I shall never forget to my dying day, and the sweet cadence +of her musical voice still rings in my ears, and every word of the song +as it dropped from her lips sank deep into the hearts of those gathered +around her. + +"With her golden hair falling carelessly around her little shoulders, +and looking so trustingly and confidingly upon the gentlemen around +her, her beautiful eyes illuminated with a light that seemed not of +this earth, she formed a picture of purity and innocence worthy the +genius of a poet or painter. + +"At the close of the song many were weeping; men who had not shed a +tear for years, now wept like children. One young man who had resisted +with scorn the pleadings of a loving mother and the entreaties of +friends to strive to lead a better life, to desist from a course that +was wasting his fortune and ruining his health, now approached the +child, and taking both hands in his, while tears streamed down his +cheeks, exclaimed with deep emotion: + +"'God bless you, my little angel! You have saved me from ruin and +disgrace, from poverty and a drunkard's grave. If there are angels on +earth, you are one! God bless you! God bless you! and putting a bill +into the hands of the mother said, 'Please accept this trifle as a +token of my regard and esteem, for your little girl has done me a +kindness I can never repay; and remember, whenever you are in want, you +will find in me a true friend,' at the same time giving her his name +and address. + +"Taking her child by the hand she turned to go, but pausing at the +door, said: + +"'God bless you, gentlemen! Accept the heartfelt thanks of a poor, +friendless woman for the kindness and courtesy you have shown her.' +Before any one could reply she was gone. + +"A silence of several minutes ensued, which was broken by the +proprietor, who exclaimed: + +"'Gentlemen, that lady was right, and I have sold my last glass of +whiskey; if any one of you want more you will have to go elsewhere.' + +"'And I have drank my last glass of whiskey,' said a young man who had +long been given up as utterly beyond the reach of those who had a deep +interest in his welfare, as sunk too low ever to reform." + + +SPEECH AT DECATUR, INDIANA, SEPTEMBER 22, 1896. + +The occasion being a rally in which the Hon. B. F. Shively, candidate +for governor, and John R. Brunt, candidate for congress, had spoken +over three hours. + +The Indianapolis Sentinel said of Mr. Bogardus that "he held the +closest attention throughout, and closed _amid great cheers and cries +of go ahead_." + +MR. BOGARDUS SPOKE AS FOLLOWS: + +Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen:--That phase of the money question +which is before the American people today and upon which we will vote +in November is merely shall we, or shall we not, open the mints to the +free and unlimited coinage of silver as they are now open to the +coinage of gold. Concurrent with, and as a part of the phase, is the +declaration that when the metals are so coined that the money made +therefrom shall be treated equally under the law, and that the +Democratic idea of equal rights to each and special privileges to +neither, shall be again incorporated in our national laws. A great many +rash, and it seems to me foolish things, are being said concerning the +independent bimetallists of our country, to charge the free coinage +people with being repudiators and anarchists, is but to put the party +making such false statement in the position of a base misrepresenter, +and sooner or later the charge must slap its maker in the face. There +is no doubt in my mind, but that there is a party in this country who +is advocating repudiation, but it is not the Democratic party; it is +the Republican party that is advocating it. Webster says repudiation is +the act of rejecting or refusing. If a party desires to pay the +national debt according to contract it certainly is not advocating +repudiation, but if a party desires to violate the contract it desires +to repudiate. Now, my friends, let us get right at the facts, before we +can tell who the repudiators are; we must know what the contract is, +and then we must know what the contesting parties want to do in the +premises. I will read you a copy of a U.S. bond: + + (COPY OF U.S. BOND.) + + The United States of America are indebted to the bearer in the sum + of One Hundred Dollars. + + This bond is issued in accordance with the provisions of an act of + congress, entitled, "An act to authorize the refunding of the + National Debt," approved July 14th, 1870, amended by an act + approved January 20th, 1871, and is redeemable at the pleasure of + the United States, after the first day of July, A.D., 1907, in + coin of the standard value of the United States on said July 14th, + 1870, with interest in such coin from the day of date hereof, at + the rate of four per cent per annum, payable quarterly, on the + first day of October, January, April and July of each year. The + principal and interest are exempt from the payment of all taxes or + duties of the United States, as well as from taxation in any form, + by or under State, Municipal or local authority. + + Washington, July 1st, 1877. + + J. M. DOTY, Register of the Treasury. + + Entered (G. W. B.) (Recorded W. S.) + +Now I am not trying to mislead you when I say that a party who proposes +to pay that bond according to contract is not a repudiator, nor am I +misleading when I say that a party who attempts to prevent its payment +according to contract is a repudiator. The bond, according to its own +wording, is payable in coin of the standard value of July 14, 1870. +When we learn exactly what that coin is we will then, like Saul of +Tarsus, see things in a new light. By the law that was in force on that +date silver or gold could be coined into standard money and their +standard value was their legal value. The Democratic party desires the +privilege of coining the metals according to that law, and then paying +the bonds with those coins according to that law. No repudiation there. +No, not a particle. (Cheers.) The Republicans do not want to coin +silver and gold according to that law, and they do not want to allow +the debts to be paid in gold or silver money according to that law. +There is repudiation there, yes lots of it; in fact, it is nothing but +repudiation. (Great applause.) Do you want to hear about the anarchy +part of this question? (Cries of yes! yes!) Very well, let us examine +along that line. The Democrats say that the government can coin money +and regulate its value and they will accept it in payment of a debt. No +anarchy there; no, not a bit. (Laughter.) The Republicans admit that +the government can coin money and regulate its value and make it a +legal tender. But they openly declare that they won't take it in the +payment of a debt unless they want to. There is anarchy there in +abundance, yes in great abundance. (Great and continued applause.) + +Let me ask the Republicans if it is not a little strange that a law +savored with such element of anarchy and repudiation, should have been +in full force in America from 1792 to 1873, a period of eighty-one +years, and have pleased the people so well, that during all that time +no political party ever openly advocated its repeal? Is it not, I ask, +strange that George Washington, who fought so bravely for independence, +should have signed a law for repudiation and anarchy? Strange, ah, very +strange! is it not, that General Grant, when he discovered that he had +unknowingly signed a bill for the repeal of the law that they now say +would be repudiation, should have said he did not know that the law +demonetized silver, and if he had known it he would have suffered his +right arm to have been cut off before he would have signed the law. + +My friends, not only do the Republicans advocate repudiation, but it +also by proposing a scarce money system is advocating confiscation of +the debtor's property, for with a large money basis, money is easier to +get than with a small money basis. Careful thought will show that easy +money means high prices, and when money is scarce and hard to get +prices are low; it therefore follows that President Lincoln was correct +when he said: "If a government contract a debt and then contract the +money before the debt is paid, it is the most heinous crime a +government can commit against its people." + +We may boast long and strong of the great wisdom of our diplomats and +the brilliancy of our statesmen, but whatever they may say will never +overshadow the fact that in a people's government the people must vote +understandingly, and when we thoroughly analyze this charge of +repudiation and anarchy, we will see that it is the same old trick of +the burglar crying stop thief to the honest man, while the rogue +himself escapes. + +Much is being said about our money being good abroad, and great fear is +expressed by the banker's party that our silver money under bimetallism +will only be worth fifty cents on the dollar in foreign countries. Now, +my friends, let us use common sense, and we will easily solve the +problem as to how to make our silver dollars good abroad, that feature +of the question can be accomplished by following this plain easy +method, namely, the next time a foreigner presents a bond of a few +million dollars for payment, have Uncle Sam hand the gentleman the +amount in silver dollars, then let the foreigner attend to making them +good abroad. It will be to his interest to procure a law making the +silver good in his own country. Now, I want to ask you in the name of +common sense, would not you think the foreigner crazy if when we paid +him in our silver, he would go to his own country and cry down the very +money we had paid him? Oh, no, he would not do that; he would use his +influence to have a law passed in favor of bimetallism in his own +country. + +But you may urge that he might not succeed in his effort, and he would +have a lot of half value American dollars on hand that would not be +good abroad. Very well, the worst thing that could possibly happen to +us under circumstances of that kind would be when the foreigner found +he could not pass the money abroad he would discover all of a sudden +that the money is good in America, and as a matter of fact he would +spend his money where it would be taken for goods. So we see that we +would thus either force a recognition of our money abroad or else we +would control the markets of the world. Then in reality we would pay +our debts abroad in American produce at a fair price and keep our money +at home, where it belongs, as a medium of exchange. And we would then +realize the wisdom of the Hon. Wm. E. Gladstone when he said to the +English Parliament that "so far as England was concerned bimetallism to +them as a creditor country would compel them to pay more for American +produce," but the grand old man in his frank and honest manner added, +"so far as America is concerned, it would immediately give her control +of the markets of the world." + +When we lament the fact that under our present financial system the +rich are growing richer and the poor are becoming poorer day by day, we +hear some one say, "that is true, but the law of the survival of the +fittest is to blame for those facts." If you will pardon me for +seemingly diverging from the subject I will say something in regard to +the abuse of the law of the survival of the fittest. Yes, I admit that +under any law, and under any conditions, those who are best suited to +the conditions under which they live will get on better than those who +are not so well suited by nature to combat for existence and +prosperity. Nature has so laid its plans that, at or near the equator +in the warm climate tropical fruits grow better than they do in +Iceland, while the pine trees, true to nature, thrive best in cold +regions. The Polar bear enjoys the snows of Alaska, but would suffocate +in the tropical heat of Borneo or Sumatra. True to the law of the +survival of the fittest, the elephant and ostrich thrive in sunny +Africa, but would perish in Norway's winters. These things are true, +because all nature is in perfect harmony with itself. When carefully +considered, we find that the reason some things prosper in one place +and perish in another is merely that they are fitted for the conditions +in which they thrive and are unfitted for the vicious surrounding in +which they perish. The lion and tiger prosper among vicious beasts, but +the child and lamb survive better where love, mercy and righteousness +reign. + +Let us suppose that Christ and John L. Sullivan were contesting for the +pugilistic championship under London prize ring rules, most assuredly +Sullivan would win in the first round. But let us change the conditions +and make the place of contest the pulpit of a Quaker church, and the +subject: "Suffer little children to come unto me, and forbid them not, +for such is the kingdom of heaven," don't you think Sullivan would be +quite out of place and Christ would be the victor on that occasion? +Suppose a fine pasture, bountiful with grass and water should be well +stocked with a few hundred sheep and lambs and lurking around in hidden +nooks of the field were a dozen or more Norway wolves; the sheep and +the wolves are in the same pasture, I want to ask you, my friend, what +kind of stock do you think the farmer will have in that pasture in a +few days if he says to himself the law of the survival of the fittest +will protect those sheep if they are fit to live, and if they can't +survive then I will shear the wolves for my winter's wool. My friends, +if that farmer ever got any wool from those wolves he would have to get +it from their stomachs; he couldn't shear it from their backs, because +it don't grow on that class of animals. What would you think of the +farmer's good wife if after the wolves had killed and sucked the warm +blood of the last lamb she would in her supreme recognition of the law +of the survival of the fittest take from her child's grave the +tombstone that had carved thereon the image of a little lamb at rest +under the weeping willow and place in its stead a statue of marble with +the life-sized image of a wolf with the blood of a lamb streaming from +his teeth? No, that would not be the act of a sane mother, nor would +the farmer willingly leave the sheep in the pasture with no other +protection but the wolves. + +Under laws recognizing viciousness the most vicious will survive best. + +Our country and her people are industrious and willing, but we are in +debt, having promised to pay American dollars that by the vicious +system of contracting the money under the gold standard which makes +dollars harder and harder to get, which is only another way of +expressing the fact that wages and produce will go lower year by year +under the system of greed that is accompanying the gold standard in all +countries. But one thing can help the masses of our people out of the +bondage of debt, and that thing is higher prices for labor and produce. + +Higher prices in America will follow either of two causes--foreign +famine and war or bimetallism and an increased volume of money. The +latter is within our control, the former method no one should desire. + +Let us not disclaim against the wolves, for scientists tell us that the +shepherd dog that so kindly protects the sheep is a direct descendant +of the wolf, but he has been domesticated by the law of man. So we see +that under the vicious law of the survival of the fittest the wolf as a +master was a sheep destroyer, but under the civilized law of the +survival of the fittest, the descendant of the vicious wolf as we know, +the shepherd dog is a servant of the sheep. Gold is good money, but as +a master it is a tyrant. Let us hitch it side by side with silver and +paper money, put it all under direct control of the government, and the +wealth of this nation will be our servant, but with gold in control our +nation's wealth becomes a hard master. + +The other day, while on the train, in conversation with a rich banker, +the subject of the rich and poor came up. He said "there was nothing in +the law that tended to make people rich or poor." His idea was that +individual prosperity came from each man's ability as a financier. +"Why," said he, "don't you know that if the property was all equally +divided among the people, the same people who now have it would get it +again in a very short time?" I asked him if he was willing to change +certain laws about the banking business, then divide the property and +money of the United States equally among the people? He said "he did +not want to have any such thing done." When I asked him to specifically +name his objections to such a transaction, he replied "that it would +not be fair to take what he made and give it to some one who had not +made it." Then when I reminded him that he had said he would have it +all back in a short time, he said that "if the law was changed about +banking he would not have the same chance to get it back that he now +had to keep it." I told him that I agreed with him on his last +statement, but if I should agree with him in his first statement I +could not see how the changed law and division of property would affect +his ability, and if it did affect it, then I said the banking law must +be a part of his ability. Then he replied that "banking laws were +something that our congressmen would attend to." At this part of the +conversation the train stopped and the banker bade me good-by and with +a pleasant smile greeted a crowd that was waiting at the depot to +escort him to the opera house, where he was to make a speech in favor +of a law allowing the banks to issue all the money and retire the +government from the banking business. The fellow was a candidate for +congress. + +As the train left the station I took from my valise a little book of +statistics and found that 79 per cent of our Congressmen and 63 per +cent of our Senators were either bankers or bank directors, then I +thought his last remark was true, that our Congressmen would attend to +the banking laws all right, especially from a banker's point of view. I +then thought of a path up the mountain side that was so crooked a +traveler going up would meet himself coming back. + +Thanks for your attention. + + +SPEECH DELIVERED AT JACKSONVILLE, ILLINOIS, DECEMBER 15, 1897, BY C. A. +BOGARDUS. + +OUR FINANCIAL SYSTEM. + +Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen:--I am going to request my hearers +this evening to be not possessed of party prejudice. If there is any +one feature of the human mind that works more disaster to civilization +and humanity, than another, that feature is political partyism made +blind by prejudice. Prejudice blinds the eye to light and benumbs the +mind until reason is shut out. The Bible says, "And if the blind lead +the blind, both shall fall into the ditch." + +In examining any proposition we should not proceed to change reasons +and facts to suit our thoughts, but rather remove all prejudice from +our mind and then change our thoughts to agree with the facts. For my +part I would that all voters and their wives and children would form +themselves into a party of political truthseekers. When that is done +humanity, justice and a pure government of all the people, by all the +people and for all the people, will form the armor of our civilization. + +But as long as blind partyism prevails men will get into heated +political discussions that only widen the gulf of misunderstanding. +Misleading newspaper articles will make the gulf deeper, and the +cunning hand of plutocracy and coercion will widen the waters of the +gulf into a vast restless ocean, without even the signs of a rainbow to +tell them that the great storm of poverty and human slavery to the +money power, that knows no love, no mercy, no justice or Christianity, +shall not continue forever and anon. + +As we stand on a mountain crest and cast our eyes over the wide extent +of country, it is the more prominent features that impress themselves +on our vision. The lesser details, the waving field, the blooming bush, +the evergreen moss, the singing bird and fragrant rose, which attract +the attention and admiration of the immediate bystander, are lost to +our view by the distance. But the range of forest-clad hills, the +winding river, the crystal lake, the wide expanse of fertile plains and +snow-capped mountain peaks, determine the landscape and claim our +attention. + +We of the United States are today surrounded by the Anglo-American +civilization of the closing days of the 19th century. Let us from this +height glance along the road of our nation's journey hither. We can at +best only hope to notice the more prominent lines of advance. To +carefully trace the growth of all the departments would not only +greatly exceed the limited time at our command this evening, but would +also confuse us by the multiplicity of subjects demanding our +attention. + +When God created man in his own image and placed him on earth, He gave +man dominion over the earth and all the fullness thereof. There is an +old maxim which teaches, that through respect for the giver, we should +not give, barter or sell away a present. God gave the earth and all +that is in it to mankind. May we not here ask, to what mankind was the +earth given? And what is meant by man? It is plain to the student that +by man is meant all mankind, for all time so long as he shall live, for +we find in research of the scripture that "God is not God of the dead, +but of the living." I want to ask you in the name of justice and +humanity, should a great majority of mankind now, in the strongest and +most highly civilized country, give the earth and its abundance to the +money corporations, trusts and combines, that are in reality +transforming our beloved republic into a "Den of Thieves;" or should we +keep possession of the bountiful gift, that our children and the +children of the generations to follow will inherit the land, that was +so graciously presented to all mankind, by an all wise Providence? + +One of the uppermost features in our civilization today is our national +medium of exchange, called "money." Reasonable men of all parties agree +that our money should be sound and honest, and limited only in amount +by the necessities and requirements of the citizens of our country, in +striving after a nobler and higher civilization in which the greatest +good to the greatest number shall be the pinnacle of ultimate +achievement. + +In June of 1896, the representatives of a great party met in national +convention in the city of St. Louis, Mo., and outlined a party platform +in which we find a plank which says: "We are therefore opposed to the +free coinage of silver, except by international agreement with the +leading commercial nations of the world, which we pledge ourselves to +promote, and until such agreement can be obtained, the existing gold +standard must be preserved." + +As we think of and discuss this or any other proposition, the question +foremost in our mind should be: Is that proposition, if adopted, likely +to promote the interest of an independent liberty loving, Democratic +people, or will it, if adopted, work in an opposite direction? + +In my judgment, a careful examination of that plank will reveal the +fact that it is hypocritical in the extreme, and in itself makes by its +own declaration, improbable the very thing it pretends to advocate and +pledge itself to support, namely: Bimetallism, by an international +agreement with the leading commercial nations of the world. + +There is no business man, farmer or politician who has ever +successfully accomplished any undertaking by adopting the idea most +prominent in this plank, which is declaring bimetallism to be right, +and then saying that we cannot and will not do anything to procure it +if the leading commercial nations of the world do not consent to it. + +Let us examine this plank in detail, and see if the general proposition +of waiting for our common enemy to assist us in helping ourselves is +not ridiculous. + +We notice that the party in drawing up this plank, says: "That they +pledge themselves to promote bimetallism by agreement;" then in the +next clause, say, "and until such an agreement can be obtained, the +existing gold standard must be preserved." + +Let me illustrate: Suppose this gentleman on my right having a horse +fairly worth on the market $100, should say to the young man on my left +that he desired to sell the animal. If the young man wished to buy he +would ask the price of the horse. I ask, what would the owner receive +for his steed, if he should reply, "Well, I ask $100, but if you will +not give that much, I will take $25." + +Now, my gold standard friends, do you not know that the purchaser would +take advantage of the seller and only give $25 for the horse. + +When the party at St. Louis pledged themselves to promote international +bimetallism, and then asserted, "until such an agreement can be +obtained the existing gold standard must be preserved," they in effect, +like the man with the horse, put their business in the other fellow's +hands; for was not that clause simply another way of saying to the +foreigner, if you will not give us bimetallism we will take the gold +standard, although we prefer the bimetallic standard? + +Fellow citizens, I ask you in the name of American independence, does +it not appear as though there was a colored gentleman somewhere in the +background? Let us examine further, and we will see that the colored +man wears a British coat of arms, and has his American office on +Williams street, New York city. + +We will make no mistakes in our conclusion if we understand the facts, +and to more clearly appreciate the full international effect, of the +plank under examination, let us draw another picture from human nature. +We will imagine you people of Jacksonville to be a little sporty, and +that you have in your midst a prize fighter of whom you are quite +proud; we will suppose that Springfield has a character of the same +kind, and the St. Louis Athletic club should offer $50,000 as a purse +for a fistic contest between these two champions, $40,000 to be the +reward of the winner and $10,000 to soothe the wounds of the defeated +pugilist. We will suppose the fight is arranged and the men go into +careful training, the time for the mill has at last arrived, the ring +is complete, and all details perfect. A large audience has assembled +and betting is liberally indulged in; of course Jacksonville sports +back their home man. At the appointed hour the contestants enter the +ring. Then you see your Jacksonville man is much the superior in +appearance to the Springfield upstart. Your man being the quicker and +stronger, has a longer reach, and is the more scientific. (America is +quicker and stronger, has a longer reach, and is more scientific than +any other nation on earth.) You feel sure your man will win the fight +on short notice, in fact you almost pity the man from Springfield, to +see that he must compete in a fistic combat with such a giant as the +Jacksonville Gladiator. The referee announces that Marquis of +Queensbury's rules are to govern, he looks at his watch and announces +that in one minute the fight will be on, the fighters raise their hands +to position. When just a few seconds of time still remains before the +slugging is to commence, your Jacksonville man says to his opponent, +hold on, if you don't run, I will. What, I ask you, would you think of +your prize fighter then? Think of the United States training for a +century for supremacy of American self-government over foreign +monarchical governments, then when all things are completed for the +final fight of the survival of the fittest, a great party saying to the +monarchies of Europe, "we know bimetallism is right, but if you will +not consent to it, then we will stick to the gold standard. If you +don't run, we will." (Great laughter and applause.) + +Party prejudice prevailed and through the misrepresentations of the +papers and certain unscrupulous politicians the party making those +representations carried the election. International bimetallic +commissioners were sent to the foreign countries to procure this great +international agreement, and did they get it? Facts answer no. + +Let me again implore you to lay aside party prejudice and look matters +squarely in the face, and we will immediately see, that not only did +Mr. Wolcott and his party make a signal failure in procuring +international bimetallism, but by the very terms of the St. Louis +platform it was impossible for him to succeed in his alleged purpose. +Now, my friends, let us suppose Mr. Wolcott and his two associates are +in England talking with the rich moneyed men for international +bimetallism and Mr. Wolcott is dealing out sledge-hammer argument in +favor of international bimetallism, using the same argument in England +the Bryan Democrats used in the campaign of 1896 in the United States. +The financial men of England would then say to Mr. Wolcott, did you say +that bimetallism in the United States meant 50-cent dollars? Mr. +Wolcott would answer, "Yes, I said that;" whereupon the Englishman +would say, "Then international bimetallism would mean international +50-cent dollars." Question No. 2. Mr. Wolcott, did not you say +bimetallism in the United States meant repudiation? Yes, would come +from Mr. Wolcott. Then the Englishman would reply, "Would not +international bimetallism mean international repudiation?" Question No. +3. "Mr. Wolcott, did you not tell the people of the United States that +free silver over there meant anarchy and lost confidence?" Again Mr. +Wolcott is forced to admit that was just what he said here in 1896. In +a triumphant air the Englishman would say international free silver +would mean international anarchy and international lost confidence. +(Laughter and applause). If Mr. Wolcott should further continue the +argument, what could the poor fellow say if the Englishman would draw +the Republican platform of '96 on him and read the following: "And +until such agreement can be obtained the existing gold standard must be +preserved." Johnny Bull would add, "You Americans served notice on us +that all we had to do was to stick to the gold standard and you would +also stick to it." + +"Now, we money men of England think we can get more bushels of corn, +oats, rye and barley, more days labor of you fellows for what you owe +us under the gold standard than we could under international +bimetallism. We know it is hard on you, but it is the making of us, and +we will stick to the gold standard; and as you said you would stick to +it if we did, all we can do for you, Mr. Wolcott, is to serve you a +fine wine supper, and tell you to return to America and stick to the +gold standard." (Great applause.) + +My friends, the most ridiculous proceeding I ever heard of was the +Republican party sending commissioners abroad to procure international +bimetallism with that plank staring them in the face. I want to ask you +if you do not think that if Mr. Wolcott would have taken a carload or +two of the Republican literature of 1896 and handed out the pamphlets +to the Englishmen, saying this is what we think of free silver in the +United States, will you help us to have it by an international action? +Would not that kind of literature hurt the cause instead of helping it? +For my part, I have no objections to the President sending a Senator +from Colorado to the foreign countries to advocate bimetallism, but I +do insist that he sent the wrong senator. Most certainly Mr. Teller +could have gone abroad with a little handful of free silver literature +that was left over in the campaign of '96 and accomplished more, in a +day's honest consistent work, for bimetallism, than could Senator +Wolcott with the tons of gold standard pamphlets published by the +Republican party. (Great applause.) + +A noticeable fact is that one of the greatest job lots of political +trickery and deception that was ever attempted in America has been +practiced in the United States since the month of June, 1896. + +Later in the season the so-called Gold-standard Democrats conventioned +in Indianapolis; their money plank reads, "We assert the necessity of +such intelligent currency reform as will confine the government to its +legitimate functions, completely separated from the banking business, +and afford to all sections of our country a safe, uniform and elastic +bank currency, under government supervision, measured in volume by the +need of business." Strange as it may seem, while Mr. Wolcott was +abroad, pretendingly for the purpose of procuring bimetallism by +international agreement, the President and Secretary of the Treasury +were working up a scheme to have the gold standard adopted according to +the tenor of the Indianapolis platform. When we consider 7,000,000 +voted for international free silver, and 6,500,000 voted for +independent free silver, we see the United States has 13,500,000 +bimetallists; only 134,000, or less than one per cent, voted the +Gold-standard Democratic ticket. Yet, my friends, we today find Mr. +Gage trying to overrule the desire of more than ninety-nine per cent +and put into law the will of less than one per cent of our voting +population. And what amount of money do the gold standard people want? +They say they want it safe, uniform and elastic, measured in volume by +the need of business. Will you tell me by whose business they wish to +measure the volume of money? It cannot be the farmers' business and the +merchants' business they would have to measure the volume by, for that +would make a double standard of measurement, and they tell us we cannot +have but one standard of measurement. + +Then I ask, whose business will measure the amount under such a law? To +me the answer comes back in reverberating tones repeated with emphasis, +measured in volume according to the bankers' business, of course. Our +philosophers tell us there are two kinds of elasticity--elasticity by +compression and elasticity by expansion. Thus an elastic substance +after being either compressed or expanded when released, returns to its +original shape and size, so when the bankers want money expanded in +volume according to the need of their business, they would expand it, +and whenever their business ends are best accomplished by contraction; +then, of course, contraction is the program with them. While the +government is completely separated from the banking business so they +can furnish no relief, we might compare that system with an alligator +on the banks of a Louisiana river lying out to sun himself; he gets the +bankers' elastic idea in his head, and his upper jaw flies over his +back, and his mouth is twice as large as when it is closed, elasticity +by expansion. (Laughter.) A sweet substance gathers on his open mouth, +and the flies light there to eat it (just as the people will gather +around the bankers for money when there is no other place to procure +it). The flies gather thicker and thicker, and the mouth gets bigger +and bigger, more and more elasticity by expansion; finally the +alligator, like the banker, happens to think that there is another kind +of elasticity, when down comes the upper jaw on the lower jaw and the +flies are caught in the trap, and the Government shall go out of the +banking business to furnish no relief or escape (cries of good, and +cheers). My friends, if I mistake not, every cry of the Republican +party from the time of John C. Fremont until the campaign of 1896 has +been against banks issuing paper money except that the Government was +strictly in the banking business. Have not they always told us, that +when state or other banks issue paper money without the Government in +the banking business to back up the issue, such money in case of a +failure of the issuing bank became wild-cat money, and did they not say +to us wild-cat money made paupers? Now they go squarely back on all +they have taught us on the money question, and advocate the wild-cat +money system themselves according to their own statements. One thing I +will concede is, that the Republicans and gold standard Democrats are +certainly on their past statements entitled to the $1,000,000 offered +by the United States patent office for the invention of a perpetual +motion, would not they have a complete and perpetual motion in their +bank issuing money with the Government completely separate from the +banking business, for we see the bank issue would be made of paper, so +we have the perpetual motion in this simple problem. Rags make paper, +paper makes money, money makes banks, banks make paupers, and paupers +make rags. Rags make paper, paper makes money (great cheer and +laughter). + +Now, my friends, let me read you a plank in a platform that contains +the spirit upon which our forefathers freed the thirteen American +colonies from England, the spirit on which their descendants maintained +American liberty and builded from 3,000,000 population along the +Atlantic shores in 1781, a nation of 70,000,000 grand Anglo-Americans, +with their half a hundred states and territories extending from the +rock bound coast of the pine tree state to the golden gates of +California, stretching over a vast area of more than 3,000,000 square +miles, with great cities, towns, villages and hamlets, with our +colleges and universities that are equaled by none in Europe. I will +now read you the money plank of the Chicago platform, which contains +the spirit represented by the statute at New York, of liberty +enlightening the world. It is as follows: "We demand a free and +unlimited coinage of both gold and silver at the present legal ratio of +16 to 1, without waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation. We +demand that the standard silver dollar shall be a full legal tender +equally with gold, for the payment of all debts public and private, and +we favor such legislation as will in the future prevent the +demonetization of any kind of legal tender money by private contract." +While bimetallism is the theme this evening, you will excuse me for +intruding on your time long enough to briefly comment on the spirit of +that plank that shines prominently above all other issues in the +Chicago platform--it is these simple words, "Without waiting for the +aid or consent of any other nation." I want to ask you, what would have +been the result if our forefathers in 1776 had adopted any other spirit +than this? Does not the answer immediately echo that we would be today +English? + +History tells us that while the British red coats with their muskets +were invading the colonies, a handful of bold liberty loving men met at +Philadelphia and signed the Declaration of Independence. You may read +that instrument and you will see that it declares for American liberty +from an American point of view, without waiting for the aid or consent +of any other nation. When bold old non-international agreement John +Hancock read that declaration, he made a speech to the multitude in +front of Liberty hall, in which he implored them to throw aside trivial +differences, and on the main question of independence, all good liberty +loving people should hang together. Benjamin Franklin replied: "Yes, we +must all hang together or we will all hang separate." In Franklin's +witticism, I think I can see the solution of our present financial +trouble--the good people of all parties must solve the problem, then we +must all hang together or we will all hang separately to the tail of +the old British lion, and while we voters are thus suspended, the cubs +of that lion will devour the young Anglo-American eagles before they +scarcely have time to scream for mercy. + +Not only did that spirit of independence pervade in Philadelphia in +1776, but it was foremost at Bunker Hill. But Benedict Arnold and Major +Andre seemed to have taken a different view, and the former fled to +English assistance, the latter was executed because of his attempt to +do likewise. But the spirit of independence, without waiting for the +consent of any other nation, shone forth like a plumed knight or a +mighty gladiator on the 19th day of October, 1781, at Yorktown, when +the British gave up their swords and surrendered to the liberty loving +fathers of America. Do you think Cornwallis would have surrendered to +Washington if the Colonial Congress had declared that they would +promote independence by international agreement, and until such +agreement could be obtained, the existing will of King George must be +maintained, and if Washington and his army had fought for English +instead of American supremacy? + +I want to say to you that it was not the international agreement spirit +that won in the war of 1812 at New Orleans. General Jackson told his +Kentucky riflemen to keep their powder dry and guns well loaded, and +when they were close enough to see the white of the enemies' eyes to +shoot directly between them. History tells us that the third volley +charmed and the British surrendered to the American army once more +without an international agreement. + +In the blackest of the dark days of the late rebellion when the +possible, and to a certain extent the seeming probable success of the +confederacy was spreading like an appalling cloud over our country, we +find it on record that the English were preparing their man-of-war and +navy to assist the South when the illustrious Lincoln said, "Hands +off," and it was so; suppose Mr. Lincoln had said to England, "Let us +have an international agreement that you are not to interfere." Why, my +friends, I believe England would have signed such an agreement the day +after Mr. Lincoln had acknowledged the independence of the Southern +States, and not before. We may as well know that the success of a +Republican or Democratic form of government is envied by all the +monarchies or empires where the people have less self-government. The +gold standard monarchies or empires will never, knowingly, do anything +to improve times in a republic and thus create among their subjects a +desire to throw off the monarchial yoke of oppression. + +I know that much has been said against the American republic becoming +entangled with the European powers, but I fear that many in treating on +this line do not show the real menace of such an entanglement. We all +know that the laws of the empires and monarchies are in the interest of +the moneyed classes, and we are proud to say that in America our laws +are for the masses. + +Let me tell you by way of comparison why we should keep out of an +international agreement entanglement on the money question. I will use +the tariff as an illustration. I care not what your politics may be, +you will all agree with me that there was one redeeming feature in the +McKinley bill. That some good feature was in the Wilson-Gormon act, and +the same quality of goodness today shines forth in the present Dingley +tariff law. Do you ask what that feature is? I answer it is this: That +law was passed by the independent action of the American Congress. If +we do not like it we can repeal it, without waiting for the aid or +consent of any other nation on earth. + +Our Government bonds are all payable in coins of the United States of +the standard weight and value of July 14, 1870; that weight was 23.22 +grains of gold or 371.25 grains of silver to the dollar. The value of +those coins was that they were a legal tender in the payment of debts. + +If we have an international agreement for bimetallism we can not have +it all our own way--the foreigner would be entitled to a voice. Suppose +we would fix the ratio at any other than the ratio of July 14th, 1870. +Then our dollars would no longer be of the weight that the bonds call +for and the foreigner would have the best of us, for our own coins +would not be a legal tender in payment of our bonds. Now suppose we +wanted to repeal that law, could we repeal it by international +agreement? Well, I guess not. The foreigners would never consent to the +repeal of a law that was to their advantage. Therein lies the real +menace of an international agreement even if we could get it. The only +way we could ever get rid of that agreement would be just to back +squarely out, then we might properly be called repudiators. + +We often hear it said that the congress of 1792 used great care to put +just a dollar's worth of silver in a silver dollar and dollar's worth +of gold in the gold dollar. Now while it is true that according to the +law of April 12, 1792, a dollar's worth of silver was put in the silver +dollar, the amount of silver became worth a dollar as a creature of +law, and it is not true that the silver dollar became worth a dollar +because of the value of the silver contained in it. That congress made +the dollar just as God made man. God said, "Let us make man," and the +Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground and breathed into his +nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living soul. God did not +study and bother his mind about taking a man's worth of dust to make a +man. No, he took some dust of the ground and formed therefrom a man and +by his own authority breathed the breath of life in man's nostrils and +man thus became a living soul. God then gave man legal authority over +the living creatures of the earth and also gave him authority to +replenish the earth. Man's rights came from the power of God. + +The constitution says congress shall have power to coin money and +regulate the value thereof. So congress made the dollar as God made +man, and the American congress formed the dollar of the silver and gold +of the earth, put the eagle on one side of the coin and breathed into +that coin the legal tender law, and the bimetallic dollar became a +living soul of prosperity for eighty-one years as long as the silver +and gold were allowed to fly side by side; but when in 1873 the wings +were clipped from the silver and the legal tender breath shut off, then +the gold had to do all the work; it being too weak to do so, adversity +came. + +They tell us that law cannot regulate value and that gold never changes +in value. Let us for a moment form ourselves into a party of +truthseekers and look up the record as to that proposition. The law of +April 2nd, 1792, said 371.75 grains of silver could be freely coined +into one dollar, or two halves, or four quarters, or ten dimes, each to +be a legal tender at its face value, if not worn, for any amount; that +law also said 24.75 grains of gold could be coined into coins of the +value of the dollar; of course you understand the gold was in higher +denominations than the dollar. Now let us watch carefully as to whether +or not the law cannot regulate value and that gold never changes. In +1834 the law said 23.20 grains of gold when coined in American money +constituted a dollar. Let me see, the gold has changed all at once and +the law regulates the amount of gold that goes in a dollar. In 1837, +the law requires 23.22 grains of gold to the dollar, another change. In +1853 the law says that no longer shall it require 371.75 grains of +silver to make a dollar's worth of fractional coins, but that 342.22 +grains of silver would make two halves, four quarters or ten dimes, and +they should be a legal tender in the payment of debts for $5. In '73 +the coinage of the standard silver dollar was stopped by law, and +silver fell in price. In 1878 the Bland-Allison act allowed the coinage +of the standard silver dollar. In 1890 the Sherman act called for more +silver coinage and the price of silver immediately advanced. In 1893 +the coinage of silver was again stopped and the price of silver +dropped, hence we see that the law does regulate values, and that gold +does change in value so far even as the dollar is concerned. A teacher +once told Benjamin Franklin that a boy told him, if he would take a tub +weighing 100 pounds and put 500 pounds of water in it, which only about +half filled the tub, the tub and water would weigh 600 pounds, but if +he would put a live fish weighing 100 pounds in the tub, the tub, water +and fish would not weigh more than 600 pounds. Can you explain that +curious contradiction of the law of gravity, asked the teacher of +Franklin. Whereupon Mr. Franklin requested his interrogator to call at +his office next day. Franklin procured a tub weighing 100 pounds, put +in it 500 pounds of water, and the weight was 600 pounds, just as the +boy had told the teacher; then Mr. Franklin added a 100-pound live fish +and the total weight was 700 pounds. The next day the teacher called on +Franklin for his solution of the great problem, whereupon Franklin +replied, there was but one solution to the question. "What is that?" +anxiously inquired the visitor. "Why," replied Franklin, "the boy +lied." + +My friends, when they tell us the law cannot regulate value and that +gold never changes, and when we examine the records and see that gold +does change and that law does regulate value, we say there is but one +answer to them, and that is just as Franklin answered the teacher about +the boy. + +We hear it said by the Republicans that free silver would drive gold +out of the country; our Democratic friends tell us that free silver +will not drive gold out of the country. So we see on that point people +seem to differ in opinion. For my part I believe that free silver +either will drive the gold out or else it will not. I want to ask the +Republicans to acknowledge for the sake of argument that silver would +not drive the gold out. Now, let us examine the question if silver +don't drive the gold out, and we have a block of gold large enough to +make into $100, and a block of silver sufficiently large to make into a +like amount, if the gold-standard Democratic idea prevails, all the +money we could coin would be the $100 from the gold, for silver could +not be coined, but if bimetallism prevailed we could coin $100 from the +gold and $100 from the silver, making $200, that is, if the silver does +not drive out the gold. But the Republicans may urge that free silver +would drive out the gold by the gold going at a premium over silver, +then we would coin the block of silver into 100 legal tender dollars +and the gold would be exchanged for a block of silver say 25 per cent +larger than the block that drove it out, and we would coin that block +into 125 legal tender dollars, adding it to the silver that stayed at +home, making 225 dollars, just $25 more than we would have if the gold +did not advance to a premium. But they tell us that would be coining +the cheapest metal. Now, honor bright, you Republicans cannot complain +of that for the reason I will presently explain. We often hear it urged +that during the eighty-one years of bimetallism in the United States +only about 8,000,000 silver dollars were coined, and that subsequently +to 1873 more than 400,000,000 have been coined. True, there were only +about 8,000,000 dollar pieces made of the silver metal, but there were +more than $8,000,000 made because of the silver, for as France had a +ratio of 15-1/2 to 1 against our ratio of 16 to 1 our gold stayed at +home and the silver was at a 3 per cent premium over the gold according +to the French ratio, then a $100 block of gold drove a $100 block of +silver to France, and drove from France to America a block of gold +large enough to make $103. So we had our gold made into $100, and the +gold that came from France in exchange for silver made into $103, +making a total of $203, whereas we could only have had $200 if one +metal had not gone at a premium. History, arithmetic and common sense +prove the correctness of this proposition. + +Abraham Lincoln once said he did not know much about the tariff +question, but he thought he knew enough to know that if we bought $20 +worth of steel rails of a foreigner the foreigner would have the money +and we would have the rails; but if we made the rails in America and +bought them of an American, America would have the money and the rails, +too. Now, my Republican friends, don't you believe that? I do. I may +not know much about the money question, but I think I know enough to +know that if under the gold standard we borrow $20,000,000 of a +foreigner, when we pay it back the foreigner will have the money and +the interest, too, but if we coin the silver, which is an American +product, into legal tender dollars, borrow $20,000,000 of an American, +when we pay it back it kind of seems to me somehow that America will +have the money and the interest, too. What say you, Lincoln +Republicans? But another objection is that we would have a great +commerce destroying flood of silver in this country. Let us examine +that proposition as seekers after the truth. Here comes Mr. Foreigner +with a carload or two of silver, the United States mints coin it into +legal tender American dollars and hands it back to Mr. Foreigner. Now, +Mr. Foreigner will either take that silver money away with him or else +he will leave it here. If he takes it away it will not flood this +country, will it? Well, if he leaves it here he will either give it to +us or buy something with it. Now, if he gives it to us, will not you +Republicans be willing to take your share? Won't you Democrats +willingly receive your share? And, I ask, is there a gold standard +banker in all America who would not, with just a tiny wee bit of +persuading, be willing to take the shares of both Republicans and +Democrats? Now, if Mr. Foreigner should buy something with this great +flood of silver we can see the wisdom of Mr. Gladstone when he said, +"If America should adopt bimetallism they would within six weeks +control the markets of the world." + +A favorite expression of our Republican friends is, that because Mexico +does not maintain a parity between gold and silver under bimetallism, +the United States cannot. When a man tells us that we should pity him. +If we examine that question by comparison we will see the party making +such a statement is either not sincere, or else he is not posted on the +relative strength of the United States and Mexico. Records show that +Mexico has 700,000 square miles of land, more than one-half of which is +nearly or quite barren desert or waste land, leaving only about 350,000 +miles of arable land, 4,981 miles of railway, 27,861 miles of telegraph +line and a population of 10,000,000 Indians and Spaniards. The United +States has 3,460,000 square miles, over two-thirds of which is arable +land, and very productive of the staple articles consumed by the most +enlightened nations of the world. We have 170,000 miles of railway, +780,000 miles of telegraph line, and a population of 72,000,000 +Anglo-Americans; thus we see we have over ten times as much arable land +exclusive of Alaska, thirty-four times as much railway, twenty-nine +times as much telegraph line, and over seven times the population of +Mexico. In size, wealth, commerce and science, Mexico is not to be +compared with the United States. + +When we compare Mexico with the United States, we are comparing it with +the most gigantic country of the nineteenth century. You can form the +United States into eighteen states each as large as Spain, or +thirty-one states as large as Italy, or sixty-two states as large as +England and Wales. What a mighty confederation of land, water, +commerce, wealth and people is the United States when we come to think +of it. Why, friends, we can take five of the six first-class countries +of Europe--France, Great Britain and Ireland, Germany, Austria and +Italy, then add Mexico--let some mighty smith forge them all together +into one vast empire, and you can lay them all down in the United +States, west of the Hudson river, twice. + +Wittingly has it been said that the United States has the natural basis +for the greatest continuous government ever established by man. Mexico +has less than 100 miles of inland navigation, while the United States +has over 35,000 miles. Steam boats can go up the Mississippi, Missouri +and Ohio rivers over 2,500 miles from the Gulf, thus carrying our +seaboard into the very heart of our continent. As to our resources, the +crop of 1879, after feeding our population, furnished for export +283,000,000 bushels of grain. This vast crop was raised on 164,215 +square miles, or less than one-twelfth of our arable land. It is +estimated that if all our arable land was under the plow, it would feed +a population of 1,000,000,000 people, and furnish for export +1,000,000,000 bushels of grain food for export. But what can we say of +the people of Mexico and the United States? The difference in our +population is not alone the difference between 10,000,000 in Mexico and +72,000,000 in the United States, but the difference between 10,000,000 +Indians and Spaniards and 72,000,000 Anglo-Americans. + +Mexicans and Indians are but semi-civilized, and the Spaniards are, +generally speaking, a sluggardly, non-advancing people, while the +Anglo-Americans of the United States are the most highly civilized +people on the earth, wide awake and progressive in science, literature +and mechanical inventions. At a recent exposition in Paris where the +foremost nations of the world were exhibiting for premiums five gold +medals were given for the greatest inventions or discoveries, and how +many came to the United States? Only five; that is all. Now to say that +because Mexico cannot maintain a parity between gold and silver, +America cannot, is just about like saying that a Kentucky race horse +cannot beat an English horse because a Mexican donkey cannot do so. My +friends, our ability to maintain a parity between gold and silver is +our ability to absorb money in our daily and yearly business. Give our +country the increased volume of money that bimetallism will give us +instead of the necessary contracted volume that the gold standard +leaves us, and we will have a genuine lasting wave of prosperity moving +westward from New England, starting the shops at increased wages. That +wave will meet with joy the western prosperity wave that sets in motion +the mining and agricultural interests of a patient and patriotic +people, the eastern and western wave will shake hands with the southern +cotton growers and northern wheat raisers. From the four quarters of +our nation prosperity will spring up from an American point of view +without waiting for the aid or consent of any other country, and +without international agreement. Then will a mighty people standing for +humanity and general prosperity, shout aloud, "We lead, let others +follow." I thank you for your attention. Good night. + + +WHAT NEXT? + +Patrick Henry, the revolutionist, on March 25th, 1775, said: "I have +but one lamp by which my feet are guided and that is the lamp of +Experience. I know of no way of judging of the future but by the past." +Patrick, the Irishman, always said, "our hind sight is better than our +front sight." Right in the beginning let me say that inasmuch as an +open confession is good for the soul, I most emphatically and with one +gulp swallow this doctrine in toto. I take it for granted that a vast +majority will, without much persuasion, acknowledge that our historical +knowledge has been garnered by looking backward. + +Experience shows that causes, equal to each other, produce equal +effects; hence to arrive at a rational conclusion as to what must we do +to be saved from Eastern Imperialism or its equal, Western greed, +supported by law, let us look at the United States in retrospect. + +My space is limited. I shall bid for your gratitude by being brief. + +I consult my watch, a beautiful piece of machinery, and learn that it +is three o'clock; it is July 21st, 1902. It has been raining, or rather +drizzling for about twenty hours. It is an ideal time for reflection. +Near the window where I sit is a large, vacant lot. The grass is +fragrant, its surface is smooth and elevated. I remember viewing the +same lot eight years ago, just after a similar rain to the one that is +now abating. The lot was then a large pond, eighteen inches deep. What +a change labor has made on its surface! Looking another direction, I +see a lot, now covered with water as it was eight years ago. I will +venture the assertion that it will be covered with water a thousand +years hence, unless labor improves it as it has the one just mentioned. + +My library contains several volumes devoted entirely to the history of +the United States. They all say that four hundred years ago, what is +now the United States was a vast territory of uncultivated land, +crossed by the mountain ranges and rivers, that still hold forth. There +were also people here, and they had a government. We call it tribe +rule, and tribal relations. They were savages. Hence, looking backward +as far as history permits, we find the United States a tract of land +that was the home of Nature, and Natures, beasts. Inhabited by the +roaming Indian, whose government and mechanical ability were as widely +different from the present style as the City of Chicago is from old +Fort Dearborn, in Lake Michigan swamps of 1811. + +History recounts that European government had succeeded in governing so +that the toiling subjects preferred to come to America, and dwell among +Indians, and rule themselves, than to stay in Europe among friends, and +be ruled by the old style, European government. Be it remembered that +it was not the tangible improvements which were the handiwork of labor, +from which the poor of Europe fled. But it was the European laws that +oppressed them. It was oppression from which they were fleeing. They +did not come to the New Connecticut because it was new, but because it +was the only available place for them. They did not come to America +because they did not like law, or because they did not want to worship +God, but to gain justice and privilege of worship. + +The poor came to America to earn a living without kingly interference. +The king sent rulers not to earn a living, but to _get_ a living. The +poor said, "I will go to America and eat bread in the sweat of my +face." The ruler said, "Where you go, I will go also, and I will eat +bread in the sweat of your face." Thus we see that the oppressed came +to America to avoid tyranny, while simultaneously the rulers came over +to impose the very rule the toilers were seeking to avoid. So +successful were they in their purpose that in 1776, the toiling class +(who are always in the majority), concluded that they needed no more +European rule, and in seven years of war, the idle rulers were driven +from America. + +In forming the new government, the people, who had so courageously +fought to drive out England's "Kingly" rule, commenced to look for +formulas for a government. They turned to England for precedents, +consequently a government was formed, which in many respects resembled +the English government. Especially was this resemblance noticeable in +the Supreme Court, for the Judges hold office for life, during good +behavior. Right here let me observe that there is no good reason why +the inferior courts should not have a life tenure of office, if such a +policy is correct for the Supreme Court, and if it is better for +inferior courts to hold office for short terms, it is best that the +Supreme Court be subject to the same policy. It is ridiculous that our +representatives should be made such by popular vote, and the laws they +make be construed by a set of judges whose office expires only when the +spirit judge has a harp, and the dust judge has a coffin. Popular vote +retires the inferior judge, a fashionable funeral retires the supreme +judge, but the robe is left as the imperial emblem. It seems to me it +is time to abolish the life tenure of office with our Supreme Court, +and it is entirely fitting that their robes be hung in the curio hall +of some popular museum, as a souvenir of a ridiculous custom no longer +desirable in a popular government. Let me here drop a thought. You may +have it for what you think it is worth. The expressed will of a +majority of the people should be the Supreme Court decision in the +United States. Were that the case an income tax would be +constitutional, and a tariff between the states and some territory +owned and controlled by our government would be unconstitutional. + +Since the victory at Yorktown, great questions have been argued and +settled by the laboring men and inventors; great questions have been +argued, but not settled, by the politicians. Washington used candles, +we use electric lights. Washington's four men picked the seed from +twenty-five pounds of cotton per day; four men in our generation, gin +25,000 pounds per day; Washington traveled with horses and oxen, thirty +miles per day; we travel by steam 1,000 miles per day; Washington sent +a letter one hundred miles and waited a week for the answer; we +telegraph thousands of miles and get an answer within the hour; +Washington's voice could be heard a quarter of a mile; we talk and +carry on conversation hundreds of miles. Each of these propositions, +and thousands of others have been settled by the inventors and toilers. +In short and in fine, the difference between the United States with her +natural resources of 125 years ago, and the United States of today, +with her vast farms, great mines, magnificent cities and half a hundred +thousand miles of railroad, and other improvements too numerous to +mention, all this difference, I say, is co-extensive with America +_before and after_ taking the labor treatment. But what can we say of +the politician and his doings during these years, stripped of all +ambiguity, when we tell the unpolished, but plain truth, we must say he +never advanced one iota until he was routed from his old position by +the toiling masses. It is curious to note that every new social, +political, and ethical idea hatches in the same mind and is developed +by the same crowd that contrives the machinery and builds the cities, +railroads, farms, mines, etc. + +The politicians, except where labor has compelled them to march +forward, stand where Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson put them when +the Constitution was adopted. Of course there were some steep places in +our governmental structure, and where labor has not buoyed up the +politician, he has occasionally slid back to the rules of King George +the III. As King George had one tax for England at home, and another +for the Colonies, so with us, of late, we have one tax for ourselves +and another for our possessions. (We should, however, give the +politician, due credit for the way he spells colonies.) English style +is to commence with a "C." Our modern style necessitates commencing +with a "P." Then, the pronunciation is different; in England it is +"Colonies," in America, "Possessions." Yet all over the world they mean +the same, to-wit, the strong taxing the weak without allowing +representation. + +It is literally true that Henry, Jefferson, Washington, and the Adams +argued the slavery question. As long as we retain the Philippine +Islands, that question still faces us, for their advent to our +possession brought slavery for us to foster, and we are fostering it. + +The money question was argued one hundred years ago, and it is still up +for argument. + +Politicians still are turning on both wings of the tariff. Republicans +hold to the argument that the European manufacturers, because of the +low wages paid their workingmen, would undersell our home manufacturers +if free trade was adopted by the United States. Democrats contend that +Free Trade will work to benefit 99 per cent of our people, where, as +they claim, protection benefits only 1 per cent, to the injury of the +masses. According to the Chicago Tribune of July 19th, 1902, Europe is +afraid that, unless a high tariff law protects it, American +manufactures will flood their markets, thus hindering their home +industry. + +Strange, indeed, that in America we should fear free trade with Europe, +because they pay low wages, and Europe fears free trade with us, +because we pay higher wages. + +Another peculiar thing is shown in the Tribune article, when it +mentions that there is not much fear that European nations will agree +on a general tariff law, because, as it says, "Austria might want to +admit free the very articles that France, Germany or England might want +to shut out." Wonder how much the tariff barons of the United States +would pay the Tribune editor for an article in favor of a high +protective tariff that would say, "There is not much danger of a +general tariff law continuing in the United States, because Texas or +Kansas might want to admit free the very things that Massachusetts or +Connecticut might want a high tariff imposed on." + +Let us acknowledge the truth. Tariff laws are class legislation. It is +odd, indeed, that we should have such great regard for the interest of +the foreigner on the money question, and then so utterly ignore his +interests on the tariff question. If our hind sight were not better +than our fore sight, it would seem queer to hear politicians advocate +the gold standard and a high tariff, and with the same breath rage +against the trusts, when the trust is simply the fruit of these two +laws. + +It were as logical to send a highwayman, train robber or an incendiary +to Congress to break up bank robbings and general stealing as to send +an advocate of the gold standard and protective tariff to Congress to +break up the trusts. + +The inventor and laborer are a congenial team and, under their +influence, the world improves and enriches. + +The politician and money power are another well mated team, and under +their rule they get the wealth that the other team produces. + +The people elect the Representatives; the money power gets the +legislation. Lincoln called the United States a government "of the +people, for the people, and by the people." We have outgrown Lincoln's +time, and there is a suspicion that we are a government of the Trusts, +and for the Trusts, by the Representatives. + +I suggest that inasmuch as our Representatives have become +misrepresentatives for the masses, and tools for the classes, it would +be wise to adopt pure Democracy and make our laws by direct legislation. +Then we will have a government of _all_ the people, by _all_ the people, +and for _all_ the people.--If not this plan, what next? + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of One Thousand Secrets of Wise and Rich +Men Revealed, by C. A. 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