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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Charles I, by Jacob Abbott
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Charles I
+       Makers of History
+
+Author: Jacob Abbott
+
+Release Date: October 1, 2008 [EBook #26734]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHARLES I ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by D Alexander and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Makers of History
+
+ Charles I.
+
+ BY JACOB ABBOTT
+
+ WITH ENGRAVINGS
+
+ NEW YORK AND LONDON
+
+ HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS
+
+ 1901
+
+
+
+
+ Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1848, by
+
+ HARPER & BROTHERS,
+
+ In the Clerk's Office of the Southern District of New York.
+
+ Copyright, 1876, by JACOB ABBOTT.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: TOWER OF LONDON.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: JOHN HAMPDEN.]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The history of the life of every individual who has, for any reason,
+attracted extensively the attention of mankind, has been written in a
+great variety of ways by a multitude of authors, and persons sometimes
+wonder why we should have so many different accounts of the same
+thing. The reason is, that each one of these accounts is intended for
+a different set of readers, who read with ideas and purposes widely
+dissimilar from each other. Among the twenty millions of people in the
+United States, there are perhaps two millions, between the ages of
+fifteen and twenty-five, who wish to become acquainted, in general,
+with the leading events in the history of the Old World, and of
+ancient times, but who, coming upon the stage in this land and at this
+period, have ideas and conceptions so widely different from those of
+other nations and of other times, that a mere republication of
+existing accounts is not what they require. The story must be told
+expressly for them. The things that are to be explained, the points
+that are to be brought out, the comparative degree of prominence to be
+given to the various particulars, will all be different, on account of
+the difference in the situation, the ideas, and the objects of these
+new readers, compared with those of the various other classes of
+readers which former authors have had in view. It is for this reason,
+and with this view, that the present series of historical narratives
+is presented to the public. The author, having had some opportunity to
+become acquainted with the position, the ideas, and the intellectual
+wants of those whom he addresses, presents the result of his labors to
+them, with the hope that it may be found successful in accomplishing
+its design.
+
+
+
+
+ CONTENTS.
+
+
+ Chapter                                                    Page
+
+    I. HIS CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH                               13
+
+   II. THE EXPEDITION INTO SPAIN                             34
+
+  III. ACCESSION TO THE THRONE                               58
+
+   IV. BUCKINGHAM                                            81
+
+    V. THE KING AND HIS PREROGATIVE                         107
+
+   VI. ARCHBISHOP LAUD                                      131
+
+  VII. THE EARL OF STRAFFORD                                155
+
+ VIII. DOWNFALL OF STRAFFORD AND LAUD                       177
+
+   IX. CIVIL WAR                                            203
+
+    X. THE CAPTIVITY                                        234
+
+   XI. TRIAL AND DEATH                                      261
+
+
+
+
+ ENGRAVINGS.
+
+
+                                                            Page
+
+ PORTRAIT OF HAMPDEN                             _Frontispiece_.
+
+ ILLUMINATED TITLE
+
+ TOWER OF LONDON                                              1
+
+ CHARLES I. AND ARMOR BEARER                                 10
+
+ QUEEN HENRIETTA MARIA                                       11
+
+ WINDSOR CASTLE                                              22
+
+ THE ESCURIAL                                                55
+
+ ST. STEPHEN'S                                               76
+
+ LAMBETH PALACE                                             133
+
+ WESTMINSTER HALL                                           187
+
+ STRAFFORD AND LAUD                                         199
+
+ THE KING'S ADHERENTS ENTERING YORK                         221
+
+ THE LANDING OF THE QUEEN                                   228
+
+ NEWARK                                                     236
+
+ CARISBROOKE CASTLE                                         254
+
+ RUINS OF CARISBROOKE CASTLE                                265
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: CHARLES I. AND ARMOR BEARER]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: QUEEN HENRIETTA MARIA]
+
+
+
+
+KING CHARLES I.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+HIS CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH.
+
+1600-1622
+
+Born in Scotland.--The circumstance explained.--Princess
+Anne.--Royal marriages.--Getting married by proxy.--James
+thwarted.--Getting married by proxy.--James thwarted.--James
+in Copenhagen.--Charles's feeble infancy.--Death of
+Elizabeth.--Accession of James to the English crown.--Second
+sight.--Prediction fulfilled.--An explanation.--Charles's
+titles of nobility.--Charles's governess.--Windsor Castle.--Journey
+to London.--A mother's love.--Rejoicings.--Charles's continued
+feebleness.--His progress in learning.--Charles improves in
+health.--Death of his brother.--Charles's love of athletic
+sports.--Buckingham.--Buckingham's style of living.--Royalty.--True
+character of royalty.--The king and Buckingham.--Indecent
+correspondence.--Buckingham's pig.--James's petulance.--The story of
+Gib.--The king's frankness.--Glitter of royalty.--The appearance.--The
+reality.
+
+
+King Charles the First was born in Scotland. It may perhaps surprise
+the reader that an English king should be born in Scotland. The
+explanation is this:
+
+They who have read the history of Mary Queen of Scots, will remember
+that it was the great end and aim of her life to unite the crowns of
+England and Scotland in her own family. Queen Elizabeth was then Queen
+of England. She lived and died unmarried. Queen Mary and a young man
+named Lord Darnley were the next heirs. It was uncertain which of the
+two had the strongest claim. To prevent a dispute, by uniting these
+claims, Mary made Darnley her husband. They had a son, who, after the
+death of his father and mother, was acknowledged to be the heir to the
+British throne, whenever Elizabeth's life should end. In the mean
+time he remained King of Scotland. His name was James. He married a
+princess of Denmark; and his child, who afterward was King Charles the
+First of England, was born before he left his native realm.
+
+King Charles's mother was, as has been already said, a princess of
+Denmark. Her name was Anne. The circumstances of her marriage to King
+James were quite extraordinary, and attracted great attention at the
+time. It is, in some sense, a matter of principle among kings and
+queens, that they must only marry persons of royal rank, like
+themselves; and as they have very little opportunity of visiting each
+other, residing as they do in such distant capitals, they generally
+choose their consorts by the reports which come to them of the person
+and character of the different candidates. The choice, too, is very
+much influenced by political considerations, and is always more or
+less embarrassed by negotiations with other courts, whose ministers
+make objections to this or that alliance, on account of its supposed
+interference with some of their own political schemes.
+
+As it is very inconvenient, moreover, for a king to leave his
+dominions, the marriage ceremony is usually performed at the court
+where the bride resides, without the presence of the bridegroom, he
+sending an embassador to act as his representative. This is called
+being married by proxy. The bride then comes to her royal husband's
+dominions, accompanied by a great escort. He meets her usually on the
+frontiers; and there she sees him for the first time, after having
+been married to him some weeks by proxy. It is true, indeed, that she
+has generally seen his _picture_, that being usually sent to her
+before the marriage contract is made. This, however, is not a matter
+of much consequence, as the personal predilections of a princess have
+generally very little to do with the question of her marriage.
+
+Now King James had concluded to propose for the oldest daughter of the
+King of Denmark and he entered into negotiations for this purpose.
+This plan, however, did not please the government of England, and
+Elizabeth, who was then the English queen, managed so to embarrass and
+interfere with the scheme, that the King of Denmark gave his daughter
+to another claimant. James was a man of very mild and quiet
+temperament, easily counteracted and thwarted in his plans; but this
+disappointment aroused his energies, and he sent a splendid embassy
+into Denmark to demand the king's second daughter, whose name was
+Anne. He prosecuted this suit so vigorously that the marriage articles
+were soon agreed to and signed. Anne embarked and set sail for
+Scotland. The king remained there, waiting for her arrival with great
+impatience. At length, instead of his bride, the news came that the
+fleet in which Anne had sailed had been dispersed and driven back by a
+storm, and that Anne herself had landed on the coast of Norway.
+
+James immediately conceived the design of going himself in pursuit of
+her. But knowing very well that all his ministers and the officers of
+his government would make endless objections to his going out of the
+country on such an errand, he kept his plan a profound secret from
+them all. He ordered some ships to be got ready privately, and
+provided a suitable train of attendants, and then embarked without
+letting his people know where he was going. He sailed across the
+German Ocean to the town in Norway where his bride had landed. He
+found her there, and they were married. Her brother, who had just
+succeeded to the throne, having received intelligence of this, invited
+the young couple to come and spend the winter at his capital of
+Copenhagen; and as the season was far advanced, and the sea stormy,
+King James concluded to accept the invitation. They were received in
+Copenhagen with great pomp and parade, and the winter was spent in
+festivities and rejoicings. In the spring he brought his bride to
+Scotland. The whole world were astonished at the performance of such
+an exploit by a king, especially one of so mild, quiet, and grave a
+character as that which James had the credit of possessing.
+
+Young Charles was very weak and feeble in his infancy. It was feared
+that he would not live many hours. The rite of baptism was immediately
+performed, as it was, in those days, considered essential to the
+salvation of a child dying in infancy that it should be baptized
+before it died. Notwithstanding the fears that were at first felt,
+Charles lingered along for some days, and gradually began to acquire a
+little strength. His feebleness was a cause of great anxiety and
+concern to those around him; but the degree of interest felt in the
+little sufferer's fate was very much less than it would have been if
+he had been the oldest son. He had a brother, Prince Henry, who was
+older than he, and, consequently, heir to his father's crown. It was
+not probable, therefore, that Charles would ever be king; and the
+importance of every thing connected with his birth and his welfare was
+very much diminished on that account.
+
+It was only about two years after Charles's birth that Queen Elizabeth
+died, and King James succeeded to the English throne. A messenger came
+with all speed to Scotland to announce the fact. He rode night and
+day. He arrived at the king's palace in the night. He gained admission
+to the king's chamber, and, kneeling at his bedside, proclaimed him
+King of England. James immediately prepared to bid his Scotch subjects
+farewell, and to proceed to England to take possession of his new
+realm. Queen Anne was to follow him in a week or two, and the other
+children, Henry and Elizabeth; but Charles was too feeble to go.
+
+In those early days there was a prevailing belief in Scotland, and, in
+fact, the opinion still lingers there, that certain persons among the
+old Highlanders had what they called the gift of the second
+sight--that is, the power of foreseeing futurity in some mysterious
+and incomprehensible way. An incident is related in the old histories
+connected with Charles's infancy, which is a good illustration of
+this. While King James was preparing to leave Scotland, to take
+possession of the English throne, an old Highland laird came to bid
+him farewell. He gave the king many parting counsels and good wishes,
+and then, overlooking the older brother, Prince Henry, he went
+directly to Charles, who was then about two years old, and bowed
+before him, and kissed his hand with the greatest appearance of regard
+and veneration. King James undertook to correct his supposed mistake,
+by telling him that that was his second son, and that the other boy
+was the heir to the crown. "No," said the old laird, "I am not
+mistaken. I know to whom I am speaking. This child, now in his nurse's
+arms, will be greater than his brother. This is the one who is to
+convey his father's name and titles to succeeding generations." This
+prediction was fulfilled; for the robust and healthy Henry died, and
+the feeble and sickly-looking Charles lived and grew, and succeeded,
+in due time, to his father's throne.
+
+Now inasmuch as, at the time when this prediction was uttered, there
+seemed to be little human probability of its fulfillment, it attracted
+attention; its unexpected and startling character made every one
+notice and remember it; and the old laird was at once an object of
+interest and wonder. It is probable that this desire to excite the
+admiration of the auditors, mingled insensibly with a sort of poetic
+enthusiasm, which a rude age and mountainous scenery always inspire,
+was the origin of a great many such predictions as these; and then, in
+the end, those only which turned out to be true were remembered, while
+the rest were forgotten; and this was the way that the reality of such
+prophetic powers came to be generally believed in.
+
+Feeble and uncertain of life as the infant Charles appeared to be,
+they conferred upon him, as is customary in the case of young princes,
+various titles of nobility. He was made a duke, a marquis, an earl,
+and a baron, before he had strength enough to lift up his head in his
+nurse's arms. His title as duke was Duke of Albany; and as this was
+the highest of his nominal honors, he was generally known under that
+designation while he remained in Scotland.
+
+[Illustration: WINDSOR CASTLE.]
+
+When his father left him, in order to go to England and take
+possession of his new throne, he appointed a governess to take charge
+of the health and education of the young duke. This governess was
+Lady Cary. The reason why she was appointed was, not because of her
+possessing any peculiar qualifications for such a charge, but because
+her husband, Sir Robert Cary, had been the messenger employed by the
+English government to communicate to James the death of Elizabeth, and
+to announce to him his accession to the throne. The bearer of good
+news to a monarch must always be rewarded, and James recompensed Sir
+Robert for his service by appointing his wife to the post of governess
+of his infant son. The office undoubtedly had its honors and
+emoluments, with very little of responsibility or care.
+
+One of the chief residences of the English monarchs is Windsor Castle.
+It is situated above London, on the Thames, on the southern shore. It
+is on an eminence overlooking the river and the delightful valley
+through which the river here meanders. In the rear is a very extensive
+park or forest, which is penetrated in every direction by rides and
+walks almost innumerable. It has been for a long time the chief
+country residence of the British kings. It is very spacious,
+containing within its walls many courts and quadrangles, with various
+buildings surrounding them, some ancient and some modern. Here King
+James held his court after his arrival in England, and in about a year
+he sent for the little Charles to join him.
+
+The child traveled very slowly, and by very easy stages, his nurses
+and attendants watching over him with great solicitude all the way.
+The journey was made in the month of October. His mother watched his
+arrival with great interest. Being so feeble and helpless, he was, of
+course, her favorite child. By an instinct which very strongly evinces
+the wisdom and goodness which implanted it, a mother always bestows a
+double portion of her love upon the frail, the helpless, and the
+suffering. Instead of being wearied out with protracted and incessant
+calls for watchfulness and care, she feels only a deeper sympathy and
+love, in proportion to the infirmities which call for them, and thus
+finds her highest happiness in what we might expect would be a
+weariness and a toil.
+
+Little Charles was four years old when he reached Windsor Castle. They
+celebrated his arrival with great rejoicings, and a day or two
+afterward they invested him with the title of Duke of York, a still
+higher distinction than he had before attained. Soon after this, when
+he was perhaps five or six years of age, a gentleman was appointed to
+take the charge of his education. His health gradually improved,
+though he still continued helpless and feeble. It was a long time
+before he could walk, on account of some malformation of his limbs. He
+learned to talk, too, very late and very slowly. Besides the general
+feebleness of his constitution, which kept him back in all these
+things, there was an impediment in his speech, which affected him very
+much in childhood, and which, in fact, never entirely disappeared.
+
+As soon, however, as he commenced his studies under his new tutor, he
+made much greater progress than had been expected. It was soon
+observed that the feebleness which had attached to him pertained more
+to the body than to the mind. He advanced with considerable rapidity
+in his learning. His progress was, in fact, in some degree, promoted
+by his bodily infirmities, which kept him from playing with the other
+boys of the court, and led him to like to be still, and to retire from
+scenes of sport and pleasure which he could not share.
+
+The same cause operated to make him not agreeable as a companion, and
+he was not a favorite among those around him. They called him _Baby_
+Charley. His temper seemed to be in some sense soured by the feeling
+of his inferiority, and by the jealousy he would naturally experience
+in finding himself, the son of a king, so outstripped in athletic
+sports by those whom he regarded as his inferiors in rank and station.
+
+The lapse of a few years, however, after this time, made a total
+change in Charles's position and prospects. His health improved, and
+his constitution began to be confirmed and established. When he was
+about twelve years of age, too, his brother Henry died. This
+circumstance made an entire change in all his prospects of life. The
+eyes of the whole kingdom, and, in fact, of all Europe, were now upon
+him as the future sovereign of England. His sister Elizabeth, who was
+a few years older than himself, was, about this time, married to a
+German prince, with great pomp and ceremony, young Charles acting the
+part of brideman. In consequence of his new position as heir-apparent
+to the throne, he was advanced to new honors, and had new titles
+conferred upon him, until at last, when he was sixteen years of age,
+he was made Prince of Wales, and certain revenues were appropriated to
+support a court for him, that he might be surrounded with external
+circumstances and insignia of rank and power, corresponding with his
+prospective greatness.
+
+In the mean time his health and strength rapidly improved, and with
+the improvement came a taste for manly and athletic sports, and the
+attainment of excellence in them. He gradually acquired great skill in
+all the exploits and performances of the young men of those days, such
+as shooting, riding, vaulting, and tilting at tournaments. From being
+a weak, sickly, and almost helpless child, he became, at twenty, an
+active, athletic young man, full of life and spirit, and ready for any
+romantic enterprise. In fact, when he was twenty-three years old, he
+embarked in a romantic enterprise which attracted the attention of all
+the world. This enterprise will presently be described.
+
+There was at this time, in the court of King James, a man who became
+very famous afterward as a favorite and follower of Charles. He is
+known in history under the name of the Duke of Buckingham. His name
+was originally George Villiers. He was a very handsome young man, and
+he seems to have attracted King James's attention at first on this
+account. James found him a convenient attendant, and made him, at
+last, his principal favorite. He raised him to a high rank, and
+conferred upon him, among other titles, that of Duke of Buckingham.
+The other persons about the court were very envious and jealous of his
+influence and power; but they were obliged to submit to it. He lived
+in great state and splendor, and for many years was looked up to by
+the whole kingdom as one of the greatest personages in the realm. We
+shall learn hereafter how he came to his end.
+
+If the reader imagines, from the accounts which have been given thus
+far in this chapter of the pomp and parade of royalty, of the castles
+and the ceremonies, the titles of nobility, and the various insignia
+of rank and power, which we have alluded to so often, that the mode of
+life which royalty led in those days was lofty, dignified, and truly
+great, he will be very greatly deceived. All these things were merely
+for show--things put on for public display, to gratify pride and
+impress the people, who never looked behind the scenes, with high
+ideas of the grandeur of those who, as they were taught, ruled over
+them by a divine right. It would be hard to find, in any class of
+society except those reputed infamous, more low, gross, and vulgar
+modes of life than have been exhibited generally in the royal palaces
+of Europe for the last five hundred years. King James the First has,
+among English sovereigns, rather a high character for sobriety and
+gravity of deportment, and purity of morals; but the glimpses we get
+of the real, every-day routine of his domestic life, are such as to
+show that the pomp and parade of royalty is mere glittering tinsel,
+after all.
+
+The historians of the day tell such stories as these. The king was at
+one time very dejected and melancholy, when Buckingham contrived this
+plan to amuse him. In the first place, however, we ought to say, in
+order to illustrate the terms on which he and Buckingham lived
+together, that the king always called Buckingham _Steeny_, which was a
+contraction of Stephen. St. Stephen was always represented in the
+Catholic pictures of the saints, as a very handsome man, and
+Buckingham being handsome too, James called him Steeny by way of a
+compliment. Steeny called the king _his dad_, and used to sign
+himself, in his letters, "your slave and dog Steeny." There are extant
+some letters which passed between the king and his favorite, written,
+on the part of the king, in a style of grossness and indecency such
+that the chroniclers of those days said that they were not fit to be
+printed. They would not "blot their pages" with them, they said. King
+Charles's letters were more properly expressed.
+
+To return, then, to our story. The king was very much dejected and
+melancholy. Steeny, in order to divert him, had a pig dressed up in
+the clothes of an infant child. Buckingham's mother, who was a
+countess, personated the nurse, dressed also carefully for the
+occasion. Another person put on a bishop's robes, satin gown, lawn
+sleeves, and the other pontifical ornaments. They also provided a
+baptismal font, a prayer-book, and other things necessary for a
+religious ceremony, and then invited the king to come in to attend a
+baptism. The king came, and the pretended bishop began to read the
+service, the assistants looking gravely on, until the squealing of the
+pig brought all gravity to an end. The king was _not_ pleased; but the
+historian thinks the reason was, not any objection which he had to
+such a profanation, but to his not happening to be in a mood for it at
+that time.
+
+There was a negotiation going on for a long time for a marriage
+between one of the king's sons, first Henry, and afterward Charles,
+and a princess of Spain. At one time the king lost some of the papers,
+and was storming about the palace in a great rage because he could not
+find them. At last he chanced to meet a certain Scotchman, a servant
+of his, named Gib, and, like a vexed and impatient child, who lays the
+charge of a lost plaything upon any body who happens to be at hand to
+receive it, he put the responsibility of the loss of the papers upon
+Gib. "I remember," said he, "I gave them to you to take care of. What
+have you done with them?" The faithful servant fell upon his knees,
+and protested that he had not received them. The king was only made
+the more angry by this contradiction, and kicked the Scotchman as he
+kneeled upon the floor. The man rose and left the apartment, saying,
+"I have always been faithful to your majesty, and have not deserved
+such treatment as this. I can not remain in your service under such a
+degradation. I shall never see you again." He left the palace, and
+went away.
+
+A short time after this, the person to whose custody the king had
+really committed the papers came in, and, on learning that they were
+wanted, produced them. The king was ashamed of his conduct. He sent
+for his Scotch servant again, and was not easy until he was found and
+brought into his presence. The king kneeled before him and asked his
+forgiveness, and said he should not rise until he was forgiven. Gib
+was disposed to evade the request, and urged the king to rise; but
+James would not do so until Gib said he forgave him, in so many words.
+The whole case shows how little of dignity and noble bearing there
+really was in the manners and conduct of the king in his daily life,
+though we are almost ready to overlook the ridiculous childishness and
+folly of his fault, on account of the truly noble frankness and
+honesty with which he acknowledged it.
+
+Thus, though every thing in which royalty appeared before the public
+was conducted with great pomp and parade, this external magnificence
+was then, and always has been, an outside show, without any thing
+corresponding to it within. The great mass of the people of England
+saw only the outside. They gazed with admiration at the spectacle of
+magnificence and splendor which royalty always presented to their
+eyes, whenever they beheld it from the distant and humble points of
+view which their position afforded them. Prince Charles, on the other
+hand, was behind the curtain. His childhood and youth were exposed
+fully to all the real influences of these scenes. The people of
+England submitted to be governed by such men, not because they thought
+them qualified to govern, or that the circumstances under which their
+characters were formed were such as were calculated to form, in a
+proper manner, the minds of the rulers of a Christian people. They did
+not know what those circumstances were. In their conceptions they had
+grand ideas of royal character and life, and imagined the splendid
+palaces which some saw, but more only heard of, at Westminster, were
+filled with true greatness and glory. They were really filled with
+vulgarity, vice, and shame. James was to them King James the First,
+monarch of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, and Charles was
+Charles, Prince of Wales, Duke of York, and heir-apparent to the
+throne. Whereas, within the palace, to all who saw them and knew them
+there, and really, so far as their true moral position was concerned,
+the father was "Old Dad," and the son, what his father always called
+him till he was twenty-four years old, "Baby Charley."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE EXPEDITION INTO SPAIN.
+
+1623
+
+The Palatinate.--Wars between the Protestants and Catholics.--Frederic
+dispossessed of his dominions.--Flees to Holland.--Elizabeth.--James's
+plan.--Donna Maria.--Negotiations with Spain.--Obstacles
+and delays.--Buckingham's proposal.--Nature of the
+adventure.--Buckingham's dissimulation.--Charles persuaded.--James's
+perplexity.--He reluctantly yields.--James's fears.--Royal
+captives.--Buckingham's violence.--Angry disputes.--James's
+distress.--Charles and Buckingham depart.--Charles and Buckingham's
+boisterous conduct.--Arrested at Dover.--Arrival at Paris.--Princess
+Henrietta.--Bourdeaux.--Entrance into Madrid.--Bristol's
+amazement.--Charles's reception.--Grand procession.--Spanish
+etiquette.--The Infanta kept secluded.--Athletic amusements.--Charles
+steals an interview.--Irregularities.--Delays and
+difficulties.--Letters.--The magic picture.--The pope's
+dispensation.--The treaty signed.--Buckingham is hated.--He breaks
+off the match.--Festivities at the Escurial.--Taking leave.--Return
+to London.--The Spanish match broken off.
+
+
+In order that the reader may understand fully the nature of the
+romantic enterprise in which, as we have already said, Prince Charles
+embarked when he was a little over twenty years of age, we must
+premise that Frederic, the German prince who married Charles's sister
+Elizabeth some years before, was the ruler of a country in Germany
+called the Palatinate. It was on the banks of the Rhine. Frederic's
+title, as ruler of this country, was Elector Palatine. There are a
+great many independent states in Germany, whose sovereigns have
+various titles, and are possessed of various prerogatives and powers.
+
+Now it happened that, at this time, very fierce civil wars were raging
+between the Catholics and the Protestants in Germany. Frederic got
+drawn into these wars on the Protestant side. His motive was not any
+desire to promote the progress of what he considered the true faith,
+but only a wish to extend his own dominions, and add to his own
+power, for he had been promised a kingdom, in addition to his
+Palatinate, if he would assist the people of the kingdom to gain the
+victory over their Catholic foes. He embarked in this enterprise
+without consulting with James, his father-in-law, knowing that he
+would probably disapprove of such dangerous ambition. James was, in
+fact, very sorry afterward to hear of Frederic's having engaged in
+such a contest.
+
+The result was quite as disastrous as James feared. Frederic not only
+failed of getting his new kingdom, but he provoked the rage of the
+Catholic powers against whom he had undertaken to contend, and they
+poured a great army into his own original territory, and made an easy
+conquest of it. Frederic fled to Holland, and remained there a
+fugitive and an exile, hoping to obtain help in some way from James,
+in his efforts to recover his lost dominions.
+
+The people of England felt a great interest in Frederic's unhappy
+fate, and were very desirous that James should raise an army and give
+him some efficient assistance. One reason for this was that they were
+Protestants, and they were always ready to embark, on the Protestant
+side, in the Continental quarrels. Another reason was their interest
+in Elizabeth, the wife of Frederic, who had so recently left England a
+blooming bride, and whom they still considered as in some sense
+pertaining to the royal family of England, and as having a right to
+look to all her father's subjects for protection.
+
+But King James himself had no inclination to go to war in such a
+quarrel. He was inactive in mind, and childish, and he had little
+taste for warlike enterprises. He undertook, however, to accomplish
+the object in another way. The King of Spain, being one of the most
+powerful of the Catholic sovereigns, had great influence in all their
+councils. He had also a beautiful daughter, Donna Maria, called, as
+Spanish princesses are styled, the Infanta. Now James conceived the
+design of proposing that his son Charles should marry Donna Maria, and
+that, in the treaty of marriage, there should be a stipulation
+providing that the Palatinate should be restored to Frederic.
+
+These negotiations were commenced, and they went on two or three years
+without making any sensible progress. Donna Maria was a Catholic, and
+Charles a Protestant. Now a Catholic could not marry a Protestant
+without a special dispensation from the pope. To get this
+dispensation required new negotiations and delays. In the midst of it
+all, the King of Spain, Donna Maria's father, died, and his son, her
+brother, named Philip, succeeded him. Then the negotiations had all to
+be commenced anew. It was supposed that the King of Spain did not wish
+to have the affair concluded, but liked to have it in discussion, as
+it tended to keep the King of England more or less under his control.
+So they continued to send embassies back and forth, with drafts of
+treaties, articles, conditions, and stipulations without number. There
+were endless discussions about securing to Donna Maria the full
+enjoyment of the Catholic religion in England, and express agreements
+were proposed and debated in respect to her having a chapel, and
+priests, and the right to celebrate mass, and to enjoy, in fact, all
+the other privileges which she had been accustomed to exercise in her
+own native land. James did not object. He agreed to every thing; but
+still, some how or other, the arrangement could not be closed. There
+was always some pretext for delay.
+
+At last Buckingham proposed to Charles that they two should set off
+for Spain in person, and see if they could not settle the affair.
+Buckingham's motive was partly a sort of reckless daring, which made
+him love any sort of adventure, and partly a desire to circumvent and
+thwart a rival of his, the Earl of Bristol, who had charge of the
+negotiations. It may seem to the reader that a simple journey from
+London to Madrid, of a young man, for the purpose of visiting a lady
+whom he was wishing to espouse, was no such extraordinary undertaking
+as to attract the attention of a spirited young man to it from love of
+adventure. The truth is, however, that, with the ideas that then
+prevailed in respect to royal etiquette, there was something very
+unusual in this plan. The prince and Buckingham knew very well that
+the consent of the statesmen and high officers of the realm could
+never be obtained, and that their only alternative was, accordingly,
+to go off secretly and in disguise.
+
+It seemed, however, to be rather necessary to get the king's consent.
+But Buckingham did not anticipate much difficulty in this, as he was
+accustomed to manage James almost like a child. He had not, however,
+been on very good terms with Charles, having been accustomed to treat
+him in the haughty and imperious manner which James would usually
+yield to, but which Charles was more inclined to resist and resent.
+When Buckingham, at length, conceived of this scheme of going into
+Spain, he changed his deportment toward Charles, and endeavored, by
+artful dissimulation, to gain his kind regard. He soon succeeded, and
+then he proposed his plan.
+
+He represented to Charles that the sole cause of the delays in
+settling the question of his marriage was because it was left so
+entirely in the hands of embassadors, negotiators, and statesmen, who
+involved every thing in endless mazes. "Take the affair into your own
+hands," said he, "like a man. Set off with me, and go at once into
+Spain. Astonish them with your sudden and unexpected presence. The
+Infanta will be delighted at such a proof of your ardor, courage, and
+devotion, and will do all in her power to co-operate with you in
+bringing the affair at once to a close. Besides, the whole world will
+admire the originality and boldness of the achievement."
+
+Charles was easily persuaded. The next thing was to get the king's
+consent. Charles and Buckingham went to his palace one day, and
+watching their opportunity when he was pretty merry with wine,
+Charles said that he had a favor to ask, and wished his father to
+promise to grant it before he knew what it was. James, after some
+hesitation, half in jest and half in earnest, agreed to it. They made
+him promise that he would not tell any one what it was, and then
+explained their plan. The king was thunderstruck; his amazement
+sobered him at once. He retracted his promise. He never could consent
+to any such scheme.
+
+Buckingham here interposed with his aid. He told the king it was
+perfectly safe for the prince to go, and that this measure was the
+only plan which could bring the marriage treaty to a close. Besides,
+he said, if he and the prince were there, they could act far more
+effectually than any embassadors in securing the restoration of the
+Palatinate to Frederic. James could not withstand these entreaties and
+arguments, and he finally gave a reluctant consent to the plan.
+
+He repented, however, as soon as the consent was given, and when
+Charles and Buckingham came next to see him, he said it must be given
+up. One great source of his anxiety was a fear that his son might be
+taken and kept a prisoner, either in France or Spain, and detained a
+long time in captivity. Such a captive was always, in those days, a
+very tempting prize to a rival power. Personages of very high rank may
+be held in imprisonment, while all the time those who detain them may
+pretend not to confine them at all, the guards and sentinels being
+only marks of regal state, and indications of the desire of the power
+into whose hands they have fallen to treat them in a manner comporting
+with their rank. Then there were always, in those days, questions and
+disputes pending between the rival courts of England, France, and
+Spain, out of which it was easy to get a pretext for detaining any
+strolling prince who might cross the frontier, as security for the
+fulfillment of some stipulation, or for doing some act of justice
+claimed. James, knowing well how much faith and honor were to be
+expected of kings and courts, was afraid to trust his son in French or
+Spanish dominions. He said he certainly could not consent to his
+going, without first sending to _France_, at least, for a
+safe-conduct--that is, a paper from the government, pledging the honor
+of the king not to molest or interrupt him in his journey through his
+dominions.
+
+Buckingham, instead of attempting to reassure the king by fresh
+arguments and persuasions, broke out into a passion, accused him of
+violating his promise not to reveal their plan to any one, as he knew,
+he said, that this new opposition had been put into his head by some
+of his counselors to whom he had made known the design. The king
+denied this, and was terrified, agitated, and distressed by
+Buckingham's violence. He wept like a child. His opposition at length
+gave way a second time, and he said they might go. They named two
+attendants whom they wanted to go with them. One was an officer of the
+king's household, named Collington, who was then in the anteroom. They
+asked the king to call him in, to see if he would go. When Collington
+came in, the king accosted him with, "Here's Steeny and Baby Charley
+that want to go to Spain and fetch the Infanta. What think you of it?"
+Collington did not think well of it at all. There followed a new
+relapse on the part of the king from his consent, a new storm of anger
+from Buckingham, more sullen obstinacy on the part of Charles, with
+profane criminations and recriminations one against another. The whole
+scene was what, if it had occurred any where else than in a palace,
+would have been called a brawl.
+
+It ended, as brawls usually do, in the triumph of the most
+unreasonable and violent. James threw himself upon a bed which was in
+the room, weeping bitterly, and saying that they would go, and he
+should lose his Baby Charley. Considering that Charles was now the
+monarch's only child remaining at home, and that, as heir to the
+crown, his life was of great consequence to the realm, it is not
+surprising that his father was distressed at the idea of his exposing
+himself to danger on such an expedition; but one not accustomed to
+what is behind the scenes in royal life would expect a little more
+dignity and propriety in the mode of expressing paternal solicitude
+from a king.
+
+Charles and Buckingham set off secretly from London; their two
+attendants were to join them in different places--the last at Dover,
+where they were to embark. They laid aside all marks of distinction in
+dress, such as persons of high rank used to wear in those days, and
+took the garb of the common people. They put on wigs, also, the hair
+of which was long, so as to shade the face and alter the expression of
+their countenances. These external disguises, however, were all that
+they could command. They could not assume the modest and quiet air
+and manner of persons in the ordinary walks of life, but made such
+displays, and were so liberal in the use of their money, and carried
+such an air and manner in all that they did and said, that all who had
+any intercourse with them perceived that they were in disguise. They
+were supposed to be wild blades, out on some frolic or other, but
+still they were allowed to pass along without any molestation.
+
+They were, however, stopped at Dover, where in some way they attracted
+the attention of the mayor of the town. Dover is on the Channel,
+opposite to Calais, at the narrowest point. It was, of course,
+especially in those days, the point where the principal intercourse
+between the two nations centered. The magistrates of the two towns
+were obliged, consequently, to be on the alert, to prevent the escape
+of fugitives and criminals, as well as to guard against the efforts of
+smugglers, or the entrance of spies or other secret enemies. The Mayor
+of Dover arrested our heroes. They told him that their names were Tom
+Smith and Jack Smith; these, in fact, were the names with which they
+had traveled through England thus far. They said that they were
+traveling for amusement. The mayor did not believe them. He thought
+they were going across to the French coast to fight a duel. This was
+often done in those days. They then told him that they were indeed
+persons of rank in disguise, and that they were going to inspect the
+English fleet. He finally allowed them to embark.
+
+On landing at Calais, they traveled post to Paris, strictly preserving
+their incognito, but assuming such an air and bearing as to create the
+impression that they were not what they pretended. When they reached
+Paris, Buckingham could not resist the temptation of showing Charles a
+little of life, and he contrived to get admitted to a party at court,
+where Charles saw, among other ladies who attracted his attention, the
+Princess Henrietta. He was much struck with her beauty and grace, but
+he little thought that it was this princess, and not the Infanta whom
+he was going in pursuit of, who was really to become his wife, and the
+future Queen of England.
+
+The young travelers thought it not prudent to remain long in Paris,
+and they accordingly left that city, and pressed forward as rapidly as
+possible toward the Spanish frontier. They managed, however, to
+conduct always in such a way as to attract attention. Although they
+were probably sincerely desirous of not having their true rank and
+character known, still they could not resist the temptation to assume
+such an air and bearing as to make people wonder who they were, and
+thus increase the spirit and adventure of their journey. At Bourdeaux
+they received invitations from some grandees to be present at some
+great gala, but they declined, saying that they were only poor
+gentlemen traveling to inform their minds, and were not fit to appear
+in such gay assemblies.
+
+At last they approached Madrid. They had, besides Collington, another
+attendant who spoke the Spanish language, and served them as an
+interpreter. They separated from these two the day before they entered
+Madrid, so as to attract the less attention. Their attendants were to
+be left behind for a day, and afterward were to follow them into the
+city. The British embassador at Madrid at this time was the Earl of
+Bristol. He had had charge of all the negotiations in respect to the
+marriage, and to the restoration of the Palatinate, and believed that
+he had brought them almost to a successful termination. He lived in a
+palace in Madrid, and, as is customary with the embassadors of great
+powers at the courts of great powers, in a style of the highest pomp
+and splendor.
+
+Buckingham took the prince directly to Bristol's house. Bristol was
+utterly confounded at seeing them. Nothing could be worse, he said, in
+respect to the completion of the treaty, than the prince's presence in
+Madrid. The introduction of so new and extraordinary an element into
+the affair would undo all that had been done, and lead the King of
+Spain to begin anew, and go over all the ground again. In speaking of
+this occurrence to another, he said that just as he was on the point
+of coming to a satisfactory conclusion of his long negotiations and
+toils, a demon in the shape of Prince Charles came suddenly upon the
+stage to thwart and defeat them all.
+
+The Spanish court was famous in those days--in fact, it has always
+been famous--for its punctilious attention to etiquette and parade;
+and as soon as the prince's arrival was known to the king, he
+immediately began to make preparations to welcome him with all
+possible pomp and ceremony. A great procession was made through the
+Prado, which is a street in Madrid famous for promenades, processions,
+and public displays of all kinds. In moving through the city on this
+occasion, the king and Prince Charles walked together, the monarch
+thus treating the prince as his equal. There was a great canopy of
+state borne over their heads as they moved along. This canopy was
+supported by a large number of persons of the highest rank. The
+streets, and the windows and balconies of the houses on each side,
+were thronged with spectators, dressed in the gay and splendid court
+dresses of those times. When they reached the end of the route, and
+were about to enter the gate of the palace, there was a delay to
+decide which should enter first, the king and the prince each
+insisting on giving the precedence to the other. At last it was
+settled by their both going in together.
+
+If the prince thus, on the one hand, derived some benefit in the
+gratification of his pride by the Spanish etiquette and parade, he
+suffered some inconvenience and disappointment from it, on the other
+hand, by its excluding him from all intercourse or acquaintance with
+the Infanta. It was not proper for the young man to see or to speak to
+the young lady, in such a case as this, until the arrangements had
+been more fully matured. The formalities of the engagement must have
+proceeded beyond the point which they had yet reached, before the
+bridegroom could be admitted to a personal interview with the bride.
+It is true, he could see her in public, where she was in a crowd, with
+other ladies of the court, and where he could have no communication
+with her; but this was all. They arranged it, however, to give Charles
+as many opportunities of this kind as possible. There were shows, in
+which the prince could see the Infanta among the spectators; and they
+arranged tiltings and ridings at the ring, and other athletic sports,
+such as Charles excelled in, and let him perform his exploits in her
+presence. His rivals in these contests did not have the incivility to
+conquer him, and his performances excited expressions, at least, of
+universal admiration.
+
+But the prince and Buckingham did not very willingly submit to the
+stiffness and formality of the Spanish court. As soon as they came to
+feel a little at home, they began to act with great freedom. At one
+time the prince learned that the Infanta was going, early in the
+morning, to take a walk in some private pleasure grounds, at a country
+house in the neighborhood of Madrid, and he conceived the design of
+gaining an interview with her there by stealth. He accordingly
+repaired to the place, got admitted in some way within the precincts
+of the palace, and contrived to clamber over a high wall which
+separated him from the grounds in which the Infanta was walking, and
+so let himself down into her presence. The accounts do not state
+whether she herself was pleased or alarmed, but the officer who had
+her in charge, an old nobleman, was very much alarmed, and begged the
+prince to retire, as he himself would be subject to a very severe
+punishment if it were known that he had allowed such an interview.
+Finally they opened the door, and the prince went out. Many people
+were pleased with this and similar adventures of the prince and of
+Buckingham, but the leading persons about the court were displeased
+with them. Their precise and formal notions of propriety were very
+much shocked by such freedoms.
+
+Besides, it was soon found that the characters of these high-born
+visitors, especially that of Buckingham, were corrupt, and their lives
+very irregular. Buckingham was accustomed to treat King James in a
+very bold, familiar, and imperious manner, and he fell insensibly into
+the same habits of intercourse with those about him in Spain. The
+little reserve and caution which he manifested at first soon wore off,
+and he began to be very generally disliked. In the mean time the
+negotiation was, as Bristol had expected, very much put back by the
+prince's arrival. The King of Spain formed new plans, and thought of
+new conditions to impose. The Catholics, too, thought that Charles's
+coming thus into a Catholic country, indicated some leaning, on his
+part, toward the Catholic faith. The pope actually wrote him a long
+letter, the object of which was to draw him off from the ranks of
+Protestantism. Charles wrote a civil, but rather an evasive reply.
+
+In the mean time, King James wrote childish letters from time to time
+to his two dear boys, as he called them, and he sent them a great many
+presents of jewelry and splendid dresses, some for them to wear
+themselves, and some for the prince to offer as gifts to the Infanta.
+Among these, he describes, in one of his letters, a little mirror, set
+in a case which was to be worn hung at the girdle. He wrote to Charles
+that when he gave this mirror to the Infanta, he must tell her that it
+was a picture which he had had imbued with magical virtue by means of
+incantations and charms, so that whenever she looked into it, she
+would see a portrait of the most beautiful princess in England,
+France, or Spain.
+
+At last the great obstacle in the way of the conclusion of the treaty
+of marriage, which consisted in the delays and difficulties in getting
+the pope's dispensation, was removed. The dispensation came. But then
+the King of Spain wanted some new guarantees in respect to the
+privileges of Catholics in England, under pretense of securing more
+perfectly the rights of the Infanta and of her attendants when they
+should have arrived in that country. The truth was, he probably wished
+to avail himself of the occasion to gain some foothold for the
+Catholic faith in England, which country had become almost entirely
+Protestant. At length, however, all obstacles seemed to be removed,
+and the treaty was signed. The news of it was received with great joy
+in England, as it seemed to secure a permanent alliance between the
+two powerful countries of England and Spain. Great celebrations took
+place in London, to do honor to the occasion. A chapel was built for
+the Infanta, to be ready for her on her arrival; and a fleet was
+fitted out to convey her and her attendants to her new home.
+
+In the mean time, however, although the king had signed the treaty,
+there was a strong party formed against the marriage in Spain.
+Buckingham was hated and despised. Charles, they saw, was almost
+entirely under his influence. They said they would rather see the
+Infanta in her grave than in the hands of such men. Buckingham became
+irritated by the hostility he had awakened, and he determined to break
+off the match entirely. He wrote home to James that he did not believe
+the Spanish court had any intention of carrying the arrangement really
+into effect; that they were procrastinating the affair on every
+possible pretext, and that he was really afraid that, if the prince
+were to attempt to leave the country, they would interpose and detain
+him as a prisoner. King James was very much alarmed. He wrote in the
+greatest trepidation, urging "the lads" to come away immediately,
+leaving a proxy behind them, if necessary, for the solemnization of
+the marriage. This was what Buckingham wanted, and he and the prince
+began to make preparations for their departure.
+
+The King of Spain, far from interposing any obstacles in the way, only
+treated them with greater and higher marks of respect as the time of
+their separation from his court drew nigh. He arranged great and
+pompous ceremonies to honor their departure. He accompanied them, with
+all the grandees of the court, as far as to the Escurial, which is a
+famous royal palace not far from Madrid, built and furnished in the
+most sumptuous style of magnificence and splendor. Here they had
+parting feasts and celebrations. Here the prince took his leave of the
+Infanta, Bristol serving as interpreter, to translate his parting
+speeches into Spanish, so that she could understand them. From the
+Escurial the prince and Buckingham, with a great many English noblemen
+who had followed them to Madrid, and a great train of attendants,
+traveled toward the seacoast, where a fleet of vessels were ready to
+receive them.
+
+[Illustration: THE ESCURIAL.]
+
+They embarked at a port called St. Andrew. They came very near being
+lost in a storm of mist and rain which came upon them while going out
+to the ships, which were at a distance from the shore, in small boats
+provided to convey them. Having escaped this danger, they arrived
+safely at Portsmouth, the great landing point of the British navy on
+the southern shores of England, and thence proceeded to London.
+They sent back orders that the proxy should not be used, and the match
+was finally abandoned, each party accusing the other of duplicity and
+bad faith. King James was however, very glad to get his son safe back
+again, and the people made as many bonfires and illuminations to
+celebrate the breaking up of this Catholic match, as they had done
+before to do honor to its supposed completion. As all hope of
+recovering the Palatinate by negotiation was now past, the king began
+to prepare for the attempt to conquer it by force of arms.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+ACCESSION TO THE THRONE.
+
+1625
+
+James prepares for war.--He falls ill.--Suspicions.--Death of
+James.--Accession of Charles.--Different ideas of the nature and
+end of government.--Hereditary succession illustrated by an
+argument.--Property and prerogatives.--Hereditary succession an
+absolute right.--Three things hereditary in England.--The
+Stuarts.--Parliament.--The Legislature in the United States.--The
+nature of Parliament.--The nobles.--The House of Commons.--Its humble
+position.--The king's power over Parliament.--His responsibility.--An
+illustration.--James's message to Parliament.--Its high
+tone.--Privileges of the House of Commons.--The king's
+prerogatives.--Charles's contest with Parliament.--Present condition
+of the Commons.--Its vast influence.--Old forms still retained.--Will
+probably be changed.--Effects of a demise of the crown.--All offices
+expire.--Westminster.--The Strand.--Temple Bar.--Somerset
+House.--James's funeral.--Marriage of Charles.--Imposing
+ceremonies.--Arrival of the bride at London.--Her residence.
+
+
+King James made slow progress in his military preparations. He could
+not raise the funds without the action of Parliament, and the houses
+were not in very good humor. The expenses of the prince's visit to
+Spain had been enormous, and other charges, arising out of the pomp
+and splendor with which the arrangements of the court were maintained,
+gave them a strong feeling of discontent. They had other grievances of
+which they were disposed to complain, and they began to look upon this
+war, notwithstanding its Protestant character, as one in which the
+king was only striving to recover his son-in-law's dominions, and,
+consequently, as one which pertained more to his personal interests
+than to the public welfare of the realm.
+
+While things were in this state the king fell sick. The mother of the
+Duke of Buckingham undertook to prescribe for him. It was understood
+that Buckingham himself, who had, in the course of the Spanish
+enterprise, and since his return, acquired an entire ascendency over
+Charles, was not unwilling that his old master should leave the stage,
+and the younger one reign in his stead; and that his mother shared in
+this feeling. At any rate, her prescriptions made the king much worse.
+He had the sacrament administered to him in his sick chamber, and said
+that he derived great comfort from it. One morning, very early, he
+sent for the prince to come and see him. Charles rose, dressed
+himself, and came. His father had something to say to him, and tried
+to speak. He could not. His strength was too far gone. He fell back
+upon his pillow, and died.
+
+Charles was, of course, now king. The theory in the English monarchy
+is, that the king never dies. So soon as the person in whom the royal
+sovereignty resides ceases to breathe, the principle of supremacy
+vests immediately in his successor, by a law of transmission entirely
+independent of the will of man. The son becomes king by a divine
+right. His being proclaimed and crowned, as he usually is, at some
+convenient time early in his reign, are not ceremonies which _make_
+him king. They only acknowledge him to be so. He does not, in any
+sense, derive his powers and prerogatives from these acts. He only
+receives from his people, by means of them, a recognition of his right
+to the high office to which he has already been inducted by the fiat
+of Heaven.
+
+It will be observed, thus, that the ideas which prevailed in respect
+to the nature and province of government, were very different in
+England at that time, from those which are entertained in America at
+the present day. With us, the administration of government is merely a
+_business_, transacted for the benefit of the people by their
+agents--men who are put in power for this purpose, and who, like other
+agents, are responsible to their principals for the manner in which
+they fulfill their trusts. But government in England was, in the days
+of the Stuarts--and it is so to a great extent at the present day--a
+_right_ which one family possessed, and which entitled that family to
+certain immunities, powers, and prerogatives, which they held entirely
+independent of any desire, on the part of the people, that they should
+exercise them, or even their _consent_ that they should do so. The
+right to govern the realm of Great Britain was a sort of estate which
+descended to Charles from his ancestors, and with the possession and
+enjoyment of which the community had no right to interfere.
+
+This seems, at first view, very absurd to us, but it is not
+particularly absurd. Charles's lawyers would say to any plain
+proprietor of a piece of land, who might call in question his right to
+govern the country, The king holds his crown by precisely the same
+tenure that you hold your farm. Why should you be the exclusive
+possessor of that land, while so many poor beggars are starving?
+Because it has descended to you from your ancestors, and nothing has
+descended to them. And it is precisely so that the right to manage the
+fleets and armies, and to administer the laws of the realm, has
+descended, under the name of _sovereignty_, to him, and no such
+political power has descended to you.
+
+True, the farmer would reply; but in matters of government we are to
+consider what will promote the general good. The great object to be
+attained is the welfare and happiness of the community. Now, if this
+general welfare comes into competition with the supposed rights of
+individuals, arising from such a principle as hereditary succession,
+the latter ought certainly to yield.
+
+But why, might the lawyer reply, should rights founded on hereditary
+succession yield any more readily in the case of _government_ than in
+the case of _property_? The distribution of property influences the
+general welfare quite as much as the management of power. Suppose it
+were proved that the general welfare of your parish would be promoted
+by the division of your land among the destitute there. You have
+nothing to oppose to such a proposition but your hereditary right. And
+the king has that to oppose to any plan of a division of his
+prerogatives and powers among the people who would like to share them.
+
+Whatever may be thought of this reasoning on this side of the
+Atlantic, and at the present day, it was considered very satisfactory
+in England two or three centuries ago. The true and proper
+jurisdiction of an English monarch, as it had existed from ancient
+times, was considered as an _absolute right_, vesting in each
+successive inheritor of the crown, and which the community could not
+justly interfere with or disturb for any reasons less imperious than
+such as would authorize an interference with the right of succession
+to private property. Indeed, it is probable that, with most men at
+that time, an inherited right to _govern_ was regarded as the most
+sacred of the two.
+
+The fact seems to be, that the right of a son to come into the place
+of his father, whether in respect to property, power, or social rank,
+is not a natural, inherent, and indefeasible right, but a _privilege_
+which society accords, as a matter of convenience and expediency. In
+England, expediency is, on the whole, considered to require that all
+three of these things, viz., property, rank, and power, in certain
+cases, should descend from father to son. In this country, on the
+other hand, we confine the hereditament to property, abrogating it in
+the case of rank and power. In neither case is there probably any
+absolute natural right, but a conventional right is allowed to take
+its place in one, or another, or all of these particulars, according
+to the opinion of the community in respect to what its true interests
+and the general welfare, on the whole, require.
+
+The kings themselves of this Stuart race--which race includes Mary
+Queen of Scots, the mother of the line, and James I., Charles I.,
+Charles II., and James II.--entertained very high ideas of these
+hereditary rights of theirs to govern the realm of England. They felt
+a determination to maintain these rights and powers at all hazards.
+Charles ascended the throne with these feelings, and the chief point
+of interest in the history of his reign is the contest in which he
+engaged with the English people in his attempts to maintain them.
+
+The body with which the king came most immediately into conflict in
+this long struggle for ascendency, was the Parliament. And here
+American readers are very liable to fall into a mistake by considering
+the houses of Parliament as analogous to the houses of legislation in
+the various governments of this country. In our governments the chief
+magistrate has only to execute definite and written laws and
+ordinances, passed by the Legislature, and which the Legislature may
+pass with or without his consent; and when enacted, he must be
+governed by them. Thus the president or the governor is, in a certain
+sense, the agent and officer of the legislative power of the state, to
+carry into effect its decisions, and this _legislative_ power has
+really the control.
+
+By the ancient Constitution of England, however, the Parliament was
+merely a body of counselors, as it were, summoned by the king to give
+him their advice, to frame for him such laws as he wished to have
+framed, and to aid him in raising funds by taxing the people. The king
+might call this council or not, as he pleased. There was no necessity
+for calling it unless he needed more funds than he could raise by his
+own resources. When called, they felt that they had come, in a great
+measure, to aid the king in doing his will. When they framed a law,
+they sent it to him, and if he was satisfied with it, he _made it
+law_. It was the king who really enacted it. If he did not approve the
+law, he wrote upon the parchment which contained it, "The king will
+think of it," and that was the end. The king would call upon them to
+assess a tax and collect the money, and would talk to them about his
+plans, and his government, and the aid which he desired from them to
+enable him to accomplish what he had himself undertaken. In fact, the
+king was the government, and the houses of Parliament his instruments
+to aid him in giving effect to his decrees.
+
+The nobles, that is, the heads of the great families, and also the
+bishops, who were the heads of the various dioceses of the Church
+formed one branch of this great council. This was called the House of
+Lords. Certain representatives of the counties and of the towns
+formed another branch, called the House of Commons. These delegates
+came to the council, not from any right which the counties and towns
+were supposed to possess to a share in the government, but simply
+because they were summoned by the king to come and give him their aid.
+They were to serve without pay, as a matter of duty which they owed to
+the sovereign. Those that came from counties were called knights, and
+those from the towns burgesses. These last were held in very little
+estimation. The towns, in those days, were considered as mere
+collections of shopkeepers and tradesmen, who were looked down upon
+with much disdain by the haughty nobles. When the king called his
+Parliament together, and went in to address them, he entered the
+chamber of the House of Peers, and the commons were called in, to
+stand where they could, with their heads uncovered, to hear what he
+had to say. They were, in a thousand other ways, treated as an
+inferior class; but still their counsels might, in some cases, be of
+service, and so they were summoned to attend, though they were to meet
+always, and deliberate, in a separate chamber.
+
+As the king could call the Parliament together at any time and place
+he pleased, so he could suspend or terminate their sittings at any
+time. He could intermit the action of a Parliament for a time, sending
+the members to their homes until he should summon them again. This was
+called a _prorogation_. Or he could dissolve the body entirely at any
+time, and then require new elections for a new Parliament whenever he
+wished to avail himself of the wisdom or aid of such a body again.
+
+Thus every thing went on the supposition that the real responsibility
+for the government was with the king. He was the monarch, and the real
+sovereignty vested in him. He called his nobles, and a delegation from
+the mass of the people, together, whenever he wanted their help, and
+not otherwise. He was responsible, not to them nor to the people at
+large, but to God only, for the acts of his administration. The duty
+of Parliament was limited to that of aiding him in carrying out his
+plans of government, and the people had nothing to do but to be
+obedient, submissive, and loyal. These were, at any rate, the ideas of
+the kings, and all the forms of the English Constitution and the
+ancient phraseology in which the transactions are expressed,
+correspond with them.
+
+We can not give a better proof and illustration of what has been said
+than by transcribing the substance of one of King James's messages to
+his Parliament, delivered about the close of his life, and, of course,
+at the period of which we are writing. It was as follows:
+
+     "My Lords spiritual and temporal, and you the Commons: In my last
+     Parliament I made long discourses, especially to them of the
+     Lower House. I did open the true thought of my heart. But I may
+     say with our Savior, 'I have piped to you and ye have not danced;
+     I have mourned to you and you have not lamented;' so all my
+     sayings turned to me again without any success. And now, to tell
+     the reasons of your calling and of this meeting, apply it to
+     yourselves, and spend not the time in long speeches. Consider
+     that the Parliament is a thing composed of a head and a body; the
+     monarch and the two estates. It was, first, a monarchy; then,
+     after, a Parliament. There are no Parliaments but in monarchical
+     governments; for in Venice, the Netherlands, and other free
+     governments there are none. The head is to call the body
+     together; and for the clergy the bishops are chief, for shires
+     their knights, for towns and cities their burgesses and citizens.
+     These are to treat of difficult matters, and counsel their king
+     with their best advice to make laws[A] for the commonweal and the
+     Lower House is also to petition the king and acquaint him with
+     their grievances, and not to meddle with the king's prerogative.
+     They are to offer supply for his necessity, and he to distribute,
+     in recompense thereof, justice and mercy. As in all Parliaments
+     it is the _king's_ office to make good laws, whose fundamental
+     cause is the people's ill manners, so at this time.
+
+[Footnote A: Meaning advice to him how he shall make laws, as is
+evident from what is said below.]
+
+     "For a supply to my necessities, I have reigned eighteen years,
+     in which I have had peace, and I have received far less supply
+     than hath been given to any king since the Conquest. The last
+     queen had, one year with another, above a hundred thousand pounds
+     per annum in subsidies; and in all my time I have had but four
+     subsidies and six fifteens[B]. It is ten years since I had a
+     subsidy, in all which time I have been sparing to trouble you. I
+     have turned myself as nearly to save expenses as I may. I have
+     abated much in my household expenses, in my navies, and the
+     charge of my munition."
+
+[Footnote B: Species of taxes granted by Parliament.]
+
+After speaking about the affairs of the Palatinate, and calling upon
+the Parliament to furnish him with money to recover it for his
+son-in-law, he adds:
+
+     "Consider the trade for the making thereof better, and show me
+     the reason why my mint, these eight or nine years, hath not gone.
+     I confess I have been liberal in my grants; but if I be informed,
+     I will amend all hurtful grievances. But whoever shall hasten
+     after grievances, and desire to make himself popular he hath the
+     spirit of Satan. I was, in my first Parliament, a novice; and in
+     my last, there was a kind of beasts, called _undertakers_, a
+     dozen of whom undertook to govern the last Parliament, and they
+     led me. I shall thank _you_ for your good office, and desire that
+     the world may say well of our agreement."
+
+This kind of harangue from the king to his Parliament seems not to
+have been considered at the time, at all extraordinary; though, if
+such a message were to be sent, at the present day, to a body of
+legislators, whether by a king or a president, it would certainly
+produce a sensation.
+
+Still, notwithstanding what we have said, the Parliament did contrive
+gradually to attain to the possession of some privileges and powers of
+its own. The English people have a great deal of independence and
+spirit, though Americans traveling there, with ideas carried from this
+country, are generally surprised at finding so little instead of so
+much. The knights and burgesses of the House of Commons, though they
+submitted patiently to the forms of degradation which the lords and
+kings imposed upon them, gradually got possession of certain powers
+which they claimed as their own, and which they showed a strong
+disposition to defend. They claimed the exclusive right to lay taxes
+of every kind. This had been the usage so long, that they had the same
+right to it that the king had to his crown. They had a right too, to
+petition the king for a redress of any grievances which they supposed
+the people were suffering under his reign. These, and certain other
+powers and immunities which they had possessed, were called their
+_privileges_. The king's rights were, on the other hand, called his
+_prerogatives_. The Parliament were always endeavoring to extend,
+define, and establish their privileges. The king was equally bent on
+maintaining his ancient prerogatives. King Charles's reign derives its
+chief interest from the long and insane contest which he waged with
+his Parliament on this question. The contest commenced at the king's
+accession to the throne, and lasted a quarter of a century: it ended
+with his losing all his prerogatives and his head.
+
+This circumstance, that the main interest in King Charles's reign is
+derived from his contest with his Parliament, has made it necessary to
+explain somewhat fully, as we have done, the nature of that body. We
+have described it as it was in the days of the Stuarts; but, in order
+not to leave any wrong impression on the mind of the reader in regard
+to its present condition, we must add, that though all its external
+forms remain the same, the powers and functions of the body have
+greatly changed. The despised and contemned knights and burgesses,
+that were not worthy to have seats provided for them when the king was
+delivering them his speech, now rule the world; or, at least, come
+nearer to the possession of that dominion than any other power has
+ever done, in ancient or modern times. They decide who shall
+administer the government, and in what way. They make the laws, settle
+questions of trade and commerce, decide really on peace and war, and,
+in a word, hold the whole control, while the nominal sovereign takes
+rides in the royal parks, or holds drawing-rooms in the palaces, in
+empty and powerless parade. There is no question that the British
+House of Commons has exerted a far wider influence on the destinies of
+the human race than any other governmental power that has ever
+existed. It has gone steadily on for five, and perhaps for ten
+centuries, in the same direction and toward the same ends; and
+whatever revolutions may threaten other elements of European power,
+the British House of Commons, in some form or other, is as sure as any
+thing human can be of existence and power for five or ten centuries to
+come.
+
+And yet it is one of the most remarkable of the strange phenomena of
+social life, that this body, standing at the head, as it really does,
+of all human power, submits patiently still to all the marks and
+tokens of inferiority and degradation which accompanied its origin. It
+comes together when the sovereign sends writs, _ordering_ the several
+constituencies to choose their representatives, and the
+representatives to assemble. It comes humbly into the House of Peers
+to listen to the instructions of the sovereign at the opening of the
+session, the members in a standing position, and with heads
+uncovered.[C] It debates these suggestions with forms and in a
+phraseology which imply that it is only considering what _counsel_ to
+give the king. It enacts nothing--it only recommends; and it holds its
+existence solely at the discretion of the great imaginary power which
+called it into being. These forms may, very probably, soon be changed
+for others more true to the facts; and the principle of election may
+be changed, so as to make the body represent more fully the general
+population of the empire; but the body itself will doubtless continue
+its action for a very long period to come.
+
+[Footnote C: Even in the case of a committee of conference between the
+two houses, the lords have _seats_ in the committee-room and wear
+their hats. The members from the commons must _stand_, and be
+uncovered during the deliberations!]
+
+According to the view of the subject which we have presented, it
+would of course follow, as the real sovereignty was mainly in the
+king's hands, that at the death of one monarch and the accession of
+another, the functions of all officers holding their places under the
+authority of the former would cease. This was actually the case. And
+it shows how entirely the Parliament was considered as the instrument
+and creation of the king, that on the death of a king, the Parliament
+immediately expired. The new monarch must make a new Parliament, if he
+wished one, to help him carry out his own plans. In the same manner
+almost all other offices expired. As it would be extremely
+inconvenient or impossible to appoint anew all the officers of such a
+realm on a sudden emergency, it is usual for the king to issue a
+decree renewing the appointments of the existing incumbents of these
+offices. Thus King Charles, two days after his father's death, made it
+his first act to renew the appointments of the members of his father's
+privy council, of the foreign embassadors, and of the judges of the
+courts, in order that the affairs of the empire might go on without
+interruption. He also issued summonses for calling a Parliament, and
+then made arrangements for the solemnization of his father's funeral.
+
+[Illustration: ST. STEPHEN'S.]
+
+The scene of these transactions was what was, in those days, called
+Westminster. Minster means cathedral. A cathedral church had been
+built, and an abbey founded, at a short distance west from London,
+near the mouth of the Thames. The church was called the West
+_minster_, and the abbey, Westminster Abbey. The town afterward took
+the same name. The street leading to the city of London from
+Westminster was called the Strand; it lay along the shore of the
+river. The gate by which the city of London was entered on this side
+was called Temple Bar, on account of a building just within the walls,
+at that point, which was called the Temple. In process of time, London
+expanded beyond its bounds and spread westward. The Strand became a
+magnificent street of shops and stores. Westminster was filled with
+palaces and houses of the nobility, the whole region being entirely
+covered with streets and edifices of the greatest magnificence and
+splendor. Westminster is now called the West End of London, though the
+jurisdiction of the city still ends at Temple Bar.
+
+Parliament held its sessions in a building near the shore, called St.
+Stephen's. The king's palace, called St. James's Palace, was near.
+The old church became a place of sepulture for the English kings,
+where a long line of them now repose. The palace of King James's wife,
+Anne of Denmark, was on the bank of the river, some distance down the
+Strand. She called it, during her life, Denmark House, in honor of her
+native land. Its name is now Somerset House.
+
+King James's funeral was attended with great pomp. The body was
+conveyed from Somerset House to its place of repose in the Abbey, and
+attended by a great procession. King Charles walked as chief mourner.
+Two earls attended him, one on each side, and the train of his robes
+was borne by twelve peers of the realm. The expenses of this funeral
+amounted to a sum equal to two hundred thousand dollars.
+
+One thing more is to be stated before we can consider Charles as
+fairly entered upon his career, and that is the circumstance of his
+marriage. His father James, so soon as he found the negotiations with
+Spain must be finally abandoned, opened a new negotiation with the
+King of France for his daughter Henrietta Maria. After some delay,
+this arrangement was concluded upon. The treaty of marriage was made,
+and soon after the old king's death, Charles began to think of
+bringing home his bride.
+
+He accordingly made out a commission for a nobleman, appointed for the
+purpose, to act in his name, in the performance of the ceremony at
+Paris. The pope's dispensation was obtained, Henrietta Maria, as well
+as the Infanta, being a Catholic. The ceremony was performed, as such
+ceremonies usually were in Paris, in the famous church of Notre Dame,
+where Charles's grandmother, Mary Queen of Scots, had been married to
+a prince of France about seventy years before.
+
+There was a great theater, or platform, erected in front of the altar
+in the church, which was thronged by the concourse of spectators who
+rushed to witness the ceremony. The beautiful princess was married by
+proxy to a man in another kingdom, whom she had never seen, or, at
+least, never known. It is not probable that she observed him at the
+time when he was, for one evening, in her presence, on his journey
+through Paris. The Duke of Buckingham had been sent over by Charles to
+conduct home his bride. Ships were waiting at Boulogne, a port nearly
+opposite to Dover, to take her and her attendants on board. She bade
+farewell to the palaces of Paris, and set out on her journey.[D]
+
+[Footnote D: See portrait at the commencement of this volume.]
+
+The king, in the mean time, had gone to Dover, where he awaited her
+arrival. She landed at Dover on the day after sailing from Boulogne,
+sea-sick and sad. The king received his bride, and with their
+attendants they went by carriages to Canterbury, and on the following
+day they entered London. Great preparations had been made for
+receiving the king and his consort in a suitable manner; but London
+was, at this time, in a state of great distress and fear on account of
+the plague which had broken out there. The disease had increased
+during the king's absence, and the alarm and anxiety were so great,
+that the rejoicings on account of the arrival of the queen were
+omitted. She journeyed quietly, therefore, to Westminster, and took up
+her abode at Somerset House, which had been the residence of her
+predecessor. They had fitted it up for her reception, providing for
+it, among other conveniences, a Roman Catholic chapel, where she could
+enjoy the services of religion in the forms to which she had been
+accustomed.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+BUCKINGHAM.
+
+1625-1628
+
+Charles's accession.--Leading events of his reign.--Buckingham.--His
+influence over the king.--General system of government.--His
+majesty.--Every thing done in the king's name.--The Privy Council.--It
+represents the king.--Constitution and functions of the Privy
+Council.--Restrictions on the royal power.--A new Parliament.--The new
+Parliament meets at Oxford.--Difficulties commence between the king
+and Parliament.--Demands of Parliament, and the king's answers.--The
+king and the Commons both in the wrong.--The king promises every
+thing.--His insincerity.--Commons not satisfied.--Parliament
+dissolved.--New one called.--Subterfuges of the king.--Parliament
+again dissolved.--The breach between the king and the Parliament
+widens.--Impeachment of Buckingham.--The king interferes.--Another
+dissolution.--Buckingham's reckless conduct.--The Round Robin.--Return
+of the English fleet.--The officers and men desert.--Expedition to
+Spain.--Buckingham's egregious folly.--The expedition ends in
+disaster.--Buckingham's quarrel with Richelieu.--He resolves
+on war.--The French servants dismissed.--War declared
+against France.--Expedition to France abortive.--Another
+projected.--Assassination of Buckingham.--The king not
+sorry.--Buckingham's monument the universal execration of his
+countrymen.
+
+
+Charles commenced his reign in 1625. He continued to reign about
+twenty-four years. It will assist the reader to receive and retain in
+mind a clear idea of the course of events during his reign, if we
+regard it as divided into three periods. During the first, which
+continued about four years, Charles and the Parliament were both upon
+the stage, contending with each other, but just at open war. Each
+party intrigued, and maneuvered, and struggled to gain its own ends,
+the disagreement widening and deepening continually, till it ended in
+an open rupture, when Charles abandoned the plan of having Parliaments
+at all, and attempted to govern alone. This attempt to manage the
+empire without a legislature lasted for ten years, and is the second
+period. After this a Parliament was called, and it soon made itself
+independent of the king, and became hostile to him, the two powers
+being at open war. This constitutes the third period. Thus we have
+four years spent in getting into the quarrel between the king and
+Parliament, ten years in an attempt by the king to govern alone, and,
+finally, ten years of war, more or less open, the king on one side,
+and the Parliament on the other.
+
+The first four years--that is, the time spent in getting really into
+the quarrel with Parliament, was Buckingham's work, for during that
+time Buckingham's influence with the king was paramount and supreme;
+and whatever was done that was important or extraordinary, though done
+in the king's name, really originated in him. The whole country knew
+this and were indignant that such a man, so unprincipled, so low in
+character, so reckless, and so completely under the sway of his
+impulses and passions, should have such an influence over the king,
+and, through him, such power to interfere with and endanger the mighty
+interests of so vast a realm.
+
+It must not be supposed, however, in consequence of what has been said
+about the extent of the regal power in England, that the daily care
+and responsibility of the affairs of government, in its ordinary
+administration, rested directly upon the king. It is not possible that
+any one mind can even comprehend, far less direct, such an enormous
+complication of interests and of action as is involved in the carrying
+on, from day to day, the government of an empire. Offices,
+authorities, and departments of administration spring up gradually,
+and all the ordinary routine of the affairs of the empire are managed
+by them. Thus the navy was all completely organized, with its
+gradations of rank, its rules of action, its records, its account
+books, its offices and arrangements for provisionment and supply, the
+whole forming a vast system which moved on of itself, whether the king
+were present or absent, sick or well, living or dead. It was so with
+the army; it was so with the courts; it was so with the general
+administration of the government, at London. The immense mass of
+business which constituted the work of government was all systematized
+and arranged, and it moved on regularly, in the hands of more or less
+prudent and careful men, who governed, themselves, by ancient rules
+and usages, and in most cases managed wisely.
+
+Every thing, however, was done in the king's _name_. The ships were
+his majesty's ships, the admirals were his majesty's servants, the
+war was his majesty's war, the court was the _King's_ Bench. The idea
+was, that all these thousands of officers, of all ranks and grades,
+were only an enormous multiplication of his majesty; that they were to
+do his will and carry on his administration as he would himself carry
+it on were he personally capable of attending to such a vast detail;
+subject, of course, to certain limits and restrictions which the laws
+and customs of the realm, and the promises and contracts of his
+predecessors, had imposed. But although all this action was
+theoretically the king's action, it came to be, in fact, almost wholly
+independent of him. It went on of itself, in a regular and systematic
+way, pursuing its own accustomed course, except so far as the king
+directly interposed to modify its action.
+
+It might be supposed that the king would certainly take _the general
+direction_ of affairs into his own hands, and that this charge, at
+least, would necessarily come upon him, as king, day by day. Some
+monarchs have attempted to do this, but it is obvious that there must
+be some provision for having this general charge, as well as all the
+subordinate functions of government, attended to independently of the
+king, as his being always in a condition to fulfill this duty is not
+to be relied upon. Sometimes the king is young and inexperienced;
+sometimes he is sick or absent; and sometimes he is too feeble in
+mind, or too indolent, or too devoted to his pleasures, to exercise
+any governmental care. There has gradually grown up, therefore, in all
+monarchies, the custom of having a central board of officers of state,
+whom the king appoints, and who take the general direction of affairs
+in his stead, except so far as he chooses to interfere. This board, in
+England, is called the Privy Council.
+
+The Privy Council in England is a body of great importance. Its nature
+and its functions are, of course, entirely different from those of the
+two houses of Parliament. _They_ represent, or are intended to
+represent, the nation. The Parliament is, in theory, the nation,
+assembled at the king's command, to give him their advice. The Privy
+Council, on the other hand, represents the king. It is the king's
+Privy Council. They act in his name. They follow his directions when
+he chooses to give any. Whatever they decide upon and decree, the king
+signs--often, indeed, without any idea of its nature. Still he signs
+it, and all such decrees go forth to the word as the king's orders in
+council. The Privy Council, of course, would have its meetings, its
+officers, its records, its rules of proceeding, and its various
+usages, and these grew, in time, to be laws and rights; but still it
+was, in theory, only a sort of expansion of the king, as if to make a
+kind of artificial being, with one soul, but many heads and hands,
+because no natural human being could possibly have capacities and
+powers extensive and multifarious enough for the exigencies of
+reigning. Charles thus had a council who took charge of every thing,
+except so far as he chose to interpose. The members were generally
+able and experienced men. And yet Buckingham was among them. He had
+been made Lord High Admiral of England, which gave him supreme command
+of the navy, and admitted him to the Privy Council. These were very
+high honors.
+
+This Privy Council now took the direction of public affairs, attended
+to every thing, provided for all emergencies, and kept all the
+complicated machinery of government in motion, without the necessity
+of the king's having any personal agency in the matter. The king might
+interpose, more or less, as he was inclined; and when he did
+interpose, he sometimes found obstacles in the way of immediately
+accomplishing his plans, in the forms or usages which had gradually
+grown into laws.
+
+For instance, when the king began his reign, he was very eager to have
+the war for the recovery of the Palatinate go on at once; and he was,
+besides, very much embarrassed for want of money. He wished,
+therefore, in order to save time, that the old Parliament which King
+James had called should continue to act under his reign. But his Privy
+Council told him that that could not be. That was _James's_
+Parliament. If he wanted one for his reign, he must call upon the
+people to elect a new Parliament for him.
+
+The new Parliament was called, and Charles sent them a very civil
+message, explaining the emergency which had induced him to call them,
+and the reason why he was so much in want of money. His father had
+left the government a great deal in debt. There had been heavy
+expenses connected with the death of the former king, and with his own
+accession and marriage. Then there was the war. It had been engaged in
+by his father, with the approbation of the former Parliament; and
+engagements had been made with allies, which now they could not
+honorably retract. He urged them, therefore, to grant, without delay,
+the necessary supplies.
+
+The Parliament met in July, but the plague was increasing in London,
+and they had to adjourn, early in August, to Oxford. This city is
+situated upon the Thames, and was then, as it is now, the seat of a
+great many colleges. These colleges were independent of each other in
+their internal management, though united together in one general
+system. The name of one of them, which is still very distinguished,
+was Christ Church College. They had, among the buildings of that
+college, a magnificent hall, more than one hundred feet long, and very
+lofty, built in a very imposing style. It is still a great object of
+interest to all who visit Oxford. This hall was fitted up for the use
+of Parliament, and the king met the two houses there. He made a new
+speech himself, and others were made by his ministers, explaining the
+state of public affairs, and gently urging the houses to act with
+promptness and decision.
+
+The houses then separated, and each commenced its own deliberations.
+But, instead of promptly complying with the king's proposals they sent
+him a petition for redress of a long list of what they called
+grievances. These grievances were, almost all of them, complaints of
+the toleration and encouragement of the Catholics, through the
+influence of the king's Catholic bride. She had stipulated to have a
+Catholic chapel, and Catholic attendants, and, after her arrival in
+England, she and Buckingham had so much influence over the king, that
+they were producing quite a change at court, and gradually through all
+ranks of society, in favor of the Catholics. The Commons complained of
+a great many things, nearly all, however, originating in this cause.
+The king answered these complaints, clause by clause, promising
+redress more or less distinctly. There is not room to give this
+petition and the answers in full, but as all the subsequent troubles
+between Charles and the people of England arose out of this difficulty
+of his young wife's bringing in so strong a Catholic influence with
+her to the realm, it may be well to give an abstract of some of the
+principal petitions, with the king's answers.
+
+The Commons said:
+
+    That they had understood that popish priests, and other Catholics,
+    were gradually creeping in as teachers of the youth of the realm,
+    in the various seminaries of learning, and they wished to have
+    decided measures taken to examine all candidates for such
+    stations, with a view to the careful exclusion of all who were not
+    true Protestants.
+
+    _King._--Allowed. And I will send to the archbishops and all the
+    authorities to see that this is done.
+
+    _Commons._--That more efficient arrangements should be made for
+    appointing able and faithful men in the Church--men that will
+    really devote themselves to preaching the Gospel to the people;
+    instead of conferring these places and salaries on favorites,
+    sometimes, as has been the case, several to the same man.
+
+The king made some explanations in regard to this subject, and
+promised hereafter to comply with this requisition.
+
+    _Commons._--That the laws against sending children out of the
+    country to foreign countries to be educated in Catholic seminaries
+    should be strictly enforced, and the practice be entirely broken
+    up.
+
+    _King._--Agreed; and he would send to the lord admiral, and to all
+    the naval officers on the coast, to watch very carefully and stop
+    all children attempting to go abroad for such a purpose; and he
+    would issue a proclamation commanding all the noblemen's children
+    now on the Continent to return by a given day.
+
+    _Commons._--That no Catholic (or, as they called him, popish
+    _recusant_, that is, a person _refusing_ to subscribe to the
+    Protestant faith, recusant meaning _person refusing_) be admitted
+    into the king's service at court; and that no _English_ Catholic
+    be admitted into the queen's service. They could not refuse to
+    allow her to employ her own _French_ attendants, but to appoint
+    English Catholics to the honorable and lucrative offices at her
+    disposal was doing a great injury to the Protestant cause in the
+    realm.
+
+The king agreed to this, with some conditions and evasions.
+
+    _Commons._--That all Jesuits and Catholic priests, owing
+    allegiance to the See of Rome, should be sent away from the
+    country, according to laws already existing, after fair notice
+    given; and if they would not go, that they should be imprisoned in
+    such a manner as to be kept from all communication with other
+    persons, so as not to disseminate their false religion.
+
+    _King._--The laws on this subject shall be enforced.
+
+The above are sufficient for a specimen of these complaints and of the
+king's answers. There were many more of them, but they have all the
+same character--being designed to stop the strong current of Catholic
+influence and ascendency which was setting in to the court, and
+through the court into the realm, through the influence of the young
+queen and the persons connected with her. At the present day, and in
+this country, the Commons will be thought to be in the wrong, inasmuch
+as the thing which they were contending against was, in the main,
+merely the toleration of the Catholic religion. But then the king was
+in the wrong too, for, since the laws against this toleration stood
+enacted by the consent and concurrence of his predecessors, he should
+not have allowed them to be infracted and virtually annulled through
+the influence of a foreign bride and an unworthy favorite.
+
+Perhaps he felt that he was wrong, or perhaps his answers were all
+framed for him by his Privy Council. At all events, they were entirely
+favorable to the demands of the Commons. He promised every thing. In
+many things he went even beyond their demands. It is admitted,
+however, on all hands, that, so far as he himself had any agency in
+making these replies, he was not really sincere. He himself, and
+Buckingham, were very eager to get supplies. Buckingham was admiral of
+the fleet, and very strongly desired to enlarge the force at his
+command, with a view to the performing of some great exploit in the
+war. It is understood, therefore, that the king intended his replies
+as promises merely. At any rate, the promises were made. The Commons
+were called into the great hall again, at Christ Church, where the
+Peers assembled, and the king's answers were read to them. Buckingham
+joined in this policy of attempting to conciliate the Commons. He went
+into their assembly and made a long speech, explaining and justifying
+his conduct, and apologizing, in some sense, for what might seem to be
+wrong.
+
+The Commons returned to their place of deliberation, but they were not
+satisfied. They wanted something besides promises. Some were in favor
+of granting supplies "in gratitude to his majesty for his gracious
+answer." Others thought differently. They did not see the necessity
+for raising money for this foreign war. They had greater enemies at
+home (meaning Buckingham and popery) than they had abroad. Besides, if
+the king would stop his waste and extravagance in bestowing honors and
+rewards, there would be money enough for all necessary uses. In a
+word, there was much debate, but nothing done. The king, after a short
+time, sent a message to them urging them to come to a decision. They
+sent him back a declaration which showed that they did not intend to
+yield. Their language, however, was of the most humble character. They
+called him "their dread sovereign," and themselves "his poor commons."
+The king was displeased with them, and dissolved the Parliament. They,
+of course, immediately became private citizens, and dispersed to their
+homes.
+
+After trying some ineffectual attempts to raise money by his own royal
+prerogatives and powers, the king called a new Parliament, taking some
+singular precautions to keep out of it such persons as he thought
+would oppose his plans. The Earl of Bristol, whom Buckingham had been
+so jealous of, considering him as his rival, was an influential member
+of the House of Peers. Charles and Buckingham agreed to omit him in
+sending out the royal writs to summon the peers. He petitioned
+Parliament, claiming a right to his seat. Charles then sent him his
+writ, but gave him a command, as his sovereign, not to attend the
+session. He also selected four of the prominent men in the House of
+Commons, men whom he considered most influential in opposition to him
+and to Buckingham, and appointed them to offices which would call them
+away from London; and as it was the understanding in those days that
+the sovereign had a right to command the services of his subjects,
+they were obliged to go. The king hoped, by these and similar means,
+to diminish the influence against him in Parliament, and to get a
+majority in his favor. But his plans did not succeed. Such measures
+only irritated the House and the country. After another struggle this
+Parliament was dissolved too.
+
+Things went on so for four or five years, the breach between the king
+and the people growing wider and wider. Within this time there were
+four Parliaments called, and, after various contentions with them,
+they were, one after another, dissolved. The original subject of
+disagreement, viz., the growing influence of the Catholics, was not
+the only one. Other points came up, growing out of the king's use of
+his prerogative, and his irregular and, as they thought, illegal
+attempts to interfere with their freedom of action. The king, or,
+rather, Buckingham using the king's name, resorted to all sorts of
+contrivances to accomplish this object. For instance, it had long been
+the custom, in case any member of the House of Peers was absent, for
+him to give authority to any friend of his, who was also a member, to
+vote for him. This authority was called a _proxy_. This word is
+supposed to be derived from _procuracy_, which means action in the
+place of, and in behalf of, another. Buckingham induced a great number
+of the peers to give him their proxies. He did this by rewards,
+honors, and various other influences, and he found so many willing to
+yield to these inducements, that at one time he had thirty or forty
+proxies in his hands. Thus, on a question arising in the House of
+Lords, he could give a very large majority of votes. The House, after
+murmuring for some time, and expressing much discontent and vexation
+at this state of things, finally made a law that no member of the
+House should ever have power to use more than _two_ proxies.
+
+One of the Parliaments which King Charles assembled at length brought
+articles of impeachment against Buckingham, and a long contest arose
+on this subject. An impeachment is a trial of a high officer of state
+for maladministration of his office. All sorts of charges were brought
+against Buckingham, most of which were true. The king considered their
+interfering to call one of his ministers to account as wholly
+intolerable. He sent them orders to dismiss that subject from their
+deliberations, and to proceed immediately with their work of laying
+taxes to raise money, or he would dissolve the Parliament as he had
+done before. He reminded them that the Parliaments were entirely "in
+his power for their calling, sitting, and dissolution, and as he found
+their fruits were for good or evil, so they were to continue, or not
+to be." If they would mend their errors and do their duty,
+henceforward he would forgive the past; otherwise they were to expect
+his irreconcilable hostility.
+
+This language irritated instead of alarming them. The Commons
+persisted in their plan of impeachment. The king arrested the men
+whom they appointed as managers of the impeachment, and imprisoned
+them. The Commons remonstrated, and insisted that Buckingham should be
+dismissed from the king's service. The king, instead of dismissing
+him, took measures to have him appointed, in addition to all his other
+offices, Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, a very exalted
+station. Parliament remonstrated. The king, in retaliation, dissolved
+the Parliament.
+
+Thus things went on from bad to worse, and from worse to worse again;
+the chief cause of the difficulties, in almost all cases, being
+traceable to Buckingham's reckless and arbitrary conduct. He was
+continually doing something in the pursuit of his own ends, by the
+rash and heedless exercise of the vast powers committed to him, to
+make extensive and irreparable mischief. At one time he ordered a part
+of the fleet over to the coast of France, to enter the French service,
+the sailors expecting that they were to be employed against the
+Spaniards. They found, however, that, instead of going against the
+Spaniards, they were to be sent to Rochelle. Rochelle was a town in
+France in possession of the Protestants, and the King of France
+wished to subdue them. The sailors sent a remonstrance to their
+commander, begging not to be forced to fight against their brother
+Protestants. This remonstrance was, in form, what is called a _Round
+Robin_.
+
+In a Round Robin a circle is drawn, the petition or remonstrance is
+written within it, and the names are written all around it, to prevent
+any one's having to take the responsibility of being the first signer.
+When the commander of the fleet received the Round Robin, instead of
+being offended, he inquired into the facts, and finding that the case
+was really as the Round Robin represented it, he broke away from the
+French command and returned to England. He said he would rather be
+hanged in England for disobeying orders than to fight against the
+Protestants of France.
+
+Buckingham might have known that such a spirit as this in Englishmen
+was not to be trifled with. But he knew nothing, and thought of
+nothing, except that he wished to please and gratify the French
+government. When the fleet, therefore, arrived in England, he
+peremptorily ordered it back, and he resorted to all sorts of pretexts
+and misrepresentations of the facts to persuade the officers and men
+that they were not to be employed against the Protestants. The fleet
+accordingly went back, and when they arrived, they found that
+Buckingham had deceived them. They were ordered to Rochelle. One of
+the ships broke away and returned to England. The officers and men
+deserted from the other ships and got home. The whole armament was
+disorganized, and the English people, who took sides with the sailors,
+were extremely exasperated against Buckingham for his blind and
+blundering recklessness, and against the king for giving such a man
+the power to do his mischief on such an extensive scale.
+
+At another time the duke and the king contrived to fit out a fleet of
+eighty sail to make a descent upon the coast of Spain. It caused them
+great trouble to get the funds for this expedition, as they had to
+collect them, in a great measure, by various methods depending on the
+king's prerogative, and not by authority of Parliament. Thus the whole
+country were dissatisfied and discontented in respect to the fleet
+before it was ready to sail. Then, as if this was not enough,
+Buckingham overlooked all the officers in the navy in selecting a
+commander, and put an officer of the army in charge of it; a man
+whose whole experience had been acquired in wars on the land. The
+country thought that Buckingham ought to have taken the command
+himself, as lord high admiral; and if not, that he ought to have
+selected his commander from the ranks of the service employed. Thus
+the fleet set off on the expedition, all on board burning with
+indignation against the arbitrary and absurd management of the
+favorite. The result of the expedition was also extremely disastrous.
+They had an excellent opportunity to attack a number of ships, which
+would have made a very rich prize; but the soldier-commander either
+did not know, or did not dare to do, his duty. He finally, however,
+effected a landing, and took a castle, but the sailors found a great
+store of wine there, and went to drinking and carousing, breaking
+through all discipline. The commander had to get them on board again
+immediately, and come away. Then he conceived the plan of going to
+intercept what were called the Spanish galleons, which were ships
+employed to bring home silver from the mines in America, which the
+Spaniards then possessed. On further thoughts he concluded to give up
+this idea, on account of the plague, which, as he said, broke out in
+his ships. So he came back to England with his fleet disorganized,
+demoralized, and crippled, and covered with military disgrace. The
+people of England charged all this to Buckingham. Still the king
+persisted in retaining him. It was his prerogative to do so.
+
+After a while Buckingham got into a personal quarrel with Richelieu,
+who was the leading manager of the French government, and he resolved
+that England should make war upon France. To alter the whole political
+position of such an empire as that of Great Britain, in respect to
+peace and war, and to change such a nation as France from a friend to
+an enemy, would seem to be quite an undertaking for a single man to
+attempt, and that, too, without having any reason whatever to assign,
+except a personal quarrel with a minister about a love affair. But so
+it was. Buckingham undertook it. It was the king's prerogative to make
+peace or war, and Buckingham ruled the king.
+
+He contrived various ways of fomenting ill will. One was, to alienate
+the mind of the king from the queen. He represented to him that the
+queen's French servants were fast becoming very disrespectful and
+insolent in their treatment of him, and finally persuaded him to send
+them all home. So the king went one day to Somerset House, which was
+the queen's residence--for it is often the custom in high life in
+Europe for the husband and wife to have separate establishments--and
+requested her to summon her French servants into his presence, and
+when they were assembled, he told them that he had concluded to send
+them all home to France. Some of them, he said, had acted properly
+enough, but others had been rude and forward, and that he had decided
+it best to send them all home. The French king, on hearing of this,
+seized a hundred and twenty English ships lying in his harbors in
+retaliation of this act, which he said was a palpable violation of the
+marriage contract, as it certainly was. Upon this the king declared
+war against France. He did not ask Parliament to act in this case at
+all. There was no Parliament. Parliament had been dissolved in a fit
+of displeasure. The whole affair was an exercise of the royal
+prerogative. Nor did the king now call a Parliament to provide means
+for carrying on the war, but set his Privy Council to devise modes of
+doing it, through this same prerogative.
+
+The attempts to raise money in these ways made great trouble. The
+people resisted, and interposed all possible difficulties. However
+some funds were raised, and a fleet of a hundred sail, and an army of
+seven thousand men, were got together. Buckingham undertook the
+command of this expedition himself, as there had been so much
+dissatisfaction with his appointment of a commander to the other. It
+resulted just as was to be expected in the case of seven thousand men,
+and a hundred ships, afloat on the swelling surges of the English
+Channel, under the command of vanity, recklessness, and folly. The
+duke came back to England in three months, bringing home one third of
+his force. The rest had been lost, without accomplishing any thing.
+The measure of public indignation against Buckingham was now full.
+
+Buckingham himself walked as loftily and proudly as ever. He equipped
+another fleet, and was preparing to set sail in it himself, as
+commander again. He went to Portsmouth, accordingly, for this purpose,
+Portsmouth being the great naval station then, as now, on the southern
+coast of England. Here a man named Felton, who had been an officer
+under the duke in the former expedition, and who had been extremely
+exasperated against him on account of some of his management there,
+and who had since found how universal was the detestation of him in
+England, resolved to rid the country of such a curse at once. He
+accordingly took his station in the passage-way of the house where
+Buckingham was, armed with a knife. Buckingham came out, talking with
+some Frenchmen in an angry manner, having had some dispute with them,
+when Felton thrust the knife into his side as he passed, and, leaving
+it in the wound, walked away, no one having noticed who did the deed.
+Buckingham pulled out the knife, fell down, and died. The bystanders
+were going to seize one of the Frenchmen, when Felton advanced and
+said, "I am the man; you are to arrest me; let no one suffer that is
+innocent." He was taken. They found a paper in his hat, saying that he
+was going to destroy the duke, and that he could not sacrifice his
+life in a nobler cause than by delivering his country from so great an
+enemy.
+
+King Charles was four miles off at this time. They carried him the
+news. He did not appear at all concerned or troubled, but only
+directed that the murderer--he ought to have said, perhaps, the
+_executioner_--should be secured, and that the fleet should proceed
+to sail. He also ordered the treasurer to make arrangements for a
+splendid funeral.
+
+The treasurer said, in reply, that a funeral would only be a temporary
+show, and that he could hereafter erect a _monument_ at half the cost,
+which would be a much more lasting memorial. Charles acceded.
+Afterward, when Charles spoke to him about the monument, the treasurer
+replied, What would the world say if your majesty were to build a
+monument to the Duke before you erect one for your father? So the plan
+was abandoned, and Buckingham had no other monument than the universal
+detestation of his countrymen.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE KING AND HIS PREROGATIVE.
+
+1628-1636
+
+Difficulty in raising funds.--The king's resources.--Modes of raising
+money.--Parliaments abandoned.--The government attaches the property
+of a member of Parliament.--Confusion in the House of
+Commons.--Resolutions.--The Commons refuse to admit the king's
+officers.--Members imprisoned.--Dissolution of Parliament.--The king
+in the House of Lords.--The king's speech on dissolving
+Parliament.--The king resolves to do without Parliaments.--Forced
+loans.--Monopolies of the necessaries of life.--Tonnage and
+poundage.--Ship money.--Origin of these taxes.--John Hampden.--He
+refuses to pay ship money.--Hampden's trial.--He is compelled to
+pay.--A fleet raised.--Its exploits among the herring-busses.--Court
+of the Star Chamber.--Its constitution.--Trial by jury.--No jury in
+the Star Chamber.--Crimes tried by the Star Chamber.--Origin of the
+term.--Immense power of the Court of Star Chamber.--Oppressive
+fines.--King's forests.--Offenses against the king and his lords.--A
+gentleman fined for resenting an insult.--Murmurs silenced.--The
+kingdom of Scotland.--The king visits Scotland.--He is crowned
+there.--The king returns to London.--Increasing discontent.
+
+
+The great difficulty in governing without a Parliament was the raising
+of funds. By the old customs and laws of the realm, a tax upon the
+people could only be levied by the action of the House of Commons; and
+the great object of the king and council during Buckingham's life, in
+summoning Parliaments from time to time, was to get their aid in this
+respect. But as Charles found that one Parliament after another
+withheld the grants, and spent their time in complaining of his
+government, he would dissolve them, successively, after exhausting all
+possible means of bringing them to a compliance with his will. He
+would then be thrown upon his own resources.
+
+The king had _some_ resources of his own. These were certain estates,
+and lands, and other property, in various parts of the country, which
+belonged to the crown, the income of which the king could appropriate.
+But the amount which could be derived from this source was very
+small. Then there were certain other modes of raising money, which had
+been resorted to by former monarchs, in emergencies, at distant
+intervals, but still in instances so numerous that the king considered
+precedents enough had been established to make the power to resort to
+these modes a part of the prerogative of the crown. The people,
+however, considered these acts of former monarchs as irregularities or
+usurpations. They denied the king's right to resort to these methods,
+and they threw so many difficulties in the way of the execution of his
+plans, that finally he would call another Parliament, and make new
+efforts to lead them to conform to his will. The more the experiment
+was tried, however, the worse it succeeded; and at last the king
+determined to give up the idea of Parliaments altogether, and to
+compel the people to submit to his plans of raising money without
+them.
+
+The final dissolution of Parliament, by which Charles entered upon his
+new plan of government, was attended with some resistance, and the
+affair made great difficulty. It seems that one of the members, a
+certain Mr. Rolls, had had some of his goods seized for payment of
+some of the king's irregular taxes, which he had refused to pay
+willingly. Now it had always been considered the law of the land in
+England, that the person and the property of a member of Parliament
+were sacred during the session, on the ground that while he was giving
+his attendance at a council meeting called by his sovereign, he ought
+to be protected from molestation on the part either of his
+fellow-subjects or his sovereign, in his person and in his property.
+The House of Commons considered, therefore, the seizure of the goods
+of one of the members of the body as a breach of their privilege, and
+took up the subject with a view to punish the officers who acted. The
+king sent a message immediately to the House, while they were debating
+the subject, saying that the officer acted, in seizing the goods, in
+obedience to his own direct command. This produced great excitement
+and long debates. The king, by taking the responsibility of the
+seizure upon himself, seemed to bid the House defiance. They brought
+up this question: "Whether the seizing of Mr. Rolls's goods was not a
+breach of privilege?" When the time came for a decision, the speaker,
+that is, the presiding officer, refused to put the question to vote.
+He said he had been commanded _by the king_ not to do it! The House
+were indignant, and immediately adjourned for two days, probably for
+the purpose of considering, and perhaps consulting their constituents
+on what they were to do in so extraordinary an emergency as the king's
+coming into their own body and interfering with the functions of one
+of their own proper officers.
+
+They met on the day to which they had adjourned, prepared to insist on
+the speaker's putting the question. But he, immediately on the House
+coming to order, said that he had received the king's command to
+adjourn the House for a week, and to put no question whatever. He was
+then about to leave the chair, but two of the members advanced to him
+and held him in his place, while they read some resolutions which had
+been prepared. There was great confusion and clamor. Some insisted
+that the House was adjourned, some were determined to pass the
+resolutions. The resolutions were very decided. They declared that
+whoever should counsel or advise the laying of taxes not granted by
+Parliament, or be an actor or instrument in collecting them, should be
+accounted an innovator, and a capital enemy to the kingdom and
+Commonwealth. And also, that if any person whatever should voluntarily
+pay such taxes, he should be counted a capital enemy also. These
+resolutions were read in the midst of great uproar. The king was
+informed of the facts, and sent for the sergeant of the House--one of
+the highest officers--but the members locked the door, and would not
+let the sergeant go. Then the king sent one of his own officers to the
+House with a message. The members kept the door locked, and would not
+let him in until they had disposed of the resolutions. Then the House
+adjourned for a week.
+
+The next day, several of the leading members who were supposed to have
+been active in these proceedings were summoned to appear before the
+council. They refused to answer out of Parliament for what was said
+and done by them in Parliament. The council sent them to prison in the
+Tower.
+
+The week passed away, and the time for the reassembling of the Houses
+arrived. It had been known, during the week, that the king had
+determined on dissolving Parliament. It is usual, in dissolving a
+Parliament, for the sovereign not to appear in person, but to send his
+message of dissolution by some person commissioned to deliver it. This
+is called dissolving the House by commission. The dissolution is
+always declared in the House of Lords, the Commons being summoned to
+attend. In this case, however, the king attended in person. He was
+dressed magnificently in his royal robes, and wore his crown. He would
+not deign, however, to send for the Commons. He entered the House of
+Peers, and took his seat upon the throne. Several of the Commons,
+however, came in of their own accord, and stood below the bar, at the
+usual place assigned them. The king then rose and read the following
+speech. The antiquity of the language gives it an air of quaintness
+now which it did not possess then.
+
+     "My Lords,--I never came here upon so unpleasant an occasion, it
+     being the Dissolution of a Parliament. Therefore Men may have
+     some cause to wonder why I should not rather chuse to do this by
+     Commission, it being a general Maxim of Kings to leave harsh
+     Commands to their Ministers, Themselves only executing pleasing
+     things. Yet considering that Justice as well consists in Reward
+     and Praise of Virtue as Punishing of Vice, I thought it necessary
+     to come here to-day, and to declare to you and all the World,
+     that it was merely the undutiful and seditious Carriage in the
+     Lower House that hath made the dissolution of this Parliament.
+     And you, my Lords, are so far from being any Causers of it, that
+     I take as much comfort in your dutiful Demeanour, as I am justly
+     distasted with their Proceedings. Yet, to avoid their Mistakings,
+     let me tell you, that it is so far from me to adjudge all the
+     House alike guilty, that I know there are many there as dutiful
+     subjects as any in the World it being but some few Vipers among
+     them that did cast this mist of Undutifulness over most of their
+     Eyes. Yet to say Truth, there was good Number there that could
+     not be infected with this Contagion.
+
+     "To conclude, As those Vipers must look for their Reward of
+     Punishment, so you, my Lords, may justly expect from me that
+     Favor and Protection that a good King oweth to his loving and
+     faithful Nobility. And now, my Lord Keeper, do what I have
+     commanded you."
+
+Then the lord keeper pronounced the Parliament dissolved. The lord
+keeper was the keeper of the great seal, one of the highest officers
+of the crown.
+
+Of course this affair produced a fever of excitement against the king
+throughout the whole realm. This excitement was kept up and increased
+by the trials of the members of Parliament who had been imprisoned.
+The courts decided against them, and they were sentenced to long
+imprisonment and to heavy fines. The king now determined to do without
+Parliaments entirely; and, of course, he had to raise money by his
+royal prerogative altogether, as he had done, in fact, before, a great
+deal, during the intervals between the successive Parliaments. It will
+not be very entertaining, but it will be very useful to the reader to
+peruse carefully some account of the principal methods resorted to by
+the king. In order, however, to diminish the necessity for money as
+much as possible, the king prepared to make peace with France and
+Spain; and as they, as well as England, were exhausted with the wars,
+this was readily effected.
+
+One of the resorts adopted by the king was to a system of _loans_, as
+they were called, though these loans differed from those made by
+governments at the present day, in being apportioned upon the whole
+community according to their liability to taxation, and in being made,
+in some respects, compulsory. The loan was not to be absolutely
+collected by force, but all were expected to lend, and if any refused,
+they were to be required to make oath that they would not tell any
+body else that they had refused, in order that the influence of their
+example might not operate upon others. Those who did refuse were to be
+reported to the government. The officers appointed to collect these
+loans were charged not to make unnecessary difficulty, but to do all
+in their power to induce the people to contribute freely and
+willingly. This plan had been before adopted, in the time of
+Buckingham, but it met with little success.
+
+Another plan which was resorted to was the granting of what was called
+monopolies: that is, the government would select some important and
+necessary articles in general use, and give the exclusive right of
+manufacturing them to certain persons, on their paying a part of the
+profits to the government. Soap was one of the articles thus chosen.
+The exclusive right to manufacture it was given to a company, on their
+paying for it. So with leather, salt, and various other things. These
+persons, when they once possessed the exclusive right to manufacture
+an article which the people must use, would abuse their power by
+deteriorating the article, or charging enormous prices. Nothing
+prevented their doing this, as they had no competition. The effect
+was, that the people were injured much more than the government was
+benefited. The plan of granting such monopolies by governments is now
+universally odious.
+
+Another method of taxation was what was called _tonnage and poundage_.
+This was an ancient tax, assessed on merchandise brought into the
+country in ships, like the _duties_ now collected at our
+custom-houses. It was called tonnage and poundage because the
+merchandise on which it was assessed was reckoned by weight, viz., the
+ton and the pound. A former king, Edward III., first assessed it to
+raise money to suppress piracy on the seas. He said it was reasonable
+that the merchandise protected should pay the expense of the
+protection, and in proper proportion. The Parliament in that day
+opposed this tax. They did not object to the tax itself, but to the
+king's assessing it by his own authority. However, they granted it
+themselves afterward, and it was regularly collected. Subsequent
+Parliaments had granted it, and generally made the law, once for all,
+to continue in force during the life of the monarch. When Charles
+commenced his reign, the Peers were for renewing the law as usual, to
+continue throughout his reign. The Commons desired to enact the law
+only for a year at a time, so as to keep the power in their own hands.
+The two houses thus disagreed, and nothing was done. The king then
+went on to collect the tax without any authority except his own
+prerogative.
+
+Another mode of levying money adopted by the king was what was called
+_ship money_. This was a plan for raising a navy by making every town
+contribute a certain number of ships, or the money necessary to build
+them. It originated in ancient times, and was at first confined to
+seaport towns which had ships. These towns were required to furnish
+them for the king's service, sometimes to be paid for by the king, at
+other times by the country, and at other times not to be paid for at
+all. Charles revived this plan, extending it to the whole country; a
+tax was assessed on all the towns, each one being required to furnish
+money enough for a certain number of ships. The number at one time
+required of the city of London was twenty.
+
+There was one man who made his name very celebrated then, and it has
+continued very celebrated since, by his refusal to pay his ship money,
+and by his long and determined contest with the government in regard
+to it, in the courts. His name was John Hampden. He was a man of
+fortune and high character. His tax for ship money was only twenty
+shillings, but he declared that he would not pay it without a trial.
+The king had previously obtained the opinion of the judges that he had
+a right, in case of necessity, to assess and collect the ship money,
+and Hampden knew, therefore, that the decision would certainly, in the
+end, be against him. He knew, however, that the attention of the whole
+country would be attracted to the trial, and that the arguments which
+he should offer, to prove that the act of collecting such a tax on the
+part of the king's government was illegal and tyrannical, would be
+spread before the country, and would make a great impression, although
+they certainly would not alter the opinion of the judges, who, holding
+their offices by the king's appointment, were strongly inclined to
+take his side.
+
+It resulted as Hampden had foreseen. The trial attracted universal
+attention. It was a great spectacle to see a man of fortune and of
+high standing, making all those preparations, and incurring so great
+expense, on account of a refusal to pay five dollars, knowing too,
+that he would have to pay it in the end. The people of the realm were
+convinced that Hampden was right, and they applauded and honored him
+very greatly for his spirit and courage. The trial lasted twelve days.
+The illegality and injustice of the tax were fully exposed. The people
+concurred entirely with Hampden, and even some of the judges were
+convinced. He was called the patriot Hampden, and his name will always
+be celebrated in English history. The whole discussion, however,
+though it produced a great effect at the time, would be of no interest
+now, since it turned mainly on the question what the king's rights
+actually were, according to the ancient customs and usages of the
+realm. The question before mankind now is a very different one; it is
+not what the powers and prerogatives of government have been in times
+past, but what they ought to be now and in time to come.
+
+The king's government gained the victory, ostensibly, in this contest,
+and Hampden had to pay the money. Very large sums were collected,
+also, from others by this tax, and a great fleet was raised. The
+performances and exploits of the fleet had some influence in quieting
+the murmurs of the people. The fleet was the greatest which England
+had ever possessed. One of its exploits was to compel the Dutch to pay
+a large sum for the privilege of fishing in the narrow seas about
+Great Britain. The Dutch had always maintained that these seas were
+public, and open to all the world; and they had a vast number of
+fishing boats, called herring-busses, that used to resort to them for
+the purpose of catching herring, which they made a business of
+preserving and sending all over the world. The English ships attacked
+these fleets of herring-busses, and drove them off; and as the Dutch
+were not strong enough to defend them, they agreed to pay a large sum
+annually for the right to fish in the seas in question, protesting,
+however, against it as an extortion, for they maintained that the
+English had no control over any seas beyond the bays and estuaries of
+their own shores.
+
+One of the chief means which Charles depended upon during the long
+period that he governed without a Parliament, was a certain famous
+tribunal or court called the _Star Chamber._ This court was a very
+ancient one, having been established in some of the earliest reigns;
+but it never attracted any special attention until the time of
+Charles. His government called it into action a great deal, and
+extended its powers, and made it a means of great injustice and
+oppression, as the people thought; or, as Charles would have said, a
+very efficient means of vindicating his prerogative, and punishing the
+stubborn and rebellious.
+
+There were three reasons why this court was a more convenient and
+powerful instrument in the hands of the king and his council than any
+of the other courts in the kingdom. First, it was, by its ancient
+constitution, composed of members of the _council_, with the exception
+of two persons, who were to be judges in the other courts. This plan
+of having two judges from the common law courts seems to have been
+adopted for the purpose of securing some sort of conformity of the
+Star Chamber decisions with the ordinary principles of English
+jurisprudence. But then, as these two law judges would always be
+selected with reference to their disposition to carry out the king's
+plans, and as the other members of the court were all members of the
+government itself, of course the court was almost entirely under
+governmental control.
+
+The second reason was, that in this court there was no jury. There had
+never been juries employed in it from its earliest constitution. The
+English had contrived the plan of trial by jury as a defense against
+the severity of government. If a man was accused of crime, the judges
+appointed by the government that he had offended were not to be
+allowed to decide whether he was guilty or not. They would be likely
+not to be impartial. The question of his guilt or innocence was to be
+left to twelve men, taken at hazard from the ordinary walks of life,
+and who, consequently, would be likely to sympathize with the accused,
+if they saw any disposition to oppress him, rather than to join
+against him with a tyrannical government. Thus the jury, as they said,
+was a great safeguard. The English have always attached great value to
+their system of trial by jury. The plan is retained in this country,
+though there is less necessity for it under our institutions. Now, in
+the Star Chamber, it had never been the custom to employ a jury. The
+members of the court decided the whole question; and as they were
+entirely in the interest of the government, the government, of
+course, had the fate of every person accused under their direct
+control.
+
+The third reason consisted in the nature of the crimes which it had
+always been customary to try in this court. It had jurisdiction in a
+great variety of cases in which men were brought into collision with
+the government, such as charges of riot, sedition, libel, opposition
+to the edicts of the council, and to proclamations of the king. These
+and similar cases had always been tried by the Star Chamber, and these
+were exactly the cases which ought not to be tried by such a court;
+for persons accused of hostility to government ought not to be tried
+by government itself.
+
+There has been a great deal of discussion about the origin of the term
+Star Chamber. The hall where the court was held was in a palace at
+Westminster, and there were a great many windows in it. Some think
+that it was from this that the court received its name. Others suppose
+it was because the court had cognizance of a certain crime, the Latin
+name of which has a close affinity with the word star. Another reason
+is, that certain documents, called _starra_, used to be kept in the
+hall. The prettiest idea is a sort of tradition that the ceiling of
+the hall was formerly ornamented with stars, and that this
+circumstance gave name to the hall. This supposition, however,
+unfortunately, has no better foundation than the others; for there
+were no stars on the ceiling in Charles's time, and there had not been
+any for a hundred years; nor is there any positive evidence that there
+ever were. However, in the absence of any real reason for preferring
+one of these ideas over the other, mankind seem to have wisely
+determined on choosing the most picturesque, so that it is generally
+agreed that the origin of the name was the ancient decoration of the
+ceiling of the hall with gilded stars.
+
+However this may be, the court of the Star Chamber was an engine of
+prodigious power in the hands of Charles's government. It aided them
+in two ways. They could punish their enemies, and where these enemies
+were wealthy, they could fill up the treasury of the government by
+imposing enormous fines upon them. Sometimes the offenses for which
+these fines were imposed were not of a nature to deserve such severe
+penalties. For instance, there was a law against turning tillage land
+into pasturage. Land that is tilled supports men. Land that is
+pastured supports cattle and sheep. The former were a burden,
+sometimes, to landlords, the latter a means of wealth. Hence there was
+then, as there is now, a tendency in England, in certain parts of the
+country, for the landed proprietors to change their tillage land to
+pasture, and thus drive the peasants away from their homes. There were
+laws against this, but a great many persons had done it
+notwithstanding. One of these persons was fined four thousand pounds;
+an enormous sum. The rest were alarmed, and made _compositions_, as
+they were called; that is, they paid at once a certain sum on
+condition of not being prosecuted. Thirty thousand pounds were
+collected in this way, which was then a very large amount.
+
+There were in those days, as there are now, certain tracts of land in
+England called the king's forests, though a large portion of them are
+now without trees. The boundaries of these lands had not been very
+well defined, but the government now published decrees specifying the
+boundaries, and extending them so far as to include, in many cases,
+the buildings and improvements of other proprietors. They then
+prosecuted these proprietors for having encroached, as they called
+it, upon the crown lands, and the Star Chamber assessed very heavy
+fines upon them. The people said all this was done merely to get
+pretexts to extort money from the nation, to make up for the want of a
+Parliament to assess regular taxes; but the government said it was a
+just and legal mode of protecting the ancient and legitimate rights of
+the king.
+
+In these and similar modes, large sums of money were collected as
+fines and penalties for offenses more or less real. In other cases
+very severe punishments were inflicted for various sorts of offenses
+committed against the personal dignity of the king, or the great lords
+of his government. It was considered highly important to repress all
+appearance of disrespect or hostility to the king. One man got into
+some contention with one of the king's officers, and finally struck
+him. He was fined ten thousand pounds. Another man said that a certain
+archbishop had incurred the king's displeasure by desiring some
+toleration for the Catholics. This was considered a slander against
+the archbishop, and the offender was sentenced to be fined a thousand
+pounds, to be whipped, imprisoned, and to stand in the pillory at
+Westminster, and at three other places in various parts of the
+kingdom.
+
+A gentleman was following a chase as a spectator, the hounds belonging
+to a nobleman. The huntsman, who had charge of the hounds, ordered him
+to keep back, and not come so near the hounds; and in giving him this
+order, spoke, as the gentleman alleged, so insolently, that he struck
+him with his riding-whip. The huntsman threatened to complain to his
+master, the nobleman. The gentleman said that if his master should
+justify him in such insulting language as he had used, he would serve
+him in the same manner. The Star Chamber fined him ten thousand pounds
+for speaking so disrespectfully of a lord.
+
+By these and similar proceedings, large sums of money were collected
+by the Star Chamber for the king's treasury, and all expression of
+discontent and dissatisfaction on the part of the people was
+suppressed. This last policy, however, the suppression of expressions
+of dissatisfaction, is always a very dangerous one for any government
+to undertake. Discontent, silenced by force, is exasperated and
+extended. The outward signs of its existence disappear, but its inward
+workings become wide-spread and dangerous, just in proportion to the
+weight by which the safety-valve is kept down. Charles and his court
+of the Star Chamber rejoiced in the power and efficacy of their
+tremendous tribunal. They issued proclamations and decrees, and
+governed the country by means of them. They silenced all murmurs. But
+they were, all the time, disseminating through the whole length and
+breadth of the land a deep and inveterate enmity to royalty, which
+ended in a revolution of the government, and the decapitation of the
+king. They stopped the hissing of the steam for the time, but caused
+an explosion in the end.
+
+Charles was King of Scotland as well as of England. The two countries
+were, however, as countries, distinct, each having its own laws, its
+own administration, and its own separate dominions. The sovereign,
+however, was the same. A king could inherit two kingdoms, just as a
+man can, in this country, inherit two farms, which may, nevertheless,
+be at a distance from each other, and managed separately. Now,
+although Charles had, from the death of his father, exercised
+sovereignty over the realm of Scotland, he had not been crowned, nor
+had even visited Scotland. The people of Scotland felt somewhat
+neglected. They murmured that their common monarch gave all his
+attention to the sister and rival kingdom. They said that if the king
+did not consider the Scottish crown worth coming after, they might,
+perhaps, look out for some other way of disposing of it.
+
+The king, accordingly, in 1633, began to make preparations for a royal
+progress into Scotland. He first issued a proclamation requiring a
+proper supply of provisions to be collected at the several points of
+his proposed route, and specified the route, and the length of stay
+which he should make in each place. He set out on the 13th of May with
+a splendid retinue. He stopped at the seats of several of the nobility
+on the way, to enjoy the hospitalities and entertainments which they
+had prepared for him. He proceeded so slowly that it was a month
+before he reached the frontier. Here all his English servants and
+retinue retired from their posts, and their places were supplied by
+Scotchmen who had been previously appointed, and who were awaiting his
+arrival. He entered Edinburgh with great pomp and parade, all Scotland
+flocking to the capital to witness the festivities. The coronation
+took place three days afterward. He met the Scotch Parliament, and,
+for form's sake, took a part in the proceedings, so as actually to
+exercise his royal authority as King of Scotland. This being over, he
+was conducted in great state back to Berwick, which is on the
+frontier, and thence he returned by rapid journeys to London.
+
+The king dissolved his last Parliament in 1629. He had now been
+endeavoring for four or five years to govern alone. He succeeded
+tolerably well, so far as external appearances indicated, up to this
+time. There was, however, beneath the surface, a deep-seated
+discontent, which was constantly widening and extending, and, soon
+after the return of the king from Scotland, real difficulties
+gradually arose, by which he was, in the end, compelled to call a
+Parliament again. What these difficulties were will be explained in
+the subsequent chapters.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+ARCHBISHOP LAUD.
+
+1633-1639
+
+Archbishop Laud.--The Church.--System of the English Church.--The
+Archbishop of Canterbury.--Canterbury.--The
+Cathedral.--Officers.--Laud made archbishop.--His business
+capacity.--Laud's character.--Episcopacy in England and the
+United States.--Opposition to the Established Church.--The
+Puritans.--Disputes about the services of the Church.--Controversy
+about amusements on Sunday.--Laud's contention with the
+judges.--Severe punishments for expression of opinion.--Case
+of Lilburne.--His indomitable spirit.--The young lawyer's
+toast.--Ingenious plea.--Laud's designs upon the Scotch
+Church.--Motives of Laud and the king.--The Liturgy.--The
+Scotch.--Laud prepares them a Liturgy.--Times of tumult.--Preaching
+to an empty church.--The Scotch rebel.--The king's fool.--A
+general assembly called in Scotland.--The king's expedition to the
+north.--The army at York.--The oath.--The king's march.--Artifice
+of the Scots.--The compromise.--The army disbanded.--The king's
+difficulties.--He thinks of a Parliament.
+
+
+In getting so deeply involved in difficulties with his people, King
+Charles did not act alone. He had, as we have already explained, a
+great deal of help. There were many men of intelligence and rank who
+entertained the same opinions that he did, or who were, at least,
+willing to adopt them for the sake of office and power. These men he
+drew around him. He gave them office and power, and they joined him in
+the efforts he made to defend and enlarge the royal prerogative, and
+to carry on the government by the exercise of it. One of the most
+prominent and distinguished of these men was Laud.
+
+The reader must understand that _the Church_, in England, is very
+different from any thing that exists under the same name in this
+country. Its bishops and clergy are supported by revenues derived from
+a vast amount of property which belongs to the Church itself. This
+property is entirely independent of all control by the people of the
+parishes. The clergyman, as soon as he is appointed, comes into
+possession of it in his own right; and he is not appointed by the
+people, but by some nobleman or high officer of state, who has
+_inherited_ the right to appoint the clergyman of that particular
+parish. There are bishops, also, who have very large revenues,
+likewise independent; and over these bishops is one great dignitary,
+who presides in lofty state over the whole system. This officer is
+called the Archbishop of Canterbury. There is one other archbishop,
+called the Archbishop of York; but his realm is much more limited and
+less important. The Archbishop of Canterbury is styled the Lord
+Primate of all England. His rank is above that of all the peers of the
+realm. He crowns the kings. He has two magnificent palaces, one at
+Canterbury and one at London, and has very large revenues, also, to
+enable him to maintain a style of living in accordance with his rank.
+He has the superintendence of all the affairs of the Church for the
+whole realm, except a small portion pertaining to the archbishopric of
+York. His palace in London is on the bank of the Thames, opposite
+Westminster. It is called Lambeth Palace.
+
+[Illustration: LAMBETH PALACE.]
+
+The city of Canterbury, which is the chief seat of his dominion, is
+southeast of London, not very far from the sea. The Cathedral is
+there, which is the archbishop's church. It is more than five hundred
+feet in length, and the tower is nearly two hundred and fifty feet
+high. The magnificence of the architecture and the decorations of the
+building correspond with its size. There is a large company of
+clergymen and other officers attached to the service of the Cathedral.
+They are more than a hundred in number. The palace of the archbishop
+is near.
+
+The Church was thus, in the days of Charles, a complete realm of
+itself, with its own property, its own laws, its own legislature, and
+courts, and judges, its own capital, and its own monarch. It was
+entirely independent of the mass of the people in all these respects,
+as all these things were wholly controlled by the bishops and clergy,
+and the clergy were generally appointed by the noblemen, and the
+bishops by the king. This made the system almost entirely independent
+of the community at large; and as there was organized under it a vast
+amount of wealth, and influence, and power, the Archbishop of
+Canterbury, who presided over the whole, was as great in authority as
+he was in rank and honor. Now Laud was Archbishop of Canterbury.
+
+King Charles had made him so. He had observed that Laud, who had been
+advanced to some high stations in the Church by his father, King
+James, was desirous to enlarge and strengthen the powers and
+prerogatives of the Church, just as he himself was endeavoring to do
+in respect to those of the throne. He accordingly promoted him from
+one post of influence and honor to another, until he made him at last
+Archbishop of Canterbury. Thus he was placed upon the summit of
+ecclesiastical grandeur and power.
+
+He commenced his work, however, of strengthening and aggrandizing the
+Church, before he was appointed to this high office. He was Bishop of
+London for many years, which is a post, in some respects, second only
+to that of Archbishop of Canterbury. While in this station, he was
+appointed by the king to many high civil offices. He had great
+capacity for the transaction of business, and for the fulfillment of
+high trusts, whether of Church or state. He was a man of great
+integrity and moral worth. He was stern and severe in manners but
+learned and accomplished. His whole soul was bent on what he
+undoubtedly considered the great duty of his life, supporting and
+confirming the authority of the king and the power and influence of
+English Episcopacy. Notwithstanding his high qualifications, however,
+many persons were jealous of the influence which he possessed with the
+king, and murmured against the appointment of a churchman to such high
+offices of state.
+
+There was another source of hostility to Laud. There was a large part
+of the people of England who were against the Church of England
+altogether. They did not like a system in which all power and
+influence came, as it were, from above downward. The king made the
+noblemen, the noblemen made the bishops, the bishops made the clergy,
+and the clergy ruled their flocks; the flocks themselves having
+nothing to say or do but to submit. It is very different with
+Episcopacy in this country. The people here choose the clergy, and the
+clergy choose the bishops, so that power in the Church, as in every
+thing else here, goes from below upward. The two systems, when at
+rest, look very similar in the two countries; but when in action, the
+current of life flows in contrary directions, making the two
+diametrically opposite to each other in spirit and power. In England,
+Episcopacy is an engine by which the people are ecclesiastically
+governed. Here, it is the machinery by which they govern. Thus, though
+the forms appear similar, the action is very diverse.
+
+Now in England there was a large and increasing party that hated and
+opposed the whole Episcopal system. Laud, to counteract this tendency,
+attempted to define, and enlarge, and extend that system as far as
+possible. He made the most of all the ceremonies of worship, and
+introduced others, which were, indeed, not exactly new, but rather
+ancient ones revived. He did this conscientiously, no doubt, thinking
+that these forms of devotion were adapted to impress the soul of the
+worshiper, and lead him to feel, in his heart, the reverence which his
+outward action expressed. Many of the people, however, bitterly
+opposed these things. They considered it a return to popery. The more
+that Laud, and those who acted with him, attempted to magnify the
+rites and the powers of the Church, the more these persons began to
+abhor every thing of the kind. They wanted Christianity itself, _in
+its purity_, uncontaminated, as they said, by these popish and
+idolatrous forms. They were called _Puritans_.
+
+There were a great many things which seem to us at the present day of
+very little consequence, which were then the subjects of endless
+disputes and of the most bitter animosity. For instance, one point was
+whether the place where the communion was to be administered should be
+called the communion table or the altar; and in what part of the
+church it should stand; and whether the person officiating should be
+called a priest or a clergyman; and whether he should wear one kind of
+dress or another. Great importance was attached to these things; but
+it was not on their own account, but on account of their bearing on
+the question whether the Lord's Supper was to be considered only a
+ceremony commemorative of Christ's death, or whether it was, whenever
+celebrated by a regularly authorized priest, _a real renewal_ of the
+sacrifice of Christ, as the Catholics maintained. Calling the
+communion table an altar, and the officiating minister a priest, and
+clothing him in a sacerdotal garb, countenanced the idea of a renewal
+of the sacrifice of Christ. Laud and his co-adjutors urged the adoption
+of all these and similar usages. The Puritans detested them, because
+they detested and abhorred the doctrine which they seemed to imply.
+
+Another great topic of controversy was the subject of amusements. It
+is a very singular circumstance, that in those branches of the
+Christian Church where rites and forms are most insisted upon, the
+greatest latitude is allowed in respect to the gayeties and amusements
+of social life. Catholic Paris is filled with theaters and dancing,
+and the Sabbath is a holiday. In London, on the other hand, the number
+of theaters is small, dancing is considered as an amusement of a more
+or less equivocal character, and the Sabbath is rigidly observed; and
+among all the simple Democratic churches of New England, to dance or
+to attend the theater is considered almost morally wrong. It was just
+so in the days of Laud. He wished to encourage amusements among the
+people, particularly on Sunday, after church. This was partly for the
+purpose of counteracting the efforts of those who were inclined to
+Puritan views. They attached great importance to their sermons and
+lectures, for in them they could address and influence the people. But
+by means of these addresses, as Laud thought, they put ideas of
+insubordination into the minds of the people, and encroached on the
+authority of the Church and of the king. To prevent this, the
+High-Church party wished to exalt the _prayers_ in the Church service,
+and to give as little place and influence as possible to the sermon,
+and to draw off the attention of the people from the discussions and
+exhortations of the preachers by encouraging games, dances, and
+amusements of all kinds.
+
+The judges in one of the counties, at a regular court held by them,
+once passed an order forbidding certain revels and carousals connected
+with the Church service, on account of the immoralities and disorders,
+as they alleged, to which they gave rise; and they ordered that public
+notice to this effect should be given by the bishop. The archbishop,
+Laud, considered this an interference on the part of the civil
+magistrates, with the powers and prerogatives of the Church. He had
+the judges brought before the council, and censured there; and they
+were required by the council to revoke their order at the next court.
+The judges did so, but in such a way as to show that they did it
+simply in obedience to the command of the king's council. The people,
+or at least all of them who were inclined to Puritan views, sided
+with the judges, and were more strict in abstaining from all such
+amusements on Sunday than ever. This, of course, made those who were
+on the side of Laud more determined to promote these gayeties. Thus,
+as neither party pursued, in the least degree, a generous or
+conciliatory course toward the other, the difference between them
+widened more and more. The people of the country were fast becoming
+either bigoted High-Churchmen or fanatical Puritans.
+
+Laud employed the power of the Star Chamber a great deal in the
+accomplishment of his purpose of enforcing entire submission to the
+ecclesiastical authority of the Church. He even had persons sometimes
+punished very severely for words of disrespect, or for writings in
+which they censured what they considered the tyranny under which they
+suffered. This severe punishment for the mere expression of opinion
+only served to fix the opinion more firmly, and disseminate it more
+widely. Sometimes men would glory in their sufferings for this cause,
+and bid the authorities defiance.
+
+One man, for instance, named Lilburne, was brought before the Star
+Chamber, charged with publishing seditious pamphlets. Now, in all
+ordinary courts of justice, no man is called upon to say any thing
+against himself. Unless his crime can be proved by the testimony of
+others, it can not be proved at all. But in the Star Chamber, whoever
+was brought to trial had to take an oath at first that he would answer
+all questions asked, even if they tended to criminate himself. When
+they proposed this oath to Lilburne, he refused to take it. They
+decided that this was contempt of court, and sentenced him to be
+whipped, put in the pillory, and imprisoned. While they were whipping
+him, he spent the time in making a speech to the spectators against
+the tyranny of bishops, referring to Laud, whom he considered as the
+author of these proceedings. He continued to do the same while in the
+pillory. As he passed along, too, he distributed copies of the
+pamphlets which he was prosecuted for writing. The Star Chamber,
+hearing that he was haranguing the mob, ordered him to be gagged. This
+did not subdue him. He began to stamp with his foot and gesticulate;
+thus continuing to express his indomitable spirit of hostility to the
+tyranny which he opposed. This single case would be of no great
+consequence alone, but it was not alone. The attempt to put Lilburne
+down was a symbol of the experiment of coercion which Charles in the
+state, and Laud in the Church, were trying upon the whole nation; it
+was a symbol both in respect to the means employed, and to the success
+attained by them.
+
+One curious case is related, which turned out more fortunately than
+usual for the parties accused. Some young lawyers in London were
+drinking at an evening entertainment, and among other toasts they
+drank confusion to the Archbishop of Canterbury. One of the waiters,
+who heard them, mentioned the circumstance, and they were brought
+before the Star Chamber. Before their trial came on, they applied to a
+certain nobleman to know what they should do. "Where was the waiter,"
+asked the nobleman, "when you drank the toast?" "At the door." "Oh!
+very well, then," said he; "tell the court that he only heard a part
+of the toast, as he was going out; and that the words really were,
+'Confusion to the Archbishop of Canterbury's enemies.'" By this
+ingenious plea, and by means of a great appearance of humility and
+deference in the presence of the archbishop, the lawyers escaped with
+a reprimand.
+
+Laud was not content with establishing and confirming throughout all
+England the authority of the Church, but attempted to extend the same
+system to Scotland. When King Charles went to Scotland to be crowned,
+he took Laud with him. He was pleased with Laud's endeavors to enlarge
+and confirm the powers of the Church, and wished to aid him in the
+work. There were two reasons for this. One was, that the same class of
+men, the Puritans, were the natural enemies of both, so that the king
+and the archbishop were drawn together by having one common foe. Then,
+as the places in the Church were not hereditary, but were filled by
+appointments from the king and the great nobles, whatever power the
+Church could get into its hands could be employed by the king to
+strengthen his own authority, and keep his subjects in subjection.
+
+We must not, however, censure the king and his advisers too strongly
+for this plan. They doubtless were ambitious; they loved power; they
+wished to bear sway, unresisted and unquestioned, over the whole
+realm. But then the king probably thought that the exercise of such a
+government was necessary for the order and prosperity of the realm,
+besides being his inherent and indefeasible right. Good and bad
+motives were doubtless mingled here, as in all human action; but then
+the king was, in the main, doing what he supposed it was his duty to
+do. In proposing, therefore, to build up the Church in Scotland, and
+to make it conform to the English Church in its rites and ceremonies,
+he and Laud doubtless supposed that they were going greatly to improve
+the government of the sister kingdom.
+
+There was in those days, as now, in the English Church, a certain
+prescribed course of prayers, and psalms, and Scripture lessons, for
+each day, to be read from a book by the minister. This was called the
+Liturgy. The Puritans did not like a Liturgy. It tied men up, and did
+not leave the individual mind of the preacher at liberty to range
+freely, as they wished it to do, in conducting the devotional
+services. It was on this very account that the friends of strong
+government _did_ like it. They wished to curtail this liberty, which,
+however, they called license, and which they thought made mischief. In
+extemporaneous prayers, it is often easy to see that the speaker is
+aiming much more directly at producing a salutary effect on the minds
+of his hearers than at simply presenting petitions to the Supreme
+Being. But, notwithstanding this evil, the existence of which no
+candid man can deny, the enemies of forms, who are generally friends
+of the largest liberty, think it best to leave the clergyman free. The
+friends of forms, however, prefer forms on this very account. They
+like what they consider the wholesome and salutary restraints which
+they impose.
+
+Now there has always been a great spirit of freedom in the Scottish
+mind. That people have ever been unwilling to submit to coercion or
+restraints. There is probably no race of men on earth that would make
+worse slaves than the Scotch. Their sturdy independence and
+determination to be free could never be subdued. In the days of
+Charles they were particularly fond of freely exercising their own
+minds, and of speaking freely to others on the subject of religion.
+They thought for themselves, sometimes right and sometimes wrong; but
+they would think, and they would express their thoughts; and their
+being thus unaccustomed, in one particular, to submit to restraints,
+rendered them more difficult to be governed in others. Laud thought,
+consequently, that _they_, particularly, needed a Liturgy. He prepared
+one for them. It was varied somewhat from the English Liturgy, though
+it was substantially the same. The king proclaimed it, and required
+the bishops to see that it was employed in all the churches in
+Scotland.
+
+The day for introducing the Liturgy was the signal for riots all over
+the kingdom. In the principal church in Edinburgh they called out "_A
+pope! A pope!_" when the clergyman came in with his book and his
+pontifical robes. The bishop ascended the pulpit to address the people
+to appease them, and a stool came flying through the air at his head.
+The police then expelled the congregation, and the clergyman went
+through with the service of the Liturgy in the empty church, the
+congregation outside, in great tumult, accompanying the exercises with
+cries of disapprobation and resentment, and with volleys of stones
+against the doors and windows.
+
+The Scotch sent a sort of embassador to London to represent to the
+king that the hostility to the Liturgy was so universal and so strong
+that it could not be enforced. But the king and his council had the
+same conscientious scruples about giving up in a contest with
+subjects, that a teacher or a parent, in our day, would feel in the
+case of resistance from children or scholars. The king sent down a
+proclamation that the observance of the Liturgy must be insisted on.
+The Scotch prepared to resist. They sent delegates to Edinburgh, and
+organized a sort of government. They raised armies. They took
+possession of the king's castles. They made a solemn covenant, binding
+themselves to insist on religious freedom. In a word, all Scotland was
+in rebellion.
+
+It was the custom in those days to have, connected with the court,
+some half-witted person, who used to be fantastically dressed, and to
+have great liberty of speech, and whose province was to amuse the
+courtiers. He was called the _king's jester_, or, more commonly, _the
+fool_. The name of King Charles's fool was Archy. After this rebellion
+broke out, and all England was aghast at the extent of the mischief
+which Laud's Liturgy had done, the fool, seeing the archbishop go by
+one day, called out to him, "My lord! who is the fool now!" The
+archbishop, as if to leave no possible doubt in respect to the proper
+answer to the question, had poor Archy tried and punished. His
+sentence was to have his coat pulled up over his head, and to be
+dismissed from the king's service. If Laud had let the affair pass,
+it would have ended with a laugh in the street; but by resenting it,
+he gave it notoriety, caused it to be recorded, and has perpetuated
+the memory of the jest to all future times. He ought to have joined in
+the laugh, and rewarded Archy on the spot for so good a witticism.
+
+The Scotch, besides organizing a sort of civil government, took
+measures for summoning a general assembly of their Church. This
+assembly met at Glasgow. The nobility and gentry flocked to Glasgow at
+the time of the meeting, to encourage and sustain the assembly, and to
+manifest their interest in the proceedings. The assembly very
+deliberately went to work, and, not content with taking a stand
+against the Liturgy which Charles had imposed, they abolished the
+fabric of Episcopacy--that is, the government of bishops--altogether.
+Thus Laud's attempt to perfect and confirm the system resulted in
+expelling it completely from the kingdom. It has never held up its
+head in Scotland since. They established Presbyterianism in its place,
+which is a sort of republican system, the pastors being all officially
+equal to each other, though banded together under a common government
+administered by themselves.
+
+The king was determined to put down this rebellion at all hazards. He
+had made such good use of the various irregular modes of raising money
+which have been already described, and had been so economical in the
+use of it, that he had now quite a sum of money in his treasury; and
+had it not been for the attempt to enforce the unfortunate Liturgy
+upon the people of Scotland, he might, perhaps, have gone on reigning
+without a Parliament to the end of his days. He had now about two
+hundred thousand pounds, by means of which, together with what he
+could borrow, he hoped to make one single demonstration of force which
+would bring the rebellion to an end. He raised an army and equipped a
+fleet. He issued a proclamation summoning all the peers of the realm
+to attend him. He moved with this great concourse from London toward
+the north, the whole country looking on as spectators to behold the
+progress of this great expedition, by which their monarch was going to
+attempt to subdue again his _other_ kingdom.
+
+Charles advanced to the city of York, the great city of the north of
+England. Here he paused and established his court, with all possible
+pomp and parade. His design was to impress the Scots with such an
+idea of the greatness of the power which was coming to overwhelm them
+as to cause them to submit at once. But all this show was very hollow
+and delusive. The army felt a greater sympathy with the Scots than
+they did with the king. The complaints against Charles's government
+were pretty much the same in both countries. A great many Scotchmen
+came to York while the king was there, and the people from all the
+country round flocked thither too, drawn by the gay spectacles
+connected with the presence of such a court and army. The Scotchmen
+disseminated their complaints thus among the English people, and
+finally the king and his council, finding indications of so extensive
+a disaffection, had a form of an oath prepared, which they required
+all the principal persons to take, acknowledging allegiance to
+Charles, and denying that they had any intelligence or correspondence
+with the enemy. The Scotchmen all took the oath very readily, though
+some of the English refused.
+
+At any rate, the state of things was not such as to intimidate the
+Scotch, and lead them, as the king had hoped, to sue for peace. So he
+concluded to move on toward the borders. He went to Newcastle, and
+thence to Berwick. From Berwick he moved along the banks of the Tweed,
+which here forms the boundary between the two kingdoms, and, finding a
+suitable place for such a purpose, the king had his royal tent
+pitched, and his army encamped around him.
+
+Now, as King Charles had undertaken to subdue the Scots by a show of
+force, it seems they concluded to defend themselves by a show too,
+though theirs was a cheaper and more simple contrivance than his. They
+advanced with about three thousand men to a place distant perhaps
+seven miles from the English camp. The king sent an army of five
+thousand men to attack them. The Scotch, in the mean time, collected
+great herds of cattle from all the country around, as the historians
+say, and arranged them behind their little army in such a way as to
+make the whole appear a vast body of soldiers. A troop of horsemen,
+who were the advanced part of the English army, came in sight of this
+formidable host first, and, finding their numbers so much greater than
+they had anticipated, they fell back, and ordered the artillery and
+foot-soldiers who were coming up to retreat, and all together came
+back to the encampment. There were two or three military enterprises
+of similar character, in which nothing was done but to encourage the
+Scotch and dishearten the English. In fact, neither officers,
+soldiers, nor king wished to proceed to extremities. The officers and
+soldiers did not wish to fight the Scotch, and the king, knowing the
+state of his army, did not really dare to do it.
+
+Finally, all the king's council advised him to give up the pretended
+contest, and to settle the difficulty by a compromise. Accordingly, in
+June, negotiations were commenced, and before the end of the month
+articles were signed. The king probably made the best terms he could,
+but it was universally considered that the Scots gained the victory.
+The king disbanded his army, and returned to London. The Scotch
+leaders went back to Edinburgh. Soon after this the Parliament and the
+General Assembly of the Church convened, and these bodies took the
+whole management of the realm into their own hands. They sent
+commissioners to London to see and confer with the king, and these
+commissioners seemed almost to assume the character of embassadors
+from a foreign state. These negotiations, and the course which affairs
+were taking in Scotland, soon led to new difficulties. The king found
+that he was losing his kingdom of Scotland altogether. It seemed,
+however, as if there was nothing that he could do to regain it. His
+reserved funds were gone, and his credit was exhausted. There was no
+resource left but to call a Parliament and ask for supplies. He might
+have known, however, that this would be useless, for there was so
+strong a fellow-feeling with the Scotch in their alleged grievances
+among the people of England, that he could not reasonably expect any
+response from the latter, in whatever way he might appeal to them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE EARL OF STRAFFORD.
+
+1621-1640
+
+The Earl of Strafford.--His early life.--Strafford's course in
+Parliament.--His opposition to the king.--The leaders removed.--The
+opposition still continues.--Wentworth imprisoned.--His return
+to Parliament.--Wentworth is courted.--He goes over to the king.--The
+king appoints Wentworth to office.--Wentworth is appointed President
+of the North.--Wentworth appointed to the government of
+Ireland.--Wentworth's arbitrary government.--He is made an
+earl.--Difficulties.--Laud's administration of his office.--Defense
+of Episcopacy.--Progress of non-conformity.--A Parliament
+called.--Strafford appointed commander-in-chief.--Meeting of
+Parliament.--The king's speech.--Address of the lord
+keeper.--Grievances.--Messages.--Parliament dissolved.--The Scots
+cross the borders and invade England.--March of the Scots.--The king
+goes to York.--Defeat of the English.--Perplexities and dangers.--The
+king calls a council of peers.--Message from the Scots.--The king
+compromises with the Scots.--Opposition of Strafford.--Strafford
+desires to return to Ireland.--The king's promised protection.
+
+
+During the time that the king had been engaged in the attempt to
+govern England without Parliaments, he had, besides Laud, a very
+efficient co-operator, known in English history by the name of the
+Earl of Strafford. This title of Earl of Strafford was conferred upon
+him by the king as a reward for his services. His father's name was
+Wentworth. He was born in London, and the Christian name given to him
+was Thomas. He was educated at the University of Cambridge, and was
+much distinguished for his talents and his personal accomplishments.
+After finishing his education, he traveled for some time on the
+Continent, visiting foreign cities and courts, and studying the
+languages, manners, and customs of other nations. He returned at
+length to England. He was made a knight. His father died when he was
+about twenty-one, and left him a large fortune. He was about seven
+years older than King Charles, so that all these circumstances took
+place before the commencement of Charles's reign. For many years after
+this he was very extensively known in England as a gentleman of large
+fortune and great abilities, by the name of Sir Thomas Wentworth.
+
+Sir Thomas Wentworth was a member of Parliament in those days, and in
+the contests between the king and the Parliament he took the side of
+Parliament. Charles used to maintain that _his_ power alone was
+hereditary and sovereign; that the Parliament was his council; and
+that they had no powers or privileges except what he himself or his
+ancestors had granted and allowed them. Wentworth took very strong
+ground against this. He urged Parliament to maintain that their rights
+and privileges were inherent and hereditary as well as those of the
+king; that such powers as they possessed were their own, and were
+entirely independent of royal grant or permission; and that the king
+could no more encroach upon the privileges of Parliament, than
+Parliament upon the prerogatives of the king. This was in the
+beginning of the difficulties between the king and the Commons.
+
+It will, perhaps, be recollected by the reader, that one of the plans
+which Charles adopted to weaken the opposition to him in Parliament
+was by appointing six of the leaders of this opposition to the office
+of sheriff in their several counties. And as the general theory of all
+monarchies is that the subjects are bound to obey and serve the king,
+these men were obliged to leave their seats in Parliament and go home,
+to serve as sheriffs. Charles and his council supposed that the rest
+would be more quiet and submissive when the leaders of the party
+opposed to him were taken away. But the effect was the reverse. The
+Commons were incensed at such a mode of interfering with their action,
+and became more hostile to the royal power than ever.
+
+Wentworth himself, too, was made more determined in his opposition by
+this treatment. A short time after this, the king's plan of a forced
+loan was adopted, which has already been described; that is, a sum of
+money was assessed in the manner of a tax upon all the people of the
+kingdom, and each man was required to lend his proportion to the
+government. The king admitted that he had no right to make people
+_give_ money without the action of Parliament, but claimed the right
+to require them to _lend_ it. As Sir Thomas Wentworth was a man of
+large fortune, his share of the loan was considerable. He absolutely
+refused to pay it. The king then brought him before a court which was
+entirely under royal control, and he was condemned to be imprisoned.
+Knowing, however, that this claim on the part of the king was very
+doubtful, they mitigated the punishment by allowing him first a range
+of two miles around his place of confinement, and afterward they
+released him entirely.
+
+He was chosen a member of Parliament again, and he returned to his
+seat more powerful and influential than ever. Buckingham, who had been
+his greatest enemy, was now dead, and the king, finding that he had
+great abilities and a spirit that would not yield to intimidation or
+force, concluded to try kindness and favors.
+
+In fact, there are two different modes by which sovereigns in all ages
+and countries endeavor to neutralize the opposition of popular
+leaders. One is by intimidating them with threats and punishments, and
+the other buying them off with appointments and honors. Some of the
+king's high officers of state began to cultivate the acquaintance of
+Wentworth, and to pay him attentions and civilities. He could not but
+feel gratified with these indications of their regard. They
+complimented his talents and his powers, and represented to him that
+such abilities ought to be employed in the service of the state.
+Finally, the king conferred upon him the title of baron. Common
+gratitude for these marks of distinction and honor held him back from
+any violent opposition to the king. His enemies said he was bought off
+by honors and rewards. No doubt he was ambitious, and, like all other
+politicians, his supreme motive was love of consideration and honor.
+This was doubtless his motive in what he had done in behalf of the
+Parliament. But all that he could do as a popular leader in Parliament
+was to acquire a general ascendency over men's minds, and make himself
+a subject of fame and honor. All places of real authority were
+exclusively under the king's control, and he could only rise to such
+stations through the sovereign's favor. In a word, he could acquire
+only _influence_ as a leader in Parliament, while the king could give
+him _power_.
+
+Kings can exercise, accordingly, a great control over the minds of
+legislators by offering them office; and King Charles, after finding
+that his first advances to Wentworth were favorably received,
+appointed him one of his Privy Council. Wentworth accepted the office.
+His former friends considered that in doing this he was deserting
+them, and betraying the cause which he had at first espoused and
+defended. The country at large were much displeased with him, finding
+that he had forsaken their cause, and placed himself in a position to
+act against them.
+
+Persons who change sides in politics or in religion are very apt to go
+from one extreme to another. Their former friends revile them, and
+they, in retaliation, act more and more energetically against them. It
+was so with Strafford. He gradually engaged more and more fully and
+earnestly in upholding the king. Finally, the king appointed him to a
+very high station, called the Presidency of the North. His office was
+to govern the whole north of England--of course, under the direction
+of the king and council. There were four counties under his
+jurisdiction, and the king gave him a commission which clothed him
+with enormous powers--powers greater, as all the people thought, than
+the king had any right to bestow.
+
+Strafford proceeded to the north, and entered upon the government of
+his realm there, with a determination to carry out all the king's
+plans to the utmost. From being an ardent advocate of the rights of
+the people, as he was at the commencement of his career, he became a
+most determined and uncompromising supporter of the arbitrary power of
+the king. He insisted on the collection of money from the people, in
+all the ways that the king claimed the power to collect it by
+authority of his prerogative; and he was so strict and exacting in
+doing this, that he raised the revenue to four or five times what any
+of his predecessors had been able to collect. This, of course, pleased
+King Charles and his government extremely; for it was at a time during
+which the king was attempting to govern without a Parliament, and
+every accession to his funds was of extreme importance. Laud, too, the
+archbishop, was highly gratified with his exertions and his success,
+and the king looked upon Laud and Wentworth as the two most efficient
+supporters of his power. They were, in fact, the two most efficient
+promoters of his destruction.
+
+Of course, the people of the north hated him. While he was earning the
+applause of the archbishop and the king, and entitling himself to new
+honors and increased power, he was sewing the seeds of the bitterest
+animosity in the hearts of the people every where. Still he enjoyed
+all the external marks of consideration and honor. The President of
+the North was a sort of king. He was clothed with great powers, and
+lived in great state and splendor. He had many attendants, and the
+great nobles of the land, who generally took Charles's side in the
+contests of the day, envied Wentworth's greatness and power, and
+applauded the energy and success of his administration.
+
+Ireland was, at this time, in a disturbed and disordered state, and
+Laud proposed that Wentworth should be appointed by the king to the
+government of it. A great proportion of the inhabitants were
+Catholics, and were very little disposed to submit to Protestant rule.
+Wentworth was appointed lord deputy, and afterward lord lieutenant,
+which made him king of Ireland in all but the name. Every thing, of
+course, was done in the name of Charles. He carried the same energy
+into his government here that he had exhibited in the north of
+England. He improved the condition of the country astonishingly in
+respect to trade, to revenue, and to public order. But he governed in
+the most arbitrary manner, and he boasted that he had rendered the
+king as absolute a sovereign in Ireland as any prince in the world
+could be. Such a boast from a man who had once been a very prominent
+defender of the rights of the people against this very kind of
+sovereignty, was fitted to produce a feeling of universal exasperation
+and desire of revenge. The murmurs and muttered threats which filled
+the land, though suppressed, were very deep and very strong.
+
+The king, however, and Laud, considered Wentworth as their most able
+and efficient co-adjutor; and when the difficulties in Scotland began
+to grow serious, they recalled him from Ireland, and put that country
+into the hands of another ruler. The king then advanced him to the
+rank of an earl. His title was the Earl of Strafford. As the
+subsequent parts of his history attracted more attention than those
+preceding his elevation to this earldom, he has been far more widely
+known among mankind by the name of Strafford than by his original name
+of Wentworth, which was, from this period, nearly forgotten.
+
+To return now to the troubles in Scotland. The king found that it
+would be impossible to go on without supplies, and he accordingly
+concluded, on the whole, to call a Parliament. He was in serious
+trouble. Laud was in serious trouble too. He had been indefatigably
+engaged for many years in establishing Episcopacy all over England,
+and in putting down, by force of law, all disposition to dissent from
+it; and in attempting to produce, throughout the realm, one uniform
+system of Christian faith and worship. This was his idea of the
+perfection of religious order and right. He used to make an annual
+visitation to all the bishoprics in the realm; inquire into the usages
+which prevailed there; put a stop, so far as he could, to all
+irregularities; and confirm and establish, by the most decisive
+measures, the Episcopal authority. He sent in his report to the king
+of the results of his inquiries, asking the king's aid, where his own
+powers were insufficient, for the more full accomplishment of his
+plans. But, notwithstanding all this diligence and zeal, he found that
+he met with very partial success. The irregularities, as he called
+them, which he suppressed in one place, would break out in another;
+the disposition to throw off the dominion of bishops was getting more
+and more extensive and deeply seated; and now, the result of the
+religious revolution in Scotland, and of the general excitement which
+it produced in England, was to widen and extend this feeling more than
+ever.
+
+He did not, however, give up the contest, He employed an able writer
+to draw up a defense of Episcopacy, as the true and scriptural form of
+Church government. The book, when first prepared, was moderate in its
+tone, and allowed that in some particular cases a Presbyterian mode of
+government might be admissible; but Laud, in revising the book, struck
+out these concessions as unnecessary and dangerous, and placed
+Episcopacy in full and exclusive possession of the ground, as the
+divinely instituted and only admissible form of Church government and
+discipline. He caused this book to be circulated; but the attempt to
+reason with the refractory, after having failed in the attempt to
+coerce them, is not generally very successful. The archbishop, in his
+report to the king this year of the state of things throughout his
+province, represents the spirit of non-conformity to the Church of
+England as getting too strong for him to control without more
+efficient help from the civil power; but whether it would be wise, he
+added, to undertake any more effectual coercion in the present
+distracted state of the kingdom, he left it for the king to decide.
+
+Laud proposed that the council should recommend to the king the
+calling of a Parliament. At the same time, they passed a resolution
+that, in case the Parliament "should prove peevish, and refuse to
+grant supplies, they would sustain the king in the resort to
+extraordinary measures." This was regarded as a threat, and did not
+help to prepossess the members favorably in regard to the feeling with
+which the king was to meet them. The king ordered the Parliament to be
+elected in December, but did not call them together until April. In
+the mean time, he went on raising an army, so as to have his military
+preparations in readiness. He, however, appointed a new set of
+officers to the command of this army, neglecting those who were in
+command before, as he had found them so little disposed to act
+efficiently in his cause. He supplied the leader's place with
+Strafford. This change produced very extensive murmurs of
+dissatisfaction, which, added to all the other causes of complaint,
+made the times look very dark and stormy.
+
+The Parliament assembled in April. The king went into the House of
+Lords, the Commons being, as usual, summoned to the bar. He addressed
+them as follows:
+
+    "My Lords and gentlemen,--There was never a King who had a more
+    great and weighty Cause to call his People together than myself. I
+    will not trouble you with the particulars. I have informed my lord
+    keeper, and now command him to speak, and I desire your
+    Attention."
+
+The keeper referred to was the keeper of the king's seals, who was, of
+course, a great officer of state. He made a speech, informing the
+houses, in general terms, of the king's need of money, but said that
+it was not necessary for him to explain minutely the monarch's plans,
+as they were exclusively his own concern. We may as well quote his
+words, in order to show in what light the position and province of a
+British Parliament was considered in those days.
+
+    "His majesty's kingly resolutions," said the lord keeper, "are
+    seated in the ark of his sacred breast, and it were a presumption
+    of too high a nature for any Uzzah uncalled to touch it. Yet his
+    Majesty is now pleased to lay by the shining Beams of Majesty, as
+    Phoebus did to Phaeton, that the distance between Sovereignty and
+    Subjection should not bar you of that filial freedom of Access to
+    his Person and Counsels; only let us beware how, with the Son of
+    Clymene, we aim not at the guiding of the Chariot, as if that were
+    the only Testimony of Fatherly Affection; and let us remember,
+    that though the King sometimes lays by the Beams and Rays of
+    Majesty, he never lays by Majesty itself."
+
+When the keeper had finished his speech, the king confirmed it by
+saying that he had exaggerated nothing, and the houses were left to
+their deliberations. Instead of proceeding to the business of raising
+money, they commenced an inquiry into the grievances, as they called
+them--that is, all the unjust acts and the maladministration of the
+government, of which the country had been complaining for the ten
+years during which there had been an intermission of Parliaments. The
+king did all in his power to arrest this course of procedure. He sent
+them message after message, urging them to leave these things, and
+take up first the question of supplies. He then sent a message to the
+House of Peers, requesting them to interpose and exert their influence
+to lead the Commons to act. The Peers did so. The Commons sent them
+back a reply that their interference in the business of supply, which
+belonged to the Commons alone, was a breach of their privileges.
+"And," they added, "therefore, the Commons desire their lordships in
+their wisdom to find out some way for the reparation of their
+privileges broken by that act, and to prevent the like infringement in
+future."
+
+Thus repulsed on every hand, the king gave up the hope of
+accomplishing any thing through the action of the House of Commons,
+and he suddenly determined to dissolve Parliament. The session had
+continued only about three weeks. In dissolving the Parliament the
+king took no notice of the Commons whatever, but addressed the Lords
+alone. The Commons and the whole country were incensed at such
+capricious treatment of the national Legislature.
+
+The king and his council tried all summer to get the army ready to be
+put in motion. The great difficulty, of course, was want of funds.
+The _Convocation_, which was the great council of the Church, and
+which was accustomed in those days to sit simultaneously with
+Parliament, continued their session afterward in this case, and raised
+some money for the king. The nobles of the court subscribed a
+considerable amount, also, which they lent him. They wished to sustain
+him in his contest with the Commons on their own account, and then,
+besides, they felt a personal interest in him, and a sympathy for him
+in the troubles which were thickening around him.
+
+The summer months passed away in making the preparations and getting
+the various bodies of troops ready, and the military stores collected
+at the place of rendezvous in York and Newcastle. The Scots, in the
+mean time, had been assembling their forces near the borders, and,
+being somewhat imboldened by their success in the previous campaign,
+crossed the frontier, and advanced boldly to meet the forces of the
+king.
+
+They published a manifesto, declaring that they were not entering
+England with any hostile intent toward their sovereign, but were only
+coming to present to him their humble petitions for a redress of their
+grievances, which they said they were sure he would graciously
+receive as soon as he had opportunity to learn from them how great
+their grievances had been. They respectfully requested that the people
+of England would allow them to pass safely and without molestation
+through the land, and promised to conduct themselves with the utmost
+propriety and decorum. This promise they kept. They avoided molesting
+the inhabitants in any way, and purchased fairly every thing they
+consumed. When the English officers learned that the Scotch had
+crossed the Tweed, they sent on immediately to London, to the king,
+urging him to come north at once, and join the army, with all the
+remaining forces at his command. The king did so, but it was too late.
+He arrived at York; from York he went northward to reach the van of
+his army, which had been posted at Newcastle, but on his way he was
+met by messengers saying that they were in full retreat, and that the
+Scotch had got possession of Newcastle.
+
+The circumstances of the battle were these. Newcastle is upon the
+Tyne. The banks at Newcastle are steep and high, but about four miles
+above the town is a place called Newburn, where was a meadow near the
+river, and a convenient place to cross. The Scotch advanced in a very
+slow and orderly manner to Newburn, and encamped there. The English
+sent a detachment from Newcastle to arrest their progress. The Scotch
+begged them not to interrupt their march, as they were only going to
+_present petitions to the king_! The English general, of course, paid
+no attention to this pretext. The Scotch army then attacked them and
+soon put them to flight. The routed English soldiers fled to
+Newcastle, and were there joined by all that portion of the army which
+was in Newcastle, in a rapid retreat. The Scotch took possession of
+the town, but conducted themselves in a very orderly manner, and
+bought and paid for every thing they used.
+
+The poor king was now in a situation of the most imminent and terrible
+danger. Rebel subjects were in full possession of one kingdom, and
+were now advancing at the head of victorious armies into the other. He
+himself had entirely alienated the affections of a large portion of
+his subjects, and had openly quarreled with and dismissed the
+Legislature. He had no funds, and had exhausted all possible means of
+raising funds. He was half distracted with the perplexities and
+dangers of his position.
+
+His deciding on dissolving Parliament in the spring was a hasty step,
+and he bitterly regretted it the moment the deed was done. He wished
+to recall it. He deliberated several days about the possibility of
+summoning the same members to meet again, and constituting them again
+a Parliament. But the lawyers insisted that this could not be done. A
+dissolution was a dissolution. The Parliament, once dissolved, was no
+more. It could not be brought to life again. There must be new orders
+to the country to proceed to new elections. To do this at once would
+have been too humiliating for the king. He now found, however, that
+the necessity for it could no longer be postponed. There was such a
+thing in the English history as a council of peers alone, called in a
+sudden emergency which did not allow of time for the elections
+necessary to constitute the House of Commons. Charles called such a
+council of peers to meet at York, and they immediately assembled.
+
+In the mean time the Scotch sent embassadors to York, saying to the
+king that they were advancing to lay their grievances before him! They
+expressed great sorrow and regret at the victory which they had been
+compelled to gain over some forces that had attempted to prevent them
+from getting access to their sovereign. The king laid this
+communication before the lords, and asked their advice what to do; and
+also asked them to counsel him how he should provide funds to keep his
+army together until a Parliament could be convened. The lords advised
+him to appoint commissioners to meet the Scotch, and endeavor to
+compromise the difficulties; and to send to the city of London, asking
+that corporation to lend him a small sum until Parliament could be
+assembled.
+
+This advice was followed. A temporary treaty was made with the rebels,
+although making a treaty with rebels is perhaps the most humiliating
+thing that a hereditary sovereign is ever compelled to do. The Earl of
+Strafford was, however, entirely opposed to this policy. He urged the
+king most earnestly not to give up the contest without a more decisive
+struggle. He represented to him the danger of beginning to yield to
+the torrent which he now began to see would overwhelm them all if it
+was allowed to have its way. He tried to persuade the king that the
+Scots might yet be driven back, and that it would be possible to get
+along without a Parliament. He dreaded a Parliament. The king,
+however, and his other advisers, thought that they must yield a little
+to the storm. Strafford then wanted to be allowed to return to his
+post in Ireland, where he thought that he should probably be safe from
+the terrible enmity which he must have known that he had awakened in
+England, and which he thought a Parliament would concentrate and bring
+upon his devoted head. But the king would not consent to this. He
+assured Strafford that if a Parliament should assemble, he would take
+care that they should not hurt a hair of his head. Unfortunate
+monarch! How little he foresaw that that very Parliament, from whose
+violence he thus promised to defend his favorite servant so completely
+as to insure him from the slightest injury, would begin by taking off
+his favorite's head, and end with taking off his own!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+DOWNFALL OF STRAFFORD AND LAUD
+
+1640-1641
+
+Opening of the new Parliament.--The king's speech.--Attacks on
+Strafford and Laud.--Speeches against them.--Feelings of
+hostility.--Bill of attainder.--Mode of proceeding.--The
+trial.--Proceedings against Strafford.--Arrest of Strafford.--Usher of
+the black rod.--Laud threatened with violence.--Arrest of Laud on the
+charge of treason.--Laud's speech.--His confinement.--Trial of
+Strafford.--Unjust conduct of the Commons.--Arrangements at
+Westminster Hall.--Charges.--Imposing scene.--Strafford's able and
+eloquent defense.--The charge of treason a mere pretext.--Vote on the
+bill of attainder.--Interposition of the king.--Clamor of the
+populace.--Condemnation.--The king hesitates about signing the
+bill.--The Tower.--Strafford's letter to the king.--The king signs the
+bill.--Strafford's surprise.--The king asks mercy for
+Strafford.--Mercy refused.--Strafford's message to Laud.--Composure of
+Strafford.--His execution.--Execution of Laud.--His firmness.
+
+
+The Parliament assembled in November, 1640. The king proceeded to
+London to attend it. He left Strafford in command of the army at York.
+Active hostilities had been suspended, as a sort of temporary truce
+had been concluded with the Scots, to prepare the way for a final
+treaty. Strafford had been entirely opposed to this, being still full
+of energy and courage. The king, however, began to feel alarmed. He
+went to London to meet the Parliament which he had summoned, but he
+was prepared to meet them in a very different spirit from that which
+he had manifested on former occasions. He even gave up all the
+external circumstances of pomp and parade with which the opening of
+Parliament had usually been attended. He had been accustomed to go to
+the House of Lords in state, with a numerous retinue and great parade.
+Now he was conveyed from his palace along the river in a barge, in a
+quiet and unostentatious manner. His opening speech, too, was
+moderate and conciliatory. In a word, it was pretty evident to the
+Commons that the proud and haughty spirit of their royal master was
+beginning to be pretty effectually humbled.
+
+Of course, now, in proportion as the king should falter, the Commons
+would grow bold. The House immediately began to attack Laud and
+Strafford in their speeches. It is the theory of the British
+Constitution that the king can do no wrong; whatever criminality at
+any time attaches to the acts of his administration, belongs to his
+_advisers_, not to himself. The speakers condemned, in most decided
+terms, the arbitrary and tyrannical course which the government had
+pursued during the intermission of Parliaments, but charged it all,
+not to the king, but to Strafford and Laud. Strafford had been, as
+they considered, the responsible person in civil and military affairs,
+and Laud in those of the Church. These speeches were made to try the
+temper of the House and of the country, and see whether there was
+hostility enough to Laud and Strafford in the House and in the
+country, and boldness enough in the expression of it, to warrant their
+impeachment.
+
+The attacks thus made in the House against the two ministers were
+made very soon. Within a week after the opening of Parliament, one of
+the members, after declaiming a long time against the encroachments
+and tyranny of Archbishop Laud, whose title, according to English
+usage, was "his Grace," said he hoped that, before the year ran round,
+his grace would either have more grace or no grace at all; "for," he
+added, "our manifold griefs do fill a mighty and vast circumference,
+yet in such a manner that from every part our lines of sorrow do meet
+in him, and point at him the center, from whence our miseries in this
+Church, and many of them in the Commonwealth, do flow." He said, also,
+that if they must submit to a pope, he would rather obey one that was
+as far off as the Tiber, than to have him come as near as the Thames.
+
+Similar denunciations were made against Strafford, and they awakened
+no opposition. On the contrary, it was found that the feeling of
+hostility against both the ministers was so universal and so strong,
+that the leaders began to think seriously of an impeachment on a
+charge of high treason. High treason is the greatest crime known to
+the English law, and the punishment for it, especially in the case of
+a peer of the realm, is very terrible. This punishment was generally
+inflicted by what was called a bill of attainder, which brought with
+it the worst of penalties. It implied the perfect destruction of the
+criminal in every sense. He was to lose his life by having his head
+cut off upon a block. His body, according to the strict letter of the
+law, was to be mutilated in a manner too shocking to be here
+described. His children were disinherited, and his property all
+forfeited. This was considered as the consequence of the _attainting_
+of the blood, which rendered it corrupt, and incapable of transmitting
+an inheritance. In fact, it was the intention of the bill of attainder
+to brand the wretched object of it with complete and perpetual infamy.
+
+The proceedings, too, in the impeachment and trial of a high minister
+of state, were always very imposing and solemn. The impeachment must
+be moved by the Commons, and tried by the Peers. A peer of the realm
+could be tried by no inferior tribunal. When the Commons proposed
+bringing articles of impeachment against an officer of state, they
+sent first a messenger to the House of Peers to ask them to arrest the
+person whom they intended to accuse, and to hold him for trial until
+they should have their articles prepared. The House of Peers would
+comply with this request, and a time would be appointed for the trial.
+The Commons would frame the charges, and appoint a certain number of
+their members to manage the prosecution. They would collect evidence,
+and get every thing ready for the trial. When the time arrived, the
+chamber of the House of Peers would be arranged as a court room, or
+they would assemble in some other hall more suitable for the purpose,
+the prisoner would be brought to the bar, the commissioners on the
+part of the Commons would appear with their documents and their
+evidence, persons of distinction would assemble to listen to the
+proceedings, and the trial would go on.
+
+It was in accordance with this routine that the Commons commenced
+proceedings against the Earl of Strafford, very soon after the opening
+of the session, by appointing a committee to inquire whether there was
+any just cause to accuse him of treason. The committee reported to the
+House that there was just cause. The House then appointed a messenger
+to go to the House of Lords, saying that they had found that there was
+just cause to accuse the Earl of Strafford of high treason, and to
+ask that they would sequester him from the House, as the phrase was,
+and hold him in custody till they could prepare the charges and the
+evidence against him. All these proceedings were in secret session, in
+order that Strafford might not get warning and fly. The Commons then
+nearly all accompanied their messenger to the House of Lords, to show
+how much in earnest they were. The Lords complied with the request.
+They caused the earl to be arrested and committed to the charge of the
+_usher of the black rod_, and sent two officers to the Commons to
+inform them that they had done so.
+
+The usher of the black rod is a very important officer of the House of
+Lords. He is a sort of sheriff, to execute the various behests of the
+House, having officers to serve under him for this purpose. The badge
+of his office has been, for centuries, a black rod with a golden lion
+at the upper end, which is borne before him as the emblem of his
+authority. A peer of the realm, when charged with treason, is
+committed to the custody of this officer. In this case he took the
+Earl of Strafford under his charge, and kept him at his house,
+properly guarded. The Commons went on preparing the articles of
+impeachment.
+
+This was in November. During the winter following the parties
+struggled one against another, Laud doing all in his power to
+strengthen the position of the king, and to avert the dangers which
+threatened himself and Strafford. The animosity, however, which was
+felt against him, was steadily increasing. The House of Commons did
+many things to discountenance the rites and usages of the Episcopal
+Church, and to make them odious. The excitement among the populace
+increased, and mobs began to interfere with the service in some of the
+churches in London and Westminster. At last a mob of five hundred
+persons assembled around the archbishop's palace at Lambeth.[E] This
+palace, as has been before stated, is on the bank of the Thames, just
+above London, opposite to Westminster. The mob were there for two
+hours, beating at the doors and windows in an attempt to force
+admission, but in vain. The palace was very strongly guarded, and the
+mob were at length repulsed. One of the ringleaders was taken and
+hanged.
+
+[Footnote E: See view of this palace on page 133.]
+
+One would have thought that this sort of persecution would have
+awakened some sympathy in the archbishop's favor; but it was too
+late. He had been bearing down so mercilessly himself upon the people
+of England for so many years, suppressing, by the severest measures,
+all expressions of discontent, that the hatred had become entirely
+uncontrollable. Its breaking out at one point only promoted its
+breaking out in another. The House of Commons sent a messenger to the
+House of Lords, as they had done in the case of Strafford, saying that
+they had found good cause to accuse the Archbishop of Canterbury of
+treason, and asked that he might be sequestered from the House, and
+held in custody till they could prepare their charges, and the
+evidence to sustain them.
+
+The archbishop was at that time in his seat. He was directed to
+withdraw. Before leaving the chamber he asked leave to say a few
+words. Permission was granted, and he said in substance that he was
+truly sorry to have awakened in the hearts of his countrymen such a
+degree of displeasure as was obviously excited against him. He was
+most unhappy to have lived to see the day in which he was made subject
+to a charge of treason. He begged their lordships to look at the whole
+course of his life, and he was sure that they would be convinced that
+there was not a single member of the House of Commons who could really
+think him guilty of such a charge.
+
+Here one of the lords interrupted him to say that by speaking in that
+manner he was uttering slander against the House of Commons, charging
+them with solemnly bringing accusations which they did not believe to
+be true. The archbishop then said, that if the charge must be
+entertained, he hoped that he should have a fair trial, according to
+the ancient Parliamentary usages of the realm. Another of the lords
+interrupted him again, saying that such a remark was improper, as it
+was not for him to prescribe the manner in which the proceedings
+should be conducted. He then withdrew, while the House should consider
+what course to take. Presently he was summoned back to the bar of the
+House, and there committed to the charge of the usher of the black
+rod. The usher conducted him to his house, and he was kept there for
+ten weeks in close confinement.
+
+At last the time for the trial of Strafford came on, while Laud was in
+confinement. The interest felt in the trial was deep and universal.
+There were three kingdoms, as it were, combined against one man.
+Various measures were resorted to by the Commons to diminish the
+possibility that the accused should escape conviction. Some of them
+have since been thought to be unjust and cruel. For example, several
+persons who were strong friends of Strafford, and who, as was
+supposed, might offer testimony in his favor, were charged with
+treason and confined in prison until the trial was over. The Commons
+appointed thirteen persons to manage the prosecution. These persons
+were many months preparing the charges and the evidence, keeping their
+whole proceedings profoundly secret during all the time. At last the
+day approached, and Westminster Hall was fitted up and prepared to be
+the scene of the trial.
+
+[Illustration: WESTMINSTER HALL]
+
+Westminster Hall has the name of being the largest room whose roof is
+not supported by pillars, in Europe. It stands in the region of the
+palaces and the Houses of Parliament at Westminster, and has been for
+seven centuries the scene of pageants and ceremonies without number.
+It is said that ten thousand persons have been accommodated in it at a
+banquet.[F] This great room was fitted up for the trial. Seats were
+provided for both houses of Parliament; for the Commons were to be
+present as accusers, and the Lords as the court. There was, as usual,
+a chair of state, or throne, for the king, as a matter of form. There
+was also a private gallery, screened from the observation of the
+spectators, where the king and queen could sit and witness the
+proceedings. They attended during the whole trial.
+
+[Footnote F: It is two hundred and seventy feet long, seventy-five
+wide, and ninety high.]
+
+One would have supposed that the deliberate solemnity of these
+preparations would have calmed the animosity of Strafford's enemies,
+and led them to be satisfied at last with something less than his
+utter destruction. But this seems not to have been the effect. The
+terrible hostilities which had been gathering strength so long, seemed
+to rage all the more fiercely now that there was a prospect of their
+gratification. And yet it was very hard to find any thing sufficiently
+distinct and tangible against the accused to warrant his conviction.
+The commissioners who had been appointed to manage the case divided
+the charges among them. When the trial commenced, they stated and
+urged these charges in succession. Strafford, who had not known
+beforehand what they were to be, replied to them, one by one, with
+calmness and composure, and yet with great eloquence and power. The
+extraordinary abilities which he had shown through the whole course of
+his life, seemed to shine out with increased splendor amid the awful
+solemnities which were now darkening its close. He was firm and
+undaunted, and yet respectful and submissive. The natural excitements
+of the occasion; the imposing assembly; the breathless attention; the
+magnificent hall; the consciousness that the opposition which he was
+struggling to stem before that great tribunal was the combined
+hostility of three kingdoms, and that the torrent was flowing from a
+reservoir which had been accumulating for many years; and that the
+whole civilized world were looking on with great interest to watch the
+result; and perhaps, more than all, that he was in the unseen presence
+of his sovereign, whom he was accustomed to look upon as the greatest
+personage on earth; these, and the other circumstances of the scene,
+filled his mind with strong emotions, and gave animation, and energy,
+and a lofty eloquence to all that he said.
+
+The trial lasted eighteen days, the excitement increasing consistently
+to the end. There was nothing proved which could with any propriety
+be considered as treason. He had managed the government, it is true,
+with one set of views in respect to the absolute prerogatives and
+powers of the king, while those who now were in possession of power
+held opposite views, and they considered it a matter of necessity that
+he should die. The charge of treason was a pretext to bring the case
+somewhat within the reach of the formalities of law. It is one of the
+necessary incidents of all governmental systems founded on force, and
+not on the consent of the governed, that when great and fundamental
+questions of policy arise, they often bring the country to a crisis in
+which there can be no real settlement of the dispute without the
+absolute destruction of one party or the other. It was so now, as the
+popular leaders supposed. They had determined that stern necessity
+required that Laud and Strafford must die; and the only object of
+going through the formality of a trial was to soften the violence of
+the proceeding a little, by doing all that could be done toward
+establishing a legal justification of the deed.
+
+The trial, as has been said, lasted eighteen days. During all this
+time, the leaders were not content with simply urging the proceedings
+forward energetically in Westminster Hall. They were maneuvering and
+managing in every possible way to secure the final vote. But,
+notwithstanding this, Strafford's defense was so able, and the failure
+to make out the charge of treason against him was so clear, that it
+was doubtful what the result would be. Accordingly, without waiting
+for the decision of the Peers on the impeachment, a bill of attainder
+against the earl was brought forward in the House of Commons. This
+bill of attainder was passed by a large majority--yeas 204, nays 59.
+It was then sent to the House of Lords. The Lords were very unwilling
+to pass it.
+
+While they were debating it, the king sent a message to them to say
+that in his opinion the earl had not been guilty of treason, or of any
+attempt to subvert the laws; and that several things which had been
+alleged in the trial, and on which the bill of attainder chiefly
+rested, were not true. He was willing, however, if it would satisfy
+the enemies of the earl, to have him convicted of a misdemeanor, and
+made incapable of holding any public office from that time; but he
+protested against his being punished by a bill of attainder on a
+charge of treason.
+
+This interposition of the king in Strafford's favor awakened loud
+expressions of displeasure. They called it an interference with the
+action of one of the houses of Parliament. The enemies of Strafford
+created a great excitement against him out of doors. They raised
+clamorous calls for his execution, among the populace. The people made
+black lists of the names of persons who were in the earl's favor, and
+posted them up in public places, calling such persons Straffordians,
+and threatening them with public vengeance. The Lords, who would have
+been willing to have saved Strafford's life if they had dared, began
+to find that they could not do so without endangering their own. When
+at last the vote came to be taken in the House of Lords, out of eighty
+members who had been present at the trial, only forty-six were present
+to vote, and the bill was passed by a vote of thirty-five to eleven.
+The thirty-four who were absent were probably all against the bill,
+but were afraid to appear.
+
+The responsibility now devolved upon the king. An act of Parliament
+must be signed by the king. He really enacts it. The action of the two
+houses is, in theory, only a recommendation of the measure to him. The
+king was determined on no account to give his consent to Strafford's
+condemnation. He, however, laid the subject before his Privy Council.
+They, after deliberating upon it, recommended that he should sign the
+bill. Nothing else, they said, could allay the terrible storm which
+was raging, and the king ought to prefer the peace and safety of the
+realm to the life of any one man, however innocent he might be. The
+populace, in the mean time, crowded around the king's palace at
+Whitehall, calling out "_Justice! justice!_" and filling the air with
+threats and imprecations; and preachers in their pulpits urged the
+necessity of punishing offenders, and descanted on the iniquity which
+those magistrates committed who allowed great transgressors to escape
+the penalty due for their crimes.
+
+The queen, too, was alarmed. She begged the king, with tears, not any
+longer to attempt to withstand the torrent which threatened to sweep
+them all away in its fury. While things were in this state, Charles
+received a letter from Strafford in the Tower, expressing his consent,
+and even his request, that the king should yield and sign the bill.
+
+The Tower of London is very celebrated in English history. Though
+called simply by the name of the Tower, it is, in fact, as will be
+seen by the engraving in the frontispiece, an extended group of
+buildings, which are of all ages, sizes, and shapes, and covering an
+extensive area. It is situated below the city of London, having been
+originally built as a fortification for the defense of the city. Its
+use for this purpose has, however, long since passed away.
+
+Strafford said, in his letter to the king,
+
+     "To set your Majesty's conscience at Liberty, I do most humbly
+     beseech your Majesty for Prevention of Evils, which may happen by
+     your Refusal, to pass this Bill. Sir, My Consent shall more
+     acquit you herein to God, than all the World can do besides; To a
+     willing Man there is no Injury done; and as by God's Grace, I
+     forgive all the World, with a calmness and Meekness of infinite
+     Contentment to my dislodging Soul, so, Sir, to you I can give the
+     Life of this World with all the cheerfulness imaginable, in the
+     just Acknowledgment of your exceeding Favors; and only beg that
+     in your Goodness you would vouchsafe to cast your gracious Regard
+     upon my poor Son and his three sisters, less or more, and no
+     otherwise than as their unfortunate Father may hereafter appear
+     more or less guilty of this Death. God long preserve your
+     Majesty."
+
+On receiving this letter the king caused the bill to be signed. He
+would not do it with his own hands, but commissioned two of his
+council to do it in his name. He then sent a messenger to Strafford to
+announce the decision, and to inform him that he must prepare to die.
+The messenger observed that the earl seemed surprised; and after
+hearing that the king had signed the bill, he quoted, in a tone of
+despair, the words of Scripture, "Put not your trust in princes, nor
+in the sons of men, for in them is no salvation." Historians have
+thought it strange that Strafford should have expressed this
+disappointment when he had himself requested the king to resist the
+popular will no longer; and they infer from it that he was not sincere
+in the request, but supposed that the king would regard it as an act
+of nobleness and generosity on his part, that would render him more
+unwilling than ever to consent to his destruction, and that he was
+accordingly surprised and disappointed when he found that the king had
+taken him at his word. It is said, however, by some historians, that
+this letter was a forgery, and that it was written by some of
+Strafford's enemies to lead the king to resist no longer. The reader,
+by perusing the letter again, can perhaps form some judgment whether
+such a document was more likely to have been fabricated by enemies, or
+really written by the unhappy prisoner himself.
+
+The king did not entirely give up the hope of saving his friend, even
+after the bill of attainder was signed. He addressed the following
+message to the House of Lords.
+
+     My Lords,--I did yesterday satisfy the Justice of this Kingdom by
+     passing the Bill of Attainder against the Earl of Strafford: but
+     Mercy being as inherent and inseparable to a King as Justice, I
+     desire at this time in some measure to show that likewise, by
+     suffering that unfortunate Man to fulfill the natural course of
+     his Life in a close Imprisonment: yet so, if ever he make the
+     least Offer to escape, or offer directly or indirectly to meddle
+     in any sort of public Business, especially with Me either by
+     Message or Letter, it shall cost him his Life without farther
+     Process. This, if it may be done without the Discontentment of my
+     People, will be an unspeakable Contentment to me.
+
+     "I will not say that your complying with me in this my intended
+     Mercy, shall make me more willing, but certainly 'twill make me
+     more cheerful in granting your just Grievances: But if no less
+     than his Life can satisfie my People, I must say Let justice be
+     done. Thus again recommending the consideration of my Intention
+     to you, I rest,
+
+     "Your Unalterable and Affectionate Friend,
+                    "CHARLES R."
+
+[Illustration: STRAFFORD AND LAUD]
+
+The Lords were inexorable. Three days from the time of signing the
+bill, arrangements were made for conducting the prisoner to the
+scaffold. Laud, who had been his friend and fellow-laborer in the
+king's service, was confined also in the Tower, awaiting his turn to
+come to trial. They were not allowed to visit each other, but
+Strafford sent word to Laud requesting him to be at his window at the
+time when he was to pass, to bid him farewell, and to give him his
+blessing. Laud accordingly appeared at the window, and Strafford, as
+he passed, asked for the prelate's prayers and for his blessing. The
+old man, for Laud was now nearly seventy years of age, attempted to
+speak, but he could not command himself sufficiently to express what
+he wished to say, and he fell back into the arms of his attendants.
+"God protect you," said Strafford, and walked calmly on.
+
+He went to the place of execution with the composure and courage of a
+hero. He spoke freely to those around him, asserted his innocence,
+sent messages to his absent friends, and said he was ready and willing
+to die. The scaffold, in such executions as this, is a platform
+slightly raised, with a block and chairs upon it, all covered with
+black cloth. A part of the dress has to be removed just before the
+execution, in order that the neck of the sufferer may be fully exposed
+to the impending blow. Strafford made these preparations himself, and
+said, as he did so, that he was in no wise afraid of death, but that
+he should lay his head upon that block as cheerfully as he ever did
+upon his pillow.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Charles found his position in no respect improved by the execution of
+Strafford. The Commons, finding their influence and power increasing,
+grew more and more bold, and were from this time so absorbed in the
+events connected with the progress of their quarrel with the king,
+that they left Laud to pine in his prison for about four years. They
+then found time to act over again the solemn and awful scene of a
+trial for treason before the House of Peers, the passing of a bill of
+attainder, and an execution on Tower Hill. Laud was over seventy years
+of age when the ax fell upon him. He submitted to his fate with a
+calmness and heroism in keeping with his age and his character. He
+said, in fact, that none of his enemies could be more desirous to send
+him out of life than he was to go.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+CIVIL WAR.
+
+1641-1646
+
+Increasing demands of the Commons.--The king gradually loses his
+power.--The king determines to change his policy.--The king sends his
+officers to the House.--The king goes to the House himself.--The
+king's speech in the House.--Great excitement in the House.--The
+speaker's reply.--Results of the king's rashness.--Committee of the
+Commons.--The king goes to London.--Cries of the people.--Preparations
+to escort the committee to Westminster.--Report of the
+committee.--Alarm of the king.--The king yields.--Increasing
+excitement.--Civil war.--Its nature.--Cruelties and miseries of civil
+war.--Taking sides between the king and Parliament.--Preparations for
+war.--Fruitless negotiations.--Messages between the king and
+Parliament.--Ravages of the war.--Death of Hampden.--Prince
+Rupert.--His knowledge and ingenuity.--Progress of the
+war.--Difficulty of making peace.--The women clamor for peace.--Queen
+Henrietta's arrival in England.--The vice-admiral cannonades the
+queen.--The queen's danger.--She seeks shelter in a trench.--The queen
+joins her husband.--Her influence.--The royal cause declines.--The
+Prince of Wales.--Hopeless condition of the king.--Invasion by the
+Scots.--The king surrenders to the Scots.--End of the civil war.
+
+
+The way in which the king came at last to a final rupture with
+Parliament was this. The victory which the Commons gained in the case
+of Strafford had greatly increased their confidence and their power,
+and the king found, for some months afterward, that instead of being
+satisfied with the concessions he had made, they were continually
+demanding more. The more he yielded, the more they encroached. They
+grew, in a word, bolder and bolder, in proportion to their success.
+They considered themselves doing the state a great and good service by
+disarming tyranny of its power. The king, on the other hand,
+considered them as undermining all the foundations of good government,
+and as depriving him of personal rights, the most sacred and solemn
+that could vest in any human being.
+
+It will be recollected that on former occasions, when the king had got
+into contention with a Parliament, he had dissolved it, and either
+attempted to govern without one, or else had called for a new
+election, hoping that the new members would be more compliant. But he
+could not dissolve the Parliament now. They had provided against this
+danger. At the time of the trial of Strafford, they brought in a bill
+into the Commons providing that thenceforth the Houses could not be
+prorogued or dissolved without their own consent. The Commons, of
+course, passed the bill very readily. The Peers were more reluctant,
+but they did not dare to reject it. The king was extremely unwilling
+to sign the bill; but, amid the terrible excitements and dangers of
+that trial, he was overborne by the influences of danger and
+intimidation which surrounded him. He signed the bill. Of course the
+Commons were, thereafter, their own masters. However dangerous or
+destructive the king might consider their course of conduct to be, he
+could now no longer arrest it, as heretofore, by a dissolution.
+
+He went on, therefore, till the close of 1641, yielding slowly and
+reluctantly, and with many struggles, but still all the time yielding,
+to the resistless current which bore him along. At last he resolved to
+yield no longer. After retreating so long, he determined suddenly and
+desperately to turn back and attack his enemies. The whole world
+looked on with astonishment at such a sudden change of his policy.
+
+The measure which he resorted to was this. He determined to select a
+number of the most efficient and prominent men in Parliament, who had
+been leaders in the proceedings against him, and demand their arrest,
+imprisonment, and trial, on a charge of high treason. The king was
+influenced to do this partly by the advice of the queen, and of the
+ladies of the court, and other persons who did not understand how deep
+and strong the torrent was which they thus urged him to attempt to
+stem. They thought that if he would show a little courage and energy
+in facing these men, they would yield in their turn, and that their
+boldness and success was owing, in a great measure, to the king's want
+of spirit in resisting them. "Strike boldly at them," said they;
+"seize the leaders; have them tried, and condemned, and executed.
+Threaten the rest with the same fate; and follow up these measures
+with energetic and decisive action, and you will soon make a change in
+the aspect of affairs."
+
+The king adopted this policy, and he did make a change in the aspect
+of affairs, but not such a change as his advisers had anticipated. The
+Commons were thrown suddenly into a state of astonishment one day by
+the appearance of a king's officer in the House, who rose and read
+articles of a charge of treason against five of the most influential
+and popular members. The officer asked that a committee should be
+appointed to hear the evidence against them which the king was
+preparing. The Commons, on hearing this, immediately voted, that if
+any person should attempt even to seize the papers of the persons
+accused, it should be lawful for them to resist such an attempt by
+every means in their power.
+
+The next day another officer appeared at the bar of the House of
+Commons, and spoke as follows. "I am commanded by the king's majesty,
+my master, upon my allegiance, that I should come to the House of
+Commons, and require of Mr. Speaker five gentlemen, members of the
+House of Commons; and those gentlemen being delivered, I am commanded
+to arrest them in his majesty's name, on a charge of high treason."
+The Commons, on hearing this demand, voted that they would take it
+into consideration.
+
+The king's friends and advisers urged him to follow the matter up
+vigorously. Every thing depended, they said, on firmness and decision.
+The next day, accordingly, the king determined to go himself to the
+House, and make the demand in person. A lady of the court, who was
+made acquainted with this plan, sent notice of it to the House. In
+going, the king took his guard with him, and several personal
+attendants. The number of soldiers was said to be five hundred. He
+left this great retinue at the door, and he himself entered the House.
+The Commons, when they heard that he was coming, had ordered the five
+members who were accused to withdraw. They went out just before the
+king came in. The king advanced to the speaker's chair, took his seat,
+and made the following address.
+
+     "Gentlemen,--I am sorry for this occasion of coming unto you.
+     Yesterday I sent a Sergeant at Arms upon a very important
+     occasion to apprehend some that by my Command were accused of
+     High Treason; whereunto I did expect Obedience and not a message.
+     And I must declare unto you here, that albeit no king that ever
+     was in England shall be more careful of your Privileges, to
+     maintain them to the uttermost of his Power, than I shall be; yet
+     you must know that in cases of Treason no Person hath a
+     Privilege; and therefore I am come to know if any of those
+     Persons that were accused are here. For I must tell you,
+     Gentlemen, that so long as these Persons that I have accused (for
+     no slight Crime, but for Treason) are here, I can not expect that
+     this House will be in the right way that I do heartily wish it.
+     Therefore I am come to tell you that I must have them wherever I
+     find them."
+
+After looking around, and finding that the members in question were
+not in the hall, he continued:
+
+     "Well! since I see the Birds are flown, I do expect from you that
+     you shall send them unto me as soon as they return hither. But I
+     assure you, on the Word of a King, I never did intend any Force,
+     but shall proceed against them in a legal and fair way, for I
+     never meant any other.
+
+     "I will trouble you no more, but tell you I do expect, as soon as
+     they come to the House, you will send them to me, otherwise I
+     must take my own course to find them."
+
+The king's coming thus into the House of Commons, and demanding in
+person that they should act according to his instructions, was a very
+extraordinary circumstance--perhaps unparalleled in English history.
+It produced the greatest excitement. When he had finished his address,
+he turned to the speaker and asked him where those men were. He had
+his guard ready at the door to seize them. It is difficult for us, in
+this country, to understand fully to how severe a test this sudden
+question put the presence of mind and courage of the speaker; for we
+can not realize the profound and awful deference which was felt in
+those days for the command of a king. The speaker gained great
+applause for the manner in which he stood the trial. He fell upon his
+knees before the great potentate who had addressed him, and said, "I
+have, sir, neither eyes to see, nor tongue to speak, in this place,
+but as the House is pleased to direct me, whose servant I am. And I
+humbly ask pardon that I can not give any other answer to what your
+majesty is pleased to demand of me."
+
+The House was immediately in a state of great excitement and
+confusion. They called out "_Privilege! privilege!_" meaning that
+their privileges were violated. They immediately adjourned. News of
+the affair spread every where with the greatest rapidity, and produced
+universal and intense excitement. The king's friends were astonished
+at such an act of rashness and folly, which, it is said, only _one_ of
+the king's advisers knew anything about, and he immediately fled. The
+five members accused went that night into the city of London, and
+called on the government and people of London to protect them. The
+people armed themselves. In a word, the king found at night that he
+had raised a very threatening and terrible storm.
+
+The Commons met the next morning, but did not attempt to transact
+business. They simply voted that it was useless for them to proceed
+with their deliberations, while exposed to such violations of their
+rights. They appointed a committee of twenty-four to inquire into and
+report the circumstances of the king's intrusion into their councils,
+and to consider how this breach of their privileges could be repaired.
+They ordered this committee to sit in the city of London, where they
+might hope to be safe from such interruptions, and then the House
+adjourned for a week, to await the result of the committee's
+deliberations.
+
+The committee went to London. In the mean time, news went all over the
+kingdom that the House of Commons had been compelled to suspend its
+sittings on account of an illegal and unwarrantable interference with
+their proceedings on the part of the king. The king was alarmed; but
+those who had advised him to adopt this measure told him that he must
+not falter now. He must persevere and carry his point, or all would be
+lost.
+
+He accordingly did persevere. He brought troops and arms to his palace
+at Whitehall, to be ready to defend it in case of attack. He sent in
+to London, and ordered the lord mayor to assemble the city authorities
+at the Guildhall, which is the great city hall of London; and then,
+with a retinue of noblemen, he went in to meet them. The people
+shouted, "_Privileges of Parliament! privileges of Parliament!_" as he
+passed along. Some called out, "_To your tents, O Israel!_" which was
+the ancient Hebrew cry of rebellion. The king, however, persevered.
+When he reached the Guildhall, he addressed the city authorities thus:
+
+"Gentlemen,--I am come to demand such Persons as I have already
+accused of High Treason, and do believe are shrouded in the City. I
+hope no good Man will keep them from Me. Their Offenses are Treason
+and Misdemeanors of a high Nature. I desire your Assistance, that they
+may be brought to a legal Trial." Three days after this the king
+issued a proclamation, addressed to all magistrates and officers of
+justice every where, to arrest the accused members and carry them to
+the Tower.
+
+In the mean time, the committee of twenty-four continued their session
+in London, examining witnesses and preparing their report. When the
+time arrived for the House of Commons to meet again, which was on the
+11th of January, the city made preparations to have the committee
+escorted in an imposing manner from the Guildhall to Westminster. A
+vast amount of the intercommunication and traffic between different
+portions of the city then, as now, took place upon the river, though
+in those days it was managed by watermen, who rowed small wherries to
+and fro. Innumerable steamboats take the place of the wherries at the
+present day, and stokers and engineers have superseded the watermen.
+The watermen were then, however, a large and formidable body, banded
+together, like the other trades of London, in one great organization.
+This great company turned out on this occasion, and attended the
+committee in barges on the river, while the military companies of the
+city marched along the streets upon the land. The committee themselves
+went in barges on the water, and all London flocked to see the
+spectacle. The king, hearing of these arrangements, was alarmed for
+his personal safety, and left his palace at Whitehall to go to Hampton
+Court, which was a little way out of town.
+
+The committee, after entering the House, reported that the transaction
+which they had been considering constituted a high breach of the
+privileges of the House, and was a seditious act, tending to a
+subversion of the peace of the kingdom; and that the privileges of
+Parliament, so violated and broken, could not be sufficiently
+vindicated, unless his majesty would be pleased to inform them who
+advised him to do such a deed.
+
+The king was more and more seriously alarmed. He found that the storm
+of public odium and indignation was too great for him to withstand. He
+began to fear for his own safety more than ever. He removed from
+Hampton Court to Windsor Castle, a stronger place, and more remote
+from London than Hampton Court; and he now determined to give up the
+contest. He sent a message, therefore, to the House, saying that, on
+further reflection, since so many persons had doubts whether his
+proceedings against the five members were consistent with the
+privileges of Parliament, he would waive them, and the whole subject
+might rest until the minds of men were more composed, and then, if he
+proceeded against the accused members at all, he would do so in a
+manner to which no exception could be taken. He said, also, he would
+henceforth be as careful of their privileges as he should be of his
+own life or crown.
+
+Thus he acknowledged himself vanquished in the struggle, but the
+acknowledgment came too late to save him. The excitement increased,
+and spread in every direction. The party of the king and that of the
+Parliament disputed for a few months about these occurrences, and
+others growing out of them, and then each began to maneuver and
+struggle to get possession of the military power of the kingdom. The
+king, finding himself not safe in the vicinity of London, retreated to
+York, and began to assemble and organize his followers. Parliament
+sent him a declaration that if he did not disband the forces which he
+was assembling, they should be compelled to provide measures for
+securing the peace of the kingdom. The king replied by proclamations
+calling upon his subjects to join his standard. In a word, before
+midsummer, the country was plunged in the horrors of civil war.
+
+A civil war, that is, a war between two parties in the same country,
+is generally far more savage and sanguinary than any other. The hatred
+and the animosities which it creates, ramify throughout the country,
+and produce universal conflict and misery. If there were a war between
+France and England, there might be one, or perhaps two invading armies
+of Frenchmen attempting to penetrate into the interior. All England
+would be united against them. Husbands and wives, parents and
+children, neighbors and friends, would be drawn together more closely
+than ever; while the awful scenes of war and bloodshed, the
+excitement, the passion, the terror, would be confined to a few
+detached spots, or to a few lines of march which the invading armies
+had occupied.
+
+In a civil war, however, it is very different. Every distinct portion
+of the country, every village and hamlet, and sometimes almost every
+family, is divided against itself. The hostility and hatred, too,
+between the combatants, is always far more intense and bitter than
+that which is felt against a foreign foe. We might at first be
+surprised at this. We might imagine that where men are contending with
+their neighbors and fellow-townsmen, the recollection of past
+friendships and good-will, and various lingering ties of regard, would
+moderate the fierceness of their anger, and make them more considerate
+and forbearing. But this is not found to be the case. Each party
+considers the other as not only enemies, but traitors, and accordingly
+they hate and abhor each other with a double intensity. If an
+Englishman has a _Frenchman_ to combat, he meets him with a murderous
+impetuosity, it is true, but without any special bitterness of
+animosity. He _expects_ the Frenchman to be his enemy. He even thinks
+he has a sort of natural right to be so. He will kill him if he can;
+but then, if he takes him prisoner, there is nothing in his feelings
+toward him to prevent his treating him with generosity, and even with
+kindness. He hates him, but there is a sort of good-nature in his
+hatred, after all. On the other hand, when he fights against his
+countrymen in a civil war, he abhors and hates with unmingled
+bitterness the traitorous ingratitude which he thinks his neighbors
+and friends evince in turning enemies to their country. He can see no
+honesty, no truth, no courage in any thing they do. They are
+infinitely worse, in his estimation, than the most ferocious of
+foreign foes. Civil war is, consequently, always the means of far
+wider and more terrible mischief than any other human calamity.
+
+In the contention between Charles and the Parliament, the various
+elements of the social state adhered to one side or the other,
+according to their natural predilections. The Episcopalians generally
+joined the king, the Presbyterians the Parliament. The gentry and the
+nobility favored the king; the mechanics, artisans, merchants, and
+common people the Parliament. The rural districts of country, which
+were under the control of the great landlords, the king; the cities
+and towns, the Parliament. The gay, and fashionable, and worldly, the
+king; the serious-minded and austere, the Parliament. Thus every thing
+was divided. The quarrel ramified to every hamlet and to every
+fireside, and the peace and happiness of the realm were effectually
+destroyed.
+
+Both sides began to raise armies and to prepare for war. Before
+commencing hostilities, however, the king was persuaded by his
+counselors to send a messenger to London and propose some terms of
+accommodation. He accordingly sent the Earl of Southampton to the
+House of Peers, and two other persons to the House of Commons. He had
+no expectation, probably, of making peace, but he wanted to gain time
+to get his army together, and also to strengthen his cause among the
+people by showing a disposition to do all in his power to avoid open
+war. The messengers of the king went to London, and made their
+appearance in the two houses of Parliament.
+
+The House of Lords ordered the Earl of Southampton to withdraw, and to
+send his communication in writing, and in the mean time to retire out
+of London, and wait for their answer. The House of Commons, in the
+same spirit of hostility and defiance, ordered the messengers which
+had been sent to them to come to the bar, like humble petitioners or
+criminals, and make their communication there.
+
+The propositions of the king to the houses of Parliament were, that
+they should appoint a certain number of commissioners, and he also the
+same number, to meet and confer together in hope of agreeing upon some
+conditions of peace. The houses passed a vote in reply, declaring that
+they had been doing all in their power to preserve the peace of the
+kingdom, while the king had been interrupting and disturbing it by his
+military gatherings, and by proclamations, in which they were called
+traitors; and that they could enter into no treaty with him until he
+disbanded the armies which he had collected, and recalled his
+proclamations.
+
+To this the king replied that he had never intended to call them
+traitors; and that when they would recall their declarations and votes
+stigmatizing those who adhered to him as traitors, he would recall his
+proclamations. Thus messages passed back and forth two or three times,
+each party criminating the other, and neither willing to make the
+concessions which the other required. At last all hope of an
+accommodation was abandoned, and both sides prepared for war.
+
+The nobility and gentry flocked to the king's standard. They brought
+their plate, their jewels, and their money, to provide funds. Some of
+them brought their servants. There were two companies in the king's
+guard, one of which consisted of gentlemen, and the other of their
+servants. These two companies were always kept together. There was the
+greatest zeal and enthusiasm among the upper classes to serve the
+king, and equal zeal and enthusiasm among the common people to serve
+the Parliament. The war continued for four years. During all this time
+the armies marched and countermarched all over the kingdom, carrying
+ruin and destruction wherever they went, and plunging the whole
+country in misery.
+
+[Illustration: THE KING'S ADHERENTS ENTERING YORK.]
+
+At one of the battles which was fought, the celebrated John Hampden,
+the man who would not pay his ship money, was slain. He had been a
+very energetic and efficient officer on the Parliamentary side, and
+was much dreaded by the forces of the king. At one of the battles
+between Prince Rupert, Charles's nephew, and the army of the
+Parliament, the prince brought to the king's camp a large number of
+prisoners which he had taken. One of the prisoners said he was
+confident that Hampden was hurt, for he saw him riding off the field
+before the battle was over, with his head hanging down, and his hands
+clasping the neck of his horse. They heard the next day that he had
+been wounded in the shoulder. Inflammation and fever ensued, and he
+died a few days afterward in great agony.
+
+This Prince Rupert was a very famous character in all these wars. He
+was young and ardent, and full of courage and enthusiasm. He was
+always foremost, and ready to embark in the most daring undertakings.
+He was the son of the king's sister Elizabeth, who married the Elector
+Palatine, as narrated in a preceding chapter. He was famous not only
+for his military skill and attainments, but for his knowledge of
+science, and for his ingenuity in many philosophical arts. There is a
+mode of engraving called mezzotinto, which is somewhat easier of
+execution than the common mode, and produces a peculiar effect. Prince
+Rupert is said to have been the inventor of it, though, as is the case
+with almost all other inventions, there is a dispute about it. He
+discovered a mode of dropping melted glass into water so as to form
+little pear-shaped globules, with a long slender tail. These globules
+have this remarkable property, that if the tip of the tail is broken
+off ever so gently, the whole flies into atoms with an explosion.
+These drops of glass are often exhibited at the present day, and are
+called Prince Rupert's drops. The prince also discovered a very
+tenacious composition of metals for casting cannon. As artillery is
+necessarily very heavy, and very difficult to be transported on
+marches and upon the field of battle, it becomes very important to
+discover such metallic compounds as have the greatest strength and
+tenacity in resisting the force of an explosion. Prince Rupert
+invented such a compound, which is called by his name.
+
+There were not only a great many battles and fierce encounters between
+the two great parties in this civil war, but there were also, at
+times, temporary cessations of the hostilities, and negotiations for
+peace. But it is very hard to make peace between two powers engaged in
+civil war. Each considers the other as acting the part of rebels and
+traitors, and there is a difficulty, almost insuperable, in the way of
+even opening negotiations between them. Still the people became tired
+of the war. At one time, when the king had made some propositions
+which the Parliament would not accept, an immense assemblage of women
+collected together, with white ribbons in their hats, to go to the
+House of Commons with a petition for peace. When they reached the
+door of the hall their number was five thousand. They called out,
+"Peace! peace! Give us those traitors that are against peace, that we
+may tear them to pieces." The guards who were stationed at the door
+were ordered to fire at this crowd, loading their guns, however, only
+with powder. This, it was thought, would frighten them away; but the
+women only laughed at the volley, and returned it with stones and
+brickbats, and drove the guards away. Other troops were then sent for,
+who charged upon the women with their swords, and cut them in their
+faces and hands, and thus at length dispersed them.
+
+During the progress of the war, the queen returned from the Continent
+and joined the king. She had some difficulty, however, and encountered
+some personal danger, in her efforts to return to her husband. The
+vice-admiral, who had command of the English ships off the coast,
+received orders to intercept her. He watched for her. She contrived,
+however, to elude his vigilance, though there were four ships in her
+convoy. She landed at a town called Burlington, or Bridlington, in
+Yorkshire. This town stands in a very picturesque situation, a little
+south of a famous promontory called Flamborough Head, of which there
+is a beautiful view from the pier of the town.
+
+The queen succeeded in landing here. On her arrival at the town, she
+found herself worn down with the anxiety and fatigue of the voyage,
+and she wished to stop a few days to rest. She took up her residence
+in a house which was on the quay, and, of course, near the water. The
+quay, as it is called, in these towns, is a street on the margin of
+the water, with a wall but no houses next the sea. The vice-admiral
+arrived at the town the second night after the queen had landed. He
+was vexed that his expected prize had escaped him. He brought his
+ships up near to the town, and began to fire toward the house in which
+the queen was lodging.
+
+[Illustration: THE LANDING OF THE QUEEN]
+
+This was at five o'clock in the morning. The queen and her attendants
+were in their beds, asleep. The reports of the cannon from the ships,
+the terrific whistling of the balls through the air, and the crash of
+the houses which the balls struck, aroused the whole village from
+their slumbers, and threw them into consternation. The people soon
+came to the house where the queen was lodging, and begged her to
+fly. They said that the neighboring houses were blown to pieces, and
+that her own would soon be destroyed, and she herself would be killed.
+They may, however, have been influenced more by a regard to their own
+safety than to hers in these injunctions, as it must have been a great
+object with the villagers to effect the immediate removal of a visitor
+who was the means of bringing upon them so terrible a danger.
+
+These urgent entreaties of the villagers were soon enforced by two
+cannon-balls, which fell, one after another, upon the roof of the
+house, and, crashing their way through the roof and the floors, went
+down, without seeming to regard the resistance, from the top to the
+bottom. The queen hastily put on her clothes, and went forth with her
+attendants on foot, the balls from the ships whistling after them all
+the way.
+
+One of her servants was killed. The rest of the fugitives, finding
+their exposure so great, stopped at a sort of trench which they came
+to, at the end of a field, such as is dug commonly, in England, on one
+side of the hedge to make the barrier more impassable to the animals
+which it is intended to confine. This trench, with the embankment
+formed by the earth thrown out of it, on which the hedge is usually
+planted, afforded them protection. They sought shelter in it, and
+remained there for two hours, like besiegers in the approaches to a
+town, the balls passing over their heads harmlessly, though sometimes
+covering them with the earth which they threw up as they bounded by.
+At length the tide began to ebb, and the vice-admiral was in danger of
+being left aground. He weighed his anchors and withdrew, and the queen
+and her party were relieved. Such a cannonading of a helpless and
+defenseless woman is a barbarity which could hardly take place except
+in a civil war.
+
+The queen rejoined her husband, and she rendered him essential service
+in many ways. She had personal influence enough to raise both money
+and men for his armies, and so contributed very essentially to the
+strength of his party. At last she returned to the Continent again,
+and went to Paris, where she was still actively employed in promoting
+his cause. At one of the battles in which the king was defeated, the
+Parliamentary army seized his baggage, and found among his papers his
+correspondence with the queen. They very ungenerously ordered it to be
+published, as the letters seemed to show a vigorous determination on
+the part of the king not to yield in the contest without obtaining
+from the Parliament and their adherents full and ample concessions to
+his claims.
+
+As time rolled on, the strength of the royal party gradually wasted
+away, while that of Parliament seemed to increase, until it became
+evident that the latter would, in the end, obtain the victory. The
+king retreated from place to place, followed by his foes, and growing
+weaker and more discouraged after every conflict. His son, the Prince
+of Wales, was then about fifteen years of age. He sent him to the
+western part of the island, with directions that, if affairs should
+still go against him, the boy should be taken in time out of the
+country, and join his mother in Paris. The danger grew more and more
+imminent, and they who had charge of the young prince sent him first
+to Scilly, and then to Jersey--islands in the Channel--whence he made
+his escape to Paris, and joined his mother. Fifteen years afterward he
+returned to London with great pomp and parade, and was placed upon the
+throne by universal acclamation.
+
+At last the king himself, after being driven from one place of refuge
+to another, retreated to Oxford and intrenched himself there. Here he
+spent the winter of 1646 in extreme depression and distress. His
+friends deserted him; his resources were expended; his hopes were
+extinguished. He sent proposals of peace to the Parliament, and
+offered, himself, to come to London, if they would grant him a
+safe-conduct. In reply, they _forbade_ him to come. They would listen
+to no propositions, and would make no terms. The case, they saw, was
+in their own hands, and they determined on unconditional submission.
+They hemmed the king in on all sides at his retreat in Oxford, and
+reduced him to despair.
+
+In the mean time, the Scots, a year or two before this, had raised an
+army and crossed the northern frontier, and entered England. They were
+against monarchy and Episcopacy, but they were, in some respects, a
+separate enemy from those against whom the king had been contending so
+long; and he began to think that he had perhaps better fall into their
+hands than into those of his English foes, if he must submit to one or
+to the other. He hesitated for some time what course to take; but at
+last, after receiving representations of the favorable feeling which
+prevailed in regard to him in the Scottish army, he concluded to make
+his escape from Oxford and surrender himself to them. He accordingly
+did so, and the civil war was ended.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE CAPTIVITY.
+
+1646-1648
+
+The king's escape from Oxford.--The king delivers himself to the
+Scots.--His reception.--Proclamation by Parliament.--Surrender of
+Newark.--Negotiations about the disposal of the king's person.--The
+Scots surrender the king.--Whether he was sold.--The king's amusements
+in captivity.--Holmby House.--Contest about forms.--Intolerance.--The
+Scotch preacher.--The king's presence of mind.--The king receives
+letters from the queen.--The army.--Oliver Cromwell.--His plan to
+seize the king.--Cornet Joyce.--He forces admittance to the
+king.--Joyce's interview with the king.--His "instructions."--The
+king taken to Cambridge.--Closely guarded.--The king's evil.--The
+king removed to Hampton Court.--The king's interview with his
+children.--Contentions.--The king's escape from Hampton
+Court.--Carisbrooke Castle.--Colonel Hammond.--The king again a
+prisoner.--His confinement in Carisbrooke Castle.--Negotiations.--The
+king's employments.--Unsuccessful attempts to escape.--Osborne.--Plan
+of escape.--Rolf's treacherous design.--Rolf foiled.--The king made a
+closer prisoner.--The king's wretched condition.
+
+
+The circumstances of King Charles's surrender to the Scots were these.
+He knew that he was surrounded by his enemies in Oxford, and that they
+would not allow him to escape if they could prevent it. He and his
+friends, therefore, formed the following plan to elude them.
+
+They sent word to the commanders of each of the several gates of the
+city, on a certain day, that during the ensuing night three men would
+have to pass out on business of the king's, and that when the men
+should appear and give a certain signal, they were to be allowed to
+pass. The officer at each gate received this command without knowing
+that a similar one had been sent to the others.
+
+[Illustration: NEWARK.]
+
+Accordingly, about midnight, the parties of men were dispatched, and
+they went out at the several gates. The king himself was in one of
+these parties. There were two other persons with him. One of these
+persons was a certain Mr. Ashburnham, and the king was disguised as
+his servant. They were all on horseback, and the king had a valise
+upon the horse behind him, so as to complete his disguise. This was on
+the 27th of April. The next day, or very soon after, it was known at
+Oxford that his majesty was gone, but no one could tell in what
+direction, for there was no means even of deciding by which of the
+gates he had left the city.
+
+The Scotch were, at this time, encamped before the town of Newark,
+which is on the Trent, in the heart of England, and about one hundred
+and twenty miles north of London. There was a magnificent castle at
+Newark in those days, which made the place very strong. The town held
+out for the king; though the Scots had been investing it for some
+time, they had not yet succeeded in compelling the governor to
+surrender. The king concluded to proceed to Newark and enter the
+Scottish camp. He considered it, or, rather, wished it to be
+considered that he was coming to join them as their monarch. _They_
+were going to consider it surrendering to them as their prisoner. The
+king himself must have known how it would be, but it made his sense of
+humiliation a little less poignant to carry this illusion with him as
+long as it was possible to maintain it.
+
+As soon as the Parliament found that the king had made his escape from
+Oxford, they were alarmed, and on the 4th of May they issued an order
+to this effect, "That what person soever should harbor and conceal, or
+should know of the harboring or concealing of the king's person, and
+should not immediately reveal it to the speakers of both houses,
+should be proceeded against as a traitor to the Commonwealth, and die
+without mercy." The proclamation of this order, however, did not
+result in arresting the flight of the king. On the day after it was
+issued, he arrived safely at Newark.
+
+The Scottish general, whose name was Lesley, immediately represented
+to the king that for his own safety it was necessary that they should
+retire toward the northern frontier; but they could not so retire, he
+said, unless Newark should first surrender. They accordingly induced
+the king to send in orders to the governor of the castle to give up
+the place. The Scots took possession of it, and, after having
+garrisoned it, moved with their army toward the north, the king and
+General Lesley being in the van.
+
+They treated the king with great distinction, but guarded him very
+closely, and sent word to the Parliament that he was in their
+possession. There ensued long negotiations and much debate. The
+question was, at first, whether the English or Scotch should have the
+disposal of the king's person. The English said that _they_, and not
+the Scots, were the party making war upon him; that they had conquered
+his armies, and hemmed him in, and reduced him to the necessity of
+submission; and that he had been taken captive on English soil, and
+ought, consequently, to be delivered into the hands of the English
+Parliament. The Scots replied that though he had been taken in
+England, he was their king as well as the king of England, and had
+made himself their enemy; and that, as he had fallen into their hands,
+he ought to remain at their disposal. To this the English rejoined,
+that the Scots, in taking him, had not acted on their own account, but
+as the allies, and, as it were, the agents of the English, and that
+they ought to consider the king as a captive taken for them, and hold
+him subject to their disposal.
+
+They could not settle the question. In the mean time the Scottish army
+drew back toward the frontier, taking the king with them. About this
+time a negotiation sprung up between the Parliament and the Scots for
+the payment of the expenses which the Scottish army had incurred in
+their campaign. The Scots sent in an account amounting to two millions
+of pounds. The English objected to a great many of the charges, and
+offered them two hundred thousand pounds. Finally it was settled that
+four hundred thousand pounds should be paid. This arrangement was made
+early in September. In January the Scots agreed to give up the king
+into the hands of the English Parliament.
+
+The world accused the Scots of selling their king to his enemies for
+four hundred thousand pounds. The Scots denied that there was any
+connection between the two transactions above referred to. They
+received the money on account of their just claims; and they afterward
+agreed to deliver up the king, because they thought it right and
+proper so to do. The friends of the king, however, were never
+satisfied that there was not a secret understanding between the
+parties, that the money paid was not the price of the king's delivery;
+and as this delivery resulted in his death, they called it the price
+of blood.
+
+Charles was at Newcastle when they came to this decision. His mind had
+been more at ease since his surrender to the Scots, and he was
+accustomed to amuse himself and while away the time of his captivity
+by various games. He was playing chess when the intelligence was
+brought to him that he was to be delivered up to the English
+Parliament. It was communicated to him in a letter. He read it, and
+then went on with his game, and none of those around him could
+perceive by his air and manner that the intelligence which the letter
+contained was any thing extraordinary. Perhaps he was not aware of the
+magnitude of the change in his condition and prospects which the
+communication announced.
+
+There was at this time, at a town called Holmby or Holdenby, in
+Northamptonshire, a beautiful palace which was known by the name of
+Holmby House. King Charles's mother had purchased this palace for him
+when he was the Duke of York, in the early part of his life, while his
+father, King James, was on the throne, and his older brother was the
+heir apparent. It was a very stately and beautiful edifice. The house
+was fitted up in a very handsome manner, and all suitable
+accommodations provided for the king's reception. He had many
+attendants, and every desirable convenience and luxury of living; but,
+though the war was over, there was still kept up between the king and
+his enemies a petty contest about forms and punctilios, which resulted
+from the spirit of intolerance which characterized the age. The king
+wanted his own Episcopal chaplains. The Parliament would not consent
+to this, but sent him two Presbyterian chaplains. The king would not
+allow them to say grace at the table, but performed this duty himself;
+and on the Sabbath, when they preached in his chapel, he never would
+attend.
+
+One singular instance of this sort of bigotry, and of the king's
+presence of mind under the action of it, took place while the king was
+at Newcastle. They took him one day to the chapel in the castle to
+hear a Scotch Presbyterian who was preaching to the garrison. The
+Scotchman preached a long discourse pointed expressly at the king.
+Those preachers prided themselves on the fearlessness with which, on
+such occasions, they discharged what they called their duty. To cap
+the climax of his faithfulness, the preacher gave out, at the close
+of the sermon, the hymn, thus: "We will sing the fifty-first Psalm:
+
+          "'Why dost thou, tyrant, boast thyself,
+          Thy wicked works to praise?'"
+
+As the congregation were about to commence the singing, the king cast
+his eye along the page, and found in the fifty-sixth hymn one which he
+thought would be more appropriate. He rose, and said, in a very
+audible manner, "We will sing the fifty-_sixth_ Psalm:
+
+          "'Have mercy, Lord, on me I pray,
+          For men would me devour.'"
+
+The congregation, moved by a sudden impulse of religious generosity
+extremely unusual in those days, immediately sang the psalm which the
+king had chosen.
+
+While he was at Holmby the king used sometimes to go, escorted by a
+guard, to certain neighboring villages where there were
+bowling-greens. One day, while he was going on one of these
+excursions, a man, in the dress of a laborer, appeared standing on a
+bridge as he passed, and handed him a packet. The commissioners who
+had charge of Charles--for some of them always attended him on these
+excursions--seized the man. The packet was from the queen. The king
+told the commissioners that the letter was only to ask him some
+question about the disposal of his son, the young prince, who was then
+with her in Paris. They seemed satisfied, but they sent the disguised
+messenger to London, and the Parliament committed him to prison, and
+sent down word to dismiss all Charles's own attendants, and to keep
+him thenceforth in more strict confinement.
+
+In the mean time, the Parliament, having finished the war, were ready
+to disband the army. But the army did not wish to be disbanded. They
+would not be disbanded. The officers knew very well that if their
+troops were dismissed, and they were to return to their homes as
+private citizens, all their importance would be gone. There followed
+long debates and negotiations between the army and the Parliament,
+which ended, at last, in an open rupture. It is almost always so at
+the end of a revolution. The military power is found to have become
+too strong for the civil institutions of the country to control it.
+
+Oliver Cromwell, who afterward became so distinguished in the days of
+the Commonwealth, was at this time becoming the most influential
+leader of the army. He was not the commander-in-chief in form, but he
+was the great planner and manager in fact. He was a man of great
+sternness and energy of character, and was always ready for the most
+prompt and daring action. He conceived the design of seizing the
+king's person at Holmby, so as to take him away from the control of
+the Parliament, and transfer him to that of the army. This plan was
+executed on the 4th of June, about two months after the king had been
+taken to Holmby House. The abduction was effected in the following
+manner.
+
+Cromwell detached a strong party of choice troops, under the command
+of an officer by the name of Joyce, to carry the plan into effect.
+These troops were all horsemen, so that their movements could be made
+with the greatest celerity. They arrived at Holmby House at midnight.
+The cornet, for that was the military title by which Joyce was
+designated, drew up his horsemen about the palace, and demanded
+entrance. Before his company arrived, however, there had been an alarm
+that they were coming, and the guards had been doubled. The officers
+in command asked the cornet what was his name and business. He
+replied that he was Cornet Joyce, and that his business was to speak
+to the king. They asked him by whom he was sent, and he replied that
+he was sent by _himself_, and that he must and would see the king.
+They then commanded their soldiers to stand by their arms, and be
+ready to fire when the word should be given. They, however, perceived
+that Joyce and his force were a detachment from the army to which they
+themselves belonged, and concluding to receive them as brothers, they
+opened the gates and let them in.
+
+The cornet stationed sentinels at the doors of those apartments of the
+castle which were occupied by the Scotch commissioners who had the
+king in charge, and then went himself directly to the king's chamber.
+He had a pistol loaded and cocked in his hand. He knocked at the door.
+There were four grooms in waiting: they rebuked him for making such a
+disturbance at that time of the night, and told him that he should
+wait until the morning if he had any communication to make to the
+king.
+
+The cornet would not accede to this proposition, but knocked violently
+at the door, the servants being deterred from interfering by dread of
+the loaded pistol, and by the air and manner of their visitor, which
+told them very plainly that he was not to be trifled with. The king
+finally heard the disturbance, and, on learning the cause, sent out
+word that Joyce must go away and wait till morning, for he would not
+get up to see him at that hour. The cornet, as one of the historians
+of the time expresses it, "huffed and retired." The next morning he
+had an interview with the king.
+
+When he was introduced to the king's apartment in the morning, the
+king said that he wished to have the Scotch commissioners present at
+the interview. Joyce replied that the commissioners had nothing to do
+now but to return to the Parliament at London. The king then said that
+he wished to see his instructions. The cornet replied that he would
+show them to him, and he sent out to order his horsemen to parade in
+the inner court of the palace, where the king could see them from his
+windows; and then, pointing them out to the king, he said, "These,
+sir, are my instructions." The king, who, in all the trials and
+troubles of his life of excitement and danger, took every thing
+quietly and calmly looked at the men attentively. They were fine
+troops, well mounted and armed. He then turned to the cornet, and
+said, with a smile, that "his instructions were in fair characters,
+and could be read without spelling." The cornet then said that his
+orders were to take the king away with him. The king declined going,
+unless the commissioners went too. The cornet made no objection,
+saying that the commissioners might do as they pleased about
+accompanying him, but that he himself must go.
+
+The party set off from Holmby and traveled two days, stopping at night
+at the houses of friends to their cause. They reached Cambridge, where
+the leading officers of the army received the king, rendering him
+every possible mark of deference and respect. From Cambridge he was
+conducted by the leaders of the army from town to town, remaining
+sometimes several days at a place. He was attended by a strong guard,
+and was treated every where with the utmost consideration and honor.
+He was allowed some little liberty, in riding out and in amusements,
+but every precaution was taken to prevent the possibility of an
+escape.
+
+The people collected every where into the places through which he had
+to pass, and his presence-chamber was constantly thronged. This was
+not altogether on account of their respect and veneration for him as
+king, but it arose partly from a very singular cause. There is a
+certain disease called the scrofula, which in former times had the
+name of the King's Evil. It is a very unmanageable and obstinate
+disorder, resisting all ordinary modes of treatment; but in the days
+of King Charles, it was universally believed by the common people of
+England, that if a _king_ touched a patient afflicted with this
+disease, he would recover. This was the reason why it was called the
+king's evil. It was the evil that kings only could cure. Now, as kings
+seldom traveled much about their dominions, whenever one did make such
+a journey, the people embraced the opportunity to bring all the cases
+which could possibly be considered as scrofula to the line of his
+route, in order that he might touch the persons afflicted and heal
+them.
+
+In the course of the summer the king was conducted to Hampton Court, a
+beautiful palace on the Thames, a short distance above London. Here he
+remained for some time. He had an interview here with two of his
+children. The oldest son was still in France. The two whom he saw
+here were the Duke of Gloucester and the Princess Elizabeth. He found
+that they were under the care of a nobleman of high rank, and that
+they were treated with great consideration. Charles was extremely
+gratified and pleased with seeing these members of his family again,
+after so long a separation. His feelings of domestic affection were
+very strong.
+
+The king remained at Hampton Court two or three months. While he was
+here, London, and all the region about it, was kept in a continual
+state of excitement by the contentions of the army and Parliament, and
+the endless negotiations which they attempted with each other and with
+the king. During all this time the king was in a sort of elegant and
+honorable imprisonment in his palace at Hampton Court; but he found
+the restraints to which he was subjected, and the harassing cares
+which the contests between these two great powers brought upon him, so
+great, that he determined to make his escape from the thraldom which
+bound him. He very probably thought that he could again raise his
+standard, and collect an army to fight in his cause. Or perhaps he
+thought of making his escape from the country altogether. It is not
+improbable that he was not decided himself which of these plans to
+pursue, but left the question to be determined by the circumstances in
+which he should find himself when he had regained his freedom.
+
+At any rate, he made his escape. One evening, about ten o'clock,
+attendants came into his room at Hampton Court, and found that he had
+gone. There were some letters upon the table which he had left,
+directed to the Parliament, to the general of the army, and to the
+officer who had guarded him at Hampton Court. The king had left the
+palace an hour or two before. He passed out at a private door, which
+admitted him to a park connected with the palace. He went through the
+park by a walk which led down to the water, where there was a boat
+ready for him. He crossed the river in the boat, and on the opposite
+shore he found several officers and some horses ready to receive him.
+He mounted one of the horses, and the party rode rapidly away.
+
+They traveled all night, and arrived, toward morning, at the residence
+of a countess on whose attachment to him, and fidelity, he placed
+great reliance. The countess concealed him in her house, though it was
+understood by all concerned that this was only a temporary place of
+refuge. He could not long be concealed here, and her residence was not
+provided with any means of defense; so that, immediately on their
+arrival at the countess's, the king and the few friends who were with
+him began to concert plans for a more secure retreat.
+
+The house of the countess was on the southern coast of England, near
+the Isle of Wight. There was a famous castle in those days upon this
+island, near the center of it, called Carisbrooke Castle. The ruins of
+it, which are very extensive, still remain. This castle was under the
+charge of Colonel Hammond, who was at that time governor of the
+island. Colonel Hammond was a near relative of one of King Charles's
+chaplains, and the king thought it probable that he would espouse his
+cause. He accordingly sent two of the gentlemen who had accompanied
+him to the Isle of Wight to see Colonel Hammond, and inquire of him
+whether he would receive and protect the king if he would come to him.
+But he charged them not to let Hammond know where he was, unless he
+would first solemnly promise to protect him, and not subject him to
+any restraint.
+
+[Illustration: CARISBROOKE CASTLE.]
+
+The messengers went, and, to the king's surprise, brought back
+Hammond with them. The king asked them whether they had got his
+written promise to protect him. They answered no, but that they could
+depend upon him as a man of honor. The king was alarmed. "Then you
+have betrayed me," said he, "and I am his prisoner." The messengers
+were then, in their turn, alarmed at having thus disappointed and
+displeased the king, and they offered to kill Hammond on the spot, and
+to provide some other means of securing the king's safety. The king,
+however, would not sanction any such proceeding, but put himself under
+Hammond's charge, and was conveyed to Carisbrooke Castle. He was
+received with every mark of respect, but was very carefully guarded.
+It was about the middle of November that these events took place.
+
+Hammond notified the Parliament that King Charles was in his hands,
+and sent for directions from them as to what he should do. Parliament
+required that he should be carefully guarded, and they appropriated
+£5000 for the expenses of his support. The king remained in this
+confinement more than a year, while the Parliament and the army were
+struggling for the possession of the kingdom.
+
+He spent his time, during this long period in various pursuits
+calculated to beguile the weary days, and he sometimes planned schemes
+for escape. There were also a great many fruitless negotiations
+attempted between the king and the Parliament, which resulted in
+nothing but to make the breach between them wider and wider. Sometimes
+the king was silent and depressed. At other times he seemed in his
+usual spirits. He read serious books a great deal, and wrote. There is
+a famous book, which was found in manuscript after his death among his
+papers, in his handwriting, which it is supposed he wrote at this
+time. He was allowed to take walks upon the castle wall, which was
+very extensive, and he had some other amusements which served to
+occupy his leisure time. He found his confinement, however, in spite
+of all these mitigations, wearisome and hard to bear.
+
+There were some schemes attempted to enable him to regain his liberty.
+There was one very desperate attempt. It seems that Hammond,
+suspecting that the king was plotting an escape, dismissed the king's
+own servants and put others in their places--persons in whom he
+supposed he could more implicitly rely. One of these men, whose name
+was Burley, was exasperated at being thus dismissed. He went through
+the town of Carisbrooke, beating a drum, and calling upon the people
+to rise and rescue their sovereign from his captivity. The governor of
+the castle, hearing of this, sent out a small body of men, arrested
+Burley, and hanged and quartered him. The king was made a close
+prisoner immediately after this attempt.
+
+Notwithstanding this, another attempt was soon made by the king
+himself, which came much nearer succeeding. There was a man by the
+name of Osborne, whom Hammond employed as a personal attendant upon
+the king. He was what was called gentleman usher. The king succeeded
+in gaining this person's favor so much by his affability and his
+general demeanor, that one day he put a little paper into one of the
+king's gloves, which it was a part of his office to hold on certain
+occasions, and on this paper he had written that he was at the king's
+service. At first Charles was afraid that this offer was only a
+treacherous one; but at length he confided in him. In the mean time,
+there was a certain man by the name of Rolf in the garrison, who
+conceived the design of enticing the king away from the castle on the
+promise of promoting his escape, and then murdering him. Rolf thought
+that this plan would please the Parliament, and that he himself, and
+those who should aid him in the enterprise, would be rewarded. He
+proposed this scheme to Osborne, and asked him to join in the
+execution of it.
+
+Osborne made the whole plan known to the king. The king, on
+reflection, said to Osborne, "Very well; continue in communication
+with Rolf, and help him mature his plan. Let him thus aid in getting
+me out of the castle, and we will make such arrangements as to prevent
+the assassination." Osborne did so. He also gained over some other
+soldiers who were employed as sentinels near the place of escape.
+Osborne and Rolf furnished the king with a saw and a file, by means of
+which he sawed off some iron bars which guarded one of his windows.
+They were then, on a certain night, to be ready with a few attendants
+on the outside to receive the king as he descended, and convey him
+away.
+
+In the mean time, Rolf and Osborne had each obtained a number of
+confederates, those of the former supposing that the plan was to
+assassinate the king, while those of the latter understood that the
+plan was to assist him in escaping from captivity. Certain expressions
+which were dropped by one of this latter class alarmed Rolf, and led
+him to suspect some treachery. He accordingly took the precaution to
+provide a number of armed men, and to have them ready at the window,
+so that he should be sure to be strong enough to secure the king
+immediately on his descent from the window. When the time came for the
+escape, the king, before getting out, looked below, and, seeing so
+many armed men, knew at once that Rolf had discovered their designs,
+and refused to descend. He quickly returned to his bed. The next day
+the bars were found filed in two, and the king was made a closer
+prisoner than ever.
+
+Some months after this, some commissioners from Parliament went to see
+the king, and they found him in a most wretched condition. His beard
+was grown, his dress was neglected, his health was gone, his hair was
+gray, and, though only forty-eight years of age, he appeared as
+decrepit and infirm as a man of seventy. In fact, he was in a state
+of misery and despair. Even the enemies who came to visit him, though
+usually stern and hard-hearted enough to withstand any impressions,
+were extremely affected at the sight.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+TRIAL AND DEATH.
+
+1648
+
+The king removed to Hurst Castle.--Its extraordinary
+situation.--Another plan of escape.--Objections.--The
+king's perplexity.--He refuses to break his word.--Distress
+of the king's friends.--He is removed from Carisbrooke
+Castle.--Arrangements for the king's trial.--Arbitrary measures
+of the Commons.--The king brought to London.--Roll of
+commissioners.--The king brought into court.--His firmness.--The
+charge.--The king interrupts its reading.--The king objects to the
+jurisdiction of the court.--Sentence of death pronounced against
+the king.--Tumult.--The king grossly insulted.--The king's last
+requests.--They are granted.--Devotions of the king.--He declines
+seeing his friends.--The king's interview with his children.--Parting
+messages.--The warrant.--Warrant signed by the judges.--The king
+sleeps well.--Preparations.--Reading the service.--Summons.--The
+king carried to Whitehall.--Devotions.--Parting scenes.--The king's
+speech.--His composure.--Death.--The body taken to Windsor
+Castle.--The Commonwealth.--Government in the United
+States.--Ownership.--No stable governments result from violent
+revolutions.
+
+
+As soon as the army party, with Oliver Cromwell at their head, had
+obtained complete ascendency, they took immediate measures for
+proceeding vigorously against the king. They seized him at Carisbrooke
+Castle, and took him to Hurst Castle, which was a gloomy fortress in
+the neighborhood of Carisbrooke. Hurst Castle was in a very
+extraordinary situation. There is a long point extending from the main
+land toward the Isle of Wight, opposite to the eastern end of it. This
+point is very narrow, but is nearly two miles long. The castle was
+built at the extremity. It consisted of one great round tower,
+defended by walls and bastions. It stood lonely and desolate,
+surrounded by the sea, except the long and narrow neck which connected
+it with the distant shore. Of course, though comfortless and solitary,
+it was a place of much greater security than Carisbrooke.
+
+The circumstance of the king's removal to this new place of
+confinement were as follows: In some of his many negotiations with the
+Parliament while at Carisbrooke, he had bound himself, on certain
+conditions, not to attempt to escape from that place. His friends,
+however, when they heard that the army were coming again to take him
+away, concluded that he ought to lose no time in making his escape out
+of the country. They proposed the plan to the king. He made two
+objections to it. He thought, in the first place, that the attempt
+would be very likely to fail; and that, if it did fail, it would
+exasperate his enemies, and make his confinement more rigorous, and
+his probable danger more imminent than ever. He said that, in the
+second place, he had promised the Parliament that he would not attempt
+to escape, and that he could not break his word.
+
+The three friends were silent when they heard the king speak these
+words. After a pause, the leader of them, Colonel Cook, said, "Suppose
+I were to tell your majesty that the army have a plan for seizing you
+immediately, and that they will be upon you very soon unless you
+escape. Suppose I tell you that we have made all the preparations
+necessary--that we have horses all ready here, concealed in a
+pent-house--that we have a vessel at the Cows[G] waiting for us--that
+we are all prepared to attend you, and eager to engage in the
+enterprise--the darkness of the night favoring our plan, and rendering
+it almost certain of success. Now," added he, "these suppositions
+express the real state of the case, and the only question is what your
+majesty will resolve to do."
+
+[Footnote G: There were two points or headlands, on opposite sides of
+an inlet from the sea, on the northern side of the Isle of Wight,
+which in ancient times received the name of _Cows_. They were called
+the East Cow and the West Cow. The harbor between them formed a safe
+and excellent harbor. The name is now spelled Cowes, and the port is,
+at the present day, of great commercial importance.]
+
+The king paused. He was distressed with perplexity and doubt. At
+length he said, "They have promised _me_, and I have promised _them_,
+and I will not break the promise first." "Your majesty means by _they_
+and _them_, the Parliament, I suppose?" "Yes, I do." "But the scene is
+now changed. The Parliament have no longer any power to protect you.
+The danger is imminent, and the circumstances absolve your majesty
+from all obligation."
+
+But the king could not be moved. He said, come what may, he would not
+do any thing that looked like a breaking of his word. He would dismiss
+the subject and go to bed, and enjoy his rest as long as he could.
+His friends told him that they feared it would not be long. They
+seemed very much agitated and distressed. The king asked them why they
+were so much troubled. They said it was to think of the extreme danger
+in which his majesty was lying, and his unwillingness to do any thing
+to avert it. The king replied, that if the danger were tenfold more
+than it was, he would not break his word to avert it.
+
+The fears of the king's friends were soon realized. The next morning,
+at break of day, he was awakened by a loud knocking at his door. He
+sent one of his attendants to inquire what it meant. It was a party of
+soldiers come to take him away. They would give him no information in
+respect to their plans, but required him to dress himself immediately
+and go with them. They mounted horses at the gate of the castle. The
+king was very earnest to have his friends accompany him. They allowed
+one of them, the Duke of Richmond, to go with him a little way, and
+then told him he must return. The duke bade his master a very sad and
+sorrowful farewell, and left him to go on alone.
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF CARISBROOKE CASTLE.]
+
+The escort which were conducting him took him to Hurst Castle. The
+Parliament passed a vote condemning this proceeding, but it was too
+late. The army concentrated their forces about London, took possession
+of the avenues to the houses of Parliament, and excluded all those
+members who were opposed to them. The remnant of the Parliament which
+was left immediately took measures for bringing the king to trial.
+
+The House of Commons did not dare to trust the trial of the king to
+the Peers, according to the provisions of the English Constitution,
+and so they passed an ordinance for attainting him of high treason,
+and for appointing _commissioners_, themselves, to try him. Of course,
+in appointing these commissioners, they would name such men as they
+were sure would be predisposed to condemn him. The Peers rejected this
+ordinance, and adjourned for nearly a fortnight, hoping thus to arrest
+any further proceedings. The Commons immediately voted that the action
+of the Peers was not necessary, and that they would go forward
+themselves. They then appointed the commissioners, and ordered the
+trial to proceed.
+
+Every thing connected with the trial was conducted with great state
+and parade. The number of commissioners constituting the court was
+one hundred and thirty-three, though only a little more than half that
+number attended the trial. The king had been removed from Hurst Castle
+to Windsor Castle, and he was now brought into the city, and lodged in
+a house near to Westminster Hall, so as to be at hand. On the
+appointed day the court assembled; the vast hall and all the avenues
+to it were thronged. The whole civilized world looked on, in fact, in
+astonishment at the almost unprecedented spectacle of a king tried for
+his life by an assembly of his subjects.
+
+The first business after the opening of the court was to call the roll
+of the commissioners, that each one might answer to his name. The name
+of the general of the army, Fairfax, who was one of the number, was
+the second upon the list. When his name was called there was no
+answer. It was called again. A voice from one of the galleries
+replied, "He has too much wit to be here." This produced some
+disorder, and the officers called out to know who answered in that
+manner, but there was no reply. Afterward, when the impeachment was
+read, the phrase occurred, "Of all the people of England," when the
+same voice rejoined, "No not the half of them." The officers then
+ordered a soldier to fire into the seat from which these
+interruptions came. This command was not obeyed, but they found, on
+investigating the case, that the person who had answered thus was
+Fairfax's wife, and they immediately removed her from the hall.
+
+When the court was fully organized, they commanded the
+sergeant-at-arms to bring in the prisoner. The king was accordingly
+brought in, and conducted to a chair covered with crimson velvet,
+which had been placed for him at the bar. The judges remained in their
+seats, with their heads covered, while he entered, and the king took
+his seat, keeping his head covered too. He took a calm and deliberate
+survey of the scene, looking around upon the judges, and upon the
+armed guards by which he was environed, with a stern and unchanging
+countenance. At length silence was proclaimed, and the president rose
+to introduce the proceedings.
+
+He addressed the king. He said that the Commons of England, deeply
+sensible of the calamities which had been brought upon England by the
+civil war, and of the innocent blood which had been shed, and
+convinced that he, the king, had been the guilty cause of it, were
+now determined to make inquisition for this blood, and to bring him to
+trial and judgment; that they had, for this purpose, organized this
+court, and that he should now hear the charge brought against him,
+which they would proceed to try.
+
+An officer then arose to read the charge. The king made a gesture for
+him to be silent. He, however, persisted in his reading, although the
+king once or twice attempted to interrupt him. The president, too,
+ordered him to proceed. The charge recited the evils and calamities
+which had resulted from the war, and concluded by saying that "the
+said Charles Stuart is and has been the occasioner, author, and
+continuer of the said unnatural, cruel, and bloody wars, and is
+therein guilty of all the treasons, murders, rapines, burnings,
+spoils, desolations, damages, and mischiefs to this nation acted and
+committed in the said wars, or occasioned thereby."
+
+The president then sharply rebuked the king for his interruptions to
+the proceedings, and asked him what answer he had to make to the
+impeachment. The king replied by demanding by what authority they
+pretended to call him to account for his conduct. He told them that
+he was their king, and they his subjects; that they were not even the
+Parliament, and that they had no authority from any true Parliament to
+sit as a court to try him; that he would not betray his own dignity
+and rights by making any answer at all to any charges they might bring
+against him, for that would be an acknowledgment of their authority;
+but he was convinced that there was not one of them who did not in his
+heart believe that he was wholly innocent of the charges which they
+had brought against him.
+
+These proceedings occupied the first day. The king was then sent back
+to his place of confinement, and the court adjourned. The next day,
+when called upon to plead to the impeachment, the king only insisted
+the more strenuously in denying the authority of the court, and in
+stating his reasons for so denying it. The court were determined not
+to hear what he had to say on this point, and the president
+continually interrupted him; while he, in his turn, continually
+interrupted the president too. It was a struggle and a dispute, not a
+trial. At last, on the fourth day, something like testimony was
+produced to prove that the king had been in arms against the forces of
+the Parliament. On the fifth and sixth days, the judges sat in
+private to come to their decision; and on the day following, which was
+Saturday, January 27th, they called the king again before them, and
+opened the doors to admit the great assembly of spectators, that the
+decision might be announced.
+
+There followed another scene of mutual interruptions and disorder. The
+king insisted on longer delay. He had not said what he wished to say
+in his defense. The president told him it was now too late; that he
+had consumed the time allotted to him in making objections to the
+jurisdiction of the court, and now it was too late for his defense.
+The clerk then read the sentence, which ended thus: "For all which
+treasons and crimes this court doth adjudge that he, the said Charles
+Stuart, is a tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemy, and shall be
+put to death by the severing of his head from his body." When the
+clerk had finished the reading, the president rose, and said
+deliberately and solemnly,
+
+     "The sentence now read and published is the act, sentence,
+     judgment, and resolution of the whole court."
+
+And the whole court rose to express their assent.
+
+The king then said to the president, "Will you hear me a word, sir?"
+
+    _President._ "Sir, you are not to be heard after the sentence."
+
+    _King._ "Am I not, sir?"
+
+    _President._ "No, sir. Guards, withdraw the prisoner!"
+
+    _King._ "I may speak after sentence by your favor, sir. Hold--I
+    say, sir--by your favor, sir--If I am not permitted to speak--"
+
+The other parts of his broken attempts to speak were lost in the
+tumult and noise. He was taken out of the hall.
+
+One would have supposed that all who witnessed these dreadful
+proceedings, and who now saw one who had been so lately the sovereign
+of a mighty empire standing friendless and alone on the brink of
+destruction, would have relented at last, and would have found their
+hearts yielding to emotions of pity. But it seems not to have been so.
+The animosities engendered by political strife are merciless, and the
+crowd through which the king had to pass as he went from the hall
+scoffed and derided him. They blew the smoke of their tobacco in his
+face, and threw their pipes at him. Some proceeded to worse
+indignities than these, but the king bore all with quietness and
+resignation.
+
+The king was sentenced on Saturday. On the evening of that day he sent
+a request that the Bishop of London might be allowed to assist at his
+devotions, and that his children might be permitted to see him before
+he was to die. There were two of his children then in England, his
+youngest son and a daughter. The other two sons had escaped to the
+Continent. The government granted both these requests. By asking for
+the services of an Episcopal clergyman, Charles signified his firm
+determination to adhere to the very last hour of his life to the
+religious principles which he had been struggling for so long. It is
+somewhat surprising that the government were willing to comply with
+the request.
+
+It was, however, complied with, and Charles was taken from the palace
+of Whitehall, which is in Westminster, to the palace of St. James, not
+very far distant. He was escorted by a guard through the streets. At
+St. James's there was a small chapel where the king attended divine
+service. The Bishop of London preached a sermon on the future
+judgment, in which he administered comfort to the mind of the unhappy
+prisoner, so far as the sad case allowed of any comfort, by the
+thought that all human judgments would be reviewed, and all wrong made
+right at the great day. After the service the king spent the remainder
+of the day in retirement and private devotion.
+
+During the afternoon of the day several of his most trusty friends
+among the nobility called to see him, but he declined to grant them
+admission. He said that his time was short and precious, and that he
+wished to improve it to the utmost in preparation for the great change
+which awaited him. He hoped, therefore, that his friends would not be
+displeased if he declined seeing any persons besides his children. It
+would do no good for them to be admitted. All that they could do for
+him now was to pray for him.
+
+The next day the children were brought to him in the room where he was
+confined. The daughter, who was called the Lady Elizabeth, was the
+oldest. He directed her to tell her brother James, who was the second
+son, and now absent with Charles on the Continent, that he must now,
+from the time of his father's death, no longer look upon Charles as
+merely his older brother, but as his sovereign, and obey him as such;
+and he requested her to charge them both, from him, to love each
+other, and to forgive their father's enemies.
+
+"You will not forget this, my dear child, will you?" added the king.
+The Lady Elizabeth was still very young.
+
+"No," said she, "I will never forget it as long as I live."
+
+He then charged her with a message to her mother, the queen, who was
+also on the Continent. "Tell her," said he, "that I have loved her
+faithfully all my life, and that my tender regard for her will not
+cease till I cease to breathe."
+
+Poor Elizabeth was sadly grieved at this parting interview. The king
+tried to comfort her. "You must not be so afflicted for me," he said.
+"It will be a very glorious death that I shall die. I die for the laws
+and liberties of this land, and for maintaining the Protestant
+religion. I have forgiven all my enemies, and I hope that God will
+forgive them."
+
+The little son was, by title, the Duke of Gloucester. He took him on
+his knees, and said, in substance, "My dear boy, they are going to cut
+off your father's head." The child looked up into his father's face
+very earnestly, not comprehending so strange an assertion.
+
+"They are going to cut off my head," repeated the king, "and perhaps
+they will want to make you a king; but you must not be king as long as
+your brothers Charles and James live; for if you do, very likely they
+will, some time or other, cut off your head." The child said, with a
+very determined air, that then they should never make him king as long
+as he lived. The king then gave his children some other parting
+messages for several of his nearest relatives and friends, and they
+were taken away.
+
+In cases of capital punishment, in England and America, there must be,
+after the sentence is pronounced, written authority to the sheriff, or
+other proper officer, to proceed to the execution of it. This is
+called the warrant, and is usually to be signed by the chief
+magistrate of the state. In England the sovereign always signs the
+warrant of execution; but in the case of the execution of the
+sovereign himself, which was a case entirely unprecedented, the
+authorities were at first somewhat at loss to know what to do. The
+commissioners who had judged the king concluded finally to sign it
+themselves. It was expressed substantially as follows:
+
+     "At the High Court of Justice for the trying and judging of
+     Charles Stuart, king of England, January 29th, 1648:
+
+     "Whereas Charles Stuart, king of England, has been convicted,
+     attainted, and condemned of high treason, and sentence was
+     pronounced against him by this court, to be put to death by the
+     severance of his head from his body, of which sentence execution
+     yet remaineth to be done; these are, therefore, now to will and
+     require you to see the said sentence executed in the open street
+     before Whitehall, upon the morrow, being the thirtieth day of
+     this instant month of January, between the hours of ten in the
+     morning and five in the afternoon of the said day, with full
+     effect; and for so doing this shall be your sufficient warrant."
+
+Fifty-nine of the judges signed this warrant, and then it was sent to
+the persons appointed to carry the sentence into execution.
+
+That night the king slept pretty well for about four hours, though
+during the evening before he could hear in his apartment the noise of
+the workmen building the platform, or scaffold as it was commonly
+called, on which the execution was to take place. He awoke, however,
+long before day. He called to an attendant who lay by his bedside,
+and requested him to get up. "I will rise myself," said he, "for I
+have a great work to do to-day." He then requested that they would
+furnish him with the best dress, and an extra supply of under
+clothing, because it was a cold morning. He particularly wished to be
+well guarded from the cold, lest it should cause him to shiver, and
+they would suppose that he was trembling from fear.
+
+"I have no fear," said he. "Death is not terrible to me. I bless God
+that I am prepared."
+
+The king had made arrangements for divine service in his room early in
+the morning, to be conducted by the Bishop of London. The bishop came
+in at the time appointed, and read the prayers. He also read, in the
+course of the service, the twenty-ninth chapter of Matthew, which
+narrates the closing scenes of our Saviour's life. This was, in fact,
+the regular lesson for the day, according to the Episcopal ritual,
+which assigns certain portions of Scripture to every day of the year.
+The king supposed that the bishop had purposely selected this passage,
+and he thanked him for it, as he said it seemed to him very
+appropriate to the occasion. "May it please your majesty," said the
+bishop, "it is the proper lesson for the day." The king was much
+affected at learning this fact, as he considered it a special
+providence, indicating that he was prepared to die, and that he should
+be sustained in the final agony.
+
+About ten o'clock, Colonel Hacker, who was the first one named in the
+warrant of execution of the three persons to whom the warrant was
+addressed, knocked gently at the king's chamber door. No answer was
+returned. Presently he knocked again. The king asked his attendant to
+go to the door. He went, and asked Colonel Hacker why he knocked. He
+replied that he wished to see the king.
+
+"Let him come in," said the king.
+
+The officer entered, but with great embarrassment and trepidation. He
+felt that he had a most awful duty to perform. He informed the king
+that it was time to proceed to Whitehall, though he could have some
+time there for rest. "Very well," said the king; "go on; I will
+follow." The king then took the bishop's arm, and they went along
+together.
+
+They found, as they issued from the palace of St. James into the park
+through which their way lay to Whitehall, that lines of soldiers had
+been drawn up. The king, with the bishop on one side, and the
+attendant before referred to, whose name was Herbert, on the other,
+both uncovered, walked between these lines of guards. The king walked
+on very fast, so that the others scarcely kept pace with him. When he
+arrived at Whitehall he spent some further time in devotion, with the
+bishop, and then, at noon, he ate a little bread and drank some light
+wine. Soon after this, Colonel Hacker, the officer, came to the door
+and let them know that the hour had arrived.
+
+The bishop and Hacker melted into tears as they bade their master
+farewell. The king directed the door to be opened, and requested the
+officer to go on, saying that he would follow. They went through a
+large hall, called the banqueting hall, to a window in front, through
+which a passage had been made for the king to his scaffold, which was
+built up in the street before the palace. As the king passed out
+through the window, he perceived that a vast throng of spectators had
+assembled in the streets to witness the spectacle. He had expected
+this, and had intended to address them. But he found that this was
+impossible, as the space all around the scaffold was occupied with
+troops of horse and bodies of soldiers, so as to keep the populace at
+so great a distance that they could not hear his voice. He, however,
+made his speech, addressing it particularly to one or two persons who
+were near, knowing that they would put the substance of it on record,
+and thus make it known to all mankind. There was then some further
+conversation about the preparations for the final blow, the adjustment
+of the dress, the hair, &c., in which the king took an active part,
+with great composure. He then kneeled down and laid his head upon the
+block.
+
+The executioner, who wore a mask that he might not be known, began to
+adjust the hair of the prisoner by putting it up under his cap, when
+the king, supposing that he was going to strike, hastily told him to
+wait for the sign. The executioner said that he would. The king spent
+a few minutes in prayer, and then stretched out his hands, which was
+the sign which he had arranged to give. The axe descended. The
+dissevered head, with the blood streaming from it, was held up by the
+assistant executioner, for the gratification of the vast crowd which
+was gazing on the scene. He said, as he raised it, "Behold the head
+of a traitor!"
+
+The body was placed in a coffin covered with black velvet, and taken
+back through the window into the room from which the monarch had
+walked out, in life and health, but a few moments before. A day or two
+afterward it was taken to Windsor Castle upon a hearse drawn by six
+horses and covered with black velvet. It was there interred in a vault
+in the chapel, with an inscription upon lead over the coffin:
+
+                    KING CHARLES
+                        1648.
+
+After the death of Charles, a sort of republic was established in
+England, called the Commonwealth, over which, instead of a king,
+Oliver Cromwell presided, under the title of Protector. The country
+was, however, in a very anomalous and unsettled state. It became more
+distracted still after the death of the Protector, and it was only
+twelve years after beheading the father that the people of England, by
+common consent, called back the son to the throne. It seems as if
+there could be no stable government in a country where any very large
+portion of the inhabitants are destitute of property, without the aid
+of that mysterious but all controlling principle of the human breast,
+a spirit of reverence for the rights, and dread of the power of an
+hereditary crown. In the United States almost every man is the
+possessor of property. He has his house, his little farm, his shop and
+implements of labor, or something which is his own, and which he feels
+would be jeopardized by revolution and anarchy. He dreads a general
+scramble, knowing that he would probably get less than he would lose
+by it. He is willing, therefore, to be governed by abstract law. There
+is no need of holding up before him a scepter or a crown to induce
+obedience. He submits without them. He votes with the rest, and then
+abides by the decision of the ballot-box. In other countries, however,
+the case is different. If not an actual majority, there is at least a
+very large proportion of the community who possess nothing. They get
+scanty daily food for hard and long-continued daily labor; and as
+change, no matter what, is always a blessing to sufferers, or at least
+is always looked forward to as such, they are ready to welcome, at all
+times, any thing that promises commotion. A war, a conflagration, a
+riot, or a rebellion, is always welcome. They do not know but that
+they shall gain some advantage by it, and in the mean time the
+excitement of it is some relief to the dead and eternal monotony of
+toil and suffering.
+
+It is true that the revolutions by which monarchies are overturned are
+not generally effected, in the first instance, by this portion of the
+community. The throne is usually overturned at first by a higher class
+of men; but the deed being done, the inroad upon the established
+course and order of the social state being once made, this lower mass
+is aroused and excited by it, and soon becomes unmanageable. When
+property is so distributed among the population of a state that all
+have an _interest_ in the preservation of order, then, and not till
+then, will it be safe to give to all a share in the _power_ necessary
+for preserving it; and, in the mean time, revolutions produced by
+insurrections and violence will probably only result in establishing
+governments unsteady and transient just in proportion to the
+suddenness of their origin.
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Charles I, by Jacob Abbott
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Charles I, by Jacob Abbott
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Charles I
+       Makers of History
+
+Author: Jacob Abbott
+
+Release Date: October 1, 2008 [EBook #26734]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHARLES I ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by D Alexander and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<h2>Makers of History</h2>
+
+<h1>Charles I.</h1>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">By</span> JACOB ABBOTT</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WITH ENGRAVINGS</p>
+
+<p class="gap">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 124px;">
+<img src="images/i001.jpg" width="124" height="150" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="smallgap">&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">NEW YORK AND LONDON</p>
+
+<p class="center">HARPER &amp; BROTHERS PUBLISHERS</p>
+
+<p class="center">1901</p>
+
+<hr class="large" />
+
+<p class="center">Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1848, by</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Harper &amp; Brothers</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="center">In the Clerk's Office of the Southern District of New York.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Copyright, 1876, by <span class="smcap">Jacob Abbott</span>.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" />
+
+<a name="Page_2" id="Page_2"></a>
+<p><span class='pagenum'></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i003.jpg" class="smallgap" width="550" height="286" alt="Tower of London." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Tower of London.</span></span></div>
+
+<hr class="large" />
+
+<a name="Frontispiece" id="Frontispiece"></a>
+<p><span class='pagenum'></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 338px;">
+<img src="images/i005.jpg" class="smallgap" width="338" height="400" alt="JOHN HAMPDEN." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">JOHN HAMPDEN.</span></span></div>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"></a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+<p>The history of the life of every individual who has, for any reason,
+attracted extensively the attention of mankind, has been written in a
+great variety of ways by a multitude of authors, and persons sometimes
+wonder why we should have so many different accounts of the same
+thing. The reason is, that each one of these accounts is intended for
+a different set of readers, who read with ideas and purposes widely
+dissimilar from each other. Among the twenty millions of people in the
+United States, there are perhaps two millions, between the ages of
+fifteen and twenty-five, who wish to become acquainted, in general,
+with the leading events in the history of the Old World, and of
+ancient times, but who, coming upon the stage in this land and at this
+period, have ideas and conceptions so widely different from those of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>other nations and of other times, that a mere republication of
+existing accounts is not what they require. The story must be told
+expressly for them. The things that are to be explained, the points
+that are to be brought out, the comparative degree of prominence to be
+given to the various particulars, will all be different, on account of
+the difference in the situation, the ideas, and the objects of these
+new readers, compared with those of the various other classes of
+readers which former authors have had in view. It is for this reason,
+and with this view, that the present series of historical narratives
+is presented to the public. The author, having had some opportunity to
+become acquainted with the position, the ideas, and the intellectual
+wants of those whom he addresses, presents the result of his labors to
+them, with the hope that it may be found successful in accomplishing
+its design. </p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" width="70%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" summary="CONTENTS">
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">Chapter</td>
+<td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">Page</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">I.</td>
+<td align="left">HIS CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#KING_CHARLES_I">13</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">II.</td>
+<td align="left">THE EXPEDITION INTO SPAIN</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_II">34</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">III.</td>
+<td align="left">ACCESSION TO THE THRONE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_III">58</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">IV.</td>
+<td align="left">BUCKINGHAM</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_IV">81</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">V.</td>
+<td align="left">THE KING AND HIS PREROGATIVE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_V">107</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">VI.</td>
+<td align="left">ARCHBISHOP LAUD</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_VI">131</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">VII.</td>
+<td align="left">THE EARL OF STRAFFORD</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_VII">155</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">VIII.</td>
+<td align="left">DOWNFALL OF STRAFFORD AND LAUD </td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_VIII">177</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">IX.</td>
+<td align="left">CIVIL WAR</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_IX">203</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">X.</td>
+<td align="left">THE CAPTIVITY</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_X">234</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="right">XI.</td>
+<td align="left">TRIAL AND DEATH</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Chapter_XI">261</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="ENGRAVINGS" id="ENGRAVINGS"></a>ENGRAVINGS.</h2>
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" width="70%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" summary="ENGRAVINGS">
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right">PAGE</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">PORTRAIT OF HAMPDEN</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Frontispiece"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">ILLUMINATED TITLE</td>
+<td align="right">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">TOWER OF LONDON</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_2">1</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">CHARLES I. AND ARMOR BEARER</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">QUEEN HENRIETTA MARIA</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">WINDSOR CASTLE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">THE ESCURIAL</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">ST. STEPHEN'S</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">LAMBETH PALACE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">WESTMINSTER HALL</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">STRAFFORD AND LAUD</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">THE KING'S ADHERENTS ENTERING YORK</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">THE LANDING OF THE QUEEN</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">NEWARK</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">CARISBROOKE CASTLE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="left">RUINS OF CARISBROOKE CASTLE</td>
+<td align="right"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr class="large" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 327px;">
+<img src="images/i011.jpg" class="smallgap" width="327" height="500" alt="Charles I. and Armor Bearer" title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Charles I. and Armor Bearer</span></span></div>
+
+<hr class="large" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11-2]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 346px;">
+<img src="images/i012.jpg" class="smallgap" width="346" height="400" alt="Queen Henrietta Maria" title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Queen Henrietta Maria</span></span></div>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="KING_CHARLES_I" id="KING_CHARLES_I"></a>KING CHARLES I.</h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Chapter I.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">His Childhood and Youth.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1600-1622</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Born in Scotland.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">K</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">ing</span> Charles the First was born in Scotland. It may perhaps surprise
+the reader that an English king should be born in Scotland. The
+explanation is this:</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The circumstance explained.</div>
+
+<p>They who have read the history of Mary Queen of Scots, will remember
+that it was the great end and aim of her life to unite the crowns of
+England and Scotland in her own family. Queen Elizabeth was then Queen
+of England. She lived and died unmarried. Queen Mary and a young man
+named Lord Darnley were the next heirs. It was uncertain which of the
+two had the strongest claim. To prevent a dispute, by uniting these
+claims, Mary made Darnley her husband. They had a son, who, after the
+death of his father and mother, was acknowledged to be the heir to the
+British throne, whenever Elizabeth's life <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>should end. In the mean
+time he remained King of Scotland. His name was James. He married a
+princess of Denmark; and his child, who afterward was King Charles the
+First of England, was born before he left his native realm.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Princess Anne.<br /> Royal marriages.</div>
+
+<p>King Charles's mother was, as has been already said, a princess of
+Denmark. Her name was Anne. The circumstances of her marriage to King
+James were quite extraordinary, and attracted great attention at the
+time. It is, in some sense, a matter of principle among kings and
+queens, that they must only marry persons of royal rank, like
+themselves; and as they have very little opportunity of visiting each
+other, residing as they do in such distant capitals, they generally
+choose their consorts by the reports which come to them of the person
+and character of the different candidates. The choice, too, is very
+much influenced by political considerations, and is always more or
+less embarrassed by negotiations with other courts, whose ministers
+make objections to this or that alliance, on account of its supposed
+interference with some of their own political schemes.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Getting married by proxy.</div>
+
+<p>As it is very inconvenient, moreover, for a king to leave his
+dominions, the marriage ceremony <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>is usually performed at the court
+where the bride resides, without the presence of the bridegroom, he
+sending an embassador to act as his representative. This is called
+being married by proxy. The bride then comes to her royal husband's
+dominions, accompanied by a great escort. He meets her usually on the
+frontiers; and there she sees him for the first time, after having
+been married to him some weeks by proxy. It is true, indeed, that she
+has generally seen his <i>picture</i>, that being usually sent to her
+before the marriage contract is made. This, however, is not a matter
+of much consequence, as the personal predilections of a princess have
+generally very little to do with the question of her marriage.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">James thwarted.<br />James sues for Anne.</div>
+
+<p>Now King James had concluded to propose for the oldest daughter of the
+King of Denmark and he entered into negotiations for this purpose.
+This plan, however, did not please the government of England, and
+Elizabeth, who was then the English queen, managed so to embarrass and
+interfere with the scheme, that the King of Denmark gave his daughter
+to another claimant. James was a man of very mild and quiet
+temperament, easily counteracted and thwarted in his plans; but this
+disappointment <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>aroused his energies, and he sent a splendid embassy
+into Denmark to demand the king's second daughter, whose name was
+Anne. He prosecuted this suit so vigorously that the marriage articles
+were soon agreed to and signed. Anne embarked and set sail for
+Scotland. The king remained there, waiting for her arrival with great
+impatience. At length, instead of his bride, the news came that the
+fleet in which Anne had sailed had been dispersed and driven back by a
+storm, and that Anne herself had landed on the coast of Norway.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Their marriage.<br />James in Copenhagen.</div>
+
+<p>James immediately conceived the design of going himself in pursuit of
+her. But knowing very well that all his ministers and the officers of
+his government would make endless objections to his going out of the
+country on such an errand, he kept his plan a profound secret from
+them all. He ordered some ships to be got ready privately, and
+provided a suitable train of attendants, and then embarked without
+letting his people know where he was going. He sailed across the
+German Ocean to the town in Norway where his bride had landed. He
+found her there, and they were married. Her brother, who had just
+succeeded to the throne, having received intelligence of this,
+invited<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> the young couple to come and spend the winter at his capital
+of Copenhagen; and as the season was far advanced, and the sea stormy,
+King James concluded to accept the invitation. They were received in
+Copenhagen with great pomp and parade, and the winter was spent in
+festivities and rejoicings. In the spring he brought his bride to
+Scotland. The whole world were astonished at the performance of such
+an exploit by a king, especially one of so mild, quiet, and grave a
+character as that which James had the credit of possessing.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Charles's feeble infancy.</div>
+
+<p>Young Charles was very weak and feeble in his infancy. It was feared
+that he would not live many hours. The rite of baptism was immediately
+performed, as it was, in those days, considered essential to the
+salvation of a child dying in infancy that it should be baptized
+before it died. Notwithstanding the fears that were at first felt,
+Charles lingered along for some days, and gradually began to acquire a
+little strength. His feebleness was a cause of great anxiety and
+concern to those around him; but the degree of interest felt in the
+little sufferer's fate was very much less than it would have been if
+he had been the oldest son. He had a brother, Prince Henry, who was
+older <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>than he, and, consequently, heir to his father's crown. It was
+not probable, therefore, that Charles would ever be king; and the
+importance of every thing connected with his birth and his welfare was
+very much diminished on that account.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Death of Elizabeth.<br />Accession of James to the English
+crown.</div>
+
+<p>It was only about two years after Charles's birth that Queen Elizabeth
+died, and King James succeeded to the English throne. A messenger came
+with all speed to Scotland to announce the fact. He rode night and
+day. He arrived at the king's palace in the night. He gained admission
+to the king's chamber, and, kneeling at his bedside, proclaimed him
+King of England. James immediately prepared to bid his Scotch subjects
+farewell, and to proceed to England to take possession of his new
+realm. Queen Anne was to follow him in a week or two, and the other
+children, Henry and Elizabeth; but Charles was too feeble to go.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Second sight.<br />Prediction fulfilled.</div>
+
+<p>In those early days there was a prevailing belief in Scotland, and, in
+fact, the opinion still lingers there, that certain persons among the
+old Highlanders had what they called the gift of the second
+sight&mdash;that is, the power of foreseeing futurity in some mysterious
+and incomprehensible way. An incident is related in the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>old histories
+connected with Charles's infancy, which is a good illustration of
+this. While King James was preparing to leave Scotland, to take
+possession of the English throne, an old Highland laird came to bid
+him farewell. He gave the king many parting counsels and good wishes,
+and then, overlooking the older brother, Prince Henry, he went
+directly to Charles, who was then about two years old, and bowed
+before him, and kissed his hand with the greatest appearance of regard
+and veneration. King James undertook to correct his supposed mistake,
+by telling him that that was his second son, and that the other boy
+was the heir to the crown. "No," said the old laird, "I am not
+mistaken. I know to whom I am speaking. This child, now in his nurse's
+arms, will be greater than his brother. This is the one who is to
+convey his father's name and titles to succeeding generations." This
+prediction was fulfilled; for the robust and healthy Henry died, and
+the feeble and sickly-looking Charles lived and grew, and succeeded,
+in due time, to his father's throne.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">An explanation.</div>
+
+<p>Now inasmuch as, at the time when this prediction was uttered, there
+seemed to be little human probability of its fulfillment, it attracted
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>attention; its unexpected and startling character made every one
+notice and remember it; and the old laird was at once an object of
+interest and wonder. It is probable that this desire to excite the
+admiration of the auditors, mingled insensibly with a sort of poetic
+enthusiasm, which a rude age and mountainous scenery always inspire,
+was the origin of a great many such predictions as these; and then, in
+the end, those only which turned out to be true were remembered, while
+the rest were forgotten; and this was the way that the reality of such
+prophetic powers came to be generally believed in.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Charles's titles of nobility.</div>
+
+<p>Feeble and uncertain of life as the infant Charles appeared to be,
+they conferred upon him, as is customary in the case of young princes,
+various titles of nobility. He was made a duke, a marquis, an earl,
+and a baron, before he had strength enough to lift up his head in his
+nurse's arms. His title as duke was Duke of Albany; and as this was
+the highest of his nominal honors, he was generally known under that
+designation while he remained in Scotland.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 21-2]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i023.jpg" class="smallgap" width="550" height="290" alt="Windsor Castle." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Windsor Castle.</span></span></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Charles's governess.</div>
+
+<p>When his father left him, in order to go to England and take
+possession of his new throne, he appointed a governess to take charge
+of the health and education of the young duke. This <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>governess was Lady Cary. The reason why she was appointed was, not
+because of her possessing any peculiar qualifications for such a
+charge, but because her husband, Sir Robert Cary, had been the
+messenger employed by the English government to communicate to James
+the death of Elizabeth, and to announce to him his accession to the
+throne. The bearer of good news to a monarch must always be rewarded,
+and James recompensed Sir Robert for his service by appointing his
+wife to the post of governess of his infant son. The office
+undoubtedly had its honors and emoluments, with very little of
+responsibility or care.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Windsor Castle.</div>
+
+<p>One of the chief residences of the English monarchs is Windsor Castle.
+It is situated above London, on the Thames, on the southern shore. It
+is on an eminence overlooking the river and the delightful valley
+through which the river here meanders. In the rear is a very extensive
+park or forest, which is penetrated in every direction by rides and
+walks almost innumerable. It has been for a long time the chief
+country residence of the British kings. It is very spacious,
+containing within its walls many courts and quadrangles, with various
+buildings surrounding them, some ancient and some modern. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>Here King
+James held his court after his arrival in England, and in about a year
+he sent for the little Charles to join him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Journey to London.<br />A mother's love.</div>
+
+<p>The child traveled very slowly, and by very easy stages, his nurses
+and attendants watching over him with great solicitude all the way.
+The journey was made in the month of October. His mother watched his
+arrival with great interest. Being so feeble and helpless, he was, of
+course, her favorite child. By an instinct which very strongly evinces
+the wisdom and goodness which implanted it, a mother always bestows a
+double portion of her love upon the frail, the helpless, and the
+suffering. Instead of being wearied out with protracted and incessant
+calls for watchfulness and care, she feels only a deeper sympathy and
+love, in proportion to the infirmities which call for them, and thus
+finds her highest happiness in what we might expect would be a
+weariness and a toil.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Rejoicings.<br /> Charles's continued feebleness.</div>
+
+<p>Little Charles was four years old when he reached Windsor Castle. They
+celebrated his arrival with great rejoicings, and a day or two
+afterward they invested him with the title of Duke of York, a still
+higher distinction than he had before attained. Soon after this, when
+he was perhaps five or six years of age, a gentleman <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>was appointed to
+take the charge of his education. His health gradually improved,
+though he still continued helpless and feeble. It was a long time
+before he could walk, on account of some malformation of his limbs. He
+learned to talk, too, very late and very slowly. Besides the general
+feebleness of his constitution, which kept him back in all these
+things, there was an impediment in his speech, which affected him very
+much in childhood, and which, in fact, never entirely disappeared.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">His progress in learning.</div>
+
+<p>As soon, however, as he commenced his studies under his new tutor, he
+made much greater progress than had been expected. It was soon
+observed that the feebleness which had attached to him pertained more
+to the body than to the mind. He advanced with considerable rapidity
+in his learning. His progress was, in fact, in some degree, promoted
+by his bodily infirmities, which kept him from playing with the other
+boys of the court, and led him to like to be still, and to retire from
+scenes of sport and pleasure which he could not share.</p>
+
+<p>The same cause operated to make him not agreeable as a companion, and
+he was not a favorite among those around him. They called him <i>Baby</i>
+Charley. His temper seemed to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>be in some sense soured by the feeling
+of his inferiority, and by the jealousy he would naturally experience
+in finding himself, the son of a king, so outstripped in athletic
+sports by those whom he regarded as his inferiors in rank and station.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Charles improves in health.<br /> Death of his brother.</div>
+
+<p>The lapse of a few years, however, after this time, made a total
+change in Charles's position and prospects. His health improved, and
+his constitution began to be confirmed and established. When he was
+about twelve years of age, too, his brother Henry died. This
+circumstance made an entire change in all his prospects of life. The
+eyes of the whole kingdom, and, in fact, of all Europe, were now upon
+him as the future sovereign of England. His sister Elizabeth, who was
+a few years older than himself, was, about this time, married to a
+German prince, with great pomp and ceremony, young Charles acting the
+part of brideman. In consequence of his new position as heir-apparent
+to the throne, he was advanced to new honors, and had new titles
+conferred upon him, until at last, when he was sixteen years of age,
+he was made Prince of Wales, and certain revenues were appropriated to
+support a court for him, that he might be surrounded with external
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>circumstances and insignia of rank and power, corresponding with his
+prospective greatness.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Charles's love of athletic sports.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time his health and strength rapidly improved, and with
+the improvement came a taste for manly and athletic sports, and the
+attainment of excellence in them. He gradually acquired great skill in
+all the exploits and performances of the young men of those days, such
+as shooting, riding, vaulting, and tilting at tournaments. From being
+a weak, sickly, and almost helpless child, he became, at twenty, an
+active, athletic young man, full of life and spirit, and ready for any
+romantic enterprise. In fact, when he was twenty-three years old, he
+embarked in a romantic enterprise which attracted the attention of all
+the world. This enterprise will presently be described.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Buckingham.<br /> Buckingham's style of living.</div>
+
+<p>There was at this time, in the court of King James, a man who became
+very famous afterward as a favorite and follower of Charles. He is
+known in history under the name of the Duke of Buckingham. His name
+was originally George Villiers. He was a very handsome young man, and
+he seems to have attracted King James's attention at first on this
+account. James found him a convenient attendant, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>and made him, at
+last, his principal favorite. He raised him to a high rank, and
+conferred upon him, among other titles, that of Duke of Buckingham.
+The other persons about the court were very envious and jealous of his
+influence and power; but they were obliged to submit to it. He lived
+in great state and splendor, and for many years was looked up to by
+the whole kingdom as one of the greatest personages in the realm. We
+shall learn hereafter how he came to his end.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Royalty.<br /> True character of royalty.</div>
+
+<p>If the reader imagines, from the accounts which have been given thus
+far in this chapter of the pomp and parade of royalty, of the castles
+and the ceremonies, the titles of nobility, and the various insignia
+of rank and power, which we have alluded to so often, that the mode of
+life which royalty led in those days was lofty, dignified, and truly
+great, he will be very greatly deceived. All these things were merely
+for show&mdash;things put on for public display, to gratify pride and
+impress the people, who never looked behind the scenes, with high
+ideas of the grandeur of those who, as they were taught, ruled over
+them by a divine right. It would be hard to find, in any class of
+society except those reputed infamous, more low, gross, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>and vulgar
+modes of life than have been exhibited generally in the royal palaces
+of Europe for the last five hundred years. King James the First has,
+among English sovereigns, rather a high character for sobriety and
+gravity of deportment, and purity of morals; but the glimpses we get
+of the real, every-day routine of his domestic life, are such as to
+show that the pomp and parade of royalty is mere glittering tinsel,
+after all.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king and Buckingham.<br /> Indecent correspondence.</div>
+
+<p>The historians of the day tell such stories as these. The king was at
+one time very dejected and melancholy, when Buckingham contrived this
+plan to amuse him. In the first place, however, we ought to say, in
+order to illustrate the terms on which he and Buckingham lived
+together, that the king always called Buckingham <i>Steeny</i>, which was a
+contraction of Stephen. St. Stephen was always represented in the
+Catholic pictures of the saints, as a very handsome man, and
+Buckingham being handsome too, James called him Steeny by way of a
+compliment. Steeny called the king <i>his dad</i>, and used to sign
+himself, in his letters, "your slave and dog Steeny." There are extant
+some letters which passed between the king and his favorite, written,
+on the part of the king, in a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>style of grossness and indecency such
+that the chroniclers of those days said that they were not fit to be
+printed. They would not "blot their pages" with them, they said. King
+Charles's letters were more properly expressed.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Buckingham's pig.</div>
+
+<p>To return, then, to our story. The king was very much dejected and
+melancholy. Steeny, in order to divert him, had a pig dressed up in
+the clothes of an infant child. Buckingham's mother, who was a
+countess, personated the nurse, dressed also carefully for the
+occasion. Another person put on a bishop's robes, satin gown, lawn
+sleeves, and the other pontifical ornaments. They also provided a
+baptismal font, a prayer-book, and other things necessary for a
+religious ceremony, and then invited the king to come in to attend a
+baptism. The king came, and the pretended bishop began to read the
+service, the assistants looking gravely on, until the squealing of the
+pig brought all gravity to an end. The king was <i>not</i> pleased; but the
+historian thinks the reason was, not any objection which he had to
+such a profanation, but to his not happening to be in a mood for it at
+that time.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">James's petulance.<br /> The story of Gib.</div>
+
+<p>There was a negotiation going on for a long time for a marriage
+between one of the king's <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>sons, first Henry, and afterward Charles,
+and a princess of Spain. At one time the king lost some of the papers,
+and was storming about the palace in a great rage because he could not
+find them. At last he chanced to meet a certain Scotchman, a servant
+of his, named Gib, and, like a vexed and impatient child, who lays the
+charge of a lost plaything upon any body who happens to be at hand to
+receive it, he put the responsibility of the loss of the papers upon
+Gib. "I remember," said he, "I gave them to you to take care of. What
+have you done with them?" The faithful servant fell upon his knees,
+and protested that he had not received them. The king was only made
+the more angry by this contradiction, and kicked the Scotchman as he
+kneeled upon the floor. The man rose and left the apartment, saying,
+"I have always been faithful to your majesty, and have not deserved
+such treatment as this. I can not remain in your service under such a
+degradation. I shall never see you again." He left the palace, and
+went away.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king's frankness.</div>
+
+<p>A short time after this, the person to whose custody the king had
+really committed the papers came in, and, on learning that they were
+wanted, produced them. The king was ashamed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>of his conduct. He sent
+for his Scotch servant again, and was not easy until he was found and
+brought into his presence. The king kneeled before him and asked his
+forgiveness, and said he should not rise until he was forgiven. Gib
+was disposed to evade the request, and urged the king to rise; but
+James would not do so until Gib said he forgave him, in so many words.
+The whole case shows how little of dignity and noble bearing there
+really was in the manners and conduct of the king in his daily life,
+though we are almost ready to overlook the ridiculous childishness and
+folly of his fault, on account of the truly noble frankness and
+honesty with which he acknowledged it.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Glitter of royalty.<br /> The appearance.<br /> The reality.</div>
+
+<p>Thus, though every thing in which royalty appeared before the public
+was conducted with great pomp and parade, this external magnificence
+was then, and always has been, an outside show, without any thing
+corresponding to it within. The great mass of the people of England
+saw only the outside. They gazed with admiration at the spectacle of
+magnificence and splendor which royalty always presented to their
+eyes, whenever they beheld it from the distant and humble points of
+view which their position afforded them. Prince <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>Charles, on the other
+hand, was behind the curtain. His childhood and youth were exposed
+fully to all the real influences of these scenes. The people of
+England submitted to be governed by such men, not because they thought
+them qualified to govern, or that the circumstances under which their
+characters were formed were such as were calculated to form, in a
+proper manner, the minds of the rulers of a Christian people. They did
+not know what those circumstances were. In their conceptions they had
+grand ideas of royal character and life, and imagined the splendid
+palaces which some saw, but more only heard of, at Westminster, were
+filled with true greatness and glory. They were really filled with
+vulgarity, vice, and shame. James was to them King James the First,
+monarch of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, and Charles was
+Charles, Prince of Wales, Duke of York, and heir-apparent to the
+throne. Whereas, within the palace, to all who saw them and knew them
+there, and really, so far as their true moral position was concerned,
+the father was "Old Dad," and the son, what his father always called
+him till he was twenty-four years old, "Baby Charley." </p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_II" id="Chapter_II"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter II.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Expedition into Spain.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1623</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Palatinate.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">I</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">n</span> order that the reader may understand fully the nature of the
+romantic enterprise in which, as we have already said, Prince Charles
+embarked when he was a little over twenty years of age, we must
+premise that Frederic, the German prince who married Charles's sister
+Elizabeth some years before, was the ruler of a country in Germany
+called the Palatinate. It was on the banks of the Rhine. Frederic's
+title, as ruler of this country, was Elector Palatine. There are a
+great many independent states in Germany, whose sovereigns have
+various titles, and are possessed of various prerogatives and powers.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Wars between the Protestants and Catholics.</div>
+
+<p>Now it happened that, at this time, very fierce civil wars were raging
+between the Catholics and the Protestants in Germany. Frederic got
+drawn into these wars on the Protestant side. His motive was not any
+desire to promote the progress of what he considered the true faith,
+but only a wish to extend his own <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>dominions, and add to his own
+power, for he had been promised a kingdom, in addition to his
+Palatinate, if he would assist the people of the kingdom to gain the
+victory over their Catholic foes. He embarked in this enterprise
+without consulting with James, his father-in-law, knowing that he
+would probably disapprove of such dangerous ambition. James was, in
+fact, very sorry afterward to hear of Frederic's having engaged in
+such a contest.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Frederic dispossessed of his dominions.<br /> Flees to Holland.</div>
+
+<p>The result was quite as disastrous as James feared. Frederic not only
+failed of getting his new kingdom, but he provoked the rage of the
+Catholic powers against whom he had undertaken to contend, and they
+poured a great army into his own original territory, and made an easy
+conquest of it. Frederic fled to Holland, and remained there a
+fugitive and an exile, hoping to obtain help in some way from James,
+in his efforts to recover his lost dominions.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Elizabeth.</div>
+
+<p>The people of England felt a great interest in Frederic's unhappy
+fate, and were very desirous that James should raise an army and give
+him some efficient assistance. One reason for this was that they were
+Protestants, and they were always ready to embark, on the Protestant
+side, in the Continental quarrels. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>Another reason was their interest
+in Elizabeth, the wife of Frederic, who had so recently left England a
+blooming bride, and whom they still considered as in some sense
+pertaining to the royal family of England, and as having a right to
+look to all her father's subjects for protection.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">James's plan.<br /> Donna Maria.</div>
+
+<p>But King James himself had no inclination to go to war in such a
+quarrel. He was inactive in mind, and childish, and he had little
+taste for warlike enterprises. He undertook, however, to accomplish
+the object in another way. The King of Spain, being one of the most
+powerful of the Catholic sovereigns, had great influence in all their
+councils. He had also a beautiful daughter, Donna Maria, called, as
+Spanish princesses are styled, the Infanta. Now James conceived the
+design of proposing that his son Charles should marry Donna Maria, and
+that, in the treaty of marriage, there should be a stipulation
+providing that the Palatinate should be restored to Frederic.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Negotiations with Spain.<br />Obstacles and delays.</div>
+
+<p>These negotiations were commenced, and they went on two or three years
+without making any sensible progress. Donna Maria was a Catholic, and
+Charles a Protestant. Now a Catholic could not marry a Protestant
+without <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>a special dispensation from the pope. To get this
+dispensation required new negotiations and delays. In the midst of it
+all, the King of Spain, Donna Maria's father, died, and his son, her
+brother, named Philip, succeeded him. Then the negotiations had all to
+be commenced anew. It was supposed that the King of Spain did not wish
+to have the affair concluded, but liked to have it in discussion, as
+it tended to keep the King of England more or less under his control.
+So they continued to send embassies back and forth, with drafts of
+treaties, articles, conditions, and stipulations without number. There
+were endless discussions about securing to Donna Maria the full
+enjoyment of the Catholic religion in England, and express agreements
+were proposed and debated in respect to her having a chapel, and
+priests, and the right to celebrate mass, and to enjoy, in fact, all
+the other privileges which she had been accustomed to exercise in her
+own native land. James did not object. He agreed to every thing; but
+still, some how or other, the arrangement could not be closed. There
+was always some pretext for delay.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Buckingham's proposal.<br /> Nature of the adventure.</div>
+
+<p>At last Buckingham proposed to Charles that they two should set off
+for Spain in person, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>and see if they could not settle the affair.
+Buckingham's motive was partly a sort of reckless daring, which made
+him love any sort of adventure, and partly a desire to circumvent and
+thwart a rival of his, the Earl of Bristol, who had charge of the
+negotiations. It may seem to the reader that a simple journey from
+London to Madrid, of a young man, for the purpose of visiting a lady
+whom he was wishing to espouse, was no such extraordinary undertaking
+as to attract the attention of a spirited young man to it from love of
+adventure. The truth is, however, that, with the ideas that then
+prevailed in respect to royal etiquette, there was something very
+unusual in this plan. The prince and Buckingham knew very well that
+the consent of the statesmen and high officers of the realm could
+never be obtained, and that their only alternative was, accordingly,
+to go off secretly and in disguise.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Buckingham's dissimulation.</div>
+
+<p>It seemed, however, to be rather necessary to get the king's consent.
+But Buckingham did not anticipate much difficulty in this, as he was
+accustomed to manage James almost like a child. He had not, however,
+been on very good terms with Charles, having been accustomed to treat
+him in the haughty and imperious <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>manner which James would usually
+yield to, but which Charles was more inclined to resist and resent.
+When Buckingham, at length, conceived of this scheme of going into
+Spain, he changed his deportment toward Charles, and endeavored, by
+artful dissimulation, to gain his kind regard. He soon succeeded, and
+then he proposed his plan.</p>
+
+<p>He represented to Charles that the sole cause of the delays in
+settling the question of his marriage was because it was left so
+entirely in the hands of embassadors, negotiators, and statesmen, who
+involved every thing in endless mazes. "Take the affair into your own
+hands," said he, "like a man. Set off with me, and go at once into
+Spain. Astonish them with your sudden and unexpected presence. The
+Infanta will be delighted at such a proof of your ardor, courage, and
+devotion, and will do all in her power to co-operate with you in
+bringing the affair at once to a close. Besides, the whole world will
+admire the originality and boldness of the achievement."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Charles persuaded.<br />James's perplexity.</div>
+
+<p>Charles was easily persuaded. The next thing was to get the king's
+consent. Charles and Buckingham went to his palace one day, and
+watching their opportunity when he was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>pretty merry with wine,
+Charles said that he had a favor to ask, and wished his father to
+promise to grant it before he knew what it was. James, after some
+hesitation, half in jest and half in earnest, agreed to it. They made
+him promise that he would not tell any one what it was, and then
+explained their plan. The king was thunderstruck; his amazement
+sobered him at once. He retracted his promise. He never could consent
+to any such scheme.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">He reluctantly yields.</div>
+
+<p>Buckingham here interposed with his aid. He told the king it was
+perfectly safe for the prince to go, and that this measure was the
+only plan which could bring the marriage treaty to a close. Besides,
+he said, if he and the prince were there, they could act far more
+effectually than any embassadors in securing the restoration of the
+Palatinate to Frederic. James could not withstand these entreaties and
+arguments, and he finally gave a reluctant consent to the plan.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">James's fears.<br />Royal captives.</div>
+
+<p>He repented, however, as soon as the consent was given, and when
+Charles and Buckingham came next to see him, he said it must be given
+up. One great source of his anxiety was a fear that his son might be
+taken and kept a prisoner, either in France or Spain, and detained <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>a
+long time in captivity. Such a captive was always, in those days, a
+very tempting prize to a rival power. Personages of very high rank may
+be held in imprisonment, while all the time those who detain them may
+pretend not to confine them at all, the guards and sentinels being
+only marks of regal state, and indications of the desire of the power
+into whose hands they have fallen to treat them in a manner comporting
+with their rank. Then there were always, in those days, questions and
+disputes pending between the rival courts of England, France, and
+Spain, out of which it was easy to get a pretext for detaining any
+strolling prince who might cross the frontier, as security for the
+fulfillment of some stipulation, or for doing some act of justice
+claimed. James, knowing well how much faith and honor were to be
+expected of kings and courts, was afraid to trust his son in French or
+Spanish dominions. He said he certainly could not consent to his
+going, without first sending to <i>France</i>, at least, for a
+safe-conduct&mdash;that is, a paper from the government, pledging the honor
+of the king not to molest or interrupt him in his journey through his
+dominions.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Buckingham's violence.<br />Angry disputes.</div>
+
+<p>Buckingham, instead of attempting to reassure <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>the king by fresh
+arguments and persuasions, broke out into a passion, accused him of
+violating his promise not to reveal their plan to any one, as he knew,
+he said, that this new opposition had been put into his head by some
+of his counselors to whom he had made known the design. The king
+denied this, and was terrified, agitated, and distressed by
+Buckingham's violence. He wept like a child. His opposition at length
+gave way a second time, and he said they might go. They named two
+attendants whom they wanted to go with them. One was an officer of the
+king's household, named Collington, who was then in the anteroom. They
+asked the king to call him in, to see if he would go. When Collington
+came in, the king accosted him with, "Here's Steeny and Baby Charley
+that want to go to Spain and fetch the Infanta. What think you of it?"
+Collington did not think well of it at all. There followed a new
+relapse on the part of the king from his consent, a new storm of anger
+from Buckingham, more sullen obstinacy on the part of Charles, with
+profane criminations and recriminations one against another. The whole
+scene was what, if it had occurred any where else than in a palace,
+would have been called a brawl. </p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">James's distress.</div>
+
+<p>It ended, as brawls usually do, in the triumph of the most
+unreasonable and violent. James threw himself upon a bed which was in
+the room, weeping bitterly, and saying that they would go, and he
+should lose his Baby Charley. Considering that Charles was now the
+monarch's only child remaining at home, and that, as heir to the
+crown, his life was of great consequence to the realm, it is not
+surprising that his father was distressed at the idea of his exposing
+himself to danger on such an expedition; but one not accustomed to
+what is behind the scenes in royal life would expect a little more
+dignity and propriety in the mode of expressing paternal solicitude
+from a king.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Charles and Buckingham depart.<br /> Charles and Buckingham's
+boisterous conduct.</div>
+
+<p>Charles and Buckingham set off secretly from London; their two
+attendants were to join them in different places&mdash;the last at Dover,
+where they were to embark. They laid aside all marks of distinction in
+dress, such as persons of high rank used to wear in those days, and
+took the garb of the common people. They put on wigs, also, the hair
+of which was long, so as to shade the face and alter the expression of
+their countenances. These external disguises, however, were all that
+they could command. They could not assume the modest <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>and quiet air
+and manner of persons in the ordinary walks of life, but made such
+displays, and were so liberal in the use of their money, and carried
+such an air and manner in all that they did and said, that all who had
+any intercourse with them perceived that they were in disguise. They
+were supposed to be wild blades, out on some frolic or other, but
+still they were allowed to pass along without any molestation.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Arrested at Dover.</div>
+
+<p>They were, however, stopped at Dover, where in some way they attracted
+the attention of the mayor of the town. Dover is on the Channel,
+opposite to Calais, at the narrowest point. It was, of course,
+especially in those days, the point where the principal intercourse
+between the two nations centered. The magistrates of the two towns
+were obliged, consequently, to be on the alert, to prevent the escape
+of fugitives and criminals, as well as to guard against the efforts of
+smugglers, or the entrance of spies or other secret enemies. The Mayor
+of Dover arrested our heroes. They told him that their names were Tom
+Smith and Jack Smith; these, in fact, were the names with which they
+had traveled through England thus far. They said that they were
+traveling <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>for amusement. The mayor did not believe them. He thought
+they were going across to the French coast to fight a duel. This was
+often done in those days. They then told him that they were indeed
+persons of rank in disguise, and that they were going to inspect the
+English fleet. He finally allowed them to embark.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Arrival at Paris.<br /> Princess Henrietta.</div>
+
+<p>On landing at Calais, they traveled post to Paris, strictly preserving
+their incognito, but assuming such an air and bearing as to create the
+impression that they were not what they pretended. When they reached
+Paris, Buckingham could not resist the temptation of showing Charles a
+little of life, and he contrived to get admitted to a party at court,
+where Charles saw, among other ladies who attracted his attention, the
+Princess Henrietta. He was much struck with her beauty and grace, but
+he little thought that it was this princess, and not the Infanta whom
+he was going in pursuit of, who was really to become his wife, and the
+future Queen of England.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Bourdeaux.</div>
+
+<p>The young travelers thought it not prudent to remain long in Paris,
+and they accordingly left that city, and pressed forward as rapidly as
+possible toward the Spanish frontier. They <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>managed, however, to
+conduct always in such a way as to attract attention. Although they
+were probably sincerely desirous of not having their true rank and
+character known, still they could not resist the temptation to assume
+such an air and bearing as to make people wonder who they were, and
+thus increase the spirit and adventure of their journey. At Bourdeaux
+they received invitations from some grandees to be present at some
+great gala, but they declined, saying that they were only poor
+gentlemen traveling to inform their minds, and were not fit to appear
+in such gay assemblies.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Entrance into Madrid.</div>
+
+<p>At last they approached Madrid. They had, besides Collington, another
+attendant who spoke the Spanish language, and served them as an
+interpreter. They separated from these two the day before they entered
+Madrid, so as to attract the less attention. Their attendants were to
+be left behind for a day, and afterward were to follow them into the
+city. The British embassador at Madrid at this time was the Earl of
+Bristol. He had had charge of all the negotiations in respect to the
+marriage, and to the restoration of the Palatinate, and believed that
+he had brought them almost to a successful termination. He lived in a
+palace in Madrid, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>and, as is customary with the embassadors of great
+powers at the courts of great powers, in a style of the highest pomp
+and splendor.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Bristol's amazement.</div>
+
+<p>Buckingham took the prince directly to Bristol's house. Bristol was
+utterly confounded at seeing them. Nothing could be worse, he said, in
+respect to the completion of the treaty, than the prince's presence in
+Madrid. The introduction of so new and extraordinary an element into
+the affair would undo all that had been done, and lead the King of
+Spain to begin anew, and go over all the ground again. In speaking of
+this occurrence to another, he said that just as he was on the point
+of coming to a satisfactory conclusion of his long negotiations and
+toils, a demon in the shape of Prince Charles came suddenly upon the
+stage to thwart and defeat them all.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Charles's reception.<br /> Grand procession.</div>
+
+<p>The Spanish court was famous in those days&mdash;in fact, it has always
+been famous&mdash;for its punctilious attention to etiquette and parade;
+and as soon as the prince's arrival was known to the king, he
+immediately began to make preparations to welcome him with all
+possible pomp and ceremony. A great procession was made through the
+Prado, which is a street in Madrid famous for promenades, processions,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>and public displays of all kinds. In moving through the city on this
+occasion, the king and Prince Charles walked together, the monarch
+thus treating the prince as his equal. There was a great canopy of
+state borne over their heads as they moved along. This canopy was
+supported by a large number of persons of the highest rank. The
+streets, and the windows and balconies of the houses on each side,
+were thronged with spectators, dressed in the gay and splendid court
+dresses of those times. When they reached the end of the route, and
+were about to enter the gate of the palace, there was a delay to
+decide which should enter first, the king and the prince each
+insisting on giving the precedence to the other. At last it was
+settled by their both going in together.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Spanish etiquette.<br /> The Infanta kept secluded.<br /> Athletic
+amusements.</div>
+
+<p>If the prince thus, on the one hand, derived some benefit in the
+gratification of his pride by the Spanish etiquette and parade, he
+suffered some inconvenience and disappointment from it, on the other
+hand, by its excluding him from all intercourse or acquaintance with
+the Infanta. It was not proper for the young man to see or to speak to
+the young lady, in such a case as this, until the arrangements had
+been more fully matured. The formalities of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> engagement must have
+proceeded beyond the point which they had yet reached, before the
+bridegroom could be admitted to a personal interview with the bride.
+It is true, he could see her in public, where she was in a crowd, with
+other ladies of the court, and where he could have no communication
+with her; but this was all. They arranged it, however, to give Charles
+as many opportunities of this kind as possible. There were shows, in
+which the prince could see the Infanta among the spectators; and they
+arranged tiltings and ridings at the ring, and other athletic sports,
+such as Charles excelled in, and let him perform his exploits in her
+presence. His rivals in these contests did not have the incivility to
+conquer him, and his performances excited expressions, at least, of
+universal admiration.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Charles steals an interview.</div>
+
+<p>But the prince and Buckingham did not very willingly submit to the
+stiffness and formality of the Spanish court. As soon as they came to
+feel a little at home, they began to act with great freedom. At one
+time the prince learned that the Infanta was going, early in the
+morning, to take a walk in some private pleasure grounds, at a country
+house in the neighborhood of Madrid, and he conceived the design <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>of
+gaining an interview with her there by stealth. He accordingly
+repaired to the place, got admitted in some way within the precincts
+of the palace, and contrived to clamber over a high wall which
+separated him from the grounds in which the Infanta was walking, and
+so let himself down into her presence. The accounts do not state
+whether she herself was pleased or alarmed, but the officer who had
+her in charge, an old nobleman, was very much alarmed, and begged the
+prince to retire, as he himself would be subject to a very severe
+punishment if it were known that he had allowed such an interview.
+Finally they opened the door, and the prince went out. Many people
+were pleased with this and similar adventures of the prince and of
+Buckingham, but the leading persons about the court were displeased
+with them. Their precise and formal notions of propriety were very
+much shocked by such freedoms.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Irregularities.<br />Delays and difficulties.</div>
+
+<p>Besides, it was soon found that the characters of these high-born
+visitors, especially that of Buckingham, were corrupt, and their lives
+very irregular. Buckingham was accustomed to treat King James in a
+very bold, familiar, and imperious manner, and he fell insensibly into
+the same habits of intercourse with those <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>about him in Spain. The
+little reserve and caution which he manifested at first soon wore off,
+and he began to be very generally disliked. In the mean time the
+negotiation was, as Bristol had expected, very much put back by the
+prince's arrival. The King of Spain formed new plans, and thought of
+new conditions to impose. The Catholics, too, thought that Charles's
+coming thus into a Catholic country, indicated some leaning, on his
+part, toward the Catholic faith. The pope actually wrote him a long
+letter, the object of which was to draw him off from the ranks of
+Protestantism. Charles wrote a civil, but rather an evasive reply.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Letters.<br />The magic picture.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, King James wrote childish letters from time to time
+to his two dear boys, as he called them, and he sent them a great many
+presents of jewelry and splendid dresses, some for them to wear
+themselves, and some for the prince to offer as gifts to the Infanta.
+Among these, he describes, in one of his letters, a little mirror, set
+in a case which was to be worn hung at the girdle. He wrote to Charles
+that when he gave this mirror to the Infanta, he must tell her that it
+was a picture which he had had imbued with magical virtue by means of
+incantations and charms, so that whenever she <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>looked into it, she
+would see a portrait of the most beautiful princess in England,
+France, or Spain.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The pope's dispensation.<br />The treaty signed.</div>
+
+<p>At last the great obstacle in the way of the conclusion of the treaty
+of marriage, which consisted in the delays and difficulties in getting
+the pope's dispensation, was removed. The dispensation came. But then
+the King of Spain wanted some new guarantees in respect to the
+privileges of Catholics in England, under pretense of securing more
+perfectly the rights of the Infanta and of her attendants when they
+should have arrived in that country. The truth was, he probably wished
+to avail himself of the occasion to gain some foothold for the
+Catholic faith in England, which country had become almost entirely
+Protestant. At length, however, all obstacles seemed to be removed,
+and the treaty was signed. The news of it was received with great joy
+in England, as it seemed to secure a permanent alliance between the
+two powerful countries of England and Spain. Great celebrations took
+place in London, to do honor to the occasion. A chapel was built for
+the Infanta, to be ready for her on her arrival; and a fleet was
+fitted out to convey her and her attendants to her new home. </p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Buckingham is hated.<br />He breaks off the match.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, however, although the king had signed the treaty,
+there was a strong party formed against the marriage in Spain.
+Buckingham was hated and despised. Charles, they saw, was almost
+entirely under his influence. They said they would rather see the
+Infanta in her grave than in the hands of such men. Buckingham became
+irritated by the hostility he had awakened, and he determined to break
+off the match entirely. He wrote home to James that he did not believe
+the Spanish court had any intention of carrying the arrangement really
+into effect; that they were procrastinating the affair on every
+possible pretext, and that he was really afraid that, if the prince
+were to attempt to leave the country, they would interpose and detain
+him as a prisoner. King James was very much alarmed. He wrote in the
+greatest trepidation, urging "the lads" to come away immediately,
+leaving a proxy behind them, if necessary, for the solemnization of
+the marriage. This was what Buckingham wanted, and he and the prince
+began to make preparations for their departure.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Festivities at the Escurial.<br />Taking leave.</div>
+
+<p>The King of Spain, far from interposing any obstacles in the way, only
+treated them with greater and higher marks of respect as the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>time of
+their separation from his court drew nigh. He arranged great and
+pompous ceremonies to honor their departure. He accompanied them, with
+all the grandees of the court, as far as to the Escurial, which is a
+famous royal palace not far from Madrid, built and furnished in the
+most sumptuous style of magnificence and splendor. Here they had
+parting feasts and celebrations. Here the prince took his leave of the
+Infanta, Bristol serving as interpreter, to translate his parting
+speeches into Spanish, so that she could understand them. From the
+Escurial the prince and Buckingham, with a great many English noblemen
+who had followed them to Madrid, and a great train of attendants,
+traveled toward the seacoast, where a fleet of vessels were ready to
+receive them.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55-6]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i056.jpg" class="smallgap" width="550" height="290" alt="The Escurial." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Escurial.</span></span></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Return to London.<br />The Spanish match broken off.</div>
+
+<p>They embarked at a port called St. Andrew. They came very near being
+lost in a storm of mist and rain which came upon them while going out
+to the ships, which were at a distance from the shore, in small boats
+provided to convey them. Having escaped this danger, they arrived
+safely at Portsmouth, the great landing point of the British navy on
+the southern shores of England, and thence proceeded to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>London. They sent back orders that the proxy should not be used, and
+the match was finally abandoned, each party accusing the other of
+duplicity and bad faith. King James was however, very glad to get his
+son safe back again, and the people made as many bonfires and
+illuminations to celebrate the breaking up of this Catholic match, as
+they had done before to do honor to its supposed completion. As all
+hope of recovering the Palatinate by negotiation was now past, the
+king began to prepare for the attempt to conquer it by force of arms.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_III" id="Chapter_III"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter III.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Accession To the Throne.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1625</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">James prepares for war.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">K</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">ing</span> James made slow progress in his military preparations. He could
+not raise the funds without the action of Parliament, and the houses
+were not in very good humor. The expenses of the prince's visit to
+Spain had been enormous, and other charges, arising out of the pomp
+and splendor with which the arrangements of the court were maintained,
+gave them a strong feeling of discontent. They had other grievances of
+which they were disposed to complain, and they began to look upon this
+war, notwithstanding its Protestant character, as one in which the
+king was only striving to recover his son-in-law's dominions, and,
+consequently, as one which pertained more to his personal interests
+than to the public welfare of the realm.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">He falls ill.<br />Suspicions.<br />Death of James.</div>
+
+<p>While things were in this state the king fell sick. The mother of the
+Duke of Buckingham undertook to prescribe for him. It was understood
+that Buckingham himself, who had, in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>the course of the Spanish
+enterprise, and since his return, acquired an entire ascendency over
+Charles, was not unwilling that his old master should leave the stage,
+and the younger one reign in his stead; and that his mother shared in
+this feeling. At any rate, her prescriptions made the king much worse.
+He had the sacrament administered to him in his sick chamber, and said
+that he derived great comfort from it. One morning, very early, he
+sent for the prince to come and see him. Charles rose, dressed
+himself, and came. His father had something to say to him, and tried
+to speak. He could not. His strength was too far gone. He fell back
+upon his pillow, and died.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Accession of Charles.</div>
+
+<p>Charles was, of course, now king. The theory in the English monarchy
+is, that the king never dies. So soon as the person in whom the royal
+sovereignty resides ceases to breathe, the principle of supremacy
+vests immediately in his successor, by a law of transmission entirely
+independent of the will of man. The son becomes king by a divine
+right. His being proclaimed and crowned, as he usually is, at some
+convenient time early in his reign, are not ceremonies which <i>make</i>
+him king. They only acknowledge him to be so. He <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>does not, in any
+sense, derive his powers and prerogatives from these acts. He only
+receives from his people, by means of them, a recognition of his right
+to the high office to which he has already been inducted by the fiat
+of Heaven.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Different ideas of the nature and end of government.</div>
+
+<p>It will be observed, thus, that the ideas which prevailed in respect
+to the nature and province of government, were very different in
+England at that time, from those which are entertained in America at
+the present day. With us, the administration of government is merely a
+<i>business</i>, transacted for the benefit of the people by their
+agents&mdash;men who are put in power for this purpose, and who, like other
+agents, are responsible to their principals for the manner in which
+they fulfill their trusts. But government in England was, in the days
+of the Stuarts&mdash;and it is so to a great extent at the present day&mdash;a
+<i>right</i> which one family possessed, and which entitled that family to
+certain immunities, powers, and prerogatives, which they held entirely
+independent of any desire, on the part of the people, that they should
+exercise them, or even their <i>consent</i> that they should do so. The
+right to govern the realm of Great Britain was a sort of estate which
+descended to Charles from his ancestors, and with the possession <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>and
+enjoyment of which the community had no right to interfere.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Hereditary succession illustrated by an argument.</div>
+
+<p>This seems, at first view, very absurd to us, but it is not
+particularly absurd. Charles's lawyers would say to any plain
+proprietor of a piece of land, who might call in question his right to
+govern the country, The king holds his crown by precisely the same
+tenure that you hold your farm. Why should you be the exclusive
+possessor of that land, while so many poor beggars are starving?
+Because it has descended to you from your ancestors, and nothing has
+descended to them. And it is precisely so that the right to manage the
+fleets and armies, and to administer the laws of the realm, has
+descended, under the name of <i>sovereignty</i>, to him, and no such
+political power has descended to you.</p>
+
+<p>True, the farmer would reply; but in matters of government we are to
+consider what will promote the general good. The great object to be
+attained is the welfare and happiness of the community. Now, if this
+general welfare comes into competition with the supposed rights of
+individuals, arising from such a principle as hereditary succession,
+the latter ought certainly to yield. </p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Property and prerogatives.</div>
+
+<p>But why, might the lawyer reply, should rights founded on hereditary
+succession yield any more readily in the case of <i>government</i> than in
+the case of <i>property</i>? The distribution of property influences the
+general welfare quite as much as the management of power. Suppose it
+were proved that the general welfare of your parish would be promoted
+by the division of your land among the destitute there. You have
+nothing to oppose to such a proposition but your hereditary right. And
+the king has that to oppose to any plan of a division of his
+prerogatives and powers among the people who would like to share them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Hereditary succession an absolute right.</div>
+
+<p>Whatever may be thought of this reasoning on this side of the
+Atlantic, and at the present day, it was considered very satisfactory
+in England two or three centuries ago. The true and proper
+jurisdiction of an English monarch, as it had existed from ancient
+times, was considered as an <i>absolute right</i>, vesting in each
+successive inheritor of the crown, and which the community could not
+justly interfere with or disturb for any reasons less imperious than
+such as would authorize an interference with the right of succession
+to private property. Indeed, it is probable that, with most men at
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>that time, an inherited right to <i>govern</i> was regarded as the most
+sacred of the two.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Three things hereditary in England.</div>
+
+<p>The fact seems to be, that the right of a son to come into the place
+of his father, whether in respect to property, power, or social rank,
+is not a natural, inherent, and indefeasible right, but a <i>privilege</i>
+which society accords, as a matter of convenience and expediency. In
+England, expediency is, on the whole, considered to require that all
+three of these things, viz., property, rank, and power, in certain
+cases, should descend from father to son. In this country, on the
+other hand, we confine the hereditament to property, abrogating it in
+the case of rank and power. In neither case is there probably any
+absolute natural right, but a conventional right is allowed to take
+its place in one, or another, or all of these particulars, according
+to the opinion of the community in respect to what its true interests
+and the general welfare, on the whole, require.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Stuarts.</div>
+
+<p>The kings themselves of this Stuart race&mdash;which race includes Mary
+Queen of Scots, the mother of the line, and James I., Charles I.,
+Charles II., and James II.&mdash;entertained very high ideas of these
+hereditary rights of theirs to govern the realm of England. They felt
+a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>determination to maintain these rights and powers at all hazards.
+Charles ascended the throne with these feelings, and the chief point
+of interest in the history of his reign is the contest in which he
+engaged with the English people in his attempts to maintain them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Parliament.<br />The Legislature in the United States.</div>
+
+<p>The body with which the king came most immediately into conflict in
+this long struggle for ascendency, was the Parliament. And here
+American readers are very liable to fall into a mistake by considering
+the houses of Parliament as analogous to the houses of legislation in
+the various governments of this country. In our governments the chief
+magistrate has only to execute definite and written laws and
+ordinances, passed by the Legislature, and which the Legislature may
+pass with or without his consent; and when enacted, he must be
+governed by them. Thus the president or the governor is, in a certain
+sense, the agent and officer of the legislative power of the state, to
+carry into effect its decisions, and this <i>legislative</i> power has
+really the control.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The nature of Parliament.</div>
+
+<p>By the ancient Constitution of England, however, the Parliament was
+merely a body of counselors, as it were, summoned by the king to give
+him their advice, to frame for him such <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>laws as he wished to have
+framed, and to aid him in raising funds by taxing the people. The king
+might call this council or not, as he pleased. There was no necessity
+for calling it unless he needed more funds than he could raise by his
+own resources. When called, they felt that they had come, in a great
+measure, to aid the king in doing his will. When they framed a law,
+they sent it to him, and if he was satisfied with it, he <i>made it
+law</i>. It was the king who really enacted it. If he did not approve the
+law, he wrote upon the parchment which contained it, "The king will
+think of it," and that was the end. The king would call upon them to
+assess a tax and collect the money, and would talk to them about his
+plans, and his government, and the aid which he desired from them to
+enable him to accomplish what he had himself undertaken. In fact, the
+king was the government, and the houses of Parliament his instruments
+to aid him in giving effect to his decrees.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The nobles.<br />The House of Commons.<br />Its humble position.</div>
+
+<p>The nobles, that is, the heads of the great families, and also the
+bishops, who were the heads of the various dioceses of the Church
+formed one branch of this great council. This was called the House of
+Lords. Certain representatives <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>of the counties and of the towns
+formed another branch, called the House of Commons. These delegates
+came to the council, not from any right which the counties and towns
+were supposed to possess to a share in the government, but simply
+because they were summoned by the king to come and give him their aid.
+They were to serve without pay, as a matter of duty which they owed to
+the sovereign. Those that came from counties were called knights, and
+those from the towns burgesses. These last were held in very little
+estimation. The towns, in those days, were considered as mere
+collections of shopkeepers and tradesmen, who were looked down upon
+with much disdain by the haughty nobles. When the king called his
+Parliament together, and went in to address them, he entered the
+chamber of the House of Peers, and the commons were called in, to
+stand where they could, with their heads uncovered, to hear what he
+had to say. They were, in a thousand other ways, treated as an
+inferior class; but still their counsels might, in some cases, be of
+service, and so they were summoned to attend, though they were to meet
+always, and deliberate, in a separate chamber. </p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">The king's power over Parliament.</div>
+
+<p>As the king could call the Parliament together at any time and place
+he pleased, so he could suspend or terminate their sittings at any
+time. He could intermit the action of a Parliament for a time, sending
+the members to their homes until he should summon them again. This was
+called a <i>prorogation</i>. Or he could dissolve the body entirely at any
+time, and then require new elections for a new Parliament whenever he
+wished to avail himself of the wisdom or aid of such a body again.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">His responsibility.</div>
+
+<p>Thus every thing went on the supposition that the real responsibility
+for the government was with the king. He was the monarch, and the real
+sovereignty vested in him. He called his nobles, and a delegation from
+the mass of the people, together, whenever he wanted their help, and
+not otherwise. He was responsible, not to them nor to the people at
+large, but to God only, for the acts of his administration. The duty
+of Parliament was limited to that of aiding him in carrying out his
+plans of government, and the people had nothing to do but to be
+obedient, submissive, and loyal. These were, at any rate, the ideas of
+the kings, and all the forms of the English Constitution and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>the
+ancient phraseology in which the transactions are expressed,
+correspond with them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">An illustration.</div>
+
+<p>We can not give a better proof and illustration of what has been said
+than by transcribing the substance of one of King James's messages to
+his Parliament, delivered about the close of his life, and, of course,
+at the period of which we are writing. It was as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">James's message to Parliament.<br />Its high tone.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"My Lords spiritual and temporal, and you the Commons: In my last
+Parliament I made long discourses, especially to them of the
+Lower House. I did open the true thought of my heart. But I may
+say with our Savior, 'I have piped to you and ye have not danced;
+I have mourned to you and you have not lamented;' so all my
+sayings turned to me again without any success. And now, to tell
+the reasons of your calling and of this meeting, apply it to
+yourselves, and spend not the time in long speeches. Consider
+that the Parliament is a thing composed of a head and a body; the
+monarch and the two estates. It was, first, a monarchy; then,
+after, a Parliament. There are no Parliaments but in monarchical
+governments; for in Venice, the Netherlands, and other free
+governments there are none. The head is to call the body
+together; and for the clergy the bishops are chief, for shires
+their knights, for towns and cities their burgesses and citizens.
+These are to treat of difficult matters, and counsel their king
+with their best advice to make laws<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> for the commonweal and the
+Lower House is also to petition the king and acquaint him with
+their grievances, and not to meddle with the king's prerogative.
+They are to offer supply for his necessity, and he to distribute,
+in recompense thereof, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>justice and mercy. As in all Parliaments
+it is the <i>king's</i> office to make good laws, whose fundamental
+cause is the people's ill manners, so at this time.</p>
+
+<p>"For a supply to my necessities, I have reigned eighteen years,
+in which I have had peace, and I have received far less supply
+than hath been given to any king since the Conquest. The last
+queen had, one year with another, above a hundred thousand pounds
+per annum in subsidies; and in all my time I have had but four
+subsidies and six fifteens<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a>. It is ten years since I had a
+subsidy, in all which time I have been sparing to trouble you. I
+have turned myself as nearly to save expenses as I may. I have
+abated much in my household expenses, in my navies, and the
+charge of my munition." </p></div>
+
+<p>After speaking about the affairs of the Palatinate, and calling upon
+the Parliament to furnish him with money to recover it for his
+son-in-law, he adds:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Consider the trade for the making thereof better, and show me
+the reason why my mint, these eight or nine years, hath not gone.
+I confess I have been liberal in my grants; but if I be informed,
+I will amend all hurtful grievances. But whoever shall hasten
+after grievances, and desire to make himself popular he hath the
+spirit of Satan. I was, in my first Parliament, a novice; and in
+my last, there was a kind of beasts, called <i>undertakers</i>, a
+dozen of whom undertook to govern the last Parliament, and they
+led me. I shall thank <i>you</i> for your good office, and desire that
+the world may say well of our agreement." </p></div>
+
+<p>This kind of harangue from the king to his Parliament seems not to
+have been considered <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>at the time, at all extraordinary; though, if
+such a message were to be sent, at the present day, to a body of
+legislators, whether by a king or a president, it would certainly
+produce a sensation.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Privileges of the House of Commons.<br />The king's
+prerogatives.<br />Charles's contest with Parliament.</div>
+
+<p>Still, notwithstanding what we have said, the Parliament did contrive
+gradually to attain to the possession of some privileges and powers of
+its own. The English people have a great deal of independence and
+spirit, though Americans traveling there, with ideas carried from this
+country, are generally surprised at finding so little instead of so
+much. The knights and burgesses of the House of Commons, though they
+submitted patiently to the forms of degradation which the lords and
+kings imposed upon them, gradually got possession of certain powers
+which they claimed as their own, and which they showed a strong
+disposition to defend. They claimed the exclusive right to lay taxes
+of every kind. This had been the usage so long, that they had the same
+right to it that the king had to his crown. They had a right too, to
+petition the king for a redress of any grievances which they supposed
+the people were suffering under his reign. These, and certain other
+powers and immunities which <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>they had possessed, were called their
+<i>privileges</i>. The king's rights were, on the other hand, called his
+<i>prerogatives</i>. The Parliament were always endeavoring to extend,
+define, and establish their privileges. The king was equally bent on
+maintaining his ancient prerogatives. King Charles's reign derives its
+chief interest from the long and insane contest which he waged with
+his Parliament on this question. The contest commenced at the king's
+accession to the throne, and lasted a quarter of a century: it ended
+with his losing all his prerogatives and his head.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Present condition of the Commons.<br />Its vast influence.</div>
+
+<p>This circumstance, that the main interest in King Charles's reign is
+derived from his contest with his Parliament, has made it necessary to
+explain somewhat fully, as we have done, the nature of that body. We
+have described it as it was in the days of the Stuarts; but, in order
+not to leave any wrong impression on the mind of the reader in regard
+to its present condition, we must add, that though all its external
+forms remain the same, the powers and functions of the body have
+greatly changed. The despised and contemned knights and burgesses,
+that were not worthy to have seats provided for them when the king was
+delivering <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>them his speech, now rule the world; or, at least, come
+nearer to the possession of that dominion than any other power has
+ever done, in ancient or modern times. They decide who shall
+administer the government, and in what way. They make the laws, settle
+questions of trade and commerce, decide really on peace and war, and,
+in a word, hold the whole control, while the nominal sovereign takes
+rides in the royal parks, or holds drawing-rooms in the palaces, in
+empty and powerless parade. There is no question that the British
+House of Commons has exerted a far wider influence on the destinies of
+the human race than any other governmental power that has ever
+existed. It has gone steadily on for five, and perhaps for ten
+centuries, in the same direction and toward the same ends; and
+whatever revolutions may threaten other elements of European power,
+the British House of Commons, in some form or other, is as sure as any
+thing human can be of existence and power for five or ten centuries to
+come.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Old forms still retained.<br />Will probably be changed.</div>
+
+<p>And yet it is one of the most remarkable of the strange phenomena of
+social life, that this body, standing at the head, as it really does,
+of all human power, submits patiently still to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>all the marks and
+tokens of inferiority and degradation which accompanied its origin. It
+comes together when the sovereign sends writs, <i>ordering</i> the several
+constituencies to choose their representatives, and the
+representatives to assemble. It comes humbly into the House of Peers
+to listen to the instructions of the sovereign at the opening of the
+session, the members in a standing position, and with heads
+uncovered.<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> It debates these suggestions with forms and in a
+phraseology which imply that it is only considering what <i>counsel</i> to
+give the king. It enacts nothing&mdash;it only recommends; and it holds its
+existence solely at the discretion of the great imaginary power which
+called it into being. These forms may, very probably, soon be changed
+for others more true to the facts; and the principle of election may
+be changed, so as to make the body represent more fully the general
+population of the empire; but the body itself will doubtless continue
+its action for a very long period to come.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Effects of a demise of the crown.<br /> All offices expire.</div>
+
+<p>According to the view of the subject which <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>we have presented, it
+would of course follow, as the real sovereignty was mainly in the
+king's hands, that at the death of one monarch and the accession of
+another, the functions of all officers holding their places under the
+authority of the former would cease. This was actually the case. And
+it shows how entirely the Parliament was considered as the instrument
+and creation of the king, that on the death of a king, the Parliament
+immediately expired. The new monarch must make a new Parliament, if he
+wished one, to help him carry out his own plans. In the same manner
+almost all other offices expired. As it would be extremely
+inconvenient or impossible to appoint anew all the officers of such a
+realm on a sudden emergency, it is usual for the king to issue a
+decree renewing the appointments of the existing incumbents of these
+offices. Thus King Charles, two days after his father's death, made it
+his first act to renew the appointments of the members of his father's
+privy council, of the foreign embassadors, and of the judges of the
+courts, in order that the affairs of the empire might go on without
+interruption. He also issued summonses for calling a Parliament, and
+then made arrangements for the solemnization of his father's funeral.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 75-6]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i077.jpg" class="smallgap" width="550" height="301" alt="St. Stephen&#39;s." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">St. Stephen&#39;s.</span></span></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Westminster.<br />The Strand.<br />Temple Bar.</div>
+
+<p>The scene of these transactions was what was, in those days, called
+Westminster. Minster means cathedral. A cathedral church had been
+built, and an abbey founded, at a short distance west from London,
+near the mouth of the Thames. The church was called the West
+<i>minster</i>, and the abbey, Westminster Abbey. The town afterward took
+the same name. The street leading to the city of London from
+Westminster was called the Strand; it lay along the shore of the
+river. The gate by which the city of London was entered on this side
+was called Temple Bar, on account of a building just within the walls,
+at that point, which was called the Temple. In process of time, London
+expanded beyond its bounds and spread westward. The Strand became a
+magnificent street of shops and stores. Westminster was filled with
+palaces and houses of the nobility, the whole region being entirely
+covered with streets and edifices of the greatest magnificence and
+splendor. Westminster is now called the West End of London, though the
+jurisdiction of the city still ends at Temple Bar.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Somerset House.</div>
+
+<p>Parliament held its sessions in a building near the shore, called St.
+Stephen's. The king's palace, called St. James's Palace, was near. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>The old church became a place of sepulture for the English kings,
+where a long line of them now repose. The palace of King James's wife,
+Anne of Denmark, was on the bank of the river, some distance down the
+Strand. She called it, during her life, Denmark House, in honor of her
+native land. Its name is now Somerset House.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">James's funeral.</div>
+
+<p>King James's funeral was attended with great pomp. The body was
+conveyed from Somerset House to its place of repose in the Abbey, and
+attended by a great procession. King Charles walked as chief mourner.
+Two earls attended him, one on each side, and the train of his robes
+was borne by twelve peers of the realm. The expenses of this funeral
+amounted to a sum equal to two hundred thousand dollars.</p>
+
+<p>One thing more is to be stated before we can consider Charles as
+fairly entered upon his career, and that is the circumstance of his
+marriage. His father James, so soon as he found the negotiations with
+Spain must be finally abandoned, opened a new negotiation with the
+King of France for his daughter Henrietta Maria. After some delay,
+this arrangement was concluded upon. The treaty of marriage<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> was made,
+and soon after the old king's death, Charles began to think of
+bringing home his bride.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Marriage of Charles.</div>
+
+<p>He accordingly made out a commission for a nobleman, appointed for the
+purpose, to act in his name, in the performance of the ceremony at
+Paris. The pope's dispensation was obtained, Henrietta Maria, as well
+as the Infanta, being a Catholic. The ceremony was performed, as such
+ceremonies usually were in Paris, in the famous church of Notre Dame,
+where Charles's grandmother, Mary Queen of Scots, had been married to
+a prince of France about seventy years before.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Imposing ceremonies.</div>
+
+<p>There was a great theater, or platform, erected in front of the altar
+in the church, which was thronged by the concourse of spectators who
+rushed to witness the ceremony. The beautiful princess was married by
+proxy to a man in another kingdom, whom she had never seen, or, at
+least, never known. It is not probable that she observed him at the
+time when he was, for one evening, in her presence, on his journey
+through Paris. The Duke of Buckingham had been sent over by Charles to
+conduct home his bride. Ships were waiting at Boulogne, a port nearly
+opposite to Dover, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>to take her and her attendants on board. She bade
+farewell to the palaces of Paris, and set out on her journey.<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Arrival of the bride at London.<br />Her residence.</div>
+
+<p>The king, in the mean time, had gone to Dover, where he awaited her
+arrival. She landed at Dover on the day after sailing from Boulogne,
+sea-sick and sad. The king received his bride, and with their
+attendants they went by carriages to Canterbury, and on the following
+day they entered London. Great preparations had been made for
+receiving the king and his consort in a suitable manner; but London
+was, at this time, in a state of great distress and fear on account of
+the plague which had broken out there. The disease had increased
+during the king's absence, and the alarm and anxiety were so great,
+that the rejoicings on account of the arrival of the queen were
+omitted. She journeyed quietly, therefore, to Westminster, and took up
+her abode at Somerset House, which had been the residence of her
+predecessor. They had fitted it up for her reception, providing for
+it, among other conveniences, a Roman Catholic chapel, where she could
+enjoy the services of religion in the forms to which she had been
+accustomed.</p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_IV" id="Chapter_IV"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter IV.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">BUCKINGHAM.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1625-1628</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Charles's accession.<br />Leading events of his reign.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">C</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">harles</span> commenced his reign in 1625. He continued to reign about
+twenty-four years. It will assist the reader to receive and retain in
+mind a clear idea of the course of events during his reign, if we
+regard it as divided into three periods. During the first, which
+continued about four years, Charles and the Parliament were both upon
+the stage, contending with each other, but just at open war. Each
+party intrigued, and maneuvered, and struggled to gain its own ends,
+the disagreement widening and deepening continually, till it ended in
+an open rupture, when Charles abandoned the plan of having Parliaments
+at all, and attempted to govern alone. This attempt to manage the
+empire without a legislature lasted for ten years, and is the second
+period. After this a Parliament was called, and it soon made itself
+independent of the king, and became hostile to him, the two powers
+being at open war. This constitutes the third period.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> Thus we have
+four years spent in getting into the quarrel between the king and
+Parliament, ten years in an attempt by the king to govern alone, and,
+finally, ten years of war, more or less open, the king on one side,
+and the Parliament on the other.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Buckingham.<br />His influence over the king.</div>
+
+<p>The first four years&mdash;that is, the time spent in getting really into
+the quarrel with Parliament, was Buckingham's work, for during that
+time Buckingham's influence with the king was paramount and supreme;
+and whatever was done that was important or extraordinary, though done
+in the king's name, really originated in him. The whole country knew
+this and were indignant that such a man, so unprincipled, so low in
+character, so reckless, and so completely under the sway of his
+impulses and passions, should have such an influence over the king,
+and, through him, such power to interfere with and endanger the mighty
+interests of so vast a realm.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">General system of government.</div>
+
+<p>It must not be supposed, however, in consequence of what has been said
+about the extent of the regal power in England, that the daily care
+and responsibility of the affairs of government, in its ordinary
+administration, rested directly upon the king. It is not possible that
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>any one mind can even comprehend, far less direct, such an enormous
+complication of interests and of action as is involved in the carrying
+on, from day to day, the government of an empire. Offices,
+authorities, and departments of administration spring up gradually,
+and all the ordinary routine of the affairs of the empire are managed
+by them. Thus the navy was all completely organized, with its
+gradations of rank, its rules of action, its records, its account
+books, its offices and arrangements for provisionment and supply, the
+whole forming a vast system which moved on of itself, whether the king
+were present or absent, sick or well, living or dead. It was so with
+the army; it was so with the courts; it was so with the general
+administration of the government, at London. The immense mass of
+business which constituted the work of government was all systematized
+and arranged, and it moved on regularly, in the hands of more or less
+prudent and careful men, who governed, themselves, by ancient rules
+and usages, and in most cases managed wisely.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">His majesty.<br />Every thing done in the king's name.</div>
+
+<p>Every thing, however, was done in the king's <i>name</i>. The ships were
+his majesty's ships, the admirals were his majesty's servants, the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>war was his majesty's war, the court was the <i>King's</i> Bench. The idea
+was, that all these thousands of officers, of all ranks and grades,
+were only an enormous multiplication of his majesty; that they were to
+do his will and carry on his administration as he would himself carry
+it on were he personally capable of attending to such a vast detail;
+subject, of course, to certain limits and restrictions which the laws
+and customs of the realm, and the promises and contracts of his
+predecessors, had imposed. But although all this action was
+theoretically the king's action, it came to be, in fact, almost wholly
+independent of him. It went on of itself, in a regular and systematic
+way, pursuing its own accustomed course, except so far as the king
+directly interposed to modify its action.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Privy Council.</div>
+
+<p>It might be supposed that the king would certainly take <i>the general
+direction</i> of affairs into his own hands, and that this charge, at
+least, would necessarily come upon him, as king, day by day. Some
+monarchs have attempted to do this, but it is obvious that there must
+be some provision for having this general charge, as well as all the
+subordinate functions of government, attended to independently of the
+king, as his being always in a condition to fulfill <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>this duty is not
+to be relied upon. Sometimes the king is young and inexperienced;
+sometimes he is sick or absent; and sometimes he is too feeble in
+mind, or too indolent, or too devoted to his pleasures, to exercise
+any governmental care. There has gradually grown up, therefore, in all
+monarchies, the custom of having a central board of officers of state,
+whom the king appoints, and who take the general direction of affairs
+in his stead, except so far as he chooses to interfere. This board, in
+England, is called the Privy Council.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">It represents the king.<br /> Constitution and functions of the
+Privy Council.</div>
+
+<p>The Privy Council in England is a body of great importance. Its nature
+and its functions are, of course, entirely different from those of the
+two houses of Parliament. <i>They</i> represent, or are intended to
+represent, the nation. The Parliament is, in theory, the nation,
+assembled at the king's command, to give him their advice. The Privy
+Council, on the other hand, represents the king. It is the king's
+Privy Council. They act in his name. They follow his directions when
+he chooses to give any. Whatever they decide upon and decree, the king
+signs&mdash;often, indeed, without any idea of its nature. Still he signs
+it, and all such decrees go forth to the word as the king's orders <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>in
+council. The Privy Council, of course, would have its meetings, its
+officers, its records, its rules of proceeding, and its various
+usages, and these grew, in time, to be laws and rights; but still it
+was, in theory, only a sort of expansion of the king, as if to make a
+kind of artificial being, with one soul, but many heads and hands,
+because no natural human being could possibly have capacities and
+powers extensive and multifarious enough for the exigencies of
+reigning. Charles thus had a council who took charge of every thing,
+except so far as he chose to interpose. The members were generally
+able and experienced men. And yet Buckingham was among them. He had
+been made Lord High Admiral of England, which gave him supreme command
+of the navy, and admitted him to the Privy Council. These were very
+high honors.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Restrictions on the royal power.</div>
+
+<p>This Privy Council now took the direction of public affairs, attended
+to every thing, provided for all emergencies, and kept all the
+complicated machinery of government in motion, without the necessity
+of the king's having any personal agency in the matter. The king might
+interpose, more or less, as he was inclined; and when he did
+interpose, he sometimes <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>found obstacles in the way of immediately
+accomplishing his plans, in the forms or usages which had gradually
+grown into laws.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, when the king began his reign, he was very eager to have
+the war for the recovery of the Palatinate go on at once; and he was,
+besides, very much embarrassed for want of money. He wished,
+therefore, in order to save time, that the old Parliament which King
+James had called should continue to act under his reign. But his Privy
+Council told him that that could not be. That was <i>James's</i>
+Parliament. If he wanted one for his reign, he must call upon the
+people to elect a new Parliament for him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A new Parliament.</div>
+
+<p>The new Parliament was called, and Charles sent them a very civil
+message, explaining the emergency which had induced him to call them,
+and the reason why he was so much in want of money. His father had
+left the government a great deal in debt. There had been heavy
+expenses connected with the death of the former king, and with his own
+accession and marriage. Then there was the war. It had been engaged in
+by his father, with the approbation of the former Parliament; and
+engagements had been made with allies, which now they could not
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>honorably retract. He urged them, therefore, to grant, without delay,
+the necessary supplies.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The new Parliament meets at Oxford.</div>
+
+<p>The Parliament met in July, but the plague was increasing in London,
+and they had to adjourn, early in August, to Oxford. This city is
+situated upon the Thames, and was then, as it is now, the seat of a
+great many colleges. These colleges were independent of each other in
+their internal management, though united together in one general
+system. The name of one of them, which is still very distinguished,
+was Christ Church College. They had, among the buildings of that
+college, a magnificent hall, more than one hundred feet long, and very
+lofty, built in a very imposing style. It is still a great object of
+interest to all who visit Oxford. This hall was fitted up for the use
+of Parliament, and the king met the two houses there. He made a new
+speech himself, and others were made by his ministers, explaining the
+state of public affairs, and gently urging the houses to act with
+promptness and decision.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Difficulties commence between the king and Parliament.</div>
+
+<p>The houses then separated, and each commenced its own deliberations.
+But, instead of promptly complying with the king's proposals they sent
+him a petition for redress of a long list of what they called
+grievances. These <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>grievances were, almost all of them, complaints of
+the toleration and encouragement of the Catholics, through the
+influence of the king's Catholic bride. She had stipulated to have a
+Catholic chapel, and Catholic attendants, and, after her arrival in
+England, she and Buckingham had so much influence over the king, that
+they were producing quite a change at court, and gradually through all
+ranks of society, in favor of the Catholics. The Commons complained of
+a great many things, nearly all, however, originating in this cause.
+The king answered these complaints, clause by clause, promising
+redress more or less distinctly. There is not room to give this
+petition and the answers in full, but as all the subsequent troubles
+between Charles and the people of England arose out of this difficulty
+of his young wife's bringing in so strong a Catholic influence with
+her to the realm, it may be well to give an abstract of some of the
+principal petitions, with the king's answers.</p>
+
+<p>The Commons said:</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Demands of Parliament, and the king's answers.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>That they had understood that popish priests, and other Catholics,
+were gradually creeping in as teachers of the youth of the realm, in
+the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>various seminaries of learning, and they wished to have decided
+measures taken to examine all candidates for such stations, with a
+view to the careful exclusion of all who were not true Protestants.</p>
+
+<p><i>King.</i>&mdash;Allowed. And I will send to the archbishops and all the
+authorities to see that this is done.</p>
+
+<p><i>Commons.</i>&mdash;That more efficient arrangements should be made for
+appointing able and faithful men in the Church&mdash;men that will really
+devote themselves to preaching the Gospel to the people; instead of
+conferring these places and salaries on favorites, sometimes, as has
+been the case, several to the same man.</p></div>
+
+<p>The king made some explanations in regard to this subject, and
+promised hereafter to comply with this requisition.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Commons.</i>&mdash;That the laws against sending children out of the country
+to foreign countries to be educated in Catholic seminaries should be
+strictly enforced, and the practice be entirely broken up.</p>
+
+<p><i>King.</i>&mdash;Agreed; and he would send to the lord admiral, and to all the
+naval officers on <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>the coast, to watch very carefully and stop all
+children attempting to go abroad for such a purpose; and he would
+issue a proclamation commanding all the noblemen's children now on the
+Continent to return by a given day.</p>
+
+<p><i>Commons.</i>&mdash;That no Catholic (or, as they called him, popish
+<i>recusant</i>, that is, a person <i>refusing</i> to subscribe to the
+Protestant faith, recusant meaning <i>person refusing</i>) be admitted into
+the king's service at court; and that no <i>English</i> Catholic be
+admitted into the queen's service. They could not refuse to allow her
+to employ her own <i>French</i> attendants, but to appoint English
+Catholics to the honorable and lucrative offices at her disposal was
+doing a great injury to the Protestant cause in the realm.</p></div>
+
+<p>The king agreed to this, with some conditions and evasions.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Commons.</i>&mdash;That all Jesuits and Catholic priests, owing allegiance to
+the See of Rome, should be sent away from the country, according to
+laws already existing, after fair notice given; and if they would not
+go, that they should be imprisoned in such a manner as to be <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>kept
+from all communication with other persons, so as not to disseminate
+their false religion.</p>
+
+<p><i>King.</i>&mdash;The laws on this subject shall be enforced.</p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king and the Commons both in the wrong.</div>
+
+<p>The above are sufficient for a specimen of these complaints and of the
+king's answers. There were many more of them, but they have all the
+same character&mdash;being designed to stop the strong current of Catholic
+influence and ascendency which was setting in to the court, and
+through the court into the realm, through the influence of the young
+queen and the persons connected with her. At the present day, and in
+this country, the Commons will be thought to be in the wrong, inasmuch
+as the thing which they were contending against was, in the main,
+merely the toleration of the Catholic religion. But then the king was
+in the wrong too, for, since the laws against this toleration stood
+enacted by the consent and concurrence of his predecessors, he should
+not have allowed them to be infracted and virtually annulled through
+the influence of a foreign bride and an unworthy favorite.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king promises every thing.<br />His insincerity.</div>
+
+<p>Perhaps he felt that he was wrong, or perhaps <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>his answers were all
+framed for him by his Privy Council. At all events, they were entirely
+favorable to the demands of the Commons. He promised every thing. In
+many things he went even beyond their demands. It is admitted,
+however, on all hands, that, so far as he himself had any agency in
+making these replies, he was not really sincere. He himself, and
+Buckingham, were very eager to get supplies. Buckingham was admiral of
+the fleet, and very strongly desired to enlarge the force at his
+command, with a view to the performing of some great exploit in the
+war. It is understood, therefore, that the king intended his replies
+as promises merely. At any rate, the promises were made. The Commons
+were called into the great hall again, at Christ Church, where the
+Peers assembled, and the king's answers were read to them. Buckingham
+joined in this policy of attempting to conciliate the Commons. He went
+into their assembly and made a long speech, explaining and justifying
+his conduct, and apologizing, in some sense, for what might seem to be
+wrong.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Commons not satisfied.<br />Parliament dissolved.</div>
+
+<p>The Commons returned to their place of deliberation, but they were not
+satisfied. They wanted something besides promises. Some <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>were in favor
+of granting supplies "in gratitude to his majesty for his gracious
+answer." Others thought differently. They did not see the necessity
+for raising money for this foreign war. They had greater enemies at
+home (meaning Buckingham and popery) than they had abroad. Besides, if
+the king would stop his waste and extravagance in bestowing honors and
+rewards, there would be money enough for all necessary uses. In a
+word, there was much debate, but nothing done. The king, after a short
+time, sent a message to them urging them to come to a decision. They
+sent him back a declaration which showed that they did not intend to
+yield. Their language, however, was of the most humble character. They
+called him "their dread sovereign," and themselves "his poor commons."
+The king was displeased with them, and dissolved the Parliament. They,
+of course, immediately became private citizens, and dispersed to their
+homes.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">New one called.<br />Subterfuges of the king.<br />Parliament again
+dissolved.</div>
+
+<p>After trying some ineffectual attempts to raise money by his own royal
+prerogatives and powers, the king called a new Parliament, taking some
+singular precautions to keep out of it such persons as he thought
+would oppose his plans. The Earl of Bristol, whom Buckingham had <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>been
+so jealous of, considering him as his rival, was an influential member
+of the House of Peers. Charles and Buckingham agreed to omit him in
+sending out the royal writs to summon the peers. He petitioned
+Parliament, claiming a right to his seat. Charles then sent him his
+writ, but gave him a command, as his sovereign, not to attend the
+session. He also selected four of the prominent men in the House of
+Commons, men whom he considered most influential in opposition to him
+and to Buckingham, and appointed them to offices which would call them
+away from London; and as it was the understanding in those days that
+the sovereign had a right to command the services of his subjects,
+they were obliged to go. The king hoped, by these and similar means,
+to diminish the influence against him in Parliament, and to get a
+majority in his favor. But his plans did not succeed. Such measures
+only irritated the House and the country. After another struggle this
+Parliament was dissolved too.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The breach between the king and the Parliament widens.</div>
+
+<p>Things went on so for four or five years, the breach between the king
+and the people growing wider and wider. Within this time there were
+four Parliaments called, and, after various <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>contentions with them,
+they were, one after another, dissolved. The original subject of
+disagreement, viz., the growing influence of the Catholics, was not
+the only one. Other points came up, growing out of the king's use of
+his prerogative, and his irregular and, as they thought, illegal
+attempts to interfere with their freedom of action. The king, or,
+rather, Buckingham using the king's name, resorted to all sorts of
+contrivances to accomplish this object. For instance, it had long been
+the custom, in case any member of the House of Peers was absent, for
+him to give authority to any friend of his, who was also a member, to
+vote for him. This authority was called a <i>proxy</i>. This word is
+supposed to be derived from <i>procuracy</i>, which means action in the
+place of, and in behalf of, another. Buckingham induced a great number
+of the peers to give him their proxies. He did this by rewards,
+honors, and various other influences, and he found so many willing to
+yield to these inducements, that at one time he had thirty or forty
+proxies in his hands. Thus, on a question arising in the House of
+Lords, he could give a very large majority of votes. The House, after
+murmuring for some time, and expressing much discontent and vexation
+at this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> state of things, finally made a law that no member of the
+House should ever have power to use more than <i>two</i> proxies.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Impeachment of Buckingham.<br />The king interferes.</div>
+
+<p>One of the Parliaments which King Charles assembled at length brought
+articles of impeachment against Buckingham, and a long contest arose
+on this subject. An impeachment is a trial of a high officer of state
+for maladministration of his office. All sorts of charges were brought
+against Buckingham, most of which were true. The king considered their
+interfering to call one of his ministers to account as wholly
+intolerable. He sent them orders to dismiss that subject from their
+deliberations, and to proceed immediately with their work of laying
+taxes to raise money, or he would dissolve the Parliament as he had
+done before. He reminded them that the Parliaments were entirely "in
+his power for their calling, sitting, and dissolution, and as he found
+their fruits were for good or evil, so they were to continue, or not
+to be." If they would mend their errors and do their duty,
+henceforward he would forgive the past; otherwise they were to expect
+his irreconcilable hostility.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Another dissolution.</div>
+
+<p>This language irritated instead of alarming them. The Commons
+persisted in their plan <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>of impeachment. The king arrested the men
+whom they appointed as managers of the impeachment, and imprisoned
+them. The Commons remonstrated, and insisted that Buckingham should be
+dismissed from the king's service. The king, instead of dismissing
+him, took measures to have him appointed, in addition to all his other
+offices, Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, a very exalted
+station. Parliament remonstrated. The king, in retaliation, dissolved
+the Parliament.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Buckingham's reckless conduct.</div>
+
+<p>Thus things went on from bad to worse, and from worse to worse again;
+the chief cause of the difficulties, in almost all cases, being
+traceable to Buckingham's reckless and arbitrary conduct. He was
+continually doing something in the pursuit of his own ends, by the
+rash and heedless exercise of the vast powers committed to him, to
+make extensive and irreparable mischief. At one time he ordered a part
+of the fleet over to the coast of France, to enter the French service,
+the sailors expecting that they were to be employed against the
+Spaniards. They found, however, that, instead of going against the
+Spaniards, they were to be sent to Rochelle. Rochelle was a town in
+France in possession of the Protestants, and the King of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>France
+wished to subdue them. The sailors sent a remonstrance to their
+commander, begging not to be forced to fight against their brother
+Protestants. This remonstrance was, in form, what is called a <i>Round
+Robin</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Round Robin.<br />Return of the English fleet.</div>
+
+<p>In a Round Robin a circle is drawn, the petition or remonstrance is
+written within it, and the names are written all around it, to prevent
+any one's having to take the responsibility of being the first signer.
+When the commander of the fleet received the Round Robin, instead of
+being offended, he inquired into the facts, and finding that the case
+was really as the Round Robin represented it, he broke away from the
+French command and returned to England. He said he would rather be
+hanged in England for disobeying orders than to fight against the
+Protestants of France.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The officers and men desert.</div>
+
+<p>Buckingham might have known that such a spirit as this in Englishmen
+was not to be trifled with. But he knew nothing, and thought of
+nothing, except that he wished to please and gratify the French
+government. When the fleet, therefore, arrived in England, he
+peremptorily ordered it back, and he resorted to all sorts of pretexts
+and misrepresentations of the facts to persuade the officers and men
+that they <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>were not to be employed against the Protestants. The fleet
+accordingly went back, and when they arrived, they found that
+Buckingham had deceived them. They were ordered to Rochelle. One of
+the ships broke away and returned to England. The officers and men
+deserted from the other ships and got home. The whole armament was
+disorganized, and the English people, who took sides with the sailors,
+were extremely exasperated against Buckingham for his blind and
+blundering recklessness, and against the king for giving such a man
+the power to do his mischief on such an extensive scale.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Expedition to Spain.<br />Buckingham's egregious folly.<br />The
+expedition ends in disaster.</div>
+
+<p>At another time the duke and the king contrived to fit out a fleet of
+eighty sail to make a descent upon the coast of Spain. It caused them
+great trouble to get the funds for this expedition, as they had to
+collect them, in a great measure, by various methods depending on the
+king's prerogative, and not by authority of Parliament. Thus the whole
+country were dissatisfied and discontented in respect to the fleet
+before it was ready to sail. Then, as if this was not enough,
+Buckingham overlooked all the officers in the navy in selecting a
+commander, and put an officer of the army in charge of it; <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>a man
+whose whole experience had been acquired in wars on the land. The
+country thought that Buckingham ought to have taken the command
+himself, as lord high admiral; and if not, that he ought to have
+selected his commander from the ranks of the service employed. Thus
+the fleet set off on the expedition, all on board burning with
+indignation against the arbitrary and absurd management of the
+favorite. The result of the expedition was also extremely disastrous.
+They had an excellent opportunity to attack a number of ships, which
+would have made a very rich prize; but the soldier-commander either
+did not know, or did not dare to do, his duty. He finally, however,
+effected a landing, and took a castle, but the sailors found a great
+store of wine there, and went to drinking and carousing, breaking
+through all discipline. The commander had to get them on board again
+immediately, and come away. Then he conceived the plan of going to
+intercept what were called the Spanish galleons, which were ships
+employed to bring home silver from the mines in America, which the
+Spaniards then possessed. On further thoughts he concluded to give up
+this idea, on account of the plague, which, as he said, broke out in
+his <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>ships. So he came back to England with his fleet disorganized,
+demoralized, and crippled, and covered with military disgrace. The
+people of England charged all this to Buckingham. Still the king
+persisted in retaining him. It was his prerogative to do so.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Buckingham's quarrel with Richelieu.<br />He resolves on war.</div>
+
+<p>After a while Buckingham got into a personal quarrel with Richelieu,
+who was the leading manager of the French government, and he resolved
+that England should make war upon France. To alter the whole political
+position of such an empire as that of Great Britain, in respect to
+peace and war, and to change such a nation as France from a friend to
+an enemy, would seem to be quite an undertaking for a single man to
+attempt, and that, too, without having any reason whatever to assign,
+except a personal quarrel with a minister about a love affair. But so
+it was. Buckingham undertook it. It was the king's prerogative to make
+peace or war, and Buckingham ruled the king.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The French servants dismissed.<br />War declared against
+France.</div>
+
+<p>He contrived various ways of fomenting ill will. One was, to alienate
+the mind of the king from the queen. He represented to him that the
+queen's French servants were fast becoming very disrespectful and
+insolent in their treatment of him, and finally persuaded him to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>send
+them all home. So the king went one day to Somerset House, which was
+the queen's residence&mdash;for it is often the custom in high life in
+Europe for the husband and wife to have separate establishments&mdash;and
+requested her to summon her French servants into his presence, and
+when they were assembled, he told them that he had concluded to send
+them all home to France. Some of them, he said, had acted properly
+enough, but others had been rude and forward, and that he had decided
+it best to send them all home. The French king, on hearing of this,
+seized a hundred and twenty English ships lying in his harbors in
+retaliation of this act, which he said was a palpable violation of the
+marriage contract, as it certainly was. Upon this the king declared
+war against France. He did not ask Parliament to act in this case at
+all. There was no Parliament. Parliament had been dissolved in a fit
+of displeasure. The whole affair was an exercise of the royal
+prerogative. Nor did the king now call a Parliament to provide means
+for carrying on the war, but set his Privy Council to devise modes of
+doing it, through this same prerogative.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Expedition to France abortive.</div>
+
+<p>The attempts to raise money in these ways <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>made great trouble. The
+people resisted, and interposed all possible difficulties. However
+some funds were raised, and a fleet of a hundred sail, and an army of
+seven thousand men, were got together. Buckingham undertook the
+command of this expedition himself, as there had been so much
+dissatisfaction with his appointment of a commander to the other. It
+resulted just as was to be expected in the case of seven thousand men,
+and a hundred ships, afloat on the swelling surges of the English
+Channel, under the command of vanity, recklessness, and folly. The
+duke came back to England in three months, bringing home one third of
+his force. The rest had been lost, without accomplishing any thing.
+The measure of public indignation against Buckingham was now full.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Another projected.<br />Assassination of Buckingham.</div>
+
+<p>Buckingham himself walked as loftily and proudly as ever. He equipped
+another fleet, and was preparing to set sail in it himself, as
+commander again. He went to Portsmouth, accordingly, for this purpose,
+Portsmouth being the great naval station then, as now, on the southern
+coast of England. Here a man named Felton, who had been an officer
+under the duke in the former expedition, and who had been extremely
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>exasperated against him on account of some of his management there,
+and who had since found how universal was the detestation of him in
+England, resolved to rid the country of such a curse at once. He
+accordingly took his station in the passage-way of the house where
+Buckingham was, armed with a knife. Buckingham came out, talking with
+some Frenchmen in an angry manner, having had some dispute with them,
+when Felton thrust the knife into his side as he passed, and, leaving
+it in the wound, walked away, no one having noticed who did the deed.
+Buckingham pulled out the knife, fell down, and died. The bystanders
+were going to seize one of the Frenchmen, when Felton advanced and
+said, "I am the man; you are to arrest me; let no one suffer that is
+innocent." He was taken. They found a paper in his hat, saying that he
+was going to destroy the duke, and that he could not sacrifice his
+life in a nobler cause than by delivering his country from so great an
+enemy.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king not sorry.</div>
+
+<p>King Charles was four miles off at this time. They carried him the
+news. He did not appear at all concerned or troubled, but only
+directed that the murderer&mdash;he ought to have said, perhaps, the
+<i>executioner</i>&mdash;should be secured, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>and that the fleet should proceed
+to sail. He also ordered the treasurer to make arrangements for a
+splendid funeral.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Buckingham's monument the universal execration of his
+countrymen.</div>
+
+<p>The treasurer said, in reply, that a funeral would only be a temporary
+show, and that he could hereafter erect a <i>monument</i> at half the cost,
+which would be a much more lasting memorial. Charles acceded.
+Afterward, when Charles spoke to him about the monument, the treasurer
+replied, What would the world say if your majesty were to build a
+monument to the Duke before you erect one for your father? So the plan
+was abandoned, and Buckingham had no other monument than the universal
+detestation of his countrymen. </p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_V" id="Chapter_V"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter V.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The King and his Prerogative.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1628-1636</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Difficulty in raising funds.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">T</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">he</span> great difficulty in governing without a Parliament was the raising
+of funds. By the old customs and laws of the realm, a tax upon the
+people could only be levied by the action of the House of Commons; and
+the great object of the king and council during Buckingham's life, in
+summoning Parliaments from time to time, was to get their aid in this
+respect. But as Charles found that one Parliament after another
+withheld the grants, and spent their time in complaining of his
+government, he would dissolve them, successively, after exhausting all
+possible means of bringing them to a compliance with his will. He
+would then be thrown upon his own resources.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king's resources.<br />Modes of raising money.<br />Parliaments
+abandoned.</div>
+
+<p>The king had <i>some</i> resources of his own. These were certain estates,
+and lands, and other property, in various parts of the country, which
+belonged to the crown, the income of which the king could appropriate.
+But the amount which could be derived from this source <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>was very
+small. Then there were certain other modes of raising money, which had
+been resorted to by former monarchs, in emergencies, at distant
+intervals, but still in instances so numerous that the king considered
+precedents enough had been established to make the power to resort to
+these modes a part of the prerogative of the crown. The people,
+however, considered these acts of former monarchs as irregularities or
+usurpations. They denied the king's right to resort to these methods,
+and they threw so many difficulties in the way of the execution of his
+plans, that finally he would call another Parliament, and make new
+efforts to lead them to conform to his will. The more the experiment
+was tried, however, the worse it succeeded; and at last the king
+determined to give up the idea of Parliaments altogether, and to
+compel the people to submit to his plans of raising money without
+them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The government attaches the property of a member of
+Parliament.</div>
+
+<p>The final dissolution of Parliament, by which Charles entered upon his
+new plan of government, was attended with some resistance, and the
+affair made great difficulty. It seems that one of the members, a
+certain Mr. Rolls, had had some of his goods seized for payment of
+some of the king's irregular taxes, which he <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>had refused to pay
+willingly. Now it had always been considered the law of the land in
+England, that the person and the property of a member of Parliament
+were sacred during the session, on the ground that while he was giving
+his attendance at a council meeting called by his sovereign, he ought
+to be protected from molestation on the part either of his
+fellow-subjects or his sovereign, in his person and in his property.
+The House of Commons considered, therefore, the seizure of the goods
+of one of the members of the body as a breach of their privilege, and
+took up the subject with a view to punish the officers who acted. The
+king sent a message immediately to the House, while they were debating
+the subject, saying that the officer acted, in seizing the goods, in
+obedience to his own direct command. This produced great excitement
+and long debates. The king, by taking the responsibility of the
+seizure upon himself, seemed to bid the House defiance. They brought
+up this question: "Whether the seizing of Mr. Rolls's goods was not a
+breach of privilege?" When the time came for a decision, the speaker,
+that is, the presiding officer, refused to put the question to vote.
+He said he had been commanded <i>by the king</i> not to do <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>it! The House
+were indignant, and immediately adjourned for two days, probably for
+the purpose of considering, and perhaps consulting their constituents
+on what they were to do in so extraordinary an emergency as the king's
+coming into their own body and interfering with the functions of one
+of their own proper officers.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Confusion in the House of Commons.<br />Resolutions.<br />The Commons
+refuse to admit the king's officers.</div>
+
+<p>They met on the day to which they had adjourned, prepared to insist on
+the speaker's putting the question. But he, immediately on the House
+coming to order, said that he had received the king's command to
+adjourn the House for a week, and to put no question whatever. He was
+then about to leave the chair, but two of the members advanced to him
+and held him in his place, while they read some resolutions which had
+been prepared. There was great confusion and clamor. Some insisted
+that the House was adjourned, some were determined to pass the
+resolutions. The resolutions were very decided. They declared that
+whoever should counsel or advise the laying of taxes not granted by
+Parliament, or be an actor or instrument in collecting them, should be
+accounted an innovator, and a capital enemy to the kingdom and
+Commonwealth. And also, that if any person whatever should voluntarily
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>pay such taxes, he should be counted a capital enemy also. These
+resolutions were read in the midst of great uproar. The king was
+informed of the facts, and sent for the sergeant of the House&mdash;one of
+the highest officers&mdash;but the members locked the door, and would not
+let the sergeant go. Then the king sent one of his own officers to the
+House with a message. The members kept the door locked, and would not
+let him in until they had disposed of the resolutions. Then the House
+adjourned for a week.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Members imprisoned.</div>
+
+<p>The next day, several of the leading members who were supposed to have
+been active in these proceedings were summoned to appear before the
+council. They refused to answer out of Parliament for what was said
+and done by them in Parliament. The council sent them to prison in the
+Tower.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Dissolution of Parliament.<br />The king in the House of Lords.</div>
+
+<p>The week passed away, and the time for the reassembling of the Houses
+arrived. It had been known, during the week, that the king had
+determined on dissolving Parliament. It is usual, in dissolving a
+Parliament, for the sovereign not to appear in person, but to send his
+message of dissolution by some person commissioned to deliver it. This
+is called dissolving <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>the House by commission. The dissolution is
+always declared in the House of Lords, the Commons being summoned to
+attend. In this case, however, the king attended in person. He was
+dressed magnificently in his royal robes, and wore his crown. He would
+not deign, however, to send for the Commons. He entered the House of
+Peers, and took his seat upon the throne. Several of the Commons,
+however, came in of their own accord, and stood below the bar, at the
+usual place assigned them. The king then rose and read the following
+speech. The antiquity of the language gives it an air of quaintness
+now which it did not possess then.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king's speech on dissolving Parliament.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"My Lords,&mdash;I never came here upon so unpleasant an occasion, it
+being the Dissolution of a Parliament. Therefore Men may have
+some cause to wonder why I should not rather chuse to do this by
+Commission, it being a general Maxim of Kings to leave harsh
+Commands to their Ministers, Themselves only executing pleasing
+things. Yet considering that Justice as well consists in Reward
+and Praise of Virtue as Punishing of Vice, I thought it necessary
+to come here to-day, and to declare to you <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>and all the World,
+that it was merely the undutiful and seditious Carriage in the
+Lower House that hath made the dissolution of this Parliament.
+And you, my Lords, are so far from being any Causers of it, that
+I take as much comfort in your dutiful Demeanour, as I am justly
+distasted with their Proceedings. Yet, to avoid their Mistakings,
+let me tell you, that it is so far from me to adjudge all the
+House alike guilty, that I know there are many there as dutiful
+subjects as any in the World it being but some few Vipers among
+them that did cast this mist of Undutifulness over most of their
+Eyes. Yet to say Truth, there was good Number there that could
+not be infected with this Contagion.</p>
+
+<p>"To conclude, As those Vipers must look for their Reward of
+Punishment, so you, my Lords, may justly expect from me that
+Favor and Protection that a good King oweth to his loving and
+faithful Nobility. And now, my Lord Keeper, do what I have
+commanded you." </p></div>
+
+<p>Then the lord keeper pronounced the Parliament dissolved. The lord
+keeper was the keeper of the great seal, one of the highest officers
+of the crown. </p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">The king resolves to do without Parliaments.</div>
+
+<p>Of course this affair produced a fever of excitement against the king
+throughout the whole realm. This excitement was kept up and increased
+by the trials of the members of Parliament who had been imprisoned.
+The courts decided against them, and they were sentenced to long
+imprisonment and to heavy fines. The king now determined to do without
+Parliaments entirely; and, of course, he had to raise money by his
+royal prerogative altogether, as he had done, in fact, before, a great
+deal, during the intervals between the successive Parliaments. It will
+not be very entertaining, but it will be very useful to the reader to
+peruse carefully some account of the principal methods resorted to by
+the king. In order, however, to diminish the necessity for money as
+much as possible, the king prepared to make peace with France and
+Spain; and as they, as well as England, were exhausted with the wars,
+this was readily effected.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Forced loans.</div>
+
+<p>One of the resorts adopted by the king was to a system of <i>loans</i>, as
+they were called, though these loans differed from those made by
+governments at the present day, in being apportioned upon the whole
+community according to their liability to taxation, and in being made,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>in some respects, compulsory. The loan was not to be absolutely
+collected by force, but all were expected to lend, and if any refused,
+they were to be required to make oath that they would not tell any
+body else that they had refused, in order that the influence of their
+example might not operate upon others. Those who did refuse were to be
+reported to the government. The officers appointed to collect these
+loans were charged not to make unnecessary difficulty, but to do all
+in their power to induce the people to contribute freely and
+willingly. This plan had been before adopted, in the time of
+Buckingham, but it met with little success.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Monopolies of the necessaries of life.</div>
+
+<p>Another plan which was resorted to was the granting of what was called
+monopolies: that is, the government would select some important and
+necessary articles in general use, and give the exclusive right of
+manufacturing them to certain persons, on their paying a part of the
+profits to the government. Soap was one of the articles thus chosen.
+The exclusive right to manufacture it was given to a company, on their
+paying for it. So with leather, salt, and various other things. These
+persons, when they once possessed the exclusive right to manufacture
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>an article which the people must use, would abuse their power by
+deteriorating the article, or charging enormous prices. Nothing
+prevented their doing this, as they had no competition. The effect
+was, that the people were injured much more than the government was
+benefited. The plan of granting such monopolies by governments is now
+universally odious.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Tonnage and poundage.</div>
+
+<p>Another method of taxation was what was called <i>tonnage and poundage</i>.
+This was an ancient tax, assessed on merchandise brought into the
+country in ships, like the <i>duties</i> now collected at our
+custom-houses. It was called tonnage and poundage because the
+merchandise on which it was assessed was reckoned by weight, viz., the
+ton and the pound. A former king, Edward III., first assessed it to
+raise money to suppress piracy on the seas. He said it was reasonable
+that the merchandise protected should pay the expense of the
+protection, and in proper proportion. The Parliament in that day
+opposed this tax. They did not object to the tax itself, but to the
+king's assessing it by his own authority. However, they granted it
+themselves afterward, and it was regularly collected. Subsequent
+Parliaments had granted it, and generally made the law, once <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>for all,
+to continue in force during the life of the monarch. When Charles
+commenced his reign, the Peers were for renewing the law as usual, to
+continue throughout his reign. The Commons desired to enact the law
+only for a year at a time, so as to keep the power in their own hands.
+The two houses thus disagreed, and nothing was done. The king then
+went on to collect the tax without any authority except his own
+prerogative.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ship money.<br />Origin of these taxes.</div>
+
+<p>Another mode of levying money adopted by the king was what was called
+<i>ship money</i>. This was a plan for raising a navy by making every town
+contribute a certain number of ships, or the money necessary to build
+them. It originated in ancient times, and was at first confined to
+seaport towns which had ships. These towns were required to furnish
+them for the king's service, sometimes to be paid for by the king, at
+other times by the country, and at other times not to be paid for at
+all. Charles revived this plan, extending it to the whole country; a
+tax was assessed on all the towns, each one being required to furnish
+money enough for a certain number of ships. The number at one time
+required of the city of London was twenty. </p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">John Hampden.<br />He refuses to pay ship money.</div>
+
+<p>There was one man who made his name very celebrated then, and it has
+continued very celebrated since, by his refusal to pay his ship money,
+and by his long and determined contest with the government in regard
+to it, in the courts. His name was John Hampden. He was a man of
+fortune and high character. His tax for ship money was only twenty
+shillings, but he declared that he would not pay it without a trial.
+The king had previously obtained the opinion of the judges that he had
+a right, in case of necessity, to assess and collect the ship money,
+and Hampden knew, therefore, that the decision would certainly, in the
+end, be against him. He knew, however, that the attention of the whole
+country would be attracted to the trial, and that the arguments which
+he should offer, to prove that the act of collecting such a tax on the
+part of the king's government was illegal and tyrannical, would be
+spread before the country, and would make a great impression, although
+they certainly would not alter the opinion of the judges, who, holding
+their offices by the king's appointment, were strongly inclined to
+take his side.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Hampden's trial.</div>
+
+<p>It resulted as Hampden had foreseen. The trial attracted universal
+attention. It was a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>great spectacle to see a man of fortune and of
+high standing, making all those preparations, and incurring so great
+expense, on account of a refusal to pay five dollars, knowing too,
+that he would have to pay it in the end. The people of the realm were
+convinced that Hampden was right, and they applauded and honored him
+very greatly for his spirit and courage. The trial lasted twelve days.
+The illegality and injustice of the tax were fully exposed. The people
+concurred entirely with Hampden, and even some of the judges were
+convinced. He was called the patriot Hampden, and his name will always
+be celebrated in English history. The whole discussion, however,
+though it produced a great effect at the time, would be of no interest
+now, since it turned mainly on the question what the king's rights
+actually were, according to the ancient customs and usages of the
+realm. The question before mankind now is a very different one; it is
+not what the powers and prerogatives of government have been in times
+past, but what they ought to be now and in time to come.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">He is compelled to pay.<br />A fleet raised.<br />Its exploits among
+the herring-busses.</div>
+
+<p>The king's government gained the victory, ostensibly, in this contest,
+and Hampden had to pay the money. Very large sums were collected,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>also, from others by this tax, and a great fleet was raised. The
+performances and exploits of the fleet had some influence in quieting
+the murmurs of the people. The fleet was the greatest which England
+had ever possessed. One of its exploits was to compel the Dutch to pay
+a large sum for the privilege of fishing in the narrow seas about
+Great Britain. The Dutch had always maintained that these seas were
+public, and open to all the world; and they had a vast number of
+fishing boats, called herring-busses, that used to resort to them for
+the purpose of catching herring, which they made a business of
+preserving and sending all over the world. The English ships attacked
+these fleets of herring-busses, and drove them off; and as the Dutch
+were not strong enough to defend them, they agreed to pay a large sum
+annually for the right to fish in the seas in question, protesting,
+however, against it as an extortion, for they maintained that the
+English had no control over any seas beyond the bays and estuaries of
+their own shores.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Court of the Star Chamber.</div>
+
+<p>One of the chief means which Charles depended upon during the long
+period that he governed without a Parliament, was a certain famous
+tribunal or court called the <i>Star Chamber.</i> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>This court was a very
+ancient one, having been established in some of the earliest reigns;
+but it never attracted any special attention until the time of
+Charles. His government called it into action a great deal, and
+extended its powers, and made it a means of great injustice and
+oppression, as the people thought; or, as Charles would have said, a
+very efficient means of vindicating his prerogative, and punishing the
+stubborn and rebellious.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Its constitution.</div>
+
+<p>There were three reasons why this court was a more convenient and
+powerful instrument in the hands of the king and his council than any
+of the other courts in the kingdom. First, it was, by its ancient
+constitution, composed of members of the <i>council</i>, with the exception
+of two persons, who were to be judges in the other courts. This plan
+of having two judges from the common law courts seems to have been
+adopted for the purpose of securing some sort of conformity of the
+Star Chamber decisions with the ordinary principles of English
+jurisprudence. But then, as these two law judges would always be
+selected with reference to their disposition to carry out the king's
+plans, and as the other members of the court were all members of the
+government itself, of course the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>court was almost entirely under
+governmental control.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Trial by jury.<br />No jury in the Star Chamber.</div>
+
+<p>The second reason was, that in this court there was no jury. There had
+never been juries employed in it from its earliest constitution. The
+English had contrived the plan of trial by jury as a defense against
+the severity of government. If a man was accused of crime, the judges
+appointed by the government that he had offended were not to be
+allowed to decide whether he was guilty or not. They would be likely
+not to be impartial. The question of his guilt or innocence was to be
+left to twelve men, taken at hazard from the ordinary walks of life,
+and who, consequently, would be likely to sympathize with the accused,
+if they saw any disposition to oppress him, rather than to join
+against him with a tyrannical government. Thus the jury, as they said,
+was a great safeguard. The English have always attached great value to
+their system of trial by jury. The plan is retained in this country,
+though there is less necessity for it under our institutions. Now, in
+the Star Chamber, it had never been the custom to employ a jury. The
+members of the court decided the whole question; and as they were
+entirely in the interest <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>of the government, the government, of
+course, had the fate of every person accused under their direct
+control.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Crimes tried by the Star Chamber.</div>
+
+<p>The third reason consisted in the nature of the crimes which it had
+always been customary to try in this court. It had jurisdiction in a
+great variety of cases in which men were brought into collision with
+the government, such as charges of riot, sedition, libel, opposition
+to the edicts of the council, and to proclamations of the king. These
+and similar cases had always been tried by the Star Chamber, and these
+were exactly the cases which ought not to be tried by such a court;
+for persons accused of hostility to government ought not to be tried
+by government itself.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Origin of the term.</div>
+
+<p>There has been a great deal of discussion about the origin of the term
+Star Chamber. The hall where the court was held was in a palace at
+Westminster, and there were a great many windows in it. Some think
+that it was from this that the court received its name. Others suppose
+it was because the court had cognizance of a certain crime, the Latin
+name of which has a close affinity with the word star. Another reason
+is, that certain documents, called <i>starra</i>, used to be kept in the
+hall. The prettiest <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>idea is a sort of tradition that the ceiling of
+the hall was formerly ornamented with stars, and that this
+circumstance gave name to the hall. This supposition, however,
+unfortunately, has no better foundation than the others; for there
+were no stars on the ceiling in Charles's time, and there had not been
+any for a hundred years; nor is there any positive evidence that there
+ever were. However, in the absence of any real reason for preferring
+one of these ideas over the other, mankind seem to have wisely
+determined on choosing the most picturesque, so that it is generally
+agreed that the origin of the name was the ancient decoration of the
+ceiling of the hall with gilded stars.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Immense power of the Court of Star Chamber.<br />Oppressive
+fines.</div>
+
+<p>However this may be, the court of the Star Chamber was an engine of
+prodigious power in the hands of Charles's government. It aided them
+in two ways. They could punish their enemies, and where these enemies
+were wealthy, they could fill up the treasury of the government by
+imposing enormous fines upon them. Sometimes the offenses for which
+these fines were imposed were not of a nature to deserve such severe
+penalties. For instance, there was a law against turning tillage land
+into pasturage. Land that is tilled supports men. Land <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>that is
+pastured supports cattle and sheep. The former were a burden,
+sometimes, to landlords, the latter a means of wealth. Hence there was
+then, as there is now, a tendency in England, in certain parts of the
+country, for the landed proprietors to change their tillage land to
+pasture, and thus drive the peasants away from their homes. There were
+laws against this, but a great many persons had done it
+notwithstanding. One of these persons was fined four thousand pounds;
+an enormous sum. The rest were alarmed, and made <i>compositions</i>, as
+they were called; that is, they paid at once a certain sum on
+condition of not being prosecuted. Thirty thousand pounds were
+collected in this way, which was then a very large amount.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">King's forests.</div>
+
+<p>There were in those days, as there are now, certain tracts of land in
+England called the king's forests, though a large portion of them are
+now without trees. The boundaries of these lands had not been very
+well defined, but the government now published decrees specifying the
+boundaries, and extending them so far as to include, in many cases,
+the buildings and improvements of other proprietors. They then
+prosecuted these proprietors for having encroached, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>as they called
+it, upon the crown lands, and the Star Chamber assessed very heavy
+fines upon them. The people said all this was done merely to get
+pretexts to extort money from the nation, to make up for the want of a
+Parliament to assess regular taxes; but the government said it was a
+just and legal mode of protecting the ancient and legitimate rights of
+the king.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Offenses against the king and his lords.</div>
+
+<p>In these and similar modes, large sums of money were collected as
+fines and penalties for offenses more or less real. In other cases
+very severe punishments were inflicted for various sorts of offenses
+committed against the personal dignity of the king, or the great lords
+of his government. It was considered highly important to repress all
+appearance of disrespect or hostility to the king. One man got into
+some contention with one of the king's officers, and finally struck
+him. He was fined ten thousand pounds. Another man said that a certain
+archbishop had incurred the king's displeasure by desiring some
+toleration for the Catholics. This was considered a slander against
+the archbishop, and the offender was sentenced to be fined a thousand
+pounds, to be whipped, imprisoned, and to stand in the pillory at
+Westminster, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>and at three other places in various parts of the
+kingdom.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A gentleman fined for resenting an insult.</div>
+
+<p>A gentleman was following a chase as a spectator, the hounds belonging
+to a nobleman. The huntsman, who had charge of the hounds, ordered him
+to keep back, and not come so near the hounds; and in giving him this
+order, spoke, as the gentleman alleged, so insolently, that he struck
+him with his riding-whip. The huntsman threatened to complain to his
+master, the nobleman. The gentleman said that if his master should
+justify him in such insulting language as he had used, he would serve
+him in the same manner. The Star Chamber fined him ten thousand pounds
+for speaking so disrespectfully of a lord.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Murmurs silenced.</div>
+
+<p>By these and similar proceedings, large sums of money were collected
+by the Star Chamber for the king's treasury, and all expression of
+discontent and dissatisfaction on the part of the people was
+suppressed. This last policy, however, the suppression of expressions
+of dissatisfaction, is always a very dangerous one for any government
+to undertake. Discontent, silenced by force, is exasperated and
+extended. The outward signs of its existence disappear, but its inward
+workings become wide-spread and dangerous, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>just in proportion to the
+weight by which the safety-valve is kept down. Charles and his court
+of the Star Chamber rejoiced in the power and efficacy of their
+tremendous tribunal. They issued proclamations and decrees, and
+governed the country by means of them. They silenced all murmurs. But
+they were, all the time, disseminating through the whole length and
+breadth of the land a deep and inveterate enmity to royalty, which
+ended in a revolution of the government, and the decapitation of the
+king. They stopped the hissing of the steam for the time, but caused
+an explosion in the end.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The kingdom of Scotland.</div>
+
+<p>Charles was King of Scotland as well as of England. The two countries
+were, however, as countries, distinct, each having its own laws, its
+own administration, and its own separate dominions. The sovereign,
+however, was the same. A king could inherit two kingdoms, just as a
+man can, in this country, inherit two farms, which may, nevertheless,
+be at a distance from each other, and managed separately. Now,
+although Charles had, from the death of his father, exercised
+sovereignty over the realm of Scotland, he had not been crowned, nor
+had even visited Scotland. The people of Scotland <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>felt somewhat
+neglected. They murmured that their common monarch gave all his
+attention to the sister and rival kingdom. They said that if the king
+did not consider the Scottish crown worth coming after, they might,
+perhaps, look out for some other way of disposing of it.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king visits Scotland.<br />He is crowned there.<br />The king
+returns to London.</div>
+
+<p>The king, accordingly, in 1633, began to make preparations for a royal
+progress into Scotland. He first issued a proclamation requiring a
+proper supply of provisions to be collected at the several points of
+his proposed route, and specified the route, and the length of stay
+which he should make in each place. He set out on the 13th of May with
+a splendid retinue. He stopped at the seats of several of the nobility
+on the way, to enjoy the hospitalities and entertainments which they
+had prepared for him. He proceeded so slowly that it was a month
+before he reached the frontier. Here all his English servants and
+retinue retired from their posts, and their places were supplied by
+Scotchmen who had been previously appointed, and who were awaiting his
+arrival. He entered Edinburgh with great pomp and parade, all Scotland
+flocking to the capital to witness the festivities. The coronation
+took place three<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> days afterward. He met the Scotch Parliament, and,
+for form's sake, took a part in the proceedings, so as actually to
+exercise his royal authority as King of Scotland. This being over, he
+was conducted in great state back to Berwick, which is on the
+frontier, and thence he returned by rapid journeys to London.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Increasing discontent.</div>
+
+<p>The king dissolved his last Parliament in 1629. He had now been
+endeavoring for four or five years to govern alone. He succeeded
+tolerably well, so far as external appearances indicated, up to this
+time. There was, however, beneath the surface, a deep-seated
+discontent, which was constantly widening and extending, and, soon
+after the return of the king from Scotland, real difficulties
+gradually arose, by which he was, in the end, compelled to call a
+Parliament again. What these difficulties were will be explained in
+the subsequent chapters. </p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_VI" id="Chapter_VI"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter VI.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Archbishop Laud.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1633-1639</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Archbishop Laud.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">I</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">n</span> getting so deeply involved in difficulties with his people, King
+Charles did not act alone. He had, as we have already explained, a
+great deal of help. There were many men of intelligence and rank who
+entertained the same opinions that he did, or who were, at least,
+willing to adopt them for the sake of office and power. These men he
+drew around him. He gave them office and power, and they joined him in
+the efforts he made to defend and enlarge the royal prerogative, and
+to carry on the government by the exercise of it. One of the most
+prominent and distinguished of these men was Laud.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Church.<br />System of the English Church.<br />The Archbishop of
+Canterbury.</div>
+
+<p>The reader must understand that <i>the Church</i>, in England, is very
+different from any thing that exists under the same name in this
+country. Its bishops and clergy are supported by revenues derived from
+a vast amount of property which belongs to the Church itself. This
+property is entirely independent of all control<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> by the people of the
+parishes. The clergyman, as soon as he is appointed, comes into
+possession of it in his own right; and he is not appointed by the
+people, but by some nobleman or high officer of state, who has
+<i>inherited</i> the right to appoint the clergyman of that particular
+parish. There are bishops, also, who have very large revenues,
+likewise independent; and over these bishops is one great dignitary,
+who presides in lofty state over the whole system. This officer is
+called the Archbishop of Canterbury. There is one other archbishop,
+called the Archbishop of York; but his realm is much more limited and
+less important. The Archbishop of Canterbury is styled the Lord
+Primate of all England. His rank is above that of all the peers of the
+realm. He crowns the kings. He has two magnificent palaces, one at
+Canterbury and one at London, and has very large revenues, also, to
+enable him to maintain a style of living in accordance with his rank.
+He has the superintendence of all the affairs of the Church for the
+whole realm, except a small portion pertaining to the archbishopric of
+York. His palace in London is on the bank of the Thames, opposite
+Westminster. It is called Lambeth Palace. </p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133-4]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i134.jpg" class="smallgap" width="550" height="300" alt="Lambeth Palace." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Lambeth Palace.</span></span></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Canterbury.<br />The Cathedral.<br />Officers.</div>
+
+<p>The city of Canterbury, which is the chief seat of his dominion, is
+southeast of London, not very far from the sea. The Cathedral is
+there, which is the archbishop's church. It is more than five hundred
+feet in length, and the tower is nearly two hundred and fifty feet
+high. The magnificence of the architecture and the decorations of the
+building correspond with its size. There is a large company of
+clergymen and other officers attached to the service of the Cathedral.
+They are more than a hundred in number. The palace of the archbishop
+is near.</p>
+
+<p>The Church was thus, in the days of Charles, a complete realm of
+itself, with its own property, its own laws, its own legislature, and
+courts, and judges, its own capital, and its own monarch. It was
+entirely independent of the mass of the people in all these respects,
+as all these things were wholly controlled by the bishops and clergy,
+and the clergy were generally appointed by the noblemen, and the
+bishops by the king. This made the system almost entirely independent
+of the community at large; and as there was organized under it a vast
+amount of wealth, and influence, and power, the Archbishop of
+Canterbury, who presided <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>over the whole, was as great in authority as
+he was in rank and honor. Now Laud was Archbishop of Canterbury.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Laud made archbishop.</div>
+
+<p>King Charles had made him so. He had observed that Laud, who had been
+advanced to some high stations in the Church by his father, King
+James, was desirous to enlarge and strengthen the powers and
+prerogatives of the Church, just as he himself was endeavoring to do
+in respect to those of the throne. He accordingly promoted him from
+one post of influence and honor to another, until he made him at last
+Archbishop of Canterbury. Thus he was placed upon the summit of
+ecclesiastical grandeur and power.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">His business capacity.<br />Laud's character.</div>
+
+<p>He commenced his work, however, of strengthening and aggrandizing the
+Church, before he was appointed to this high office. He was Bishop of
+London for many years, which is a post, in some respects, second only
+to that of Archbishop of Canterbury. While in this station, he was
+appointed by the king to many high civil offices. He had great
+capacity for the transaction of business, and for the fulfillment of
+high trusts, whether of Church or state. He was a man of great
+integrity and moral worth. He was stern and severe in manners<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> but
+learned and accomplished. His whole soul was bent on what he
+undoubtedly considered the great duty of his life, supporting and
+confirming the authority of the king and the power and influence of
+English Episcopacy. Notwithstanding his high qualifications, however,
+many persons were jealous of the influence which he possessed with the
+king, and murmured against the appointment of a churchman to such high
+offices of state.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Episcopacy in England and the United States.</div>
+
+<p>There was another source of hostility to Laud. There was a large part
+of the people of England who were against the Church of England
+altogether. They did not like a system in which all power and
+influence came, as it were, from above downward. The king made the
+noblemen, the noblemen made the bishops, the bishops made the clergy,
+and the clergy ruled their flocks; the flocks themselves having
+nothing to say or do but to submit. It is very different with
+Episcopacy in this country. The people here choose the clergy, and the
+clergy choose the bishops, so that power in the Church, as in every
+thing else here, goes from below upward. The two systems, when at
+rest, look very similar in the two countries; but when in action, the
+current of life flows in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> contrary directions, making the two
+diametrically opposite to each other in spirit and power. In England,
+Episcopacy is an engine by which the people are ecclesiastically
+governed. Here, it is the machinery by which they govern. Thus, though
+the forms appear similar, the action is very diverse.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Opposition to the Established Church.<br />The Puritans.</div>
+
+<p>Now in England there was a large and increasing party that hated and
+opposed the whole Episcopal system. Laud, to counteract this tendency,
+attempted to define, and enlarge, and extend that system as far as
+possible. He made the most of all the ceremonies of worship, and
+introduced others, which were, indeed, not exactly new, but rather
+ancient ones revived. He did this conscientiously, no doubt, thinking
+that these forms of devotion were adapted to impress the soul of the
+worshiper, and lead him to feel, in his heart, the reverence which his
+outward action expressed. Many of the people, however, bitterly
+opposed these things. They considered it a return to popery. The more
+that Laud, and those who acted with him, attempted to magnify the
+rites and the powers of the Church, the more these persons began to
+abhor every thing of the kind. They wanted Christianity itself, <i>in
+its purity</i>, uncontaminated,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> as they said, by these popish and
+idolatrous forms. They were called <i>Puritans</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Disputes about the services of the Church.</div>
+
+<p>There were a great many things which seem to us at the present day of
+very little consequence, which were then the subjects of endless
+disputes and of the most bitter animosity. For instance, one point was
+whether the place where the communion was to be administered should be
+called the communion table or the altar; and in what part of the
+church it should stand; and whether the person officiating should be
+called a priest or a clergyman; and whether he should wear one kind of
+dress or another. Great importance was attached to these things; but
+it was not on their own account, but on account of their bearing on
+the question whether the Lord's Supper was to be considered only a
+ceremony commemorative of Christ's death, or whether it was, whenever
+celebrated by a regularly authorized priest, <i>a real renewal</i> of the
+sacrifice of Christ, as the Catholics maintained. Calling the
+communion table an altar, and the officiating minister a priest, and
+clothing him in a sacerdotal garb, countenanced the idea of a renewal
+of the sacrifice of Christ. Laud and his co-adjutors urged the
+adoption of all these and similar usages.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> The Puritans detested them,
+because they detested and abhorred the doctrine which they seemed to
+imply.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Controversy about amusements on Sunday.</div>
+
+<p>Another great topic of controversy was the subject of amusements. It
+is a very singular circumstance, that in those branches of the
+Christian Church where rites and forms are most insisted upon, the
+greatest latitude is allowed in respect to the gayeties and amusements
+of social life. Catholic Paris is filled with theaters and dancing,
+and the Sabbath is a holiday. In London, on the other hand, the number
+of theaters is small, dancing is considered as an amusement of a more
+or less equivocal character, and the Sabbath is rigidly observed; and
+among all the simple Democratic churches of New England, to dance or
+to attend the theater is considered almost morally wrong. It was just
+so in the days of Laud. He wished to encourage amusements among the
+people, particularly on Sunday, after church. This was partly for the
+purpose of counteracting the efforts of those who were inclined to
+Puritan views. They attached great importance to their sermons and
+lectures, for in them they could address and influence the people. But
+by means of these addresses, as Laud thought,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> they put ideas of
+insubordination into the minds of the people, and encroached on the
+authority of the Church and of the king. To prevent this, the
+High-Church party wished to exalt the <i>prayers</i> in the Church service,
+and to give as little place and influence as possible to the sermon,
+and to draw off the attention of the people from the discussions and
+exhortations of the preachers by encouraging games, dances, and
+amusements of all kinds.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Laud's contention with the judges.</div>
+
+<p>The judges in one of the counties, at a regular court held by them,
+once passed an order forbidding certain revels and carousals connected
+with the Church service, on account of the immoralities and disorders,
+as they alleged, to which they gave rise; and they ordered that public
+notice to this effect should be given by the bishop. The archbishop,
+Laud, considered this an interference on the part of the civil
+magistrates, with the powers and prerogatives of the Church. He had
+the judges brought before the council, and censured there; and they
+were required by the council to revoke their order at the next court.
+The judges did so, but in such a way as to show that they did it
+simply in obedience to the command of the king's council. The people,
+or at least all of them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> who were inclined to Puritan views, sided
+with the judges, and were more strict in abstaining from all such
+amusements on Sunday than ever. This, of course, made those who were
+on the side of Laud more determined to promote these gayeties. Thus,
+as neither party pursued, in the least degree, a generous or
+conciliatory course toward the other, the difference between them
+widened more and more. The people of the country were fast becoming
+either bigoted High-Churchmen or fanatical Puritans.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Severe punishments for expression of opinion.</div>
+
+<p>Laud employed the power of the Star Chamber a great deal in the
+accomplishment of his purpose of enforcing entire submission to the
+ecclesiastical authority of the Church. He even had persons sometimes
+punished very severely for words of disrespect, or for writings in
+which they censured what they considered the tyranny under which they
+suffered. This severe punishment for the mere expression of opinion
+only served to fix the opinion more firmly, and disseminate it more
+widely. Sometimes men would glory in their sufferings for this cause,
+and bid the authorities defiance.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Case of Lilburne.<br />His indomitable spirit.</div>
+
+<p>One man, for instance, named Lilburne, was brought before the Star
+Chamber, charged with publishing seditious pamphlets. Now, in all
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>ordinary courts of justice, no man is called upon to say any thing
+against himself. Unless his crime can be proved by the testimony of
+others, it can not be proved at all. But in the Star Chamber, whoever
+was brought to trial had to take an oath at first that he would answer
+all questions asked, even if they tended to criminate himself. When
+they proposed this oath to Lilburne, he refused to take it. They
+decided that this was contempt of court, and sentenced him to be
+whipped, put in the pillory, and imprisoned. While they were whipping
+him, he spent the time in making a speech to the spectators against
+the tyranny of bishops, referring to Laud, whom he considered as the
+author of these proceedings. He continued to do the same while in the
+pillory. As he passed along, too, he distributed copies of the
+pamphlets which he was prosecuted for writing. The Star Chamber,
+hearing that he was haranguing the mob, ordered him to be gagged. This
+did not subdue him. He began to stamp with his foot and gesticulate;
+thus continuing to express his indomitable spirit of hostility to the
+tyranny which he opposed. This single case would be of no great
+consequence alone, but it was not alone. The attempt to put Lilburne
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>down was a symbol of the experiment of coercion which Charles in the
+state, and Laud in the Church, were trying upon the whole nation; it
+was a symbol both in respect to the means employed, and to the success
+attained by them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The young lawyer's toast.<br />Ingenious plea.</div>
+
+<p>One curious case is related, which turned out more fortunately than
+usual for the parties accused. Some young lawyers in London were
+drinking at an evening entertainment, and among other toasts they
+drank confusion to the Archbishop of Canterbury. One of the waiters,
+who heard them, mentioned the circumstance, and they were brought
+before the Star Chamber. Before their trial came on, they applied to a
+certain nobleman to know what they should do. "Where was the waiter,"
+asked the nobleman, "when you drank the toast?" "At the door." "Oh!
+very well, then," said he; "tell the court that he only heard a part
+of the toast, as he was going out; and that the words really were,
+'Confusion to the Archbishop of Canterbury's enemies.'" By this
+ingenious plea, and by means of a great appearance of humility and
+deference in the presence of the archbishop, the lawyers escaped with
+a reprimand. </p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Laud's designs upon the Scotch Church.</div>
+
+<p>Laud was not content with establishing and confirming throughout all
+England the authority of the Church, but attempted to extend the same
+system to Scotland. When King Charles went to Scotland to be crowned,
+he took Laud with him. He was pleased with Laud's endeavors to enlarge
+and confirm the powers of the Church, and wished to aid him in the
+work. There were two reasons for this. One was, that the same class of
+men, the Puritans, were the natural enemies of both, so that the king
+and the archbishop were drawn together by having one common foe. Then,
+as the places in the Church were not hereditary, but were filled by
+appointments from the king and the great nobles, whatever power the
+Church could get into its hands could be employed by the king to
+strengthen his own authority, and keep his subjects in subjection.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Motives of Laud and the king.</div>
+
+<p>We must not, however, censure the king and his advisers too strongly
+for this plan. They doubtless were ambitious; they loved power; they
+wished to bear sway, unresisted and unquestioned, over the whole
+realm. But then the king probably thought that the exercise of such a
+government was necessary for the order and prosperity of the realm,
+besides being his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> inherent and indefeasible right. Good and bad
+motives were doubtless mingled here, as in all human action; but then
+the king was, in the main, doing what he supposed it was his duty to
+do. In proposing, therefore, to build up the Church in Scotland, and
+to make it conform to the English Church in its rites and ceremonies,
+he and Laud doubtless supposed that they were going greatly to improve
+the government of the sister kingdom.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Liturgy.</div>
+
+<p>There was in those days, as now, in the English Church, a certain
+prescribed course of prayers, and psalms, and Scripture lessons, for
+each day, to be read from a book by the minister. This was called the
+Liturgy. The Puritans did not like a Liturgy. It tied men up, and did
+not leave the individual mind of the preacher at liberty to range
+freely, as they wished it to do, in conducting the devotional
+services. It was on this very account that the friends of strong
+government <i>did</i> like it. They wished to curtail this liberty, which,
+however, they called license, and which they thought made mischief. In
+extemporaneous prayers, it is often easy to see that the speaker is
+aiming much more directly at producing a salutary effect on the minds
+of his hearers than at simply<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> presenting petitions to the Supreme
+Being. But, notwithstanding this evil, the existence of which no
+candid man can deny, the enemies of forms, who are generally friends
+of the largest liberty, think it best to leave the clergyman free. The
+friends of forms, however, prefer forms on this very account. They
+like what they consider the wholesome and salutary restraints which
+they impose.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Scotch.<br />Laud prepares them a Liturgy.</div>
+
+<p>Now there has always been a great spirit of freedom in the Scottish
+mind. That people have ever been unwilling to submit to coercion or
+restraints. There is probably no race of men on earth that would make
+worse slaves than the Scotch. Their sturdy independence and
+determination to be free could never be subdued. In the days of
+Charles they were particularly fond of freely exercising their own
+minds, and of speaking freely to others on the subject of religion.
+They thought for themselves, sometimes right and sometimes wrong; but
+they would think, and they would express their thoughts; and their
+being thus unaccustomed, in one particular, to submit to restraints,
+rendered them more difficult to be governed in others. Laud thought,
+consequently, that <i>they</i>, particularly, needed a Liturgy. He prepared
+one for them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> It was varied somewhat from the English Liturgy, though
+it was substantially the same. The king proclaimed it, and required
+the bishops to see that it was employed in all the churches in
+Scotland.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Times of tumult.<br />Preaching to an empty church.</div>
+
+<p>The day for introducing the Liturgy was the signal for riots all over
+the kingdom. In the principal church in Edinburgh they called out "<i>A
+pope! A pope!</i>" when the clergyman came in with his book and his
+pontifical robes. The bishop ascended the pulpit to address the people
+to appease them, and a stool came flying through the air at his head.
+The police then expelled the congregation, and the clergyman went
+through with the service of the Liturgy in the empty church, the
+congregation outside, in great tumult, accompanying the exercises with
+cries of disapprobation and resentment, and with volleys of stones
+against the doors and windows.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Scotch rebel.</div>
+
+<p>The Scotch sent a sort of embassador to London to represent to the
+king that the hostility to the Liturgy was so universal and so strong
+that it could not be enforced. But the king and his council had the
+same conscientious scruples about giving up in a contest with
+subjects, that a teacher or a parent, in our day,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> would feel in the
+case of resistance from children or scholars. The king sent down a
+proclamation that the observance of the Liturgy must be insisted on.
+The Scotch prepared to resist. They sent delegates to Edinburgh, and
+organized a sort of government. They raised armies. They took
+possession of the king's castles. They made a solemn covenant, binding
+themselves to insist on religious freedom. In a word, all Scotland was
+in rebellion.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king's fool.</div>
+
+<p>It was the custom in those days to have, connected with the court,
+some half-witted person, who used to be fantastically dressed, and to
+have great liberty of speech, and whose province was to amuse the
+courtiers. He was called the <i>king's jester</i>, or, more commonly, <i>the
+fool</i>. The name of King Charles's fool was Archy. After this rebellion
+broke out, and all England was aghast at the extent of the mischief
+which Laud's Liturgy had done, the fool, seeing the archbishop go by
+one day, called out to him, "My lord! who is the fool now!" The
+archbishop, as if to leave no possible doubt in respect to the proper
+answer to the question, had poor Archy tried and punished. His
+sentence was to have his coat pulled up over his head, and to be
+dismissed from the king's service. If Laud had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> let the affair pass,
+it would have ended with a laugh in the street; but by resenting it,
+he gave it notoriety, caused it to be recorded, and has perpetuated
+the memory of the jest to all future times. He ought to have joined in
+the laugh, and rewarded Archy on the spot for so good a witticism.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A general assembly called in Scotland.</div>
+
+<p>The Scotch, besides organizing a sort of civil government, took
+measures for summoning a general assembly of their Church. This
+assembly met at Glasgow. The nobility and gentry flocked to Glasgow at
+the time of the meeting, to encourage and sustain the assembly, and to
+manifest their interest in the proceedings. The assembly very
+deliberately went to work, and, not content with taking a stand
+against the Liturgy which Charles had imposed, they abolished the
+fabric of Episcopacy&mdash;that is, the government of bishops&mdash;altogether.
+Thus Laud's attempt to perfect and confirm the system resulted in
+expelling it completely from the kingdom. It has never held up its
+head in Scotland since. They established Presbyterianism in its place,
+which is a sort of republican system, the pastors being all officially
+equal to each other, though banded together under a common government
+administered by themselves. </p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">The king's expedition to the north.</div>
+
+<p>The king was determined to put down this rebellion at all hazards. He
+had made such good use of the various irregular modes of raising money
+which have been already described, and had been so economical in the
+use of it, that he had now quite a sum of money in his treasury; and
+had it not been for the attempt to enforce the unfortunate Liturgy
+upon the people of Scotland, he might, perhaps, have gone on reigning
+without a Parliament to the end of his days. He had now about two
+hundred thousand pounds, by means of which, together with what he
+could borrow, he hoped to make one single demonstration of force which
+would bring the rebellion to an end. He raised an army and equipped a
+fleet. He issued a proclamation summoning all the peers of the realm
+to attend him. He moved with this great concourse from London toward
+the north, the whole country looking on as spectators to behold the
+progress of this great expedition, by which their monarch was going to
+attempt to subdue again his <i>other</i> kingdom.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The army at York.<br />The oath.</div>
+
+<p>Charles advanced to the city of York, the great city of the north of
+England. Here he paused and established his court, with all possible
+pomp and parade. His design was to impress<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> the Scots with such an
+idea of the greatness of the power which was coming to overwhelm them
+as to cause them to submit at once. But all this show was very hollow
+and delusive. The army felt a greater sympathy with the Scots than
+they did with the king. The complaints against Charles's government
+were pretty much the same in both countries. A great many Scotchmen
+came to York while the king was there, and the people from all the
+country round flocked thither too, drawn by the gay spectacles
+connected with the presence of such a court and army. The Scotchmen
+disseminated their complaints thus among the English people, and
+finally the king and his council, finding indications of so extensive
+a disaffection, had a form of an oath prepared, which they required
+all the principal persons to take, acknowledging allegiance to
+Charles, and denying that they had any intelligence or correspondence
+with the enemy. The Scotchmen all took the oath very readily, though
+some of the English refused.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king's march.</div>
+
+<p>At any rate, the state of things was not such as to intimidate the
+Scotch, and lead them, as the king had hoped, to sue for peace. So he
+concluded to move on toward the borders. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> went to Newcastle, and
+thence to Berwick. From Berwick he moved along the banks of the Tweed,
+which here forms the boundary between the two kingdoms, and, finding a
+suitable place for such a purpose, the king had his royal tent
+pitched, and his army encamped around him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Artifice of the Scots.</div>
+
+<p>Now, as King Charles had undertaken to subdue the Scots by a show of
+force, it seems they concluded to defend themselves by a show too,
+though theirs was a cheaper and more simple contrivance than his. They
+advanced with about three thousand men to a place distant perhaps
+seven miles from the English camp. The king sent an army of five
+thousand men to attack them. The Scotch, in the mean time, collected
+great herds of cattle from all the country around, as the historians
+say, and arranged them behind their little army in such a way as to
+make the whole appear a vast body of soldiers. A troop of horsemen,
+who were the advanced part of the English army, came in sight of this
+formidable host first, and, finding their numbers so much greater than
+they had anticipated, they fell back, and ordered the artillery and
+foot-soldiers who were coming up to retreat, and all together came
+back to the encampment. There were two or three military<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> enterprises
+of similar character, in which nothing was done but to encourage the
+Scotch and dishearten the English. In fact, neither officers,
+soldiers, nor king wished to proceed to extremities. The officers and
+soldiers did not wish to fight the Scotch, and the king, knowing the
+state of his army, did not really dare to do it.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The compromise.<br />The army disbanded.<br />The king's
+difficulties.<br />He thinks of a Parliament.</div>
+
+<p>Finally, all the king's council advised him to give up the pretended
+contest, and to settle the difficulty by a compromise. Accordingly, in
+June, negotiations were commenced, and before the end of the month
+articles were signed. The king probably made the best terms he could,
+but it was universally considered that the Scots gained the victory.
+The king disbanded his army, and returned to London. The Scotch
+leaders went back to Edinburgh. Soon after this the Parliament and the
+General Assembly of the Church convened, and these bodies took the
+whole management of the realm into their own hands. They sent
+commissioners to London to see and confer with the king, and these
+commissioners seemed almost to assume the character of embassadors
+from a foreign state. These negotiations, and the course which affairs
+were taking in Scotland, soon led<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> to new difficulties. The king found
+that he was losing his kingdom of Scotland altogether. It seemed,
+however, as if there was nothing that he could do to regain it. His
+reserved funds were gone, and his credit was exhausted. There was no
+resource left but to call a Parliament and ask for supplies. He might
+have known, however, that this would be useless, for there was so
+strong a fellow-feeling with the Scotch in their alleged grievances
+among the people of England, that he could not reasonably expect any
+response from the latter, in whatever way he might appeal to them. </p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_VII" id="Chapter_VII"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter VII.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Earl of Strafford.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1621-1640</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Earl of Strafford.<br />His early life.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">D</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">uring</span> the time that the king had been engaged in the attempt to
+govern England without Parliaments, he had, besides Laud, a very
+efficient co-operator, known in English history by the name of the
+Earl of Strafford. This title of Earl of Strafford was conferred upon
+him by the king as a reward for his services. His father's name was
+Wentworth. He was born in London, and the Christian name given to him
+was Thomas. He was educated at the University of Cambridge, and was
+much distinguished for his talents and his personal accomplishments.
+After finishing his education, he traveled for some time on the
+Continent, visiting foreign cities and courts, and studying the
+languages, manners, and customs of other nations. He returned at
+length to England. He was made a knight. His father died when he was
+about twenty-one, and left him a large fortune. He was about seven
+years older than King Charles,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> so that all these circumstances took
+place before the commencement of Charles's reign. For many years after
+this he was very extensively known in England as a gentleman of large
+fortune and great abilities, by the name of Sir Thomas Wentworth.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Strafford's course in Parliament.<br />His opposition to the
+king.</div>
+
+<p>Sir Thomas Wentworth was a member of Parliament in those days, and in
+the contests between the king and the Parliament he took the side of
+Parliament. Charles used to maintain that <i>his</i> power alone was
+hereditary and sovereign; that the Parliament was his council; and
+that they had no powers or privileges except what he himself or his
+ancestors had granted and allowed them. Wentworth took very strong
+ground against this. He urged Parliament to maintain that their rights
+and privileges were inherent and hereditary as well as those of the
+king; that such powers as they possessed were their own, and were
+entirely independent of royal grant or permission; and that the king
+could no more encroach upon the privileges of Parliament, than
+Parliament upon the prerogatives of the king. This was in the
+beginning of the difficulties between the king and the Commons.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The leaders removed.<br />The opposition still continues.</div>
+
+<p>It will, perhaps, be recollected by the reader,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> that one of the plans
+which Charles adopted to weaken the opposition to him in Parliament
+was by appointing six of the leaders of this opposition to the office
+of sheriff in their several counties. And as the general theory of all
+monarchies is that the subjects are bound to obey and serve the king,
+these men were obliged to leave their seats in Parliament and go home,
+to serve as sheriffs. Charles and his council supposed that the rest
+would be more quiet and submissive when the leaders of the party
+opposed to him were taken away. But the effect was the reverse. The
+Commons were incensed at such a mode of interfering with their action,
+and became more hostile to the royal power than ever.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Wentworth imprisoned.</div>
+
+<p>Wentworth himself, too, was made more determined in his opposition by
+this treatment. A short time after this, the king's plan of a forced
+loan was adopted, which has already been described; that is, a sum of
+money was assessed in the manner of a tax upon all the people of the
+kingdom, and each man was required to lend his proportion to the
+government. The king admitted that he had no right to make people
+<i>give</i> money without the action of Parliament, but claimed the right
+to require <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>them to <i>lend</i> it. As Sir Thomas Wentworth was a man of
+large fortune, his share of the loan was considerable. He absolutely
+refused to pay it. The king then brought him before a court which was
+entirely under royal control, and he was condemned to be imprisoned.
+Knowing, however, that this claim on the part of the king was very
+doubtful, they mitigated the punishment by allowing him first a range
+of two miles around his place of confinement, and afterward they
+released him entirely.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">His return to Parliament.</div>
+
+<p>He was chosen a member of Parliament again, and he returned to his
+seat more powerful and influential than ever. Buckingham, who had been
+his greatest enemy, was now dead, and the king, finding that he had
+great abilities and a spirit that would not yield to intimidation or
+force, concluded to try kindness and favors.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Wentworth is courted.<br />He goes over to the king.</div>
+
+<p>In fact, there are two different modes by which sovereigns in all ages
+and countries endeavor to neutralize the opposition of popular
+leaders. One is by intimidating them with threats and punishments, and
+the other buying them off with appointments and honors. Some of the
+king's high officers of state began to cultivate the acquaintance of
+Wentworth, and to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> pay him attentions and civilities. He could not but
+feel gratified with these indications of their regard. They
+complimented his talents and his powers, and represented to him that
+such abilities ought to be employed in the service of the state.
+Finally, the king conferred upon him the title of baron. Common
+gratitude for these marks of distinction and honor held him back from
+any violent opposition to the king. His enemies said he was bought off
+by honors and rewards. No doubt he was ambitious, and, like all other
+politicians, his supreme motive was love of consideration and honor.
+This was doubtless his motive in what he had done in behalf of the
+Parliament. But all that he could do as a popular leader in Parliament
+was to acquire a general ascendency over men's minds, and make himself
+a subject of fame and honor. All places of real authority were
+exclusively under the king's control, and he could only rise to such
+stations through the sovereign's favor. In a word, he could acquire
+only <i>influence</i> as a leader in Parliament, while the king could give
+him <i>power</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king appoints Wentworth to office.</div>
+
+<p>Kings can exercise, accordingly, a great control over the minds of
+legislators by offering them office; and King Charles, after finding
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>that his first advances to Wentworth were favorably received,
+appointed him one of his Privy Council. Wentworth accepted the office.
+His former friends considered that in doing this he was deserting
+them, and betraying the cause which he had at first espoused and
+defended. The country at large were much displeased with him, finding
+that he had forsaken their cause, and placed himself in a position to
+act against them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Wentworth is appointed President of the North.</div>
+
+<p>Persons who change sides in politics or in religion are very apt to go
+from one extreme to another. Their former friends revile them, and
+they, in retaliation, act more and more energetically against them. It
+was so with Strafford. He gradually engaged more and more fully and
+earnestly in upholding the king. Finally, the king appointed him to a
+very high station, called the Presidency of the North. His office was
+to govern the whole north of England&mdash;of course, under the direction
+of the king and council. There were four counties under his
+jurisdiction, and the king gave him a commission which clothed him
+with enormous powers&mdash;powers greater, as all the people thought, than
+the king had any right to bestow. </p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>Strafford proceeded to the north, and entered upon the government of
+his realm there, with a determination to carry out all the king's
+plans to the utmost. From being an ardent advocate of the rights of
+the people, as he was at the commencement of his career, he became a
+most determined and uncompromising supporter of the arbitrary power of
+the king. He insisted on the collection of money from the people, in
+all the ways that the king claimed the power to collect it by
+authority of his prerogative; and he was so strict and exacting in
+doing this, that he raised the revenue to four or five times what any
+of his predecessors had been able to collect. This, of course, pleased
+King Charles and his government extremely; for it was at a time during
+which the king was attempting to govern without a Parliament, and
+every accession to his funds was of extreme importance. Laud, too, the
+archbishop, was highly gratified with his exertions and his success,
+and the king looked upon Laud and Wentworth as the two most efficient
+supporters of his power. They were, in fact, the two most efficient
+promoters of his destruction.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, the people of the north hated him. While he was earning the
+applause of the archbishop<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> and the king, and entitling himself to new
+honors and increased power, he was sewing the seeds of the bitterest
+animosity in the hearts of the people every where. Still he enjoyed
+all the external marks of consideration and honor. The President of
+the North was a sort of king. He was clothed with great powers, and
+lived in great state and splendor. He had many attendants, and the
+great nobles of the land, who generally took Charles's side in the
+contests of the day, envied Wentworth's greatness and power, and
+applauded the energy and success of his administration.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Wentworth appointed to the government of Ireland.<br />
+Wentworth's arbitrary government.</div>
+
+<p>Ireland was, at this time, in a disturbed and disordered state, and
+Laud proposed that Wentworth should be appointed by the king to the
+government of it. A great proportion of the inhabitants were
+Catholics, and were very little disposed to submit to Protestant rule.
+Wentworth was appointed lord deputy, and afterward lord lieutenant,
+which made him king of Ireland in all but the name. Every thing, of
+course, was done in the name of Charles. He carried the same energy
+into his government here that he had exhibited in the north of
+England. He improved the condition of the country astonishingly in
+respect to trade, to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> revenue, and to public order. But he governed in
+the most arbitrary manner, and he boasted that he had rendered the
+king as absolute a sovereign in Ireland as any prince in the world
+could be. Such a boast from a man who had once been a very prominent
+defender of the rights of the people against this very kind of
+sovereignty, was fitted to produce a feeling of universal exasperation
+and desire of revenge. The murmurs and muttered threats which filled
+the land, though suppressed, were very deep and very strong.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">He is made an earl.</div>
+
+<p>The king, however, and Laud, considered Wentworth as their most able
+and efficient co-adjutor; and when the difficulties in Scotland began
+to grow serious, they recalled him from Ireland, and put that country
+into the hands of another ruler. The king then advanced him to the
+rank of an earl. His title was the Earl of Strafford. As the
+subsequent parts of his history attracted more attention than those
+preceding his elevation to this earldom, he has been far more widely
+known among mankind by the name of Strafford than by his original name
+of Wentworth, which was, from this period, nearly forgotten.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Difficulties.<br />Laud's administration of his office.</div>
+
+<p>To return now to the troubles in Scotland.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> The king found that it
+would be impossible to go on without supplies, and he accordingly
+concluded, on the whole, to call a Parliament. He was in serious
+trouble. Laud was in serious trouble too. He had been indefatigably
+engaged for many years in establishing Episcopacy all over England,
+and in putting down, by force of law, all disposition to dissent from
+it; and in attempting to produce, throughout the realm, one uniform
+system of Christian faith and worship. This was his idea of the
+perfection of religious order and right. He used to make an annual
+visitation to all the bishoprics in the realm; inquire into the usages
+which prevailed there; put a stop, so far as he could, to all
+irregularities; and confirm and establish, by the most decisive
+measures, the Episcopal authority. He sent in his report to the king
+of the results of his inquiries, asking the king's aid, where his own
+powers were insufficient, for the more full accomplishment of his
+plans. But, notwithstanding all this diligence and zeal, he found that
+he met with very partial success. The irregularities, as he called
+them, which he suppressed in one place, would break out in another;
+the disposition to throw off the dominion of bishops was getting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> more
+and more extensive and deeply seated; and now, the result of the
+religious revolution in Scotland, and of the general excitement which
+it produced in England, was to widen and extend this feeling more than
+ever.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Defense of Episcopacy.<br />Progress of non-conformity.</div>
+
+<p>He did not, however, give up the contest, He employed an able writer
+to draw up a defense of Episcopacy, as the true and scriptural form of
+Church government. The book, when first prepared, was moderate in its
+tone, and allowed that in some particular cases a Presbyterian mode of
+government might be admissible; but Laud, in revising the book, struck
+out these concessions as unnecessary and dangerous, and placed
+Episcopacy in full and exclusive possession of the ground, as the
+divinely instituted and only admissible form of Church government and
+discipline. He caused this book to be circulated; but the attempt to
+reason with the refractory, after having failed in the attempt to
+coerce them, is not generally very successful. The archbishop, in his
+report to the king this year of the state of things throughout his
+province, represents the spirit of non-conformity to the Church of
+England as getting too strong for him to control without more
+efficient help from the civil power; but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> whether it would be wise, he
+added, to undertake any more effectual coercion in the present
+distracted state of the kingdom, he left it for the king to decide.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">A Parliament called.<br />Strafford appointed
+commander-in-chief.</div>
+
+<p>Laud proposed that the council should recommend to the king the
+calling of a Parliament. At the same time, they passed a resolution
+that, in case the Parliament "should prove peevish, and refuse to
+grant supplies, they would sustain the king in the resort to
+extraordinary measures." This was regarded as a threat, and did not
+help to prepossess the members favorably in regard to the feeling with
+which the king was to meet them. The king ordered the Parliament to be
+elected in December, but did not call them together until April. In
+the mean time, he went on raising an army, so as to have his military
+preparations in readiness. He, however, appointed a new set of
+officers to the command of this army, neglecting those who were in
+command before, as he had found them so little disposed to act
+efficiently in his cause. He supplied the leader's place with
+Strafford. This change produced very extensive murmurs of
+dissatisfaction, which, added to all the other causes of complaint,
+made the times look very dark and stormy. </p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Meeting of Parliament.</div>
+
+<p>The Parliament assembled in April. The king went into the House of
+Lords, the Commons being, as usual, summoned to the bar. He addressed
+them as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king's speech.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"My Lords and gentlemen,&mdash;There was never a King who had a more
+great and weighty Cause to call his People together than myself. I
+will not trouble you with the particulars. I have informed my lord
+keeper, and now command him to speak, and I desire your Attention."</p></div>
+
+<p>The keeper referred to was the keeper of the king's seals, who was, of
+course, a great officer of state. He made a speech, informing the
+houses, in general terms, of the king's need of money, but said that
+it was not necessary for him to explain minutely the monarch's plans,
+as they were exclusively his own concern. We may as well quote his
+words, in order to show in what light the position and province of a
+British Parliament was considered in those days.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Address of the lord keeper.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"His majesty's kingly resolutions," said the lord keeper, "are seated
+in the ark of his sacred<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> breast, and it were a presumption of
+too high a nature for any Uzzah uncalled to touch it. Yet his Majesty
+is now pleased to lay by the shining Beams of Majesty, as Ph&oelig;bus
+did to Phaeton, that the distance between Sovereignty and Subjection
+should not bar you of that filial freedom of Access to his Person and
+Counsels; only let us beware how, with the Son of Clymene, we aim not
+at the guiding of the Chariot, as if that were the only Testimony of
+Fatherly Affection; and let us remember, that though the King
+sometimes lays by the Beams and Rays of Majesty, he never lays by
+Majesty itself."</p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Grievances.<br />Messages.</div>
+
+<p>When the keeper had finished his speech, the king confirmed it by
+saying that he had exaggerated nothing, and the houses were left to
+their deliberations. Instead of proceeding to the business of raising
+money, they commenced an inquiry into the grievances, as they called
+them&mdash;that is, all the unjust acts and the maladministration of the
+government, of which the country had been complaining for the ten
+years during which there had been an intermission of Parliaments. The
+king did all in his power to arrest this course of procedure. He sent
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>them message after message, urging them to leave these things, and
+take up first the question of supplies. He then sent a message to the
+House of Peers, requesting them to interpose and exert their influence
+to lead the Commons to act. The Peers did so. The Commons sent them
+back a reply that their interference in the business of supply, which
+belonged to the Commons alone, was a breach of their privileges.
+"And," they added, "therefore, the Commons desire their lordships in
+their wisdom to find out some way for the reparation of their
+privileges broken by that act, and to prevent the like infringement in
+future."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Parliament dissolved.</div>
+
+<p>Thus repulsed on every hand, the king gave up the hope of
+accomplishing any thing through the action of the House of Commons,
+and he suddenly determined to dissolve Parliament. The session had
+continued only about three weeks. In dissolving the Parliament the
+king took no notice of the Commons whatever, but addressed the Lords
+alone. The Commons and the whole country were incensed at such
+capricious treatment of the national Legislature.</p>
+
+<p>The king and his council tried all summer to get the army ready to be
+put in motion. The great difficulty, of course, was want of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> funds.
+The <i>Convocation</i>, which was the great council of the Church, and
+which was accustomed in those days to sit simultaneously with
+Parliament, continued their session afterward in this case, and raised
+some money for the king. The nobles of the court subscribed a
+considerable amount, also, which they lent him. They wished to sustain
+him in his contest with the Commons on their own account, and then,
+besides, they felt a personal interest in him, and a sympathy for him
+in the troubles which were thickening around him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Scots cross the borders and invade England.</div>
+
+<p>The summer months passed away in making the preparations and getting
+the various bodies of troops ready, and the military stores collected
+at the place of rendezvous in York and Newcastle. The Scots, in the
+mean time, had been assembling their forces near the borders, and,
+being somewhat imboldened by their success in the previous campaign,
+crossed the frontier, and advanced boldly to meet the forces of the
+king.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">March of the Scots.<br />The king goes to York.</div>
+
+<p>They published a manifesto, declaring that they were not entering
+England with any hostile intent toward their sovereign, but were only
+coming to present to him their humble petitions for a redress of their
+grievances, which they said they were sure he would graciously
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>receive as soon as he had opportunity to learn from them how great
+their grievances had been. They respectfully requested that the people
+of England would allow them to pass safely and without molestation
+through the land, and promised to conduct themselves with the utmost
+propriety and decorum. This promise they kept. They avoided molesting
+the inhabitants in any way, and purchased fairly every thing they
+consumed. When the English officers learned that the Scotch had
+crossed the Tweed, they sent on immediately to London, to the king,
+urging him to come north at once, and join the army, with all the
+remaining forces at his command. The king did so, but it was too late.
+He arrived at York; from York he went northward to reach the van of
+his army, which had been posted at Newcastle, but on his way he was
+met by messengers saying that they were in full retreat, and that the
+Scotch had got possession of Newcastle.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Defeat of the English.</div>
+
+<p>The circumstances of the battle were these. Newcastle is upon the
+Tyne. The banks at Newcastle are steep and high, but about four miles
+above the town is a place called Newburn, where was a meadow near the
+river, and a convenient place to cross. The Scotch advanced<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> in a very
+slow and orderly manner to Newburn, and encamped there. The English
+sent a detachment from Newcastle to arrest their progress. The Scotch
+begged them not to interrupt their march, as they were only going to
+<i>present petitions to the king</i>! The English general, of course, paid
+no attention to this pretext. The Scotch army then attacked them and
+soon put them to flight. The routed English soldiers fled to
+Newcastle, and were there joined by all that portion of the army which
+was in Newcastle, in a rapid retreat. The Scotch took possession of
+the town, but conducted themselves in a very orderly manner, and
+bought and paid for every thing they used.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Perplexities and dangers.</div>
+
+<p>The poor king was now in a situation of the most imminent and terrible
+danger. Rebel subjects were in full possession of one kingdom, and
+were now advancing at the head of victorious armies into the other. He
+himself had entirely alienated the affections of a large portion of
+his subjects, and had openly quarreled with and dismissed the
+Legislature. He had no funds, and had exhausted all possible means of
+raising funds. He was half distracted with the perplexities and
+dangers of his position.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king calls a council of peers.</div>
+
+<p>His deciding on dissolving Parliament in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> spring was a hasty step,
+and he bitterly regretted it the moment the deed was done. He wished
+to recall it. He deliberated several days about the possibility of
+summoning the same members to meet again, and constituting them again
+a Parliament. But the lawyers insisted that this could not be done. A
+dissolution was a dissolution. The Parliament, once dissolved, was no
+more. It could not be brought to life again. There must be new orders
+to the country to proceed to new elections. To do this at once would
+have been too humiliating for the king. He now found, however, that
+the necessity for it could no longer be postponed. There was such a
+thing in the English history as a council of peers alone, called in a
+sudden emergency which did not allow of time for the elections
+necessary to constitute the House of Commons. Charles called such a
+council of peers to meet at York, and they immediately assembled.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Message from the Scots.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time the Scotch sent embassadors to York, saying to the
+king that they were advancing to lay their grievances before him! They
+expressed great sorrow and regret at the victory which they had been
+compelled to gain over some forces that had attempted to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> prevent them
+from getting access to their sovereign. The king laid this
+communication before the lords, and asked their advice what to do; and
+also asked them to counsel him how he should provide funds to keep his
+army together until a Parliament could be convened. The lords advised
+him to appoint commissioners to meet the Scotch, and endeavor to
+compromise the difficulties; and to send to the city of London, asking
+that corporation to lend him a small sum until Parliament could be
+assembled.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king compromises with the Scots.<br />Opposition of
+Strafford.<br />Strafford desires to return to Ireland.<br />The king's promised
+protection.</div>
+
+<p>This advice was followed. A temporary treaty was made with the rebels,
+although making a treaty with rebels is perhaps the most humiliating
+thing that a hereditary sovereign is ever compelled to do. The Earl of
+Strafford was, however, entirely opposed to this policy. He urged the
+king most earnestly not to give up the contest without a more decisive
+struggle. He represented to him the danger of beginning to yield to
+the torrent which he now began to see would overwhelm them all if it
+was allowed to have its way. He tried to persuade the king that the
+Scots might yet be driven back, and that it would be possible to get
+along without a Parliament.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> He dreaded a Parliament. The king,
+however, and his other advisers, thought that they must yield a little
+to the storm. Strafford then wanted to be allowed to return to his
+post in Ireland, where he thought that he should probably be safe from
+the terrible enmity which he must have known that he had awakened in
+England, and which he thought a Parliament would concentrate and bring
+upon his devoted head. But the king would not consent to this. He
+assured Strafford that if a Parliament should assemble, he would take
+care that they should not hurt a hair of his head. Unfortunate
+monarch! How little he foresaw that that very Parliament, from whose
+violence he thus promised to defend his favorite servant so completely
+as to insure him from the slightest injury, would begin by taking off
+his favorite's head, and end with taking off his own! </p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_VIII" id="Chapter_VIII"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter VIII.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Downfall of Strafford and Laud</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1640-1641</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Opening of the new Parliament.<br />The king's speech.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">T</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">he</span> Parliament assembled in November, 1640. The king proceeded to
+London to attend it. He left Strafford in command of the army at York.
+Active hostilities had been suspended, as a sort of temporary truce
+had been concluded with the Scots, to prepare the way for a final
+treaty. Strafford had been entirely opposed to this, being still full
+of energy and courage. The king, however, began to feel alarmed. He
+went to London to meet the Parliament which he had summoned, but he
+was prepared to meet them in a very different spirit from that which
+he had manifested on former occasions. He even gave up all the
+external circumstances of pomp and parade with which the opening of
+Parliament had usually been attended. He had been accustomed to go to
+the House of Lords in state, with a numerous retinue and great parade.
+Now he was conveyed from his palace along the river in a barge, in a
+quiet and unostentatious manner.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> His opening speech, too, was
+moderate and conciliatory. In a word, it was pretty evident to the
+Commons that the proud and haughty spirit of their royal master was
+beginning to be pretty effectually humbled.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Attacks on Strafford and Laud.</div>
+
+<p>Of course, now, in proportion as the king should falter, the Commons
+would grow bold. The House immediately began to attack Laud and
+Strafford in their speeches. It is the theory of the British
+Constitution that the king can do no wrong; whatever criminality at
+any time attaches to the acts of his administration, belongs to his
+<i>advisers</i>, not to himself. The speakers condemned, in most decided
+terms, the arbitrary and tyrannical course which the government had
+pursued during the intermission of Parliaments, but charged it all,
+not to the king, but to Strafford and Laud. Strafford had been, as
+they considered, the responsible person in civil and military affairs,
+and Laud in those of the Church. These speeches were made to try the
+temper of the House and of the country, and see whether there was
+hostility enough to Laud and Strafford in the House and in the
+country, and boldness enough in the expression of it, to warrant their
+impeachment.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Speeches against them.</div>
+
+<p>The attacks thus made in the House against<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> the two ministers were
+made very soon. Within a week after the opening of Parliament, one of
+the members, after declaiming a long time against the encroachments
+and tyranny of Archbishop Laud, whose title, according to English
+usage, was "his Grace," said he hoped that, before the year ran round,
+his grace would either have more grace or no grace at all; "for," he
+added, "our manifold griefs do fill a mighty and vast circumference,
+yet in such a manner that from every part our lines of sorrow do meet
+in him, and point at him the center, from whence our miseries in this
+Church, and many of them in the Commonwealth, do flow." He said, also,
+that if they must submit to a pope, he would rather obey one that was
+as far off as the Tiber, than to have him come as near as the Thames.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Feelings of hostility.<br />Bill of attainder.</div>
+
+<p>Similar denunciations were made against Strafford, and they awakened
+no opposition. On the contrary, it was found that the feeling of
+hostility against both the ministers was so universal and so strong,
+that the leaders began to think seriously of an impeachment on a
+charge of high treason. High treason is the greatest crime known to
+the English law, and the punishment for it, especially in the case of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>a peer of the realm, is very terrible. This punishment was generally
+inflicted by what was called a bill of attainder, which brought with
+it the worst of penalties. It implied the perfect destruction of the
+criminal in every sense. He was to lose his life by having his head
+cut off upon a block. His body, according to the strict letter of the
+law, was to be mutilated in a manner too shocking to be here
+described. His children were disinherited, and his property all
+forfeited. This was considered as the consequence of the <i>attainting</i>
+of the blood, which rendered it corrupt, and incapable of transmitting
+an inheritance. In fact, it was the intention of the bill of attainder
+to brand the wretched object of it with complete and perpetual infamy.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mode of proceeding.<br />The trial.</div>
+
+<p>The proceedings, too, in the impeachment and trial of a high minister
+of state, were always very imposing and solemn. The impeachment must
+be moved by the Commons, and tried by the Peers. A peer of the realm
+could be tried by no inferior tribunal. When the Commons proposed
+bringing articles of impeachment against an officer of state, they
+sent first a messenger to the House of Peers to ask them to arrest the
+person whom they intended to accuse, and to hold him for trial until
+they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> should have their articles prepared. The House of Peers would
+comply with this request, and a time would be appointed for the trial.
+The Commons would frame the charges, and appoint a certain number of
+their members to manage the prosecution. They would collect evidence,
+and get every thing ready for the trial. When the time arrived, the
+chamber of the House of Peers would be arranged as a court room, or
+they would assemble in some other hall more suitable for the purpose,
+the prisoner would be brought to the bar, the commissioners on the
+part of the Commons would appear with their documents and their
+evidence, persons of distinction would assemble to listen to the
+proceedings, and the trial would go on.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Proceedings against Strafford.<br />Arrest of Strafford.</div>
+
+<p>It was in accordance with this routine that the Commons commenced
+proceedings against the Earl of Strafford, very soon after the opening
+of the session, by appointing a committee to inquire whether there was
+any just cause to accuse him of treason. The committee reported to the
+House that there was just cause. The House then appointed a messenger
+to go to the House of Lords, saying that they had found that there was
+just cause to accuse the Earl of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> Strafford of high treason, and to
+ask that they would sequester him from the House, as the phrase was,
+and hold him in custody till they could prepare the charges and the
+evidence against him. All these proceedings were in secret session, in
+order that Strafford might not get warning and fly. The Commons then
+nearly all accompanied their messenger to the House of Lords, to show
+how much in earnest they were. The Lords complied with the request.
+They caused the earl to be arrested and committed to the charge of the
+<i>usher of the black rod</i>, and sent two officers to the Commons to
+inform them that they had done so.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Usher of the black rod.</div>
+
+<p>The usher of the black rod is a very important officer of the House of
+Lords. He is a sort of sheriff, to execute the various behests of the
+House, having officers to serve under him for this purpose. The badge
+of his office has been, for centuries, a black rod with a golden lion
+at the upper end, which is borne before him as the emblem of his
+authority. A peer of the realm, when charged with treason, is
+committed to the custody of this officer. In this case he took the
+Earl of Strafford under his charge, and kept him at his house,
+properly guarded. The Commons went on preparing the articles of
+impeachment. </p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Laud threatened with violence.</div>
+
+<p>This was in November. During the winter following the parties
+struggled one against another, Laud doing all in his power to
+strengthen the position of the king, and to avert the dangers which
+threatened himself and Strafford. The animosity, however, which was
+felt against him, was steadily increasing. The House of Commons did
+many things to discountenance the rites and usages of the Episcopal
+Church, and to make them odious. The excitement among the populace
+increased, and mobs began to interfere with the service in some of the
+churches in London and Westminster. At last a mob of five hundred
+persons assembled around the archbishop's palace at Lambeth.<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> This
+palace, as has been before stated, is on the bank of the Thames, just
+above London, opposite to Westminster. The mob were there for two
+hours, beating at the doors and windows in an attempt to force
+admission, but in vain. The palace was very strongly guarded, and the
+mob were at length repulsed. One of the ringleaders was taken and
+hanged.</p>
+
+<p>One would have thought that this sort of persecution would have
+awakened some sympathy in the archbishop's favor; but it was too
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>late. He had been bearing down so mercilessly himself upon the people
+of England for so many years, suppressing, by the severest measures,
+all expressions of discontent, that the hatred had become entirely
+uncontrollable. Its breaking out at one point only promoted its
+breaking out in another. The House of Commons sent a messenger to the
+House of Lords, as they had done in the case of Strafford, saying that
+they had found good cause to accuse the Archbishop of Canterbury of
+treason, and asked that he might be sequestered from the House, and
+held in custody till they could prepare their charges, and the
+evidence to sustain them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Arrest of Laud on the charge of treason.<br />Laud's speech.</div>
+
+<p>The archbishop was at that time in his seat. He was directed to
+withdraw. Before leaving the chamber he asked leave to say a few
+words. Permission was granted, and he said in substance that he was
+truly sorry to have awakened in the hearts of his countrymen such a
+degree of displeasure as was obviously excited against him. He was
+most unhappy to have lived to see the day in which he was made subject
+to a charge of treason. He begged their lordships to look at the whole
+course of his life, and he was sure that they would be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> convinced that
+there was not a single member of the House of Commons who could really
+think him guilty of such a charge.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">His confinement.</div>
+
+<p>Here one of the lords interrupted him to say that by speaking in that
+manner he was uttering slander against the House of Commons, charging
+them with solemnly bringing accusations which they did not believe to
+be true. The archbishop then said, that if the charge must be
+entertained, he hoped that he should have a fair trial, according to
+the ancient Parliamentary usages of the realm. Another of the lords
+interrupted him again, saying that such a remark was improper, as it
+was not for him to prescribe the manner in which the proceedings
+should be conducted. He then withdrew, while the House should consider
+what course to take. Presently he was summoned back to the bar of the
+House, and there committed to the charge of the usher of the black
+rod. The usher conducted him to his house, and he was kept there for
+ten weeks in close confinement.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Trial of Strafford.<br />Unjust conduct of the Commons.</div>
+
+<p>At last the time for the trial of Strafford came on, while Laud was in
+confinement. The interest felt in the trial was deep and universal.
+There were three kingdoms, as it were, combined <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>against one man.
+Various measures were resorted to by the Commons to diminish the
+possibility that the accused should escape conviction. Some of them
+have since been thought to be unjust and cruel. For example, several
+persons who were strong friends of Strafford, and who, as was
+supposed, might offer testimony in his favor, were charged with
+treason and confined in prison until the trial was over. The Commons
+appointed thirteen persons to manage the prosecution. These persons
+were many months preparing the charges and the evidence, keeping their
+whole proceedings profoundly secret during all the time. At last the
+day approached, and Westminster Hall was fitted up and prepared to be
+the scene of the trial.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187-8]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 286px;">
+<img src="images/i188.jpg" class="smallgap" width="286" height="500" alt="Westminster Hall" title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Westminster Hall</span></span></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Arrangements at Westminster Hall.</div>
+
+<p>Westminster Hall has the name of being the largest room whose roof is
+not supported by pillars, in Europe. It stands in the region of the
+palaces and the Houses of Parliament at Westminster, and has been for
+seven centuries the scene of pageants and ceremonies without number.
+It is said that ten thousand persons have been accommodated in it at a
+banquet.<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> This great room was fitted up for the trial. Seats were provided for
+both houses of Parliament; for the Commons were to be present as
+accusers, and the Lords as the court. There was, as usual, a chair of
+state, or throne, for the king, as a matter of form. There was also a
+private gallery, screened from the observation of the spectators,
+where the king and queen could sit and witness the proceedings. They
+attended during the whole trial.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Charges.<br />Imposing scene.<br />Strafford's able and eloquent
+defense.</div>
+
+<p>One would have supposed that the deliberate solemnity of these
+preparations would have calmed the animosity of Strafford's enemies,
+and led them to be satisfied at last with something less than his
+utter destruction. But this seems not to have been the effect. The
+terrible hostilities which had been gathering strength so long, seemed
+to rage all the more fiercely now that there was a prospect of their
+gratification. And yet it was very hard to find any thing sufficiently
+distinct and tangible against the accused to warrant his conviction.
+The commissioners who had been appointed to manage the case divided
+the charges among them. When the trial commenced, they stated and
+urged these charges in succession. Strafford, who had not known
+beforehand what they were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> to be, replied to them, one by one, with
+calmness and composure, and yet with great eloquence and power. The
+extraordinary abilities which he had shown through the whole course of
+his life, seemed to shine out with increased splendor amid the awful
+solemnities which were now darkening its close. He was firm and
+undaunted, and yet respectful and submissive. The natural excitements
+of the occasion; the imposing assembly; the breathless attention; the
+magnificent hall; the consciousness that the opposition which he was
+struggling to stem before that great tribunal was the combined
+hostility of three kingdoms, and that the torrent was flowing from a
+reservoir which had been accumulating for many years; and that the
+whole civilized world were looking on with great interest to watch the
+result; and perhaps, more than all, that he was in the unseen presence
+of his sovereign, whom he was accustomed to look upon as the greatest
+personage on earth; these, and the other circumstances of the scene,
+filled his mind with strong emotions, and gave animation, and energy,
+and a lofty eloquence to all that he said.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The charge of treason a mere pretext.</div>
+
+<p>The trial lasted eighteen days, the excitement increasing consistently
+to the end. There <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>was nothing proved which could with any propriety
+be considered as treason. He had managed the government, it is true,
+with one set of views in respect to the absolute prerogatives and
+powers of the king, while those who now were in possession of power
+held opposite views, and they considered it a matter of necessity that
+he should die. The charge of treason was a pretext to bring the case
+somewhat within the reach of the formalities of law. It is one of the
+necessary incidents of all governmental systems founded on force, and
+not on the consent of the governed, that when great and fundamental
+questions of policy arise, they often bring the country to a crisis in
+which there can be no real settlement of the dispute without the
+absolute destruction of one party or the other. It was so now, as the
+popular leaders supposed. They had determined that stern necessity
+required that Laud and Strafford must die; and the only object of
+going through the formality of a trial was to soften the violence of
+the proceeding a little, by doing all that could be done toward
+establishing a legal justification of the deed.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Vote on the bill of attainder.</div>
+
+<p>The trial, as has been said, lasted eighteen days. During all this
+time, the leaders were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> not content with simply urging the proceedings
+forward energetically in Westminster Hall. They were maneuvering and
+managing in every possible way to secure the final vote. But,
+notwithstanding this, Strafford's defense was so able, and the failure
+to make out the charge of treason against him was so clear, that it
+was doubtful what the result would be. Accordingly, without waiting
+for the decision of the Peers on the impeachment, a bill of attainder
+against the earl was brought forward in the House of Commons. This
+bill of attainder was passed by a large majority&mdash;yeas 204, nays 59.
+It was then sent to the House of Lords. The Lords were very unwilling
+to pass it.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Interposition of the king.</div>
+
+<p>While they were debating it, the king sent a message to them to say
+that in his opinion the earl had not been guilty of treason, or of any
+attempt to subvert the laws; and that several things which had been
+alleged in the trial, and on which the bill of attainder chiefly
+rested, were not true. He was willing, however, if it would satisfy
+the enemies of the earl, to have him convicted of a misdemeanor, and
+made incapable of holding any public office from that time; but he
+protested against his being punished by a bill of attainder on a
+charge of treason.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Clamor of the populace.<br />Condemnation.</div>
+
+<p>This interposition of the king in Strafford's favor awakened loud
+expressions of displeasure. They called it an interference with the
+action of one of the houses of Parliament. The enemies of Strafford
+created a great excitement against him out of doors. They raised
+clamorous calls for his execution, among the populace. The people made
+black lists of the names of persons who were in the earl's favor, and
+posted them up in public places, calling such persons Straffordians,
+and threatening them with public vengeance. The Lords, who would have
+been willing to have saved Strafford's life if they had dared, began
+to find that they could not do so without endangering their own. When
+at last the vote came to be taken in the House of Lords, out of eighty
+members who had been present at the trial, only forty-six were present
+to vote, and the bill was passed by a vote of thirty-five to eleven.
+The thirty-four who were absent were probably all against the bill,
+but were afraid to appear.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king hesitates about signing the bill.</div>
+
+<p>The responsibility now devolved upon the king. An act of Parliament
+must be signed by the king. He really enacts it. The action of the two
+houses is, in theory, only a recommendation of the measure to him. The
+king<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> was determined on no account to give his consent to Strafford's
+condemnation. He, however, laid the subject before his Privy Council.
+They, after deliberating upon it, recommended that he should sign the
+bill. Nothing else, they said, could allay the terrible storm which
+was raging, and the king ought to prefer the peace and safety of the
+realm to the life of any one man, however innocent he might be. The
+populace, in the mean time, crowded around the king's palace at
+Whitehall, calling out "<i>Justice! justice!</i>" and filling the air with
+threats and imprecations; and preachers in their pulpits urged the
+necessity of punishing offenders, and descanted on the iniquity which
+those magistrates committed who allowed great transgressors to escape
+the penalty due for their crimes.</p>
+
+<p>The queen, too, was alarmed. She begged the king, with tears, not any
+longer to attempt to withstand the torrent which threatened to sweep
+them all away in its fury. While things were in this state, Charles
+received a letter from Strafford in the Tower, expressing his consent,
+and even his request, that the king should yield and sign the bill.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Tower.</div>
+
+<p>The Tower of London is very celebrated in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>English history. Though
+called simply by the name of the Tower, it is, in fact, as will be
+seen by the engraving in the frontispiece, an extended group of
+buildings, which are of all ages, sizes, and shapes, and covering an
+extensive area. It is situated below the city of London, having been
+originally built as a fortification for the defense of the city. Its
+use for this purpose has, however, long since passed away.</p>
+
+<p>Strafford said, in his letter to the king,</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Strafford's letter to the king.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"To set your Majesty's conscience at Liberty, I do most humbly
+beseech your Majesty for Prevention of Evils, which may happen by
+your Refusal, to pass this Bill. Sir, My Consent shall more
+acquit you herein to God, than all the World can do besides; To a
+willing Man there is no Injury done; and as by God's Grace, I
+forgive all the World, with a calmness and Meekness of infinite
+Contentment to my dislodging Soul, so, Sir, to you I can give the
+Life of this World with all the cheerfulness imaginable, in the
+just Acknowledgment of your exceeding Favors; and only beg that
+in your Goodness you would vouchsafe to cast your gracious Regard
+upon my poor Son and his three sisters, less or more, and no
+otherwise <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>than as their unfortunate Father may hereafter appear
+more or less guilty of this Death. God long preserve your
+Majesty." </p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king signs the bill.<br />Strafford's surprise.</div>
+
+<p>On receiving this letter the king caused the bill to be signed. He
+would not do it with his own hands, but commissioned two of his
+council to do it in his name. He then sent a messenger to Strafford to
+announce the decision, and to inform him that he must prepare to die.
+The messenger observed that the earl seemed surprised; and after
+hearing that the king had signed the bill, he quoted, in a tone of
+despair, the words of Scripture, "Put not your trust in princes, nor
+in the sons of men, for in them is no salvation." Historians have
+thought it strange that Strafford should have expressed this
+disappointment when he had himself requested the king to resist the
+popular will no longer; and they infer from it that he was not sincere
+in the request, but supposed that the king would regard it as an act
+of nobleness and generosity on his part, that would render him more
+unwilling than ever to consent to his destruction, and that he was
+accordingly surprised and disappointed when he found that the king had
+taken him at his word. It is said,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> however, by some historians, that
+this letter was a forgery, and that it was written by some of
+Strafford's enemies to lead the king to resist no longer. The reader,
+by perusing the letter again, can perhaps form some judgment whether
+such a document was more likely to have been fabricated by enemies, or
+really written by the unhappy prisoner himself.</p>
+
+<p>The king did not entirely give up the hope of saving his friend, even
+after the bill of attainder was signed. He addressed the following
+message to the House of Lords.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king asks mercy for Strafford.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>My Lords,&mdash;I did yesterday satisfy the Justice of this Kingdom by
+passing the Bill of Attainder against the Earl of Strafford: but
+Mercy being as inherent and inseparable to a King as Justice, I
+desire at this time in some measure to show that likewise, by
+suffering that unfortunate Man to fulfill the natural course of
+his Life in a close Imprisonment: yet so, if ever he make the
+least Offer to escape, or offer directly or indirectly to meddle
+in any sort of public Business, especially with Me either by
+Message or Letter, it shall cost him his Life without farther
+Process. This, if it may be done without the Discontentment of my
+People, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>will be an unspeakable Contentment to me.</p>
+
+<p>"I will not say that your complying with me in this my intended
+Mercy, shall make me more willing, but certainly 'twill make me
+more cheerful in granting your just Grievances: But if no less
+than his Life can satisfie my People, I must say Let justice be
+done. Thus again recommending the consideration of my Intention
+to you, I rest,</p>
+
+<p class="right">"Your Unalterable and Affectionate Friend,</p>
+<p class="right2"><span class="smcap">"Charles R."</span></p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199-200]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i200.jpg" class="smallgap" width="550" height="297" alt="Strafford and Laud" title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Strafford and Laud</span></span></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mercy refused.<br />Strafford's message to Laud.</div>
+
+<p>The Lords were inexorable. Three days from the time of signing the
+bill, arrangements were made for conducting the prisoner to the
+scaffold. Laud, who had been his friend and fellow-laborer in the
+king's service, was confined also in the Tower, awaiting his turn to
+come to trial. They were not allowed to visit each other, but
+Strafford sent word to Laud requesting him to be at his window at the
+time when he was to pass, to bid him farewell, and to give him his
+blessing. Laud accordingly appeared at the window, and Strafford, as
+he passed, asked for the prelate's prayers and for his blessing. The
+old man, for Laud was now nearly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> seventy
+years of age, attempted to speak, but he could not command
+himself sufficiently to express what he wished to say, and he fell
+back into the arms of his attendants. "God protect you," said
+Strafford, and walked calmly on.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Composure of Strafford.<br />His execution.</div>
+
+<p>He went to the place of execution with the composure and courage of a
+hero. He spoke freely to those around him, asserted his innocence,
+sent messages to his absent friends, and said he was ready and willing
+to die. The scaffold, in such executions as this, is a platform
+slightly raised, with a block and chairs upon it, all covered with
+black cloth. A part of the dress has to be removed just before the
+execution, in order that the neck of the sufferer may be fully exposed
+to the impending blow. Strafford made these preparations himself, and
+said, as he did so, that he was in no wise afraid of death, but that
+he should lay his head upon that block as cheerfully as he ever did
+upon his pillow.</p>
+
+<hr class="medium" />
+
+<div class="sidenote">Execution of Laud.<br />His firmness.</div>
+
+<p>Charles found his position in no respect improved by the execution of
+Strafford. The Commons, finding their influence and power increasing,
+grew more and more bold, and were from this time so absorbed in the
+events connected<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> with the progress of their quarrel with the king,
+that they left Laud to pine in his prison for about four years. They
+then found time to act over again the solemn and awful scene of a
+trial for treason before the House of Peers, the passing of a bill of
+attainder, and an execution on Tower Hill. Laud was over seventy years
+of age when the ax fell upon him. He submitted to his fate with a
+calmness and heroism in keeping with his age and his character. He
+said, in fact, that none of his enemies could be more desirous to send
+him out of life than he was to go. </p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_IX" id="Chapter_IX"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter IX.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Civil War.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1641-1646</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Increasing demands of the Commons.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">T</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">he</span> way in which the king came at last to a final rupture with
+Parliament was this. The victory which the Commons gained in the case
+of Strafford had greatly increased their confidence and their power,
+and the king found, for some months afterward, that instead of being
+satisfied with the concessions he had made, they were continually
+demanding more. The more he yielded, the more they encroached. They
+grew, in a word, bolder and bolder, in proportion to their success.
+They considered themselves doing the state a great and good service by
+disarming tyranny of its power. The king, on the other hand,
+considered them as undermining all the foundations of good government,
+and as depriving him of personal rights, the most sacred and solemn
+that could vest in any human being.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king gradually loses his power.</div>
+
+<p>It will be recollected that on former occasions, when the king had got
+into contention with a Parliament, he had dissolved it, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> either
+attempted to govern without one, or else had called for a new
+election, hoping that the new members would be more compliant. But he
+could not dissolve the Parliament now. They had provided against this
+danger. At the time of the trial of Strafford, they brought in a bill
+into the Commons providing that thenceforth the Houses could not be
+prorogued or dissolved without their own consent. The Commons, of
+course, passed the bill very readily. The Peers were more reluctant,
+but they did not dare to reject it. The king was extremely unwilling
+to sign the bill; but, amid the terrible excitements and dangers of
+that trial, he was overborne by the influences of danger and
+intimidation which surrounded him. He signed the bill. Of course the
+Commons were, thereafter, their own masters. However dangerous or
+destructive the king might consider their course of conduct to be, he
+could now no longer arrest it, as heretofore, by a dissolution.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king determines to change his policy.</div>
+
+<p>He went on, therefore, till the close of 1641, yielding slowly and
+reluctantly, and with many struggles, but still all the time yielding,
+to the resistless current which bore him along. At last he resolved to
+yield no longer. After retreating<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> so long, he determined suddenly and
+desperately to turn back and attack his enemies. The whole world
+looked on with astonishment at such a sudden change of his policy.</p>
+
+<p>The measure which he resorted to was this. He determined to select a
+number of the most efficient and prominent men in Parliament, who had
+been leaders in the proceedings against him, and demand their arrest,
+imprisonment, and trial, on a charge of high treason. The king was
+influenced to do this partly by the advice of the queen, and of the
+ladies of the court, and other persons who did not understand how deep
+and strong the torrent was which they thus urged him to attempt to
+stem. They thought that if he would show a little courage and energy
+in facing these men, they would yield in their turn, and that their
+boldness and success was owing, in a great measure, to the king's want
+of spirit in resisting them. "Strike boldly at them," said they;
+"seize the leaders; have them tried, and condemned, and executed.
+Threaten the rest with the same fate; and follow up these measures
+with energetic and decisive action, and you will soon make a change in
+the aspect of affairs."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king sends his officers to the House.</div>
+
+<p>The king adopted this policy, and he did <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span>make a change in the aspect
+of affairs, but not such a change as his advisers had anticipated. The
+Commons were thrown suddenly into a state of astonishment one day by
+the appearance of a king's officer in the House, who rose and read
+articles of a charge of treason against five of the most influential
+and popular members. The officer asked that a committee should be
+appointed to hear the evidence against them which the king was
+preparing. The Commons, on hearing this, immediately voted, that if
+any person should attempt even to seize the papers of the persons
+accused, it should be lawful for them to resist such an attempt by
+every means in their power.</p>
+
+<p>The next day another officer appeared at the bar of the House of
+Commons, and spoke as follows. "I am commanded by the king's majesty,
+my master, upon my allegiance, that I should come to the House of
+Commons, and require of Mr. Speaker five gentlemen, members of the
+House of Commons; and those gentlemen being delivered, I am commanded
+to arrest them in his majesty's name, on a charge of high treason."
+The Commons, on hearing this demand, voted that they would take it
+into consideration. </p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">The king goes to the House himself.</div>
+
+<p>The king's friends and advisers urged him to follow the matter up
+vigorously. Every thing depended, they said, on firmness and decision.
+The next day, accordingly, the king determined to go himself to the
+House, and make the demand in person. A lady of the court, who was
+made acquainted with this plan, sent notice of it to the House. In
+going, the king took his guard with him, and several personal
+attendants. The number of soldiers was said to be five hundred. He
+left this great retinue at the door, and he himself entered the House.
+The Commons, when they heard that he was coming, had ordered the five
+members who were accused to withdraw. They went out just before the
+king came in. The king advanced to the speaker's chair, took his seat,
+and made the following address.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king's speech in the House.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Gentlemen,&mdash;I am sorry for this occasion of coming unto you.
+Yesterday I sent a Sergeant at Arms upon a very important
+occasion to apprehend some that by my Command were accused of
+High Treason; whereunto I did expect Obedience and not a message.
+And I must declare unto you here, that albeit no king that ever
+was in England shall be more careful <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span>of your Privileges, to
+maintain them to the uttermost of his Power, than I shall be; yet
+you must know that in cases of Treason no Person hath a
+Privilege; and therefore I am come to know if any of those
+Persons that were accused are here. For I must tell you,
+Gentlemen, that so long as these Persons that I have accused (for
+no slight Crime, but for Treason) are here, I can not expect that
+this House will be in the right way that I do heartily wish it.
+Therefore I am come to tell you that I must have them wherever I
+find them." </p></div>
+
+<p>After looking around, and finding that the members in question were
+not in the hall, he continued:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Well! since I see the Birds are flown, I do expect from you that
+you shall send them unto me as soon as they return hither. But I
+assure you, on the Word of a King, I never did intend any Force,
+but shall proceed against them in a legal and fair way, for I
+never meant any other.</p>
+
+<p>"I will trouble you no more, but tell you I do expect, as soon as
+they come to the House, you will send them to me, otherwise I
+must take my own course to find them." </p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Great excitement in the House.<br />The speaker's reply.</div>
+
+<p>The king's coming thus into the House of Commons, and demanding in
+person that they should act according to his instructions, was a very
+extraordinary circumstance&mdash;perhaps unparalleled in English history.
+It produced the greatest excitement. When he had finished his address,
+he turned to the speaker and asked him where those men were. He had
+his guard ready at the door to seize them. It is difficult for us, in
+this country, to understand fully to how severe a test this sudden
+question put the presence of mind and courage of the speaker; for we
+can not realize the profound and awful deference which was felt in
+those days for the command of a king. The speaker gained great
+applause for the manner in which he stood the trial. He fell upon his
+knees before the great potentate who had addressed him, and said, "I
+have, sir, neither eyes to see, nor tongue to speak, in this place,
+but as the House is pleased to direct me, whose servant I am. And I
+humbly ask pardon that I can not give any other answer to what your
+majesty is pleased to demand of me."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Results of the king's rashness.</div>
+
+<p>The House was immediately in a state of great excitement and
+confusion. They called out "<i>Privilege! privilege!</i>" meaning that
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span>their privileges were violated. They immediately adjourned. News of
+the affair spread every where with the greatest rapidity, and produced
+universal and intense excitement. The king's friends were astonished
+at such an act of rashness and folly, which, it is said, only <i>one</i> of
+the king's advisers knew anything about, and he immediately fled. The
+five members accused went that night into the city of London, and
+called on the government and people of London to protect them. The
+people armed themselves. In a word, the king found at night that he
+had raised a very threatening and terrible storm.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Committee of the Commons.</div>
+
+<p>The Commons met the next morning, but did not attempt to transact
+business. They simply voted that it was useless for them to proceed
+with their deliberations, while exposed to such violations of their
+rights. They appointed a committee of twenty-four to inquire into and
+report the circumstances of the king's intrusion into their councils,
+and to consider how this breach of their privileges could be repaired.
+They ordered this committee to sit in the city of London, where they
+might hope to be safe from such interruptions, and then the House
+adjourned for a week, to await the result of the committee's
+deliberations. </p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">The king goes to London.</div>
+
+<p>The committee went to London. In the mean time, news went all over the
+kingdom that the House of Commons had been compelled to suspend its
+sittings on account of an illegal and unwarrantable interference with
+their proceedings on the part of the king. The king was alarmed; but
+those who had advised him to adopt this measure told him that he must
+not falter now. He must persevere and carry his point, or all would be
+lost.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cries of the people.</div>
+
+<p>He accordingly did persevere. He brought troops and arms to his palace
+at Whitehall, to be ready to defend it in case of attack. He sent in
+to London, and ordered the lord mayor to assemble the city authorities
+at the Guildhall, which is the great city hall of London; and then,
+with a retinue of noblemen, he went in to meet them. The people
+shouted, "<i>Privileges of Parliament! privileges of Parliament!</i>" as he
+passed along. Some called out, "<i>To your tents, O Israel!</i>" which was
+the ancient Hebrew cry of rebellion. The king, however, persevered.
+When he reached the Guildhall, he addressed the city authorities thus:</p>
+
+<p>"Gentlemen,&mdash;I am come to demand such Persons as I have already
+accused of High Treason, and do believe are shrouded in the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>City. I
+hope no good Man will keep them from Me. Their Offenses are Treason
+and Misdemeanors of a high Nature. I desire your Assistance, that they
+may be brought to a legal Trial." Three days after this the king
+issued a proclamation, addressed to all magistrates and officers of
+justice every where, to arrest the accused members and carry them to
+the Tower.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Preparations to escort the committee to Westminster.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, the committee of twenty-four continued their session
+in London, examining witnesses and preparing their report. When the
+time arrived for the House of Commons to meet again, which was on the
+11th of January, the city made preparations to have the committee
+escorted in an imposing manner from the Guildhall to Westminster. A
+vast amount of the intercommunication and traffic between different
+portions of the city then, as now, took place upon the river, though
+in those days it was managed by watermen, who rowed small wherries to
+and fro. Innumerable steamboats take the place of the wherries at the
+present day, and stokers and engineers have superseded the watermen.
+The watermen were then, however, a large and formidable body, banded
+together, like the other trades of London, in one great organization.
+This great<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> company turned out on this occasion, and attended the
+committee in barges on the river, while the military companies of the
+city marched along the streets upon the land. The committee themselves
+went in barges on the water, and all London flocked to see the
+spectacle. The king, hearing of these arrangements, was alarmed for
+his personal safety, and left his palace at Whitehall to go to Hampton
+Court, which was a little way out of town.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Report of the committee.</div>
+
+<p>The committee, after entering the House, reported that the transaction
+which they had been considering constituted a high breach of the
+privileges of the House, and was a seditious act, tending to a
+subversion of the peace of the kingdom; and that the privileges of
+Parliament, so violated and broken, could not be sufficiently
+vindicated, unless his majesty would be pleased to inform them who
+advised him to do such a deed.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Alarm of the king.<br />The king yields.</div>
+
+<p>The king was more and more seriously alarmed. He found that the storm
+of public odium and indignation was too great for him to withstand. He
+began to fear for his own safety more than ever. He removed from
+Hampton Court to Windsor Castle, a stronger place, and more remote
+from London than Hampton<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> Court; and he now determined to give up the
+contest. He sent a message, therefore, to the House, saying that, on
+further reflection, since so many persons had doubts whether his
+proceedings against the five members were consistent with the
+privileges of Parliament, he would waive them, and the whole subject
+might rest until the minds of men were more composed, and then, if he
+proceeded against the accused members at all, he would do so in a
+manner to which no exception could be taken. He said, also, he would
+henceforth be as careful of their privileges as he should be of his
+own life or crown.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Increasing excitement.<br />Civil war.</div>
+
+<p>Thus he acknowledged himself vanquished in the struggle, but the
+acknowledgment came too late to save him. The excitement increased,
+and spread in every direction. The party of the king and that of the
+Parliament disputed for a few months about these occurrences, and
+others growing out of them, and then each began to maneuver and
+struggle to get possession of the military power of the kingdom. The
+king, finding himself not safe in the vicinity of London, retreated to
+York, and began to assemble and organize his followers. Parliament
+sent him a declaration that if he did not disband<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> the forces which he
+was assembling, they should be compelled to provide measures for
+securing the peace of the kingdom. The king replied by proclamations
+calling upon his subjects to join his standard. In a word, before
+midsummer, the country was plunged in the horrors of civil war.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Its nature.</div>
+
+<p>A civil war, that is, a war between two parties in the same country,
+is generally far more savage and sanguinary than any other. The hatred
+and the animosities which it creates, ramify throughout the country,
+and produce universal conflict and misery. If there were a war between
+France and England, there might be one, or perhaps two invading armies
+of Frenchmen attempting to penetrate into the interior. All England
+would be united against them. Husbands and wives, parents and
+children, neighbors and friends, would be drawn together more closely
+than ever; while the awful scenes of war and bloodshed, the
+excitement, the passion, the terror, would be confined to a few
+detached spots, or to a few lines of march which the invading armies
+had occupied.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cruelties and miseries of civil war.</div>
+
+<p>In a civil war, however, it is very different. Every distinct portion
+of the country, every<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> village and hamlet, and sometimes almost every
+family, is divided against itself. The hostility and hatred, too,
+between the combatants, is always far more intense and bitter than
+that which is felt against a foreign foe. We might at first be
+surprised at this. We might imagine that where men are contending with
+their neighbors and fellow-townsmen, the recollection of past
+friendships and good-will, and various lingering ties of regard, would
+moderate the fierceness of their anger, and make them more considerate
+and forbearing. But this is not found to be the case. Each party
+considers the other as not only enemies, but traitors, and accordingly
+they hate and abhor each other with a double intensity. If an
+Englishman has a <i>Frenchman</i> to combat, he meets him with a murderous
+impetuosity, it is true, but without any special bitterness of
+animosity. He <i>expects</i> the Frenchman to be his enemy. He even thinks
+he has a sort of natural right to be so. He will kill him if he can;
+but then, if he takes him prisoner, there is nothing in his feelings
+toward him to prevent his treating him with generosity, and even with
+kindness. He hates him, but there is a sort of good-nature in his
+hatred, after all. On the other hand, when<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> he fights against his
+countrymen in a civil war, he abhors and hates with unmingled
+bitterness the traitorous ingratitude which he thinks his neighbors
+and friends evince in turning enemies to their country. He can see no
+honesty, no truth, no courage in any thing they do. They are
+infinitely worse, in his estimation, than the most ferocious of
+foreign foes. Civil war is, consequently, always the means of far
+wider and more terrible mischief than any other human calamity.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Taking sides between the king and Parliament.</div>
+
+<p>In the contention between Charles and the Parliament, the various
+elements of the social state adhered to one side or the other,
+according to their natural predilections. The Episcopalians generally
+joined the king, the Presbyterians the Parliament. The gentry and the
+nobility favored the king; the mechanics, artisans, merchants, and
+common people the Parliament. The rural districts of country, which
+were under the control of the great landlords, the king; the cities
+and towns, the Parliament. The gay, and fashionable, and worldly, the
+king; the serious-minded and austere, the Parliament. Thus every thing
+was divided. The quarrel ramified to every hamlet and to every
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span>fireside, and the peace and happiness of the realm were effectually
+destroyed.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Preparations for war.</div>
+
+<p>Both sides began to raise armies and to prepare for war. Before
+commencing hostilities, however, the king was persuaded by his
+counselors to send a messenger to London and propose some terms of
+accommodation. He accordingly sent the Earl of Southampton to the
+House of Peers, and two other persons to the House of Commons. He had
+no expectation, probably, of making peace, but he wanted to gain time
+to get his army together, and also to strengthen his cause among the
+people by showing a disposition to do all in his power to avoid open
+war. The messengers of the king went to London, and made their
+appearance in the two houses of Parliament.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Fruitless negotiations.</div>
+
+<p>The House of Lords ordered the Earl of Southampton to withdraw, and to
+send his communication in writing, and in the mean time to retire out
+of London, and wait for their answer. The House of Commons, in the
+same spirit of hostility and defiance, ordered the messengers which
+had been sent to them to come to the bar, like humble petitioners or
+criminals, and make their communication there.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Messages between the king and Parliament.</div>
+
+<p>The propositions of the king to the houses<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> of Parliament were, that
+they should appoint a certain number of commissioners, and he also the
+same number, to meet and confer together in hope of agreeing upon some
+conditions of peace. The houses passed a vote in reply, declaring that
+they had been doing all in their power to preserve the peace of the
+kingdom, while the king had been interrupting and disturbing it by his
+military gatherings, and by proclamations, in which they were called
+traitors; and that they could enter into no treaty with him until he
+disbanded the armies which he had collected, and recalled his
+proclamations.</p>
+
+<p>To this the king replied that he had never intended to call them
+traitors; and that when they would recall their declarations and votes
+stigmatizing those who adhered to him as traitors, he would recall his
+proclamations. Thus messages passed back and forth two or three times,
+each party criminating the other, and neither willing to make the
+concessions which the other required. At last all hope of an
+accommodation was abandoned, and both sides prepared for war.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ravages of the war.</div>
+
+<p>The nobility and gentry flocked to the king's standard. They brought
+their plate, their jewels, and their money, to provide funds. Some <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span>of
+them brought their servants. There were two companies in the king's
+guard, one of which consisted of gentlemen, and the other of their
+servants. These two companies were always kept together. There was the
+greatest zeal and enthusiasm among the upper classes to serve the
+king, and equal zeal and enthusiasm among the common people to serve
+the Parliament. The war continued for four years. During all this time
+the armies marched and countermarched all over the kingdom, carrying
+ruin and destruction wherever they went, and plunging the whole
+country in misery.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221-2]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i222.jpg" class="smallgap" width="550" height="307" alt="The King&#39;s Adherents entering York." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">The King&#39;s Adherents entering York.</span></span></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Death of Hampden.</div>
+
+<p>At one of the battles which was fought, the celebrated John Hampden,
+the man who would not pay his ship money, was slain. He had been a
+very energetic and efficient officer on the Parliamentary side, and
+was much dreaded by the forces of the king. At one of the battles
+between Prince Rupert, Charles's nephew, and the army of the
+Parliament, the prince brought to the king's camp a large number of
+prisoners which he had taken. One of the prisoners said he was
+confident that Hampden was hurt, for he saw him riding off the field
+before the battle was over, with his head hanging down, and his hands
+clasping the neck of his horse. They <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span>heard the next day that he had been wounded in the shoulder.
+Inflammation and fever ensued, and he died a few days afterward in
+great agony.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Prince Rupert.<br />His knowledge and ingenuity.</div>
+
+<p>This Prince Rupert was a very famous character in all these wars. He
+was young and ardent, and full of courage and enthusiasm. He was
+always foremost, and ready to embark in the most daring undertakings.
+He was the son of the king's sister Elizabeth, who married the Elector
+Palatine, as narrated in a preceding chapter. He was famous not only
+for his military skill and attainments, but for his knowledge of
+science, and for his ingenuity in many philosophical arts. There is a
+mode of engraving called mezzotinto, which is somewhat easier of
+execution than the common mode, and produces a peculiar effect. Prince
+Rupert is said to have been the inventor of it, though, as is the case
+with almost all other inventions, there is a dispute about it. He
+discovered a mode of dropping melted glass into water so as to form
+little pear-shaped globules, with a long slender tail. These globules
+have this remarkable property, that if the tip of the tail is broken
+off ever so gently, the whole flies into atoms with an explosion.
+These drops of glass<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> are often exhibited at the present day, and are
+called Prince Rupert's drops. The prince also discovered a very
+tenacious composition of metals for casting cannon. As artillery is
+necessarily very heavy, and very difficult to be transported on
+marches and upon the field of battle, it becomes very important to
+discover such metallic compounds as have the greatest strength and
+tenacity in resisting the force of an explosion. Prince Rupert
+invented such a compound, which is called by his name.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Progress of the war.<br />Difficulty of making peace.<br />The women
+clamor for peace.</div>
+
+<p>There were not only a great many battles and fierce encounters between
+the two great parties in this civil war, but there were also, at
+times, temporary cessations of the hostilities, and negotiations for
+peace. But it is very hard to make peace between two powers engaged in
+civil war. Each considers the other as acting the part of rebels and
+traitors, and there is a difficulty, almost insuperable, in the way of
+even opening negotiations between them. Still the people became tired
+of the war. At one time, when the king had made some propositions
+which the Parliament would not accept, an immense assemblage of women
+collected together, with white ribbons in their hats, to go to the
+House of Commons with a petition for <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span>peace. When they reached the
+door of the hall their number was five thousand. They called out,
+"Peace! peace! Give us those traitors that are against peace, that we
+may tear them to pieces." The guards who were stationed at the door
+were ordered to fire at this crowd, loading their guns, however, only
+with powder. This, it was thought, would frighten them away; but the
+women only laughed at the volley, and returned it with stones and
+brickbats, and drove the guards away. Other troops were then sent for,
+who charged upon the women with their swords, and cut them in their
+faces and hands, and thus at length dispersed them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Queen Henrietta's arrival in England.</div>
+
+<p>During the progress of the war, the queen returned from the Continent
+and joined the king. She had some difficulty, however, and encountered
+some personal danger, in her efforts to return to her husband. The
+vice-admiral, who had command of the English ships off the coast,
+received orders to intercept her. He watched for her. She contrived,
+however, to elude his vigilance, though there were four ships in her
+convoy. She landed at a town called Burlington, or Bridlington, in
+Yorkshire. This town stands in a very picturesque situation, a little
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>south of a famous promontory called Flamborough Head, of which there
+is a beautiful view from the pier of the town.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The vice-admiral cannonades the queen.</div>
+
+<p>The queen succeeded in landing here. On her arrival at the town, she
+found herself worn down with the anxiety and fatigue of the voyage,
+and she wished to stop a few days to rest. She took up her residence
+in a house which was on the quay, and, of course, near the water. The
+quay, as it is called, in these towns, is a street on the margin of
+the water, with a wall but no houses next the sea. The vice-admiral
+arrived at the town the second night after the queen had landed. He
+was vexed that his expected prize had escaped him. He brought his
+ships up near to the town, and began to fire toward the house in which
+the queen was lodging.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 227-8]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i229.jpg" class="smallgap" width="550" height="293" alt="The Landing of the Queen" title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Landing of the Queen</span></span></div>
+
+<p>This was at five o'clock in the morning. The queen and her attendants
+were in their beds, asleep. The reports of the cannon from the ships,
+the terrific whistling of the balls through the air, and the crash of
+the houses which the balls struck, aroused the whole village from
+their slumbers, and threw them into consternation. The people soon
+came to the house where the queen was lodging, and begged <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span>her to fly. They said that the neighboring houses were blown to
+pieces, and that her own would soon be destroyed, and she herself
+would be killed. They may, however, have been influenced more by a
+regard to their own safety than to hers in these injunctions, as it
+must have been a great object with the villagers to effect the
+immediate removal of a visitor who was the means of bringing upon them
+so terrible a danger.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The queen's danger.</div>
+
+<p>These urgent entreaties of the villagers were soon enforced by two
+cannon-balls, which fell, one after another, upon the roof of the
+house, and, crashing their way through the roof and the floors, went
+down, without seeming to regard the resistance, from the top to the
+bottom. The queen hastily put on her clothes, and went forth with her
+attendants on foot, the balls from the ships whistling after them all
+the way.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">She seeks shelter in a trench.</div>
+
+<p>One of her servants was killed. The rest of the fugitives, finding
+their exposure so great, stopped at a sort of trench which they came
+to, at the end of a field, such as is dug commonly, in England, on one
+side of the hedge to make the barrier more impassable to the animals
+which it is intended to confine. This trench, with the embankment
+formed by the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> earth thrown out of it, on which the hedge is usually
+planted, afforded them protection. They sought shelter in it, and
+remained there for two hours, like besiegers in the approaches to a
+town, the balls passing over their heads harmlessly, though sometimes
+covering them with the earth which they threw up as they bounded by.
+At length the tide began to ebb, and the vice-admiral was in danger of
+being left aground. He weighed his anchors and withdrew, and the queen
+and her party were relieved. Such a cannonading of a helpless and
+defenseless woman is a barbarity which could hardly take place except
+in a civil war.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The queen joins her husband.<br />Her influence.</div>
+
+<p>The queen rejoined her husband, and she rendered him essential service
+in many ways. She had personal influence enough to raise both money
+and men for his armies, and so contributed very essentially to the
+strength of his party. At last she returned to the Continent again,
+and went to Paris, where she was still actively employed in promoting
+his cause. At one of the battles in which the king was defeated, the
+Parliamentary army seized his baggage, and found among his papers his
+correspondence with the queen. They very ungenerously ordered it to be
+published, as the letters<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> seemed to show a vigorous determination on
+the part of the king not to yield in the contest without obtaining
+from the Parliament and their adherents full and ample concessions to
+his claims.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The royal cause declines.<br />The Prince of Wales.</div>
+
+<p>As time rolled on, the strength of the royal party gradually wasted
+away, while that of Parliament seemed to increase, until it became
+evident that the latter would, in the end, obtain the victory. The
+king retreated from place to place, followed by his foes, and growing
+weaker and more discouraged after every conflict. His son, the Prince
+of Wales, was then about fifteen years of age. He sent him to the
+western part of the island, with directions that, if affairs should
+still go against him, the boy should be taken in time out of the
+country, and join his mother in Paris. The danger grew more and more
+imminent, and they who had charge of the young prince sent him first
+to Scilly, and then to Jersey&mdash;islands in the Channel&mdash;whence he made
+his escape to Paris, and joined his mother. Fifteen years afterward he
+returned to London with great pomp and parade, and was placed upon the
+throne by universal acclamation.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Hopeless condition of the king.</div>
+
+<p>At last the king himself, after being driven <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>from one place of refuge
+to another, retreated to Oxford and intrenched himself there. Here he
+spent the winter of 1646 in extreme depression and distress. His
+friends deserted him; his resources were expended; his hopes were
+extinguished. He sent proposals of peace to the Parliament, and
+offered, himself, to come to London, if they would grant him a
+safe-conduct. In reply, they <i>forbade</i> him to come. They would listen
+to no propositions, and would make no terms. The case, they saw, was
+in their own hands, and they determined on unconditional submission.
+They hemmed the king in on all sides at his retreat in Oxford, and
+reduced him to despair.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Invasion by the Scots.<br />The king surrenders to the Scots.<br />End
+of the civil war.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, the Scots, a year or two before this, had raised an
+army and crossed the northern frontier, and entered England. They were
+against monarchy and Episcopacy, but they were, in some respects, a
+separate enemy from those against whom the king had been contending so
+long; and he began to think that he had perhaps better fall into their
+hands than into those of his English foes, if he must submit to one or
+to the other. He hesitated for some time what course to take; but at
+last, after receiving representations of the favorable <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span>feeling which
+prevailed in regard to him in the Scottish army, he concluded to make
+his escape from Oxford and surrender himself to them. He accordingly
+did so, and the civil war was ended. </p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_X" id="Chapter_X"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter X.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Captivity.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1646-1648</h3>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">T</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">he</span> circumstances of King Charles's surrender to the Scots were these.
+He knew that he was surrounded by his enemies in Oxford, and that they
+would not allow him to escape if they could prevent it. He and his
+friends, therefore, formed the following plan to elude them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king's escape from Oxford.</div>
+
+<p>They sent word to the commanders of each of the several gates of the
+city, on a certain day, that during the ensuing night three men would
+have to pass out on business of the king's, and that when the men
+should appear and give a certain signal, they were to be allowed to
+pass. The officer at each gate received this command without knowing
+that a similar one had been sent to the others.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 235-6]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/i237.jpg" class="smallgap" width="400" height="280" alt="Newark." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Newark.</span></span></div>
+
+<p>Accordingly, about midnight, the parties of men were dispatched, and
+they went out at the several gates. The king himself was in one of
+these parties. There were two other persons with him. One of these
+persons was a certain <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span>Mr. Ashburnham, and the king was disguised as his servant. They were
+all on horseback, and the king had a valise upon the horse behind him,
+so as to complete his disguise. This was on the 27th of April. The
+next day, or very soon after, it was known at Oxford that his majesty
+was gone, but no one could tell in what direction, for there was no
+means even of deciding by which of the gates he had left the city.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king delivers himself to the Scots.<br />His reception.</div>
+
+<p>The Scotch were, at this time, encamped before the town of Newark,
+which is on the Trent, in the heart of England, and about one hundred
+and twenty miles north of London. There was a magnificent castle at
+Newark in those days, which made the place very strong. The town held
+out for the king; though the Scots had been investing it for some
+time, they had not yet succeeded in compelling the governor to
+surrender. The king concluded to proceed to Newark and enter the
+Scottish camp. He considered it, or, rather, wished it to be
+considered that he was coming to join them as their monarch. <i>They</i>
+were going to consider it surrendering to them as their prisoner. The
+king himself must have known how it would be, but it made his sense of
+humiliation a little less poignant<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> to carry this illusion with him as
+long as it was possible to maintain it.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Proclamation by Parliament.</div>
+
+<p>As soon as the Parliament found that the king had made his escape from
+Oxford, they were alarmed, and on the 4th of May they issued an order
+to this effect, "That what person soever should harbor and conceal, or
+should know of the harboring or concealing of the king's person, and
+should not immediately reveal it to the speakers of both houses,
+should be proceeded against as a traitor to the Commonwealth, and die
+without mercy." The proclamation of this order, however, did not
+result in arresting the flight of the king. On the day after it was
+issued, he arrived safely at Newark.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Surrender of Newark.</div>
+
+<p>The Scottish general, whose name was Lesley, immediately represented
+to the king that for his own safety it was necessary that they should
+retire toward the northern frontier; but they could not so retire, he
+said, unless Newark should first surrender. They accordingly induced
+the king to send in orders to the governor of the castle to give up
+the place. The Scots took possession of it, and, after having
+garrisoned it, moved with their army toward the north, the king and
+General Lesley being in the van. </p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Negotiations about the disposal of the king's person.</div>
+
+<p>They treated the king with great distinction, but guarded him very
+closely, and sent word to the Parliament that he was in their
+possession. There ensued long negotiations and much debate. The
+question was, at first, whether the English or Scotch should have the
+disposal of the king's person. The English said that <i>they</i>, and not
+the Scots, were the party making war upon him; that they had conquered
+his armies, and hemmed him in, and reduced him to the necessity of
+submission; and that he had been taken captive on English soil, and
+ought, consequently, to be delivered into the hands of the English
+Parliament. The Scots replied that though he had been taken in
+England, he was their king as well as the king of England, and had
+made himself their enemy; and that, as he had fallen into their hands,
+he ought to remain at their disposal. To this the English rejoined,
+that the Scots, in taking him, had not acted on their own account, but
+as the allies, and, as it were, the agents of the English, and that
+they ought to consider the king as a captive taken for them, and hold
+him subject to their disposal.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Scots surrender the king.</div>
+
+<p>They could not settle the question. In the mean time the Scottish army
+drew back toward the frontier, taking the king with them. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span>About this
+time a negotiation sprung up between the Parliament and the Scots for
+the payment of the expenses which the Scottish army had incurred in
+their campaign. The Scots sent in an account amounting to two millions
+of pounds. The English objected to a great many of the charges, and
+offered them two hundred thousand pounds. Finally it was settled that
+four hundred thousand pounds should be paid. This arrangement was made
+early in September. In January the Scots agreed to give up the king
+into the hands of the English Parliament.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Whether he was sold.</div>
+
+<p>The world accused the Scots of selling their king to his enemies for
+four hundred thousand pounds. The Scots denied that there was any
+connection between the two transactions above referred to. They
+received the money on account of their just claims; and they afterward
+agreed to deliver up the king, because they thought it right and
+proper so to do. The friends of the king, however, were never
+satisfied that there was not a secret understanding between the
+parties, that the money paid was not the price of the king's delivery;
+and as this delivery resulted in his death, they called it the price
+of blood. </p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">The king's amusements in captivity.</div>
+
+<p>Charles was at Newcastle when they came to this decision. His mind had
+been more at ease since his surrender to the Scots, and he was
+accustomed to amuse himself and while away the time of his captivity
+by various games. He was playing chess when the intelligence was
+brought to him that he was to be delivered up to the English
+Parliament. It was communicated to him in a letter. He read it, and
+then went on with his game, and none of those around him could
+perceive by his air and manner that the intelligence which the letter
+contained was any thing extraordinary. Perhaps he was not aware of the
+magnitude of the change in his condition and prospects which the
+communication announced.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Holmby House.<br />Contest about forms.</div>
+
+<p>There was at this time, at a town called Holmby or Holdenby, in
+Northamptonshire, a beautiful palace which was known by the name of
+Holmby House. King Charles's mother had purchased this palace for him
+when he was the Duke of York, in the early part of his life, while his
+father, King James, was on the throne, and his older brother was the
+heir apparent. It was a very stately and beautiful edifice. The house
+was fitted up in a very handsome manner, and all suitable
+accommodations provided for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> king's reception. He had many
+attendants, and every desirable convenience and luxury of living; but,
+though the war was over, there was still kept up between the king and
+his enemies a petty contest about forms and punctilios, which resulted
+from the spirit of intolerance which characterized the age. The king
+wanted his own Episcopal chaplains. The Parliament would not consent
+to this, but sent him two Presbyterian chaplains. The king would not
+allow them to say grace at the table, but performed this duty himself;
+and on the Sabbath, when they preached in his chapel, he never would
+attend.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Intolerance.<br />The Scotch preacher.</div>
+
+<p>One singular instance of this sort of bigotry, and of the king's
+presence of mind under the action of it, took place while the king was
+at Newcastle. They took him one day to the chapel in the castle to
+hear a Scotch Presbyterian who was preaching to the garrison. The
+Scotchman preached a long discourse pointed expressly at the king.
+Those preachers prided themselves on the fearlessness with which, on
+such occasions, they discharged what they called their duty. To cap
+the climax of his faithfulness, the preacher gave out, at the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span>close
+of the sermon, the hymn, thus: "We will sing the fifty-first Psalm:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<span class="i10">"'Why dost thou, tyrant, boast thyself,</span>
+<span class="i12">"Thy wicked works to praise?'"</span></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king's presence of mind.</div>
+
+<p>As the congregation were about to commence the singing, the king cast
+his eye along the page, and found in the fifty-sixth hymn one which he
+thought would be more appropriate. He rose, and said, in a very
+audible manner, "We will sing the fifty-<i>sixth</i> Psalm:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<span class="i10">"'Have mercy, Lord, on me I pray,</span>
+<span class="i12">For men would me devour.'"</span></div>
+
+<p>The congregation, moved by a sudden impulse of religious generosity
+extremely unusual in those days, immediately sang the psalm which the
+king had chosen.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king receives letters from the queen.</div>
+
+<p>While he was at Holmby the king used sometimes to go, escorted by a
+guard, to certain neighboring villages where there were
+bowling-greens. One day, while he was going on one of these
+excursions, a man, in the dress of a laborer, appeared standing on a
+bridge as he passed, and handed him a packet. The commissioners who
+had charge of Charles&mdash;for some of them always attended him on these
+excursions&mdash;seized <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span>the man. The packet was from the queen. The king
+told the commissioners that the letter was only to ask him some
+question about the disposal of his son, the young prince, who was then
+with her in Paris. They seemed satisfied, but they sent the disguised
+messenger to London, and the Parliament committed him to prison, and
+sent down word to dismiss all Charles's own attendants, and to keep
+him thenceforth in more strict confinement.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The army.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, the Parliament, having finished the war, were ready
+to disband the army. But the army did not wish to be disbanded. They
+would not be disbanded. The officers knew very well that if their
+troops were dismissed, and they were to return to their homes as
+private citizens, all their importance would be gone. There followed
+long debates and negotiations between the army and the Parliament,
+which ended, at last, in an open rupture. It is almost always so at
+the end of a revolution. The military power is found to have become
+too strong for the civil institutions of the country to control it.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Oliver Cromwell.<br />His plan to seize the king.</div>
+
+<p>Oliver Cromwell, who afterward became so distinguished in the days of
+the Commonwealth, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span>was at this time becoming the most influential
+leader of the army. He was not the commander-in-chief in form, but he
+was the great planner and manager in fact. He was a man of great
+sternness and energy of character, and was always ready for the most
+prompt and daring action. He conceived the design of seizing the
+king's person at Holmby, so as to take him away from the control of
+the Parliament, and transfer him to that of the army. This plan was
+executed on the 4th of June, about two months after the king had been
+taken to Holmby House. The abduction was effected in the following
+manner.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cornet Joyce.<br />He forces admittance to the king.</div>
+
+<p>Cromwell detached a strong party of choice troops, under the command
+of an officer by the name of Joyce, to carry the plan into effect.
+These troops were all horsemen, so that their movements could be made
+with the greatest celerity. They arrived at Holmby House at midnight.
+The cornet, for that was the military title by which Joyce was
+designated, drew up his horsemen about the palace, and demanded
+entrance. Before his company arrived, however, there had been an alarm
+that they were coming, and the guards had been doubled. The officers
+in command asked the cornet what<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> was his name and business. He
+replied that he was Cornet Joyce, and that his business was to speak
+to the king. They asked him by whom he was sent, and he replied that
+he was sent by <i>himself</i>, and that he must and would see the king.
+They then commanded their soldiers to stand by their arms, and be
+ready to fire when the word should be given. They, however, perceived
+that Joyce and his force were a detachment from the army to which they
+themselves belonged, and concluding to receive them as brothers, they
+opened the gates and let them in.</p>
+
+<p>The cornet stationed sentinels at the doors of those apartments of the
+castle which were occupied by the Scotch commissioners who had the
+king in charge, and then went himself directly to the king's chamber.
+He had a pistol loaded and cocked in his hand. He knocked at the door.
+There were four grooms in waiting: they rebuked him for making such a
+disturbance at that time of the night, and told him that he should
+wait until the morning if he had any communication to make to the
+king.</p>
+
+<p>The cornet would not accede to this proposition, but knocked violently
+at the door, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> servants being deterred from interfering by dread of
+the loaded pistol, and by the air and manner of their visitor, which
+told them very plainly that he was not to be trifled with. The king
+finally heard the disturbance, and, on learning the cause, sent out
+word that Joyce must go away and wait till morning, for he would not
+get up to see him at that hour. The cornet, as one of the historians
+of the time expresses it, "huffed and retired." The next morning he
+had an interview with the king.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Joyce's interview with the king.<br />His "instructions."</div>
+
+<p>When he was introduced to the king's apartment in the morning, the
+king said that he wished to have the Scotch commissioners present at
+the interview. Joyce replied that the commissioners had nothing to do
+now but to return to the Parliament at London. The king then said that
+he wished to see his instructions. The cornet replied that he would
+show them to him, and he sent out to order his horsemen to parade in
+the inner court of the palace, where the king could see them from his
+windows; and then, pointing them out to the king, he said, "These,
+sir, are my instructions." The king, who, in all the trials and
+troubles of his life of excitement and danger, took every thing
+quietly and calmly looked at the men attentively.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> They were fine
+troops, well mounted and armed. He then turned to the cornet, and
+said, with a smile, that "his instructions were in fair characters,
+and could be read without spelling." The cornet then said that his
+orders were to take the king away with him. The king declined going,
+unless the commissioners went too. The cornet made no objection,
+saying that the commissioners might do as they pleased about
+accompanying him, but that he himself must go.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king taken to Cambridge.<br />Closely guarded.</div>
+
+<p>The party set off from Holmby and traveled two days, stopping at night
+at the houses of friends to their cause. They reached Cambridge, where
+the leading officers of the army received the king, rendering him
+every possible mark of deference and respect. From Cambridge he was
+conducted by the leaders of the army from town to town, remaining
+sometimes several days at a place. He was attended by a strong guard,
+and was treated every where with the utmost consideration and honor.
+He was allowed some little liberty, in riding out and in amusements,
+but every precaution was taken to prevent the possibility of an
+escape.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king's evil.</div>
+
+<p>The people collected every where into the places through which he had
+to pass, and his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> presence-chamber was constantly thronged. This was
+not altogether on account of their respect and veneration for him as
+king, but it arose partly from a very singular cause. There is a
+certain disease called the scrofula, which in former times had the
+name of the King's Evil. It is a very unmanageable and obstinate
+disorder, resisting all ordinary modes of treatment; but in the days
+of King Charles, it was universally believed by the common people of
+England, that if a <i>king</i> touched a patient afflicted with this
+disease, he would recover. This was the reason why it was called the
+king's evil. It was the evil that kings only could cure. Now, as kings
+seldom traveled much about their dominions, whenever one did make such
+a journey, the people embraced the opportunity to bring all the cases
+which could possibly be considered as scrofula to the line of his
+route, in order that he might touch the persons afflicted and heal
+them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king removed to Hampton Court.<br />The king's interview
+with his children.</div>
+
+<p>In the course of the summer the king was conducted to Hampton Court, a
+beautiful palace on the Thames, a short distance above London. Here he
+remained for some time. He had an interview here with two of his
+children. The oldest son was still in France. The two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> whom he saw
+here were the Duke of Gloucester and the Princess Elizabeth. He found
+that they were under the care of a nobleman of high rank, and that
+they were treated with great consideration. Charles was extremely
+gratified and pleased with seeing these members of his family again,
+after so long a separation. His feelings of domestic affection were
+very strong.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Contentions.</div>
+
+<p>The king remained at Hampton Court two or three months. While he was
+here, London, and all the region about it, was kept in a continual
+state of excitement by the contentions of the army and Parliament, and
+the endless negotiations which they attempted with each other and with
+the king. During all this time the king was in a sort of elegant and
+honorable imprisonment in his palace at Hampton Court; but he found
+the restraints to which he was subjected, and the harassing cares
+which the contests between these two great powers brought upon him, so
+great, that he determined to make his escape from the thraldom which
+bound him. He very probably thought that he could again raise his
+standard, and collect an army to fight in his cause. Or perhaps he
+thought of making his escape from the country<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> altogether. It is not
+improbable that he was not decided himself which of these plans to
+pursue, but left the question to be determined by the circumstances in
+which he should find himself when he had regained his freedom.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king's escape from Hampton Court.</div>
+
+<p>At any rate, he made his escape. One evening, about ten o'clock,
+attendants came into his room at Hampton Court, and found that he had
+gone. There were some letters upon the table which he had left,
+directed to the Parliament, to the general of the army, and to the
+officer who had guarded him at Hampton Court. The king had left the
+palace an hour or two before. He passed out at a private door, which
+admitted him to a park connected with the palace. He went through the
+park by a walk which led down to the water, where there was a boat
+ready for him. He crossed the river in the boat, and on the opposite
+shore he found several officers and some horses ready to receive him.
+He mounted one of the horses, and the party rode rapidly away.</p>
+
+<p>They traveled all night, and arrived, toward morning, at the residence
+of a countess on whose attachment to him, and fidelity, he placed
+great reliance. The countess concealed him in her house, though it was
+understood by all concerned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> that this was only a temporary place of
+refuge. He could not long be concealed here, and her residence was not
+provided with any means of defense; so that, immediately on their
+arrival at the countess's, the king and the few friends who were with
+him began to concert plans for a more secure retreat.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Carisbrooke Castle.<br />Colonel Hammond.</div>
+
+<p>The house of the countess was on the southern coast of England, near
+the Isle of Wight. There was a famous castle in those days upon this
+island, near the center of it, called Carisbrooke Castle. The ruins of
+it, which are very extensive, still remain. This castle was under the
+charge of Colonel Hammond, who was at that time governor of the
+island. Colonel Hammond was a near relative of one of King Charles's
+chaplains, and the king thought it probable that he would espouse his
+cause. He accordingly sent two of the gentlemen who had accompanied
+him to the Isle of Wight to see Colonel Hammond, and inquire of him
+whether he would receive and protect the king if he would come to him.
+But he charged them not to let Hammond know where he was, unless he
+would first solemnly promise to protect him, and not subject him to
+any restraint.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 253-4]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i255.jpg" class="smallgap" width="550" height="287" alt="Carisbrooke Castle." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Carisbrooke Castle.</span></span></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king again a prisoner.</div>
+
+<p>The messengers went, and, to the king's surprise, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span>brought back Hammond with them. The king asked them whether they had
+got his written promise to protect him. They answered no, but that
+they could depend upon him as a man of honor. The king was alarmed.
+"Then you have betrayed me," said he, "and I am his prisoner." The
+messengers were then, in their turn, alarmed at having thus
+disappointed and displeased the king, and they offered to kill Hammond
+on the spot, and to provide some other means of securing the king's
+safety. The king, however, would not sanction any such proceeding, but
+put himself under Hammond's charge, and was conveyed to Carisbrooke
+Castle. He was received with every mark of respect, but was very
+carefully guarded. It was about the middle of November that these
+events took place.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">His confinement in Carisbrooke Castle.</div>
+
+<p>Hammond notified the Parliament that King Charles was in his hands,
+and sent for directions from them as to what he should do. Parliament
+required that he should be carefully guarded, and they appropriated
+&pound;5000 for the expenses of his support. The king remained in this
+confinement more than a year, while the Parliament and the army <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>were
+struggling for the possession of the kingdom.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Negotiations.<br />The king's employments.</div>
+
+<p>He spent his time, during this long period in various pursuits
+calculated to beguile the weary days, and he sometimes planned schemes
+for escape. There were also a great many fruitless negotiations
+attempted between the king and the Parliament, which resulted in
+nothing but to make the breach between them wider and wider. Sometimes
+the king was silent and depressed. At other times he seemed in his
+usual spirits. He read serious books a great deal, and wrote. There is
+a famous book, which was found in manuscript after his death among his
+papers, in his handwriting, which it is supposed he wrote at this
+time. He was allowed to take walks upon the castle wall, which was
+very extensive, and he had some other amusements which served to
+occupy his leisure time. He found his confinement, however, in spite
+of all these mitigations, wearisome and hard to bear.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Unsuccessful attempts to escape.</div>
+
+<p>There were some schemes attempted to enable him to regain his liberty.
+There was one very desperate attempt. It seems that Hammond,
+suspecting that the king was plotting an escape, dismissed the king's
+own servants<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> and put others in their places&mdash;persons in whom he
+supposed he could more implicitly rely. One of these men, whose name
+was Burley, was exasperated at being thus dismissed. He went through
+the town of Carisbrooke, beating a drum, and calling upon the people
+to rise and rescue their sovereign from his captivity. The governor of
+the castle, hearing of this, sent out a small body of men, arrested
+Burley, and hanged and quartered him. The king was made a close
+prisoner immediately after this attempt.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Osborne.<br />Plan of escape.<br />Rolf's treacherous design.</div>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding this, another attempt was soon made by the king
+himself, which came much nearer succeeding. There was a man by the
+name of Osborne, whom Hammond employed as a personal attendant upon
+the king. He was what was called gentleman usher. The king succeeded
+in gaining this person's favor so much by his affability and his
+general demeanor, that one day he put a little paper into one of the
+king's gloves, which it was a part of his office to hold on certain
+occasions, and on this paper he had written that he was at the king's
+service. At first Charles was afraid that this offer was only a
+treacherous one; but at length he confided in him. In the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span>mean time,
+there was a certain man by the name of Rolf in the garrison, who
+conceived the design of enticing the king away from the castle on the
+promise of promoting his escape, and then murdering him. Rolf thought
+that this plan would please the Parliament, and that he himself, and
+those who should aid him in the enterprise, would be rewarded. He
+proposed this scheme to Osborne, and asked him to join in the
+execution of it.</p>
+
+<p>Osborne made the whole plan known to the king. The king, on
+reflection, said to Osborne, "Very well; continue in communication
+with Rolf, and help him mature his plan. Let him thus aid in getting
+me out of the castle, and we will make such arrangements as to prevent
+the assassination." Osborne did so. He also gained over some other
+soldiers who were employed as sentinels near the place of escape.
+Osborne and Rolf furnished the king with a saw and a file, by means of
+which he sawed off some iron bars which guarded one of his windows.
+They were then, on a certain night, to be ready with a few attendants
+on the outside to receive the king as he descended, and convey him
+away.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Rolf foiled.<br />The king made a closer prisoner.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean time, Rolf and Osborne had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> each obtained a number of
+confederates, those of the former supposing that the plan was to
+assassinate the king, while those of the latter understood that the
+plan was to assist him in escaping from captivity. Certain expressions
+which were dropped by one of this latter class alarmed Rolf, and led
+him to suspect some treachery. He accordingly took the precaution to
+provide a number of armed men, and to have them ready at the window,
+so that he should be sure to be strong enough to secure the king
+immediately on his descent from the window. When the time came for the
+escape, the king, before getting out, looked below, and, seeing so
+many armed men, knew at once that Rolf had discovered their designs,
+and refused to descend. He quickly returned to his bed. The next day
+the bars were found filed in two, and the king was made a closer
+prisoner than ever.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king's wretched condition.</div>
+
+<p>Some months after this, some commissioners from Parliament went to see
+the king, and they found him in a most wretched condition. His beard
+was grown, his dress was neglected, his health was gone, his hair was
+gray, and, though only forty-eight years of age, he appeared as
+decrepit and infirm as a man of seventy. In <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span>fact, he was in a state
+of misery and despair. Even the enemies who came to visit him, though
+usually stern and hard-hearted enough to withstand any impressions,
+were extremely affected at the sight. </p>
+
+<hr class="large" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Chapter_XI" id="Chapter_XI"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter XI.</span></h2>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Trial and Death.</span></h2>
+
+<h3>1648</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king removed to Hurst Castle.<br />Its extraordinary
+situation.</div>
+
+<p class="n"><span style="float:left;font-size:50px;line-height:32px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:1px;">A</span><span style="margin-left:0%;">s</span> soon as the army party, with Oliver Cromwell at their head, had
+obtained complete ascendency, they took immediate measures for
+proceeding vigorously against the king. They seized him at Carisbrooke
+Castle, and took him to Hurst Castle, which was a gloomy fortress in
+the neighborhood of Carisbrooke. Hurst Castle was in a very
+extraordinary situation. There is a long point extending from the main
+land toward the Isle of Wight, opposite to the eastern end of it. This
+point is very narrow, but is nearly two miles long. The castle was
+built at the extremity. It consisted of one great round tower,
+defended by walls and bastions. It stood lonely and desolate,
+surrounded by the sea, except the long and narrow neck which connected
+it with the distant shore. Of course, though comfortless and solitary,
+it was a place of much greater security than Carisbrooke.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Another plan of escape.<br />Objections.</div>
+
+<p>The circumstance of the king's removal to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span>this new place of
+confinement were as follows: In some of his many negotiations with the
+Parliament while at Carisbrooke, he had bound himself, on certain
+conditions, not to attempt to escape from that place. His friends,
+however, when they heard that the army were coming again to take him
+away, concluded that he ought to lose no time in making his escape out
+of the country. They proposed the plan to the king. He made two
+objections to it. He thought, in the first place, that the attempt
+would be very likely to fail; and that, if it did fail, it would
+exasperate his enemies, and make his confinement more rigorous, and
+his probable danger more imminent than ever. He said that, in the
+second place, he had promised the Parliament that he would not attempt
+to escape, and that he could not break his word.</p>
+
+<p>The three friends were silent when they heard the king speak these
+words. After a pause, the leader of them, Colonel Cook, said, "Suppose
+I were to tell your majesty that the army have a plan for seizing you
+immediately, and that they will be upon you very soon unless you
+escape. Suppose I tell you that we have made all the preparations
+necessary&mdash;that we have horses all ready here, concealed in a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span>pent-house&mdash;that we have a vessel at the Cows<a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a> waiting for us&mdash;that
+we are all prepared to attend you, and eager to engage in the
+enterprise&mdash;the darkness of the night favoring our plan, and rendering
+it almost certain of success. Now," added he, "these suppositions
+express the real state of the case, and the only question is what your
+majesty will resolve to do."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king's perplexity.<br />He refuses to break his word.</div>
+
+<p>The king paused. He was distressed with perplexity and doubt. At
+length he said, "They have promised <i>me</i>, and I have promised <i>them</i>,
+and I will not break the promise first." "Your majesty means by <i>they</i>
+and <i>them</i>, the Parliament, I suppose?" "Yes, I do." "But the scene is
+now changed. The Parliament have no longer any power to protect you.
+The danger is imminent, and the circumstances absolve your majesty
+from all obligation."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Distress of the king's friends.</div>
+
+<p>But the king could not be moved. He said, come what may, he would not
+do any thing that looked like a breaking of his word. He would dismiss
+the subject and go to bed, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> enjoy his rest as long as he could.
+His friends told him that they feared it would not be long. They
+seemed very much agitated and distressed. The king asked them why they
+were so much troubled. They said it was to think of the extreme danger
+in which his majesty was lying, and his unwillingness to do any thing
+to avert it. The king replied, that if the danger were tenfold more
+than it was, he would not break his word to avert it.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">He is removed from Carisbrooke Castle.</div>
+
+<p>The fears of the king's friends were soon realized. The next morning,
+at break of day, he was awakened by a loud knocking at his door. He
+sent one of his attendants to inquire what it meant. It was a party of
+soldiers come to take him away. They would give him no information in
+respect to their plans, but required him to dress himself immediately
+and go with them. They mounted horses at the gate of the castle. The
+king was very earnest to have his friends accompany him. They allowed
+one of them, the Duke of Richmond, to go with him a little way, and
+then told him he must return. The duke bade his master a very sad and
+sorrowful farewell, and left him to go on alone.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265-6]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/i271.jpg" class="smallgap" width="450" height="336" alt="Ruins of Carisbrooke Castle." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Ruins of Carisbrooke Castle.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The escort which were conducting him took him to Hurst Castle. The
+Parliament passed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span>a vote condemning this proceeding, but it was too late. The army
+concentrated their forces about London, took possession of the avenues
+to the houses of Parliament, and excluded all those members who were
+opposed to them. The remnant of the Parliament which was left
+immediately took measures for bringing the king to trial.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Arrangements for the king's trial.<br />Arbitrary measures of
+the Commons.</div>
+
+<p>The House of Commons did not dare to trust the trial of the king to
+the Peers, according to the provisions of the English Constitution,
+and so they passed an ordinance for attainting him of high treason,
+and for appointing <i>commissioners</i>, themselves, to try him. Of course,
+in appointing these commissioners, they would name such men as they
+were sure would be predisposed to condemn him. The Peers rejected this
+ordinance, and adjourned for nearly a fortnight, hoping thus to arrest
+any further proceedings. The Commons immediately voted that the action
+of the Peers was not necessary, and that they would go forward
+themselves. They then appointed the commissioners, and ordered the
+trial to proceed.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king brought to London.</div>
+
+<p>Every thing connected with the trial was conducted with great state
+and parade. The number of commissioners constituting the court<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> was
+one hundred and thirty-three, though only a little more than half that
+number attended the trial. The king had been removed from Hurst Castle
+to Windsor Castle, and he was now brought into the city, and lodged in
+a house near to Westminster Hall, so as to be at hand. On the
+appointed day the court assembled; the vast hall and all the avenues
+to it were thronged. The whole civilized world looked on, in fact, in
+astonishment at the almost unprecedented spectacle of a king tried for
+his life by an assembly of his subjects.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Roll of commissioners.</div>
+
+<p>The first business after the opening of the court was to call the roll
+of the commissioners, that each one might answer to his name. The name
+of the general of the army, Fairfax, who was one of the number, was
+the second upon the list. When his name was called there was no
+answer. It was called again. A voice from one of the galleries
+replied, "He has too much wit to be here." This produced some
+disorder, and the officers called out to know who answered in that
+manner, but there was no reply. Afterward, when the impeachment was
+read, the phrase occurred, "Of all the people of England," when the
+same voice rejoined, "No not the half of them." The officers then
+ordered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> a soldier to fire into the seat from which these
+interruptions came. This command was not obeyed, but they found, on
+investigating the case, that the person who had answered thus was
+Fairfax's wife, and they immediately removed her from the hall.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king brought into court.<br />His firmness.</div>
+
+<p>When the court was fully organized, they commanded the
+sergeant-at-arms to bring in the prisoner. The king was accordingly
+brought in, and conducted to a chair covered with crimson velvet,
+which had been placed for him at the bar. The judges remained in their
+seats, with their heads covered, while he entered, and the king took
+his seat, keeping his head covered too. He took a calm and deliberate
+survey of the scene, looking around upon the judges, and upon the
+armed guards by which he was environed, with a stern and unchanging
+countenance. At length silence was proclaimed, and the president rose
+to introduce the proceedings.</p>
+
+<p>He addressed the king. He said that the Commons of England, deeply
+sensible of the calamities which had been brought upon England by the
+civil war, and of the innocent blood which had been shed, and
+convinced that he, the king, had been the guilty cause of it, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span>were
+now determined to make inquisition for this blood, and to bring him to
+trial and judgment; that they had, for this purpose, organized this
+court, and that he should now hear the charge brought against him,
+which they would proceed to try.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The charge.<br />The king interrupts its reading.</div>
+
+<p>An officer then arose to read the charge. The king made a gesture for
+him to be silent. He, however, persisted in his reading, although the
+king once or twice attempted to interrupt him. The president, too,
+ordered him to proceed. The charge recited the evils and calamities
+which had resulted from the war, and concluded by saying that "the
+said Charles Stuart is and has been the occasioner, author, and
+continuer of the said unnatural, cruel, and bloody wars, and is
+therein guilty of all the treasons, murders, rapines, burnings,
+spoils, desolations, damages, and mischiefs to this nation acted and
+committed in the said wars, or occasioned thereby."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king objects to the jurisdiction of the court.</div>
+
+<p>The president then sharply rebuked the king for his interruptions to
+the proceedings, and asked him what answer he had to make to the
+impeachment. The king replied by demanding by what authority they
+pretended to call him to account for his conduct. He told them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> that
+he was their king, and they his subjects; that they were not even the
+Parliament, and that they had no authority from any true Parliament to
+sit as a court to try him; that he would not betray his own dignity
+and rights by making any answer at all to any charges they might bring
+against him, for that would be an acknowledgment of their authority;
+but he was convinced that there was not one of them who did not in his
+heart believe that he was wholly innocent of the charges which they
+had brought against him.</p>
+
+<p>These proceedings occupied the first day. The king was then sent back
+to his place of confinement, and the court adjourned. The next day,
+when called upon to plead to the impeachment, the king only insisted
+the more strenuously in denying the authority of the court, and in
+stating his reasons for so denying it. The court were determined not
+to hear what he had to say on this point, and the president
+continually interrupted him; while he, in his turn, continually
+interrupted the president too. It was a struggle and a dispute, not a
+trial. At last, on the fourth day, something like testimony was
+produced to prove that the king had been in arms against the forces of
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span> Parliament. On the fifth and sixth days, the judges sat in
+private to come to their decision; and on the day following, which was
+Saturday, January 27th, they called the king again before them, and
+opened the doors to admit the great assembly of spectators, that the
+decision might be announced.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Sentence of death pronounced against the king.</div>
+
+<p>There followed another scene of mutual interruptions and disorder. The
+king insisted on longer delay. He had not said what he wished to say
+in his defense. The president told him it was now too late; that he
+had consumed the time allotted to him in making objections to the
+jurisdiction of the court, and now it was too late for his defense.
+The clerk then read the sentence, which ended thus: "For all which
+treasons and crimes this court doth adjudge that he, the said Charles
+Stuart, is a tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemy, and shall be
+put to death by the severing of his head from his body." When the
+clerk had finished the reading, the president rose, and said
+deliberately and solemnly,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The sentence now read and published is the act, sentence,
+judgment, and resolution of the whole court." </p></div>
+
+<p>And the whole court rose to express their assent. </p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span>The king then said to the president, "Will you hear me a word, sir?"</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>President.</i> "Sir, you are not to be heard after the sentence."</p>
+
+<p><i>King.</i> "Am I not, sir?"</p>
+
+<p><i>President.</i> "No, sir. Guards, withdraw the prisoner!"</p>
+
+<p><i>King.</i> "I may speak after sentence by your favor, sir. Hold&mdash;I say,
+sir&mdash;by your favor, sir&mdash;If I am not permitted to speak&mdash;"</p></div>
+
+<p>The other parts of his broken attempts to speak were lost in the tumult and
+noise. He was taken out of the hall.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Tumult.<br />The king grossly insulted.</div>
+
+<p>One would have supposed that all who witnessed these dreadful
+proceedings, and who now saw one who had been so lately the sovereign
+of a mighty empire standing friendless and alone on the brink of
+destruction, would have relented at last, and would have found their
+hearts yielding to emotions of pity. But it seems not to have been so.
+The animosities engendered by political strife are merciless, and the
+crowd through which the king had to pass as he went from the hall
+scoffed and derided him. They blew the smoke of their tobacco in his
+face, and threw their pipes at him. Some proceeded to worse
+indignities than these, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> the king bore all with quietness and
+resignation.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king's last requests.<br />They are granted.</div>
+
+<p>The king was sentenced on Saturday. On the evening of that day he sent
+a request that the Bishop of London might be allowed to assist at his
+devotions, and that his children might be permitted to see him before
+he was to die. There were two of his children then in England, his
+youngest son and a daughter. The other two sons had escaped to the
+Continent. The government granted both these requests. By asking for
+the services of an Episcopal clergyman, Charles signified his firm
+determination to adhere to the very last hour of his life to the
+religious principles which he had been struggling for so long. It is
+somewhat surprising that the government were willing to comply with
+the request.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Devotions of the king.</div>
+
+<p>It was, however, complied with, and Charles was taken from the palace
+of Whitehall, which is in Westminster, to the palace of St. James, not
+very far distant. He was escorted by a guard through the streets. At
+St. James's there was a small chapel where the king attended divine
+service. The Bishop of London preached a sermon on the future
+judgment, in which he administered comfort to the mind of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span> the unhappy
+prisoner, so far as the sad case allowed of any comfort, by the
+thought that all human judgments would be reviewed, and all wrong made
+right at the great day. After the service the king spent the remainder
+of the day in retirement and private devotion.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">He declines seeing his friends.</div>
+
+<p>During the afternoon of the day several of his most trusty friends
+among the nobility called to see him, but he declined to grant them
+admission. He said that his time was short and precious, and that he
+wished to improve it to the utmost in preparation for the great change
+which awaited him. He hoped, therefore, that his friends would not be
+displeased if he declined seeing any persons besides his children. It
+would do no good for them to be admitted. All that they could do for
+him now was to pray for him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king's interview with his children.<br />Parting messages.</div>
+
+<p>The next day the children were brought to him in the room where he was
+confined. The daughter, who was called the Lady Elizabeth, was the
+oldest. He directed her to tell her brother James, who was the second
+son, and now absent with Charles on the Continent, that he must now,
+from the time of his father's death, no longer look upon Charles as
+merely his older brother, but as his sovereign, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> obey him as such;
+and he requested her to charge them both, from him, to love each
+other, and to forgive their father's enemies.</p>
+
+<p>"You will not forget this, my dear child, will you?" added the king.
+The Lady Elizabeth was still very young.</p>
+
+<p>"No," said she, "I will never forget it as long as I live."</p>
+
+<p>He then charged her with a message to her mother, the queen, who was
+also on the Continent. "Tell her," said he, "that I have loved her
+faithfully all my life, and that my tender regard for her will not
+cease till I cease to breathe."</p>
+
+<p>Poor Elizabeth was sadly grieved at this parting interview. The king
+tried to comfort her. "You must not be so afflicted for me," he said.
+"It will be a very glorious death that I shall die. I die for the laws
+and liberties of this land, and for maintaining the Protestant
+religion. I have forgiven all my enemies, and I hope that God will
+forgive them."</p>
+
+<p>The little son was, by title, the Duke of Gloucester. He took him on
+his knees, and said, in substance, "My dear boy, they are going to cut
+off your father's head." The child looked up into his father's face
+very earnestly,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> not comprehending so strange an assertion.</p>
+
+<p>"They are going to cut off my head," repeated the king, "and perhaps
+they will want to make you a king; but you must not be king as long as
+your brothers Charles and James live; for if you do, very likely they
+will, some time or other, cut off your head." The child said, with a
+very determined air, that then they should never make him king as long
+as he lived. The king then gave his children some other parting
+messages for several of his nearest relatives and friends, and they
+were taken away.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The warrant.<br />Warrant signed by the judges.</div>
+
+<p>In cases of capital punishment, in England and America, there must be,
+after the sentence is pronounced, written authority to the sheriff, or
+other proper officer, to proceed to the execution of it. This is
+called the warrant, and is usually to be signed by the chief
+magistrate of the state. In England the sovereign always signs the
+warrant of execution; but in the case of the execution of the
+sovereign himself, which was a case entirely unprecedented, the
+authorities were at first somewhat at loss to know what to do. The
+commissioners who had judged the king concluded finally to sign it
+themselves. It was expressed substantially as follows: </p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"At the High Court of Justice for the trying and judging of
+Charles Stuart, king of England, January 29th, 1648:</p>
+
+<p>"Whereas Charles Stuart, king of England, has been convicted,
+attainted, and condemned of high treason, and sentence was
+pronounced against him by this court, to be put to death by the
+severance of his head from his body, of which sentence execution
+yet remaineth to be done; these are, therefore, now to will and
+require you to see the said sentence executed in the open street
+before Whitehall, upon the morrow, being the thirtieth day of
+this instant month of January, between the hours of ten in the
+morning and five in the afternoon of the said day, with full
+effect; and for so doing this shall be your sufficient warrant." </p></div>
+
+<p>Fifty-nine of the judges signed this warrant, and then it was sent to
+the persons appointed to carry the sentence into execution.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king sleeps well.<br />Preparations.</div>
+
+<p>That night the king slept pretty well for about four hours, though
+during the evening before he could hear in his apartment the noise of
+the workmen building the platform, or scaffold as it was commonly
+called, on which the execution was to take place. He awoke, however,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span>long before day. He called to an attendant who lay by his bedside, and
+requested him to get up. "I will rise myself," said he, "for I have a
+great work to do to-day." He then requested that they would furnish
+him with the best dress, and an extra supply of under clothing,
+because it was a cold morning. He particularly wished to be well
+guarded from the cold, lest it should cause him to shiver, and they
+would suppose that he was trembling from fear.</p>
+
+<p>"I have no fear," said he. "Death is not terrible to me. I bless God
+that I am prepared."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Reading the service.</div>
+
+<p>The king had made arrangements for divine service in his room early in
+the morning, to be conducted by the Bishop of London. The bishop came
+in at the time appointed, and read the prayers. He also read, in the
+course of the service, the twenty-ninth chapter of Matthew, which
+narrates the closing scenes of our Saviour's life. This was, in fact,
+the regular lesson for the day, according to the Episcopal ritual,
+which assigns certain portions of Scripture to every day of the year.
+The king supposed that the bishop had purposely selected this passage,
+and he thanked him for it, as he said it <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span>seemed to him very
+appropriate to the occasion. "May it please your majesty," said the
+bishop, "it is the proper lesson for the day." The king was much
+affected at learning this fact, as he considered it a special
+providence, indicating that he was prepared to die, and that he should
+be sustained in the final agony.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Summons.</div>
+
+<p>About ten o'clock, Colonel Hacker, who was the first one named in the
+warrant of execution of the three persons to whom the warrant was
+addressed, knocked gently at the king's chamber door. No answer was
+returned. Presently he knocked again. The king asked his attendant to
+go to the door. He went, and asked Colonel Hacker why he knocked. He
+replied that he wished to see the king.</p>
+
+<p>"Let him come in," said the king.</p>
+
+<p>The officer entered, but with great embarrassment and trepidation. He
+felt that he had a most awful duty to perform. He informed the king
+that it was time to proceed to Whitehall, though he could have some
+time there for rest. "Very well," said the king; "go on; I will
+follow." The king then took the bishop's arm, and they went along
+together.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The king carried to Whitehall.<br />Devotions.</div>
+
+<p>They found, as they issued from the palace of St. James into the park
+through which their <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span>way lay to Whitehall, that lines of soldiers had
+been drawn up. The king, with the bishop on one side, and the
+attendant before referred to, whose name was Herbert, on the other,
+both uncovered, walked between these lines of guards. The king walked
+on very fast, so that the others scarcely kept pace with him. When he
+arrived at Whitehall he spent some further time in devotion, with the
+bishop, and then, at noon, he ate a little bread and drank some light
+wine. Soon after this, Colonel Hacker, the officer, came to the door
+and let them know that the hour had arrived.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Parting scenes.<br />The king's speech.<br />His composure.</div>
+
+<p>The bishop and Hacker melted into tears as they bade their master
+farewell. The king directed the door to be opened, and requested the
+officer to go on, saying that he would follow. They went through a
+large hall, called the banqueting hall, to a window in front, through
+which a passage had been made for the king to his scaffold, which was
+built up in the street before the palace. As the king passed out
+through the window, he perceived that a vast throng of spectators had
+assembled in the streets to witness the spectacle. He had expected
+this, and had intended to address them. But he found that this was
+impossible, as the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span>space all around the scaffold was occupied with
+troops of horse and bodies of soldiers, so as to keep the populace at
+so great a distance that they could not hear his voice. He, however,
+made his speech, addressing it particularly to one or two persons who
+were near, knowing that they would put the substance of it on record,
+and thus make it known to all mankind. There was then some further
+conversation about the preparations for the final blow, the adjustment
+of the dress, the hair, &amp;c., in which the king took an active part,
+with great composure. He then kneeled down and laid his head upon the
+block.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Death.</div>
+
+<p>The executioner, who wore a mask that he might not be known, began to
+adjust the hair of the prisoner by putting it up under his cap, when
+the king, supposing that he was going to strike, hastily told him to
+wait for the sign. The executioner said that he would. The king spent
+a few minutes in prayer, and then stretched out his hands, which was
+the sign which he had arranged to give. The axe descended. The
+dissevered head, with the blood streaming from it, was held up by the
+assistant executioner, for the gratification of the vast crowd which
+was gazing on the scene. He <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span>said, as he raised it, "Behold the head
+of a traitor!"</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The body taken to Windsor Castle.</div>
+
+<p>The body was placed in a coffin covered with black velvet, and taken
+back through the window into the room from which the monarch had
+walked out, in life and health, but a few moments before. A day or two
+afterward it was taken to Windsor Castle upon a hearse drawn by six
+horses and covered with black velvet. It was there interred in a vault
+in the chapel, with an inscription upon lead over the coffin:</p>
+
+<p class="center">KING CHARLES<br />
+1648.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Commonwealth.<br />Government in the United States.<br />
+Ownership.</div>
+
+<p>After the death of Charles, a sort of republic was established in
+England, called the Commonwealth, over which, instead of a king,
+Oliver Cromwell presided, under the title of Protector. The country
+was, however, in a very anomalous and unsettled state. It became more
+distracted still after the death of the Protector, and it was only
+twelve years after beheading the father that the people of England, by
+common consent, called back the son to the throne. It seems as if
+there could be no stable government in a country where any very large
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span>portion of the inhabitants are destitute of property, without the aid
+of that mysterious but all controlling principle of the human breast,
+a spirit of reverence for the rights, and dread of the power of an
+hereditary crown. In the United States almost every man is the
+possessor of property. He has his house, his little farm, his shop and
+implements of labor, or something which is his own, and which he feels
+would be jeopardized by revolution and anarchy. He dreads a general
+scramble, knowing that he would probably get less than he would lose
+by it. He is willing, therefore, to be governed by abstract law. There
+is no need of holding up before him a scepter or a crown to induce
+obedience. He submits without them. He votes with the rest, and then
+abides by the decision of the ballot-box. In other countries, however,
+the case is different. If not an actual majority, there is at least a
+very large proportion of the community who possess nothing. They get
+scanty daily food for hard and long-continued daily labor; and as
+change, no matter what, is always a blessing to sufferers, or at least
+is always looked forward to as such, they are ready to welcome, at all
+times, any thing that promises commotion. A war, a conflagration, a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span>riot, or a rebellion, is always welcome. They do not know but that
+they shall gain some advantage by it, and in the mean time the
+excitement of it is some relief to the dead and eternal monotony of
+toil and suffering.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">No stable governments result from violent revolutions.</div>
+
+<p>It is true that the revolutions by which monarchies are overturned are
+not generally effected, in the first instance, by this portion of the
+community. The throne is usually overturned at first by a higher class
+of men; but the deed being done, the inroad upon the established
+course and order of the social state being once made, this lower mass
+is aroused and excited by it, and soon becomes unmanageable. When
+property is so distributed among the population of a state that all
+have an <i>interest</i> in the preservation of order, then, and not till
+then, will it be safe to give to all a share in the <i>power</i> necessary
+for preserving it; and, in the mean time, revolutions produced by
+insurrections and violence will probably only result in establishing
+governments unsteady and transient just in proportion to the
+suddenness of their origin.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The End.</span></h3>
+
+<hr class="large" />
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Footnotes.</span></h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Meaning advice to him how he shall make laws, as is
+evident from what is said below.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Species of taxes granted by Parliament.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Even in the case of a committee of conference between the
+two houses, the lords have <i>seats</i> in the committee-room and wear
+their hats. The members from the commons must <i>stand</i>, and be
+uncovered during the deliberations!</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> See portrait at the <a href="#Page_11">commencement</a> of this volume.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> See view of this palace on page <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> It is two hundred and seventy feet long, seventy-five
+wide, and ninety high.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> There were two points or headlands, on opposite sides of
+an inlet from the sea, on the northern side of the Isle of Wight,
+which in ancient times received the name of <i>Cows</i>. They were called
+the East Cow and the West Cow. The harbor between them formed a safe
+and excellent harbor. The name is now spelled Cowes, and the port is,
+at the present day, of great commercial importance.</p></div>
+
+<hr class="large" />
+<h3><span class="smcap">Transcriber's Notes</span></h3>
+
+<p>1. Minor changes have been made to correct typesetters' errors, and to ensure consistent spelling and punctuation in this etext; otherwise,
+every effort has been made to remain true to the original book.</p>
+
+<p>2. The sidenotes used in this text were originally published as banners in the page headers, and have been moved to the relevant paragraph
+for the reader's convenience.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Charles I, by Jacob Abbott
+
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Charles I, by Jacob Abbott
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Charles I
+       Makers of History
+
+Author: Jacob Abbott
+
+Release Date: October 1, 2008 [EBook #26734]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHARLES I ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by D Alexander and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Makers of History
+
+ Charles I.
+
+ BY JACOB ABBOTT
+
+ WITH ENGRAVINGS
+
+ NEW YORK AND LONDON
+
+ HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS
+
+ 1901
+
+
+
+
+ Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1848, by
+
+ HARPER & BROTHERS,
+
+ In the Clerk's Office of the Southern District of New York.
+
+ Copyright, 1876, by JACOB ABBOTT.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: TOWER OF LONDON.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: JOHN HAMPDEN.]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The history of the life of every individual who has, for any reason,
+attracted extensively the attention of mankind, has been written in a
+great variety of ways by a multitude of authors, and persons sometimes
+wonder why we should have so many different accounts of the same
+thing. The reason is, that each one of these accounts is intended for
+a different set of readers, who read with ideas and purposes widely
+dissimilar from each other. Among the twenty millions of people in the
+United States, there are perhaps two millions, between the ages of
+fifteen and twenty-five, who wish to become acquainted, in general,
+with the leading events in the history of the Old World, and of
+ancient times, but who, coming upon the stage in this land and at this
+period, have ideas and conceptions so widely different from those of
+other nations and of other times, that a mere republication of
+existing accounts is not what they require. The story must be told
+expressly for them. The things that are to be explained, the points
+that are to be brought out, the comparative degree of prominence to be
+given to the various particulars, will all be different, on account of
+the difference in the situation, the ideas, and the objects of these
+new readers, compared with those of the various other classes of
+readers which former authors have had in view. It is for this reason,
+and with this view, that the present series of historical narratives
+is presented to the public. The author, having had some opportunity to
+become acquainted with the position, the ideas, and the intellectual
+wants of those whom he addresses, presents the result of his labors to
+them, with the hope that it may be found successful in accomplishing
+its design.
+
+
+
+
+ CONTENTS.
+
+
+ Chapter                                                    Page
+
+    I. HIS CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH                               13
+
+   II. THE EXPEDITION INTO SPAIN                             34
+
+  III. ACCESSION TO THE THRONE                               58
+
+   IV. BUCKINGHAM                                            81
+
+    V. THE KING AND HIS PREROGATIVE                         107
+
+   VI. ARCHBISHOP LAUD                                      131
+
+  VII. THE EARL OF STRAFFORD                                155
+
+ VIII. DOWNFALL OF STRAFFORD AND LAUD                       177
+
+   IX. CIVIL WAR                                            203
+
+    X. THE CAPTIVITY                                        234
+
+   XI. TRIAL AND DEATH                                      261
+
+
+
+
+ ENGRAVINGS.
+
+
+                                                            Page
+
+ PORTRAIT OF HAMPDEN                             _Frontispiece_.
+
+ ILLUMINATED TITLE
+
+ TOWER OF LONDON                                              1
+
+ CHARLES I. AND ARMOR BEARER                                 10
+
+ QUEEN HENRIETTA MARIA                                       11
+
+ WINDSOR CASTLE                                              22
+
+ THE ESCURIAL                                                55
+
+ ST. STEPHEN'S                                               76
+
+ LAMBETH PALACE                                             133
+
+ WESTMINSTER HALL                                           187
+
+ STRAFFORD AND LAUD                                         199
+
+ THE KING'S ADHERENTS ENTERING YORK                         221
+
+ THE LANDING OF THE QUEEN                                   228
+
+ NEWARK                                                     236
+
+ CARISBROOKE CASTLE                                         254
+
+ RUINS OF CARISBROOKE CASTLE                                265
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: CHARLES I. AND ARMOR BEARER]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: QUEEN HENRIETTA MARIA]
+
+
+
+
+KING CHARLES I.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+HIS CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH.
+
+1600-1622
+
+Born in Scotland.--The circumstance explained.--Princess
+Anne.--Royal marriages.--Getting married by proxy.--James
+thwarted.--Getting married by proxy.--James thwarted.--James
+in Copenhagen.--Charles's feeble infancy.--Death of
+Elizabeth.--Accession of James to the English crown.--Second
+sight.--Prediction fulfilled.--An explanation.--Charles's
+titles of nobility.--Charles's governess.--Windsor Castle.--Journey
+to London.--A mother's love.--Rejoicings.--Charles's continued
+feebleness.--His progress in learning.--Charles improves in
+health.--Death of his brother.--Charles's love of athletic
+sports.--Buckingham.--Buckingham's style of living.--Royalty.--True
+character of royalty.--The king and Buckingham.--Indecent
+correspondence.--Buckingham's pig.--James's petulance.--The story of
+Gib.--The king's frankness.--Glitter of royalty.--The appearance.--The
+reality.
+
+
+King Charles the First was born in Scotland. It may perhaps surprise
+the reader that an English king should be born in Scotland. The
+explanation is this:
+
+They who have read the history of Mary Queen of Scots, will remember
+that it was the great end and aim of her life to unite the crowns of
+England and Scotland in her own family. Queen Elizabeth was then Queen
+of England. She lived and died unmarried. Queen Mary and a young man
+named Lord Darnley were the next heirs. It was uncertain which of the
+two had the strongest claim. To prevent a dispute, by uniting these
+claims, Mary made Darnley her husband. They had a son, who, after the
+death of his father and mother, was acknowledged to be the heir to the
+British throne, whenever Elizabeth's life should end. In the mean
+time he remained King of Scotland. His name was James. He married a
+princess of Denmark; and his child, who afterward was King Charles the
+First of England, was born before he left his native realm.
+
+King Charles's mother was, as has been already said, a princess of
+Denmark. Her name was Anne. The circumstances of her marriage to King
+James were quite extraordinary, and attracted great attention at the
+time. It is, in some sense, a matter of principle among kings and
+queens, that they must only marry persons of royal rank, like
+themselves; and as they have very little opportunity of visiting each
+other, residing as they do in such distant capitals, they generally
+choose their consorts by the reports which come to them of the person
+and character of the different candidates. The choice, too, is very
+much influenced by political considerations, and is always more or
+less embarrassed by negotiations with other courts, whose ministers
+make objections to this or that alliance, on account of its supposed
+interference with some of their own political schemes.
+
+As it is very inconvenient, moreover, for a king to leave his
+dominions, the marriage ceremony is usually performed at the court
+where the bride resides, without the presence of the bridegroom, he
+sending an embassador to act as his representative. This is called
+being married by proxy. The bride then comes to her royal husband's
+dominions, accompanied by a great escort. He meets her usually on the
+frontiers; and there she sees him for the first time, after having
+been married to him some weeks by proxy. It is true, indeed, that she
+has generally seen his _picture_, that being usually sent to her
+before the marriage contract is made. This, however, is not a matter
+of much consequence, as the personal predilections of a princess have
+generally very little to do with the question of her marriage.
+
+Now King James had concluded to propose for the oldest daughter of the
+King of Denmark and he entered into negotiations for this purpose.
+This plan, however, did not please the government of England, and
+Elizabeth, who was then the English queen, managed so to embarrass and
+interfere with the scheme, that the King of Denmark gave his daughter
+to another claimant. James was a man of very mild and quiet
+temperament, easily counteracted and thwarted in his plans; but this
+disappointment aroused his energies, and he sent a splendid embassy
+into Denmark to demand the king's second daughter, whose name was
+Anne. He prosecuted this suit so vigorously that the marriage articles
+were soon agreed to and signed. Anne embarked and set sail for
+Scotland. The king remained there, waiting for her arrival with great
+impatience. At length, instead of his bride, the news came that the
+fleet in which Anne had sailed had been dispersed and driven back by a
+storm, and that Anne herself had landed on the coast of Norway.
+
+James immediately conceived the design of going himself in pursuit of
+her. But knowing very well that all his ministers and the officers of
+his government would make endless objections to his going out of the
+country on such an errand, he kept his plan a profound secret from
+them all. He ordered some ships to be got ready privately, and
+provided a suitable train of attendants, and then embarked without
+letting his people know where he was going. He sailed across the
+German Ocean to the town in Norway where his bride had landed. He
+found her there, and they were married. Her brother, who had just
+succeeded to the throne, having received intelligence of this, invited
+the young couple to come and spend the winter at his capital of
+Copenhagen; and as the season was far advanced, and the sea stormy,
+King James concluded to accept the invitation. They were received in
+Copenhagen with great pomp and parade, and the winter was spent in
+festivities and rejoicings. In the spring he brought his bride to
+Scotland. The whole world were astonished at the performance of such
+an exploit by a king, especially one of so mild, quiet, and grave a
+character as that which James had the credit of possessing.
+
+Young Charles was very weak and feeble in his infancy. It was feared
+that he would not live many hours. The rite of baptism was immediately
+performed, as it was, in those days, considered essential to the
+salvation of a child dying in infancy that it should be baptized
+before it died. Notwithstanding the fears that were at first felt,
+Charles lingered along for some days, and gradually began to acquire a
+little strength. His feebleness was a cause of great anxiety and
+concern to those around him; but the degree of interest felt in the
+little sufferer's fate was very much less than it would have been if
+he had been the oldest son. He had a brother, Prince Henry, who was
+older than he, and, consequently, heir to his father's crown. It was
+not probable, therefore, that Charles would ever be king; and the
+importance of every thing connected with his birth and his welfare was
+very much diminished on that account.
+
+It was only about two years after Charles's birth that Queen Elizabeth
+died, and King James succeeded to the English throne. A messenger came
+with all speed to Scotland to announce the fact. He rode night and
+day. He arrived at the king's palace in the night. He gained admission
+to the king's chamber, and, kneeling at his bedside, proclaimed him
+King of England. James immediately prepared to bid his Scotch subjects
+farewell, and to proceed to England to take possession of his new
+realm. Queen Anne was to follow him in a week or two, and the other
+children, Henry and Elizabeth; but Charles was too feeble to go.
+
+In those early days there was a prevailing belief in Scotland, and, in
+fact, the opinion still lingers there, that certain persons among the
+old Highlanders had what they called the gift of the second
+sight--that is, the power of foreseeing futurity in some mysterious
+and incomprehensible way. An incident is related in the old histories
+connected with Charles's infancy, which is a good illustration of
+this. While King James was preparing to leave Scotland, to take
+possession of the English throne, an old Highland laird came to bid
+him farewell. He gave the king many parting counsels and good wishes,
+and then, overlooking the older brother, Prince Henry, he went
+directly to Charles, who was then about two years old, and bowed
+before him, and kissed his hand with the greatest appearance of regard
+and veneration. King James undertook to correct his supposed mistake,
+by telling him that that was his second son, and that the other boy
+was the heir to the crown. "No," said the old laird, "I am not
+mistaken. I know to whom I am speaking. This child, now in his nurse's
+arms, will be greater than his brother. This is the one who is to
+convey his father's name and titles to succeeding generations." This
+prediction was fulfilled; for the robust and healthy Henry died, and
+the feeble and sickly-looking Charles lived and grew, and succeeded,
+in due time, to his father's throne.
+
+Now inasmuch as, at the time when this prediction was uttered, there
+seemed to be little human probability of its fulfillment, it attracted
+attention; its unexpected and startling character made every one
+notice and remember it; and the old laird was at once an object of
+interest and wonder. It is probable that this desire to excite the
+admiration of the auditors, mingled insensibly with a sort of poetic
+enthusiasm, which a rude age and mountainous scenery always inspire,
+was the origin of a great many such predictions as these; and then, in
+the end, those only which turned out to be true were remembered, while
+the rest were forgotten; and this was the way that the reality of such
+prophetic powers came to be generally believed in.
+
+Feeble and uncertain of life as the infant Charles appeared to be,
+they conferred upon him, as is customary in the case of young princes,
+various titles of nobility. He was made a duke, a marquis, an earl,
+and a baron, before he had strength enough to lift up his head in his
+nurse's arms. His title as duke was Duke of Albany; and as this was
+the highest of his nominal honors, he was generally known under that
+designation while he remained in Scotland.
+
+[Illustration: WINDSOR CASTLE.]
+
+When his father left him, in order to go to England and take
+possession of his new throne, he appointed a governess to take charge
+of the health and education of the young duke. This governess was
+Lady Cary. The reason why she was appointed was, not because of her
+possessing any peculiar qualifications for such a charge, but because
+her husband, Sir Robert Cary, had been the messenger employed by the
+English government to communicate to James the death of Elizabeth, and
+to announce to him his accession to the throne. The bearer of good
+news to a monarch must always be rewarded, and James recompensed Sir
+Robert for his service by appointing his wife to the post of governess
+of his infant son. The office undoubtedly had its honors and
+emoluments, with very little of responsibility or care.
+
+One of the chief residences of the English monarchs is Windsor Castle.
+It is situated above London, on the Thames, on the southern shore. It
+is on an eminence overlooking the river and the delightful valley
+through which the river here meanders. In the rear is a very extensive
+park or forest, which is penetrated in every direction by rides and
+walks almost innumerable. It has been for a long time the chief
+country residence of the British kings. It is very spacious,
+containing within its walls many courts and quadrangles, with various
+buildings surrounding them, some ancient and some modern. Here King
+James held his court after his arrival in England, and in about a year
+he sent for the little Charles to join him.
+
+The child traveled very slowly, and by very easy stages, his nurses
+and attendants watching over him with great solicitude all the way.
+The journey was made in the month of October. His mother watched his
+arrival with great interest. Being so feeble and helpless, he was, of
+course, her favorite child. By an instinct which very strongly evinces
+the wisdom and goodness which implanted it, a mother always bestows a
+double portion of her love upon the frail, the helpless, and the
+suffering. Instead of being wearied out with protracted and incessant
+calls for watchfulness and care, she feels only a deeper sympathy and
+love, in proportion to the infirmities which call for them, and thus
+finds her highest happiness in what we might expect would be a
+weariness and a toil.
+
+Little Charles was four years old when he reached Windsor Castle. They
+celebrated his arrival with great rejoicings, and a day or two
+afterward they invested him with the title of Duke of York, a still
+higher distinction than he had before attained. Soon after this, when
+he was perhaps five or six years of age, a gentleman was appointed to
+take the charge of his education. His health gradually improved,
+though he still continued helpless and feeble. It was a long time
+before he could walk, on account of some malformation of his limbs. He
+learned to talk, too, very late and very slowly. Besides the general
+feebleness of his constitution, which kept him back in all these
+things, there was an impediment in his speech, which affected him very
+much in childhood, and which, in fact, never entirely disappeared.
+
+As soon, however, as he commenced his studies under his new tutor, he
+made much greater progress than had been expected. It was soon
+observed that the feebleness which had attached to him pertained more
+to the body than to the mind. He advanced with considerable rapidity
+in his learning. His progress was, in fact, in some degree, promoted
+by his bodily infirmities, which kept him from playing with the other
+boys of the court, and led him to like to be still, and to retire from
+scenes of sport and pleasure which he could not share.
+
+The same cause operated to make him not agreeable as a companion, and
+he was not a favorite among those around him. They called him _Baby_
+Charley. His temper seemed to be in some sense soured by the feeling
+of his inferiority, and by the jealousy he would naturally experience
+in finding himself, the son of a king, so outstripped in athletic
+sports by those whom he regarded as his inferiors in rank and station.
+
+The lapse of a few years, however, after this time, made a total
+change in Charles's position and prospects. His health improved, and
+his constitution began to be confirmed and established. When he was
+about twelve years of age, too, his brother Henry died. This
+circumstance made an entire change in all his prospects of life. The
+eyes of the whole kingdom, and, in fact, of all Europe, were now upon
+him as the future sovereign of England. His sister Elizabeth, who was
+a few years older than himself, was, about this time, married to a
+German prince, with great pomp and ceremony, young Charles acting the
+part of brideman. In consequence of his new position as heir-apparent
+to the throne, he was advanced to new honors, and had new titles
+conferred upon him, until at last, when he was sixteen years of age,
+he was made Prince of Wales, and certain revenues were appropriated to
+support a court for him, that he might be surrounded with external
+circumstances and insignia of rank and power, corresponding with his
+prospective greatness.
+
+In the mean time his health and strength rapidly improved, and with
+the improvement came a taste for manly and athletic sports, and the
+attainment of excellence in them. He gradually acquired great skill in
+all the exploits and performances of the young men of those days, such
+as shooting, riding, vaulting, and tilting at tournaments. From being
+a weak, sickly, and almost helpless child, he became, at twenty, an
+active, athletic young man, full of life and spirit, and ready for any
+romantic enterprise. In fact, when he was twenty-three years old, he
+embarked in a romantic enterprise which attracted the attention of all
+the world. This enterprise will presently be described.
+
+There was at this time, in the court of King James, a man who became
+very famous afterward as a favorite and follower of Charles. He is
+known in history under the name of the Duke of Buckingham. His name
+was originally George Villiers. He was a very handsome young man, and
+he seems to have attracted King James's attention at first on this
+account. James found him a convenient attendant, and made him, at
+last, his principal favorite. He raised him to a high rank, and
+conferred upon him, among other titles, that of Duke of Buckingham.
+The other persons about the court were very envious and jealous of his
+influence and power; but they were obliged to submit to it. He lived
+in great state and splendor, and for many years was looked up to by
+the whole kingdom as one of the greatest personages in the realm. We
+shall learn hereafter how he came to his end.
+
+If the reader imagines, from the accounts which have been given thus
+far in this chapter of the pomp and parade of royalty, of the castles
+and the ceremonies, the titles of nobility, and the various insignia
+of rank and power, which we have alluded to so often, that the mode of
+life which royalty led in those days was lofty, dignified, and truly
+great, he will be very greatly deceived. All these things were merely
+for show--things put on for public display, to gratify pride and
+impress the people, who never looked behind the scenes, with high
+ideas of the grandeur of those who, as they were taught, ruled over
+them by a divine right. It would be hard to find, in any class of
+society except those reputed infamous, more low, gross, and vulgar
+modes of life than have been exhibited generally in the royal palaces
+of Europe for the last five hundred years. King James the First has,
+among English sovereigns, rather a high character for sobriety and
+gravity of deportment, and purity of morals; but the glimpses we get
+of the real, every-day routine of his domestic life, are such as to
+show that the pomp and parade of royalty is mere glittering tinsel,
+after all.
+
+The historians of the day tell such stories as these. The king was at
+one time very dejected and melancholy, when Buckingham contrived this
+plan to amuse him. In the first place, however, we ought to say, in
+order to illustrate the terms on which he and Buckingham lived
+together, that the king always called Buckingham _Steeny_, which was a
+contraction of Stephen. St. Stephen was always represented in the
+Catholic pictures of the saints, as a very handsome man, and
+Buckingham being handsome too, James called him Steeny by way of a
+compliment. Steeny called the king _his dad_, and used to sign
+himself, in his letters, "your slave and dog Steeny." There are extant
+some letters which passed between the king and his favorite, written,
+on the part of the king, in a style of grossness and indecency such
+that the chroniclers of those days said that they were not fit to be
+printed. They would not "blot their pages" with them, they said. King
+Charles's letters were more properly expressed.
+
+To return, then, to our story. The king was very much dejected and
+melancholy. Steeny, in order to divert him, had a pig dressed up in
+the clothes of an infant child. Buckingham's mother, who was a
+countess, personated the nurse, dressed also carefully for the
+occasion. Another person put on a bishop's robes, satin gown, lawn
+sleeves, and the other pontifical ornaments. They also provided a
+baptismal font, a prayer-book, and other things necessary for a
+religious ceremony, and then invited the king to come in to attend a
+baptism. The king came, and the pretended bishop began to read the
+service, the assistants looking gravely on, until the squealing of the
+pig brought all gravity to an end. The king was _not_ pleased; but the
+historian thinks the reason was, not any objection which he had to
+such a profanation, but to his not happening to be in a mood for it at
+that time.
+
+There was a negotiation going on for a long time for a marriage
+between one of the king's sons, first Henry, and afterward Charles,
+and a princess of Spain. At one time the king lost some of the papers,
+and was storming about the palace in a great rage because he could not
+find them. At last he chanced to meet a certain Scotchman, a servant
+of his, named Gib, and, like a vexed and impatient child, who lays the
+charge of a lost plaything upon any body who happens to be at hand to
+receive it, he put the responsibility of the loss of the papers upon
+Gib. "I remember," said he, "I gave them to you to take care of. What
+have you done with them?" The faithful servant fell upon his knees,
+and protested that he had not received them. The king was only made
+the more angry by this contradiction, and kicked the Scotchman as he
+kneeled upon the floor. The man rose and left the apartment, saying,
+"I have always been faithful to your majesty, and have not deserved
+such treatment as this. I can not remain in your service under such a
+degradation. I shall never see you again." He left the palace, and
+went away.
+
+A short time after this, the person to whose custody the king had
+really committed the papers came in, and, on learning that they were
+wanted, produced them. The king was ashamed of his conduct. He sent
+for his Scotch servant again, and was not easy until he was found and
+brought into his presence. The king kneeled before him and asked his
+forgiveness, and said he should not rise until he was forgiven. Gib
+was disposed to evade the request, and urged the king to rise; but
+James would not do so until Gib said he forgave him, in so many words.
+The whole case shows how little of dignity and noble bearing there
+really was in the manners and conduct of the king in his daily life,
+though we are almost ready to overlook the ridiculous childishness and
+folly of his fault, on account of the truly noble frankness and
+honesty with which he acknowledged it.
+
+Thus, though every thing in which royalty appeared before the public
+was conducted with great pomp and parade, this external magnificence
+was then, and always has been, an outside show, without any thing
+corresponding to it within. The great mass of the people of England
+saw only the outside. They gazed with admiration at the spectacle of
+magnificence and splendor which royalty always presented to their
+eyes, whenever they beheld it from the distant and humble points of
+view which their position afforded them. Prince Charles, on the other
+hand, was behind the curtain. His childhood and youth were exposed
+fully to all the real influences of these scenes. The people of
+England submitted to be governed by such men, not because they thought
+them qualified to govern, or that the circumstances under which their
+characters were formed were such as were calculated to form, in a
+proper manner, the minds of the rulers of a Christian people. They did
+not know what those circumstances were. In their conceptions they had
+grand ideas of royal character and life, and imagined the splendid
+palaces which some saw, but more only heard of, at Westminster, were
+filled with true greatness and glory. They were really filled with
+vulgarity, vice, and shame. James was to them King James the First,
+monarch of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, and Charles was
+Charles, Prince of Wales, Duke of York, and heir-apparent to the
+throne. Whereas, within the palace, to all who saw them and knew them
+there, and really, so far as their true moral position was concerned,
+the father was "Old Dad," and the son, what his father always called
+him till he was twenty-four years old, "Baby Charley."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE EXPEDITION INTO SPAIN.
+
+1623
+
+The Palatinate.--Wars between the Protestants and Catholics.--Frederic
+dispossessed of his dominions.--Flees to Holland.--Elizabeth.--James's
+plan.--Donna Maria.--Negotiations with Spain.--Obstacles
+and delays.--Buckingham's proposal.--Nature of the
+adventure.--Buckingham's dissimulation.--Charles persuaded.--James's
+perplexity.--He reluctantly yields.--James's fears.--Royal
+captives.--Buckingham's violence.--Angry disputes.--James's
+distress.--Charles and Buckingham depart.--Charles and Buckingham's
+boisterous conduct.--Arrested at Dover.--Arrival at Paris.--Princess
+Henrietta.--Bourdeaux.--Entrance into Madrid.--Bristol's
+amazement.--Charles's reception.--Grand procession.--Spanish
+etiquette.--The Infanta kept secluded.--Athletic amusements.--Charles
+steals an interview.--Irregularities.--Delays and
+difficulties.--Letters.--The magic picture.--The pope's
+dispensation.--The treaty signed.--Buckingham is hated.--He breaks
+off the match.--Festivities at the Escurial.--Taking leave.--Return
+to London.--The Spanish match broken off.
+
+
+In order that the reader may understand fully the nature of the
+romantic enterprise in which, as we have already said, Prince Charles
+embarked when he was a little over twenty years of age, we must
+premise that Frederic, the German prince who married Charles's sister
+Elizabeth some years before, was the ruler of a country in Germany
+called the Palatinate. It was on the banks of the Rhine. Frederic's
+title, as ruler of this country, was Elector Palatine. There are a
+great many independent states in Germany, whose sovereigns have
+various titles, and are possessed of various prerogatives and powers.
+
+Now it happened that, at this time, very fierce civil wars were raging
+between the Catholics and the Protestants in Germany. Frederic got
+drawn into these wars on the Protestant side. His motive was not any
+desire to promote the progress of what he considered the true faith,
+but only a wish to extend his own dominions, and add to his own
+power, for he had been promised a kingdom, in addition to his
+Palatinate, if he would assist the people of the kingdom to gain the
+victory over their Catholic foes. He embarked in this enterprise
+without consulting with James, his father-in-law, knowing that he
+would probably disapprove of such dangerous ambition. James was, in
+fact, very sorry afterward to hear of Frederic's having engaged in
+such a contest.
+
+The result was quite as disastrous as James feared. Frederic not only
+failed of getting his new kingdom, but he provoked the rage of the
+Catholic powers against whom he had undertaken to contend, and they
+poured a great army into his own original territory, and made an easy
+conquest of it. Frederic fled to Holland, and remained there a
+fugitive and an exile, hoping to obtain help in some way from James,
+in his efforts to recover his lost dominions.
+
+The people of England felt a great interest in Frederic's unhappy
+fate, and were very desirous that James should raise an army and give
+him some efficient assistance. One reason for this was that they were
+Protestants, and they were always ready to embark, on the Protestant
+side, in the Continental quarrels. Another reason was their interest
+in Elizabeth, the wife of Frederic, who had so recently left England a
+blooming bride, and whom they still considered as in some sense
+pertaining to the royal family of England, and as having a right to
+look to all her father's subjects for protection.
+
+But King James himself had no inclination to go to war in such a
+quarrel. He was inactive in mind, and childish, and he had little
+taste for warlike enterprises. He undertook, however, to accomplish
+the object in another way. The King of Spain, being one of the most
+powerful of the Catholic sovereigns, had great influence in all their
+councils. He had also a beautiful daughter, Donna Maria, called, as
+Spanish princesses are styled, the Infanta. Now James conceived the
+design of proposing that his son Charles should marry Donna Maria, and
+that, in the treaty of marriage, there should be a stipulation
+providing that the Palatinate should be restored to Frederic.
+
+These negotiations were commenced, and they went on two or three years
+without making any sensible progress. Donna Maria was a Catholic, and
+Charles a Protestant. Now a Catholic could not marry a Protestant
+without a special dispensation from the pope. To get this
+dispensation required new negotiations and delays. In the midst of it
+all, the King of Spain, Donna Maria's father, died, and his son, her
+brother, named Philip, succeeded him. Then the negotiations had all to
+be commenced anew. It was supposed that the King of Spain did not wish
+to have the affair concluded, but liked to have it in discussion, as
+it tended to keep the King of England more or less under his control.
+So they continued to send embassies back and forth, with drafts of
+treaties, articles, conditions, and stipulations without number. There
+were endless discussions about securing to Donna Maria the full
+enjoyment of the Catholic religion in England, and express agreements
+were proposed and debated in respect to her having a chapel, and
+priests, and the right to celebrate mass, and to enjoy, in fact, all
+the other privileges which she had been accustomed to exercise in her
+own native land. James did not object. He agreed to every thing; but
+still, some how or other, the arrangement could not be closed. There
+was always some pretext for delay.
+
+At last Buckingham proposed to Charles that they two should set off
+for Spain in person, and see if they could not settle the affair.
+Buckingham's motive was partly a sort of reckless daring, which made
+him love any sort of adventure, and partly a desire to circumvent and
+thwart a rival of his, the Earl of Bristol, who had charge of the
+negotiations. It may seem to the reader that a simple journey from
+London to Madrid, of a young man, for the purpose of visiting a lady
+whom he was wishing to espouse, was no such extraordinary undertaking
+as to attract the attention of a spirited young man to it from love of
+adventure. The truth is, however, that, with the ideas that then
+prevailed in respect to royal etiquette, there was something very
+unusual in this plan. The prince and Buckingham knew very well that
+the consent of the statesmen and high officers of the realm could
+never be obtained, and that their only alternative was, accordingly,
+to go off secretly and in disguise.
+
+It seemed, however, to be rather necessary to get the king's consent.
+But Buckingham did not anticipate much difficulty in this, as he was
+accustomed to manage James almost like a child. He had not, however,
+been on very good terms with Charles, having been accustomed to treat
+him in the haughty and imperious manner which James would usually
+yield to, but which Charles was more inclined to resist and resent.
+When Buckingham, at length, conceived of this scheme of going into
+Spain, he changed his deportment toward Charles, and endeavored, by
+artful dissimulation, to gain his kind regard. He soon succeeded, and
+then he proposed his plan.
+
+He represented to Charles that the sole cause of the delays in
+settling the question of his marriage was because it was left so
+entirely in the hands of embassadors, negotiators, and statesmen, who
+involved every thing in endless mazes. "Take the affair into your own
+hands," said he, "like a man. Set off with me, and go at once into
+Spain. Astonish them with your sudden and unexpected presence. The
+Infanta will be delighted at such a proof of your ardor, courage, and
+devotion, and will do all in her power to co-operate with you in
+bringing the affair at once to a close. Besides, the whole world will
+admire the originality and boldness of the achievement."
+
+Charles was easily persuaded. The next thing was to get the king's
+consent. Charles and Buckingham went to his palace one day, and
+watching their opportunity when he was pretty merry with wine,
+Charles said that he had a favor to ask, and wished his father to
+promise to grant it before he knew what it was. James, after some
+hesitation, half in jest and half in earnest, agreed to it. They made
+him promise that he would not tell any one what it was, and then
+explained their plan. The king was thunderstruck; his amazement
+sobered him at once. He retracted his promise. He never could consent
+to any such scheme.
+
+Buckingham here interposed with his aid. He told the king it was
+perfectly safe for the prince to go, and that this measure was the
+only plan which could bring the marriage treaty to a close. Besides,
+he said, if he and the prince were there, they could act far more
+effectually than any embassadors in securing the restoration of the
+Palatinate to Frederic. James could not withstand these entreaties and
+arguments, and he finally gave a reluctant consent to the plan.
+
+He repented, however, as soon as the consent was given, and when
+Charles and Buckingham came next to see him, he said it must be given
+up. One great source of his anxiety was a fear that his son might be
+taken and kept a prisoner, either in France or Spain, and detained a
+long time in captivity. Such a captive was always, in those days, a
+very tempting prize to a rival power. Personages of very high rank may
+be held in imprisonment, while all the time those who detain them may
+pretend not to confine them at all, the guards and sentinels being
+only marks of regal state, and indications of the desire of the power
+into whose hands they have fallen to treat them in a manner comporting
+with their rank. Then there were always, in those days, questions and
+disputes pending between the rival courts of England, France, and
+Spain, out of which it was easy to get a pretext for detaining any
+strolling prince who might cross the frontier, as security for the
+fulfillment of some stipulation, or for doing some act of justice
+claimed. James, knowing well how much faith and honor were to be
+expected of kings and courts, was afraid to trust his son in French or
+Spanish dominions. He said he certainly could not consent to his
+going, without first sending to _France_, at least, for a
+safe-conduct--that is, a paper from the government, pledging the honor
+of the king not to molest or interrupt him in his journey through his
+dominions.
+
+Buckingham, instead of attempting to reassure the king by fresh
+arguments and persuasions, broke out into a passion, accused him of
+violating his promise not to reveal their plan to any one, as he knew,
+he said, that this new opposition had been put into his head by some
+of his counselors to whom he had made known the design. The king
+denied this, and was terrified, agitated, and distressed by
+Buckingham's violence. He wept like a child. His opposition at length
+gave way a second time, and he said they might go. They named two
+attendants whom they wanted to go with them. One was an officer of the
+king's household, named Collington, who was then in the anteroom. They
+asked the king to call him in, to see if he would go. When Collington
+came in, the king accosted him with, "Here's Steeny and Baby Charley
+that want to go to Spain and fetch the Infanta. What think you of it?"
+Collington did not think well of it at all. There followed a new
+relapse on the part of the king from his consent, a new storm of anger
+from Buckingham, more sullen obstinacy on the part of Charles, with
+profane criminations and recriminations one against another. The whole
+scene was what, if it had occurred any where else than in a palace,
+would have been called a brawl.
+
+It ended, as brawls usually do, in the triumph of the most
+unreasonable and violent. James threw himself upon a bed which was in
+the room, weeping bitterly, and saying that they would go, and he
+should lose his Baby Charley. Considering that Charles was now the
+monarch's only child remaining at home, and that, as heir to the
+crown, his life was of great consequence to the realm, it is not
+surprising that his father was distressed at the idea of his exposing
+himself to danger on such an expedition; but one not accustomed to
+what is behind the scenes in royal life would expect a little more
+dignity and propriety in the mode of expressing paternal solicitude
+from a king.
+
+Charles and Buckingham set off secretly from London; their two
+attendants were to join them in different places--the last at Dover,
+where they were to embark. They laid aside all marks of distinction in
+dress, such as persons of high rank used to wear in those days, and
+took the garb of the common people. They put on wigs, also, the hair
+of which was long, so as to shade the face and alter the expression of
+their countenances. These external disguises, however, were all that
+they could command. They could not assume the modest and quiet air
+and manner of persons in the ordinary walks of life, but made such
+displays, and were so liberal in the use of their money, and carried
+such an air and manner in all that they did and said, that all who had
+any intercourse with them perceived that they were in disguise. They
+were supposed to be wild blades, out on some frolic or other, but
+still they were allowed to pass along without any molestation.
+
+They were, however, stopped at Dover, where in some way they attracted
+the attention of the mayor of the town. Dover is on the Channel,
+opposite to Calais, at the narrowest point. It was, of course,
+especially in those days, the point where the principal intercourse
+between the two nations centered. The magistrates of the two towns
+were obliged, consequently, to be on the alert, to prevent the escape
+of fugitives and criminals, as well as to guard against the efforts of
+smugglers, or the entrance of spies or other secret enemies. The Mayor
+of Dover arrested our heroes. They told him that their names were Tom
+Smith and Jack Smith; these, in fact, were the names with which they
+had traveled through England thus far. They said that they were
+traveling for amusement. The mayor did not believe them. He thought
+they were going across to the French coast to fight a duel. This was
+often done in those days. They then told him that they were indeed
+persons of rank in disguise, and that they were going to inspect the
+English fleet. He finally allowed them to embark.
+
+On landing at Calais, they traveled post to Paris, strictly preserving
+their incognito, but assuming such an air and bearing as to create the
+impression that they were not what they pretended. When they reached
+Paris, Buckingham could not resist the temptation of showing Charles a
+little of life, and he contrived to get admitted to a party at court,
+where Charles saw, among other ladies who attracted his attention, the
+Princess Henrietta. He was much struck with her beauty and grace, but
+he little thought that it was this princess, and not the Infanta whom
+he was going in pursuit of, who was really to become his wife, and the
+future Queen of England.
+
+The young travelers thought it not prudent to remain long in Paris,
+and they accordingly left that city, and pressed forward as rapidly as
+possible toward the Spanish frontier. They managed, however, to
+conduct always in such a way as to attract attention. Although they
+were probably sincerely desirous of not having their true rank and
+character known, still they could not resist the temptation to assume
+such an air and bearing as to make people wonder who they were, and
+thus increase the spirit and adventure of their journey. At Bourdeaux
+they received invitations from some grandees to be present at some
+great gala, but they declined, saying that they were only poor
+gentlemen traveling to inform their minds, and were not fit to appear
+in such gay assemblies.
+
+At last they approached Madrid. They had, besides Collington, another
+attendant who spoke the Spanish language, and served them as an
+interpreter. They separated from these two the day before they entered
+Madrid, so as to attract the less attention. Their attendants were to
+be left behind for a day, and afterward were to follow them into the
+city. The British embassador at Madrid at this time was the Earl of
+Bristol. He had had charge of all the negotiations in respect to the
+marriage, and to the restoration of the Palatinate, and believed that
+he had brought them almost to a successful termination. He lived in a
+palace in Madrid, and, as is customary with the embassadors of great
+powers at the courts of great powers, in a style of the highest pomp
+and splendor.
+
+Buckingham took the prince directly to Bristol's house. Bristol was
+utterly confounded at seeing them. Nothing could be worse, he said, in
+respect to the completion of the treaty, than the prince's presence in
+Madrid. The introduction of so new and extraordinary an element into
+the affair would undo all that had been done, and lead the King of
+Spain to begin anew, and go over all the ground again. In speaking of
+this occurrence to another, he said that just as he was on the point
+of coming to a satisfactory conclusion of his long negotiations and
+toils, a demon in the shape of Prince Charles came suddenly upon the
+stage to thwart and defeat them all.
+
+The Spanish court was famous in those days--in fact, it has always
+been famous--for its punctilious attention to etiquette and parade;
+and as soon as the prince's arrival was known to the king, he
+immediately began to make preparations to welcome him with all
+possible pomp and ceremony. A great procession was made through the
+Prado, which is a street in Madrid famous for promenades, processions,
+and public displays of all kinds. In moving through the city on this
+occasion, the king and Prince Charles walked together, the monarch
+thus treating the prince as his equal. There was a great canopy of
+state borne over their heads as they moved along. This canopy was
+supported by a large number of persons of the highest rank. The
+streets, and the windows and balconies of the houses on each side,
+were thronged with spectators, dressed in the gay and splendid court
+dresses of those times. When they reached the end of the route, and
+were about to enter the gate of the palace, there was a delay to
+decide which should enter first, the king and the prince each
+insisting on giving the precedence to the other. At last it was
+settled by their both going in together.
+
+If the prince thus, on the one hand, derived some benefit in the
+gratification of his pride by the Spanish etiquette and parade, he
+suffered some inconvenience and disappointment from it, on the other
+hand, by its excluding him from all intercourse or acquaintance with
+the Infanta. It was not proper for the young man to see or to speak to
+the young lady, in such a case as this, until the arrangements had
+been more fully matured. The formalities of the engagement must have
+proceeded beyond the point which they had yet reached, before the
+bridegroom could be admitted to a personal interview with the bride.
+It is true, he could see her in public, where she was in a crowd, with
+other ladies of the court, and where he could have no communication
+with her; but this was all. They arranged it, however, to give Charles
+as many opportunities of this kind as possible. There were shows, in
+which the prince could see the Infanta among the spectators; and they
+arranged tiltings and ridings at the ring, and other athletic sports,
+such as Charles excelled in, and let him perform his exploits in her
+presence. His rivals in these contests did not have the incivility to
+conquer him, and his performances excited expressions, at least, of
+universal admiration.
+
+But the prince and Buckingham did not very willingly submit to the
+stiffness and formality of the Spanish court. As soon as they came to
+feel a little at home, they began to act with great freedom. At one
+time the prince learned that the Infanta was going, early in the
+morning, to take a walk in some private pleasure grounds, at a country
+house in the neighborhood of Madrid, and he conceived the design of
+gaining an interview with her there by stealth. He accordingly
+repaired to the place, got admitted in some way within the precincts
+of the palace, and contrived to clamber over a high wall which
+separated him from the grounds in which the Infanta was walking, and
+so let himself down into her presence. The accounts do not state
+whether she herself was pleased or alarmed, but the officer who had
+her in charge, an old nobleman, was very much alarmed, and begged the
+prince to retire, as he himself would be subject to a very severe
+punishment if it were known that he had allowed such an interview.
+Finally they opened the door, and the prince went out. Many people
+were pleased with this and similar adventures of the prince and of
+Buckingham, but the leading persons about the court were displeased
+with them. Their precise and formal notions of propriety were very
+much shocked by such freedoms.
+
+Besides, it was soon found that the characters of these high-born
+visitors, especially that of Buckingham, were corrupt, and their lives
+very irregular. Buckingham was accustomed to treat King James in a
+very bold, familiar, and imperious manner, and he fell insensibly into
+the same habits of intercourse with those about him in Spain. The
+little reserve and caution which he manifested at first soon wore off,
+and he began to be very generally disliked. In the mean time the
+negotiation was, as Bristol had expected, very much put back by the
+prince's arrival. The King of Spain formed new plans, and thought of
+new conditions to impose. The Catholics, too, thought that Charles's
+coming thus into a Catholic country, indicated some leaning, on his
+part, toward the Catholic faith. The pope actually wrote him a long
+letter, the object of which was to draw him off from the ranks of
+Protestantism. Charles wrote a civil, but rather an evasive reply.
+
+In the mean time, King James wrote childish letters from time to time
+to his two dear boys, as he called them, and he sent them a great many
+presents of jewelry and splendid dresses, some for them to wear
+themselves, and some for the prince to offer as gifts to the Infanta.
+Among these, he describes, in one of his letters, a little mirror, set
+in a case which was to be worn hung at the girdle. He wrote to Charles
+that when he gave this mirror to the Infanta, he must tell her that it
+was a picture which he had had imbued with magical virtue by means of
+incantations and charms, so that whenever she looked into it, she
+would see a portrait of the most beautiful princess in England,
+France, or Spain.
+
+At last the great obstacle in the way of the conclusion of the treaty
+of marriage, which consisted in the delays and difficulties in getting
+the pope's dispensation, was removed. The dispensation came. But then
+the King of Spain wanted some new guarantees in respect to the
+privileges of Catholics in England, under pretense of securing more
+perfectly the rights of the Infanta and of her attendants when they
+should have arrived in that country. The truth was, he probably wished
+to avail himself of the occasion to gain some foothold for the
+Catholic faith in England, which country had become almost entirely
+Protestant. At length, however, all obstacles seemed to be removed,
+and the treaty was signed. The news of it was received with great joy
+in England, as it seemed to secure a permanent alliance between the
+two powerful countries of England and Spain. Great celebrations took
+place in London, to do honor to the occasion. A chapel was built for
+the Infanta, to be ready for her on her arrival; and a fleet was
+fitted out to convey her and her attendants to her new home.
+
+In the mean time, however, although the king had signed the treaty,
+there was a strong party formed against the marriage in Spain.
+Buckingham was hated and despised. Charles, they saw, was almost
+entirely under his influence. They said they would rather see the
+Infanta in her grave than in the hands of such men. Buckingham became
+irritated by the hostility he had awakened, and he determined to break
+off the match entirely. He wrote home to James that he did not believe
+the Spanish court had any intention of carrying the arrangement really
+into effect; that they were procrastinating the affair on every
+possible pretext, and that he was really afraid that, if the prince
+were to attempt to leave the country, they would interpose and detain
+him as a prisoner. King James was very much alarmed. He wrote in the
+greatest trepidation, urging "the lads" to come away immediately,
+leaving a proxy behind them, if necessary, for the solemnization of
+the marriage. This was what Buckingham wanted, and he and the prince
+began to make preparations for their departure.
+
+The King of Spain, far from interposing any obstacles in the way, only
+treated them with greater and higher marks of respect as the time of
+their separation from his court drew nigh. He arranged great and
+pompous ceremonies to honor their departure. He accompanied them, with
+all the grandees of the court, as far as to the Escurial, which is a
+famous royal palace not far from Madrid, built and furnished in the
+most sumptuous style of magnificence and splendor. Here they had
+parting feasts and celebrations. Here the prince took his leave of the
+Infanta, Bristol serving as interpreter, to translate his parting
+speeches into Spanish, so that she could understand them. From the
+Escurial the prince and Buckingham, with a great many English noblemen
+who had followed them to Madrid, and a great train of attendants,
+traveled toward the seacoast, where a fleet of vessels were ready to
+receive them.
+
+[Illustration: THE ESCURIAL.]
+
+They embarked at a port called St. Andrew. They came very near being
+lost in a storm of mist and rain which came upon them while going out
+to the ships, which were at a distance from the shore, in small boats
+provided to convey them. Having escaped this danger, they arrived
+safely at Portsmouth, the great landing point of the British navy on
+the southern shores of England, and thence proceeded to London.
+They sent back orders that the proxy should not be used, and the match
+was finally abandoned, each party accusing the other of duplicity and
+bad faith. King James was however, very glad to get his son safe back
+again, and the people made as many bonfires and illuminations to
+celebrate the breaking up of this Catholic match, as they had done
+before to do honor to its supposed completion. As all hope of
+recovering the Palatinate by negotiation was now past, the king began
+to prepare for the attempt to conquer it by force of arms.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+ACCESSION TO THE THRONE.
+
+1625
+
+James prepares for war.--He falls ill.--Suspicions.--Death of
+James.--Accession of Charles.--Different ideas of the nature and
+end of government.--Hereditary succession illustrated by an
+argument.--Property and prerogatives.--Hereditary succession an
+absolute right.--Three things hereditary in England.--The
+Stuarts.--Parliament.--The Legislature in the United States.--The
+nature of Parliament.--The nobles.--The House of Commons.--Its humble
+position.--The king's power over Parliament.--His responsibility.--An
+illustration.--James's message to Parliament.--Its high
+tone.--Privileges of the House of Commons.--The king's
+prerogatives.--Charles's contest with Parliament.--Present condition
+of the Commons.--Its vast influence.--Old forms still retained.--Will
+probably be changed.--Effects of a demise of the crown.--All offices
+expire.--Westminster.--The Strand.--Temple Bar.--Somerset
+House.--James's funeral.--Marriage of Charles.--Imposing
+ceremonies.--Arrival of the bride at London.--Her residence.
+
+
+King James made slow progress in his military preparations. He could
+not raise the funds without the action of Parliament, and the houses
+were not in very good humor. The expenses of the prince's visit to
+Spain had been enormous, and other charges, arising out of the pomp
+and splendor with which the arrangements of the court were maintained,
+gave them a strong feeling of discontent. They had other grievances of
+which they were disposed to complain, and they began to look upon this
+war, notwithstanding its Protestant character, as one in which the
+king was only striving to recover his son-in-law's dominions, and,
+consequently, as one which pertained more to his personal interests
+than to the public welfare of the realm.
+
+While things were in this state the king fell sick. The mother of the
+Duke of Buckingham undertook to prescribe for him. It was understood
+that Buckingham himself, who had, in the course of the Spanish
+enterprise, and since his return, acquired an entire ascendency over
+Charles, was not unwilling that his old master should leave the stage,
+and the younger one reign in his stead; and that his mother shared in
+this feeling. At any rate, her prescriptions made the king much worse.
+He had the sacrament administered to him in his sick chamber, and said
+that he derived great comfort from it. One morning, very early, he
+sent for the prince to come and see him. Charles rose, dressed
+himself, and came. His father had something to say to him, and tried
+to speak. He could not. His strength was too far gone. He fell back
+upon his pillow, and died.
+
+Charles was, of course, now king. The theory in the English monarchy
+is, that the king never dies. So soon as the person in whom the royal
+sovereignty resides ceases to breathe, the principle of supremacy
+vests immediately in his successor, by a law of transmission entirely
+independent of the will of man. The son becomes king by a divine
+right. His being proclaimed and crowned, as he usually is, at some
+convenient time early in his reign, are not ceremonies which _make_
+him king. They only acknowledge him to be so. He does not, in any
+sense, derive his powers and prerogatives from these acts. He only
+receives from his people, by means of them, a recognition of his right
+to the high office to which he has already been inducted by the fiat
+of Heaven.
+
+It will be observed, thus, that the ideas which prevailed in respect
+to the nature and province of government, were very different in
+England at that time, from those which are entertained in America at
+the present day. With us, the administration of government is merely a
+_business_, transacted for the benefit of the people by their
+agents--men who are put in power for this purpose, and who, like other
+agents, are responsible to their principals for the manner in which
+they fulfill their trusts. But government in England was, in the days
+of the Stuarts--and it is so to a great extent at the present day--a
+_right_ which one family possessed, and which entitled that family to
+certain immunities, powers, and prerogatives, which they held entirely
+independent of any desire, on the part of the people, that they should
+exercise them, or even their _consent_ that they should do so. The
+right to govern the realm of Great Britain was a sort of estate which
+descended to Charles from his ancestors, and with the possession and
+enjoyment of which the community had no right to interfere.
+
+This seems, at first view, very absurd to us, but it is not
+particularly absurd. Charles's lawyers would say to any plain
+proprietor of a piece of land, who might call in question his right to
+govern the country, The king holds his crown by precisely the same
+tenure that you hold your farm. Why should you be the exclusive
+possessor of that land, while so many poor beggars are starving?
+Because it has descended to you from your ancestors, and nothing has
+descended to them. And it is precisely so that the right to manage the
+fleets and armies, and to administer the laws of the realm, has
+descended, under the name of _sovereignty_, to him, and no such
+political power has descended to you.
+
+True, the farmer would reply; but in matters of government we are to
+consider what will promote the general good. The great object to be
+attained is the welfare and happiness of the community. Now, if this
+general welfare comes into competition with the supposed rights of
+individuals, arising from such a principle as hereditary succession,
+the latter ought certainly to yield.
+
+But why, might the lawyer reply, should rights founded on hereditary
+succession yield any more readily in the case of _government_ than in
+the case of _property_? The distribution of property influences the
+general welfare quite as much as the management of power. Suppose it
+were proved that the general welfare of your parish would be promoted
+by the division of your land among the destitute there. You have
+nothing to oppose to such a proposition but your hereditary right. And
+the king has that to oppose to any plan of a division of his
+prerogatives and powers among the people who would like to share them.
+
+Whatever may be thought of this reasoning on this side of the
+Atlantic, and at the present day, it was considered very satisfactory
+in England two or three centuries ago. The true and proper
+jurisdiction of an English monarch, as it had existed from ancient
+times, was considered as an _absolute right_, vesting in each
+successive inheritor of the crown, and which the community could not
+justly interfere with or disturb for any reasons less imperious than
+such as would authorize an interference with the right of succession
+to private property. Indeed, it is probable that, with most men at
+that time, an inherited right to _govern_ was regarded as the most
+sacred of the two.
+
+The fact seems to be, that the right of a son to come into the place
+of his father, whether in respect to property, power, or social rank,
+is not a natural, inherent, and indefeasible right, but a _privilege_
+which society accords, as a matter of convenience and expediency. In
+England, expediency is, on the whole, considered to require that all
+three of these things, viz., property, rank, and power, in certain
+cases, should descend from father to son. In this country, on the
+other hand, we confine the hereditament to property, abrogating it in
+the case of rank and power. In neither case is there probably any
+absolute natural right, but a conventional right is allowed to take
+its place in one, or another, or all of these particulars, according
+to the opinion of the community in respect to what its true interests
+and the general welfare, on the whole, require.
+
+The kings themselves of this Stuart race--which race includes Mary
+Queen of Scots, the mother of the line, and James I., Charles I.,
+Charles II., and James II.--entertained very high ideas of these
+hereditary rights of theirs to govern the realm of England. They felt
+a determination to maintain these rights and powers at all hazards.
+Charles ascended the throne with these feelings, and the chief point
+of interest in the history of his reign is the contest in which he
+engaged with the English people in his attempts to maintain them.
+
+The body with which the king came most immediately into conflict in
+this long struggle for ascendency, was the Parliament. And here
+American readers are very liable to fall into a mistake by considering
+the houses of Parliament as analogous to the houses of legislation in
+the various governments of this country. In our governments the chief
+magistrate has only to execute definite and written laws and
+ordinances, passed by the Legislature, and which the Legislature may
+pass with or without his consent; and when enacted, he must be
+governed by them. Thus the president or the governor is, in a certain
+sense, the agent and officer of the legislative power of the state, to
+carry into effect its decisions, and this _legislative_ power has
+really the control.
+
+By the ancient Constitution of England, however, the Parliament was
+merely a body of counselors, as it were, summoned by the king to give
+him their advice, to frame for him such laws as he wished to have
+framed, and to aid him in raising funds by taxing the people. The king
+might call this council or not, as he pleased. There was no necessity
+for calling it unless he needed more funds than he could raise by his
+own resources. When called, they felt that they had come, in a great
+measure, to aid the king in doing his will. When they framed a law,
+they sent it to him, and if he was satisfied with it, he _made it
+law_. It was the king who really enacted it. If he did not approve the
+law, he wrote upon the parchment which contained it, "The king will
+think of it," and that was the end. The king would call upon them to
+assess a tax and collect the money, and would talk to them about his
+plans, and his government, and the aid which he desired from them to
+enable him to accomplish what he had himself undertaken. In fact, the
+king was the government, and the houses of Parliament his instruments
+to aid him in giving effect to his decrees.
+
+The nobles, that is, the heads of the great families, and also the
+bishops, who were the heads of the various dioceses of the Church
+formed one branch of this great council. This was called the House of
+Lords. Certain representatives of the counties and of the towns
+formed another branch, called the House of Commons. These delegates
+came to the council, not from any right which the counties and towns
+were supposed to possess to a share in the government, but simply
+because they were summoned by the king to come and give him their aid.
+They were to serve without pay, as a matter of duty which they owed to
+the sovereign. Those that came from counties were called knights, and
+those from the towns burgesses. These last were held in very little
+estimation. The towns, in those days, were considered as mere
+collections of shopkeepers and tradesmen, who were looked down upon
+with much disdain by the haughty nobles. When the king called his
+Parliament together, and went in to address them, he entered the
+chamber of the House of Peers, and the commons were called in, to
+stand where they could, with their heads uncovered, to hear what he
+had to say. They were, in a thousand other ways, treated as an
+inferior class; but still their counsels might, in some cases, be of
+service, and so they were summoned to attend, though they were to meet
+always, and deliberate, in a separate chamber.
+
+As the king could call the Parliament together at any time and place
+he pleased, so he could suspend or terminate their sittings at any
+time. He could intermit the action of a Parliament for a time, sending
+the members to their homes until he should summon them again. This was
+called a _prorogation_. Or he could dissolve the body entirely at any
+time, and then require new elections for a new Parliament whenever he
+wished to avail himself of the wisdom or aid of such a body again.
+
+Thus every thing went on the supposition that the real responsibility
+for the government was with the king. He was the monarch, and the real
+sovereignty vested in him. He called his nobles, and a delegation from
+the mass of the people, together, whenever he wanted their help, and
+not otherwise. He was responsible, not to them nor to the people at
+large, but to God only, for the acts of his administration. The duty
+of Parliament was limited to that of aiding him in carrying out his
+plans of government, and the people had nothing to do but to be
+obedient, submissive, and loyal. These were, at any rate, the ideas of
+the kings, and all the forms of the English Constitution and the
+ancient phraseology in which the transactions are expressed,
+correspond with them.
+
+We can not give a better proof and illustration of what has been said
+than by transcribing the substance of one of King James's messages to
+his Parliament, delivered about the close of his life, and, of course,
+at the period of which we are writing. It was as follows:
+
+     "My Lords spiritual and temporal, and you the Commons: In my last
+     Parliament I made long discourses, especially to them of the
+     Lower House. I did open the true thought of my heart. But I may
+     say with our Savior, 'I have piped to you and ye have not danced;
+     I have mourned to you and you have not lamented;' so all my
+     sayings turned to me again without any success. And now, to tell
+     the reasons of your calling and of this meeting, apply it to
+     yourselves, and spend not the time in long speeches. Consider
+     that the Parliament is a thing composed of a head and a body; the
+     monarch and the two estates. It was, first, a monarchy; then,
+     after, a Parliament. There are no Parliaments but in monarchical
+     governments; for in Venice, the Netherlands, and other free
+     governments there are none. The head is to call the body
+     together; and for the clergy the bishops are chief, for shires
+     their knights, for towns and cities their burgesses and citizens.
+     These are to treat of difficult matters, and counsel their king
+     with their best advice to make laws[A] for the commonweal and the
+     Lower House is also to petition the king and acquaint him with
+     their grievances, and not to meddle with the king's prerogative.
+     They are to offer supply for his necessity, and he to distribute,
+     in recompense thereof, justice and mercy. As in all Parliaments
+     it is the _king's_ office to make good laws, whose fundamental
+     cause is the people's ill manners, so at this time.
+
+[Footnote A: Meaning advice to him how he shall make laws, as is
+evident from what is said below.]
+
+     "For a supply to my necessities, I have reigned eighteen years,
+     in which I have had peace, and I have received far less supply
+     than hath been given to any king since the Conquest. The last
+     queen had, one year with another, above a hundred thousand pounds
+     per annum in subsidies; and in all my time I have had but four
+     subsidies and six fifteens[B]. It is ten years since I had a
+     subsidy, in all which time I have been sparing to trouble you. I
+     have turned myself as nearly to save expenses as I may. I have
+     abated much in my household expenses, in my navies, and the
+     charge of my munition."
+
+[Footnote B: Species of taxes granted by Parliament.]
+
+After speaking about the affairs of the Palatinate, and calling upon
+the Parliament to furnish him with money to recover it for his
+son-in-law, he adds:
+
+     "Consider the trade for the making thereof better, and show me
+     the reason why my mint, these eight or nine years, hath not gone.
+     I confess I have been liberal in my grants; but if I be informed,
+     I will amend all hurtful grievances. But whoever shall hasten
+     after grievances, and desire to make himself popular he hath the
+     spirit of Satan. I was, in my first Parliament, a novice; and in
+     my last, there was a kind of beasts, called _undertakers_, a
+     dozen of whom undertook to govern the last Parliament, and they
+     led me. I shall thank _you_ for your good office, and desire that
+     the world may say well of our agreement."
+
+This kind of harangue from the king to his Parliament seems not to
+have been considered at the time, at all extraordinary; though, if
+such a message were to be sent, at the present day, to a body of
+legislators, whether by a king or a president, it would certainly
+produce a sensation.
+
+Still, notwithstanding what we have said, the Parliament did contrive
+gradually to attain to the possession of some privileges and powers of
+its own. The English people have a great deal of independence and
+spirit, though Americans traveling there, with ideas carried from this
+country, are generally surprised at finding so little instead of so
+much. The knights and burgesses of the House of Commons, though they
+submitted patiently to the forms of degradation which the lords and
+kings imposed upon them, gradually got possession of certain powers
+which they claimed as their own, and which they showed a strong
+disposition to defend. They claimed the exclusive right to lay taxes
+of every kind. This had been the usage so long, that they had the same
+right to it that the king had to his crown. They had a right too, to
+petition the king for a redress of any grievances which they supposed
+the people were suffering under his reign. These, and certain other
+powers and immunities which they had possessed, were called their
+_privileges_. The king's rights were, on the other hand, called his
+_prerogatives_. The Parliament were always endeavoring to extend,
+define, and establish their privileges. The king was equally bent on
+maintaining his ancient prerogatives. King Charles's reign derives its
+chief interest from the long and insane contest which he waged with
+his Parliament on this question. The contest commenced at the king's
+accession to the throne, and lasted a quarter of a century: it ended
+with his losing all his prerogatives and his head.
+
+This circumstance, that the main interest in King Charles's reign is
+derived from his contest with his Parliament, has made it necessary to
+explain somewhat fully, as we have done, the nature of that body. We
+have described it as it was in the days of the Stuarts; but, in order
+not to leave any wrong impression on the mind of the reader in regard
+to its present condition, we must add, that though all its external
+forms remain the same, the powers and functions of the body have
+greatly changed. The despised and contemned knights and burgesses,
+that were not worthy to have seats provided for them when the king was
+delivering them his speech, now rule the world; or, at least, come
+nearer to the possession of that dominion than any other power has
+ever done, in ancient or modern times. They decide who shall
+administer the government, and in what way. They make the laws, settle
+questions of trade and commerce, decide really on peace and war, and,
+in a word, hold the whole control, while the nominal sovereign takes
+rides in the royal parks, or holds drawing-rooms in the palaces, in
+empty and powerless parade. There is no question that the British
+House of Commons has exerted a far wider influence on the destinies of
+the human race than any other governmental power that has ever
+existed. It has gone steadily on for five, and perhaps for ten
+centuries, in the same direction and toward the same ends; and
+whatever revolutions may threaten other elements of European power,
+the British House of Commons, in some form or other, is as sure as any
+thing human can be of existence and power for five or ten centuries to
+come.
+
+And yet it is one of the most remarkable of the strange phenomena of
+social life, that this body, standing at the head, as it really does,
+of all human power, submits patiently still to all the marks and
+tokens of inferiority and degradation which accompanied its origin. It
+comes together when the sovereign sends writs, _ordering_ the several
+constituencies to choose their representatives, and the
+representatives to assemble. It comes humbly into the House of Peers
+to listen to the instructions of the sovereign at the opening of the
+session, the members in a standing position, and with heads
+uncovered.[C] It debates these suggestions with forms and in a
+phraseology which imply that it is only considering what _counsel_ to
+give the king. It enacts nothing--it only recommends; and it holds its
+existence solely at the discretion of the great imaginary power which
+called it into being. These forms may, very probably, soon be changed
+for others more true to the facts; and the principle of election may
+be changed, so as to make the body represent more fully the general
+population of the empire; but the body itself will doubtless continue
+its action for a very long period to come.
+
+[Footnote C: Even in the case of a committee of conference between the
+two houses, the lords have _seats_ in the committee-room and wear
+their hats. The members from the commons must _stand_, and be
+uncovered during the deliberations!]
+
+According to the view of the subject which we have presented, it
+would of course follow, as the real sovereignty was mainly in the
+king's hands, that at the death of one monarch and the accession of
+another, the functions of all officers holding their places under the
+authority of the former would cease. This was actually the case. And
+it shows how entirely the Parliament was considered as the instrument
+and creation of the king, that on the death of a king, the Parliament
+immediately expired. The new monarch must make a new Parliament, if he
+wished one, to help him carry out his own plans. In the same manner
+almost all other offices expired. As it would be extremely
+inconvenient or impossible to appoint anew all the officers of such a
+realm on a sudden emergency, it is usual for the king to issue a
+decree renewing the appointments of the existing incumbents of these
+offices. Thus King Charles, two days after his father's death, made it
+his first act to renew the appointments of the members of his father's
+privy council, of the foreign embassadors, and of the judges of the
+courts, in order that the affairs of the empire might go on without
+interruption. He also issued summonses for calling a Parliament, and
+then made arrangements for the solemnization of his father's funeral.
+
+[Illustration: ST. STEPHEN'S.]
+
+The scene of these transactions was what was, in those days, called
+Westminster. Minster means cathedral. A cathedral church had been
+built, and an abbey founded, at a short distance west from London,
+near the mouth of the Thames. The church was called the West
+_minster_, and the abbey, Westminster Abbey. The town afterward took
+the same name. The street leading to the city of London from
+Westminster was called the Strand; it lay along the shore of the
+river. The gate by which the city of London was entered on this side
+was called Temple Bar, on account of a building just within the walls,
+at that point, which was called the Temple. In process of time, London
+expanded beyond its bounds and spread westward. The Strand became a
+magnificent street of shops and stores. Westminster was filled with
+palaces and houses of the nobility, the whole region being entirely
+covered with streets and edifices of the greatest magnificence and
+splendor. Westminster is now called the West End of London, though the
+jurisdiction of the city still ends at Temple Bar.
+
+Parliament held its sessions in a building near the shore, called St.
+Stephen's. The king's palace, called St. James's Palace, was near.
+The old church became a place of sepulture for the English kings,
+where a long line of them now repose. The palace of King James's wife,
+Anne of Denmark, was on the bank of the river, some distance down the
+Strand. She called it, during her life, Denmark House, in honor of her
+native land. Its name is now Somerset House.
+
+King James's funeral was attended with great pomp. The body was
+conveyed from Somerset House to its place of repose in the Abbey, and
+attended by a great procession. King Charles walked as chief mourner.
+Two earls attended him, one on each side, and the train of his robes
+was borne by twelve peers of the realm. The expenses of this funeral
+amounted to a sum equal to two hundred thousand dollars.
+
+One thing more is to be stated before we can consider Charles as
+fairly entered upon his career, and that is the circumstance of his
+marriage. His father James, so soon as he found the negotiations with
+Spain must be finally abandoned, opened a new negotiation with the
+King of France for his daughter Henrietta Maria. After some delay,
+this arrangement was concluded upon. The treaty of marriage was made,
+and soon after the old king's death, Charles began to think of
+bringing home his bride.
+
+He accordingly made out a commission for a nobleman, appointed for the
+purpose, to act in his name, in the performance of the ceremony at
+Paris. The pope's dispensation was obtained, Henrietta Maria, as well
+as the Infanta, being a Catholic. The ceremony was performed, as such
+ceremonies usually were in Paris, in the famous church of Notre Dame,
+where Charles's grandmother, Mary Queen of Scots, had been married to
+a prince of France about seventy years before.
+
+There was a great theater, or platform, erected in front of the altar
+in the church, which was thronged by the concourse of spectators who
+rushed to witness the ceremony. The beautiful princess was married by
+proxy to a man in another kingdom, whom she had never seen, or, at
+least, never known. It is not probable that she observed him at the
+time when he was, for one evening, in her presence, on his journey
+through Paris. The Duke of Buckingham had been sent over by Charles to
+conduct home his bride. Ships were waiting at Boulogne, a port nearly
+opposite to Dover, to take her and her attendants on board. She bade
+farewell to the palaces of Paris, and set out on her journey.[D]
+
+[Footnote D: See portrait at the commencement of this volume.]
+
+The king, in the mean time, had gone to Dover, where he awaited her
+arrival. She landed at Dover on the day after sailing from Boulogne,
+sea-sick and sad. The king received his bride, and with their
+attendants they went by carriages to Canterbury, and on the following
+day they entered London. Great preparations had been made for
+receiving the king and his consort in a suitable manner; but London
+was, at this time, in a state of great distress and fear on account of
+the plague which had broken out there. The disease had increased
+during the king's absence, and the alarm and anxiety were so great,
+that the rejoicings on account of the arrival of the queen were
+omitted. She journeyed quietly, therefore, to Westminster, and took up
+her abode at Somerset House, which had been the residence of her
+predecessor. They had fitted it up for her reception, providing for
+it, among other conveniences, a Roman Catholic chapel, where she could
+enjoy the services of religion in the forms to which she had been
+accustomed.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+BUCKINGHAM.
+
+1625-1628
+
+Charles's accession.--Leading events of his reign.--Buckingham.--His
+influence over the king.--General system of government.--His
+majesty.--Every thing done in the king's name.--The Privy Council.--It
+represents the king.--Constitution and functions of the Privy
+Council.--Restrictions on the royal power.--A new Parliament.--The new
+Parliament meets at Oxford.--Difficulties commence between the king
+and Parliament.--Demands of Parliament, and the king's answers.--The
+king and the Commons both in the wrong.--The king promises every
+thing.--His insincerity.--Commons not satisfied.--Parliament
+dissolved.--New one called.--Subterfuges of the king.--Parliament
+again dissolved.--The breach between the king and the Parliament
+widens.--Impeachment of Buckingham.--The king interferes.--Another
+dissolution.--Buckingham's reckless conduct.--The Round Robin.--Return
+of the English fleet.--The officers and men desert.--Expedition to
+Spain.--Buckingham's egregious folly.--The expedition ends in
+disaster.--Buckingham's quarrel with Richelieu.--He resolves
+on war.--The French servants dismissed.--War declared
+against France.--Expedition to France abortive.--Another
+projected.--Assassination of Buckingham.--The king not
+sorry.--Buckingham's monument the universal execration of his
+countrymen.
+
+
+Charles commenced his reign in 1625. He continued to reign about
+twenty-four years. It will assist the reader to receive and retain in
+mind a clear idea of the course of events during his reign, if we
+regard it as divided into three periods. During the first, which
+continued about four years, Charles and the Parliament were both upon
+the stage, contending with each other, but just at open war. Each
+party intrigued, and maneuvered, and struggled to gain its own ends,
+the disagreement widening and deepening continually, till it ended in
+an open rupture, when Charles abandoned the plan of having Parliaments
+at all, and attempted to govern alone. This attempt to manage the
+empire without a legislature lasted for ten years, and is the second
+period. After this a Parliament was called, and it soon made itself
+independent of the king, and became hostile to him, the two powers
+being at open war. This constitutes the third period. Thus we have
+four years spent in getting into the quarrel between the king and
+Parliament, ten years in an attempt by the king to govern alone, and,
+finally, ten years of war, more or less open, the king on one side,
+and the Parliament on the other.
+
+The first four years--that is, the time spent in getting really into
+the quarrel with Parliament, was Buckingham's work, for during that
+time Buckingham's influence with the king was paramount and supreme;
+and whatever was done that was important or extraordinary, though done
+in the king's name, really originated in him. The whole country knew
+this and were indignant that such a man, so unprincipled, so low in
+character, so reckless, and so completely under the sway of his
+impulses and passions, should have such an influence over the king,
+and, through him, such power to interfere with and endanger the mighty
+interests of so vast a realm.
+
+It must not be supposed, however, in consequence of what has been said
+about the extent of the regal power in England, that the daily care
+and responsibility of the affairs of government, in its ordinary
+administration, rested directly upon the king. It is not possible that
+any one mind can even comprehend, far less direct, such an enormous
+complication of interests and of action as is involved in the carrying
+on, from day to day, the government of an empire. Offices,
+authorities, and departments of administration spring up gradually,
+and all the ordinary routine of the affairs of the empire are managed
+by them. Thus the navy was all completely organized, with its
+gradations of rank, its rules of action, its records, its account
+books, its offices and arrangements for provisionment and supply, the
+whole forming a vast system which moved on of itself, whether the king
+were present or absent, sick or well, living or dead. It was so with
+the army; it was so with the courts; it was so with the general
+administration of the government, at London. The immense mass of
+business which constituted the work of government was all systematized
+and arranged, and it moved on regularly, in the hands of more or less
+prudent and careful men, who governed, themselves, by ancient rules
+and usages, and in most cases managed wisely.
+
+Every thing, however, was done in the king's _name_. The ships were
+his majesty's ships, the admirals were his majesty's servants, the
+war was his majesty's war, the court was the _King's_ Bench. The idea
+was, that all these thousands of officers, of all ranks and grades,
+were only an enormous multiplication of his majesty; that they were to
+do his will and carry on his administration as he would himself carry
+it on were he personally capable of attending to such a vast detail;
+subject, of course, to certain limits and restrictions which the laws
+and customs of the realm, and the promises and contracts of his
+predecessors, had imposed. But although all this action was
+theoretically the king's action, it came to be, in fact, almost wholly
+independent of him. It went on of itself, in a regular and systematic
+way, pursuing its own accustomed course, except so far as the king
+directly interposed to modify its action.
+
+It might be supposed that the king would certainly take _the general
+direction_ of affairs into his own hands, and that this charge, at
+least, would necessarily come upon him, as king, day by day. Some
+monarchs have attempted to do this, but it is obvious that there must
+be some provision for having this general charge, as well as all the
+subordinate functions of government, attended to independently of the
+king, as his being always in a condition to fulfill this duty is not
+to be relied upon. Sometimes the king is young and inexperienced;
+sometimes he is sick or absent; and sometimes he is too feeble in
+mind, or too indolent, or too devoted to his pleasures, to exercise
+any governmental care. There has gradually grown up, therefore, in all
+monarchies, the custom of having a central board of officers of state,
+whom the king appoints, and who take the general direction of affairs
+in his stead, except so far as he chooses to interfere. This board, in
+England, is called the Privy Council.
+
+The Privy Council in England is a body of great importance. Its nature
+and its functions are, of course, entirely different from those of the
+two houses of Parliament. _They_ represent, or are intended to
+represent, the nation. The Parliament is, in theory, the nation,
+assembled at the king's command, to give him their advice. The Privy
+Council, on the other hand, represents the king. It is the king's
+Privy Council. They act in his name. They follow his directions when
+he chooses to give any. Whatever they decide upon and decree, the king
+signs--often, indeed, without any idea of its nature. Still he signs
+it, and all such decrees go forth to the word as the king's orders in
+council. The Privy Council, of course, would have its meetings, its
+officers, its records, its rules of proceeding, and its various
+usages, and these grew, in time, to be laws and rights; but still it
+was, in theory, only a sort of expansion of the king, as if to make a
+kind of artificial being, with one soul, but many heads and hands,
+because no natural human being could possibly have capacities and
+powers extensive and multifarious enough for the exigencies of
+reigning. Charles thus had a council who took charge of every thing,
+except so far as he chose to interpose. The members were generally
+able and experienced men. And yet Buckingham was among them. He had
+been made Lord High Admiral of England, which gave him supreme command
+of the navy, and admitted him to the Privy Council. These were very
+high honors.
+
+This Privy Council now took the direction of public affairs, attended
+to every thing, provided for all emergencies, and kept all the
+complicated machinery of government in motion, without the necessity
+of the king's having any personal agency in the matter. The king might
+interpose, more or less, as he was inclined; and when he did
+interpose, he sometimes found obstacles in the way of immediately
+accomplishing his plans, in the forms or usages which had gradually
+grown into laws.
+
+For instance, when the king began his reign, he was very eager to have
+the war for the recovery of the Palatinate go on at once; and he was,
+besides, very much embarrassed for want of money. He wished,
+therefore, in order to save time, that the old Parliament which King
+James had called should continue to act under his reign. But his Privy
+Council told him that that could not be. That was _James's_
+Parliament. If he wanted one for his reign, he must call upon the
+people to elect a new Parliament for him.
+
+The new Parliament was called, and Charles sent them a very civil
+message, explaining the emergency which had induced him to call them,
+and the reason why he was so much in want of money. His father had
+left the government a great deal in debt. There had been heavy
+expenses connected with the death of the former king, and with his own
+accession and marriage. Then there was the war. It had been engaged in
+by his father, with the approbation of the former Parliament; and
+engagements had been made with allies, which now they could not
+honorably retract. He urged them, therefore, to grant, without delay,
+the necessary supplies.
+
+The Parliament met in July, but the plague was increasing in London,
+and they had to adjourn, early in August, to Oxford. This city is
+situated upon the Thames, and was then, as it is now, the seat of a
+great many colleges. These colleges were independent of each other in
+their internal management, though united together in one general
+system. The name of one of them, which is still very distinguished,
+was Christ Church College. They had, among the buildings of that
+college, a magnificent hall, more than one hundred feet long, and very
+lofty, built in a very imposing style. It is still a great object of
+interest to all who visit Oxford. This hall was fitted up for the use
+of Parliament, and the king met the two houses there. He made a new
+speech himself, and others were made by his ministers, explaining the
+state of public affairs, and gently urging the houses to act with
+promptness and decision.
+
+The houses then separated, and each commenced its own deliberations.
+But, instead of promptly complying with the king's proposals they sent
+him a petition for redress of a long list of what they called
+grievances. These grievances were, almost all of them, complaints of
+the toleration and encouragement of the Catholics, through the
+influence of the king's Catholic bride. She had stipulated to have a
+Catholic chapel, and Catholic attendants, and, after her arrival in
+England, she and Buckingham had so much influence over the king, that
+they were producing quite a change at court, and gradually through all
+ranks of society, in favor of the Catholics. The Commons complained of
+a great many things, nearly all, however, originating in this cause.
+The king answered these complaints, clause by clause, promising
+redress more or less distinctly. There is not room to give this
+petition and the answers in full, but as all the subsequent troubles
+between Charles and the people of England arose out of this difficulty
+of his young wife's bringing in so strong a Catholic influence with
+her to the realm, it may be well to give an abstract of some of the
+principal petitions, with the king's answers.
+
+The Commons said:
+
+    That they had understood that popish priests, and other Catholics,
+    were gradually creeping in as teachers of the youth of the realm,
+    in the various seminaries of learning, and they wished to have
+    decided measures taken to examine all candidates for such
+    stations, with a view to the careful exclusion of all who were not
+    true Protestants.
+
+    _King._--Allowed. And I will send to the archbishops and all the
+    authorities to see that this is done.
+
+    _Commons._--That more efficient arrangements should be made for
+    appointing able and faithful men in the Church--men that will
+    really devote themselves to preaching the Gospel to the people;
+    instead of conferring these places and salaries on favorites,
+    sometimes, as has been the case, several to the same man.
+
+The king made some explanations in regard to this subject, and
+promised hereafter to comply with this requisition.
+
+    _Commons._--That the laws against sending children out of the
+    country to foreign countries to be educated in Catholic seminaries
+    should be strictly enforced, and the practice be entirely broken
+    up.
+
+    _King._--Agreed; and he would send to the lord admiral, and to all
+    the naval officers on the coast, to watch very carefully and stop
+    all children attempting to go abroad for such a purpose; and he
+    would issue a proclamation commanding all the noblemen's children
+    now on the Continent to return by a given day.
+
+    _Commons._--That no Catholic (or, as they called him, popish
+    _recusant_, that is, a person _refusing_ to subscribe to the
+    Protestant faith, recusant meaning _person refusing_) be admitted
+    into the king's service at court; and that no _English_ Catholic
+    be admitted into the queen's service. They could not refuse to
+    allow her to employ her own _French_ attendants, but to appoint
+    English Catholics to the honorable and lucrative offices at her
+    disposal was doing a great injury to the Protestant cause in the
+    realm.
+
+The king agreed to this, with some conditions and evasions.
+
+    _Commons._--That all Jesuits and Catholic priests, owing
+    allegiance to the See of Rome, should be sent away from the
+    country, according to laws already existing, after fair notice
+    given; and if they would not go, that they should be imprisoned in
+    such a manner as to be kept from all communication with other
+    persons, so as not to disseminate their false religion.
+
+    _King._--The laws on this subject shall be enforced.
+
+The above are sufficient for a specimen of these complaints and of the
+king's answers. There were many more of them, but they have all the
+same character--being designed to stop the strong current of Catholic
+influence and ascendency which was setting in to the court, and
+through the court into the realm, through the influence of the young
+queen and the persons connected with her. At the present day, and in
+this country, the Commons will be thought to be in the wrong, inasmuch
+as the thing which they were contending against was, in the main,
+merely the toleration of the Catholic religion. But then the king was
+in the wrong too, for, since the laws against this toleration stood
+enacted by the consent and concurrence of his predecessors, he should
+not have allowed them to be infracted and virtually annulled through
+the influence of a foreign bride and an unworthy favorite.
+
+Perhaps he felt that he was wrong, or perhaps his answers were all
+framed for him by his Privy Council. At all events, they were entirely
+favorable to the demands of the Commons. He promised every thing. In
+many things he went even beyond their demands. It is admitted,
+however, on all hands, that, so far as he himself had any agency in
+making these replies, he was not really sincere. He himself, and
+Buckingham, were very eager to get supplies. Buckingham was admiral of
+the fleet, and very strongly desired to enlarge the force at his
+command, with a view to the performing of some great exploit in the
+war. It is understood, therefore, that the king intended his replies
+as promises merely. At any rate, the promises were made. The Commons
+were called into the great hall again, at Christ Church, where the
+Peers assembled, and the king's answers were read to them. Buckingham
+joined in this policy of attempting to conciliate the Commons. He went
+into their assembly and made a long speech, explaining and justifying
+his conduct, and apologizing, in some sense, for what might seem to be
+wrong.
+
+The Commons returned to their place of deliberation, but they were not
+satisfied. They wanted something besides promises. Some were in favor
+of granting supplies "in gratitude to his majesty for his gracious
+answer." Others thought differently. They did not see the necessity
+for raising money for this foreign war. They had greater enemies at
+home (meaning Buckingham and popery) than they had abroad. Besides, if
+the king would stop his waste and extravagance in bestowing honors and
+rewards, there would be money enough for all necessary uses. In a
+word, there was much debate, but nothing done. The king, after a short
+time, sent a message to them urging them to come to a decision. They
+sent him back a declaration which showed that they did not intend to
+yield. Their language, however, was of the most humble character. They
+called him "their dread sovereign," and themselves "his poor commons."
+The king was displeased with them, and dissolved the Parliament. They,
+of course, immediately became private citizens, and dispersed to their
+homes.
+
+After trying some ineffectual attempts to raise money by his own royal
+prerogatives and powers, the king called a new Parliament, taking some
+singular precautions to keep out of it such persons as he thought
+would oppose his plans. The Earl of Bristol, whom Buckingham had been
+so jealous of, considering him as his rival, was an influential member
+of the House of Peers. Charles and Buckingham agreed to omit him in
+sending out the royal writs to summon the peers. He petitioned
+Parliament, claiming a right to his seat. Charles then sent him his
+writ, but gave him a command, as his sovereign, not to attend the
+session. He also selected four of the prominent men in the House of
+Commons, men whom he considered most influential in opposition to him
+and to Buckingham, and appointed them to offices which would call them
+away from London; and as it was the understanding in those days that
+the sovereign had a right to command the services of his subjects,
+they were obliged to go. The king hoped, by these and similar means,
+to diminish the influence against him in Parliament, and to get a
+majority in his favor. But his plans did not succeed. Such measures
+only irritated the House and the country. After another struggle this
+Parliament was dissolved too.
+
+Things went on so for four or five years, the breach between the king
+and the people growing wider and wider. Within this time there were
+four Parliaments called, and, after various contentions with them,
+they were, one after another, dissolved. The original subject of
+disagreement, viz., the growing influence of the Catholics, was not
+the only one. Other points came up, growing out of the king's use of
+his prerogative, and his irregular and, as they thought, illegal
+attempts to interfere with their freedom of action. The king, or,
+rather, Buckingham using the king's name, resorted to all sorts of
+contrivances to accomplish this object. For instance, it had long been
+the custom, in case any member of the House of Peers was absent, for
+him to give authority to any friend of his, who was also a member, to
+vote for him. This authority was called a _proxy_. This word is
+supposed to be derived from _procuracy_, which means action in the
+place of, and in behalf of, another. Buckingham induced a great number
+of the peers to give him their proxies. He did this by rewards,
+honors, and various other influences, and he found so many willing to
+yield to these inducements, that at one time he had thirty or forty
+proxies in his hands. Thus, on a question arising in the House of
+Lords, he could give a very large majority of votes. The House, after
+murmuring for some time, and expressing much discontent and vexation
+at this state of things, finally made a law that no member of the
+House should ever have power to use more than _two_ proxies.
+
+One of the Parliaments which King Charles assembled at length brought
+articles of impeachment against Buckingham, and a long contest arose
+on this subject. An impeachment is a trial of a high officer of state
+for maladministration of his office. All sorts of charges were brought
+against Buckingham, most of which were true. The king considered their
+interfering to call one of his ministers to account as wholly
+intolerable. He sent them orders to dismiss that subject from their
+deliberations, and to proceed immediately with their work of laying
+taxes to raise money, or he would dissolve the Parliament as he had
+done before. He reminded them that the Parliaments were entirely "in
+his power for their calling, sitting, and dissolution, and as he found
+their fruits were for good or evil, so they were to continue, or not
+to be." If they would mend their errors and do their duty,
+henceforward he would forgive the past; otherwise they were to expect
+his irreconcilable hostility.
+
+This language irritated instead of alarming them. The Commons
+persisted in their plan of impeachment. The king arrested the men
+whom they appointed as managers of the impeachment, and imprisoned
+them. The Commons remonstrated, and insisted that Buckingham should be
+dismissed from the king's service. The king, instead of dismissing
+him, took measures to have him appointed, in addition to all his other
+offices, Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, a very exalted
+station. Parliament remonstrated. The king, in retaliation, dissolved
+the Parliament.
+
+Thus things went on from bad to worse, and from worse to worse again;
+the chief cause of the difficulties, in almost all cases, being
+traceable to Buckingham's reckless and arbitrary conduct. He was
+continually doing something in the pursuit of his own ends, by the
+rash and heedless exercise of the vast powers committed to him, to
+make extensive and irreparable mischief. At one time he ordered a part
+of the fleet over to the coast of France, to enter the French service,
+the sailors expecting that they were to be employed against the
+Spaniards. They found, however, that, instead of going against the
+Spaniards, they were to be sent to Rochelle. Rochelle was a town in
+France in possession of the Protestants, and the King of France
+wished to subdue them. The sailors sent a remonstrance to their
+commander, begging not to be forced to fight against their brother
+Protestants. This remonstrance was, in form, what is called a _Round
+Robin_.
+
+In a Round Robin a circle is drawn, the petition or remonstrance is
+written within it, and the names are written all around it, to prevent
+any one's having to take the responsibility of being the first signer.
+When the commander of the fleet received the Round Robin, instead of
+being offended, he inquired into the facts, and finding that the case
+was really as the Round Robin represented it, he broke away from the
+French command and returned to England. He said he would rather be
+hanged in England for disobeying orders than to fight against the
+Protestants of France.
+
+Buckingham might have known that such a spirit as this in Englishmen
+was not to be trifled with. But he knew nothing, and thought of
+nothing, except that he wished to please and gratify the French
+government. When the fleet, therefore, arrived in England, he
+peremptorily ordered it back, and he resorted to all sorts of pretexts
+and misrepresentations of the facts to persuade the officers and men
+that they were not to be employed against the Protestants. The fleet
+accordingly went back, and when they arrived, they found that
+Buckingham had deceived them. They were ordered to Rochelle. One of
+the ships broke away and returned to England. The officers and men
+deserted from the other ships and got home. The whole armament was
+disorganized, and the English people, who took sides with the sailors,
+were extremely exasperated against Buckingham for his blind and
+blundering recklessness, and against the king for giving such a man
+the power to do his mischief on such an extensive scale.
+
+At another time the duke and the king contrived to fit out a fleet of
+eighty sail to make a descent upon the coast of Spain. It caused them
+great trouble to get the funds for this expedition, as they had to
+collect them, in a great measure, by various methods depending on the
+king's prerogative, and not by authority of Parliament. Thus the whole
+country were dissatisfied and discontented in respect to the fleet
+before it was ready to sail. Then, as if this was not enough,
+Buckingham overlooked all the officers in the navy in selecting a
+commander, and put an officer of the army in charge of it; a man
+whose whole experience had been acquired in wars on the land. The
+country thought that Buckingham ought to have taken the command
+himself, as lord high admiral; and if not, that he ought to have
+selected his commander from the ranks of the service employed. Thus
+the fleet set off on the expedition, all on board burning with
+indignation against the arbitrary and absurd management of the
+favorite. The result of the expedition was also extremely disastrous.
+They had an excellent opportunity to attack a number of ships, which
+would have made a very rich prize; but the soldier-commander either
+did not know, or did not dare to do, his duty. He finally, however,
+effected a landing, and took a castle, but the sailors found a great
+store of wine there, and went to drinking and carousing, breaking
+through all discipline. The commander had to get them on board again
+immediately, and come away. Then he conceived the plan of going to
+intercept what were called the Spanish galleons, which were ships
+employed to bring home silver from the mines in America, which the
+Spaniards then possessed. On further thoughts he concluded to give up
+this idea, on account of the plague, which, as he said, broke out in
+his ships. So he came back to England with his fleet disorganized,
+demoralized, and crippled, and covered with military disgrace. The
+people of England charged all this to Buckingham. Still the king
+persisted in retaining him. It was his prerogative to do so.
+
+After a while Buckingham got into a personal quarrel with Richelieu,
+who was the leading manager of the French government, and he resolved
+that England should make war upon France. To alter the whole political
+position of such an empire as that of Great Britain, in respect to
+peace and war, and to change such a nation as France from a friend to
+an enemy, would seem to be quite an undertaking for a single man to
+attempt, and that, too, without having any reason whatever to assign,
+except a personal quarrel with a minister about a love affair. But so
+it was. Buckingham undertook it. It was the king's prerogative to make
+peace or war, and Buckingham ruled the king.
+
+He contrived various ways of fomenting ill will. One was, to alienate
+the mind of the king from the queen. He represented to him that the
+queen's French servants were fast becoming very disrespectful and
+insolent in their treatment of him, and finally persuaded him to send
+them all home. So the king went one day to Somerset House, which was
+the queen's residence--for it is often the custom in high life in
+Europe for the husband and wife to have separate establishments--and
+requested her to summon her French servants into his presence, and
+when they were assembled, he told them that he had concluded to send
+them all home to France. Some of them, he said, had acted properly
+enough, but others had been rude and forward, and that he had decided
+it best to send them all home. The French king, on hearing of this,
+seized a hundred and twenty English ships lying in his harbors in
+retaliation of this act, which he said was a palpable violation of the
+marriage contract, as it certainly was. Upon this the king declared
+war against France. He did not ask Parliament to act in this case at
+all. There was no Parliament. Parliament had been dissolved in a fit
+of displeasure. The whole affair was an exercise of the royal
+prerogative. Nor did the king now call a Parliament to provide means
+for carrying on the war, but set his Privy Council to devise modes of
+doing it, through this same prerogative.
+
+The attempts to raise money in these ways made great trouble. The
+people resisted, and interposed all possible difficulties. However
+some funds were raised, and a fleet of a hundred sail, and an army of
+seven thousand men, were got together. Buckingham undertook the
+command of this expedition himself, as there had been so much
+dissatisfaction with his appointment of a commander to the other. It
+resulted just as was to be expected in the case of seven thousand men,
+and a hundred ships, afloat on the swelling surges of the English
+Channel, under the command of vanity, recklessness, and folly. The
+duke came back to England in three months, bringing home one third of
+his force. The rest had been lost, without accomplishing any thing.
+The measure of public indignation against Buckingham was now full.
+
+Buckingham himself walked as loftily and proudly as ever. He equipped
+another fleet, and was preparing to set sail in it himself, as
+commander again. He went to Portsmouth, accordingly, for this purpose,
+Portsmouth being the great naval station then, as now, on the southern
+coast of England. Here a man named Felton, who had been an officer
+under the duke in the former expedition, and who had been extremely
+exasperated against him on account of some of his management there,
+and who had since found how universal was the detestation of him in
+England, resolved to rid the country of such a curse at once. He
+accordingly took his station in the passage-way of the house where
+Buckingham was, armed with a knife. Buckingham came out, talking with
+some Frenchmen in an angry manner, having had some dispute with them,
+when Felton thrust the knife into his side as he passed, and, leaving
+it in the wound, walked away, no one having noticed who did the deed.
+Buckingham pulled out the knife, fell down, and died. The bystanders
+were going to seize one of the Frenchmen, when Felton advanced and
+said, "I am the man; you are to arrest me; let no one suffer that is
+innocent." He was taken. They found a paper in his hat, saying that he
+was going to destroy the duke, and that he could not sacrifice his
+life in a nobler cause than by delivering his country from so great an
+enemy.
+
+King Charles was four miles off at this time. They carried him the
+news. He did not appear at all concerned or troubled, but only
+directed that the murderer--he ought to have said, perhaps, the
+_executioner_--should be secured, and that the fleet should proceed
+to sail. He also ordered the treasurer to make arrangements for a
+splendid funeral.
+
+The treasurer said, in reply, that a funeral would only be a temporary
+show, and that he could hereafter erect a _monument_ at half the cost,
+which would be a much more lasting memorial. Charles acceded.
+Afterward, when Charles spoke to him about the monument, the treasurer
+replied, What would the world say if your majesty were to build a
+monument to the Duke before you erect one for your father? So the plan
+was abandoned, and Buckingham had no other monument than the universal
+detestation of his countrymen.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE KING AND HIS PREROGATIVE.
+
+1628-1636
+
+Difficulty in raising funds.--The king's resources.--Modes of raising
+money.--Parliaments abandoned.--The government attaches the property
+of a member of Parliament.--Confusion in the House of
+Commons.--Resolutions.--The Commons refuse to admit the king's
+officers.--Members imprisoned.--Dissolution of Parliament.--The king
+in the House of Lords.--The king's speech on dissolving
+Parliament.--The king resolves to do without Parliaments.--Forced
+loans.--Monopolies of the necessaries of life.--Tonnage and
+poundage.--Ship money.--Origin of these taxes.--John Hampden.--He
+refuses to pay ship money.--Hampden's trial.--He is compelled to
+pay.--A fleet raised.--Its exploits among the herring-busses.--Court
+of the Star Chamber.--Its constitution.--Trial by jury.--No jury in
+the Star Chamber.--Crimes tried by the Star Chamber.--Origin of the
+term.--Immense power of the Court of Star Chamber.--Oppressive
+fines.--King's forests.--Offenses against the king and his lords.--A
+gentleman fined for resenting an insult.--Murmurs silenced.--The
+kingdom of Scotland.--The king visits Scotland.--He is crowned
+there.--The king returns to London.--Increasing discontent.
+
+
+The great difficulty in governing without a Parliament was the raising
+of funds. By the old customs and laws of the realm, a tax upon the
+people could only be levied by the action of the House of Commons; and
+the great object of the king and council during Buckingham's life, in
+summoning Parliaments from time to time, was to get their aid in this
+respect. But as Charles found that one Parliament after another
+withheld the grants, and spent their time in complaining of his
+government, he would dissolve them, successively, after exhausting all
+possible means of bringing them to a compliance with his will. He
+would then be thrown upon his own resources.
+
+The king had _some_ resources of his own. These were certain estates,
+and lands, and other property, in various parts of the country, which
+belonged to the crown, the income of which the king could appropriate.
+But the amount which could be derived from this source was very
+small. Then there were certain other modes of raising money, which had
+been resorted to by former monarchs, in emergencies, at distant
+intervals, but still in instances so numerous that the king considered
+precedents enough had been established to make the power to resort to
+these modes a part of the prerogative of the crown. The people,
+however, considered these acts of former monarchs as irregularities or
+usurpations. They denied the king's right to resort to these methods,
+and they threw so many difficulties in the way of the execution of his
+plans, that finally he would call another Parliament, and make new
+efforts to lead them to conform to his will. The more the experiment
+was tried, however, the worse it succeeded; and at last the king
+determined to give up the idea of Parliaments altogether, and to
+compel the people to submit to his plans of raising money without
+them.
+
+The final dissolution of Parliament, by which Charles entered upon his
+new plan of government, was attended with some resistance, and the
+affair made great difficulty. It seems that one of the members, a
+certain Mr. Rolls, had had some of his goods seized for payment of
+some of the king's irregular taxes, which he had refused to pay
+willingly. Now it had always been considered the law of the land in
+England, that the person and the property of a member of Parliament
+were sacred during the session, on the ground that while he was giving
+his attendance at a council meeting called by his sovereign, he ought
+to be protected from molestation on the part either of his
+fellow-subjects or his sovereign, in his person and in his property.
+The House of Commons considered, therefore, the seizure of the goods
+of one of the members of the body as a breach of their privilege, and
+took up the subject with a view to punish the officers who acted. The
+king sent a message immediately to the House, while they were debating
+the subject, saying that the officer acted, in seizing the goods, in
+obedience to his own direct command. This produced great excitement
+and long debates. The king, by taking the responsibility of the
+seizure upon himself, seemed to bid the House defiance. They brought
+up this question: "Whether the seizing of Mr. Rolls's goods was not a
+breach of privilege?" When the time came for a decision, the speaker,
+that is, the presiding officer, refused to put the question to vote.
+He said he had been commanded _by the king_ not to do it! The House
+were indignant, and immediately adjourned for two days, probably for
+the purpose of considering, and perhaps consulting their constituents
+on what they were to do in so extraordinary an emergency as the king's
+coming into their own body and interfering with the functions of one
+of their own proper officers.
+
+They met on the day to which they had adjourned, prepared to insist on
+the speaker's putting the question. But he, immediately on the House
+coming to order, said that he had received the king's command to
+adjourn the House for a week, and to put no question whatever. He was
+then about to leave the chair, but two of the members advanced to him
+and held him in his place, while they read some resolutions which had
+been prepared. There was great confusion and clamor. Some insisted
+that the House was adjourned, some were determined to pass the
+resolutions. The resolutions were very decided. They declared that
+whoever should counsel or advise the laying of taxes not granted by
+Parliament, or be an actor or instrument in collecting them, should be
+accounted an innovator, and a capital enemy to the kingdom and
+Commonwealth. And also, that if any person whatever should voluntarily
+pay such taxes, he should be counted a capital enemy also. These
+resolutions were read in the midst of great uproar. The king was
+informed of the facts, and sent for the sergeant of the House--one of
+the highest officers--but the members locked the door, and would not
+let the sergeant go. Then the king sent one of his own officers to the
+House with a message. The members kept the door locked, and would not
+let him in until they had disposed of the resolutions. Then the House
+adjourned for a week.
+
+The next day, several of the leading members who were supposed to have
+been active in these proceedings were summoned to appear before the
+council. They refused to answer out of Parliament for what was said
+and done by them in Parliament. The council sent them to prison in the
+Tower.
+
+The week passed away, and the time for the reassembling of the Houses
+arrived. It had been known, during the week, that the king had
+determined on dissolving Parliament. It is usual, in dissolving a
+Parliament, for the sovereign not to appear in person, but to send his
+message of dissolution by some person commissioned to deliver it. This
+is called dissolving the House by commission. The dissolution is
+always declared in the House of Lords, the Commons being summoned to
+attend. In this case, however, the king attended in person. He was
+dressed magnificently in his royal robes, and wore his crown. He would
+not deign, however, to send for the Commons. He entered the House of
+Peers, and took his seat upon the throne. Several of the Commons,
+however, came in of their own accord, and stood below the bar, at the
+usual place assigned them. The king then rose and read the following
+speech. The antiquity of the language gives it an air of quaintness
+now which it did not possess then.
+
+     "My Lords,--I never came here upon so unpleasant an occasion, it
+     being the Dissolution of a Parliament. Therefore Men may have
+     some cause to wonder why I should not rather chuse to do this by
+     Commission, it being a general Maxim of Kings to leave harsh
+     Commands to their Ministers, Themselves only executing pleasing
+     things. Yet considering that Justice as well consists in Reward
+     and Praise of Virtue as Punishing of Vice, I thought it necessary
+     to come here to-day, and to declare to you and all the World,
+     that it was merely the undutiful and seditious Carriage in the
+     Lower House that hath made the dissolution of this Parliament.
+     And you, my Lords, are so far from being any Causers of it, that
+     I take as much comfort in your dutiful Demeanour, as I am justly
+     distasted with their Proceedings. Yet, to avoid their Mistakings,
+     let me tell you, that it is so far from me to adjudge all the
+     House alike guilty, that I know there are many there as dutiful
+     subjects as any in the World it being but some few Vipers among
+     them that did cast this mist of Undutifulness over most of their
+     Eyes. Yet to say Truth, there was good Number there that could
+     not be infected with this Contagion.
+
+     "To conclude, As those Vipers must look for their Reward of
+     Punishment, so you, my Lords, may justly expect from me that
+     Favor and Protection that a good King oweth to his loving and
+     faithful Nobility. And now, my Lord Keeper, do what I have
+     commanded you."
+
+Then the lord keeper pronounced the Parliament dissolved. The lord
+keeper was the keeper of the great seal, one of the highest officers
+of the crown.
+
+Of course this affair produced a fever of excitement against the king
+throughout the whole realm. This excitement was kept up and increased
+by the trials of the members of Parliament who had been imprisoned.
+The courts decided against them, and they were sentenced to long
+imprisonment and to heavy fines. The king now determined to do without
+Parliaments entirely; and, of course, he had to raise money by his
+royal prerogative altogether, as he had done, in fact, before, a great
+deal, during the intervals between the successive Parliaments. It will
+not be very entertaining, but it will be very useful to the reader to
+peruse carefully some account of the principal methods resorted to by
+the king. In order, however, to diminish the necessity for money as
+much as possible, the king prepared to make peace with France and
+Spain; and as they, as well as England, were exhausted with the wars,
+this was readily effected.
+
+One of the resorts adopted by the king was to a system of _loans_, as
+they were called, though these loans differed from those made by
+governments at the present day, in being apportioned upon the whole
+community according to their liability to taxation, and in being made,
+in some respects, compulsory. The loan was not to be absolutely
+collected by force, but all were expected to lend, and if any refused,
+they were to be required to make oath that they would not tell any
+body else that they had refused, in order that the influence of their
+example might not operate upon others. Those who did refuse were to be
+reported to the government. The officers appointed to collect these
+loans were charged not to make unnecessary difficulty, but to do all
+in their power to induce the people to contribute freely and
+willingly. This plan had been before adopted, in the time of
+Buckingham, but it met with little success.
+
+Another plan which was resorted to was the granting of what was called
+monopolies: that is, the government would select some important and
+necessary articles in general use, and give the exclusive right of
+manufacturing them to certain persons, on their paying a part of the
+profits to the government. Soap was one of the articles thus chosen.
+The exclusive right to manufacture it was given to a company, on their
+paying for it. So with leather, salt, and various other things. These
+persons, when they once possessed the exclusive right to manufacture
+an article which the people must use, would abuse their power by
+deteriorating the article, or charging enormous prices. Nothing
+prevented their doing this, as they had no competition. The effect
+was, that the people were injured much more than the government was
+benefited. The plan of granting such monopolies by governments is now
+universally odious.
+
+Another method of taxation was what was called _tonnage and poundage_.
+This was an ancient tax, assessed on merchandise brought into the
+country in ships, like the _duties_ now collected at our
+custom-houses. It was called tonnage and poundage because the
+merchandise on which it was assessed was reckoned by weight, viz., the
+ton and the pound. A former king, Edward III., first assessed it to
+raise money to suppress piracy on the seas. He said it was reasonable
+that the merchandise protected should pay the expense of the
+protection, and in proper proportion. The Parliament in that day
+opposed this tax. They did not object to the tax itself, but to the
+king's assessing it by his own authority. However, they granted it
+themselves afterward, and it was regularly collected. Subsequent
+Parliaments had granted it, and generally made the law, once for all,
+to continue in force during the life of the monarch. When Charles
+commenced his reign, the Peers were for renewing the law as usual, to
+continue throughout his reign. The Commons desired to enact the law
+only for a year at a time, so as to keep the power in their own hands.
+The two houses thus disagreed, and nothing was done. The king then
+went on to collect the tax without any authority except his own
+prerogative.
+
+Another mode of levying money adopted by the king was what was called
+_ship money_. This was a plan for raising a navy by making every town
+contribute a certain number of ships, or the money necessary to build
+them. It originated in ancient times, and was at first confined to
+seaport towns which had ships. These towns were required to furnish
+them for the king's service, sometimes to be paid for by the king, at
+other times by the country, and at other times not to be paid for at
+all. Charles revived this plan, extending it to the whole country; a
+tax was assessed on all the towns, each one being required to furnish
+money enough for a certain number of ships. The number at one time
+required of the city of London was twenty.
+
+There was one man who made his name very celebrated then, and it has
+continued very celebrated since, by his refusal to pay his ship money,
+and by his long and determined contest with the government in regard
+to it, in the courts. His name was John Hampden. He was a man of
+fortune and high character. His tax for ship money was only twenty
+shillings, but he declared that he would not pay it without a trial.
+The king had previously obtained the opinion of the judges that he had
+a right, in case of necessity, to assess and collect the ship money,
+and Hampden knew, therefore, that the decision would certainly, in the
+end, be against him. He knew, however, that the attention of the whole
+country would be attracted to the trial, and that the arguments which
+he should offer, to prove that the act of collecting such a tax on the
+part of the king's government was illegal and tyrannical, would be
+spread before the country, and would make a great impression, although
+they certainly would not alter the opinion of the judges, who, holding
+their offices by the king's appointment, were strongly inclined to
+take his side.
+
+It resulted as Hampden had foreseen. The trial attracted universal
+attention. It was a great spectacle to see a man of fortune and of
+high standing, making all those preparations, and incurring so great
+expense, on account of a refusal to pay five dollars, knowing too,
+that he would have to pay it in the end. The people of the realm were
+convinced that Hampden was right, and they applauded and honored him
+very greatly for his spirit and courage. The trial lasted twelve days.
+The illegality and injustice of the tax were fully exposed. The people
+concurred entirely with Hampden, and even some of the judges were
+convinced. He was called the patriot Hampden, and his name will always
+be celebrated in English history. The whole discussion, however,
+though it produced a great effect at the time, would be of no interest
+now, since it turned mainly on the question what the king's rights
+actually were, according to the ancient customs and usages of the
+realm. The question before mankind now is a very different one; it is
+not what the powers and prerogatives of government have been in times
+past, but what they ought to be now and in time to come.
+
+The king's government gained the victory, ostensibly, in this contest,
+and Hampden had to pay the money. Very large sums were collected,
+also, from others by this tax, and a great fleet was raised. The
+performances and exploits of the fleet had some influence in quieting
+the murmurs of the people. The fleet was the greatest which England
+had ever possessed. One of its exploits was to compel the Dutch to pay
+a large sum for the privilege of fishing in the narrow seas about
+Great Britain. The Dutch had always maintained that these seas were
+public, and open to all the world; and they had a vast number of
+fishing boats, called herring-busses, that used to resort to them for
+the purpose of catching herring, which they made a business of
+preserving and sending all over the world. The English ships attacked
+these fleets of herring-busses, and drove them off; and as the Dutch
+were not strong enough to defend them, they agreed to pay a large sum
+annually for the right to fish in the seas in question, protesting,
+however, against it as an extortion, for they maintained that the
+English had no control over any seas beyond the bays and estuaries of
+their own shores.
+
+One of the chief means which Charles depended upon during the long
+period that he governed without a Parliament, was a certain famous
+tribunal or court called the _Star Chamber._ This court was a very
+ancient one, having been established in some of the earliest reigns;
+but it never attracted any special attention until the time of
+Charles. His government called it into action a great deal, and
+extended its powers, and made it a means of great injustice and
+oppression, as the people thought; or, as Charles would have said, a
+very efficient means of vindicating his prerogative, and punishing the
+stubborn and rebellious.
+
+There were three reasons why this court was a more convenient and
+powerful instrument in the hands of the king and his council than any
+of the other courts in the kingdom. First, it was, by its ancient
+constitution, composed of members of the _council_, with the exception
+of two persons, who were to be judges in the other courts. This plan
+of having two judges from the common law courts seems to have been
+adopted for the purpose of securing some sort of conformity of the
+Star Chamber decisions with the ordinary principles of English
+jurisprudence. But then, as these two law judges would always be
+selected with reference to their disposition to carry out the king's
+plans, and as the other members of the court were all members of the
+government itself, of course the court was almost entirely under
+governmental control.
+
+The second reason was, that in this court there was no jury. There had
+never been juries employed in it from its earliest constitution. The
+English had contrived the plan of trial by jury as a defense against
+the severity of government. If a man was accused of crime, the judges
+appointed by the government that he had offended were not to be
+allowed to decide whether he was guilty or not. They would be likely
+not to be impartial. The question of his guilt or innocence was to be
+left to twelve men, taken at hazard from the ordinary walks of life,
+and who, consequently, would be likely to sympathize with the accused,
+if they saw any disposition to oppress him, rather than to join
+against him with a tyrannical government. Thus the jury, as they said,
+was a great safeguard. The English have always attached great value to
+their system of trial by jury. The plan is retained in this country,
+though there is less necessity for it under our institutions. Now, in
+the Star Chamber, it had never been the custom to employ a jury. The
+members of the court decided the whole question; and as they were
+entirely in the interest of the government, the government, of
+course, had the fate of every person accused under their direct
+control.
+
+The third reason consisted in the nature of the crimes which it had
+always been customary to try in this court. It had jurisdiction in a
+great variety of cases in which men were brought into collision with
+the government, such as charges of riot, sedition, libel, opposition
+to the edicts of the council, and to proclamations of the king. These
+and similar cases had always been tried by the Star Chamber, and these
+were exactly the cases which ought not to be tried by such a court;
+for persons accused of hostility to government ought not to be tried
+by government itself.
+
+There has been a great deal of discussion about the origin of the term
+Star Chamber. The hall where the court was held was in a palace at
+Westminster, and there were a great many windows in it. Some think
+that it was from this that the court received its name. Others suppose
+it was because the court had cognizance of a certain crime, the Latin
+name of which has a close affinity with the word star. Another reason
+is, that certain documents, called _starra_, used to be kept in the
+hall. The prettiest idea is a sort of tradition that the ceiling of
+the hall was formerly ornamented with stars, and that this
+circumstance gave name to the hall. This supposition, however,
+unfortunately, has no better foundation than the others; for there
+were no stars on the ceiling in Charles's time, and there had not been
+any for a hundred years; nor is there any positive evidence that there
+ever were. However, in the absence of any real reason for preferring
+one of these ideas over the other, mankind seem to have wisely
+determined on choosing the most picturesque, so that it is generally
+agreed that the origin of the name was the ancient decoration of the
+ceiling of the hall with gilded stars.
+
+However this may be, the court of the Star Chamber was an engine of
+prodigious power in the hands of Charles's government. It aided them
+in two ways. They could punish their enemies, and where these enemies
+were wealthy, they could fill up the treasury of the government by
+imposing enormous fines upon them. Sometimes the offenses for which
+these fines were imposed were not of a nature to deserve such severe
+penalties. For instance, there was a law against turning tillage land
+into pasturage. Land that is tilled supports men. Land that is
+pastured supports cattle and sheep. The former were a burden,
+sometimes, to landlords, the latter a means of wealth. Hence there was
+then, as there is now, a tendency in England, in certain parts of the
+country, for the landed proprietors to change their tillage land to
+pasture, and thus drive the peasants away from their homes. There were
+laws against this, but a great many persons had done it
+notwithstanding. One of these persons was fined four thousand pounds;
+an enormous sum. The rest were alarmed, and made _compositions_, as
+they were called; that is, they paid at once a certain sum on
+condition of not being prosecuted. Thirty thousand pounds were
+collected in this way, which was then a very large amount.
+
+There were in those days, as there are now, certain tracts of land in
+England called the king's forests, though a large portion of them are
+now without trees. The boundaries of these lands had not been very
+well defined, but the government now published decrees specifying the
+boundaries, and extending them so far as to include, in many cases,
+the buildings and improvements of other proprietors. They then
+prosecuted these proprietors for having encroached, as they called
+it, upon the crown lands, and the Star Chamber assessed very heavy
+fines upon them. The people said all this was done merely to get
+pretexts to extort money from the nation, to make up for the want of a
+Parliament to assess regular taxes; but the government said it was a
+just and legal mode of protecting the ancient and legitimate rights of
+the king.
+
+In these and similar modes, large sums of money were collected as
+fines and penalties for offenses more or less real. In other cases
+very severe punishments were inflicted for various sorts of offenses
+committed against the personal dignity of the king, or the great lords
+of his government. It was considered highly important to repress all
+appearance of disrespect or hostility to the king. One man got into
+some contention with one of the king's officers, and finally struck
+him. He was fined ten thousand pounds. Another man said that a certain
+archbishop had incurred the king's displeasure by desiring some
+toleration for the Catholics. This was considered a slander against
+the archbishop, and the offender was sentenced to be fined a thousand
+pounds, to be whipped, imprisoned, and to stand in the pillory at
+Westminster, and at three other places in various parts of the
+kingdom.
+
+A gentleman was following a chase as a spectator, the hounds belonging
+to a nobleman. The huntsman, who had charge of the hounds, ordered him
+to keep back, and not come so near the hounds; and in giving him this
+order, spoke, as the gentleman alleged, so insolently, that he struck
+him with his riding-whip. The huntsman threatened to complain to his
+master, the nobleman. The gentleman said that if his master should
+justify him in such insulting language as he had used, he would serve
+him in the same manner. The Star Chamber fined him ten thousand pounds
+for speaking so disrespectfully of a lord.
+
+By these and similar proceedings, large sums of money were collected
+by the Star Chamber for the king's treasury, and all expression of
+discontent and dissatisfaction on the part of the people was
+suppressed. This last policy, however, the suppression of expressions
+of dissatisfaction, is always a very dangerous one for any government
+to undertake. Discontent, silenced by force, is exasperated and
+extended. The outward signs of its existence disappear, but its inward
+workings become wide-spread and dangerous, just in proportion to the
+weight by which the safety-valve is kept down. Charles and his court
+of the Star Chamber rejoiced in the power and efficacy of their
+tremendous tribunal. They issued proclamations and decrees, and
+governed the country by means of them. They silenced all murmurs. But
+they were, all the time, disseminating through the whole length and
+breadth of the land a deep and inveterate enmity to royalty, which
+ended in a revolution of the government, and the decapitation of the
+king. They stopped the hissing of the steam for the time, but caused
+an explosion in the end.
+
+Charles was King of Scotland as well as of England. The two countries
+were, however, as countries, distinct, each having its own laws, its
+own administration, and its own separate dominions. The sovereign,
+however, was the same. A king could inherit two kingdoms, just as a
+man can, in this country, inherit two farms, which may, nevertheless,
+be at a distance from each other, and managed separately. Now,
+although Charles had, from the death of his father, exercised
+sovereignty over the realm of Scotland, he had not been crowned, nor
+had even visited Scotland. The people of Scotland felt somewhat
+neglected. They murmured that their common monarch gave all his
+attention to the sister and rival kingdom. They said that if the king
+did not consider the Scottish crown worth coming after, they might,
+perhaps, look out for some other way of disposing of it.
+
+The king, accordingly, in 1633, began to make preparations for a royal
+progress into Scotland. He first issued a proclamation requiring a
+proper supply of provisions to be collected at the several points of
+his proposed route, and specified the route, and the length of stay
+which he should make in each place. He set out on the 13th of May with
+a splendid retinue. He stopped at the seats of several of the nobility
+on the way, to enjoy the hospitalities and entertainments which they
+had prepared for him. He proceeded so slowly that it was a month
+before he reached the frontier. Here all his English servants and
+retinue retired from their posts, and their places were supplied by
+Scotchmen who had been previously appointed, and who were awaiting his
+arrival. He entered Edinburgh with great pomp and parade, all Scotland
+flocking to the capital to witness the festivities. The coronation
+took place three days afterward. He met the Scotch Parliament, and,
+for form's sake, took a part in the proceedings, so as actually to
+exercise his royal authority as King of Scotland. This being over, he
+was conducted in great state back to Berwick, which is on the
+frontier, and thence he returned by rapid journeys to London.
+
+The king dissolved his last Parliament in 1629. He had now been
+endeavoring for four or five years to govern alone. He succeeded
+tolerably well, so far as external appearances indicated, up to this
+time. There was, however, beneath the surface, a deep-seated
+discontent, which was constantly widening and extending, and, soon
+after the return of the king from Scotland, real difficulties
+gradually arose, by which he was, in the end, compelled to call a
+Parliament again. What these difficulties were will be explained in
+the subsequent chapters.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+ARCHBISHOP LAUD.
+
+1633-1639
+
+Archbishop Laud.--The Church.--System of the English Church.--The
+Archbishop of Canterbury.--Canterbury.--The
+Cathedral.--Officers.--Laud made archbishop.--His business
+capacity.--Laud's character.--Episcopacy in England and the
+United States.--Opposition to the Established Church.--The
+Puritans.--Disputes about the services of the Church.--Controversy
+about amusements on Sunday.--Laud's contention with the
+judges.--Severe punishments for expression of opinion.--Case
+of Lilburne.--His indomitable spirit.--The young lawyer's
+toast.--Ingenious plea.--Laud's designs upon the Scotch
+Church.--Motives of Laud and the king.--The Liturgy.--The
+Scotch.--Laud prepares them a Liturgy.--Times of tumult.--Preaching
+to an empty church.--The Scotch rebel.--The king's fool.--A
+general assembly called in Scotland.--The king's expedition to the
+north.--The army at York.--The oath.--The king's march.--Artifice
+of the Scots.--The compromise.--The army disbanded.--The king's
+difficulties.--He thinks of a Parliament.
+
+
+In getting so deeply involved in difficulties with his people, King
+Charles did not act alone. He had, as we have already explained, a
+great deal of help. There were many men of intelligence and rank who
+entertained the same opinions that he did, or who were, at least,
+willing to adopt them for the sake of office and power. These men he
+drew around him. He gave them office and power, and they joined him in
+the efforts he made to defend and enlarge the royal prerogative, and
+to carry on the government by the exercise of it. One of the most
+prominent and distinguished of these men was Laud.
+
+The reader must understand that _the Church_, in England, is very
+different from any thing that exists under the same name in this
+country. Its bishops and clergy are supported by revenues derived from
+a vast amount of property which belongs to the Church itself. This
+property is entirely independent of all control by the people of the
+parishes. The clergyman, as soon as he is appointed, comes into
+possession of it in his own right; and he is not appointed by the
+people, but by some nobleman or high officer of state, who has
+_inherited_ the right to appoint the clergyman of that particular
+parish. There are bishops, also, who have very large revenues,
+likewise independent; and over these bishops is one great dignitary,
+who presides in lofty state over the whole system. This officer is
+called the Archbishop of Canterbury. There is one other archbishop,
+called the Archbishop of York; but his realm is much more limited and
+less important. The Archbishop of Canterbury is styled the Lord
+Primate of all England. His rank is above that of all the peers of the
+realm. He crowns the kings. He has two magnificent palaces, one at
+Canterbury and one at London, and has very large revenues, also, to
+enable him to maintain a style of living in accordance with his rank.
+He has the superintendence of all the affairs of the Church for the
+whole realm, except a small portion pertaining to the archbishopric of
+York. His palace in London is on the bank of the Thames, opposite
+Westminster. It is called Lambeth Palace.
+
+[Illustration: LAMBETH PALACE.]
+
+The city of Canterbury, which is the chief seat of his dominion, is
+southeast of London, not very far from the sea. The Cathedral is
+there, which is the archbishop's church. It is more than five hundred
+feet in length, and the tower is nearly two hundred and fifty feet
+high. The magnificence of the architecture and the decorations of the
+building correspond with its size. There is a large company of
+clergymen and other officers attached to the service of the Cathedral.
+They are more than a hundred in number. The palace of the archbishop
+is near.
+
+The Church was thus, in the days of Charles, a complete realm of
+itself, with its own property, its own laws, its own legislature, and
+courts, and judges, its own capital, and its own monarch. It was
+entirely independent of the mass of the people in all these respects,
+as all these things were wholly controlled by the bishops and clergy,
+and the clergy were generally appointed by the noblemen, and the
+bishops by the king. This made the system almost entirely independent
+of the community at large; and as there was organized under it a vast
+amount of wealth, and influence, and power, the Archbishop of
+Canterbury, who presided over the whole, was as great in authority as
+he was in rank and honor. Now Laud was Archbishop of Canterbury.
+
+King Charles had made him so. He had observed that Laud, who had been
+advanced to some high stations in the Church by his father, King
+James, was desirous to enlarge and strengthen the powers and
+prerogatives of the Church, just as he himself was endeavoring to do
+in respect to those of the throne. He accordingly promoted him from
+one post of influence and honor to another, until he made him at last
+Archbishop of Canterbury. Thus he was placed upon the summit of
+ecclesiastical grandeur and power.
+
+He commenced his work, however, of strengthening and aggrandizing the
+Church, before he was appointed to this high office. He was Bishop of
+London for many years, which is a post, in some respects, second only
+to that of Archbishop of Canterbury. While in this station, he was
+appointed by the king to many high civil offices. He had great
+capacity for the transaction of business, and for the fulfillment of
+high trusts, whether of Church or state. He was a man of great
+integrity and moral worth. He was stern and severe in manners but
+learned and accomplished. His whole soul was bent on what he
+undoubtedly considered the great duty of his life, supporting and
+confirming the authority of the king and the power and influence of
+English Episcopacy. Notwithstanding his high qualifications, however,
+many persons were jealous of the influence which he possessed with the
+king, and murmured against the appointment of a churchman to such high
+offices of state.
+
+There was another source of hostility to Laud. There was a large part
+of the people of England who were against the Church of England
+altogether. They did not like a system in which all power and
+influence came, as it were, from above downward. The king made the
+noblemen, the noblemen made the bishops, the bishops made the clergy,
+and the clergy ruled their flocks; the flocks themselves having
+nothing to say or do but to submit. It is very different with
+Episcopacy in this country. The people here choose the clergy, and the
+clergy choose the bishops, so that power in the Church, as in every
+thing else here, goes from below upward. The two systems, when at
+rest, look very similar in the two countries; but when in action, the
+current of life flows in contrary directions, making the two
+diametrically opposite to each other in spirit and power. In England,
+Episcopacy is an engine by which the people are ecclesiastically
+governed. Here, it is the machinery by which they govern. Thus, though
+the forms appear similar, the action is very diverse.
+
+Now in England there was a large and increasing party that hated and
+opposed the whole Episcopal system. Laud, to counteract this tendency,
+attempted to define, and enlarge, and extend that system as far as
+possible. He made the most of all the ceremonies of worship, and
+introduced others, which were, indeed, not exactly new, but rather
+ancient ones revived. He did this conscientiously, no doubt, thinking
+that these forms of devotion were adapted to impress the soul of the
+worshiper, and lead him to feel, in his heart, the reverence which his
+outward action expressed. Many of the people, however, bitterly
+opposed these things. They considered it a return to popery. The more
+that Laud, and those who acted with him, attempted to magnify the
+rites and the powers of the Church, the more these persons began to
+abhor every thing of the kind. They wanted Christianity itself, _in
+its purity_, uncontaminated, as they said, by these popish and
+idolatrous forms. They were called _Puritans_.
+
+There were a great many things which seem to us at the present day of
+very little consequence, which were then the subjects of endless
+disputes and of the most bitter animosity. For instance, one point was
+whether the place where the communion was to be administered should be
+called the communion table or the altar; and in what part of the
+church it should stand; and whether the person officiating should be
+called a priest or a clergyman; and whether he should wear one kind of
+dress or another. Great importance was attached to these things; but
+it was not on their own account, but on account of their bearing on
+the question whether the Lord's Supper was to be considered only a
+ceremony commemorative of Christ's death, or whether it was, whenever
+celebrated by a regularly authorized priest, _a real renewal_ of the
+sacrifice of Christ, as the Catholics maintained. Calling the
+communion table an altar, and the officiating minister a priest, and
+clothing him in a sacerdotal garb, countenanced the idea of a renewal
+of the sacrifice of Christ. Laud and his co-adjutors urged the adoption
+of all these and similar usages. The Puritans detested them, because
+they detested and abhorred the doctrine which they seemed to imply.
+
+Another great topic of controversy was the subject of amusements. It
+is a very singular circumstance, that in those branches of the
+Christian Church where rites and forms are most insisted upon, the
+greatest latitude is allowed in respect to the gayeties and amusements
+of social life. Catholic Paris is filled with theaters and dancing,
+and the Sabbath is a holiday. In London, on the other hand, the number
+of theaters is small, dancing is considered as an amusement of a more
+or less equivocal character, and the Sabbath is rigidly observed; and
+among all the simple Democratic churches of New England, to dance or
+to attend the theater is considered almost morally wrong. It was just
+so in the days of Laud. He wished to encourage amusements among the
+people, particularly on Sunday, after church. This was partly for the
+purpose of counteracting the efforts of those who were inclined to
+Puritan views. They attached great importance to their sermons and
+lectures, for in them they could address and influence the people. But
+by means of these addresses, as Laud thought, they put ideas of
+insubordination into the minds of the people, and encroached on the
+authority of the Church and of the king. To prevent this, the
+High-Church party wished to exalt the _prayers_ in the Church service,
+and to give as little place and influence as possible to the sermon,
+and to draw off the attention of the people from the discussions and
+exhortations of the preachers by encouraging games, dances, and
+amusements of all kinds.
+
+The judges in one of the counties, at a regular court held by them,
+once passed an order forbidding certain revels and carousals connected
+with the Church service, on account of the immoralities and disorders,
+as they alleged, to which they gave rise; and they ordered that public
+notice to this effect should be given by the bishop. The archbishop,
+Laud, considered this an interference on the part of the civil
+magistrates, with the powers and prerogatives of the Church. He had
+the judges brought before the council, and censured there; and they
+were required by the council to revoke their order at the next court.
+The judges did so, but in such a way as to show that they did it
+simply in obedience to the command of the king's council. The people,
+or at least all of them who were inclined to Puritan views, sided
+with the judges, and were more strict in abstaining from all such
+amusements on Sunday than ever. This, of course, made those who were
+on the side of Laud more determined to promote these gayeties. Thus,
+as neither party pursued, in the least degree, a generous or
+conciliatory course toward the other, the difference between them
+widened more and more. The people of the country were fast becoming
+either bigoted High-Churchmen or fanatical Puritans.
+
+Laud employed the power of the Star Chamber a great deal in the
+accomplishment of his purpose of enforcing entire submission to the
+ecclesiastical authority of the Church. He even had persons sometimes
+punished very severely for words of disrespect, or for writings in
+which they censured what they considered the tyranny under which they
+suffered. This severe punishment for the mere expression of opinion
+only served to fix the opinion more firmly, and disseminate it more
+widely. Sometimes men would glory in their sufferings for this cause,
+and bid the authorities defiance.
+
+One man, for instance, named Lilburne, was brought before the Star
+Chamber, charged with publishing seditious pamphlets. Now, in all
+ordinary courts of justice, no man is called upon to say any thing
+against himself. Unless his crime can be proved by the testimony of
+others, it can not be proved at all. But in the Star Chamber, whoever
+was brought to trial had to take an oath at first that he would answer
+all questions asked, even if they tended to criminate himself. When
+they proposed this oath to Lilburne, he refused to take it. They
+decided that this was contempt of court, and sentenced him to be
+whipped, put in the pillory, and imprisoned. While they were whipping
+him, he spent the time in making a speech to the spectators against
+the tyranny of bishops, referring to Laud, whom he considered as the
+author of these proceedings. He continued to do the same while in the
+pillory. As he passed along, too, he distributed copies of the
+pamphlets which he was prosecuted for writing. The Star Chamber,
+hearing that he was haranguing the mob, ordered him to be gagged. This
+did not subdue him. He began to stamp with his foot and gesticulate;
+thus continuing to express his indomitable spirit of hostility to the
+tyranny which he opposed. This single case would be of no great
+consequence alone, but it was not alone. The attempt to put Lilburne
+down was a symbol of the experiment of coercion which Charles in the
+state, and Laud in the Church, were trying upon the whole nation; it
+was a symbol both in respect to the means employed, and to the success
+attained by them.
+
+One curious case is related, which turned out more fortunately than
+usual for the parties accused. Some young lawyers in London were
+drinking at an evening entertainment, and among other toasts they
+drank confusion to the Archbishop of Canterbury. One of the waiters,
+who heard them, mentioned the circumstance, and they were brought
+before the Star Chamber. Before their trial came on, they applied to a
+certain nobleman to know what they should do. "Where was the waiter,"
+asked the nobleman, "when you drank the toast?" "At the door." "Oh!
+very well, then," said he; "tell the court that he only heard a part
+of the toast, as he was going out; and that the words really were,
+'Confusion to the Archbishop of Canterbury's enemies.'" By this
+ingenious plea, and by means of a great appearance of humility and
+deference in the presence of the archbishop, the lawyers escaped with
+a reprimand.
+
+Laud was not content with establishing and confirming throughout all
+England the authority of the Church, but attempted to extend the same
+system to Scotland. When King Charles went to Scotland to be crowned,
+he took Laud with him. He was pleased with Laud's endeavors to enlarge
+and confirm the powers of the Church, and wished to aid him in the
+work. There were two reasons for this. One was, that the same class of
+men, the Puritans, were the natural enemies of both, so that the king
+and the archbishop were drawn together by having one common foe. Then,
+as the places in the Church were not hereditary, but were filled by
+appointments from the king and the great nobles, whatever power the
+Church could get into its hands could be employed by the king to
+strengthen his own authority, and keep his subjects in subjection.
+
+We must not, however, censure the king and his advisers too strongly
+for this plan. They doubtless were ambitious; they loved power; they
+wished to bear sway, unresisted and unquestioned, over the whole
+realm. But then the king probably thought that the exercise of such a
+government was necessary for the order and prosperity of the realm,
+besides being his inherent and indefeasible right. Good and bad
+motives were doubtless mingled here, as in all human action; but then
+the king was, in the main, doing what he supposed it was his duty to
+do. In proposing, therefore, to build up the Church in Scotland, and
+to make it conform to the English Church in its rites and ceremonies,
+he and Laud doubtless supposed that they were going greatly to improve
+the government of the sister kingdom.
+
+There was in those days, as now, in the English Church, a certain
+prescribed course of prayers, and psalms, and Scripture lessons, for
+each day, to be read from a book by the minister. This was called the
+Liturgy. The Puritans did not like a Liturgy. It tied men up, and did
+not leave the individual mind of the preacher at liberty to range
+freely, as they wished it to do, in conducting the devotional
+services. It was on this very account that the friends of strong
+government _did_ like it. They wished to curtail this liberty, which,
+however, they called license, and which they thought made mischief. In
+extemporaneous prayers, it is often easy to see that the speaker is
+aiming much more directly at producing a salutary effect on the minds
+of his hearers than at simply presenting petitions to the Supreme
+Being. But, notwithstanding this evil, the existence of which no
+candid man can deny, the enemies of forms, who are generally friends
+of the largest liberty, think it best to leave the clergyman free. The
+friends of forms, however, prefer forms on this very account. They
+like what they consider the wholesome and salutary restraints which
+they impose.
+
+Now there has always been a great spirit of freedom in the Scottish
+mind. That people have ever been unwilling to submit to coercion or
+restraints. There is probably no race of men on earth that would make
+worse slaves than the Scotch. Their sturdy independence and
+determination to be free could never be subdued. In the days of
+Charles they were particularly fond of freely exercising their own
+minds, and of speaking freely to others on the subject of religion.
+They thought for themselves, sometimes right and sometimes wrong; but
+they would think, and they would express their thoughts; and their
+being thus unaccustomed, in one particular, to submit to restraints,
+rendered them more difficult to be governed in others. Laud thought,
+consequently, that _they_, particularly, needed a Liturgy. He prepared
+one for them. It was varied somewhat from the English Liturgy, though
+it was substantially the same. The king proclaimed it, and required
+the bishops to see that it was employed in all the churches in
+Scotland.
+
+The day for introducing the Liturgy was the signal for riots all over
+the kingdom. In the principal church in Edinburgh they called out "_A
+pope! A pope!_" when the clergyman came in with his book and his
+pontifical robes. The bishop ascended the pulpit to address the people
+to appease them, and a stool came flying through the air at his head.
+The police then expelled the congregation, and the clergyman went
+through with the service of the Liturgy in the empty church, the
+congregation outside, in great tumult, accompanying the exercises with
+cries of disapprobation and resentment, and with volleys of stones
+against the doors and windows.
+
+The Scotch sent a sort of embassador to London to represent to the
+king that the hostility to the Liturgy was so universal and so strong
+that it could not be enforced. But the king and his council had the
+same conscientious scruples about giving up in a contest with
+subjects, that a teacher or a parent, in our day, would feel in the
+case of resistance from children or scholars. The king sent down a
+proclamation that the observance of the Liturgy must be insisted on.
+The Scotch prepared to resist. They sent delegates to Edinburgh, and
+organized a sort of government. They raised armies. They took
+possession of the king's castles. They made a solemn covenant, binding
+themselves to insist on religious freedom. In a word, all Scotland was
+in rebellion.
+
+It was the custom in those days to have, connected with the court,
+some half-witted person, who used to be fantastically dressed, and to
+have great liberty of speech, and whose province was to amuse the
+courtiers. He was called the _king's jester_, or, more commonly, _the
+fool_. The name of King Charles's fool was Archy. After this rebellion
+broke out, and all England was aghast at the extent of the mischief
+which Laud's Liturgy had done, the fool, seeing the archbishop go by
+one day, called out to him, "My lord! who is the fool now!" The
+archbishop, as if to leave no possible doubt in respect to the proper
+answer to the question, had poor Archy tried and punished. His
+sentence was to have his coat pulled up over his head, and to be
+dismissed from the king's service. If Laud had let the affair pass,
+it would have ended with a laugh in the street; but by resenting it,
+he gave it notoriety, caused it to be recorded, and has perpetuated
+the memory of the jest to all future times. He ought to have joined in
+the laugh, and rewarded Archy on the spot for so good a witticism.
+
+The Scotch, besides organizing a sort of civil government, took
+measures for summoning a general assembly of their Church. This
+assembly met at Glasgow. The nobility and gentry flocked to Glasgow at
+the time of the meeting, to encourage and sustain the assembly, and to
+manifest their interest in the proceedings. The assembly very
+deliberately went to work, and, not content with taking a stand
+against the Liturgy which Charles had imposed, they abolished the
+fabric of Episcopacy--that is, the government of bishops--altogether.
+Thus Laud's attempt to perfect and confirm the system resulted in
+expelling it completely from the kingdom. It has never held up its
+head in Scotland since. They established Presbyterianism in its place,
+which is a sort of republican system, the pastors being all officially
+equal to each other, though banded together under a common government
+administered by themselves.
+
+The king was determined to put down this rebellion at all hazards. He
+had made such good use of the various irregular modes of raising money
+which have been already described, and had been so economical in the
+use of it, that he had now quite a sum of money in his treasury; and
+had it not been for the attempt to enforce the unfortunate Liturgy
+upon the people of Scotland, he might, perhaps, have gone on reigning
+without a Parliament to the end of his days. He had now about two
+hundred thousand pounds, by means of which, together with what he
+could borrow, he hoped to make one single demonstration of force which
+would bring the rebellion to an end. He raised an army and equipped a
+fleet. He issued a proclamation summoning all the peers of the realm
+to attend him. He moved with this great concourse from London toward
+the north, the whole country looking on as spectators to behold the
+progress of this great expedition, by which their monarch was going to
+attempt to subdue again his _other_ kingdom.
+
+Charles advanced to the city of York, the great city of the north of
+England. Here he paused and established his court, with all possible
+pomp and parade. His design was to impress the Scots with such an
+idea of the greatness of the power which was coming to overwhelm them
+as to cause them to submit at once. But all this show was very hollow
+and delusive. The army felt a greater sympathy with the Scots than
+they did with the king. The complaints against Charles's government
+were pretty much the same in both countries. A great many Scotchmen
+came to York while the king was there, and the people from all the
+country round flocked thither too, drawn by the gay spectacles
+connected with the presence of such a court and army. The Scotchmen
+disseminated their complaints thus among the English people, and
+finally the king and his council, finding indications of so extensive
+a disaffection, had a form of an oath prepared, which they required
+all the principal persons to take, acknowledging allegiance to
+Charles, and denying that they had any intelligence or correspondence
+with the enemy. The Scotchmen all took the oath very readily, though
+some of the English refused.
+
+At any rate, the state of things was not such as to intimidate the
+Scotch, and lead them, as the king had hoped, to sue for peace. So he
+concluded to move on toward the borders. He went to Newcastle, and
+thence to Berwick. From Berwick he moved along the banks of the Tweed,
+which here forms the boundary between the two kingdoms, and, finding a
+suitable place for such a purpose, the king had his royal tent
+pitched, and his army encamped around him.
+
+Now, as King Charles had undertaken to subdue the Scots by a show of
+force, it seems they concluded to defend themselves by a show too,
+though theirs was a cheaper and more simple contrivance than his. They
+advanced with about three thousand men to a place distant perhaps
+seven miles from the English camp. The king sent an army of five
+thousand men to attack them. The Scotch, in the mean time, collected
+great herds of cattle from all the country around, as the historians
+say, and arranged them behind their little army in such a way as to
+make the whole appear a vast body of soldiers. A troop of horsemen,
+who were the advanced part of the English army, came in sight of this
+formidable host first, and, finding their numbers so much greater than
+they had anticipated, they fell back, and ordered the artillery and
+foot-soldiers who were coming up to retreat, and all together came
+back to the encampment. There were two or three military enterprises
+of similar character, in which nothing was done but to encourage the
+Scotch and dishearten the English. In fact, neither officers,
+soldiers, nor king wished to proceed to extremities. The officers and
+soldiers did not wish to fight the Scotch, and the king, knowing the
+state of his army, did not really dare to do it.
+
+Finally, all the king's council advised him to give up the pretended
+contest, and to settle the difficulty by a compromise. Accordingly, in
+June, negotiations were commenced, and before the end of the month
+articles were signed. The king probably made the best terms he could,
+but it was universally considered that the Scots gained the victory.
+The king disbanded his army, and returned to London. The Scotch
+leaders went back to Edinburgh. Soon after this the Parliament and the
+General Assembly of the Church convened, and these bodies took the
+whole management of the realm into their own hands. They sent
+commissioners to London to see and confer with the king, and these
+commissioners seemed almost to assume the character of embassadors
+from a foreign state. These negotiations, and the course which affairs
+were taking in Scotland, soon led to new difficulties. The king found
+that he was losing his kingdom of Scotland altogether. It seemed,
+however, as if there was nothing that he could do to regain it. His
+reserved funds were gone, and his credit was exhausted. There was no
+resource left but to call a Parliament and ask for supplies. He might
+have known, however, that this would be useless, for there was so
+strong a fellow-feeling with the Scotch in their alleged grievances
+among the people of England, that he could not reasonably expect any
+response from the latter, in whatever way he might appeal to them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE EARL OF STRAFFORD.
+
+1621-1640
+
+The Earl of Strafford.--His early life.--Strafford's course in
+Parliament.--His opposition to the king.--The leaders removed.--The
+opposition still continues.--Wentworth imprisoned.--His return
+to Parliament.--Wentworth is courted.--He goes over to the king.--The
+king appoints Wentworth to office.--Wentworth is appointed President
+of the North.--Wentworth appointed to the government of
+Ireland.--Wentworth's arbitrary government.--He is made an
+earl.--Difficulties.--Laud's administration of his office.--Defense
+of Episcopacy.--Progress of non-conformity.--A Parliament
+called.--Strafford appointed commander-in-chief.--Meeting of
+Parliament.--The king's speech.--Address of the lord
+keeper.--Grievances.--Messages.--Parliament dissolved.--The Scots
+cross the borders and invade England.--March of the Scots.--The king
+goes to York.--Defeat of the English.--Perplexities and dangers.--The
+king calls a council of peers.--Message from the Scots.--The king
+compromises with the Scots.--Opposition of Strafford.--Strafford
+desires to return to Ireland.--The king's promised protection.
+
+
+During the time that the king had been engaged in the attempt to
+govern England without Parliaments, he had, besides Laud, a very
+efficient co-operator, known in English history by the name of the
+Earl of Strafford. This title of Earl of Strafford was conferred upon
+him by the king as a reward for his services. His father's name was
+Wentworth. He was born in London, and the Christian name given to him
+was Thomas. He was educated at the University of Cambridge, and was
+much distinguished for his talents and his personal accomplishments.
+After finishing his education, he traveled for some time on the
+Continent, visiting foreign cities and courts, and studying the
+languages, manners, and customs of other nations. He returned at
+length to England. He was made a knight. His father died when he was
+about twenty-one, and left him a large fortune. He was about seven
+years older than King Charles, so that all these circumstances took
+place before the commencement of Charles's reign. For many years after
+this he was very extensively known in England as a gentleman of large
+fortune and great abilities, by the name of Sir Thomas Wentworth.
+
+Sir Thomas Wentworth was a member of Parliament in those days, and in
+the contests between the king and the Parliament he took the side of
+Parliament. Charles used to maintain that _his_ power alone was
+hereditary and sovereign; that the Parliament was his council; and
+that they had no powers or privileges except what he himself or his
+ancestors had granted and allowed them. Wentworth took very strong
+ground against this. He urged Parliament to maintain that their rights
+and privileges were inherent and hereditary as well as those of the
+king; that such powers as they possessed were their own, and were
+entirely independent of royal grant or permission; and that the king
+could no more encroach upon the privileges of Parliament, than
+Parliament upon the prerogatives of the king. This was in the
+beginning of the difficulties between the king and the Commons.
+
+It will, perhaps, be recollected by the reader, that one of the plans
+which Charles adopted to weaken the opposition to him in Parliament
+was by appointing six of the leaders of this opposition to the office
+of sheriff in their several counties. And as the general theory of all
+monarchies is that the subjects are bound to obey and serve the king,
+these men were obliged to leave their seats in Parliament and go home,
+to serve as sheriffs. Charles and his council supposed that the rest
+would be more quiet and submissive when the leaders of the party
+opposed to him were taken away. But the effect was the reverse. The
+Commons were incensed at such a mode of interfering with their action,
+and became more hostile to the royal power than ever.
+
+Wentworth himself, too, was made more determined in his opposition by
+this treatment. A short time after this, the king's plan of a forced
+loan was adopted, which has already been described; that is, a sum of
+money was assessed in the manner of a tax upon all the people of the
+kingdom, and each man was required to lend his proportion to the
+government. The king admitted that he had no right to make people
+_give_ money without the action of Parliament, but claimed the right
+to require them to _lend_ it. As Sir Thomas Wentworth was a man of
+large fortune, his share of the loan was considerable. He absolutely
+refused to pay it. The king then brought him before a court which was
+entirely under royal control, and he was condemned to be imprisoned.
+Knowing, however, that this claim on the part of the king was very
+doubtful, they mitigated the punishment by allowing him first a range
+of two miles around his place of confinement, and afterward they
+released him entirely.
+
+He was chosen a member of Parliament again, and he returned to his
+seat more powerful and influential than ever. Buckingham, who had been
+his greatest enemy, was now dead, and the king, finding that he had
+great abilities and a spirit that would not yield to intimidation or
+force, concluded to try kindness and favors.
+
+In fact, there are two different modes by which sovereigns in all ages
+and countries endeavor to neutralize the opposition of popular
+leaders. One is by intimidating them with threats and punishments, and
+the other buying them off with appointments and honors. Some of the
+king's high officers of state began to cultivate the acquaintance of
+Wentworth, and to pay him attentions and civilities. He could not but
+feel gratified with these indications of their regard. They
+complimented his talents and his powers, and represented to him that
+such abilities ought to be employed in the service of the state.
+Finally, the king conferred upon him the title of baron. Common
+gratitude for these marks of distinction and honor held him back from
+any violent opposition to the king. His enemies said he was bought off
+by honors and rewards. No doubt he was ambitious, and, like all other
+politicians, his supreme motive was love of consideration and honor.
+This was doubtless his motive in what he had done in behalf of the
+Parliament. But all that he could do as a popular leader in Parliament
+was to acquire a general ascendency over men's minds, and make himself
+a subject of fame and honor. All places of real authority were
+exclusively under the king's control, and he could only rise to such
+stations through the sovereign's favor. In a word, he could acquire
+only _influence_ as a leader in Parliament, while the king could give
+him _power_.
+
+Kings can exercise, accordingly, a great control over the minds of
+legislators by offering them office; and King Charles, after finding
+that his first advances to Wentworth were favorably received,
+appointed him one of his Privy Council. Wentworth accepted the office.
+His former friends considered that in doing this he was deserting
+them, and betraying the cause which he had at first espoused and
+defended. The country at large were much displeased with him, finding
+that he had forsaken their cause, and placed himself in a position to
+act against them.
+
+Persons who change sides in politics or in religion are very apt to go
+from one extreme to another. Their former friends revile them, and
+they, in retaliation, act more and more energetically against them. It
+was so with Strafford. He gradually engaged more and more fully and
+earnestly in upholding the king. Finally, the king appointed him to a
+very high station, called the Presidency of the North. His office was
+to govern the whole north of England--of course, under the direction
+of the king and council. There were four counties under his
+jurisdiction, and the king gave him a commission which clothed him
+with enormous powers--powers greater, as all the people thought, than
+the king had any right to bestow.
+
+Strafford proceeded to the north, and entered upon the government of
+his realm there, with a determination to carry out all the king's
+plans to the utmost. From being an ardent advocate of the rights of
+the people, as he was at the commencement of his career, he became a
+most determined and uncompromising supporter of the arbitrary power of
+the king. He insisted on the collection of money from the people, in
+all the ways that the king claimed the power to collect it by
+authority of his prerogative; and he was so strict and exacting in
+doing this, that he raised the revenue to four or five times what any
+of his predecessors had been able to collect. This, of course, pleased
+King Charles and his government extremely; for it was at a time during
+which the king was attempting to govern without a Parliament, and
+every accession to his funds was of extreme importance. Laud, too, the
+archbishop, was highly gratified with his exertions and his success,
+and the king looked upon Laud and Wentworth as the two most efficient
+supporters of his power. They were, in fact, the two most efficient
+promoters of his destruction.
+
+Of course, the people of the north hated him. While he was earning the
+applause of the archbishop and the king, and entitling himself to new
+honors and increased power, he was sewing the seeds of the bitterest
+animosity in the hearts of the people every where. Still he enjoyed
+all the external marks of consideration and honor. The President of
+the North was a sort of king. He was clothed with great powers, and
+lived in great state and splendor. He had many attendants, and the
+great nobles of the land, who generally took Charles's side in the
+contests of the day, envied Wentworth's greatness and power, and
+applauded the energy and success of his administration.
+
+Ireland was, at this time, in a disturbed and disordered state, and
+Laud proposed that Wentworth should be appointed by the king to the
+government of it. A great proportion of the inhabitants were
+Catholics, and were very little disposed to submit to Protestant rule.
+Wentworth was appointed lord deputy, and afterward lord lieutenant,
+which made him king of Ireland in all but the name. Every thing, of
+course, was done in the name of Charles. He carried the same energy
+into his government here that he had exhibited in the north of
+England. He improved the condition of the country astonishingly in
+respect to trade, to revenue, and to public order. But he governed in
+the most arbitrary manner, and he boasted that he had rendered the
+king as absolute a sovereign in Ireland as any prince in the world
+could be. Such a boast from a man who had once been a very prominent
+defender of the rights of the people against this very kind of
+sovereignty, was fitted to produce a feeling of universal exasperation
+and desire of revenge. The murmurs and muttered threats which filled
+the land, though suppressed, were very deep and very strong.
+
+The king, however, and Laud, considered Wentworth as their most able
+and efficient co-adjutor; and when the difficulties in Scotland began
+to grow serious, they recalled him from Ireland, and put that country
+into the hands of another ruler. The king then advanced him to the
+rank of an earl. His title was the Earl of Strafford. As the
+subsequent parts of his history attracted more attention than those
+preceding his elevation to this earldom, he has been far more widely
+known among mankind by the name of Strafford than by his original name
+of Wentworth, which was, from this period, nearly forgotten.
+
+To return now to the troubles in Scotland. The king found that it
+would be impossible to go on without supplies, and he accordingly
+concluded, on the whole, to call a Parliament. He was in serious
+trouble. Laud was in serious trouble too. He had been indefatigably
+engaged for many years in establishing Episcopacy all over England,
+and in putting down, by force of law, all disposition to dissent from
+it; and in attempting to produce, throughout the realm, one uniform
+system of Christian faith and worship. This was his idea of the
+perfection of religious order and right. He used to make an annual
+visitation to all the bishoprics in the realm; inquire into the usages
+which prevailed there; put a stop, so far as he could, to all
+irregularities; and confirm and establish, by the most decisive
+measures, the Episcopal authority. He sent in his report to the king
+of the results of his inquiries, asking the king's aid, where his own
+powers were insufficient, for the more full accomplishment of his
+plans. But, notwithstanding all this diligence and zeal, he found that
+he met with very partial success. The irregularities, as he called
+them, which he suppressed in one place, would break out in another;
+the disposition to throw off the dominion of bishops was getting more
+and more extensive and deeply seated; and now, the result of the
+religious revolution in Scotland, and of the general excitement which
+it produced in England, was to widen and extend this feeling more than
+ever.
+
+He did not, however, give up the contest, He employed an able writer
+to draw up a defense of Episcopacy, as the true and scriptural form of
+Church government. The book, when first prepared, was moderate in its
+tone, and allowed that in some particular cases a Presbyterian mode of
+government might be admissible; but Laud, in revising the book, struck
+out these concessions as unnecessary and dangerous, and placed
+Episcopacy in full and exclusive possession of the ground, as the
+divinely instituted and only admissible form of Church government and
+discipline. He caused this book to be circulated; but the attempt to
+reason with the refractory, after having failed in the attempt to
+coerce them, is not generally very successful. The archbishop, in his
+report to the king this year of the state of things throughout his
+province, represents the spirit of non-conformity to the Church of
+England as getting too strong for him to control without more
+efficient help from the civil power; but whether it would be wise, he
+added, to undertake any more effectual coercion in the present
+distracted state of the kingdom, he left it for the king to decide.
+
+Laud proposed that the council should recommend to the king the
+calling of a Parliament. At the same time, they passed a resolution
+that, in case the Parliament "should prove peevish, and refuse to
+grant supplies, they would sustain the king in the resort to
+extraordinary measures." This was regarded as a threat, and did not
+help to prepossess the members favorably in regard to the feeling with
+which the king was to meet them. The king ordered the Parliament to be
+elected in December, but did not call them together until April. In
+the mean time, he went on raising an army, so as to have his military
+preparations in readiness. He, however, appointed a new set of
+officers to the command of this army, neglecting those who were in
+command before, as he had found them so little disposed to act
+efficiently in his cause. He supplied the leader's place with
+Strafford. This change produced very extensive murmurs of
+dissatisfaction, which, added to all the other causes of complaint,
+made the times look very dark and stormy.
+
+The Parliament assembled in April. The king went into the House of
+Lords, the Commons being, as usual, summoned to the bar. He addressed
+them as follows:
+
+    "My Lords and gentlemen,--There was never a King who had a more
+    great and weighty Cause to call his People together than myself. I
+    will not trouble you with the particulars. I have informed my lord
+    keeper, and now command him to speak, and I desire your
+    Attention."
+
+The keeper referred to was the keeper of the king's seals, who was, of
+course, a great officer of state. He made a speech, informing the
+houses, in general terms, of the king's need of money, but said that
+it was not necessary for him to explain minutely the monarch's plans,
+as they were exclusively his own concern. We may as well quote his
+words, in order to show in what light the position and province of a
+British Parliament was considered in those days.
+
+    "His majesty's kingly resolutions," said the lord keeper, "are
+    seated in the ark of his sacred breast, and it were a presumption
+    of too high a nature for any Uzzah uncalled to touch it. Yet his
+    Majesty is now pleased to lay by the shining Beams of Majesty, as
+    Phoebus did to Phaeton, that the distance between Sovereignty and
+    Subjection should not bar you of that filial freedom of Access to
+    his Person and Counsels; only let us beware how, with the Son of
+    Clymene, we aim not at the guiding of the Chariot, as if that were
+    the only Testimony of Fatherly Affection; and let us remember,
+    that though the King sometimes lays by the Beams and Rays of
+    Majesty, he never lays by Majesty itself."
+
+When the keeper had finished his speech, the king confirmed it by
+saying that he had exaggerated nothing, and the houses were left to
+their deliberations. Instead of proceeding to the business of raising
+money, they commenced an inquiry into the grievances, as they called
+them--that is, all the unjust acts and the maladministration of the
+government, of which the country had been complaining for the ten
+years during which there had been an intermission of Parliaments. The
+king did all in his power to arrest this course of procedure. He sent
+them message after message, urging them to leave these things, and
+take up first the question of supplies. He then sent a message to the
+House of Peers, requesting them to interpose and exert their influence
+to lead the Commons to act. The Peers did so. The Commons sent them
+back a reply that their interference in the business of supply, which
+belonged to the Commons alone, was a breach of their privileges.
+"And," they added, "therefore, the Commons desire their lordships in
+their wisdom to find out some way for the reparation of their
+privileges broken by that act, and to prevent the like infringement in
+future."
+
+Thus repulsed on every hand, the king gave up the hope of
+accomplishing any thing through the action of the House of Commons,
+and he suddenly determined to dissolve Parliament. The session had
+continued only about three weeks. In dissolving the Parliament the
+king took no notice of the Commons whatever, but addressed the Lords
+alone. The Commons and the whole country were incensed at such
+capricious treatment of the national Legislature.
+
+The king and his council tried all summer to get the army ready to be
+put in motion. The great difficulty, of course, was want of funds.
+The _Convocation_, which was the great council of the Church, and
+which was accustomed in those days to sit simultaneously with
+Parliament, continued their session afterward in this case, and raised
+some money for the king. The nobles of the court subscribed a
+considerable amount, also, which they lent him. They wished to sustain
+him in his contest with the Commons on their own account, and then,
+besides, they felt a personal interest in him, and a sympathy for him
+in the troubles which were thickening around him.
+
+The summer months passed away in making the preparations and getting
+the various bodies of troops ready, and the military stores collected
+at the place of rendezvous in York and Newcastle. The Scots, in the
+mean time, had been assembling their forces near the borders, and,
+being somewhat imboldened by their success in the previous campaign,
+crossed the frontier, and advanced boldly to meet the forces of the
+king.
+
+They published a manifesto, declaring that they were not entering
+England with any hostile intent toward their sovereign, but were only
+coming to present to him their humble petitions for a redress of their
+grievances, which they said they were sure he would graciously
+receive as soon as he had opportunity to learn from them how great
+their grievances had been. They respectfully requested that the people
+of England would allow them to pass safely and without molestation
+through the land, and promised to conduct themselves with the utmost
+propriety and decorum. This promise they kept. They avoided molesting
+the inhabitants in any way, and purchased fairly every thing they
+consumed. When the English officers learned that the Scotch had
+crossed the Tweed, they sent on immediately to London, to the king,
+urging him to come north at once, and join the army, with all the
+remaining forces at his command. The king did so, but it was too late.
+He arrived at York; from York he went northward to reach the van of
+his army, which had been posted at Newcastle, but on his way he was
+met by messengers saying that they were in full retreat, and that the
+Scotch had got possession of Newcastle.
+
+The circumstances of the battle were these. Newcastle is upon the
+Tyne. The banks at Newcastle are steep and high, but about four miles
+above the town is a place called Newburn, where was a meadow near the
+river, and a convenient place to cross. The Scotch advanced in a very
+slow and orderly manner to Newburn, and encamped there. The English
+sent a detachment from Newcastle to arrest their progress. The Scotch
+begged them not to interrupt their march, as they were only going to
+_present petitions to the king_! The English general, of course, paid
+no attention to this pretext. The Scotch army then attacked them and
+soon put them to flight. The routed English soldiers fled to
+Newcastle, and were there joined by all that portion of the army which
+was in Newcastle, in a rapid retreat. The Scotch took possession of
+the town, but conducted themselves in a very orderly manner, and
+bought and paid for every thing they used.
+
+The poor king was now in a situation of the most imminent and terrible
+danger. Rebel subjects were in full possession of one kingdom, and
+were now advancing at the head of victorious armies into the other. He
+himself had entirely alienated the affections of a large portion of
+his subjects, and had openly quarreled with and dismissed the
+Legislature. He had no funds, and had exhausted all possible means of
+raising funds. He was half distracted with the perplexities and
+dangers of his position.
+
+His deciding on dissolving Parliament in the spring was a hasty step,
+and he bitterly regretted it the moment the deed was done. He wished
+to recall it. He deliberated several days about the possibility of
+summoning the same members to meet again, and constituting them again
+a Parliament. But the lawyers insisted that this could not be done. A
+dissolution was a dissolution. The Parliament, once dissolved, was no
+more. It could not be brought to life again. There must be new orders
+to the country to proceed to new elections. To do this at once would
+have been too humiliating for the king. He now found, however, that
+the necessity for it could no longer be postponed. There was such a
+thing in the English history as a council of peers alone, called in a
+sudden emergency which did not allow of time for the elections
+necessary to constitute the House of Commons. Charles called such a
+council of peers to meet at York, and they immediately assembled.
+
+In the mean time the Scotch sent embassadors to York, saying to the
+king that they were advancing to lay their grievances before him! They
+expressed great sorrow and regret at the victory which they had been
+compelled to gain over some forces that had attempted to prevent them
+from getting access to their sovereign. The king laid this
+communication before the lords, and asked their advice what to do; and
+also asked them to counsel him how he should provide funds to keep his
+army together until a Parliament could be convened. The lords advised
+him to appoint commissioners to meet the Scotch, and endeavor to
+compromise the difficulties; and to send to the city of London, asking
+that corporation to lend him a small sum until Parliament could be
+assembled.
+
+This advice was followed. A temporary treaty was made with the rebels,
+although making a treaty with rebels is perhaps the most humiliating
+thing that a hereditary sovereign is ever compelled to do. The Earl of
+Strafford was, however, entirely opposed to this policy. He urged the
+king most earnestly not to give up the contest without a more decisive
+struggle. He represented to him the danger of beginning to yield to
+the torrent which he now began to see would overwhelm them all if it
+was allowed to have its way. He tried to persuade the king that the
+Scots might yet be driven back, and that it would be possible to get
+along without a Parliament. He dreaded a Parliament. The king,
+however, and his other advisers, thought that they must yield a little
+to the storm. Strafford then wanted to be allowed to return to his
+post in Ireland, where he thought that he should probably be safe from
+the terrible enmity which he must have known that he had awakened in
+England, and which he thought a Parliament would concentrate and bring
+upon his devoted head. But the king would not consent to this. He
+assured Strafford that if a Parliament should assemble, he would take
+care that they should not hurt a hair of his head. Unfortunate
+monarch! How little he foresaw that that very Parliament, from whose
+violence he thus promised to defend his favorite servant so completely
+as to insure him from the slightest injury, would begin by taking off
+his favorite's head, and end with taking off his own!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+DOWNFALL OF STRAFFORD AND LAUD
+
+1640-1641
+
+Opening of the new Parliament.--The king's speech.--Attacks on
+Strafford and Laud.--Speeches against them.--Feelings of
+hostility.--Bill of attainder.--Mode of proceeding.--The
+trial.--Proceedings against Strafford.--Arrest of Strafford.--Usher of
+the black rod.--Laud threatened with violence.--Arrest of Laud on the
+charge of treason.--Laud's speech.--His confinement.--Trial of
+Strafford.--Unjust conduct of the Commons.--Arrangements at
+Westminster Hall.--Charges.--Imposing scene.--Strafford's able and
+eloquent defense.--The charge of treason a mere pretext.--Vote on the
+bill of attainder.--Interposition of the king.--Clamor of the
+populace.--Condemnation.--The king hesitates about signing the
+bill.--The Tower.--Strafford's letter to the king.--The king signs the
+bill.--Strafford's surprise.--The king asks mercy for
+Strafford.--Mercy refused.--Strafford's message to Laud.--Composure of
+Strafford.--His execution.--Execution of Laud.--His firmness.
+
+
+The Parliament assembled in November, 1640. The king proceeded to
+London to attend it. He left Strafford in command of the army at York.
+Active hostilities had been suspended, as a sort of temporary truce
+had been concluded with the Scots, to prepare the way for a final
+treaty. Strafford had been entirely opposed to this, being still full
+of energy and courage. The king, however, began to feel alarmed. He
+went to London to meet the Parliament which he had summoned, but he
+was prepared to meet them in a very different spirit from that which
+he had manifested on former occasions. He even gave up all the
+external circumstances of pomp and parade with which the opening of
+Parliament had usually been attended. He had been accustomed to go to
+the House of Lords in state, with a numerous retinue and great parade.
+Now he was conveyed from his palace along the river in a barge, in a
+quiet and unostentatious manner. His opening speech, too, was
+moderate and conciliatory. In a word, it was pretty evident to the
+Commons that the proud and haughty spirit of their royal master was
+beginning to be pretty effectually humbled.
+
+Of course, now, in proportion as the king should falter, the Commons
+would grow bold. The House immediately began to attack Laud and
+Strafford in their speeches. It is the theory of the British
+Constitution that the king can do no wrong; whatever criminality at
+any time attaches to the acts of his administration, belongs to his
+_advisers_, not to himself. The speakers condemned, in most decided
+terms, the arbitrary and tyrannical course which the government had
+pursued during the intermission of Parliaments, but charged it all,
+not to the king, but to Strafford and Laud. Strafford had been, as
+they considered, the responsible person in civil and military affairs,
+and Laud in those of the Church. These speeches were made to try the
+temper of the House and of the country, and see whether there was
+hostility enough to Laud and Strafford in the House and in the
+country, and boldness enough in the expression of it, to warrant their
+impeachment.
+
+The attacks thus made in the House against the two ministers were
+made very soon. Within a week after the opening of Parliament, one of
+the members, after declaiming a long time against the encroachments
+and tyranny of Archbishop Laud, whose title, according to English
+usage, was "his Grace," said he hoped that, before the year ran round,
+his grace would either have more grace or no grace at all; "for," he
+added, "our manifold griefs do fill a mighty and vast circumference,
+yet in such a manner that from every part our lines of sorrow do meet
+in him, and point at him the center, from whence our miseries in this
+Church, and many of them in the Commonwealth, do flow." He said, also,
+that if they must submit to a pope, he would rather obey one that was
+as far off as the Tiber, than to have him come as near as the Thames.
+
+Similar denunciations were made against Strafford, and they awakened
+no opposition. On the contrary, it was found that the feeling of
+hostility against both the ministers was so universal and so strong,
+that the leaders began to think seriously of an impeachment on a
+charge of high treason. High treason is the greatest crime known to
+the English law, and the punishment for it, especially in the case of
+a peer of the realm, is very terrible. This punishment was generally
+inflicted by what was called a bill of attainder, which brought with
+it the worst of penalties. It implied the perfect destruction of the
+criminal in every sense. He was to lose his life by having his head
+cut off upon a block. His body, according to the strict letter of the
+law, was to be mutilated in a manner too shocking to be here
+described. His children were disinherited, and his property all
+forfeited. This was considered as the consequence of the _attainting_
+of the blood, which rendered it corrupt, and incapable of transmitting
+an inheritance. In fact, it was the intention of the bill of attainder
+to brand the wretched object of it with complete and perpetual infamy.
+
+The proceedings, too, in the impeachment and trial of a high minister
+of state, were always very imposing and solemn. The impeachment must
+be moved by the Commons, and tried by the Peers. A peer of the realm
+could be tried by no inferior tribunal. When the Commons proposed
+bringing articles of impeachment against an officer of state, they
+sent first a messenger to the House of Peers to ask them to arrest the
+person whom they intended to accuse, and to hold him for trial until
+they should have their articles prepared. The House of Peers would
+comply with this request, and a time would be appointed for the trial.
+The Commons would frame the charges, and appoint a certain number of
+their members to manage the prosecution. They would collect evidence,
+and get every thing ready for the trial. When the time arrived, the
+chamber of the House of Peers would be arranged as a court room, or
+they would assemble in some other hall more suitable for the purpose,
+the prisoner would be brought to the bar, the commissioners on the
+part of the Commons would appear with their documents and their
+evidence, persons of distinction would assemble to listen to the
+proceedings, and the trial would go on.
+
+It was in accordance with this routine that the Commons commenced
+proceedings against the Earl of Strafford, very soon after the opening
+of the session, by appointing a committee to inquire whether there was
+any just cause to accuse him of treason. The committee reported to the
+House that there was just cause. The House then appointed a messenger
+to go to the House of Lords, saying that they had found that there was
+just cause to accuse the Earl of Strafford of high treason, and to
+ask that they would sequester him from the House, as the phrase was,
+and hold him in custody till they could prepare the charges and the
+evidence against him. All these proceedings were in secret session, in
+order that Strafford might not get warning and fly. The Commons then
+nearly all accompanied their messenger to the House of Lords, to show
+how much in earnest they were. The Lords complied with the request.
+They caused the earl to be arrested and committed to the charge of the
+_usher of the black rod_, and sent two officers to the Commons to
+inform them that they had done so.
+
+The usher of the black rod is a very important officer of the House of
+Lords. He is a sort of sheriff, to execute the various behests of the
+House, having officers to serve under him for this purpose. The badge
+of his office has been, for centuries, a black rod with a golden lion
+at the upper end, which is borne before him as the emblem of his
+authority. A peer of the realm, when charged with treason, is
+committed to the custody of this officer. In this case he took the
+Earl of Strafford under his charge, and kept him at his house,
+properly guarded. The Commons went on preparing the articles of
+impeachment.
+
+This was in November. During the winter following the parties
+struggled one against another, Laud doing all in his power to
+strengthen the position of the king, and to avert the dangers which
+threatened himself and Strafford. The animosity, however, which was
+felt against him, was steadily increasing. The House of Commons did
+many things to discountenance the rites and usages of the Episcopal
+Church, and to make them odious. The excitement among the populace
+increased, and mobs began to interfere with the service in some of the
+churches in London and Westminster. At last a mob of five hundred
+persons assembled around the archbishop's palace at Lambeth.[E] This
+palace, as has been before stated, is on the bank of the Thames, just
+above London, opposite to Westminster. The mob were there for two
+hours, beating at the doors and windows in an attempt to force
+admission, but in vain. The palace was very strongly guarded, and the
+mob were at length repulsed. One of the ringleaders was taken and
+hanged.
+
+[Footnote E: See view of this palace on page 133.]
+
+One would have thought that this sort of persecution would have
+awakened some sympathy in the archbishop's favor; but it was too
+late. He had been bearing down so mercilessly himself upon the people
+of England for so many years, suppressing, by the severest measures,
+all expressions of discontent, that the hatred had become entirely
+uncontrollable. Its breaking out at one point only promoted its
+breaking out in another. The House of Commons sent a messenger to the
+House of Lords, as they had done in the case of Strafford, saying that
+they had found good cause to accuse the Archbishop of Canterbury of
+treason, and asked that he might be sequestered from the House, and
+held in custody till they could prepare their charges, and the
+evidence to sustain them.
+
+The archbishop was at that time in his seat. He was directed to
+withdraw. Before leaving the chamber he asked leave to say a few
+words. Permission was granted, and he said in substance that he was
+truly sorry to have awakened in the hearts of his countrymen such a
+degree of displeasure as was obviously excited against him. He was
+most unhappy to have lived to see the day in which he was made subject
+to a charge of treason. He begged their lordships to look at the whole
+course of his life, and he was sure that they would be convinced that
+there was not a single member of the House of Commons who could really
+think him guilty of such a charge.
+
+Here one of the lords interrupted him to say that by speaking in that
+manner he was uttering slander against the House of Commons, charging
+them with solemnly bringing accusations which they did not believe to
+be true. The archbishop then said, that if the charge must be
+entertained, he hoped that he should have a fair trial, according to
+the ancient Parliamentary usages of the realm. Another of the lords
+interrupted him again, saying that such a remark was improper, as it
+was not for him to prescribe the manner in which the proceedings
+should be conducted. He then withdrew, while the House should consider
+what course to take. Presently he was summoned back to the bar of the
+House, and there committed to the charge of the usher of the black
+rod. The usher conducted him to his house, and he was kept there for
+ten weeks in close confinement.
+
+At last the time for the trial of Strafford came on, while Laud was in
+confinement. The interest felt in the trial was deep and universal.
+There were three kingdoms, as it were, combined against one man.
+Various measures were resorted to by the Commons to diminish the
+possibility that the accused should escape conviction. Some of them
+have since been thought to be unjust and cruel. For example, several
+persons who were strong friends of Strafford, and who, as was
+supposed, might offer testimony in his favor, were charged with
+treason and confined in prison until the trial was over. The Commons
+appointed thirteen persons to manage the prosecution. These persons
+were many months preparing the charges and the evidence, keeping their
+whole proceedings profoundly secret during all the time. At last the
+day approached, and Westminster Hall was fitted up and prepared to be
+the scene of the trial.
+
+[Illustration: WESTMINSTER HALL]
+
+Westminster Hall has the name of being the largest room whose roof is
+not supported by pillars, in Europe. It stands in the region of the
+palaces and the Houses of Parliament at Westminster, and has been for
+seven centuries the scene of pageants and ceremonies without number.
+It is said that ten thousand persons have been accommodated in it at a
+banquet.[F] This great room was fitted up for the trial. Seats were
+provided for both houses of Parliament; for the Commons were to be
+present as accusers, and the Lords as the court. There was, as usual,
+a chair of state, or throne, for the king, as a matter of form. There
+was also a private gallery, screened from the observation of the
+spectators, where the king and queen could sit and witness the
+proceedings. They attended during the whole trial.
+
+[Footnote F: It is two hundred and seventy feet long, seventy-five
+wide, and ninety high.]
+
+One would have supposed that the deliberate solemnity of these
+preparations would have calmed the animosity of Strafford's enemies,
+and led them to be satisfied at last with something less than his
+utter destruction. But this seems not to have been the effect. The
+terrible hostilities which had been gathering strength so long, seemed
+to rage all the more fiercely now that there was a prospect of their
+gratification. And yet it was very hard to find any thing sufficiently
+distinct and tangible against the accused to warrant his conviction.
+The commissioners who had been appointed to manage the case divided
+the charges among them. When the trial commenced, they stated and
+urged these charges in succession. Strafford, who had not known
+beforehand what they were to be, replied to them, one by one, with
+calmness and composure, and yet with great eloquence and power. The
+extraordinary abilities which he had shown through the whole course of
+his life, seemed to shine out with increased splendor amid the awful
+solemnities which were now darkening its close. He was firm and
+undaunted, and yet respectful and submissive. The natural excitements
+of the occasion; the imposing assembly; the breathless attention; the
+magnificent hall; the consciousness that the opposition which he was
+struggling to stem before that great tribunal was the combined
+hostility of three kingdoms, and that the torrent was flowing from a
+reservoir which had been accumulating for many years; and that the
+whole civilized world were looking on with great interest to watch the
+result; and perhaps, more than all, that he was in the unseen presence
+of his sovereign, whom he was accustomed to look upon as the greatest
+personage on earth; these, and the other circumstances of the scene,
+filled his mind with strong emotions, and gave animation, and energy,
+and a lofty eloquence to all that he said.
+
+The trial lasted eighteen days, the excitement increasing consistently
+to the end. There was nothing proved which could with any propriety
+be considered as treason. He had managed the government, it is true,
+with one set of views in respect to the absolute prerogatives and
+powers of the king, while those who now were in possession of power
+held opposite views, and they considered it a matter of necessity that
+he should die. The charge of treason was a pretext to bring the case
+somewhat within the reach of the formalities of law. It is one of the
+necessary incidents of all governmental systems founded on force, and
+not on the consent of the governed, that when great and fundamental
+questions of policy arise, they often bring the country to a crisis in
+which there can be no real settlement of the dispute without the
+absolute destruction of one party or the other. It was so now, as the
+popular leaders supposed. They had determined that stern necessity
+required that Laud and Strafford must die; and the only object of
+going through the formality of a trial was to soften the violence of
+the proceeding a little, by doing all that could be done toward
+establishing a legal justification of the deed.
+
+The trial, as has been said, lasted eighteen days. During all this
+time, the leaders were not content with simply urging the proceedings
+forward energetically in Westminster Hall. They were maneuvering and
+managing in every possible way to secure the final vote. But,
+notwithstanding this, Strafford's defense was so able, and the failure
+to make out the charge of treason against him was so clear, that it
+was doubtful what the result would be. Accordingly, without waiting
+for the decision of the Peers on the impeachment, a bill of attainder
+against the earl was brought forward in the House of Commons. This
+bill of attainder was passed by a large majority--yeas 204, nays 59.
+It was then sent to the House of Lords. The Lords were very unwilling
+to pass it.
+
+While they were debating it, the king sent a message to them to say
+that in his opinion the earl had not been guilty of treason, or of any
+attempt to subvert the laws; and that several things which had been
+alleged in the trial, and on which the bill of attainder chiefly
+rested, were not true. He was willing, however, if it would satisfy
+the enemies of the earl, to have him convicted of a misdemeanor, and
+made incapable of holding any public office from that time; but he
+protested against his being punished by a bill of attainder on a
+charge of treason.
+
+This interposition of the king in Strafford's favor awakened loud
+expressions of displeasure. They called it an interference with the
+action of one of the houses of Parliament. The enemies of Strafford
+created a great excitement against him out of doors. They raised
+clamorous calls for his execution, among the populace. The people made
+black lists of the names of persons who were in the earl's favor, and
+posted them up in public places, calling such persons Straffordians,
+and threatening them with public vengeance. The Lords, who would have
+been willing to have saved Strafford's life if they had dared, began
+to find that they could not do so without endangering their own. When
+at last the vote came to be taken in the House of Lords, out of eighty
+members who had been present at the trial, only forty-six were present
+to vote, and the bill was passed by a vote of thirty-five to eleven.
+The thirty-four who were absent were probably all against the bill,
+but were afraid to appear.
+
+The responsibility now devolved upon the king. An act of Parliament
+must be signed by the king. He really enacts it. The action of the two
+houses is, in theory, only a recommendation of the measure to him. The
+king was determined on no account to give his consent to Strafford's
+condemnation. He, however, laid the subject before his Privy Council.
+They, after deliberating upon it, recommended that he should sign the
+bill. Nothing else, they said, could allay the terrible storm which
+was raging, and the king ought to prefer the peace and safety of the
+realm to the life of any one man, however innocent he might be. The
+populace, in the mean time, crowded around the king's palace at
+Whitehall, calling out "_Justice! justice!_" and filling the air with
+threats and imprecations; and preachers in their pulpits urged the
+necessity of punishing offenders, and descanted on the iniquity which
+those magistrates committed who allowed great transgressors to escape
+the penalty due for their crimes.
+
+The queen, too, was alarmed. She begged the king, with tears, not any
+longer to attempt to withstand the torrent which threatened to sweep
+them all away in its fury. While things were in this state, Charles
+received a letter from Strafford in the Tower, expressing his consent,
+and even his request, that the king should yield and sign the bill.
+
+The Tower of London is very celebrated in English history. Though
+called simply by the name of the Tower, it is, in fact, as will be
+seen by the engraving in the frontispiece, an extended group of
+buildings, which are of all ages, sizes, and shapes, and covering an
+extensive area. It is situated below the city of London, having been
+originally built as a fortification for the defense of the city. Its
+use for this purpose has, however, long since passed away.
+
+Strafford said, in his letter to the king,
+
+     "To set your Majesty's conscience at Liberty, I do most humbly
+     beseech your Majesty for Prevention of Evils, which may happen by
+     your Refusal, to pass this Bill. Sir, My Consent shall more
+     acquit you herein to God, than all the World can do besides; To a
+     willing Man there is no Injury done; and as by God's Grace, I
+     forgive all the World, with a calmness and Meekness of infinite
+     Contentment to my dislodging Soul, so, Sir, to you I can give the
+     Life of this World with all the cheerfulness imaginable, in the
+     just Acknowledgment of your exceeding Favors; and only beg that
+     in your Goodness you would vouchsafe to cast your gracious Regard
+     upon my poor Son and his three sisters, less or more, and no
+     otherwise than as their unfortunate Father may hereafter appear
+     more or less guilty of this Death. God long preserve your
+     Majesty."
+
+On receiving this letter the king caused the bill to be signed. He
+would not do it with his own hands, but commissioned two of his
+council to do it in his name. He then sent a messenger to Strafford to
+announce the decision, and to inform him that he must prepare to die.
+The messenger observed that the earl seemed surprised; and after
+hearing that the king had signed the bill, he quoted, in a tone of
+despair, the words of Scripture, "Put not your trust in princes, nor
+in the sons of men, for in them is no salvation." Historians have
+thought it strange that Strafford should have expressed this
+disappointment when he had himself requested the king to resist the
+popular will no longer; and they infer from it that he was not sincere
+in the request, but supposed that the king would regard it as an act
+of nobleness and generosity on his part, that would render him more
+unwilling than ever to consent to his destruction, and that he was
+accordingly surprised and disappointed when he found that the king had
+taken him at his word. It is said, however, by some historians, that
+this letter was a forgery, and that it was written by some of
+Strafford's enemies to lead the king to resist no longer. The reader,
+by perusing the letter again, can perhaps form some judgment whether
+such a document was more likely to have been fabricated by enemies, or
+really written by the unhappy prisoner himself.
+
+The king did not entirely give up the hope of saving his friend, even
+after the bill of attainder was signed. He addressed the following
+message to the House of Lords.
+
+     My Lords,--I did yesterday satisfy the Justice of this Kingdom by
+     passing the Bill of Attainder against the Earl of Strafford: but
+     Mercy being as inherent and inseparable to a King as Justice, I
+     desire at this time in some measure to show that likewise, by
+     suffering that unfortunate Man to fulfill the natural course of
+     his Life in a close Imprisonment: yet so, if ever he make the
+     least Offer to escape, or offer directly or indirectly to meddle
+     in any sort of public Business, especially with Me either by
+     Message or Letter, it shall cost him his Life without farther
+     Process. This, if it may be done without the Discontentment of my
+     People, will be an unspeakable Contentment to me.
+
+     "I will not say that your complying with me in this my intended
+     Mercy, shall make me more willing, but certainly 'twill make me
+     more cheerful in granting your just Grievances: But if no less
+     than his Life can satisfie my People, I must say Let justice be
+     done. Thus again recommending the consideration of my Intention
+     to you, I rest,
+
+     "Your Unalterable and Affectionate Friend,
+                    "CHARLES R."
+
+[Illustration: STRAFFORD AND LAUD]
+
+The Lords were inexorable. Three days from the time of signing the
+bill, arrangements were made for conducting the prisoner to the
+scaffold. Laud, who had been his friend and fellow-laborer in the
+king's service, was confined also in the Tower, awaiting his turn to
+come to trial. They were not allowed to visit each other, but
+Strafford sent word to Laud requesting him to be at his window at the
+time when he was to pass, to bid him farewell, and to give him his
+blessing. Laud accordingly appeared at the window, and Strafford, as
+he passed, asked for the prelate's prayers and for his blessing. The
+old man, for Laud was now nearly seventy years of age, attempted to
+speak, but he could not command himself sufficiently to express what
+he wished to say, and he fell back into the arms of his attendants.
+"God protect you," said Strafford, and walked calmly on.
+
+He went to the place of execution with the composure and courage of a
+hero. He spoke freely to those around him, asserted his innocence,
+sent messages to his absent friends, and said he was ready and willing
+to die. The scaffold, in such executions as this, is a platform
+slightly raised, with a block and chairs upon it, all covered with
+black cloth. A part of the dress has to be removed just before the
+execution, in order that the neck of the sufferer may be fully exposed
+to the impending blow. Strafford made these preparations himself, and
+said, as he did so, that he was in no wise afraid of death, but that
+he should lay his head upon that block as cheerfully as he ever did
+upon his pillow.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Charles found his position in no respect improved by the execution of
+Strafford. The Commons, finding their influence and power increasing,
+grew more and more bold, and were from this time so absorbed in the
+events connected with the progress of their quarrel with the king,
+that they left Laud to pine in his prison for about four years. They
+then found time to act over again the solemn and awful scene of a
+trial for treason before the House of Peers, the passing of a bill of
+attainder, and an execution on Tower Hill. Laud was over seventy years
+of age when the ax fell upon him. He submitted to his fate with a
+calmness and heroism in keeping with his age and his character. He
+said, in fact, that none of his enemies could be more desirous to send
+him out of life than he was to go.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+CIVIL WAR.
+
+1641-1646
+
+Increasing demands of the Commons.--The king gradually loses his
+power.--The king determines to change his policy.--The king sends his
+officers to the House.--The king goes to the House himself.--The
+king's speech in the House.--Great excitement in the House.--The
+speaker's reply.--Results of the king's rashness.--Committee of the
+Commons.--The king goes to London.--Cries of the people.--Preparations
+to escort the committee to Westminster.--Report of the
+committee.--Alarm of the king.--The king yields.--Increasing
+excitement.--Civil war.--Its nature.--Cruelties and miseries of civil
+war.--Taking sides between the king and Parliament.--Preparations for
+war.--Fruitless negotiations.--Messages between the king and
+Parliament.--Ravages of the war.--Death of Hampden.--Prince
+Rupert.--His knowledge and ingenuity.--Progress of the
+war.--Difficulty of making peace.--The women clamor for peace.--Queen
+Henrietta's arrival in England.--The vice-admiral cannonades the
+queen.--The queen's danger.--She seeks shelter in a trench.--The queen
+joins her husband.--Her influence.--The royal cause declines.--The
+Prince of Wales.--Hopeless condition of the king.--Invasion by the
+Scots.--The king surrenders to the Scots.--End of the civil war.
+
+
+The way in which the king came at last to a final rupture with
+Parliament was this. The victory which the Commons gained in the case
+of Strafford had greatly increased their confidence and their power,
+and the king found, for some months afterward, that instead of being
+satisfied with the concessions he had made, they were continually
+demanding more. The more he yielded, the more they encroached. They
+grew, in a word, bolder and bolder, in proportion to their success.
+They considered themselves doing the state a great and good service by
+disarming tyranny of its power. The king, on the other hand,
+considered them as undermining all the foundations of good government,
+and as depriving him of personal rights, the most sacred and solemn
+that could vest in any human being.
+
+It will be recollected that on former occasions, when the king had got
+into contention with a Parliament, he had dissolved it, and either
+attempted to govern without one, or else had called for a new
+election, hoping that the new members would be more compliant. But he
+could not dissolve the Parliament now. They had provided against this
+danger. At the time of the trial of Strafford, they brought in a bill
+into the Commons providing that thenceforth the Houses could not be
+prorogued or dissolved without their own consent. The Commons, of
+course, passed the bill very readily. The Peers were more reluctant,
+but they did not dare to reject it. The king was extremely unwilling
+to sign the bill; but, amid the terrible excitements and dangers of
+that trial, he was overborne by the influences of danger and
+intimidation which surrounded him. He signed the bill. Of course the
+Commons were, thereafter, their own masters. However dangerous or
+destructive the king might consider their course of conduct to be, he
+could now no longer arrest it, as heretofore, by a dissolution.
+
+He went on, therefore, till the close of 1641, yielding slowly and
+reluctantly, and with many struggles, but still all the time yielding,
+to the resistless current which bore him along. At last he resolved to
+yield no longer. After retreating so long, he determined suddenly and
+desperately to turn back and attack his enemies. The whole world
+looked on with astonishment at such a sudden change of his policy.
+
+The measure which he resorted to was this. He determined to select a
+number of the most efficient and prominent men in Parliament, who had
+been leaders in the proceedings against him, and demand their arrest,
+imprisonment, and trial, on a charge of high treason. The king was
+influenced to do this partly by the advice of the queen, and of the
+ladies of the court, and other persons who did not understand how deep
+and strong the torrent was which they thus urged him to attempt to
+stem. They thought that if he would show a little courage and energy
+in facing these men, they would yield in their turn, and that their
+boldness and success was owing, in a great measure, to the king's want
+of spirit in resisting them. "Strike boldly at them," said they;
+"seize the leaders; have them tried, and condemned, and executed.
+Threaten the rest with the same fate; and follow up these measures
+with energetic and decisive action, and you will soon make a change in
+the aspect of affairs."
+
+The king adopted this policy, and he did make a change in the aspect
+of affairs, but not such a change as his advisers had anticipated. The
+Commons were thrown suddenly into a state of astonishment one day by
+the appearance of a king's officer in the House, who rose and read
+articles of a charge of treason against five of the most influential
+and popular members. The officer asked that a committee should be
+appointed to hear the evidence against them which the king was
+preparing. The Commons, on hearing this, immediately voted, that if
+any person should attempt even to seize the papers of the persons
+accused, it should be lawful for them to resist such an attempt by
+every means in their power.
+
+The next day another officer appeared at the bar of the House of
+Commons, and spoke as follows. "I am commanded by the king's majesty,
+my master, upon my allegiance, that I should come to the House of
+Commons, and require of Mr. Speaker five gentlemen, members of the
+House of Commons; and those gentlemen being delivered, I am commanded
+to arrest them in his majesty's name, on a charge of high treason."
+The Commons, on hearing this demand, voted that they would take it
+into consideration.
+
+The king's friends and advisers urged him to follow the matter up
+vigorously. Every thing depended, they said, on firmness and decision.
+The next day, accordingly, the king determined to go himself to the
+House, and make the demand in person. A lady of the court, who was
+made acquainted with this plan, sent notice of it to the House. In
+going, the king took his guard with him, and several personal
+attendants. The number of soldiers was said to be five hundred. He
+left this great retinue at the door, and he himself entered the House.
+The Commons, when they heard that he was coming, had ordered the five
+members who were accused to withdraw. They went out just before the
+king came in. The king advanced to the speaker's chair, took his seat,
+and made the following address.
+
+     "Gentlemen,--I am sorry for this occasion of coming unto you.
+     Yesterday I sent a Sergeant at Arms upon a very important
+     occasion to apprehend some that by my Command were accused of
+     High Treason; whereunto I did expect Obedience and not a message.
+     And I must declare unto you here, that albeit no king that ever
+     was in England shall be more careful of your Privileges, to
+     maintain them to the uttermost of his Power, than I shall be; yet
+     you must know that in cases of Treason no Person hath a
+     Privilege; and therefore I am come to know if any of those
+     Persons that were accused are here. For I must tell you,
+     Gentlemen, that so long as these Persons that I have accused (for
+     no slight Crime, but for Treason) are here, I can not expect that
+     this House will be in the right way that I do heartily wish it.
+     Therefore I am come to tell you that I must have them wherever I
+     find them."
+
+After looking around, and finding that the members in question were
+not in the hall, he continued:
+
+     "Well! since I see the Birds are flown, I do expect from you that
+     you shall send them unto me as soon as they return hither. But I
+     assure you, on the Word of a King, I never did intend any Force,
+     but shall proceed against them in a legal and fair way, for I
+     never meant any other.
+
+     "I will trouble you no more, but tell you I do expect, as soon as
+     they come to the House, you will send them to me, otherwise I
+     must take my own course to find them."
+
+The king's coming thus into the House of Commons, and demanding in
+person that they should act according to his instructions, was a very
+extraordinary circumstance--perhaps unparalleled in English history.
+It produced the greatest excitement. When he had finished his address,
+he turned to the speaker and asked him where those men were. He had
+his guard ready at the door to seize them. It is difficult for us, in
+this country, to understand fully to how severe a test this sudden
+question put the presence of mind and courage of the speaker; for we
+can not realize the profound and awful deference which was felt in
+those days for the command of a king. The speaker gained great
+applause for the manner in which he stood the trial. He fell upon his
+knees before the great potentate who had addressed him, and said, "I
+have, sir, neither eyes to see, nor tongue to speak, in this place,
+but as the House is pleased to direct me, whose servant I am. And I
+humbly ask pardon that I can not give any other answer to what your
+majesty is pleased to demand of me."
+
+The House was immediately in a state of great excitement and
+confusion. They called out "_Privilege! privilege!_" meaning that
+their privileges were violated. They immediately adjourned. News of
+the affair spread every where with the greatest rapidity, and produced
+universal and intense excitement. The king's friends were astonished
+at such an act of rashness and folly, which, it is said, only _one_ of
+the king's advisers knew anything about, and he immediately fled. The
+five members accused went that night into the city of London, and
+called on the government and people of London to protect them. The
+people armed themselves. In a word, the king found at night that he
+had raised a very threatening and terrible storm.
+
+The Commons met the next morning, but did not attempt to transact
+business. They simply voted that it was useless for them to proceed
+with their deliberations, while exposed to such violations of their
+rights. They appointed a committee of twenty-four to inquire into and
+report the circumstances of the king's intrusion into their councils,
+and to consider how this breach of their privileges could be repaired.
+They ordered this committee to sit in the city of London, where they
+might hope to be safe from such interruptions, and then the House
+adjourned for a week, to await the result of the committee's
+deliberations.
+
+The committee went to London. In the mean time, news went all over the
+kingdom that the House of Commons had been compelled to suspend its
+sittings on account of an illegal and unwarrantable interference with
+their proceedings on the part of the king. The king was alarmed; but
+those who had advised him to adopt this measure told him that he must
+not falter now. He must persevere and carry his point, or all would be
+lost.
+
+He accordingly did persevere. He brought troops and arms to his palace
+at Whitehall, to be ready to defend it in case of attack. He sent in
+to London, and ordered the lord mayor to assemble the city authorities
+at the Guildhall, which is the great city hall of London; and then,
+with a retinue of noblemen, he went in to meet them. The people
+shouted, "_Privileges of Parliament! privileges of Parliament!_" as he
+passed along. Some called out, "_To your tents, O Israel!_" which was
+the ancient Hebrew cry of rebellion. The king, however, persevered.
+When he reached the Guildhall, he addressed the city authorities thus:
+
+"Gentlemen,--I am come to demand such Persons as I have already
+accused of High Treason, and do believe are shrouded in the City. I
+hope no good Man will keep them from Me. Their Offenses are Treason
+and Misdemeanors of a high Nature. I desire your Assistance, that they
+may be brought to a legal Trial." Three days after this the king
+issued a proclamation, addressed to all magistrates and officers of
+justice every where, to arrest the accused members and carry them to
+the Tower.
+
+In the mean time, the committee of twenty-four continued their session
+in London, examining witnesses and preparing their report. When the
+time arrived for the House of Commons to meet again, which was on the
+11th of January, the city made preparations to have the committee
+escorted in an imposing manner from the Guildhall to Westminster. A
+vast amount of the intercommunication and traffic between different
+portions of the city then, as now, took place upon the river, though
+in those days it was managed by watermen, who rowed small wherries to
+and fro. Innumerable steamboats take the place of the wherries at the
+present day, and stokers and engineers have superseded the watermen.
+The watermen were then, however, a large and formidable body, banded
+together, like the other trades of London, in one great organization.
+This great company turned out on this occasion, and attended the
+committee in barges on the river, while the military companies of the
+city marched along the streets upon the land. The committee themselves
+went in barges on the water, and all London flocked to see the
+spectacle. The king, hearing of these arrangements, was alarmed for
+his personal safety, and left his palace at Whitehall to go to Hampton
+Court, which was a little way out of town.
+
+The committee, after entering the House, reported that the transaction
+which they had been considering constituted a high breach of the
+privileges of the House, and was a seditious act, tending to a
+subversion of the peace of the kingdom; and that the privileges of
+Parliament, so violated and broken, could not be sufficiently
+vindicated, unless his majesty would be pleased to inform them who
+advised him to do such a deed.
+
+The king was more and more seriously alarmed. He found that the storm
+of public odium and indignation was too great for him to withstand. He
+began to fear for his own safety more than ever. He removed from
+Hampton Court to Windsor Castle, a stronger place, and more remote
+from London than Hampton Court; and he now determined to give up the
+contest. He sent a message, therefore, to the House, saying that, on
+further reflection, since so many persons had doubts whether his
+proceedings against the five members were consistent with the
+privileges of Parliament, he would waive them, and the whole subject
+might rest until the minds of men were more composed, and then, if he
+proceeded against the accused members at all, he would do so in a
+manner to which no exception could be taken. He said, also, he would
+henceforth be as careful of their privileges as he should be of his
+own life or crown.
+
+Thus he acknowledged himself vanquished in the struggle, but the
+acknowledgment came too late to save him. The excitement increased,
+and spread in every direction. The party of the king and that of the
+Parliament disputed for a few months about these occurrences, and
+others growing out of them, and then each began to maneuver and
+struggle to get possession of the military power of the kingdom. The
+king, finding himself not safe in the vicinity of London, retreated to
+York, and began to assemble and organize his followers. Parliament
+sent him a declaration that if he did not disband the forces which he
+was assembling, they should be compelled to provide measures for
+securing the peace of the kingdom. The king replied by proclamations
+calling upon his subjects to join his standard. In a word, before
+midsummer, the country was plunged in the horrors of civil war.
+
+A civil war, that is, a war between two parties in the same country,
+is generally far more savage and sanguinary than any other. The hatred
+and the animosities which it creates, ramify throughout the country,
+and produce universal conflict and misery. If there were a war between
+France and England, there might be one, or perhaps two invading armies
+of Frenchmen attempting to penetrate into the interior. All England
+would be united against them. Husbands and wives, parents and
+children, neighbors and friends, would be drawn together more closely
+than ever; while the awful scenes of war and bloodshed, the
+excitement, the passion, the terror, would be confined to a few
+detached spots, or to a few lines of march which the invading armies
+had occupied.
+
+In a civil war, however, it is very different. Every distinct portion
+of the country, every village and hamlet, and sometimes almost every
+family, is divided against itself. The hostility and hatred, too,
+between the combatants, is always far more intense and bitter than
+that which is felt against a foreign foe. We might at first be
+surprised at this. We might imagine that where men are contending with
+their neighbors and fellow-townsmen, the recollection of past
+friendships and good-will, and various lingering ties of regard, would
+moderate the fierceness of their anger, and make them more considerate
+and forbearing. But this is not found to be the case. Each party
+considers the other as not only enemies, but traitors, and accordingly
+they hate and abhor each other with a double intensity. If an
+Englishman has a _Frenchman_ to combat, he meets him with a murderous
+impetuosity, it is true, but without any special bitterness of
+animosity. He _expects_ the Frenchman to be his enemy. He even thinks
+he has a sort of natural right to be so. He will kill him if he can;
+but then, if he takes him prisoner, there is nothing in his feelings
+toward him to prevent his treating him with generosity, and even with
+kindness. He hates him, but there is a sort of good-nature in his
+hatred, after all. On the other hand, when he fights against his
+countrymen in a civil war, he abhors and hates with unmingled
+bitterness the traitorous ingratitude which he thinks his neighbors
+and friends evince in turning enemies to their country. He can see no
+honesty, no truth, no courage in any thing they do. They are
+infinitely worse, in his estimation, than the most ferocious of
+foreign foes. Civil war is, consequently, always the means of far
+wider and more terrible mischief than any other human calamity.
+
+In the contention between Charles and the Parliament, the various
+elements of the social state adhered to one side or the other,
+according to their natural predilections. The Episcopalians generally
+joined the king, the Presbyterians the Parliament. The gentry and the
+nobility favored the king; the mechanics, artisans, merchants, and
+common people the Parliament. The rural districts of country, which
+were under the control of the great landlords, the king; the cities
+and towns, the Parliament. The gay, and fashionable, and worldly, the
+king; the serious-minded and austere, the Parliament. Thus every thing
+was divided. The quarrel ramified to every hamlet and to every
+fireside, and the peace and happiness of the realm were effectually
+destroyed.
+
+Both sides began to raise armies and to prepare for war. Before
+commencing hostilities, however, the king was persuaded by his
+counselors to send a messenger to London and propose some terms of
+accommodation. He accordingly sent the Earl of Southampton to the
+House of Peers, and two other persons to the House of Commons. He had
+no expectation, probably, of making peace, but he wanted to gain time
+to get his army together, and also to strengthen his cause among the
+people by showing a disposition to do all in his power to avoid open
+war. The messengers of the king went to London, and made their
+appearance in the two houses of Parliament.
+
+The House of Lords ordered the Earl of Southampton to withdraw, and to
+send his communication in writing, and in the mean time to retire out
+of London, and wait for their answer. The House of Commons, in the
+same spirit of hostility and defiance, ordered the messengers which
+had been sent to them to come to the bar, like humble petitioners or
+criminals, and make their communication there.
+
+The propositions of the king to the houses of Parliament were, that
+they should appoint a certain number of commissioners, and he also the
+same number, to meet and confer together in hope of agreeing upon some
+conditions of peace. The houses passed a vote in reply, declaring that
+they had been doing all in their power to preserve the peace of the
+kingdom, while the king had been interrupting and disturbing it by his
+military gatherings, and by proclamations, in which they were called
+traitors; and that they could enter into no treaty with him until he
+disbanded the armies which he had collected, and recalled his
+proclamations.
+
+To this the king replied that he had never intended to call them
+traitors; and that when they would recall their declarations and votes
+stigmatizing those who adhered to him as traitors, he would recall his
+proclamations. Thus messages passed back and forth two or three times,
+each party criminating the other, and neither willing to make the
+concessions which the other required. At last all hope of an
+accommodation was abandoned, and both sides prepared for war.
+
+The nobility and gentry flocked to the king's standard. They brought
+their plate, their jewels, and their money, to provide funds. Some of
+them brought their servants. There were two companies in the king's
+guard, one of which consisted of gentlemen, and the other of their
+servants. These two companies were always kept together. There was the
+greatest zeal and enthusiasm among the upper classes to serve the
+king, and equal zeal and enthusiasm among the common people to serve
+the Parliament. The war continued for four years. During all this time
+the armies marched and countermarched all over the kingdom, carrying
+ruin and destruction wherever they went, and plunging the whole
+country in misery.
+
+[Illustration: THE KING'S ADHERENTS ENTERING YORK.]
+
+At one of the battles which was fought, the celebrated John Hampden,
+the man who would not pay his ship money, was slain. He had been a
+very energetic and efficient officer on the Parliamentary side, and
+was much dreaded by the forces of the king. At one of the battles
+between Prince Rupert, Charles's nephew, and the army of the
+Parliament, the prince brought to the king's camp a large number of
+prisoners which he had taken. One of the prisoners said he was
+confident that Hampden was hurt, for he saw him riding off the field
+before the battle was over, with his head hanging down, and his hands
+clasping the neck of his horse. They heard the next day that he had
+been wounded in the shoulder. Inflammation and fever ensued, and he
+died a few days afterward in great agony.
+
+This Prince Rupert was a very famous character in all these wars. He
+was young and ardent, and full of courage and enthusiasm. He was
+always foremost, and ready to embark in the most daring undertakings.
+He was the son of the king's sister Elizabeth, who married the Elector
+Palatine, as narrated in a preceding chapter. He was famous not only
+for his military skill and attainments, but for his knowledge of
+science, and for his ingenuity in many philosophical arts. There is a
+mode of engraving called mezzotinto, which is somewhat easier of
+execution than the common mode, and produces a peculiar effect. Prince
+Rupert is said to have been the inventor of it, though, as is the case
+with almost all other inventions, there is a dispute about it. He
+discovered a mode of dropping melted glass into water so as to form
+little pear-shaped globules, with a long slender tail. These globules
+have this remarkable property, that if the tip of the tail is broken
+off ever so gently, the whole flies into atoms with an explosion.
+These drops of glass are often exhibited at the present day, and are
+called Prince Rupert's drops. The prince also discovered a very
+tenacious composition of metals for casting cannon. As artillery is
+necessarily very heavy, and very difficult to be transported on
+marches and upon the field of battle, it becomes very important to
+discover such metallic compounds as have the greatest strength and
+tenacity in resisting the force of an explosion. Prince Rupert
+invented such a compound, which is called by his name.
+
+There were not only a great many battles and fierce encounters between
+the two great parties in this civil war, but there were also, at
+times, temporary cessations of the hostilities, and negotiations for
+peace. But it is very hard to make peace between two powers engaged in
+civil war. Each considers the other as acting the part of rebels and
+traitors, and there is a difficulty, almost insuperable, in the way of
+even opening negotiations between them. Still the people became tired
+of the war. At one time, when the king had made some propositions
+which the Parliament would not accept, an immense assemblage of women
+collected together, with white ribbons in their hats, to go to the
+House of Commons with a petition for peace. When they reached the
+door of the hall their number was five thousand. They called out,
+"Peace! peace! Give us those traitors that are against peace, that we
+may tear them to pieces." The guards who were stationed at the door
+were ordered to fire at this crowd, loading their guns, however, only
+with powder. This, it was thought, would frighten them away; but the
+women only laughed at the volley, and returned it with stones and
+brickbats, and drove the guards away. Other troops were then sent for,
+who charged upon the women with their swords, and cut them in their
+faces and hands, and thus at length dispersed them.
+
+During the progress of the war, the queen returned from the Continent
+and joined the king. She had some difficulty, however, and encountered
+some personal danger, in her efforts to return to her husband. The
+vice-admiral, who had command of the English ships off the coast,
+received orders to intercept her. He watched for her. She contrived,
+however, to elude his vigilance, though there were four ships in her
+convoy. She landed at a town called Burlington, or Bridlington, in
+Yorkshire. This town stands in a very picturesque situation, a little
+south of a famous promontory called Flamborough Head, of which there
+is a beautiful view from the pier of the town.
+
+The queen succeeded in landing here. On her arrival at the town, she
+found herself worn down with the anxiety and fatigue of the voyage,
+and she wished to stop a few days to rest. She took up her residence
+in a house which was on the quay, and, of course, near the water. The
+quay, as it is called, in these towns, is a street on the margin of
+the water, with a wall but no houses next the sea. The vice-admiral
+arrived at the town the second night after the queen had landed. He
+was vexed that his expected prize had escaped him. He brought his
+ships up near to the town, and began to fire toward the house in which
+the queen was lodging.
+
+[Illustration: THE LANDING OF THE QUEEN]
+
+This was at five o'clock in the morning. The queen and her attendants
+were in their beds, asleep. The reports of the cannon from the ships,
+the terrific whistling of the balls through the air, and the crash of
+the houses which the balls struck, aroused the whole village from
+their slumbers, and threw them into consternation. The people soon
+came to the house where the queen was lodging, and begged her to
+fly. They said that the neighboring houses were blown to pieces, and
+that her own would soon be destroyed, and she herself would be killed.
+They may, however, have been influenced more by a regard to their own
+safety than to hers in these injunctions, as it must have been a great
+object with the villagers to effect the immediate removal of a visitor
+who was the means of bringing upon them so terrible a danger.
+
+These urgent entreaties of the villagers were soon enforced by two
+cannon-balls, which fell, one after another, upon the roof of the
+house, and, crashing their way through the roof and the floors, went
+down, without seeming to regard the resistance, from the top to the
+bottom. The queen hastily put on her clothes, and went forth with her
+attendants on foot, the balls from the ships whistling after them all
+the way.
+
+One of her servants was killed. The rest of the fugitives, finding
+their exposure so great, stopped at a sort of trench which they came
+to, at the end of a field, such as is dug commonly, in England, on one
+side of the hedge to make the barrier more impassable to the animals
+which it is intended to confine. This trench, with the embankment
+formed by the earth thrown out of it, on which the hedge is usually
+planted, afforded them protection. They sought shelter in it, and
+remained there for two hours, like besiegers in the approaches to a
+town, the balls passing over their heads harmlessly, though sometimes
+covering them with the earth which they threw up as they bounded by.
+At length the tide began to ebb, and the vice-admiral was in danger of
+being left aground. He weighed his anchors and withdrew, and the queen
+and her party were relieved. Such a cannonading of a helpless and
+defenseless woman is a barbarity which could hardly take place except
+in a civil war.
+
+The queen rejoined her husband, and she rendered him essential service
+in many ways. She had personal influence enough to raise both money
+and men for his armies, and so contributed very essentially to the
+strength of his party. At last she returned to the Continent again,
+and went to Paris, where she was still actively employed in promoting
+his cause. At one of the battles in which the king was defeated, the
+Parliamentary army seized his baggage, and found among his papers his
+correspondence with the queen. They very ungenerously ordered it to be
+published, as the letters seemed to show a vigorous determination on
+the part of the king not to yield in the contest without obtaining
+from the Parliament and their adherents full and ample concessions to
+his claims.
+
+As time rolled on, the strength of the royal party gradually wasted
+away, while that of Parliament seemed to increase, until it became
+evident that the latter would, in the end, obtain the victory. The
+king retreated from place to place, followed by his foes, and growing
+weaker and more discouraged after every conflict. His son, the Prince
+of Wales, was then about fifteen years of age. He sent him to the
+western part of the island, with directions that, if affairs should
+still go against him, the boy should be taken in time out of the
+country, and join his mother in Paris. The danger grew more and more
+imminent, and they who had charge of the young prince sent him first
+to Scilly, and then to Jersey--islands in the Channel--whence he made
+his escape to Paris, and joined his mother. Fifteen years afterward he
+returned to London with great pomp and parade, and was placed upon the
+throne by universal acclamation.
+
+At last the king himself, after being driven from one place of refuge
+to another, retreated to Oxford and intrenched himself there. Here he
+spent the winter of 1646 in extreme depression and distress. His
+friends deserted him; his resources were expended; his hopes were
+extinguished. He sent proposals of peace to the Parliament, and
+offered, himself, to come to London, if they would grant him a
+safe-conduct. In reply, they _forbade_ him to come. They would listen
+to no propositions, and would make no terms. The case, they saw, was
+in their own hands, and they determined on unconditional submission.
+They hemmed the king in on all sides at his retreat in Oxford, and
+reduced him to despair.
+
+In the mean time, the Scots, a year or two before this, had raised an
+army and crossed the northern frontier, and entered England. They were
+against monarchy and Episcopacy, but they were, in some respects, a
+separate enemy from those against whom the king had been contending so
+long; and he began to think that he had perhaps better fall into their
+hands than into those of his English foes, if he must submit to one or
+to the other. He hesitated for some time what course to take; but at
+last, after receiving representations of the favorable feeling which
+prevailed in regard to him in the Scottish army, he concluded to make
+his escape from Oxford and surrender himself to them. He accordingly
+did so, and the civil war was ended.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE CAPTIVITY.
+
+1646-1648
+
+The king's escape from Oxford.--The king delivers himself to the
+Scots.--His reception.--Proclamation by Parliament.--Surrender of
+Newark.--Negotiations about the disposal of the king's person.--The
+Scots surrender the king.--Whether he was sold.--The king's amusements
+in captivity.--Holmby House.--Contest about forms.--Intolerance.--The
+Scotch preacher.--The king's presence of mind.--The king receives
+letters from the queen.--The army.--Oliver Cromwell.--His plan to
+seize the king.--Cornet Joyce.--He forces admittance to the
+king.--Joyce's interview with the king.--His "instructions."--The
+king taken to Cambridge.--Closely guarded.--The king's evil.--The
+king removed to Hampton Court.--The king's interview with his
+children.--Contentions.--The king's escape from Hampton
+Court.--Carisbrooke Castle.--Colonel Hammond.--The king again a
+prisoner.--His confinement in Carisbrooke Castle.--Negotiations.--The
+king's employments.--Unsuccessful attempts to escape.--Osborne.--Plan
+of escape.--Rolf's treacherous design.--Rolf foiled.--The king made a
+closer prisoner.--The king's wretched condition.
+
+
+The circumstances of King Charles's surrender to the Scots were these.
+He knew that he was surrounded by his enemies in Oxford, and that they
+would not allow him to escape if they could prevent it. He and his
+friends, therefore, formed the following plan to elude them.
+
+They sent word to the commanders of each of the several gates of the
+city, on a certain day, that during the ensuing night three men would
+have to pass out on business of the king's, and that when the men
+should appear and give a certain signal, they were to be allowed to
+pass. The officer at each gate received this command without knowing
+that a similar one had been sent to the others.
+
+[Illustration: NEWARK.]
+
+Accordingly, about midnight, the parties of men were dispatched, and
+they went out at the several gates. The king himself was in one of
+these parties. There were two other persons with him. One of these
+persons was a certain Mr. Ashburnham, and the king was disguised as
+his servant. They were all on horseback, and the king had a valise
+upon the horse behind him, so as to complete his disguise. This was on
+the 27th of April. The next day, or very soon after, it was known at
+Oxford that his majesty was gone, but no one could tell in what
+direction, for there was no means even of deciding by which of the
+gates he had left the city.
+
+The Scotch were, at this time, encamped before the town of Newark,
+which is on the Trent, in the heart of England, and about one hundred
+and twenty miles north of London. There was a magnificent castle at
+Newark in those days, which made the place very strong. The town held
+out for the king; though the Scots had been investing it for some
+time, they had not yet succeeded in compelling the governor to
+surrender. The king concluded to proceed to Newark and enter the
+Scottish camp. He considered it, or, rather, wished it to be
+considered that he was coming to join them as their monarch. _They_
+were going to consider it surrendering to them as their prisoner. The
+king himself must have known how it would be, but it made his sense of
+humiliation a little less poignant to carry this illusion with him as
+long as it was possible to maintain it.
+
+As soon as the Parliament found that the king had made his escape from
+Oxford, they were alarmed, and on the 4th of May they issued an order
+to this effect, "That what person soever should harbor and conceal, or
+should know of the harboring or concealing of the king's person, and
+should not immediately reveal it to the speakers of both houses,
+should be proceeded against as a traitor to the Commonwealth, and die
+without mercy." The proclamation of this order, however, did not
+result in arresting the flight of the king. On the day after it was
+issued, he arrived safely at Newark.
+
+The Scottish general, whose name was Lesley, immediately represented
+to the king that for his own safety it was necessary that they should
+retire toward the northern frontier; but they could not so retire, he
+said, unless Newark should first surrender. They accordingly induced
+the king to send in orders to the governor of the castle to give up
+the place. The Scots took possession of it, and, after having
+garrisoned it, moved with their army toward the north, the king and
+General Lesley being in the van.
+
+They treated the king with great distinction, but guarded him very
+closely, and sent word to the Parliament that he was in their
+possession. There ensued long negotiations and much debate. The
+question was, at first, whether the English or Scotch should have the
+disposal of the king's person. The English said that _they_, and not
+the Scots, were the party making war upon him; that they had conquered
+his armies, and hemmed him in, and reduced him to the necessity of
+submission; and that he had been taken captive on English soil, and
+ought, consequently, to be delivered into the hands of the English
+Parliament. The Scots replied that though he had been taken in
+England, he was their king as well as the king of England, and had
+made himself their enemy; and that, as he had fallen into their hands,
+he ought to remain at their disposal. To this the English rejoined,
+that the Scots, in taking him, had not acted on their own account, but
+as the allies, and, as it were, the agents of the English, and that
+they ought to consider the king as a captive taken for them, and hold
+him subject to their disposal.
+
+They could not settle the question. In the mean time the Scottish army
+drew back toward the frontier, taking the king with them. About this
+time a negotiation sprung up between the Parliament and the Scots for
+the payment of the expenses which the Scottish army had incurred in
+their campaign. The Scots sent in an account amounting to two millions
+of pounds. The English objected to a great many of the charges, and
+offered them two hundred thousand pounds. Finally it was settled that
+four hundred thousand pounds should be paid. This arrangement was made
+early in September. In January the Scots agreed to give up the king
+into the hands of the English Parliament.
+
+The world accused the Scots of selling their king to his enemies for
+four hundred thousand pounds. The Scots denied that there was any
+connection between the two transactions above referred to. They
+received the money on account of their just claims; and they afterward
+agreed to deliver up the king, because they thought it right and
+proper so to do. The friends of the king, however, were never
+satisfied that there was not a secret understanding between the
+parties, that the money paid was not the price of the king's delivery;
+and as this delivery resulted in his death, they called it the price
+of blood.
+
+Charles was at Newcastle when they came to this decision. His mind had
+been more at ease since his surrender to the Scots, and he was
+accustomed to amuse himself and while away the time of his captivity
+by various games. He was playing chess when the intelligence was
+brought to him that he was to be delivered up to the English
+Parliament. It was communicated to him in a letter. He read it, and
+then went on with his game, and none of those around him could
+perceive by his air and manner that the intelligence which the letter
+contained was any thing extraordinary. Perhaps he was not aware of the
+magnitude of the change in his condition and prospects which the
+communication announced.
+
+There was at this time, at a town called Holmby or Holdenby, in
+Northamptonshire, a beautiful palace which was known by the name of
+Holmby House. King Charles's mother had purchased this palace for him
+when he was the Duke of York, in the early part of his life, while his
+father, King James, was on the throne, and his older brother was the
+heir apparent. It was a very stately and beautiful edifice. The house
+was fitted up in a very handsome manner, and all suitable
+accommodations provided for the king's reception. He had many
+attendants, and every desirable convenience and luxury of living; but,
+though the war was over, there was still kept up between the king and
+his enemies a petty contest about forms and punctilios, which resulted
+from the spirit of intolerance which characterized the age. The king
+wanted his own Episcopal chaplains. The Parliament would not consent
+to this, but sent him two Presbyterian chaplains. The king would not
+allow them to say grace at the table, but performed this duty himself;
+and on the Sabbath, when they preached in his chapel, he never would
+attend.
+
+One singular instance of this sort of bigotry, and of the king's
+presence of mind under the action of it, took place while the king was
+at Newcastle. They took him one day to the chapel in the castle to
+hear a Scotch Presbyterian who was preaching to the garrison. The
+Scotchman preached a long discourse pointed expressly at the king.
+Those preachers prided themselves on the fearlessness with which, on
+such occasions, they discharged what they called their duty. To cap
+the climax of his faithfulness, the preacher gave out, at the close
+of the sermon, the hymn, thus: "We will sing the fifty-first Psalm:
+
+          "'Why dost thou, tyrant, boast thyself,
+          Thy wicked works to praise?'"
+
+As the congregation were about to commence the singing, the king cast
+his eye along the page, and found in the fifty-sixth hymn one which he
+thought would be more appropriate. He rose, and said, in a very
+audible manner, "We will sing the fifty-_sixth_ Psalm:
+
+          "'Have mercy, Lord, on me I pray,
+          For men would me devour.'"
+
+The congregation, moved by a sudden impulse of religious generosity
+extremely unusual in those days, immediately sang the psalm which the
+king had chosen.
+
+While he was at Holmby the king used sometimes to go, escorted by a
+guard, to certain neighboring villages where there were
+bowling-greens. One day, while he was going on one of these
+excursions, a man, in the dress of a laborer, appeared standing on a
+bridge as he passed, and handed him a packet. The commissioners who
+had charge of Charles--for some of them always attended him on these
+excursions--seized the man. The packet was from the queen. The king
+told the commissioners that the letter was only to ask him some
+question about the disposal of his son, the young prince, who was then
+with her in Paris. They seemed satisfied, but they sent the disguised
+messenger to London, and the Parliament committed him to prison, and
+sent down word to dismiss all Charles's own attendants, and to keep
+him thenceforth in more strict confinement.
+
+In the mean time, the Parliament, having finished the war, were ready
+to disband the army. But the army did not wish to be disbanded. They
+would not be disbanded. The officers knew very well that if their
+troops were dismissed, and they were to return to their homes as
+private citizens, all their importance would be gone. There followed
+long debates and negotiations between the army and the Parliament,
+which ended, at last, in an open rupture. It is almost always so at
+the end of a revolution. The military power is found to have become
+too strong for the civil institutions of the country to control it.
+
+Oliver Cromwell, who afterward became so distinguished in the days of
+the Commonwealth, was at this time becoming the most influential
+leader of the army. He was not the commander-in-chief in form, but he
+was the great planner and manager in fact. He was a man of great
+sternness and energy of character, and was always ready for the most
+prompt and daring action. He conceived the design of seizing the
+king's person at Holmby, so as to take him away from the control of
+the Parliament, and transfer him to that of the army. This plan was
+executed on the 4th of June, about two months after the king had been
+taken to Holmby House. The abduction was effected in the following
+manner.
+
+Cromwell detached a strong party of choice troops, under the command
+of an officer by the name of Joyce, to carry the plan into effect.
+These troops were all horsemen, so that their movements could be made
+with the greatest celerity. They arrived at Holmby House at midnight.
+The cornet, for that was the military title by which Joyce was
+designated, drew up his horsemen about the palace, and demanded
+entrance. Before his company arrived, however, there had been an alarm
+that they were coming, and the guards had been doubled. The officers
+in command asked the cornet what was his name and business. He
+replied that he was Cornet Joyce, and that his business was to speak
+to the king. They asked him by whom he was sent, and he replied that
+he was sent by _himself_, and that he must and would see the king.
+They then commanded their soldiers to stand by their arms, and be
+ready to fire when the word should be given. They, however, perceived
+that Joyce and his force were a detachment from the army to which they
+themselves belonged, and concluding to receive them as brothers, they
+opened the gates and let them in.
+
+The cornet stationed sentinels at the doors of those apartments of the
+castle which were occupied by the Scotch commissioners who had the
+king in charge, and then went himself directly to the king's chamber.
+He had a pistol loaded and cocked in his hand. He knocked at the door.
+There were four grooms in waiting: they rebuked him for making such a
+disturbance at that time of the night, and told him that he should
+wait until the morning if he had any communication to make to the
+king.
+
+The cornet would not accede to this proposition, but knocked violently
+at the door, the servants being deterred from interfering by dread of
+the loaded pistol, and by the air and manner of their visitor, which
+told them very plainly that he was not to be trifled with. The king
+finally heard the disturbance, and, on learning the cause, sent out
+word that Joyce must go away and wait till morning, for he would not
+get up to see him at that hour. The cornet, as one of the historians
+of the time expresses it, "huffed and retired." The next morning he
+had an interview with the king.
+
+When he was introduced to the king's apartment in the morning, the
+king said that he wished to have the Scotch commissioners present at
+the interview. Joyce replied that the commissioners had nothing to do
+now but to return to the Parliament at London. The king then said that
+he wished to see his instructions. The cornet replied that he would
+show them to him, and he sent out to order his horsemen to parade in
+the inner court of the palace, where the king could see them from his
+windows; and then, pointing them out to the king, he said, "These,
+sir, are my instructions." The king, who, in all the trials and
+troubles of his life of excitement and danger, took every thing
+quietly and calmly looked at the men attentively. They were fine
+troops, well mounted and armed. He then turned to the cornet, and
+said, with a smile, that "his instructions were in fair characters,
+and could be read without spelling." The cornet then said that his
+orders were to take the king away with him. The king declined going,
+unless the commissioners went too. The cornet made no objection,
+saying that the commissioners might do as they pleased about
+accompanying him, but that he himself must go.
+
+The party set off from Holmby and traveled two days, stopping at night
+at the houses of friends to their cause. They reached Cambridge, where
+the leading officers of the army received the king, rendering him
+every possible mark of deference and respect. From Cambridge he was
+conducted by the leaders of the army from town to town, remaining
+sometimes several days at a place. He was attended by a strong guard,
+and was treated every where with the utmost consideration and honor.
+He was allowed some little liberty, in riding out and in amusements,
+but every precaution was taken to prevent the possibility of an
+escape.
+
+The people collected every where into the places through which he had
+to pass, and his presence-chamber was constantly thronged. This was
+not altogether on account of their respect and veneration for him as
+king, but it arose partly from a very singular cause. There is a
+certain disease called the scrofula, which in former times had the
+name of the King's Evil. It is a very unmanageable and obstinate
+disorder, resisting all ordinary modes of treatment; but in the days
+of King Charles, it was universally believed by the common people of
+England, that if a _king_ touched a patient afflicted with this
+disease, he would recover. This was the reason why it was called the
+king's evil. It was the evil that kings only could cure. Now, as kings
+seldom traveled much about their dominions, whenever one did make such
+a journey, the people embraced the opportunity to bring all the cases
+which could possibly be considered as scrofula to the line of his
+route, in order that he might touch the persons afflicted and heal
+them.
+
+In the course of the summer the king was conducted to Hampton Court, a
+beautiful palace on the Thames, a short distance above London. Here he
+remained for some time. He had an interview here with two of his
+children. The oldest son was still in France. The two whom he saw
+here were the Duke of Gloucester and the Princess Elizabeth. He found
+that they were under the care of a nobleman of high rank, and that
+they were treated with great consideration. Charles was extremely
+gratified and pleased with seeing these members of his family again,
+after so long a separation. His feelings of domestic affection were
+very strong.
+
+The king remained at Hampton Court two or three months. While he was
+here, London, and all the region about it, was kept in a continual
+state of excitement by the contentions of the army and Parliament, and
+the endless negotiations which they attempted with each other and with
+the king. During all this time the king was in a sort of elegant and
+honorable imprisonment in his palace at Hampton Court; but he found
+the restraints to which he was subjected, and the harassing cares
+which the contests between these two great powers brought upon him, so
+great, that he determined to make his escape from the thraldom which
+bound him. He very probably thought that he could again raise his
+standard, and collect an army to fight in his cause. Or perhaps he
+thought of making his escape from the country altogether. It is not
+improbable that he was not decided himself which of these plans to
+pursue, but left the question to be determined by the circumstances in
+which he should find himself when he had regained his freedom.
+
+At any rate, he made his escape. One evening, about ten o'clock,
+attendants came into his room at Hampton Court, and found that he had
+gone. There were some letters upon the table which he had left,
+directed to the Parliament, to the general of the army, and to the
+officer who had guarded him at Hampton Court. The king had left the
+palace an hour or two before. He passed out at a private door, which
+admitted him to a park connected with the palace. He went through the
+park by a walk which led down to the water, where there was a boat
+ready for him. He crossed the river in the boat, and on the opposite
+shore he found several officers and some horses ready to receive him.
+He mounted one of the horses, and the party rode rapidly away.
+
+They traveled all night, and arrived, toward morning, at the residence
+of a countess on whose attachment to him, and fidelity, he placed
+great reliance. The countess concealed him in her house, though it was
+understood by all concerned that this was only a temporary place of
+refuge. He could not long be concealed here, and her residence was not
+provided with any means of defense; so that, immediately on their
+arrival at the countess's, the king and the few friends who were with
+him began to concert plans for a more secure retreat.
+
+The house of the countess was on the southern coast of England, near
+the Isle of Wight. There was a famous castle in those days upon this
+island, near the center of it, called Carisbrooke Castle. The ruins of
+it, which are very extensive, still remain. This castle was under the
+charge of Colonel Hammond, who was at that time governor of the
+island. Colonel Hammond was a near relative of one of King Charles's
+chaplains, and the king thought it probable that he would espouse his
+cause. He accordingly sent two of the gentlemen who had accompanied
+him to the Isle of Wight to see Colonel Hammond, and inquire of him
+whether he would receive and protect the king if he would come to him.
+But he charged them not to let Hammond know where he was, unless he
+would first solemnly promise to protect him, and not subject him to
+any restraint.
+
+[Illustration: CARISBROOKE CASTLE.]
+
+The messengers went, and, to the king's surprise, brought back
+Hammond with them. The king asked them whether they had got his
+written promise to protect him. They answered no, but that they could
+depend upon him as a man of honor. The king was alarmed. "Then you
+have betrayed me," said he, "and I am his prisoner." The messengers
+were then, in their turn, alarmed at having thus disappointed and
+displeased the king, and they offered to kill Hammond on the spot, and
+to provide some other means of securing the king's safety. The king,
+however, would not sanction any such proceeding, but put himself under
+Hammond's charge, and was conveyed to Carisbrooke Castle. He was
+received with every mark of respect, but was very carefully guarded.
+It was about the middle of November that these events took place.
+
+Hammond notified the Parliament that King Charles was in his hands,
+and sent for directions from them as to what he should do. Parliament
+required that he should be carefully guarded, and they appropriated
+L5000 for the expenses of his support. The king remained in this
+confinement more than a year, while the Parliament and the army were
+struggling for the possession of the kingdom.
+
+He spent his time, during this long period in various pursuits
+calculated to beguile the weary days, and he sometimes planned schemes
+for escape. There were also a great many fruitless negotiations
+attempted between the king and the Parliament, which resulted in
+nothing but to make the breach between them wider and wider. Sometimes
+the king was silent and depressed. At other times he seemed in his
+usual spirits. He read serious books a great deal, and wrote. There is
+a famous book, which was found in manuscript after his death among his
+papers, in his handwriting, which it is supposed he wrote at this
+time. He was allowed to take walks upon the castle wall, which was
+very extensive, and he had some other amusements which served to
+occupy his leisure time. He found his confinement, however, in spite
+of all these mitigations, wearisome and hard to bear.
+
+There were some schemes attempted to enable him to regain his liberty.
+There was one very desperate attempt. It seems that Hammond,
+suspecting that the king was plotting an escape, dismissed the king's
+own servants and put others in their places--persons in whom he
+supposed he could more implicitly rely. One of these men, whose name
+was Burley, was exasperated at being thus dismissed. He went through
+the town of Carisbrooke, beating a drum, and calling upon the people
+to rise and rescue their sovereign from his captivity. The governor of
+the castle, hearing of this, sent out a small body of men, arrested
+Burley, and hanged and quartered him. The king was made a close
+prisoner immediately after this attempt.
+
+Notwithstanding this, another attempt was soon made by the king
+himself, which came much nearer succeeding. There was a man by the
+name of Osborne, whom Hammond employed as a personal attendant upon
+the king. He was what was called gentleman usher. The king succeeded
+in gaining this person's favor so much by his affability and his
+general demeanor, that one day he put a little paper into one of the
+king's gloves, which it was a part of his office to hold on certain
+occasions, and on this paper he had written that he was at the king's
+service. At first Charles was afraid that this offer was only a
+treacherous one; but at length he confided in him. In the mean time,
+there was a certain man by the name of Rolf in the garrison, who
+conceived the design of enticing the king away from the castle on the
+promise of promoting his escape, and then murdering him. Rolf thought
+that this plan would please the Parliament, and that he himself, and
+those who should aid him in the enterprise, would be rewarded. He
+proposed this scheme to Osborne, and asked him to join in the
+execution of it.
+
+Osborne made the whole plan known to the king. The king, on
+reflection, said to Osborne, "Very well; continue in communication
+with Rolf, and help him mature his plan. Let him thus aid in getting
+me out of the castle, and we will make such arrangements as to prevent
+the assassination." Osborne did so. He also gained over some other
+soldiers who were employed as sentinels near the place of escape.
+Osborne and Rolf furnished the king with a saw and a file, by means of
+which he sawed off some iron bars which guarded one of his windows.
+They were then, on a certain night, to be ready with a few attendants
+on the outside to receive the king as he descended, and convey him
+away.
+
+In the mean time, Rolf and Osborne had each obtained a number of
+confederates, those of the former supposing that the plan was to
+assassinate the king, while those of the latter understood that the
+plan was to assist him in escaping from captivity. Certain expressions
+which were dropped by one of this latter class alarmed Rolf, and led
+him to suspect some treachery. He accordingly took the precaution to
+provide a number of armed men, and to have them ready at the window,
+so that he should be sure to be strong enough to secure the king
+immediately on his descent from the window. When the time came for the
+escape, the king, before getting out, looked below, and, seeing so
+many armed men, knew at once that Rolf had discovered their designs,
+and refused to descend. He quickly returned to his bed. The next day
+the bars were found filed in two, and the king was made a closer
+prisoner than ever.
+
+Some months after this, some commissioners from Parliament went to see
+the king, and they found him in a most wretched condition. His beard
+was grown, his dress was neglected, his health was gone, his hair was
+gray, and, though only forty-eight years of age, he appeared as
+decrepit and infirm as a man of seventy. In fact, he was in a state
+of misery and despair. Even the enemies who came to visit him, though
+usually stern and hard-hearted enough to withstand any impressions,
+were extremely affected at the sight.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+TRIAL AND DEATH.
+
+1648
+
+The king removed to Hurst Castle.--Its extraordinary
+situation.--Another plan of escape.--Objections.--The
+king's perplexity.--He refuses to break his word.--Distress
+of the king's friends.--He is removed from Carisbrooke
+Castle.--Arrangements for the king's trial.--Arbitrary measures
+of the Commons.--The king brought to London.--Roll of
+commissioners.--The king brought into court.--His firmness.--The
+charge.--The king interrupts its reading.--The king objects to the
+jurisdiction of the court.--Sentence of death pronounced against
+the king.--Tumult.--The king grossly insulted.--The king's last
+requests.--They are granted.--Devotions of the king.--He declines
+seeing his friends.--The king's interview with his children.--Parting
+messages.--The warrant.--Warrant signed by the judges.--The king
+sleeps well.--Preparations.--Reading the service.--Summons.--The
+king carried to Whitehall.--Devotions.--Parting scenes.--The king's
+speech.--His composure.--Death.--The body taken to Windsor
+Castle.--The Commonwealth.--Government in the United
+States.--Ownership.--No stable governments result from violent
+revolutions.
+
+
+As soon as the army party, with Oliver Cromwell at their head, had
+obtained complete ascendency, they took immediate measures for
+proceeding vigorously against the king. They seized him at Carisbrooke
+Castle, and took him to Hurst Castle, which was a gloomy fortress in
+the neighborhood of Carisbrooke. Hurst Castle was in a very
+extraordinary situation. There is a long point extending from the main
+land toward the Isle of Wight, opposite to the eastern end of it. This
+point is very narrow, but is nearly two miles long. The castle was
+built at the extremity. It consisted of one great round tower,
+defended by walls and bastions. It stood lonely and desolate,
+surrounded by the sea, except the long and narrow neck which connected
+it with the distant shore. Of course, though comfortless and solitary,
+it was a place of much greater security than Carisbrooke.
+
+The circumstance of the king's removal to this new place of
+confinement were as follows: In some of his many negotiations with the
+Parliament while at Carisbrooke, he had bound himself, on certain
+conditions, not to attempt to escape from that place. His friends,
+however, when they heard that the army were coming again to take him
+away, concluded that he ought to lose no time in making his escape out
+of the country. They proposed the plan to the king. He made two
+objections to it. He thought, in the first place, that the attempt
+would be very likely to fail; and that, if it did fail, it would
+exasperate his enemies, and make his confinement more rigorous, and
+his probable danger more imminent than ever. He said that, in the
+second place, he had promised the Parliament that he would not attempt
+to escape, and that he could not break his word.
+
+The three friends were silent when they heard the king speak these
+words. After a pause, the leader of them, Colonel Cook, said, "Suppose
+I were to tell your majesty that the army have a plan for seizing you
+immediately, and that they will be upon you very soon unless you
+escape. Suppose I tell you that we have made all the preparations
+necessary--that we have horses all ready here, concealed in a
+pent-house--that we have a vessel at the Cows[G] waiting for us--that
+we are all prepared to attend you, and eager to engage in the
+enterprise--the darkness of the night favoring our plan, and rendering
+it almost certain of success. Now," added he, "these suppositions
+express the real state of the case, and the only question is what your
+majesty will resolve to do."
+
+[Footnote G: There were two points or headlands, on opposite sides of
+an inlet from the sea, on the northern side of the Isle of Wight,
+which in ancient times received the name of _Cows_. They were called
+the East Cow and the West Cow. The harbor between them formed a safe
+and excellent harbor. The name is now spelled Cowes, and the port is,
+at the present day, of great commercial importance.]
+
+The king paused. He was distressed with perplexity and doubt. At
+length he said, "They have promised _me_, and I have promised _them_,
+and I will not break the promise first." "Your majesty means by _they_
+and _them_, the Parliament, I suppose?" "Yes, I do." "But the scene is
+now changed. The Parliament have no longer any power to protect you.
+The danger is imminent, and the circumstances absolve your majesty
+from all obligation."
+
+But the king could not be moved. He said, come what may, he would not
+do any thing that looked like a breaking of his word. He would dismiss
+the subject and go to bed, and enjoy his rest as long as he could.
+His friends told him that they feared it would not be long. They
+seemed very much agitated and distressed. The king asked them why they
+were so much troubled. They said it was to think of the extreme danger
+in which his majesty was lying, and his unwillingness to do any thing
+to avert it. The king replied, that if the danger were tenfold more
+than it was, he would not break his word to avert it.
+
+The fears of the king's friends were soon realized. The next morning,
+at break of day, he was awakened by a loud knocking at his door. He
+sent one of his attendants to inquire what it meant. It was a party of
+soldiers come to take him away. They would give him no information in
+respect to their plans, but required him to dress himself immediately
+and go with them. They mounted horses at the gate of the castle. The
+king was very earnest to have his friends accompany him. They allowed
+one of them, the Duke of Richmond, to go with him a little way, and
+then told him he must return. The duke bade his master a very sad and
+sorrowful farewell, and left him to go on alone.
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF CARISBROOKE CASTLE.]
+
+The escort which were conducting him took him to Hurst Castle. The
+Parliament passed a vote condemning this proceeding, but it was too
+late. The army concentrated their forces about London, took possession
+of the avenues to the houses of Parliament, and excluded all those
+members who were opposed to them. The remnant of the Parliament which
+was left immediately took measures for bringing the king to trial.
+
+The House of Commons did not dare to trust the trial of the king to
+the Peers, according to the provisions of the English Constitution,
+and so they passed an ordinance for attainting him of high treason,
+and for appointing _commissioners_, themselves, to try him. Of course,
+in appointing these commissioners, they would name such men as they
+were sure would be predisposed to condemn him. The Peers rejected this
+ordinance, and adjourned for nearly a fortnight, hoping thus to arrest
+any further proceedings. The Commons immediately voted that the action
+of the Peers was not necessary, and that they would go forward
+themselves. They then appointed the commissioners, and ordered the
+trial to proceed.
+
+Every thing connected with the trial was conducted with great state
+and parade. The number of commissioners constituting the court was
+one hundred and thirty-three, though only a little more than half that
+number attended the trial. The king had been removed from Hurst Castle
+to Windsor Castle, and he was now brought into the city, and lodged in
+a house near to Westminster Hall, so as to be at hand. On the
+appointed day the court assembled; the vast hall and all the avenues
+to it were thronged. The whole civilized world looked on, in fact, in
+astonishment at the almost unprecedented spectacle of a king tried for
+his life by an assembly of his subjects.
+
+The first business after the opening of the court was to call the roll
+of the commissioners, that each one might answer to his name. The name
+of the general of the army, Fairfax, who was one of the number, was
+the second upon the list. When his name was called there was no
+answer. It was called again. A voice from one of the galleries
+replied, "He has too much wit to be here." This produced some
+disorder, and the officers called out to know who answered in that
+manner, but there was no reply. Afterward, when the impeachment was
+read, the phrase occurred, "Of all the people of England," when the
+same voice rejoined, "No not the half of them." The officers then
+ordered a soldier to fire into the seat from which these
+interruptions came. This command was not obeyed, but they found, on
+investigating the case, that the person who had answered thus was
+Fairfax's wife, and they immediately removed her from the hall.
+
+When the court was fully organized, they commanded the
+sergeant-at-arms to bring in the prisoner. The king was accordingly
+brought in, and conducted to a chair covered with crimson velvet,
+which had been placed for him at the bar. The judges remained in their
+seats, with their heads covered, while he entered, and the king took
+his seat, keeping his head covered too. He took a calm and deliberate
+survey of the scene, looking around upon the judges, and upon the
+armed guards by which he was environed, with a stern and unchanging
+countenance. At length silence was proclaimed, and the president rose
+to introduce the proceedings.
+
+He addressed the king. He said that the Commons of England, deeply
+sensible of the calamities which had been brought upon England by the
+civil war, and of the innocent blood which had been shed, and
+convinced that he, the king, had been the guilty cause of it, were
+now determined to make inquisition for this blood, and to bring him to
+trial and judgment; that they had, for this purpose, organized this
+court, and that he should now hear the charge brought against him,
+which they would proceed to try.
+
+An officer then arose to read the charge. The king made a gesture for
+him to be silent. He, however, persisted in his reading, although the
+king once or twice attempted to interrupt him. The president, too,
+ordered him to proceed. The charge recited the evils and calamities
+which had resulted from the war, and concluded by saying that "the
+said Charles Stuart is and has been the occasioner, author, and
+continuer of the said unnatural, cruel, and bloody wars, and is
+therein guilty of all the treasons, murders, rapines, burnings,
+spoils, desolations, damages, and mischiefs to this nation acted and
+committed in the said wars, or occasioned thereby."
+
+The president then sharply rebuked the king for his interruptions to
+the proceedings, and asked him what answer he had to make to the
+impeachment. The king replied by demanding by what authority they
+pretended to call him to account for his conduct. He told them that
+he was their king, and they his subjects; that they were not even the
+Parliament, and that they had no authority from any true Parliament to
+sit as a court to try him; that he would not betray his own dignity
+and rights by making any answer at all to any charges they might bring
+against him, for that would be an acknowledgment of their authority;
+but he was convinced that there was not one of them who did not in his
+heart believe that he was wholly innocent of the charges which they
+had brought against him.
+
+These proceedings occupied the first day. The king was then sent back
+to his place of confinement, and the court adjourned. The next day,
+when called upon to plead to the impeachment, the king only insisted
+the more strenuously in denying the authority of the court, and in
+stating his reasons for so denying it. The court were determined not
+to hear what he had to say on this point, and the president
+continually interrupted him; while he, in his turn, continually
+interrupted the president too. It was a struggle and a dispute, not a
+trial. At last, on the fourth day, something like testimony was
+produced to prove that the king had been in arms against the forces of
+the Parliament. On the fifth and sixth days, the judges sat in
+private to come to their decision; and on the day following, which was
+Saturday, January 27th, they called the king again before them, and
+opened the doors to admit the great assembly of spectators, that the
+decision might be announced.
+
+There followed another scene of mutual interruptions and disorder. The
+king insisted on longer delay. He had not said what he wished to say
+in his defense. The president told him it was now too late; that he
+had consumed the time allotted to him in making objections to the
+jurisdiction of the court, and now it was too late for his defense.
+The clerk then read the sentence, which ended thus: "For all which
+treasons and crimes this court doth adjudge that he, the said Charles
+Stuart, is a tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemy, and shall be
+put to death by the severing of his head from his body." When the
+clerk had finished the reading, the president rose, and said
+deliberately and solemnly,
+
+     "The sentence now read and published is the act, sentence,
+     judgment, and resolution of the whole court."
+
+And the whole court rose to express their assent.
+
+The king then said to the president, "Will you hear me a word, sir?"
+
+    _President._ "Sir, you are not to be heard after the sentence."
+
+    _King._ "Am I not, sir?"
+
+    _President._ "No, sir. Guards, withdraw the prisoner!"
+
+    _King._ "I may speak after sentence by your favor, sir. Hold--I
+    say, sir--by your favor, sir--If I am not permitted to speak--"
+
+The other parts of his broken attempts to speak were lost in the
+tumult and noise. He was taken out of the hall.
+
+One would have supposed that all who witnessed these dreadful
+proceedings, and who now saw one who had been so lately the sovereign
+of a mighty empire standing friendless and alone on the brink of
+destruction, would have relented at last, and would have found their
+hearts yielding to emotions of pity. But it seems not to have been so.
+The animosities engendered by political strife are merciless, and the
+crowd through which the king had to pass as he went from the hall
+scoffed and derided him. They blew the smoke of their tobacco in his
+face, and threw their pipes at him. Some proceeded to worse
+indignities than these, but the king bore all with quietness and
+resignation.
+
+The king was sentenced on Saturday. On the evening of that day he sent
+a request that the Bishop of London might be allowed to assist at his
+devotions, and that his children might be permitted to see him before
+he was to die. There were two of his children then in England, his
+youngest son and a daughter. The other two sons had escaped to the
+Continent. The government granted both these requests. By asking for
+the services of an Episcopal clergyman, Charles signified his firm
+determination to adhere to the very last hour of his life to the
+religious principles which he had been struggling for so long. It is
+somewhat surprising that the government were willing to comply with
+the request.
+
+It was, however, complied with, and Charles was taken from the palace
+of Whitehall, which is in Westminster, to the palace of St. James, not
+very far distant. He was escorted by a guard through the streets. At
+St. James's there was a small chapel where the king attended divine
+service. The Bishop of London preached a sermon on the future
+judgment, in which he administered comfort to the mind of the unhappy
+prisoner, so far as the sad case allowed of any comfort, by the
+thought that all human judgments would be reviewed, and all wrong made
+right at the great day. After the service the king spent the remainder
+of the day in retirement and private devotion.
+
+During the afternoon of the day several of his most trusty friends
+among the nobility called to see him, but he declined to grant them
+admission. He said that his time was short and precious, and that he
+wished to improve it to the utmost in preparation for the great change
+which awaited him. He hoped, therefore, that his friends would not be
+displeased if he declined seeing any persons besides his children. It
+would do no good for them to be admitted. All that they could do for
+him now was to pray for him.
+
+The next day the children were brought to him in the room where he was
+confined. The daughter, who was called the Lady Elizabeth, was the
+oldest. He directed her to tell her brother James, who was the second
+son, and now absent with Charles on the Continent, that he must now,
+from the time of his father's death, no longer look upon Charles as
+merely his older brother, but as his sovereign, and obey him as such;
+and he requested her to charge them both, from him, to love each
+other, and to forgive their father's enemies.
+
+"You will not forget this, my dear child, will you?" added the king.
+The Lady Elizabeth was still very young.
+
+"No," said she, "I will never forget it as long as I live."
+
+He then charged her with a message to her mother, the queen, who was
+also on the Continent. "Tell her," said he, "that I have loved her
+faithfully all my life, and that my tender regard for her will not
+cease till I cease to breathe."
+
+Poor Elizabeth was sadly grieved at this parting interview. The king
+tried to comfort her. "You must not be so afflicted for me," he said.
+"It will be a very glorious death that I shall die. I die for the laws
+and liberties of this land, and for maintaining the Protestant
+religion. I have forgiven all my enemies, and I hope that God will
+forgive them."
+
+The little son was, by title, the Duke of Gloucester. He took him on
+his knees, and said, in substance, "My dear boy, they are going to cut
+off your father's head." The child looked up into his father's face
+very earnestly, not comprehending so strange an assertion.
+
+"They are going to cut off my head," repeated the king, "and perhaps
+they will want to make you a king; but you must not be king as long as
+your brothers Charles and James live; for if you do, very likely they
+will, some time or other, cut off your head." The child said, with a
+very determined air, that then they should never make him king as long
+as he lived. The king then gave his children some other parting
+messages for several of his nearest relatives and friends, and they
+were taken away.
+
+In cases of capital punishment, in England and America, there must be,
+after the sentence is pronounced, written authority to the sheriff, or
+other proper officer, to proceed to the execution of it. This is
+called the warrant, and is usually to be signed by the chief
+magistrate of the state. In England the sovereign always signs the
+warrant of execution; but in the case of the execution of the
+sovereign himself, which was a case entirely unprecedented, the
+authorities were at first somewhat at loss to know what to do. The
+commissioners who had judged the king concluded finally to sign it
+themselves. It was expressed substantially as follows:
+
+     "At the High Court of Justice for the trying and judging of
+     Charles Stuart, king of England, January 29th, 1648:
+
+     "Whereas Charles Stuart, king of England, has been convicted,
+     attainted, and condemned of high treason, and sentence was
+     pronounced against him by this court, to be put to death by the
+     severance of his head from his body, of which sentence execution
+     yet remaineth to be done; these are, therefore, now to will and
+     require you to see the said sentence executed in the open street
+     before Whitehall, upon the morrow, being the thirtieth day of
+     this instant month of January, between the hours of ten in the
+     morning and five in the afternoon of the said day, with full
+     effect; and for so doing this shall be your sufficient warrant."
+
+Fifty-nine of the judges signed this warrant, and then it was sent to
+the persons appointed to carry the sentence into execution.
+
+That night the king slept pretty well for about four hours, though
+during the evening before he could hear in his apartment the noise of
+the workmen building the platform, or scaffold as it was commonly
+called, on which the execution was to take place. He awoke, however,
+long before day. He called to an attendant who lay by his bedside,
+and requested him to get up. "I will rise myself," said he, "for I
+have a great work to do to-day." He then requested that they would
+furnish him with the best dress, and an extra supply of under
+clothing, because it was a cold morning. He particularly wished to be
+well guarded from the cold, lest it should cause him to shiver, and
+they would suppose that he was trembling from fear.
+
+"I have no fear," said he. "Death is not terrible to me. I bless God
+that I am prepared."
+
+The king had made arrangements for divine service in his room early in
+the morning, to be conducted by the Bishop of London. The bishop came
+in at the time appointed, and read the prayers. He also read, in the
+course of the service, the twenty-ninth chapter of Matthew, which
+narrates the closing scenes of our Saviour's life. This was, in fact,
+the regular lesson for the day, according to the Episcopal ritual,
+which assigns certain portions of Scripture to every day of the year.
+The king supposed that the bishop had purposely selected this passage,
+and he thanked him for it, as he said it seemed to him very
+appropriate to the occasion. "May it please your majesty," said the
+bishop, "it is the proper lesson for the day." The king was much
+affected at learning this fact, as he considered it a special
+providence, indicating that he was prepared to die, and that he should
+be sustained in the final agony.
+
+About ten o'clock, Colonel Hacker, who was the first one named in the
+warrant of execution of the three persons to whom the warrant was
+addressed, knocked gently at the king's chamber door. No answer was
+returned. Presently he knocked again. The king asked his attendant to
+go to the door. He went, and asked Colonel Hacker why he knocked. He
+replied that he wished to see the king.
+
+"Let him come in," said the king.
+
+The officer entered, but with great embarrassment and trepidation. He
+felt that he had a most awful duty to perform. He informed the king
+that it was time to proceed to Whitehall, though he could have some
+time there for rest. "Very well," said the king; "go on; I will
+follow." The king then took the bishop's arm, and they went along
+together.
+
+They found, as they issued from the palace of St. James into the park
+through which their way lay to Whitehall, that lines of soldiers had
+been drawn up. The king, with the bishop on one side, and the
+attendant before referred to, whose name was Herbert, on the other,
+both uncovered, walked between these lines of guards. The king walked
+on very fast, so that the others scarcely kept pace with him. When he
+arrived at Whitehall he spent some further time in devotion, with the
+bishop, and then, at noon, he ate a little bread and drank some light
+wine. Soon after this, Colonel Hacker, the officer, came to the door
+and let them know that the hour had arrived.
+
+The bishop and Hacker melted into tears as they bade their master
+farewell. The king directed the door to be opened, and requested the
+officer to go on, saying that he would follow. They went through a
+large hall, called the banqueting hall, to a window in front, through
+which a passage had been made for the king to his scaffold, which was
+built up in the street before the palace. As the king passed out
+through the window, he perceived that a vast throng of spectators had
+assembled in the streets to witness the spectacle. He had expected
+this, and had intended to address them. But he found that this was
+impossible, as the space all around the scaffold was occupied with
+troops of horse and bodies of soldiers, so as to keep the populace at
+so great a distance that they could not hear his voice. He, however,
+made his speech, addressing it particularly to one or two persons who
+were near, knowing that they would put the substance of it on record,
+and thus make it known to all mankind. There was then some further
+conversation about the preparations for the final blow, the adjustment
+of the dress, the hair, &c., in which the king took an active part,
+with great composure. He then kneeled down and laid his head upon the
+block.
+
+The executioner, who wore a mask that he might not be known, began to
+adjust the hair of the prisoner by putting it up under his cap, when
+the king, supposing that he was going to strike, hastily told him to
+wait for the sign. The executioner said that he would. The king spent
+a few minutes in prayer, and then stretched out his hands, which was
+the sign which he had arranged to give. The axe descended. The
+dissevered head, with the blood streaming from it, was held up by the
+assistant executioner, for the gratification of the vast crowd which
+was gazing on the scene. He said, as he raised it, "Behold the head
+of a traitor!"
+
+The body was placed in a coffin covered with black velvet, and taken
+back through the window into the room from which the monarch had
+walked out, in life and health, but a few moments before. A day or two
+afterward it was taken to Windsor Castle upon a hearse drawn by six
+horses and covered with black velvet. It was there interred in a vault
+in the chapel, with an inscription upon lead over the coffin:
+
+                    KING CHARLES
+                        1648.
+
+After the death of Charles, a sort of republic was established in
+England, called the Commonwealth, over which, instead of a king,
+Oliver Cromwell presided, under the title of Protector. The country
+was, however, in a very anomalous and unsettled state. It became more
+distracted still after the death of the Protector, and it was only
+twelve years after beheading the father that the people of England, by
+common consent, called back the son to the throne. It seems as if
+there could be no stable government in a country where any very large
+portion of the inhabitants are destitute of property, without the aid
+of that mysterious but all controlling principle of the human breast,
+a spirit of reverence for the rights, and dread of the power of an
+hereditary crown. In the United States almost every man is the
+possessor of property. He has his house, his little farm, his shop and
+implements of labor, or something which is his own, and which he feels
+would be jeopardized by revolution and anarchy. He dreads a general
+scramble, knowing that he would probably get less than he would lose
+by it. He is willing, therefore, to be governed by abstract law. There
+is no need of holding up before him a scepter or a crown to induce
+obedience. He submits without them. He votes with the rest, and then
+abides by the decision of the ballot-box. In other countries, however,
+the case is different. If not an actual majority, there is at least a
+very large proportion of the community who possess nothing. They get
+scanty daily food for hard and long-continued daily labor; and as
+change, no matter what, is always a blessing to sufferers, or at least
+is always looked forward to as such, they are ready to welcome, at all
+times, any thing that promises commotion. A war, a conflagration, a
+riot, or a rebellion, is always welcome. They do not know but that
+they shall gain some advantage by it, and in the mean time the
+excitement of it is some relief to the dead and eternal monotony of
+toil and suffering.
+
+It is true that the revolutions by which monarchies are overturned are
+not generally effected, in the first instance, by this portion of the
+community. The throne is usually overturned at first by a higher class
+of men; but the deed being done, the inroad upon the established
+course and order of the social state being once made, this lower mass
+is aroused and excited by it, and soon becomes unmanageable. When
+property is so distributed among the population of a state that all
+have an _interest_ in the preservation of order, then, and not till
+then, will it be safe to give to all a share in the _power_ necessary
+for preserving it; and, in the mean time, revolutions produced by
+insurrections and violence will probably only result in establishing
+governments unsteady and transient just in proportion to the
+suddenness of their origin.
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Charles I, by Jacob Abbott
+
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