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diff --git a/26603-h/26603-h.htm b/26603-h/26603-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ee56cb --- /dev/null +++ b/26603-h/26603-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,8156 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Later Cave-men, by Katharine E. Dopp. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .box { width: 700px; + margin: 0 auto; + text-align: center; + padding: 1em; + border-style: none; } + + .box2 { width: 600px; + margin: 0 auto; + text-align: center; + padding: 2em; padding-left: 3em; + border-style: solid; + border-width: thin; } + + .pagenum { visibility: hidden; + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + a { text-decoration: none; } + + .caption {font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's The Later Cave-Men, by Katharine Elizabeth Dopp + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Later Cave-Men + +Author: Katharine Elizabeth Dopp + +Release Date: September 13, 2008 [EBook #26603] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LATER CAVE-MEN *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Anne Storer and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="box"> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 443px;"> +<img src="images/imgcover.jpg" width="443" height="600" alt="Cover" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img001.jpg" width="600" height="520" alt="The Later Cave Men" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> +</div> + +<div class="box2"> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 545px;"> +<img src="images/industrialtxt.jpg" width="545" height="36" alt="Industrial and Social History Series" title="" /> +</div> + +<p class="center"><strong><em>By KATHARINE ELIZABETH DOPP, Ph. D.</em></strong><br /> +<em>The Extension Division of The University of Chicago.<br /> +Author of “The Place of Industries in Elementary Education.”</em></p> + +<p class="center">———————————</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em;"><strong>Book I. THE TREE-DWELLERS.</strong> THE AGE OF FEAR.<br /> +Illustrated with a map, 14 full-page and 46 text drawings in half-tone by +<span class="smcap">Howard V. Brown</span>. Cloth. Square 12mo. 158 pages.<br /> +<em>For the primary grades.</em></p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em;"><strong>Book II. THE EARLY CAVE-MEN.</strong> THE AGE OF COMBAT.<br /> +Illustrated with a map, 16 full-page and 71 text drawings in half-tone +by <span class="smcap">Howard V. Brown</span>. Cloth. Square 12mo. 183 pages.<br /> +<em>For the primary grades.</em></p> + + +<p style="text-indent: -2em;"><strong>Book III. THE LATER CAVE-MEN.</strong> THE AGE OF THE CHASE.<br /> +Illustrated with 27 full-page and 87 text drawings in half-tone by +<span class="smcap">Howard V. Brown</span>. Cloth. Square 12mo. 197 pages.<br /> +<em>For the primary grades.</em></p> + + +<p style="text-indent: -2em;"><strong>Book IV. THE EARLY SEA PEOPLE.</strong> FIRST STEPS IN THE CONQUEST +OF THE WATERS.<br /> +Illustrated with 21 full-page and 117 text drawings in half-tone by +<span class="smcap">Howard V. Brown</span> and <span class="smcap">Kyohei Inukai</span>. +Cloth. Square 12mo. 224 pages.<br /> +<em>For the intermediate grades.</em></p> + + +<p class="center"><em>Other volumes, dealing with the early development of pastoral and +agricultural life, the age of metals, travel, trade, +and transportation, will follow.</em></p> + +</div> + +<div class="box"> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><strong><em>TO</em></strong></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 397px;"> +<img src="images/childrentxt.jpg" width="397" height="43" alt="The Children Who Are Asking for More About the Cave men" title="" /> +</div> +<p class="center"><strong>I DEDICATE THIS BOOK</strong></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 399px;"> +<img src="images/img004.jpg" width="399" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“A feeling of awe came over them while they worked.”—<span class="smcap">Page <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</span></span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 436px;"> +<img src="images/imgtitle.jpg" width="436" height="600" alt="title page" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> + +<p style="font-size: 1.3em;" class="center"> +<em>Copyright, 1906</em><br /> +By <span class="smcap">Katharine Elizabeth Dopp</span><br /> +<em>Entered at Stationers’ Hall</em><br /> +Edition of 1928</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p><p> </p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 180px;"> +<img src="images/img006.jpg" width="180" height="169" alt="publishers logo" title="" /> +</div> + +<p class="center"><strong>Made in U. S. A.</strong></p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/preface.jpg" width="500" height="209" alt="preface" title="" /> +</div> + + +<p>The series, of which this is the third volume, is an attempt +to meet a need that has been felt for several years by parents +and physicians, as well as by teachers, supervisors, and +others who are actively interested in educational and social progress. +The need of practical activity, which for long ages constituted +the entire education of mankind, is at last recognized by the +elementary school. It has been introduced in many places and +already results have been attained which demonstrate that it is +possible to introduce practical activity in such a way as to afford +the child a sound development—physically, intellectually, and +morally—and at the same time equip him for efficient social +service. The question that is perplexing educators at the present +time is, therefore, not one regarding the value of practical activity, +but rather one of ways and means by which practical activity can +be harnessed to the educational work.</p> + +<p>The discovery of the fact that steam is a force that can do +work had to await the invention of machinery by means of which +to apply the new force to industrial processes. The use of practical +activity will likewise necessitate many changes in the educational +machinery before its richest results are realized. Yet the +conditions that attend the introduction of practical activity as a +motive power in education are very different from those that +attended the introduction of the use of steam. In the case of +steam the problem was that of applying a new force to an old +work. In the case of practical activity it is a question of restoring +a factor which, from the earliest times until within the last two or +three decades, has operated as a permanent educational force.</p> + +<p>The situation that has recently deprived the child of the opportunity +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +to participate in industrial processes is due, as is well +known, to the rapid development of our industrial system. Since +the removal of industrial processes from the home the public has +awakened to the fact that the child is being deprived of one of the +most potent educational influences, and efforts have already been +made to restore the educational factor that was in danger of being +lost. This is the significance of the educational movement at the +present time.</p> + +<p>As long as a simple organization of society prevailed, the school +was not called upon to take up the practical work; but now society +has become so complex that the use of practical activity is absolutely +essential. Society to-day makes a greater demand than ever +before upon each and all of its members for special skill and knowledge, +as well as for breadth of view. These demands can be met +only by such an improvement in educational facilities as corresponds +to the increase in the social demand. Evidently the school +must lay hold of all of the educational forces within its reach.</p> + +<p>In the transitional movement it is not strange that new factors +are being introduced without relation to the educational process +as a whole. The isolation of manual training, sewing, and cooking +from the physical, natural, and social sciences is justifiable only +on the ground that the means of establishing more organic relations +are not yet available. To continue such isolated activities +after a way is found of harnessing them to the educational work +is as foolish as to allow steam to expend itself in moving a locomotive +up and down the tracks without regard to the destiny of +the detached train.</p> + +<p>This series is an attempt to facilitate the transitional movement +in education which is now taking place by presenting educative +materials in a form sufficiently flexible to be readily adapted to the +needs of the school that has not yet been equipped for manual +training, as well as to the needs of the one that has long recognized +practical activity as an essential factor in its work. Since the +experience of the race in industrial and social processes embodies, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> +better than any other experiences of mankind, those things which +at the same time appeal to the whole nature of the child and furnish +him the means of interpreting the complex processes about +him, this experience has been made the groundwork of the present +series.</p> + +<p>In order to gain cumulative results of value in explaining our +own institutions, the materials used have been selected from the +life of Aryan peoples. That we are not yet in possession of all +the facts regarding the life of the early Aryans is not considered +a sufficient reason for withholding from the child those facts that +we have when they can be adapted to his use. Information +regarding the early stages of Aryan life is meager. Enough has +been established, however, to enable us to mark out the main lines +of progress through the hunting, the fishing, the pastoral, and the +agricultural stages, as well as to present the chief problems that +confronted man in taking the first steps in the use of metals, and +in the establishment of trade. Upon these lines, marked out by +the geologist, the paleontologist, the archæologist, and the anthropologist, +the first numbers of this series are based.</p> + +<p>A generalized view of the main steps in the early progress of +the race, which it is thus possible to present, is all that is required +for educational ends. Were it possible to present the subject in +detail, it would be tedious and unprofitable to all save the specialist. +To select from the monotony of the ages that which is most vital, +to so present it as to enable the child to participate in the process +by which the race has advanced, is a work more in keeping with +the spirit of the age. To this end the presentation of the subject +is made: First, by means of questions, which serve to develop the +habit of making use of experience in new situations; second, by +narrative, which is employed merely as a literary device for rendering +the subject more available to the child; and third, by suggestions +for practical activities that may be carried out in hours of +work or play, in such a way as to direct into useful channels energy +which when left undirected is apt to express itself in trivial if not +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> +in anti-social forms. No part of a book is more significant to the +child than the illustrations. In preparing the illustrations for this +series as great pains have been taken to furnish the child with +ideas that will guide him in his practical activities as to illustrate +the text itself.</p> + +<p>Mr. Howard V. Brown, the artist who executed the drawings, +has been aided in his search for authentic originals by the late +J. W. Powell, <em>director of the United States Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, +D. C.</em>; by Frederick J. V. Skiff, <em>director of the Field Columbian +Museum, Chicago</em>, and by the author. Ethnological collections and +the best illustrative works on ethnological subjects scattered +throughout the country have been carefully searched for material. +Many of the text illustrations of this volume are reproductions +of originals found in the caves and rock shelters of France.<br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 32em;">K. E. D.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>October, 1906.</em></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/contents.jpg" width="500" height="124" alt="contents" title="" /> +</div><p> </p> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary=""> + +<tr> <td align='left'></td> <td align='right'><span class="smcap">page</span></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_3"><em>Dedication</em></a></td> <td align='right'>7</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_7"><em>Preface</em></a></td> <td align='right'>8</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_11"><em>Contents</em></a></td> <td align='right'>12</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_12"><em>Illustrations</em></a></td> <td align='right'>13</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'> </td> <td align='right'></td> </tr> + +<tr> <th colspan="2">THE LATER CAVE-MEN<br /> +<span class="smcap">the age of the chase</span></th> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'></td> <td align='right'><span class="smcap">page</span></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_15">The Reindeer Start for their Summer Home</a></td> <td align='right'>15</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#II">Chew-chew</a></td> <td align='right'>20</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#III">Fleetfoot’s Lessons</a></td> <td align='right'>23</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#IV">After the Chase</a></td> <td align='right'>27</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#V">Why the Cave-men Made Changes in their Weapons</a></td> <td align='right'>32</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#VI">How the Cave-men Made Delicate Spear Points</a></td> <td align='right'>36</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#VII">The Return of the Bison</a></td> <td align='right'>41</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#VIII">The First Bison Hunt of the Season</a></td> <td align='right'>46</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#IX">What Happened when the Children Played with Hot Stones</a></td> <td align='right'>50</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#X">Why the Children Began to Eat Boiled Meat</a></td> <td align='right'>54</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XI">The Nutting Season</a></td> <td align='right'>56</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XII">Why Mothers Taught their Children the Boundary Lines</a></td> <td align='right'>62</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XIII">What Happened to Fleetfoot</a></td> <td align='right'>65</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XIV">How the Strangers Camped for the Night</a></td> <td align='right'>69</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XV">Fleetfoot is Adopted by the Bison Clan</a></td> <td align='right'>72</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XVI">How the Cave-men Protected Themselves from the Cold</a></td> <td align='right'>77</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XVII">How the Children Played in Winter</a></td> <td align='right'>81</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XVIII">Overtaken by a Storm</a></td> <td align='right'>84</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XIX">How Antler Happened to Invent Snowshoes</a></td> <td align='right'>88</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XX">How Antler Made Snares</a></td> <td align='right'>92</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XXI">How Spears Were Changed into Harpoons</a></td> <td align='right'>97</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XXII">How the Cave-men Hunted with Harpoons</a></td> <td align='right'>101</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XXIII">How the Cave-men Tested Fleetfoot and Flaker</a></td> <td align='right'>105</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XXIV">Fleetfoot and Flaker See a Combat</a></td> <td align='right'>109</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XXV">What Happened when Fleetfoot and Flaker Hunted the Bison</a></td> <td align='right'>111</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XXVI">What the Cave-men did for Flaker</a></td> <td align='right'>115</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XXVII">How Flaker Learned to Make Weapons of Bone</a></td> <td align='right'>118</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XXVIII">How Flaker Invented the Saw</a></td> <td align='right'>121</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XXIX">The Reindeer Dance</a></td> <td align='right'>124</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XXX">Fleetfoot Prepares for his Final Test</a></td> <td align='right'>128</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XXXI">Fleetfoot Fasts and Prays</a></td> <td align='right'>132</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XXXII">The Meeting of the Clans</a></td> <td align='right'>139</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XXXIII">What Happened when the Clans Found Fleetfoot</a></td> <td align='right'>143</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XXXIV">Fleetfoot’s Return</a></td> <td align='right'>147</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XXXV">Willow-grouse</a></td> <td align='right'>150</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XXXVI">How Fleetfoot and Willow-grouse Spent the Winter</a></td> <td align='right'>153</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XXXVII">How Willow-grouse Learned to Make Needles</a></td> <td align='right'>157</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XXXVIII">How Flaker Became a Priest and a Medicine Man</a></td> <td align='right'>161</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XXXIX">How the Cave-men Learned to Boil and to Dry Foods</a></td> <td align='right'>165</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XL">The New Home</a></td> <td align='right'>168</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XLI">How the Clans United to Hunt the Bison</a></td> <td align='right'>173</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XLII">How Things Were Made to Do the Work of Men</a></td> <td align='right'>178</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XLIII">How the Cave-men Rewarded and Punished the Clansmen</a></td> <td align='right'>182</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_185"><em>Suggestions to Teachers</em></a></td> <td align='right'>185</td> </tr> +</table></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;"> +<img src="images/illos.jpg" width="550" height="166" alt="illustrations" title="" /> +</div><p> </p> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary=""> + +<tr> <th colspan="2">FULL PAGE</th> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'></td> + <td align='right'><span class="smcap">page</span></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_4">“<em>A feeling of awe came over them while they worked</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>Frontispiece</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_14">“<em>Pigeon boiled meat and gave it to the men, and they all<br /> sounded her praises</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>14</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#swam">“<em>The reindeer swam through the deep water and waded<br /> out to the opposite bank</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>17</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#img21"><em>Chew-chew telling stories to Fleetfoot</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>21</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_25">“<em>Then Scarface threw, and all the horses took fright</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>25</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#img29">“<em>Chew-chew took her basket and started up the dry ravine</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>29</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_31">“<em>She took a flint point and scratched the men’s arms until<br /> she made big scars</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>31</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#img42">“<em>Straightshaft saw the herd at sunrise and made a sign<br /> to the men</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>42</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_45">“<em>At the close of the day there was not a little valley in the<br /> surrounding country that did not have a herd of two or<br /> three hundred bison</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>45</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#img47">“<em>With a quick snort he turned and charged</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>47</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#img53">“<em>Chew-chew tried to teach the children how to know the<br /> hissing sound</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>53</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_57">“<em>All the women and children went nutting</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>57</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_59"><em>The wild hogs were having a feast</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>59</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_63">“<em>Mothers taught their children what the boundaries were</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>63</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#img67">“<em>A big man caught him, and put him upon his shoulder</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>67</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_70">“<em>The tent was an old oak, which reached out long and<br /> low-spreading branches</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>70</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_76">“<em>Greybeard asked Fleetfoot to drop the hot stones in the<br /> water again</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>76</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_79">“<em>When the men saw the new garment they wondered how<br /> it was made</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>79</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_87">“<em>But many could find no protection, so they turned about<br /> and faced the storm</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>87</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_104">“<em>And so the Cave-men tested the boys in many different ways</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>104</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_108">“<em>Then their antlers crashed in a swift charge</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>108</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#img113">“<em>They looked so much like wolves that they got very close<br /> before the bison threatened</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>113</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#img116">“<em>What the Cave-men did for Flaker</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>116</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_129">“<em>People began to wander away from their old homes</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>129</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_136">“<em>It was the melting of this glacier which fed the little stream</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>136</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#img171">“<em>Greybeard, now old and feeble, walked all the way to the spot</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>171</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_181"><em>After the bison hunt</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>181</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'> </td> + <td align='right'></td> </tr> + +<tr> <th colspan="2">TEXT</th> + <td align='right'></td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_16"><em>A reindeer</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>16</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_24"><em>A stone ax</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>24</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_32"><em>A stone knife</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>32</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_32"><em>A laurel leaf</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>32</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_32"><em>Laurel leaf-shaped spear point</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>32</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_34"><em>A stone scraper</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>34</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_35"><em>A shaft-straightener</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>35</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_36"><em>A delicate spearhead</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>36</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_37">“<em>When the Cave-men held the flint in the hand,<br /> the hand yielded to the light blow</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>37</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_37">“<em>While Scarface placed the punch he sang in low tones</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>37</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_38"><em>Straightshaft using a flaker</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>38</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_39"><em>A flaker</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>39</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#img43"><em>An ibex</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>43</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_51"><em>A bear’s tooth awl</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>51</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_73"><em>A scraper</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>73</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_73"><em>A skin stretched on a frame</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>73</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_74"><em>A hammer of reindeer horn</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>74</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_80"><em>A cave-man’s glove</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>80</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_89"><em>A stone maul</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>89</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_90"><em>Fur gloves</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>90</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_91"><em>A snowshoe</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>91</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_94">“<em>Then she set snares on the ground and fastened<br /> them to strong branches</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>94</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_94">“<em>Antler learned to protect the cord by running it<br /> through a hollow bone</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>94</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_95">“<em>So it ran along and nibbled the bait until its sharp<br /> teeth cut the cord</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>95</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_98"><em>A chisel-scraper</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>98</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_99"><em>A barbed point</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>99</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_100"><em>A harpoon</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>100</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_102"><em>Chipper using a spear-noose</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>102</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_114"><em>A Cave-man’s carving of a “hamstrung” animal</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>114</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_119"><em>A wedge or tent pin</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>119</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_120"><em>The head of a javelin</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>120</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#flaker"><em>A small antler</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>121</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_122"><em>A knife with two blades, a saw, and a file, all in one</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>122</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_123"><em>A Cave-man’s dagger</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>123</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_125"><em>A Cave-man’s mortar stone</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>125</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_126"><em>A drum</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>126</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_131"><em>The engraving of a cave-bear</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>131</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_134"><em>A stone borer</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>134</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_139"><em>A necklace of fossil shells</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>139</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_145"><em>A throwing-stick</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>145</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_146"><em>An Irish deer</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>146</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_147"><em>A fragment of a Cave-man’s baton, engraved</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>147</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_149"><em>A Cave-man’s nose ornament</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>149</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_149"><em>A Cave-man’s baton, engraved</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>149</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_151"><em>An Eskimo drawing of reindeer caught in snares</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>151</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_152">“<em>A piece of sandstone for flattening seams</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>152</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_152"><em>A reindeer snare</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>152</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_154"><em>Three views of a Cave-man’s spearhead</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>154</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_155">“<em>It was during this time that the Bison clan learned<br /> to use the throwing-stick</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>155</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_156"><em>Harpoons with several barbs</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>156</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#awl"><em>A bone awl</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>157</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_157"><em>A bone pin</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>157</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_157"><em>A large bone needle</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>157</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#awl"><em>A bone from which the Cave-men have sawed out<br /> slender rods for needles</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>158</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#awl"><em>A piece of sandstone used by the Cave-men in<br /> making needles</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>158</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_158"><em>A flint comb used in rounding and polishing needles</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>158</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_158"><em>A flint saw used in making needles of bone</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>158</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_159"><em>A short needle of bone</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>159</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_159"><em>A flint comb used in shredding fibers</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>159</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_159"><em>A long fine needle of bone</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>159</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#XXXVIII"><em>Two views of a curved bone tool</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>160</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_162"><em>A Cave-man’s engraving of two herds of wild horses</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>162</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_163"><em>A Cave-man’s carving of horses’ heads</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>163</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_163"><em>A Cave-man’s engraving of a reindeer</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>163</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_166"><em>Harpoons of reindeer antler</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>166</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_167"><em>A flint harpoon with one barb</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>167</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_167"><em>A spoon-shaped stone</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>167</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_169"><em>A baby’s hood</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>169</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_169">“<em>In summer he played in the basket cradle</em>”</a></td> + <td align='right'>169</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_170"><em>First step in coiled basketry</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>170</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_170"><em>Second step in coiled basketry</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>170</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_170"><em>Three rows of coiled work</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>170</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#img172"><em>A water basket</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>172</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#img175"><em>A Cave-man’s engraving of a tent showing the<br /> interior structure</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>175</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#img175"><em>A Cave-man’s engraving of a tent showing the exterior</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>175</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_175"><em>A Cave-man’s engraving of a tent with covering pulled<br /> one side so as to show the ends of the poles which support<br /> the roof</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>175</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_176"><em>Framework showing the best kind of a tent made<br /> by the Cave-men</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>176</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_176"><em>A tent pin</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>176</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_182"><em>Handle of a Cave-man’s hunting-knife with engraving</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>182</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#img183"><em>A hunter’s tally</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>183</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_183"><em>Fragment of Cave-man’s baton</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>183</td> </tr> + +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#Page_184"><em>Engraving of a seal upon a bear’s tooth</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>184</td> </tr> +<tr> <td align='left'><a href="#hairpin"><em>A Cave-man’s hairpin, engraved</em></a></td> + <td align='right'>184</td> </tr> + +</table></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 431px;"> +<img src="images/img014.jpg" width="431" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“Pigeon boiled meat and gave it to the men, and they all sounded +her praises.”—Page <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> +<h1>THE LATER CAVE-MEN</h1> + +<p class="center"><strong>THE AGE OF THE CHASE</strong></p> + +<p> </p> + +<h2>I</h2> + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>The Reindeer Start for their Summer Home</em></p> + + +<p>Every winter the reindeer came to the wooded hills +where the Cave-men lived. No matter how deep the +snow, they always found food. Sometimes they +stretched their slender necks and ate moss from the +trees. Again they scraped up the snow with their +forefeet and found dry grass.</p> + +<p>The reindeer liked cold weather. They liked the +north wind that brought the snow. As soon as the +snow began to melt, they started toward the mountains. +In the high valleys among the mountains, there was +snow all the year round.</p> + +<p>One morning the Cave-men awoke and found the +south wind blowing. All the people were glad; for +they knew it would drive the winter away.</p> + +<p>The reindeer sniffed the warm wind and knew it was +time to go. Each leader signaled to his herd. And +soon the wooded hills were dotted with small herds +moving toward the ford.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +Straightshaft saw what the reindeer were doing and +he signaled the news to the men. Then the Cave-men +gathered around Scarface, who was to lead them in +the hunt.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img016.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A reindeer.</span> +</div> + +<p>The children had listened to all that was said about +the great herd. They could scarcely wait to see it. +Fleetfoot pulled his grandmother’s hand and started up +the cliff. Chew-chew wanted to see the herds meet at +the reindeer ford. All the women wanted to see the +great herd before it went away. So they all climbed +the cliff where they could get a good view.</p> + +<p>When the children saw a herd near the river, they +clapped their hands and shouted. Then Chew-chew +pointed out many herds and they all danced for joy.</p> + +<p>The scattered herds were coming slowly down the +little valleys. Each followed a handsome +leader headed toward the ford.</p> + +<p>“Look!” said Chew-chew as the leader of +a herd plunged into the river.</p> + +<p>The herd plunged too, for +reindeer know it is best to +follow their leader. The reindeer +swam through the deep water and +waded out to the opposite bank. +Then the frightened creatures hurried +on toward the well-known ford.</p> + +<p><a name="swam" id="swam"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 396px;"> +<img src="images/img017.jpg" width="396" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“The reindeer swam through the deep water and waded out to the +opposite bank.”</span> +</div> + +<p>“Why did the reindeer jump +into the river?” asked Fleetfoot of Chew-chew. Before +she could answer Eagle-eye pointed to a big cave-bear. +The cave-bear was going into a thicket when Fleetfoot +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +heard his mother say, “Cave-bears and hyenas hide in +the thickets. They lie in wait for the herds.”</p> + +<p>Scarface seemed to be lying in wait on some rocks +by an evergreen tree. He had stopped on his way to +the reindeer pass to see what had frightened the herd.</p> + +<p>While the men were going to the pass, the reindeer +were gathering at the ford. Several herds of two or +three hundred each were already there. Other herds +were coming. The flat sandy banks on one side of the +river were already covered with reindeer. Soon the +ford was filled, and the reindeer began to press up the +narrow river valley.</p> + +<p>When at last all the herds from the wooded hills +were gathered at the ford, the handsomest leader of +all stepped forth to lead the way. After looking +around to see if an enemy was near, he started up +the well-trodden trail through the narrow river valley.</p> + +<p>Slowly the great herd began to move. To those +watching from the cliff, it looked like a moving forest. +Those in advance were soon out of sight, and were +going toward the pass.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the men had reached the pass where the +bravest ones hid at the farther end. There they waited +to spear the reindeer, while others hid behind rocks +near the entrance to drive the reindeer on.</p> + +<p>While the women and children watched from the +cliff a signal came from the men. It was a call for +the women to come and carry the reindeer to the cave. +The younger women went, but Chew-chew stayed and +watched with the children.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +At length the Cave-men returned. The men brought +trophies and the women brought heavy loads of meat. +They found Chew-chew and the children still watching +from the cliff. There they all watched for a long, long +time; for not until the sun was low down in the sky +had the last of the reindeer left the ford.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Model a large river valley with many little valleys in it. Show +where the small herds were. Model the cliffs along the river and show +the flat sandy banks on one side, and the narrow valley with steep sides +on the other.</em></p> + +<p><em>Find rocks and make the reindeer pass. Make the trail from the +ford through the narrow valley to the pass.</em></p> + +<p><em>Play the story this lesson tells.</em></p> + +<p><em>Draw one of these pictures</em>:—<br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>The reindeer stretched their slender necks and ate moss from +the trees.</em></span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>The reindeer sniffed the warm wind and knew it was time to go.</em></span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Fleetfoot pulled his grandmother’s hand and started up the cliff.</em></span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>The cave-bears and hyenas hide in the thickets.</em></span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Hunting at the reindeer pass.</em></span></p> + +<p><em>Show how Eagle-eye loaded a reindeer upon her back. Model Eagle-eye +in clay so as to show how she carried the reindeer.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="II" id="II"></a>II</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>If you have read the story of “The Early Cave-men,” tell how the +cave that was flooded was made.</p> + +<p>Can you think of any other way in which a cave might be made?</p> + +<p>If you have ever seen a shallow hole in a cliff, see if you can find +out how it was made. If such a hole was made in a very soft rock +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +what would happen to it? What would happen to a hole made in a +hard rock?</p> + +<p>See if you can find a piece of limestone. What do we use +limestone for?</p> + +<p>If we wanted a house of limestone, what would we do to get it? +When the Cave-men wanted a limestone house, what did they do?</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>Chew-chew</em></p> + +<p>Chew-chew was the oldest woman in the cave at the +Fork of the River. She was not as strong as she once +had been; but she was still able to lead the women in +their work. Her sons’ wives carried the heaviest burdens, +but Chew-chew still carried heavy loads.</p> + +<p>Chew-chew was the wisest woman in the cave. +When the other women did not know what to do, +they always asked Chew-chew. The bravest men +were always glad to get Chew-chew’s advice. The +children thought nobody could tell such stories as +Chew-chew told.</p> + +<p>Chew-chew and all of her children belonged to the +Horse clan. All the children in those days took the +clan name of their mother. Chew-chew’s sons had +captured wives from the Reindeer clan. And so the +children in Chew-chew’s cave belonged to the Reindeer +clan. It thus happened that in every cave there were +people of different clans. But since Chew-chew was +the oldest woman in the cave, we shall call the people +at the Fork of the River by the name of the Horse clan.</p> + +<p><a name="img21" id="img21"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 434px;"> +<img src="images/img021.jpg" width="434" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Chew-chew telling stories to Fleetfoot.</span> +</div> + +<p>Chew-chew often told the children about her first +home. She told them about the cave near the River +of Snow, which was much like the cave which sheltered +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> +them. She told them about the wide shelving rocks +which were like the ones above their cave. And she +told how frightened her people were the day a rock fell +near the mouth of their cave.</p> + +<p>No one knew at the time what made the rock fall. +No one knew there was no need of being afraid. Some +one said that the god of the cliff was angry and that he +had pushed the rock down. Everybody believed the +story. So nobody dared go near the cave.</p> + +<p>But the Cave-men needed a shelter. So they offered +gifts to the god of the cliffs. When they thought he was +satisfied, they all went back to the cave. And after a +while they used the big rock as a table for their work.</p> + +<p>Chew-chew wanted the children to grow to be brave +and wise. So she told them stories of the bravest and +wisest people of her clan. She told them stories about +their grandfathers who were the heroes of the olden +times. And Fleetfoot never grew tired of hearing +about the wonderful things which his grandfathers did.</p> + +<p>And so Chew-chew taught the children all she +thought they ought to know. And they looked into +her eyes and listened to all that she said.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>If there are cliffs or shelving rocks near by, go and see them. Find +places where you think caves may form. Find out why it is that the +rocks shelve. Why does a shelving rock sometimes break and fall to the +ground?</em></p> + +<p><em>Model the cliffs which you find. Model a cave which is formed in a cliff.</em></p> + +<p><em>Tell a story which you think Chew-chew might have told to the +children.</em></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +<em>Play one of these plays:</em>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Chew-chew telling stories to the children.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>What the people did when the rock fell near the mouth of the cave.</em></span></p> + +<p><em>Draw a picture of something which you have played.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="III" id="III"></a>III</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Why did Chew-chew tell the children stories about their forefathers?</p> + +<p>Why do we like to hear such stories?</p> + +<p>Do you think that the later Cave-men will hunt in just the same +way that the early Cave-men did?</p> + +<p>What change took place in the animals while the Cave-men were +learning to be good hunters? What change did the Cave-men have to +make in their hunting on account of this?</p> + +<p>Of all the animals you know, which are the fastest runners? Can +you think how they became fast runners?</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>Fleetfoot’s Lessons</em></p> + +<p>When the men were at home, Fleetfoot liked to +stay with them. He liked to watch them make spears; +he liked to watch them run races; he liked to listen +to the stories they told about the wild animals.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 120px;"> +<img src="images/img024.jpg" width="120" height="350" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A stone ax.</span> +</div> + +<p>When the men went out to hunt, Fleetfoot wanted +to go with them. But he was a little boy, and had to +stay at home. Sometimes he went with his mother +when she went to dig roots; sometimes he went with +her to gather twigs for baskets. But the safest place +for little children was not far from the fire. So Fleetfoot +stayed at home nearly all the time.</p> + +<p>While the children played near the cave, Chew-chew +broke fagots with a stone ax. When she was +ready to sit down, they all gathered around her. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +They knew that that was one of the times when +Chew-chew told them stories.</p> + +<p>This time Chew-chew began with a story of the +early Cave-men. She told of animals that stood +their ground and fought instead of running away. +She told about the strong spears and axes made to +conquer the wild beasts. She told of brave and +daring deeds of the heroes of olden times.</p> + +<p>None of the animals feared man before he had +fire. And for a long time afterward none of them +feared him without a torch. But the early Cave-men +made strong weapons after they had fire. +They struck hard blows with their stone axes, +which the animals learned to fear.</p> + +<p>Grass-eating animals feared beasts of prey long +before the Tree-dwellers lived. Wild horses learned to +run fast by trying to escape from packs of wolves. +They learned to keep sentinels to watch while the +herd fed. All the grass-eating animals learned to do +this. The sentinels signaled at a sign of danger, and +then the herd ran; and so their enemies learned to +hunt by following the chase.</p> + +<p>When Chew-chew was tired of telling stories, she +marked out a path for a race. Then she showed the +children how to get a fair start, by standing abreast +and holding a stick.</p> + +<p>The children learned to keep in step until they +reached the real starting place. Then they dropped +the stick and ran. And they all clapped their hands +and cheered the one who won the race.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 436px;"> +<img src="images/img025.jpg" width="436" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Then Scarface threw, and all the horses took fright.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> +After the children had raced a long time, they +came back to Chew-chew for another story. And +this time she told them stories about the men of their +own clan. They often chased the animals from +early morn until noon. At first they got very tired +when they went on a long chase. But the more +they practiced running, the better they hunted in +the real chase.</p> + +<p>When the story was ended, the children climbed the +cliff. Chew-chew went with them and they all looked +at the wild horses going up the trail.</p> + +<p>The horses had been to the river to drink and now +they were going away. They were following their +leader up the trail which led to the grassy plains.</p> + +<p>Chew-chew knew where the men were lying in wait +and she pointed out the spot. The children looked just +in time to see Straightshaft throw his spear. Then +Scarface threw, and all the horses took fright.</p> + +<p>Up hill and down, through bushes and briars, the +horses galloped away. The Cave-men followed the +wounded ones, hurling their spears as they ran.</p> + +<p>The chase was long and weary, and some of the +wounded horses escaped. But the men returned with +many trophies and the women brought heavy loads of +meat.</p> + +<p>The trophies the Cave-men prized the most were the +heads of the wild horses. They kept these trophies near +the cave, and they thought that they were charms. +The Cave-men thought that the horses’ heads would +bring more horses to the hunting grounds.</p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Tell a story about the age of combat. Tell a story about the age of +the chase. Draw a picture to illustrate each story.</em></p> + +<p><em>Show on your sand-map where the men were lying in wait for the +horses. Model the trail which the horses followed.</em></p> + +<p><em>What chasing game do you know how to play? Can you think how +some of these games first started?</em></p> + +<p><em>Why do people not try to run as fast in a long race as in a short one?</em></p> + +<p><em>Model in clay something which you might name “The Age of Combat.”</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="IV" id="IV"></a>IV</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>How do you feel after you have had a long, hard chase?</p> + +<p>What does your mother tell you to do when you come in dripping +with sweat?</p> + +<p>How do you think the Cave-men learned to take care of themselves?</p> + +<p>When they were lame and stiff, do you think they would know +what made them so? Think of as many things as you can that +they might do to make themselves feel better.</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>After the Chase</em></p> + +<p>When the long, hard chase was over, the Cave-men +were tired and dripping with sweat. All but Scarface +threw themselves upon the cold ground to rest.</p> + +<p>It was Scarface who blew the whistle which called +the women to the spot. It was he who guarded the +carcasses until the women came. And while the +women skinned the horses he sat on a log to rest.</p> + +<p>It was sunset when they reached the cave. All +joined in a feast upon horse flesh, then they slept until +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +break of day. It was then that the men groaned with +pain. Their muscles ached, and they were so lame +that they could scarcely move. Scarface alone of all +the men was not suffering with pain.</p> + +<p>Perhaps you can tell what made the men lame. +None of the Cave-men knew. Everybody thought that +an angry god was trying to punish them.</p> + +<p>And so the men tried to drive the god away by raising +fearful shouts. Then they asked Chew-chew’s +advice, and Chew-chew took her basket and started up +the dry ravine. There she found bitter roots which +she gathered and carried home.</p> + +<p>No one knew at that time how to steep roots, for +people had not learned how to boil. So Chew-chew +chopped the roots with a stone chopper and laid them +upon hot stones. And while the men breathed the bitter +fumes, Chew-chew threatened the angry god and +commanded him to go away.</p> + +<p>In a few days the men were well and it was almost +time to go hunting again. Straightshaft feared the +angry god. He talked with the men and they wondered +why it was that Scarface escaped. They looked +at his deep scar which a tiger’s claw had made. And +then they looked at the trophies of Scarface which he +wore about his neck.</p> + +<p>Every Cave-man admired the deep scar of the bravest +man in the clan. Every man wished that he, too, +could show such a scar as that. And the men began +to wonder if the scar was a kind of a charm.</p> + +<p><a name="img29" id="img29"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 410px;"> +<img src="images/img029.jpg" width="410" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Chew-chew took her basket and started up the dry ravine.</span> +</div> + +<p>The more the men talked about the scar, the more +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> +they wanted scars. They talked with Chew-chew about +it, and at last decided to let her make scars.</p> + +<p>So Chew-chew muttered prayers to the gods, and +asked them not to hurt the Cave-men. Then she took +a flint point and scratched the men’s arms until she +made big scars.</p> + +<p>Years afterward, when people made scars, they +stained them with all sorts of things. Sometimes they +stained the scars with juices of plants, and sometimes +they colored them with paints.</p> + +<p>The Cave-men thought they could protect themselves +by scars, and by all sorts of charms. So they +kept on making scars, and they hunted for all sorts of +charms.</p> + +<p>But no matter how many charms they wore, they +often were lame and stiff. Some one must have noticed +that they were more apt to be lame after sitting on the +cold ground while they were warm. For after a while +the custom grew of never sitting on the bare ground +while they were warm.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Draw or paint a pattern which you think the Cave-men might have +tattooed upon their arms. Where do we put the pictures which we make?</em></p> + +<p><em>Find and name as many roots and herbs as you can that are used as +medicines.</em></p> + +<p><em>What animals have you seen eating herbs?</em></p> + +<p><em>What mistakes did the Cave-men make when they tried to cure +themselves?</em></p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 438px;"> +<img src="images/img031.jpg" width="438" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“She took a flint point and scratched the men’s arms until she made big scars.”</span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="V" id="V"></a>V</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>What way can you use a spear besides thrusting it with one or both +hands?</p> + +<p>What changes do you think the Cave-men made in their spearheads +when they began to throw spears? What changes do you think they +made in the shafts?</p> + +<p>How do you think the Cave-men made straight shafts for their +spears? What do we do with wood when we wish to bend it?</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>Why the Cave-men made Changes in their Weapons</em></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 61px;"> +<img src="images/img032a.jpg" width="61" height="350" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A stone knife.</span> +</div> + +<p>While the Cave-men were resting from the hunt, +they did a great many things. They practiced running; +they hunted for stuff to make new weapons; they +worked upon their weapons and trophies; they +learned new hunting dances. No matter what +they did, they always asked their gods to help.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 206px;"> +<img src="images/img032b.jpg" width="206" height="250" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">(l) A laurel leaf. (r) Laurel leaf-shaped spear point.</span> +</div> + +<p>All the later Cave-men learned +to make light spears and javelins. +The clumsy spear which served +Strongarm so well was not what +Scarface needed. But in the days +of the early Cave-men the heavy +spear was a good weapon. Strongarm +cared as much for his spear as +you do for your dog. It was like a +friend in time of need. Few animals +could withstand Strongarm’s blow when he +grasped his spear in one or both hands and lunged +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> +forward with all his might. His spear was a powerful +weapon. But Strongarm lived in the age of combat +when people fought animals at close range.</p> + +<p>The later Cave-men did not make light spears and +javelins all at once. They began by throwing heavy +spears. Chew-chew could tell of many a hunter +who lost his life throwing a spear. Sometimes +it was because the spear was too heavy to throw +with enough force. Sometimes it was because the +shaft was crooked and the spear did not go to the +right spot.</p> + +<p>When the Cave-men practiced throwing, they did +not stand still and throw. They took aim and threw +as they ran. That was the kind of practice they +needed for the real chase.</p> + +<p>The mark, too, was a moving mark. It was made +of a bundle of branches, or an old skin stuffed with +leaves. While one man dragged it by a long cord, the +others ran after it, throwing their spears.</p> + +<p>A Cave-man could wound an animal with a spear, +but he could not give a deadly blow. There was +always danger of the wounded animal turning upon +the hunter. A skilled hunter with a good spear ran +little risk in throwing it. But not all the Cave-men +had enough skill. Not all of the Cave-men made good +enough weapons to be thrown with a sure aim.</p> + +<p>And so the Cave-men learned new ways of making +and using spears. Perhaps they did not want to do it. +But they had to do it or die. So you see why the men +and boys spent most of their time in learning to follow +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> +the chase. Even the women and girls learned to hunt +and to make all sorts of weapons.</p> + +<p>Long before Scarface lived the Cave-men began to +make lighter spears. The straighter they made the +shaft, the easier it was to hit the mark. And so the +Cave-men began to vie with one another in making +the straightest and smoothest shafts.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 105px;"> +<img src="images/img034.jpg" width="105" height="250" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A stone scraper.</span> +</div> + +<p>When they cut the sticks for the shafts the Cave-men +made gifts to the wood-gods, and asked for +the straightest and toughest branches that grew +on the trees. Then they cut the branches carefully +and carried them home to the cave. There +they peeled them from butt to tip and smoothed +them with stone scrapers. Sometimes they rubbed +them with fat and laid them away to dry. It was +hard work to make a crooked stick straight. +But the Cave-men tried many ways and at last +they learned to make as beautiful shafts as ever +have been made.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 211px;"> +<img src="images/img035.jpg" width="211" height="300" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A shaft-straightener.</span> +</div> + +<p>When the Cave-men pulled the shaft back +and forth on the sandstone, they made deep grooves +in it. We have found pieces of grooved sandstone +that the later Cave-men used. Sometimes they +would clamp a crooked stick between a grooved piece +of sandstone and a flat bone. Then they would +pull and twist, and pull and twist, and pull and +twist that stick back and forth until the crooked place +was made straight.</p> + +<p>When Scarface was very old he made a shaft-straightener +of a piece of reindeer horn. He carved +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +the head of the reindeer upon it, and made a hole +for the shaft. Then he thrust the +crooked stick through the hole and +turned the shaft-straightener round and +round as we turn a wrench, until he +straightened the shaft.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>See if you can find a good branch for a shaft. If you have a right +to cut the branch, see if you can make it into a shaft.</em></p> + +<p><em>Find a stone which you can use for a scraper. What else can you use +as a scraper?</em></p> + +<p><em>If you do not care to make a shaft, make something else out of the +stick which you straighten.</em></p> + +<p><em>Name the things which you have at home or at school made of wood.</em></p> + +<p><em>Make a collection of the different kinds of wood which you know.</em></p> + +<p><em>Which of these are soft wood? What do we use soft wood for? +Which are hard? What do we use hard wood for?</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="VI" id="VI"></a>VI.</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Can you think why the Cave-men used stone for their spear points +and knives before they used bone or horn?</p> + +<p>What tools did the Cave-men need in making flint spear points?</p> + +<p>Why did the Cave-men have to learn to strike gentle blows in +making their weapons? Can you think of any way of removing little +pieces of flint besides striking them off?</p></div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p> + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"> +<em>How the Cave-men made Delicate Spear Points</em></p> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 80px;"> +<img src="images/img036.jpg" width="80" height="300" alt="image" title="" /> +</div> + +<p>Perhaps you have seen very beautiful Indian arrows. +Perhaps you have wished you could make such arrows +yourself. The later Cave-men first made such weapons +and no people since have ever been able to make more +beautiful ones.</p> + +<p>The early Cave-men did not need such beautiful +spear points. Rough points of flint and heavy stone +axes were the weapons they needed most. It was not +until the Age of the Chase that people shaped stone +into beautiful forms.</p> + +<p>Scarface always used flakes of flint for the points of +spears and javelins. But in earlier times, people +did not know how to strike off flakes of flint. +They put the flint on a hard rock and struck it +with a heavy blow. They smashed the flint, for +the hard rock did not yield. They had not +learned to let the flint break in its own way.</p> + +<p>When the Cave-men held the flint in the +hand, the hand yielded to the light blow. The +flint broke in its own way. But the sharp +edges cut the men’s hands. So they covered +the palms of their hands with rawhide and +kept from getting hurt. When they worked +in this way, they had no trouble in striking off +flakes for spear points and knives.</p> + +<p>When the men worked on their flint points, +Fleetfoot liked to play near the workshop. He +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> +liked to watch Straightshaft strike off flakes with a +hammer-stone and punch. He liked to listen to the +song that Scarface and Straightshaft sang.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 146px;"> +<img src="images/img037a.jpg" width="146" height="400" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“When the Cave-men held the flint +in the hand, the hand yielded to the light blow.”</span> +</div> + +<p>Scarface and Straightshaft always sang when +they worked with the hammer-stone and +punch. While Scarface placed the punch +he sang in low tones. And when he was +ready for Straightshaft to strike, he sang +so as to let him know. Then Straightshaft +took up the song and marked the +time for each blow.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 276px;"> +<img src="images/img037b.jpg" width="276" height="400" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“While Scarface placed the +punch he sang in low tones.”</span> +</div> + +<p>The men always +sang when they +worked together. +If one man stopped +when it was his +turn to sing, the +other did not know +what to do. Besides +marking the time, +the song helped +the men to measure +the force of +each blow. It +helped them to +strike off tiny flakes so as not to +break the point. So, at length, +the Cave-men began to think +that the song they sang was a +charm.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> +While the men struck off large flint flakes, Fleetfoot +played not far away. He played while they hafted long +narrow flakes for knives, but when they began to chip +spearheads, he came and watched them at their work. +He listened to the song of Scarface and Straightshaft, +while they shaped a fine spearhead.</p> + +<p>At length the spearhead was ready for the finishing +touches. So Straightshaft dropped his hammer-stone +and picked up a queer little tool. He called it +a flaker, and he used it to press off tiny flakes from +the beautiful point.</p> + +<p>When Straightshaft had finished, he +dropped the flaker and Fleetfoot picked +it up. And he asked Straightshaft if +he might use it to press off little flakes.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 188px;"> +<img src="images/img038.jpg" width="188" height="400" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Straightshaft using a flaker.</span> +</div> + +<p>Straightshaft let him try, but Fleetfoot +was not strong enough to press +off hard flint flakes. So he listened to +the story that Scarface told of the young +man who first made a flaker.</p> + +<p>Holding up a little bone flaker, Scarface +turned to the men and said: +“When I was a boy, no one pressed +off flakes of flint. No one had a flaker. +We hammered off flint flakes.</p> + +<p>“One summer when there were plenty +of salmon, the neighboring clans had a +great feast. Nimble-finger came. I +saw him. I heard him speak. The third +day of the feast I saw him flake flint.”</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 100px;"> +<img src="images/img039.jpg" width="100" height="350" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A flaker.</span> +</div> + +<p>As Scarface went on he told how Nimble-finger +invented the flaker. He did it one day when he +was making a bone handle for a knife. When +he was scraping a bone with a flint scraper he +happened to press off a flint flake.</p> + +<p>Nimble-finger did not know how it happened. +He tried again and again. At last he pressed off +another flake; and this time he knew that he did +it by pressing the point of the bone against one +edge of the flint.</p> + +<p>Nimble-finger never finished that bone-handled +hunting knife. But he showed the people how +to make a flaker. He became an inventor; for +he gave the world a tool it had never had before.</p> + +<p>When the people returned from the feast many +forgot about the flaker. Others longed for delicate +spear points like those Nimble-finger made. So, +at length, they tried to make flakers of their own. +Some tried to make them of wood; but the wood +was too soft to break the stone. Others tried to +make them of ivory; but ivory was too hard to get +a hold. At length all the Cave-men made flakers +of antler and bone, for they were hard enough to break +the stone and soft enough to get a hold.</p> + +<p>When Scarface finished, Fleetfoot began to talk +about Nimble-finger. He asked Scarface, “Where +does Nimble-finger live? Does he always come to the +great feasts?”</p> + +<p>To the child’s questions Scarface replied, “While +Nimble-finger was still a young man he went far away. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> +For many years he lived far north in a cave beside the +River of Stones. But years have come and gone since +then. If he still lives, he is an old man; but of that I +know not.”</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>If you can find a piece of flint strike off a flake with a hammer-stone. +Strike off a flake with an angular stone. Strike off a flake +by using a hammer and punch.</em></p> + +<p><em>Sort out the flakes that are good for knives. Put handles on them. +Sort out the flakes that are good for making into spearheads. See if +you can strike off tiny flakes until the large flake looks like a spearhead.</em></p> + +<p><em>Find something which you can use as a flaker. When you have made +one, see if you can use it.</em></p> + +<p><em>Make a collection of stones which you can chip or flake. Tell all you +know about each of those stones.</em></p> + +<p><em>Think of Scarface as he was telling the story. Draw the picture.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="VII" id="VII"></a>VII</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>What do our horses and cattle eat? Where do we get their food? +What do wild cattle and horses eat? See if you can find out whether +wild cattle or horses have ever lived in a place where the ground is +covered with snow part of the year.</p> + +<p>Did you ever see cattle pawing the ground? Did you ever see +horses pawing the ground? Did you ever see them paw the snow?</p> + +<p>See if you can find out something about the great herds of bison +that used to live in this country. What has become of them?</p> + +<p>Can you think why bison live in herds? What officers does a herd +of bison have? Can you think how the officers of a herd of bison are +chosen?</p></div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p> + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>The Return of the Bison</em></p> + +<p>Ever since the reindeer went away the Cave-men +had been looking for the return of the bison. Each +summer the herds came up the valley to feed on green +grass and tender shoots. Each winter they went to the +forests of the lowlands where they found shelter from +the cold.</p> + +<p>The snow was now gone from the wooded hills and +the days were warm again. The dingy brown coats of +the hillsides were changing to the palest green. The +buds were beginning to swell. Everything seemed to +say that summer was coming.</p> + +<p>Each day the Cave-men watched for signs of the +coming of the great herd. Each night they danced the +bison dance and tried to make the bison come.</p> + +<p>One morning Straightshaft climbed the cliff and +looked far up and down the valley. Looking north he +could see the River of Stones with high cliffs on one or +both banks. He could see dense forests of evergreen +that grew on the low banks. He could see hills and +valleys beyond the cliffs where many wild animals lived.</p> + +<p>Looking south, near at hand, was the Fork of the +River where Little River joined the River of Stones. +Here the cliffs were not very high; farther down, they +became lower, and at last there were no cliffs. The +edge of the lowland forest where the bison wintered +could be seen far away. Grassy lowlands near the +forests stretched farther than the eye could see. It was +here that the bison and cattle found the best winter +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> +pastures. It was in the lowland forests that they found +shelter from the cold.</p> + +<p><a name="img42" id="img42"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 438px;"> +<img src="images/img042.jpg" width="438" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“Straightshaft saw the herd at sunrise and made a sign to the men.”</span> +</div> + +<p>Straightshaft looked toward +the lowlands, hoping to see a +bison. Mammoths were feeding +not far away, and beyond were woolly +rhinoceroses. But there was not one bison.</p> + +<p><a name="img43" id="img43"></a></p> +<div class="figright" style="width: 246px;"> +<img src="images/img043.jpg" width="246" height="350" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">An ibex.</span> +</div> + +<p>As Straightshaft watched the second day, +chamois and ibexes played on the hills. +Herds of horses came from the grassy uplands +and returned after drinking at the +ford. But no sign of a bison yet appeared.</p> + +<p>The third day Straightshaft saw a +black spot in the distance. It was far +down on the river trail. As he watched, +it became larger and larger. And then +Straightshaft knew that it was a bison +coming in advance of the great herd.</p> + +<p>The morning of the fourth day the great +herd came. A powerful bison led the way. +Strong sentinels guarded either side. The herd followed +blindly, galloping eight or ten abreast.</p> + +<p>Straightshaft saw the herd at sunrise and made a +sign to the men. Those who saw it passed it along, +and soon all the people had seen the sign. Then +everybody climbed up a hill or a high cliff and watched +the coming of the bison.</p> + +<p>Nearer and nearer the great herd came, like a sea of +tossing manes and horns. The earth trembled beneath +their tread and the air was filled with their bellowing.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> +When the bison reached the ford, the foremost +creatures stopped to drink. But the solid mass, pressing +on from the rear, crowded them up the river. Soon +the ford was packed with struggling beasts. Some +tried to escape by swimming up the river. Others +swam down the stream. And still the solid mass from +the rear kept crowding on and on.</p> + +<p>At length the herd divided. One part followed the +river trail, while the other went up the narrow valley. +Whenever a herd reached a branching valley, a big +bison led off a small herd. This happened many a +time. And at the close of the day there was not a little +valley in the surrounding country that did not have a +herd of two or three hundred bison.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Play you are a herd of bison, and show how the herd marched. Show +how it divided. Show how you think it would come together again.</em></p> + +<p><em>Show in your sand-box where Straightshaft stood while he watched. +Show the trails the bison followed.</em></p> + +<p><em>Think of the herd as it galloped up the river trail. Draw the picture.</em></p> + +<p><em>Make such a sign as you think Straightshaft made.</em></p> + +<p><em>Plan a bison dance.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="VIII" id="VIII"></a>VIII</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>If you were to hunt bison, what would you want to know about them?</p> + +<p>In what ways can bison notice signs of danger? In what ways +can they help one another?</p> + +<p>Watch animals, and see if they give signs to one another.</p> + +<p>What weapons do you think the Cave-men would take when they +went to hunt the bison? How could the Cave-men help one another +in hunting? How might one man hinder the others?</p></div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 436px;"> +<img src="images/img045.jpg" width="436" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“At the close of the day there was not a little valley in the surrounding +country that did not have a herd of two or three hundred bison.”</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p> + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>The First Bison Hunt of the Season</em></p> + +<p>And now the great herd of bison had come, and the +Cave-men were eager to hunt them. While they were +getting ready to start they kept up this merry song:—</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 17em;"> +<em>The bison have come;</em><br /> +<em>The bison have come;</em><br /> +<em>Now for the chase!</em><br /> +<em>Now for the chase!</em><br /> +<em>Bring axes and spears;</em><br /> +<em>Bring axes and spears;</em><br /> +<em>Now for the chase!</em><br /> +<em>Now for the chase!</em></p> + +<p>When Scarface climbed the cliff he saw three herds +of bison. The first was feeding in an open space; the +second was on a hillside, and the third was in a narrow +valley close by a deep and hidden ravine. This was a +place where the Cave-men liked to hunt. So they +agreed to follow Scarface through the hidden ravine.</p> + +<p>Scarface led the way, and all the men followed. Not +a leaf rustled beneath their tread. Not a twig broke as +they crept up the side of the deep ravine and looked +out at the herd.</p> + +<p>Everybody wanted to get the yearlings or young +cows, for their flesh was tender and sweet. But the +cows and young bison were in the center of the herd. +They were guarded by the sentinels, whose flesh was +hard and tough.</p> + +<p>And so the Cave-men wondered how to get a young +bison. They wondered if the vigilant leader was more +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> +than a match for them. They watched his signals, +and saw fresh sentinels take the places of the hungry +ones. They noticed how quickly the bison obeyed +every signal the leader gave.</p> + +<p><a name="img47" id="img47"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 434px;"> +<img src="images/img047.jpg" width="434" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“With a quick snort he turned and charged.”</span> +</div> + +<p>At last the Cave-men decided to attack the leader +first. They waited till he was not more than a stone’s +throw away. Then Scarface gave the signal and the +men made a bold attack.</p> + +<p>Straightshaft hurled his spear with all his might, +then turned to give place to the others. The leader +was taken by surprise. The men had crept up so +quietly that not till the spear whizzed through the air +did he suspect danger.</p> + +<p>With a quick snort he turned and charged. Straightshaft +ran, but the others met the charge. They hurled +their spears and dealt heavy blows with their stone axes.</p> + +<p>Before the leader could give the alarm he lay +stretched out on the ground. The sentinels looked for +a signal. Meanwhile the cows and yearlings tried to +make their escape.</p> + +<p>Then each of several sentinels tried to lead. But +the frightened herd did not know which one to follow. +Some of the bison rushed one way and some rushed +another. Then there was a general stampede. They +gored one another with their sharp horns. They trampled +one another under their feet. They were too +frightened to know what they were doing.</p> + +<p>It was then that the Cave-men singled out the young +bison. When they had secured them for their prize, +they started toward the cave, singing—</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"> +<em>To-day we went hunting.</em><br /> +<em>We crept up the ravine;</em><br /> +<em>We surprised the leader of the bison.</em><br /> +<em>He made a charge upon us</em>—<br /> +<em>We have his horns for a headdress.</em><br /> +<em>We killed many a young bison;</em><br /> +<em>We have plenty of tender meat.</em></p> + +<p>Perhaps one of the sentinels became leader of the +herd that very day. Perhaps several battles were +fought to see which sentinel was the strongest. For +bison never follow a leader that is not stronger and +wiser than themselves.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><em>Show in your sand-box where each of the three herds was feeding.</em></p> + +<p><em>Make a plan for hunting the herd that was feeding in an open space.</em></p> + +<p><em>Draw one of these pictures:</em>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>The Cave-men creeping up the banks of the steep ravine.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>The charge of the leader.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>The stampede.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Deciding which bison shall be leader of the herd.</em></span></p> + +<p><em>Make a song to sing in getting ready to hunt the way you have +planned. Make a song to sing on your return.</em></p> + +<p><em>Model a large, strong bison.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="IX" id="IX"></a>IX</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Watch water when it is boiling, and see if you can tell what happens.</p> + +<p>Why would it be harder for people to learn to boil than to roast?</p> + +<p>What kind of dishes did the Cave-men have? What would happen +to them if they were put over the fire?</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> +What does your mother do, when she wants to find out whether the +flatiron is hot enough to iron?</p> + +<p>When the Cave-men first learned to boil water, do you think they +would think of boiling food? What might make them think of boiling +food?</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>What Happened when the Children Played +with Hot Stones</em></p> + +<p>Again the Cave-men went out to hunt. Again the +women went out to gather roots and berries. Only +Chew-chew and the children were left near the cave.</p> + +<p>Chew-chew was curing the skins which the women +had brought home. Some of them were stretched out +on the ground. Others were stretched on frames. +Many of these were ready to be rolled up and put away.</p> + +<p>While the skins were drying, Chew-chew had time +for other work. She wanted to finish her basket, and +so the splints must be put to soak.</p> + +<p>At a sign from Chew-chew, Fleetfoot went to the +river for a bag of water. While he was gone, Chew-chew +began to make a place to put it. She dug a shallow +hole in the ground and lined it with a skin.</p> + +<p>When Fleetfoot came back they patted down the +skin. Then they poured the water into the skin-lined +hole, and put the splints to soak.</p> + +<p>While Chew-chew worked at her basket, Fleetfoot +played near at hand. Often he came to his grandmother’s +side and talked about many things.</p> + +<p>At length Chew-chew, holding up a skin, turned to +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> +Fleetfoot and said, “Do you know what animal wore +this skin?”</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 190px;"> +<img src="images/img051.jpg" width="190" height="300" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A bear’s tooth awl.</span> +</div> + +<p>“One of the reindeer we saw at the +ford,” quickly responded Fleetfoot.</p> + +<p>“Where have all the reindeer gone?” +was Chew-chew’s next question.</p> + +<p>“To the cave of the Big Bear of the mountains,” +came the prompt answer.</p> + +<p>While Chew-chew and Fleetfoot talked +the children played near the cave. Pigeon +was playing with stones which she had +gathered and tossed into the fire. In +trying to get them out again she burned +her fingers, and began to cry.</p> + +<p>When Chew-chew saw what had happened, +she told Fleetfoot to play with Pigeon. +And Fleetfoot played with Pigeon, and he showed her +how to lift hot stones without getting burned.</p> + +<p>The children played and carried hot stones with +tongs made of sticks. They ran back and forth between +rows of skins until Pigeon dropped a hot stone +into the hole.</p> + +<p>No sooner had Pigeon dropped the stone than she +screamed, “A snake! a snake!” And she ran to her +grandmother and sobbed, while she hid her face in her +chubby arm.</p> + +<p>Chew-chew thought that a snake was crawling +about. Fleetfoot helped her look under all the skins. +They looked for some time, but they found no trace of +a snake.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> +Then Chew-chew asked Pigeon to tell her all about +it. And Pigeon said, “A big snake hissed and made +me drop the stone.”</p> + +<p>Just then Fleetfoot dropped a hot stone and something +went “s-s-s-s-s-s.”</p> + +<p>Pigeon screamed again, but a hearty laugh from +Chew-chew showed there was nothing to fear. Chew-chew +knew that the hissing sound was not the hiss of +a snake. It was the sizzling of the water when it +touched the hot stone.</p> + +<p>And so Chew-chew tried to teach the children how +to know the hissing sound. She picked up hot stones +and dropped them into the water. Each time a stone +was dropped, the hissing sound was heard; and the +children learned to know the sound, and they were no +longer afraid.</p> + +<p>As Chew-chew kept on dropping the hot stones, she +did not notice all that happened. She thought only of +teaching the children, so that they would not be afraid. +But at last such a strange thing happened, that even +Chew-chew was afraid.</p> + +<p>The water no longer was still. It kept moving like +the angry water in the rapids of the river. A thin mist +began to rise, and a strange voice came from the water, +saying:—</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 17em;"> +“<em>Bubble, bubble, bubble;</em><br /> + <span style="margin-left: .4em;"><em>Bubble, bubble, bubble.</em>”</span></p> + +<p>At the sound Chew-chew was filled with fear. She +was afraid the gods were angry. She looked about for +an offering, and found a piece of bison meat. She +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> +dropped the meat into the water, hoping to appease the +angry god.</p> + +<p><a name="img53" id="img53"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 435px;"> +<img src="images/img053.jpg" width="435" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“Chew-chew tried to teach the children how to know the hissing sound.”</span> +</div> + +<p>The bubbling ceased, but Chew-chew was still afraid. +So she called the children together, and took them into +the cave.</p> + +<p>When the men and women came home that night, +Chew-chew told them what had happened. They went +to the spot and saw the meat, which they thought the +god had left. Then they listened in silence as Chew-chew +told them the story again and again.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Choose some one for each of the parts and dramatize the story.</em></p> + +<p><em>Draw pictures which will show what happened.</em></p> + +<p><em>See if you can boil water by dropping hot stones into it.</em></p> + +<p><em>Show in your sand-box how the skins were stretched out, and how the +skin-lined hole was made.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="X" id="X"></a>X</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>What do you think Chew-chew might learn by dropping the meat +into the hot water?</p> + +<p>What kind of boiling-pots did people first use?</p> + +<p>Why didn’t they hang their boiling-pots over the fire?</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>Why the Children Began to Eat Boiled Meat</em></p> + +<p>The more Chew-chew thought about the bubbling +sound, the more she wanted to hear it again. She +wondered what the god wanted to say, and if he was +asking for food. She wondered if she could make +friends with him by giving him something to eat.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> +Chew-chew talked with Eagle-eye and at length they +tried to make friends with the god. They prepared a +place for the water by making a skin-lined hole. Eagle-eye +poured the water into the hole, while Chew-chew +dropped in a piece of meat. Then they looked and +listened for a sign, but no sign was made. They tried +it again and again, but still there was no sign.</p> + +<p>At length Chew-chew thought of the hot stones she +had dropped when she heard the voice. So she and +Eagle-eye heated stones and dropped them into the +water. As they did it they muttered prayers to the +gods and asked them to protect the Cave-men.</p> + +<p>Before the women had dropped many stones, the +children crowded around. Nobody was frightened this +time when the hissing sound was heard. But their +eyes opened wide when the water began to bubble.</p> + +<p>Chew-chew dropped the meat into the water as an +offering to the god. Everybody watched as she dropped +the meat. Everybody breathed more freely when the +bubbling ceased. And Chew-chew said, “The god is +pleased with the offering of meat.”</p> + +<p>Many times after that Chew-chew dropped hot +stones into the water, and offered meat to the god. But +when she did it she never thought that she was cooking +meat. She thought she was helping the Cave-men by +winning the favor of the god.</p> + +<p>Sometimes when the children were hungry, Chew-chew +let them tear off strips of partly boiled meat. +Sometimes she let them drink the broth from bone dippers +and horns.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> +The children liked to eat the boiled meat and to +drink the rich broth. But they always thought the +meat and broth were what the god had left.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Make tongs out of sticks and see if you can lift small objects with them.</em></p> + +<p><em>Watch water when it boils, and tell where the steam comes from.</em></p> + +<p><em>Where does it go? Hold a cold plate over the steam and see what +happens. Where do the drops of water on the plate come from?</em></p> + +<p><em>When water stands in the open air, what becomes of part of it?</em></p> + +<p><em>Why do we hang clothes out on the clothes-line to dry?</em></p> + +<p><em>What becomes of the water that was in the clothes?</em></p> + +<p><em>Tell what you think happens just as clouds form. See if you can do +something that will show what happens at the time.</em></p> + +<p><em>What happens to the clouds just as it begins to rain?</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XI" id="XI"></a>XI</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Why would the grass-eating animals go from place to place during +the summer? What do you think the Cave-men would do when the +herds went away?</p> + +<p>At what season of the year are nuts fit to gather? Is there any +place near by where you have a right to go nutting?</p> + +<p>What animals eat nuts? What animals store nuts? Do you think +the Cave-men would gather many nuts?</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>The Nutting Season</em></p> + +<p>Summer passed as summers had passed before. When +the bison went to the higher lands, the Cave-men followed +them. When they started toward their winter +pastures, the Cave-men came home.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 438px;"> +<img src="images/img057.jpg" width="438" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“All the women and children went nutting.”</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> +It was the nutting season when they returned. All +the beech, walnut, and butternut trees were heavily +laden that year. The ground underneath their +branches was nearly covered with nuts. Slender +hazel bushes bent under their heavy loads.</p> + +<p>Wild hogs and bears had begun to harvest the nuts +before the Cave-men returned. Each day they went to +the trees and ate the nuts that had fallen. When +Eagle-eye saw what they were doing, she said, “Bring +your bags and baskets and come. If we do not look +out the hogs will get the best of the nuts this year.”</p> + +<p>Then all the women and children went nutting. +They gathered the nuts that lay upon the ground and put +them in their baskets. Some climbed trees and shook +the branches until they got a shower of nuts; others took +their digging sticks and beat the heavily laden branches.</p> + +<p>The children had a feast that day. They sat down +under the trees and cracked all the nuts they could eat. +They gathered handfuls and helped their mothers fill +baskets and skin bags. They climbed the trees and +they laughed and played all day long.</p> + +<p>When the women first came to the trees, they heard +the wild hogs in the distance. Once a big hog came +up and tried to eat the nuts out of a basket. But Eagle-eye +chased him with a big stick and drove him away +from the spot.</p> + +<p>When Eagle-eye was coming back from the chase, +she saw other trees heavily laden. She called to the +women, and they came to the spot and forgot all about +the nuts they had gathered.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 439px;"> +<img src="images/img059.jpg" width="439" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The wild hogs were having a feast.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> +It was Chew-chew who first thought of the pile of +nuts they had left on the ground. It was she who ran +to the trees and found the wild hogs having a feast.</p> + +<p>Chew-chew struck one of the hogs with her digging +stick. He was munching the nuts she had gathered. +He turned away and she struck another; then the first +hog came back.</p> + +<p>Chew-chew soon found that unless she had help the +hogs would eat all the nuts, for as fast as she drove +one hog away another one came back. Chew-chew +screamed for help and the women came with their +digging-sticks.</p> + +<p>The women drove the hogs away, but they returned +again and again. And so the women learned to keep a +close watch while they were gathering nuts. But in +spite of all their trouble, they had a good time that day.</p> + +<p>It was not until they were starting home that they +found that a serious thing had happened. They did +not know all about it then, and some of them never +knew.</p> + +<p>It was all about Fleetfoot. When Eagle-eye looked +for him, he was nowhere to be seen. At first she +thought he was with Chew-chew, but Chew-chew had +not seen him since morn.</p> + +<p>Fleetfoot had played near his mother nearly all day. +He had cracked nuts; he had climbed trees; he had +mimicked the squirrels; he had scattered burrs in the +rabbits’ paths, and he had done all sorts of things.</p> + +<p>But now Fleetfoot was lost, and everybody began to +hunt for him. Eagle-eye found the stones he had left +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> +only a short time before. She found his tracks and followed +them until they crossed the boundary of the hunting +ground. There she lost all trace of him. She called, +but the “caw-caw” of a crow was the only answer.</p> + +<p>The men heard her call, and came to join in the +search. But in spite of all they could do, they did not +find the child.</p> + +<p>And so the Cave-men thought they would never see +Fleetfoot again. They thought he had lost his way in +the forest and had been killed by a cave-bear. For a +few days they mourned for the child, then they spoke +no more of him.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Tell a story of what happened one time when you went nutting.</em></p> + +<p><em>Name all the nuts you can that grow on trees. Name those that +grow on bushes. Where do peanuts grow?</em></p> + +<p><em>Dramatize this story.</em></p> + +<p><em>Draw a picture of the part you like the best.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XII" id="XII"></a>XII</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Why do people put up such signs as “Keep off,” “Do not trespass”?</p> + +<p>Why do people build fences around their land?</p> + +<p>Do you think the Cave-men could hunt wherever they chose?</p> + +<p>Why did each clan have its own hunting ground? What kind of +boundaries did the hunting grounds have? Why was it not safe to go +on the land of a stranger?</p> + +<p>Why did mothers teach their children the boundary lines?</p> + +<p>What do you think some mothers mean when they tell their children +that the “Bogie-man” will get them?</p></div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p> + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>Why Mothers Taught their Children the +Boundary Lines</em></p> + +<p>Each day brought so many hard things to do that +most of the Cave-men forgot Fleetfoot. But his mother +and grandmother did not forget him. They often +thought of the boy they had lost.</p> + +<p>Other mothers were afraid they might lose their +children. So they tried to keep them from running +away. Most of all, they tried to keep them from running +across the boundary line.</p> + +<p>When Pigeon tried to run away, Eagle-eye would +say, “The cave-bear will get you.” Mothers tried all +sorts of ways to keep their children from danger.</p> + +<p>Each clan had its own hunting ground. The people +who lived together shared it, but no one else was +allowed to hunt on the land. It was not even safe to +cross the land of a stranger. Sometimes the Cave-men +had to do it. Sometimes they had to call upon their +neighbors for help. But since there were people who +had lost their lives when trying to cross the land of +strangers, the Cave-men learned to use signs to show +what they wanted. They carved pictures upon sticks, +which told what we might tell in a letter.</p> + +<p>When a stranger carried a message-stick, it was safe +for him to do his errand. People knew what he wanted +and why he came, so they let him go on his way +unharmed. But when a stranger had no message-stick, +his life was not safe in a strange land.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 394px;"> +<img src="images/img063.jpg" width="394" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“Mothers taught their children what the boundaries were.”</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> +And so people learned to stay on their own lands and +mothers taught their children what the boundaries were. +They taught the children to name them over and over +again. They taught them to know how the boundaries +looked.</p> + +<p>For a long time Pigeon had to tell her mother each day +the boundaries of the hunting grounds. She would stand +on the cliff and point north to the narrow valley, then +south to Little River. Then she pointed to a high ridge +of hills toward the east and west to the River of Stones.</p> + +<p>While Pigeon was so small that Eagle-eye had to +take her by the hand, her mother took her to the +boundaries. Eagle-eye had taught her so well that she +knew them as soon as she saw them.</p> + +<p>Perhaps you have heard the story told about mothers +who taught their children the boundary lines. It is told +that mothers used to be so anxious to have their children +remember the boundaries that they whipped them at +each one. Then the story is told that in later times +instead of beating the children, people let them beat the +boundaries. Some day you may be able to learn more +about the strange customs of beating the boundary lines.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Mark out in your sand-box the boundary lines of the hunting ground +of the Horse clan. Show a good place for another hunting ground.</em></p> + +<p><em>Ask some one to read you the story, “The Goblins will get you if you +don’t watch out.” What do you think the story means?</em></p> + +<p><em>Climb a hill, or look out of a high window, and see if you can find +land which at one time was a good hunting ground.</em></p> + +<p><em>See if you can make a message-stick.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="XIII" id="XIII"></a>XIII</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>What do you think had happened to Fleetfoot?</p> + +<p>If strangers found him, what do you think they would do with him?</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>What Happened to Fleetfoot</em></p> + +<p>Perhaps you have been wondering what happened +to Fleetfoot. Perhaps you would like to know how he +happened to wander away from his clan.</p> + +<p>It happened in this way. He cracked all the nuts +he could eat; he climbed trees; he threw sticks and +stones; he watched the wild hogs eating nuts; he +listened to the whistle which Scarface blew to call the +men to the hunt. He wished that he could blow the +whistle and hunt with the men.</p> + +<p>Then a rabbit hopped across his path and stopped +and looked at him. How Fleetfoot longed to catch the +rabbit and to hold him in his hands! He stood perfectly +still; he could hear himself breathe; he tried to breathe +more quietly, for he did not want to frighten the rabbit.</p> + +<p>The rabbit started. How Fleetfoot wished he would +go down the path where he had scattered burrs! But +the rabbit took another path and Fleetfoot ran to catch +him. He was almost sure he could lay his hands on +the rabbit’s stumpy white tail.</p> + +<p>The rabbit was too quick for him, yet Fleetfoot did +not give up. He started on a hard chase and forgot +about everything else. Up hill and down the rabbit +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> +ran and Fleetfoot followed after. Not until the rabbit +was out of sight did Fleetfoot give up the chase. Then +he stopped and rested a while and tried to get his breath.</p> + +<p>While Fleetfoot was resting he looked at the squirrels +which were chattering in the trees. He watched them +hold nuts with their forepaws while they gnawed +through the shells. He listened to their chattering and +then he wandered on.</p> + +<p>Fleetfoot did not know that he had crossed the narrow +valley. He did not know that he had wandered +into a strange land. He thought nothing about where +he was until some time had passed. But after a while +everything seemed still, and Fleetfoot began to feel +lonesome. And so he turned around to go back to the +women and children.</p> + +<p>Fleetfoot walked and walked, but he did not find +them. He called, but no answer came. So he wandered +on and on.</p> + +<p>Soon Fleetfoot knew he was in a spot he had never +seen before. Everything seemed strange. He looked +this way and that; but he could not tell which way to +go. And so the lost child wandered farther and farther +away from home.</p> + +<p>He was choking down a sob when he caught sight of +some women with packs upon their backs. Fleetfoot +thought he had found his people going home with their +loads of nuts. He ran and called to his mother.</p> + +<p>A strange woman stopped and looked at the child. +Then she gave a signal to her clan.</p> + +<p>Fleetfoot was within reach of the strange woman +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> +before he saw his mistake. He tried to run away. But he +could not do it. A big man caught him and lifted him +up and put him upon his shoulder. Strange men, women, +and children crowded around and stared into his face.</p> + +<p><a name="img67" id="img67"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 431px;"> +<img src="images/img067.jpg" width="431" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“A big man caught him, and put him upon his shoulder.”</span> +</div> + +<p>Bighorn asked him where he lived; but Fleetfoot was +too frightened to speak. He remembered the stories +Chew-chew had told about strange clans. He wondered +what the strangers would do. How he wished he were +safe at home!</p> + +<p>But poor Fleetfoot did not see his home again for +many long years. He was in a strange land, and soon +he was traveling with the strangers far away from his +home.</p> + +<p>A woman, whose name was Antler, took charge of +Fleetfoot. She took him by the hand until he was too +tired to walk. Then she carried him until they came +to the place where they camped for the night.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Choose some one for each of the parts and see if you can act out this +story. Draw pictures to illustrate the story.</em></p> + +<p><em>Name the wild animals you can find in your neighborhood. Notice +what they eat. Do they help or harm the people near where they live?</em></p> + +<p><em>Model one of these animals in clay.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XIV" id="XIV"></a>XIV</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>What kind of a shelter do you think the people will have for the +night?</p> + +<p>Think of as many easy ways as you can of making a shelter out of +trees.</p></div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p> + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>How the Strangers Camped for the Night</em></p> + +<p>The camping place was an old one. It had been +used many times. The strange clan always used it on +their way to and from the lowland plains. It was +under a big oak tree, and near a spring of fresh water.</p> + +<p>When the strangers reached the camp, Greybeard +took charge of Fleetfoot. The women quickly unloaded +their packs, and began to build a tent.</p> + +<p>It did not take long to make the tent, for it was +almost ready-made. It was an old oak, which reached +out long and low-spreading branches. The branches +had been bent to the ground many times, and now they +nearly touched it. So all that the women had to do +was to fasten the ends firmly. They did it by rolling +a stone over the end of a branch, and sometimes +they tied the end of a branch to a peg which they had +driven in the ground.</p> + +<p>All the Cave-men made such tents in the summer +when they were away from the caves. When the +branches were not thick enough for a shelter, the women +broke saplings and leaned them against the tree.</p> + +<p>While Chipper worked at a spearhead, the other men +were moving about. Bighorn feared that Fleetfoot’s +clan might follow their tracks.</p> + +<p>Long after Fleetfoot fell asleep, the strangers talked +quietly. They held their ears close to the ground and +listened. They went and looked at Fleetfoot, now +fast asleep. Then they all sat down by the fire.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img070.jpg" width="600" height="420" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“The tent was an old oak, which reached out long and low-spreading branches.”</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> +At length the men turned to Greybeard. And Greybeard +spoke to them and said, “When I was young my +clan lived in a cave near Sweet Briar River. Every +year, in the salmon season, the neighboring clans met +at the rapids. The Horse clan came from the Fork of +the River, where the Sweet Briar joins the River of +Stones. They may live there still. This boy may +belong to them.”</p> + +<p>“Do you think they will follow us?” asked Bighorn.</p> + +<p>Greybeard looked up, but did not speak. He seemed +to be trying to think. At length he turned to the men +and said, “Sleep until the moon sets; I’ll watch and +wake you.”</p> + +<p>So the Cave-men went to the tent and slept while +Greybeard kept watch. Not a sound escaped his ear +that night. Not a leaf rustled that he did not hear. +Not a twig broke, as wild animals passed, but that he +found out what it meant.</p> + +<p>As Greybeard watched in the moonlight he heard +many a familiar sound. Now he heard the roar of a +tiger, and again the “hoo-hoo” of an owl; now the +howling of hyenas, and again an eagle’s scream.</p> + +<p>Among all these sounds Greybeard heard nothing +that seemed to come from the lost child’s clan. But +when the moon was set he roused the people, and under +cover of the darkness they hurried toward home.</p> + +<p>They let Fleetfoot sleep, for fear he might answer if +he were called. And so the child slept while he was +hurried away through the darkness. At daybreak, when +he awoke, he found himself in a new home.</p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p> +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>See if there is a tree in your neighborhood that could be made into such +a tent as the Cave-men made.</em></p> + +<p><em>Find a thick branch and make such a tent in your sand-box.</em></p> + +<p><em>Draw one of these pictures:—</em><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>The council of the clan before going to sleep.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Greybeard watching in the moonlight.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Hurrying home under cover of the darkness.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Fleetfoot awakes and finds himself in his new home.</em></span></p> + +<p><em>Act out part of this story and let some one guess what it is.</em></p> + +<p><em>Write as many calls of the birds as you know. Model one of the +birds in clay. If you know its nest, model that.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XV" id="XV"></a>XV</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>How do you think Fleetfoot felt the first few days he was with the +strange clan?</p> + +<p>What do you think he will learn of them? What do you think he +can teach them?</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>Fleetfoot is Adopted by the Bison Clan</em></p> + +<p>For a few days Fleetfoot missed his mother and +Chew-chew more than he could tell. He missed little +Pigeon, too. He missed the people he had always seen. +But he said very little about them.</p> + +<p>It was Greybeard who told him that he was now +living with the Bison clan. Not all of the people +belonged to that clan, but there were more of that +clan than of any other. And so they were known as +the Bison clan.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> +At first Fleetfoot was afraid of the men and large +boys. Most of all he was afraid of Bighorn, for it was +Bighorn who captured him.</p> + +<p>But before one moon had passed, he was adopted by +the Bison clan. And soon after that, he began to feel +at home. Greybeard told him stories, and gave him +little spears. Antler was kind to him, and the children +were always ready to play.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 260px;"> +<img src="images/img073a.jpg" width="260" height="350" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A skin stretched on a frame.</span> +</div> + +<p>Fleetfoot liked to play with +the children. He liked to play +with Flaker best of all. Flaker +was Antler’s child, and he was +about the size of Fleetfoot.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 160px;"> +<img src="images/img073b.jpg" width="160" height="300" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A scraper.</span> +</div> + +<p>As the days became cold, the +women worked upon skins. +There was not a smooth spot near +the cave which was not covered +with a skin. Fleetfoot watched +Antler as she cut little +slits in the edges. +He helped stretch +the skins out on the +ground and drive +little pegs through +the slits. He watched her stretch a skin +on a frame and put it near the fire.</p> + +<p>Antler scraped a skin until the fat was +off, and the inner skin was removed. Then +she roughened it by scraping it crosswise, +so as to make it flexible.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> +When Fleetfoot saw Antler roll the skins in a loose +roll, he asked if she was going to chew them. Antler +smiled as she asked Fleetfoot how his mother softened +skins.</p> + +<p>Fleetfoot showed how his mother did it. And he told +Antler about Chew-chew. He told her that Chew-chew +got her name because she learned to chew the skins.</p> + +<p>While Antler and Fleetfoot were talking, all the +women and children gathered around. They wanted +to see what they were doing, and to hear what Fleetfoot +said.</p> + +<p>Then Antler said to the women and children, +“These skins are ready to soften. Come, join hands +and show Fleetfoot how we soften hard skins.”</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px;"> +<img src="images/img074.jpg" width="250" height="111" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A hammer of reindeer horn.</span> +</div> + +<p>What a noisy time they had +for a little while! Each group +wanted to finish first. Some of them +stamped the skins, and kept time by +singing. Others pounded the skins with +their hands, and still others pounded +with hammers of reindeer horn.</p> + +<p>They had such a merry time that Fleetfoot could +not keep still. He was soon stamping and singing as +well as any one.</p> + +<p>When the skins were softened, Antler told Fleetfoot +that once her people chewed the skins. But since they +had found an easier way, they chewed only the edges +they wished to sew.</p> + +<p>And so Fleetfoot began to learn lessons of the Bison +clan. But once he was the teacher. It was when he +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> +showed Flaker what happened the day Pigeon played +with hot stones. Flaker told his mother, and Antler +told Greybeard. And then Greybeard asked Fleetfoot +to drop the hot stones in the water again.</p> + +<p>All the Cave-men gathered around to see what Fleetfoot +did. When the steam began to rise from the +water, they stepped back. But when they saw that the +child was not afraid, they came forward cautiously.</p> + +<p>When the water began to bubble, they were all filled +with fear. They looked upon Fleetfoot in silence. +They called him a wonderful child.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Tell a story about dressing skins. Draw pictures which will show +all that is done in dressing the skin.</em></p> + +<p><em>Dramatize the part of the story that tells what Fleetfoot taught the +Bison clan. Draw a picture of it.</em></p> + +<p><em>Make a song that people might sing in stamping upon the skins.</em></p> + +<p><em>Make a song to sing while beating the skins.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XVI" id="XVI"></a>XVI</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>What kind of clothes do you wear in winter? What do you think +the Cave-men wore? Can you think how they learned to fit skins to +their bodies? What part of an animal’s skin could they use for +sleeves? What part could they use for leggings?</p> + +<p>How do you think they learned to make mittens and gloves?</p> + +<p>How many ways do you know of fastening garments? Which of +these do we use? Which of these do you think the Cave-men used?</p> + +<p>What did they use instead of a needle? What kind of thread did +they have?</p></div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 440px;"> +<img src="images/img076.jpg" width="440" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“Greybeard asked Fleetfoot to drop the hot stones in the water again.”</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p> + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>How the Cave-men Protected Themselves from the Cold</em></p> + +<p>One morning Fleetfoot started out of the cave, but +a cold wind drove him back. Snow had fallen during +the night, and the air had grown very cold. It was not +fit for a bare-backed boy to go out on such a day. So +Fleetfoot stayed in the cave all day long.</p> + +<p>All the Cave-men stayed in the cave nearly all the +day. Once Chipper went out and found fresh tracks. +He followed the tracks until he came within close range +of a reindeer. But his bare arms shook with the cold, +and he missed his aim.</p> + +<p>The next day was bitterly cold. The river was +frozen almost into silence. Only the ripples of the +swiftest currents laughed aloud at the frost. The snow +was deep on the hillsides. It was deeper in the valleys, +and the narrow ravines were almost filled with snow.</p> + +<p>The third day was still very cold and everybody was +hungry and cross. The children were crying for food, +and since Antler had nothing to give them, she was +trying to get them to play.</p> + +<p>At length the children began to take turns at playing +they were cave-bears. Now it was Fleetfoot’s turn to +be the bear, and when Antler saw him she laughed.</p> + +<p>The Cave-men looked up in surprise. Everybody +was so hungry and cross it seemed strange to hear any +one laugh. But Antler really was laughing.</p> + +<p>Fleetfoot had found a cave-bear’s skin on a ledge in +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> +the cave. He had wrapped it around him so that he +looked like a little cave-bear. The children kept calling +him “little bear,” and he was trying to act like one.</p> + +<p>Soon all the people were laughing. They forgot, for +the time, how hungry they were. And the next day +they had meat, for it was warm enough to go hunting.</p> + +<p>Many times after that the children played cave-bear. +Many times the people laughed when they saw the +children dressed in cave-bears’ skins. Once when Antler +looked at them, she got an idea about making clothes.</p> + +<p>When Antler took a large skin and wrapped it around +her, Fleetfoot thought that she was going to play +“bear.” But Antler was not playing. She was thinking +of the cold days when the children had no food. +She was thinking that if she could make a warm dress, +perhaps she could go out in the bitter cold.</p> + +<p>Antler talked with Birdcatcher about it, and Birdcatcher +helped her fit the skin. Birdcatcher fitted the +skin of the head over Antler’s head so as to make a +warm hood. Then she run a cord through the slits +along the edges and tied the ends under Antler’s chin.</p> + +<p>Antler fastened the skin down the front with buckles. +She covered her arms with the skin of the forelegs. She +cut off the skin that hung below the knees, and afterward +used it to make a pair of leggings.</p> + +<p>When the garment was fitted, Antler took it off. +Then the women sat down and worked until it was +done. They punched holes through the edges with a +bone awl. Then they threaded the sinew through the +holes in an “over-and-over seam.”</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 432px;"> +<img src="images/img079.jpg" width="432" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“When the men saw the new garment, they wondered how it was made.”</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> +When the men saw the new garment, they wondered +how it was made. So Antler and Birdcatcher showed +them how it was done, and helped them to make +warm garments of their own.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 182px;"> +<img src="images/img080.jpg" width="182" height="300" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Cave-man’s glove.</span> +</div> + +<p>And so all the Cave-men soon had warm garments +of fur. Sometimes they fastened them with +buckles, and sometimes they used bone pins. +They made long leggings of soft skins, +and moccasins for their feet.</p> + +<p>Perhaps you can think how they learned +to make mittens and gloves. We know +that they had warm mittens and gloves, for +we have found pictures they made of them. +When they dressed in their warm fur garments, +the Cave-men did not fear the cold. If they +wanted food, they put on their garments and +went wherever they pleased.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>If you can get a small skin, fit it to a doll the way you think the +Cave-men fitted skins to their bodies. If you cannot get a skin, cut a +piece of cloth so as to make it the shape of a skin, and show how the new +suit was made.</em></p> + +<p><em>Find as many things as you can that you can use for pins, buttons, +and buckles.</em></p> + +<p><em>Find as many ways as you can of sewing a simple seam. When you +go to a museum notice how the seams are sewed. Why do you think +people invented new stitches? Visit a shoemaker and notice how he sews.</em></p> + +<p><em>Draw one of these pictures:</em>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>The cold wind drives Fleetfoot into the cave.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Playing “Cave-bear.”</em></span></p> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="XVII" id="XVII"></a>XVII</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>How do you think the children played in the winter? What do you +play in the winter?</p> + +<p>How do you think the Cave-men would hunt when there was only +a light fall of snow?</p> + +<p>How would they hunt when the snow was deep?</p> + +<p>How would they hunt when there was a hard crust on the snow?</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>How the Children Played in Winter</em></p> + +<p>When the children saw their fathers and mothers go +out of doors, they, too, wanted to go. But they had no +warm clothing, so their mothers tried to keep them in +doors.</p> + +<p>Sometimes Fleetfoot and Flaker teased to go out +and play in the snow. And when the days were warm +enough, Antler let them go out and play. But on very +cold days they had to stay in the cave.</p> + +<p>The children had good times in the cave. They +played many animal games. They played they were +grown men and women, and they made believe do all +sorts of work. They peeked out of the cave many +times each day. They heard their fathers and mothers +talk. And they listened to Greybeard’s stories.</p> + +<p>And so the children always knew what the men and +women were doing. After a heavy fall of snow, they +knew they would trap the animals in the drifts. When +a hard crust formed, they knew they would dig pitfalls.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> +Antler often wished that the children might play out +doors every day. Greybeard wanted the boys to learn +to make pitfalls and traps. But neither Antler nor +Greybeard had thought of making clothing for little +children.</p> + +<p>The day Antler thought of making clothes for the +boys, was the day they ran away to the pitfall. It was +soon after Chipper came to the cave and said that two +reindeer were in the pit.</p> + +<p>When the boys heard what Chipper said, they were +playing they were Bighorn and Chipper. They had tied +the skins of wolves’ heads over their heads, and they +let the rest of the skins hang down as if they were capes.</p> + +<p>When the news came about the reindeer, everybody +was excited. Everybody hurried to the pitfall so as to +see the reindeer. Nobody noticed the boys steal out of +the cave. Nobody noticed them run to the pitfall.</p> + +<p>But soon after she started, Antler saw the tracks of +their bare feet. She guessed at once where the boys +had gone. And it was then that she thought of making +them clothing.</p> + +<p>While the children slept that night, Antler talked +with the women. And when morning came, the +women took skins and made the children warm clothes +and moccasins.</p> + +<p>When the children put on their wolf-skin suits, they +looked like a pack of wolves. Sometimes they played +they were wolves. Then they chased make-believe +wild horses.</p> + +<p>Sometimes when the children were playing in the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> +snow, they found the antlers of a full-grown stag. The +children began to look for the antlers of the full-grown +stags in early winter. But they knew that the other +reindeer kept their antlers until early spring.</p> + +<p>An old stag’s antlers were large and strong, and the +children liked to find them. They would pick them up +and hold them in their hands and would then make +believe they were Cave-men trapping reindeer in the +snow.</p> + +<p>One day Greybeard showed Fleetfoot and Flaker +how to trap the reindeer in the snow. He showed +them how to dig a pitfall in the drifts. The boys +found a large drift near the trail and they cut out a +large block of snow. They hollowed a deep pit under +the crust which they took pains not to break. Then +they fitted the block of snow in its place, thus covering +the pit.</p> + +<p>To make sure that the reindeer would come to the +pitfall they scattered moss over the thin crust. Then +Greybeard taught them to say,</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 14em;"> +<span style="margin-left: -.4em;">“<em>Come down to the river, reindeer;</em></span><br /> + <em>Come down to the river to drink.</em><br /> + <em>Come eat the moss I have spread for you,</em><br /> + <em>Come and fall into my trap.</em>”</p> + +<p>All the Cave-men believed that these words would +charm the reindeer to the spot. They always muttered +such lines as charms when they went out to hunt. +And so Greybeard taught the boys the lines, for he +wanted them to know all the Cave-men’s charms.</p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p> +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Name the animals which you know by their tracks. Draw a picture +of the tracks you know best.</em></p> + +<p><em>Tell a story about hunting an animal by tracking it.</em></p> + +<p><em>Next time there is a heavy fall of snow, play hunting animals by +driving them into the drifts.</em></p> + +<p><em>See if you can show in your sand-box how the pitfall was made.</em></p> + +<p><em>See if you can think of a way of having real drifts in your sand-box.</em></p> + +<p><em>Draw a picture of the children playing with the antlers of the +reindeer.</em></p> + +<p><em>Draw a picture of the reindeer in the pitfall.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XVIII" id="XVIII"></a>XVIII</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Do you know whether we can tell what the weather is going to be?</p> + +<p>Have you ever heard any one talking about the signs of the +weather? What signs do you know?</p> + +<p>Notice animals and see how they act before a storm.</p> + +<p>Notice what animals and birds are here in summer that are not here +in winter. Are any here in winter that are not here in the summer?</p> + +<p>Why did the bison go away from the Cave-men’s hunting grounds +each winter? When they went away would they go in large or small +herds?</p> + +<p>If the weather kept pleasant how do you think they would travel? +What would they do if it looked like a storm?</p> + +<p>Notice the animals that live near you and see whether they turn +their heads or backs toward the storm.</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>Overtaken by a Storm</em></p> + +<p>Winter passed and summer came and now it was +almost gone. The cattle had gone to the forests in the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> +lowlands where they spent the winter. Straggling lines +of bison were moving down the valley. Now and then +they stopped a few days to eat the tall grass. Then +they slowly moved onward toward the lower lands.</p> + +<p>The days were like the Indian summer days which +we sometimes have in late autumn. Everybody +enjoyed each day as it came, and thought little about +the coming cold. But one morning the sky was gray +and gloomy, and the sun could not pierce through the +heavy clouds. The air was cold and now and then a +snowflake was falling.</p> + +<p>There was no meat at the cave, and everybody was +hungry. So Bighorn said to the men, “Let’s hunt the +bison to-day.”</p> + +<p>The men crowded around, for they were always glad +to go hunting with Bighorn. As soon as he had shown +them his plan, they took their weapons and started +toward the herd.</p> + +<p>Bighorn expected to find the herd feeding quietly on +a hillside. But, instead, the bison were tossing their +horns, sniffing the air, and looking this way and that.</p> + +<p>Bighorn saw that the bison were restless and that he +could not take them by surprise. “We shall have a +hard chase,” said he to the men, “if we get a bison +to-day.”</p> + +<p>The men stood still for a moment, for they did not +know what to do. Fine snowflakes were now falling +and the dark clouds threatened a heavy storm. But +the men were hungry and they were not ready to give +up the hunt at once.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> +“Listen!” said Bighorn, as a low rumbling sound +came from the upper valley.</p> + +<p>The Cave-men put their ears to the ground and +heard a sound like distant thunder. As they listened +it came nearer and nearer and the ground seemed to +shake.</p> + +<p>The Cave-men were not afraid. They knew what +the sound meant. The bison, too, knew what it meant. +They knew that winter was coming, and that it was +time for them to be gone. They knew that the laggard +herds were racing with the storm.</p> + +<p>And so the sentinels of the scattered herds gave signals +to the bison. And before the Cave-men were on +their feet, the bison had started toward the ford.</p> + +<p>Louder and louder the rumbling sound grew as the +great herd galloped on. The snow was now falling +thick and fast, and a cold northwest wind was blowing. +But in spite of the wind and the snow, the Cave-men +pressed on toward the ford. Bighorn still hoped to get +a bison as the great herd passed.</p> + +<p>By the time the herd reached the ford, the wind had +become a strong gale. The air was so thick with the +snow that it nearly blinded the men. Then Bighorn +turned and said to the men, “We must find a shelter +from the storm.”</p> + +<p>The bison, too, tried to find a shelter. Some of +them hugged up closely to the sheltered side of the +cliffs. Others sought cover in the ravines. But many +could find no protection, so they turned about and faced +the storm.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img087.jpg" width="600" height="423" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“But many could find no protection, so they turned about and faced the storm.”</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> +The Cave-men wished they were safe at home, but +they dared not go through the storm. They huddled +together and felt their way to a spot where the snow +did not drift. There they lay down in the snow and +waited for the storm to cease.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Name some bird that migrates. Tell all that you know about the +way it migrates.</em></p> + +<p><em>When you go out to play, show how the bison migrated in warm +weather. Show how they migrated in cold weather.</em></p> + +<p><em>Show in your sand-box where the deep drifts would be. Show places +where the snow would not drift. If you cannot be sure about where the +drifts would be, see if you can find out by watching the storms during +winter.</em></p> + +<p><em>If the Cave-men are buried in the snow, how do you think they can +get air to breathe? How can they tell when the storm is over?</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XIX" id="XIX"></a>XIX</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>What do you think those who stayed in the cave will do during the +storm? Can you think of any way by which they could get food?</p> + +<p>Did you ever walk on snowshoes? How do you think people came +to make snowshoes?</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>How Antler Happened to Invent Snowshoes</em></p> + +<p>Antler saw the coming storm and at once she thought +of the fire. She called to the women. And soon they +were all breaking branches with stone axes and mauls. +The children piled the fagots together and carried them +to the cave.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 170px;"> +<img src="images/img089.jpg" width="170" height="300" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A stone maul.</span> +</div> + +<p>The snow was falling fast before they finished +their work. They watched the storm for +a little while and then went into the cave.</p> + +<p>The children were hungry and asked for +meat. But there was no meat in the cave. +Antler tried to get the children to play and +to forget that they were hungry. And the +children played for a little while, but they +soon grew tired. And so Antler gathered +the children together and began to tell +them stories.</p> + +<p>As the storm raged fiercer and fiercer, +Antler told stories of other storms. She had +braved many storms on the wooded hills and +the children liked to hear her stories.</p> + +<p>Among the stories she told that day was the story of +the Big Bear. She said that the Big Bear lived in a +cavern away up in the mountain. She said that he +kept watch of the game and that sometimes he shut +the game in his cavern. Antler said she had often +heard the Big Bear above the voice of the storm. And +Fleetfoot, listening for his voice, thought he heard it +in the wailing of the storm.</p> + +<p>In spite of the stories Antler told, the day was long +and dreary. The next day was still more dreary, for +the children were crying for food. Toward the close +of day they were very tired, and soon they fell asleep.</p> + +<p>Most of the women slept that night, but there was +no sleep for Antler. She could not sleep when the +children were hungry and when the men were out in +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> +the storm. She stayed awake and watched and listened +all through the long dark night.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 377px;"> +<img src="images/img090.jpg" width="377" height="300" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fur gloves.</span> +</div> + +<p>Toward morning the storm began +to slacken, and Antler gave a sigh of +relief. She felt sure that many bison +were floundering in the drifts. She +hoped they were not far away from +the cave. So she dressed in her fur +garments and took a large knife and +an ax. And at break of day she set +out hoping to find a bison.</p> + +<p>But the snow was very deep and +Antler could scarcely walk. She was faint from hunger +and cold. For a while she struggled through the drifts, +but soon her strength failed, and she sank down in the +snow.</p> + +<p>As Antler lay in the deep drifts, she seemed powerless +to move. The thought of the hungry children, +however, made her turn to the gods. Then the branches +of spruce trees seemed to urge her on.</p> + +<p>And so Antler took courage and grasping a strong +branch of a friendly spruce struggled through the deep +snow. She stepped upon the partly buried branches +and they helped her on her way.</p> + +<p>A bison, floundering in a drift, filled her heart with +hope. But when she started toward the bison, Antler +sank down once more into the drifts. So again she +turned to the friendly trees, and again she reached out +to them for aid. And she broke branches from the +trees and bound them to her feet.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 145px;"> +<img src="images/img091.jpg" width="145" height="350" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A snowshoe.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> +Starting once more, Antler walked as if on winged +feet. She ran over the deep drifts. And since she +could hunt as well as the men, she soon had plenty +of meat.</p> + +<p>As Antler was strapping her load upon her back, she +heard a familiar voice. Quickly she turned, and her +heart beat fast as she listened to hear it again. And +seeing the men struggling through the drifts, she knelt +and gave thanks to the gods.</p> + +<p>Soon Antler arose and laid down her load; and +breaking a handful of branches, she hurried over the +drifts and met the Cave-men.</p> + +<p>When the men saw Antler gliding over the +drifts they wondered if it was one of the gods. +Not until Antler spoke were they really sure +it was she. And not until she showed them +how to tie the branches to their feet did +they understand what she had done. And +even then they did not know that Antler +had invented the snowshoe. Many people +worked upon snowshoes before fine snowshoes +were made. For when people heard +what Antler had done, they tried different +ways for themselves.</p> + +<p>Of course all the people were glad when +Antler returned with the men. They feasted +and told stories all day long. And afterward the +children played they were hunters overtaken +by a storm, and they made little snowshoes and +learned to walk over the drifts.</p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p> +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>The next time there is a storm listen to it and see if you can hear +what the Cave-men thought was the voice of the Big Bear. See if you +can tell what it is that makes the music of the storm.</em></p> + +<p><em>Listen to the music of the birds and see if you can give their songs +and calls.</em></p> + +<p><em>What other animals do you hear calling one another? See if you +can give their calls.</em></p> + +<p><em>Tell a story of some storm you have seen.</em></p> + +<p><em>Draw one of these pictures;</em>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Antler praying to the gods for help.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>A bison floundering in the drift.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Antler bringing aid to the men.</em></span></p> + +<p><em>Find a picture of a snowshoe, and tell how you think it was made.</em></p> + +<p><em>Find something which you can use for making snowshoes. Make a +pair, and use them when you have a chance.</em></p> + +<p><em>See if you can find out why the snowshoe keeps one from sinking in +the snow.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XX" id="XX"></a>XX</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Why would the women be apt to make traps before the men did?</p> + +<p>What animals did the men hunt most? How did they hunt them?</p> + +<p>What animals did the women hunt most? How?</p> + +<p>How many kinds of knots can you tie? Which of these knots slip? +Which of these knots would be the best to use in a trap?</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>How Antler made Snares</em></p> + +<p>While Fleetfoot and Flaker were little boys, they +learned a few lessons in trapping. The men seldom +trapped at that time, but the women trapped in several +ways.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> +Antler was only a little girl when she learned to +catch birds with a seed on a string. She was called +Snowflake then and she lived in another cave.</p> + +<p>Snowflake’s mother taught her to do all the things +that little girls needed to know. She learned to hunt +for roots and berries, to catch birds, and to make traps, +besides learning to make tents, to prepare skins, and to +make them into garments. It would take too long to +tell all the things that little girls learned in those days.</p> + +<p>Snowflake learned her lessons well and she found +new ways of doing things. It was when she found a +reindeer caught in the vines that she took the first step +in making a snare. She had started to the hillside to +dig roots and had gone only a little way when she +heard something pulling and tugging among the vines.</p> + +<p>She peeked through the branches to see what it was, +and there stood a beautiful reindeer. His antlers were +caught in the tangled vines and he was trying to get +loose.</p> + +<p>Snowflake’s heart went pit-a-pat, pit-a-pat, when she +saw the reindeer. But she kept going nearer, and the +reindeer pulled and pulled until he was strangled by +the vines.</p> + +<p>When Snowflake came to the cave dragging the +handsome reindeer, the people shouted for joy. And +when they had knocked off the beautiful antlers, they +gave them to Snowflake and changed her name.</p> + +<p>Whenever she went to the spot where the reindeer +was caught she always looked for another reindeer. +But the reindeer kept away from the spot.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 232px;"> +<img src="images/img094a.jpg" width="232" height="350" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“Then she set snares on the ground and fastened +them to strong branches.”</span> +</div> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 93px;"> +<img src="images/img094b.jpg" width="93" height="350" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“Antler learned to protect the cord +by running it through a hollow bone.”</span> +</div> + +<p>So, at length, Antler thought of cutting vines and +fastening them to branches. Then she learned to tie +knots that would slip and tighten when pulled. And, +after a while, she used the slipknots in making many +kinds of snares.</p> + +<p>Antler watched the birds until she knew +the spots where they liked to alight. Then +she set snares on the ground and fastened +them to strong branches.</p> + +<p>The birds, alighting on the spot, caught +their feet in the snare. When they tried to +fly away, they pulled the slipknot which +held them fast.</p> + +<p>Some of the birds were frightened +away, and did not return to the spot. +So Antler tried to coax them back by +scattering seeds near the snare.</p> + +<p>Once Antler set a snare in a rabbit +path just high enough to catch the +rabbit’s head. A rabbit was caught, +but he nibbled the cord and ran off with the snare. +And so Antler learned to protect the cord by running +it through a hollow bone.</p> + +<p>There was no better trapper than Antler +among all the Cave-men. It was she who +taught the boys and girls how to make and set +traps. When the marmots awoke from their +long winter’s sleep, all the children learned +to catch them in traps. They learned to +loosen the bark of a tree without breaking +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> +it except along one edge. They used the bark as a +leadway to a trap which they set near a marmot’s hole. +After placing the noose inside the bark, they fastened +it to a bent sapling.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;"> +<img src="images/img095.jpg" width="550" height="456" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“So it ran along and nibbled the bait until its sharp teeth cut the cord.”</span> +</div> + +<p>When the children went to the trap, they clapped +their hands and shouted. Then they took the marmot +out of the trap and carried it to the cave. And they +made a great noise when Bighorn said, “You will +soon be very good trappers.”</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> +Then the children wanted to catch another marmot, +so Antler went with them and showed them how the +trap worked. The marmot coming out of his hole +smelled the bait on the string. So it ran along and +nibbled the bait until its sharp teeth cut the cord. +Then the sapling sprang up and jerked the snare +upward. And the weight of the marmot, pulling downward, +drew the slipknot tight.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Tie a slipknot at one end of a string, and show how to set it for +snaring birds. Show how to set it for snaring rabbits. Find a hollow +stick or a bone to protect the snare from the rabbit’s teeth. Show how the +marmot trap was set.</em></p> + +<p><em>Tell how you catch mice. Tell how you catch flies.</em></p> + +<p><em>What animals do you know that sleep during the winter? How can +they live so long without eating?</em></p> + +<p><em>Draw one of these pictures:</em>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Snowflake finds a reindeer caught in the vines.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Antler teaches the children to set traps.</em></span></p> + +<p><em>Model a marmot in clay.</em></p> + +<p><em>Name all the animals you know that burrow in the ground. Watch +one of them and find out what it does.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XXI" id="XXI"></a>XXI</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Why would the Cave-men be apt to lose many spears and javelins?</p> + +<p>How could they keep from losing the shafts?</p> + +<p>Can you think of how they might find a way of saving their spearheads?</p> + +<p>Find a picture of a barbed spearhead. Why did people begin to +make barbs?</p></div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p> + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>How Spears were Changed into Harpoons</em></p> + +<p>None of the clans could make better weapons than +the men of the Bison clan. Since boyhood, Greybeard +had been known for his delicate spear points and +knives. No workshop in all the valley was better +known than his. But even Greybeard’s weapons sometimes +were known to fail. Even his spear points sometimes +were lost in the chase.</p> + +<p>For several days the men were at home making new +weapons. They never made spears and javelins with +sharper and finer points. They never made straighter +and smoother shafts. When they started out to hunt, +they were proud of their new weapons. All the Cave-men +expected that before the day passed, they would +have new trophies and fresh meat.</p> + +<p>The women, trapping birds on the hillsides, listened +from time to time. They expected to hear Bighorn’s +whistle when the animals were ready to be skinned. +But the day passed, and no signal came.</p> + +<p>At sunset the men returned, but they were gloomy +and silent. They brought no trophies, and they spoke +not a word of the chase.</p> + +<p>No wonder the men were gloomy and silent. Their +precious spears and javelins had been lost in the chase. +It was not because the men were careless. It was not +because they were not skillful in making spears and +javelins. It was because these weapons, when thrown +from the hand, could not strike deadly blows.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> +The Cave-men had thrown at the wild horses with a +sure aim. Their javelins and spears went right to the +mark. When the horses ran, the Cave-men followed. +But in spite of all they could do, the wild horses were +soon out of sight.</p> + +<p>Some of the horses received ugly wounds and carried +the weapons far away. Others received slight wounds; +they brushed off the spears and javelins, which fell and +were lost in the tall grass.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 94px;"> +<img src="images/img098.jpg" width="94" height="300" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A chisel-scraper.</span> +</div> + +<p>Time and again, hunted animals had escaped +with only a wound. Wounded animals had +often escaped with a spear or javelin. But never +before had so many animals escaped with so +many precious weapons.</p> + +<p>Of course there was nothing for the Cave-men +to do but to make new weapons. But it took a +long time to season the sticks for straight and +smooth shafts. It took patience and skill for the +Cave-men to make delicate flint points. Perhaps +this was why the Cave-men learned to +retrieve the weapons they threw.</p> + +<p>Ever since the Cave-men had learned to make +spears, they had lashed the head to the shaft. They +thought that this was the only way to make a good +spear. Chipper was the first Cave-man who invented +a new way.</p> + +<p>Chipper was all alone in the workshop. He had +finished a spear point which he held in his hand. +Without thinking what he was doing, he slipped the +tang into a hollow reed which he picked up from the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> +ground. If it had not been for a hungry wolf, he +might have thought no more about it.</p> + +<p>But the wolf had smelled the meat which was on the +ground close to the workshop. Hearing a sound, Chipper +looked just in time to see the wolf spring toward +the meat.</p> + +<p>The spear flew from Chipper’s hand before he stopped +to think. And Chipper sprang upon the wolf and +engaged in a hand-to-hand fight.</p> + +<p>At the first sound of the combat the Cave-men rushed +to the spot. There they found that Chipper had already +secured his prize.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 81px;"> +<img src="images/img099.jpg" width="81" height="250" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A barbed point.</span> +</div> + +<p>While the Cave-men looked at the wolf, Chipper +told them what had happened. He showed them the +reed which he had used in hurling his new spear point. +The men looked at the hollow reed and tried it to see +how it worked. Other reeds were on the ground. So +the men fitted spearheads into the reeds and practiced +throwing that way. They played with the reeds the +rest of the day.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 63px;"> +<img src="images/img100.jpg" width="63" height="300" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A harpoon.</span> +</div> + +<p>When they worked at their weapons again, Chipper, +alone, tried a new way. He made a loose shaft with a +socket in the end. During the next chase they +lost many weapons. Chipper lost many spearheads; +but he always found his loose shaft.</p> + +<p>When the Cave-men noticed that Chipper +never lost his shaft they began to make loose +shafts. And they got the idea of a barbed spearhead +from a wound which was made by a broken +point. They found such a point deep down in +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> +the wound of a bison. The sharp edge had caught in +the bison’s flesh. And every movement of the bison +had driven the spearhead deeper.</p> + +<p>It was by paying attention to such little +things that the Cave-men learned to make +barbed spears. When the Cave-men learned +that barbed spearheads made very dangerous +wounds, they were willing to take the trouble +of making the barbed points.</p> + +<p>But no Cave-man was willing to lose one of +his barbed spear points. Perhaps that is why +the men began to tie the barbed heads to the +loose shaft. When they first did this, they did +not know that their spears had become harpoons.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Find a hollow reed and use it for a shaft. Make a shaft with a +socket in it. Fit a spearhead into the socket. Change the spear so as to +make a harpoon.</em></p> + +<p><em>Draw a picture of the chase of the wild horses.</em></p> + +<p><em>Think of a wild horse running very fast. See if you can model a +wild horse in clay so as to show that it has great speed.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XXII" id="XXII"></a>XXII</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Why was the harpoon a better weapon for hunting than the spear +or javelin? What could hunters do to keep smooth shafts from slipping +from their hands? What is the harpoon used for to-day?</p> + +<p>Why do animals become more cunning after they are hunted?</p></div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p> + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>How the Cave-men Hunted with Harpoons</em></p> + +<p>Once again the Cave-men went out to hunt the wild +horses. Once again they took new weapons. But +instead of spears and javelins they carried barbed +harpoons.</p> + +<p>From a high hill they saw the horses on the edge of +a grassy upland. They hurried over the wooded hills +and crept through the tall grass. When Bighorn gave +the signal the sentinels pricked up their ears. But +before they could give the alarm, the men had thrown +their harpoons.</p> + +<p>The frightened horses crowded upon one another. +Snapping sounds of breaking shafts, sharp cries of +wounded horses, and loud shouts of Cave-men added +to their terror.</p> + +<p>The snorting of the sentinels warned the Cave-men +back. A signal from the leader brought order to the +herd. It began to move as though it were one solid +mass.</p> + +<p>Away the herd galloped, striking terror to all creatures +in the way. But the wounded horses soon lagged. +In vain they tried to keep up. At each step the shaft +of the harpoon swung under their feet. At each step +the barbed head pierced deeper and deeper. So the +Cave-men had little trouble in finishing the chase.</p> + +<p>Perhaps you think the Cave-men had no trouble in +hunting after that. They had less trouble for some +time, and they all prized their harpoons. But on cold +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> +days, when their hands were stiff, the smooth shafts +slipped from their grasp.</p> + +<p>When they used shafts with knobs and large joints, +it was easy to keep a firm hold. So the men made +shafts with larger knobs and they put girdles around +the smooth shafts.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img102.jpg" width="400" height="397" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Chipper using a spear-noose.</span> +</div> + +<p>At their games of throwing spears and javelins, Bighorn +was almost sure to win. It was partly because he +had large hands and very strong fingers. By bending +one finger like a hook and striking the butt of +the shaft, he +could send a +harpoon +straight to the +mark.</p> + +<p>Chipper’s hands +were not very large. +His fingers were not +so strong as Bighorn’s. +But Chipper was a bright +young man, and he found +a way of using a spear-noose +so that he could +throw as well as Bighorn.</p> + +<p>The spear-noose was +a simple thing. Chipper +made it by tying a noose +in each end of a cord. +When he used it, he +slipped one noose +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> +around his thumb and the other around one finger. +Then he grasped the spear near the butt and slipped the +cord around the knob. The spear-noose was a great +help to hunters whose hands were not large and strong.</p> + +<p>Every time the Cave-men made new weapons, they +worked very well for a short time. But as soon as the +animals learned about them, they became more cunning +in getting away. Wild horses kept sentinels on +knolls and hilltops so that they could see an enemy +from afar. They guarded their herds so carefully that +the Cave-men could scarcely get near enough to hit +them with their harpoons.</p> + +<p>And so the Cave-men returned many times bearing +no trophies. They returned many times giving no +signal for the women to come for fresh meat.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Take a harpoon and show how the shaft would swing against the feet +of an animal that had been hit by the head.</em></p> + +<p><em>Make a girdle around a smooth shaft, or make a shaft with a knob +or large joint near the butt.</em></p> + +<p><em>Make a spear-noose and show how Chipper used it.</em></p> + +<p><em>Think of the wild horses during the first few minutes after the men +threw their harpoons. See if you can draw a picture of them.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XXIII" id="XXIII"></a>XXIII</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Think of as many hard things as you can that the Cave-men had to do.</p> + +<p>Why did they have to do these things? What kind of men did the +Cave-men have to be?</p> + +<p>Think of as many ways as you can that the Cave-men would use to +teach the boys. What tests do you think they would give the boys?</p></div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img104.jpg" width="600" height="430" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“And so the Cave-men tested the boys in many different ways.”</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p> + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>How the Cave-men Tested Fleetfoot and Flaker</em></p> + +<p>Winters came and went, and Fleetfoot and Flaker +grew to be large boys. They watched the men; they +heard them talk; they learned what a Cave-man had +to do.</p> + +<p>Greybeard told them stories of brave hunters that +lived long ago. He told them about the animals they +must learn to hunt. The boys listened to the stories. +And they thought there was no animal too fierce for +them to fight. They thought there was no river too +swift for them to cross. They thought there was no +mountain too steep for them to climb.</p> + +<p>But the boys had not learned how fierce a bison can +be. They had never crossed a raging river nor climbed +a mountain peak.</p> + +<p>The men knew that the boys needed to try their +strength before they could be really strong. They +knew they must do brave deeds before they could be +really brave. They knew they must suffer patiently +before they could have self-control. And so the Cave-men +tested the boys in many different ways.</p> + +<p>If the boys stood the tests, the Cave-men shouted +praises; but if they showed any sign of fear, the Cave-men +jeered at them.</p> + +<p>Sometimes the boys were given nothing to eat until +they brought food from the hunt. And even then +they were not always allowed to touch the food which +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> +was near. When the boys were fasting, the Cave-men +tempted them with food. And if the boys took even a +bite, they failed in the test. So Fleetfoot and Flaker +learned to fast without a word of complaint.</p> + +<p>One of the hardest things which the boys had to do +was to make their own weapons. At first, Greybeard +helped them; but, later, they had to do their own work.</p> + +<p>So the boys learned to go to the trees that had the +best wood for shafts. They learned to cut, and peel, +and scrape, and oil, and season, and polish the sticks +before they were ready to use. No wonder the boys +became tired before all this work was done.</p> + +<p>Then they worked very carefully before they could +make good spearheads. They hunted for the best +stones and learned to shape them very well. When +they forgot and struck hard blows, they spoiled the +flint points. Then Greybeard would tell them that the +strongest and bravest hunters were those who could +strike the gentlest blows.</p> + +<p>It was work of this kind that was harder for the boys +than chasing a wild horse or a reindeer. If they had +not known that they must have weapons, they would +not have had patience to do it.</p> + +<p>While the boys worked at their weapons, they +thought of what they would do with them. They +thought of the trophies they would bring home and +what the people would say. And they learned to sing +at their work and to mark the time for each blow. +And so they managed to keep at work until the weapons +were done.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> +One day when the boys were flaking spear points, +Fleetfoot turned to Flaker and said, “Do you know +who made the first flaker?”</p> + +<p>“Yes,” answered Flaker, “it was Greybeard.”</p> + +<p>“No, no!” said Fleetfoot, “Nimble-finger did it.”</p> + +<p>Greybeard heard Fleetfoot speak his name and he +came to the spot. Then it was that Fleetfoot learned +that Greybeard was Nimble-finger.</p> + +<p>After that Fleetfoot took great pains to learn how to +flake flint points. He watched Greybeard as he worked +and he listened to all he said.</p> + +<p>Before many years had passed, the boys could make +good weapons. They knew every spot on their own +hunting ground. They knew the wild animals that +lived there and what they liked to do. They knew +each animal by its track. Each sound of the woods, +each patch of light, they learned to read as you read a +book.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Name things you will have to learn before you are full-grown.</em></p> + +<p><em>What kind of tests do you have to take?</em></p> + +<p><em>Tell a story of the way the Cave-men tested Fleetfoot and Flaker.</em></p> + +<p><em>Tell a story of all that you think happened the day that Fleetfoot +learned that Greybeard was Nimble-finger.</em></p> + +<p><em>Name the birds you can tell by their song. Name those you can tell +by sight.</em></p> + +<p><em>Draw one of these pictures:</em>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Testing Fleetfoot and Flaker.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Fleetfoot and Flaker in the workshop.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Fleetfoot discovers Nimble-finger.</em></span></p> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img108.jpg" width="600" height="422" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“Then their antlers crashed in a swift charge.”</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="XXIV" id="XXIV"></a>XXIV</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>What animals would the Cave-men see just before winter? Which +of these live in herds? How are the leaders of the herds chosen?</p> + +<p>What kind of a voice does the reindeer have when it is good-natured?</p> + +<p>What kind of a voice does it have when it is angry?</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>Fleetfoot and Flaker see a Combat</em></p> + +<p>One day just before winter, Fleetfoot and Flaker +went out on the hills. The reindeer were coming back +and the boys wanted to see them.</p> + +<p>They had gone only a little way, when they saw two +handsome stags. Each wanted to be leader of the reindeer +herd, and so they were trying their strength.</p> + +<p>The stags stood head to head, their red eyes blazing +like fire. Their hair stood on end. They stamped +their hoofs on the hard ground. They hissed fierce +blasts to and fro.</p> + +<p>Slowly and carefully they changed their position, +still keeping head to head. Each reindeer knew that +the lances of the other could strike deadly blows. Each +reindeer had fought too many battles to expose himself +to such blows.</p> + +<p>And so the stags eyed each other, getting more +angry all the while. Louder and fiercer sounded their +blasts. Then their antlers crashed in a swift charge.</p> + +<p>They pulled and pushed with all their might in a +life and death struggle. Not until their strength was +exhausted did they stop a moment to rest.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> +Then they tried to draw apart, but they found they +could not do it. Each stag was held a prisoner by the +antlers of the other. In vain the handsome creatures +pulled and pushed. Each was held fast. And the +boys, seeing their chance, secured both of the reindeer.</p> + +<p>Perhaps it was well for the reindeer that the boys +were there. At least, the boys saved them from a more +horrible death. Reindeer caught in this way have +suffered from hunger and thirst many days before +death came.</p> + +<p>The boys admired the beautiful reindeer as they lay +stretched out on the ground. They felt of their polished +antlers that had dealt many powerful blows. +And they wished they had such weapons as these to +use all of the time.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Show how the reindeer stood in the combat and how they changed +their positions. Draw the picture.</em></p> + +<p><em>Take a flat surface of clay and see if you can model a reindeer so that +it will stand out a little from the surface.</em></p> + +<p><em>Tell a story of what you think happened at the cave after the boys +killed the reindeer.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XXV" id="XXV"></a>XXV</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>If you have ever seen a cat hunt, tell how she does it. Can you +think why cats do not hunt together?</p> + +<p>Do dogs hunt alone, or with one another? How do wolves hunt?</p> + +<p>In what ways can animals help one another in hunting? What +animals do wolves hunt to-day? What animals did the wolves hunt in +the time of the Cave-men?</p></div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p> + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>What Happened when Fleetfoot and Flaker +Hunted the Bison</em></p> + +<p>When summer came, Fleetfoot and Flaker watched +the bison from day to day. The wolves, too, watched +the bison. One day the boys saw two wolves hunt a +bison that had strayed from the herd.</p> + +<p>The wolves walked boldly up toward the bison until +they were only a few paces away. Then they went +cautiously.</p> + +<p>The bison paid no attention at first; but when the +wolves came closer, he stamped his foot and shook his +horns. Any animal could know that the bison meant, +“It is dangerous here. Keep away!”</p> + +<p>But the wolves had a plan and they carried it out. +The smaller wolf kept the bison’s attention by making +believe attack from the front. This gave the big wolf +a chance; and he cut the large muscles of the bison’s +knees with his sharp teeth. The bison was thus crippled +so badly that the wolves were more than a match +for him.</p> + +<p>“I wonder if we could get a bison,” said Flaker as +the boys watched the wolves at their feast.</p> + +<p>“Let’s try,” said Fleetfoot.</p> + +<p>“But how can we get close up,” said Flaker, “without +frightening the bison away?”</p> + +<p>“Let’s dress in wolf-skins,” said Fleetfoot, “and +make believe we are wolves.”</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> +And the boys dressed in wolf-skins and took their +best hunting knives. They watched the herd until +they saw a large bison stray away. Then the boys +approached the bison, and they looked so much like +wolves that they got very close before the bison threatened +with his horns.</p> + +<p>Then the boys made the attack. Flaker took the +part of the little wolf and attacked the bison’s head. +Fleetfoot took the part of the big wolf and tried to +cripple the bison.</p> + +<p>But the boys had not counted upon the bison’s tough +skin. They had not counted upon his muscles, which +were as hard as boards. Flaker’s dagger glanced off at +one side and merely scratched the bison. But it made +the creature so angry that he charged upon Flaker.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile Fleetfoot was doing his best to cut the +hard muscles of the bison’s knee. He forgot about +everything else until he had lamed one of the forelegs. +It was then that the bison charged and that Flaker +called for help. And then Fleetfoot tried to rescue +Flaker by drawing the bison’s attention away.</p> + +<p>Fleetfoot did this just in time to save Flaker’s life. +He struck at the Bison’s head, then dodged in time to +escape his horns. He dodged again and again until he +was almost exhausted. The bison limped, but he +seemed as strong and as furious as ever. Once again +the bison charged, and again Fleetfoot dodged. Then +a spear whizzed past Fleetfoot’s head and a voice +called, “Climb a tree.”</p> + +<p><a name="img113" id="img113"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 424px;"> +<img src="images/img113.jpg" width="424" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“They looked so much like wolves that they got very close before the bison +threatened.”</span> +</div> + +<p>Fleetfoot never remembered running to the tree. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> +He never remembered climbing it. But for many +days he seemed to see himself +in the tree and the bison just +beneath. For many days he +seemed to hear Greybeard’s +welcome voice.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/img114.jpg" width="350" height="243" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Cave-man’s carving of a “hamstrung” animal.</span> +</div> + +<p>Greybeard and Fleetfoot stayed +in the trees until the bison started +up the ravine. Then they climbed +down from one of the trees and hurried +to see what had happened to Flaker.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Tell something that you have learned from watching an animal.</em></p> + +<p><em>Mention as many things as you can that you think the Cave-men +learned from animals.</em></p> + +<p><em>Straighten and bend your elbow or knee so as to find where the strong +muscles are.</em></p> + +<p><em>Tell why the Cave-men tried to cut the strong muscles of the bison’s +knee. We say when we cut these large muscles that we have “hamstrung” +the animal.</em></p> + +<p><em>Look at the picture of a Cave-man’s carving of an animal which has +been “hamstrung.” Can you tell what animal it is?</em></p> + +<p><em>Think of the two wolves coming up toward the bison. Model one of +them in clay. See if the children can guess which one it is.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XXVI" id="XXVI"></a>XXVI</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>What do you think had happened to Flaker? If any of his bones +were broken, do you think the Cave-men could set them? Do you +think there were doctors when the Cave-men lived? Who would do +the work which doctors do to-day?</p></div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p> + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>What the Cave-men did for Flaker</em></p> + +<p>Fleetfoot ran ahead of Greybeard and found Flaker +on the ground. Fleetfoot stooped and looked into his +face. He called him by name. No answer came. +Then Fleetfoot asked Greybeard if Flaker was dead.</p> + +<p>Greybeard shook his head as he bent down and laid +his hands upon the boy. He examined his wounds, +then said to Fleetfoot, “Let’s carry him down to the +cool spring.”</p> + +<p>So Greybeard and Fleetfoot lifted Flaker and carried +him gently down to the spring. There they bathed his +face and the ugly wounds with fresh cool water. They +bound his wounds with strips of the skins that the boys +wore that day.</p> + +<p>When Greybeard tried to set the broken bones, Flaker +began to moan. He opened his eyes for a moment; +then he fell back in a swoon.</p> + +<p>Then Greybeard sent Fleetfoot to the cave for help. +And Fleetfoot hurried and told Antler; and Antler, +picking up some little things which she knew she would +need, and telling the women to follow quickly with a +large skin, went with Fleetfoot to the spot where +Flaker lay.</p> + +<p>Greybeard was watching beside the boy when Antler +arrived. He helped her set the broken bones and then +they prepared to carry him home.</p> + +<p><a name="img116" id="img116"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 430px;"> +<img src="images/img116.jpg" width="430" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">What the Cave-men did for Flaker.</span> +</div> + +<p>Taking the skin which the women brought, Antler +stretched it upon the ground. Then the women helped +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> +her lift the boy and lay him upon the skin. Gently +they laid him upon the stretcher. Softly they stepped +as they carried him home. They tended him carefully +many days.</p> + +<p>Flaker’s wounds soon healed. But when he was +strong enough to walk, the Cave-men saw that he was +lame.</p> + +<p>Flaker was always lame after that. The bones had +slipped out of place and now it was too late to reset +them. Afterwards the Cave-men learned better ways +of setting broken bones. They found better ways of +holding them in place while they grew together.</p> + +<p>Perhaps the Cave-men learned this by watching the +wild animals. Some birds, when they break a leg, +hold the bones in place with wet clay. Sometimes we +use a plaster cast, but the Cave-men knew nothing +about such a way.</p> + +<p>The days seemed long to Flaker while he was getting +well. Everybody was kind to him, but it seemed hard +to keep quiet when everybody else was moving about.</p> + +<p>When Fleetfoot went out to hunt, Flaker wanted to +go too. But he could not go, and so Fleetfoot used to +tell him everything that happened.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Show how the women helped Antler put Flaker upon the skin. Show +how they carried him home. Draw one of the pictures.</em></p> + +<p><em>Find out why a child’s bones will grow together more easily than an +old person’s bones. See if you can find out what bones are made of. Soak +a bone in acid and see what happens to it. Burn a bone and see what +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> +happens to it. Why do a child’s bones break less easily than an old +person’s?</em></p> + +<p><em>If there is a spring in your neighborhood, go and see it. Find out +where the water comes from.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XXVII" id="XXVII"></a>XXVII</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>If Flaker is lame, how will he be able to get food? What do you +think he can do that will be useful to the clan?</p> + +<p>Do you think the Cave-men took as good care of the sick, and the +lame, and the old people, as we do? What could they do for them?</p> + +<p>Why did the men use weapons more than tools? Why did the +women use tools more than weapons?</p> + +<p>Think of as many tools as you can that the women used.</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>How Flaker Learned to Make Weapons of Bone</em></p> + +<p>Before Flaker was hurt he and Fleetfoot had planned +to do many things. But now Flaker was lame, and all +the Cave-men knew he would never be able to hunt.</p> + +<p>When Flaker first knew it, he was very sad. And +so Fleetfoot tried to comfort him. Each day he +brought him a bird or a rabbit, and he told him all that +had happened.</p> + +<p>For a while Flaker thought that if a man could not +hunt, there was nothing else for him to do. But soon +he found there were many things to do besides going +out to hunt.</p> + +<p>Flaker began by doing a few little things to help +Fleetfoot. He helped him flake heads for harpoons +and javelins and make strong shafts.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> +When Greybeard and Fleetfoot praised his work, +Flaker was very happy. And so Flaker busied himself +in the workshop when the men went out to hunt. +Sometimes Chipper helped him, and often Greybeard +worked with him.</p> + +<p>When Flaker was tired he would look at the trophies +which were fastened on the wall near the cave. +He was always glad to see the locked antlers of the +two stags.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 87px;"> +<img src="images/img119.jpg" width="87" height="300" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A wedge or tent pin.</span> +</div> + +<p>As he looked at the strong antlers, he could almost +see the handsome stags. He thought of them standing +head to head ready to strike deadly blows. And he +wished he had had such powerful weapons to meet the +bison’s charge.</p> + +<p>The children wanted to be good to Flaker and so +they brought him the antlers they found. They liked +to play with the antlers, and their mothers used +them in many ways. They had learned to cut +them with choppers and chisels, and sometimes +they cut them with stone knives.</p> + +<p>All the women used the small prongs of the +antlers. They used them as wedges in prying the +bark loose from the sap-wood of young trees. All +the women had learned to make hammers of antler +by making two cuts near the base. And sometimes +they used the broad end of the brow antler +instead of a stone chisel.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 91px;"> +<img src="images/img120.jpg" width="91" height="300" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The head of a javelin.</span> +</div> + +<p>Once when Flaker was watching Antler, he +thought she was making a dagger. But Antler had +not thought of making a dagger. She was +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> +making a hammer and wedge. When she had finished, +she dropped the long beam of the antler upon the +ground and went away with her tools.</p> + +<p>Flaker kept his eyes fixed upon the long beam. The +more he looked at it, the more it looked like a dagger. +At length he reached and picked it up. Then he took +his knife and began to cut it.</p> + +<p>That night when Fleetfoot came home, Flaker +gave him a dagger of reindeer horn. Fleetfoot +showed it to Bighorn, who took it, then tossed it on +the ground.</p> + +<p>Bighorn had never seen such a dagger. He +thought a good dagger had to be made of stone. So +he made fun of Flaker’s weapon, then thought no +more about it.</p> + +<p>But Greybeard and Chipper did not make fun of +the weapons Flaker made. They tried the dagger +next day, and found that it stood the test. So they +asked Flaker to make each of them daggers and +javelins of reindeer horn.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Tell all you know about the antlers of full-grown stags. Tell all +you know about the antlers of other reindeer.</em></p> + +<p><em>Look at the antlers in the pictures on pages <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#swam">17</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, and <a href="#XXVIII">121</a>. +Find the part that would make such a wedge as is shown on page <a href="#Page_119">119</a>. +Find the part that would make such a hammer as is shown on page <a href="#Page_74">74</a>. +Find a part for a chisel or scraper. Find the long beam that +was used in making such a dagger as is shown on page <a href="#Page_123">123</a>. Do you +think that Flaker’s first dagger was carved in this way? Can you +tell why the Cave-men carved their weapons?</em></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p> + +<p><em>Act out the part of this story you like best.</em></p> + +<p><em>Draw one of these pictures:</em>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Flaker watching for Fleetfoot’s return.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>The children bringing antlers to Flaker.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>The women at work making tools.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Fleetfoot showing the dagger to Bighorn.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Greybeard and Chipper asking Flaker to make daggers.</em></span></p> + +<p><em>Make as many simple tools as you can out of bone or horn. Find +ways of using them.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XXVIII" id="XXVIII"></a>XXVIII</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>What do you think Flaker used in cutting the antler? What tools +will he need to use in making weapons of bone or horn?</p> + +<p>What do you think the first saws were? How do you think people +came to use saws? How large do you think they were?</p> + +<p>What are files used for? Can you think what the first files were +like? What do you think they were used for?</p></div> + +<p><a name="flaker" id="flaker"></a></p> +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>How Flaker Invented the Saw</em></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/img121.jpg" width="350" height="188" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A small antler.</span> +</div> + +<p>How glad Flaker was when Greybeard and Chipper +asked him to make them some daggers! +He looked at all the antlers +the children had brought. +He thought of the reindeer +he had seen with +antlers such as these. +He remembered the +handsome reindeer with +their deadly weapons, and at +length he chose the large antlers which had belonged +to a handsome stag.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> +Flaker looked at the long beams and decided to use +them for daggers. He took his knife to cut off the +prongs, but he could scarcely cut them with a knife.</p> + +<p>Flaker knew that the women cut the prongs with a +chopper, but a chopper was a woman’s tool. And +Flaker wanted to be like the men. And so he kept +working with his knife, but he wished he had taken a +beam which the women had left.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 112px;"> +<img src="images/img122.jpg" width="112" height="400" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A knife with two blades, a +saw, and a file, all in one.</span> +</div> + +<p>When he was tired using his knife, he +played with some flint flakes. He ran his fingers +over the sharp edges. Then he carelessly pressed +off tiny flakes.</p> + +<p>But Flaker soon tired of this and he picked up +the antler again. He pushed a flint flake back and +forth upon one of the prongs of the antler.</p> + +<p>Flaker was simply playing at first; but when he +saw that the flint was cutting, his play became real +work. And he kept on pushing and pulling the +flake until the prong fell to the ground. Then he +sawed off other prongs, but he did not know he +was sawing.</p> + +<p>Flaker had never seen a saw and he did not +know what it was. He did not know that when +he pressed off the tiny flakes he made the teeth +of a flint saw.</p> + +<p>But Flaker had made a saw. It was only the +rough edge of a flint flake. No doubt such rough +edges had been made many times before. +But Flaker learned to use the rough edge by +pushing and pulling it back and forth.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 125px;"> +<img src="images/img123.jpg" width="125" height="400" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Cave-man’s dagger of +carved antler.</span> +</div> + +<p>When Flaker sawed the prongs from the beam, some +of the places were rough. So he rubbed +them with the face of the flint until he +made them smooth. When Flaker did this, +the flake, which had been only a knife, +became a file as well as a saw.</p> + +<p>Greybeard and Chipper tried the new +daggers and found that they were sharp +and strong. And the next time they went on +the chase they took the new weapons along.</p> + +<p>Bighorn saw the new weapons, but he said +little about them. For Bighorn knew better +than to make fun of weapons Greybeard used.</p> + +<p>Nothing pleased Flaker more than to be +able to help Greybeard. And so he cherished +the new tool that he used in shaping reindeer +horn. Sometimes he showed it to Greybeard, +who was always kind to the boys. But even +the wise old man had no idea of what a wonderful +tool it was.</p> + +<p>The other Cave-men saw the tool, but they +thought very little about it. They cared a +great deal about the weapons they used in +the chase. But few of the Cave-men ever +thought of making anything they did not +need right away.</p> + +<p>And so little was said about the new tool +which was a knife with two blades, a saw, and a file, +all in one. Nobody dreamed at that time that the little +tool was the forerunner of a great change.</p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p> +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>If you can strike off a large flint flake with three faces, see if you +can make it into a knife-saw-file.</em></p> + +<p><em>Look at the picture, or at the real tool you have made, and find the +plain face that can be used as a file.</em></p> + +<p><em>Find the two edges which can be used as knives. Find the edge which +has a crest of teeth, and which can be used as a saw.</em></p> + +<p><em>Draw one of these pictures:</em>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>The women chopping prongs from the beam of the antler.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Flaker sawing the prongs off the antler.</em></span></p> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XXIX" id="XXIX"></a>XXIX</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Can you think why the females and the young males of the reindeer +herd could drive the old stags away during the winter? Could they do +it in the summer?</p> + +<p>Why can the reindeer walk easily in the snow or on slippery places?</p> + +<p>What is it that makes the clicking sound when reindeer walk or run?</p> + +<p>Why were the Cave-men careful to make no mistake in the dance?</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>The Reindeer Dance</em></p> + +<p>Fleetfoot did not hunt with the men, but he learned +many things from them. In early winter, he heard +them tell stories of dangerous encounters with ugly +stags. When the old stags shed their antlers, he saw +the men dance the reindeer dance.</p> + +<p>Fleetfoot mimicked the reindeer’s movements and +the grunting sounds they made. But he was not +allowed to join with the men in dancing the reindeer +dance. Only brave men were allowed to join in +the dance. Only the bravest men were allowed to lead.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 250px;"> +<img src="images/img125.jpg" width="250" height="244" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Cave-man’s mortar +stone for grinding paint.</span> +</div> + +<p>But Fleetfoot stood near and saw +everything that was done. Some of +the men put on headdresses made of +the antlers of the reindeer. Others +put on reindeer suits without the +headdress of antlers. Those that +were to be the Cave-men painted their +faces and carried trophies.</p> + +<p>Fleetfoot wished that he could +have a headdress and take part in the +dance. He wondered how long he would +have to wait before he could dance with the men. He +wondered how many brave things he must do before he +would rank as a man.</p> + +<p>And when Fleetfoot saw the men standing in silence +while Greybeard made offerings to the gods, he looked +at the brave old man and wondered how a man could +be so wise. Then he thought of Chew-chew’s stories of +brave men of olden times.</p> + +<p>At length Fleetfoot saw Flaker, who was sitting all +alone. He went and sat beside him and they watched +the men dance.</p> + +<p>The men had finished dressing, and the women +were seated on the ground. They had rolls of skin, +and rude drums, and rattles of reindeer hoofs.</p> + +<p>At a signal from Bighorn, a group of men came +dancing to the music of the rattles. They moved about +and made low grunting sounds as though they were a +reindeer herd.</p> + +<p>Then the music changed. The women drummed +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> +upon skins and hummed in a weird way. They tried +to show by the sound of the music the coming of a storm.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/img126.jpg" width="300" height="293" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A drum.</span> +</div> + +<p>At the first sound of the weird +music, the reindeer pricked up +their ears. Then the larger +reindeer that had lost their +antlers started off to make-believe +higher lands. There +they made believe paw the +snow until they found the moss. +As the music of the storm grew +louder, the herd followed to the +higher lands. And with many an angry +threat they drove the old stags away.</p> + +<p>Then the drumming and humming became fainter, +and at last the sounds died away. But still the faint +clicking of the rattles marked each step of the men in +the dance.</p> + +<p>Another signal from Bighorn marked the change to +a new scene. Trails were marked upon the ground +and sticks placed for hills and streams.</p> + +<p>While the reindeer pretended to feed, a group of +Cave-men appeared. Bighorn, who was still the leader, +sent Little-bear to watch where the trail crossed the +hills. Chipper was sent to lie in wait at the spot where +the trail crossed the river. And Bighorn, himself, took +his stand at the point where the trails crossed.</p> + +<p>When the men took their places, others crept back +of the herd. Only the light music of the rattles +sounded as the reindeer moved about.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> +As the men came nearer the reindeer herd, the sentinels +showed signs of fear. The clicking of the rattles +was quicker. The herd became thoroughly alarmed +and the women shook the rattles and made a loud din.</p> + +<p>Then the reindeer started on their old trails and +came near the spots where the men were hid. The +clicking of the rattles marked the time for the running, +and the beating of the drum showed when javelins +were hurled. Soon the shouts of the men and the +rattles and drums made a loud noise.</p> + +<p>All the Cave-men enjoyed the dance. They danced +it without a mistake. And so they felt sure that the +god of the reindeer would give them success in the +chase.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Model in your sand-box the spot where the reindeer dance was danced.</em></p> + +<p><em>Model the trails where the Cave-men thought the reindeer would +run when alarmed.</em></p> + +<p><em>Make rattles of something which you can find, and show how to mark +time with them.</em></p> + +<p><em>If you can get a skin, see if you can stretch it over something so as to +make a drum. Try different ways, and tell which is best.</em></p> + +<p><em>Dramatize this lesson.</em></p> + +<p><em>Draw a picture to illustrate it.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XXX" id="XXX"></a>XXX</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Can you think why hunters frequently have famines? At what +season of the year would they be most likely to have a famine?</p> + +<p>Can you think why they did not preserve and save food in times of +plenty?</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> +If game should be scarce on a hunting ground, do you think all of +the people could stay at home? What do you think would happen at +such a time?</p> + +<p>Have you ever heard that the Indians used to be afraid of having +their pictures taken? Why were they afraid of it?</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>Fleetfoot Prepares for His Final Test</em></p> + +<p>Toward the close of winter rumors of famine came +to the Bison clan. Several times people came from +neighboring clans and asked Antler for food. There +was plenty of meat in the cave, so she gave to those +who asked. The strangers soon went away, and the +Bison clan forgot about them.</p> + +<p>The next summer game was scarce on several of the +old hunting grounds. There was not enough food for +all. People began to wander away from their old homes. +Small groups of men, women, and children, set out in +different directions.</p> + +<p>Game was still plenty on the lands of the Bison clan. +When the neighbors knew this, they came to hunt on +these lands. The day Fleetfoot went away to fast, +strange people came and camped.</p> + +<p>The next day the Bison clan drove them away. A +few days later other strangers came, and they, too, +were driven away. Bighorn was angry when the +strangers first came, but soon he became alarmed.</p> + +<p>Just as the men and women were holding a council +to consider what to do, the strangers disappeared. Not +until Fleetfoot returned did the Bison clan know who +they were or why they came.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 378px;"> +<img src="images/img129.jpg" width="378" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“People began to wander away from their old homes.”</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> +Before Fleetfoot went away to fast, he had been +curious about the Big Bear. He had heard many stories +about the Big Bear ever since he was a child. He had +heard that the Big Bear guarded the game and kept the +animals in the rocky cavern. He had wondered if he +could climb the mountains and find the cave of the +Big Bear.</p> + +<p>Before Flaker was hurt, the boys had planned to go +to the mountains. They had planned to make friends +with the Big Bear and learn where he kept the game. +They had planned to climb the highest peaks and see +what there was beyond.</p> + +<p>Once, when the boys asked Greybeard if they might +go to the mountains, Greybeard said, “No, no, my +children! Wait a while. You are not yet old enough +to go.”</p> + +<p>And so the boys waited, but they still talked about +going to the cavern of the Big Bear. After Flaker was +hurt they still planned, but they planned for Fleetfoot +to go alone.</p> + +<p>One day when the boys were talking together, Greybeard +came to Fleetfoot and said, “The time you have +waited for has come. Prepare for your final test.”</p> + +<p>This was glad news for Fleetfoot. At last he was +to have a chance to prove himself worthy to rank with +the men. Flaker rejoiced with Fleetfoot, yet he could +not help feeling sad.</p> + +<p>The Bison clan had decided that Fleetfoot should go +to a quiet spot. There he was to fast and pray until he +received a sign from the gods. And when he had done +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> +their bidding, he was to return for his final test. This +test once passed, Fleetfoot would be counted one of +the men.</p> + +<p>Before Fleetfoot went, Greybeard instructed him in +the use of prayers and charms. Antler gave him a +magic powder and showed him how to prepare it from +herbs. And the men told him of their tests, and the +signs they received from the gods.</p> + +<p>Flaker had listened to every word that Greybeard +had said. He had thought of all the dangers which +Fleetfoot might encounter. And he wondered if there +was not a way to protect Fleetfoot from harm.</p> + +<p>Flaker knew that the reindeer dance was a prayer of +the Cave-men to their gods. He knew each movement +in the dance was to help the gods understand. He felt +sure that the gods would help Fleetfoot if he could +make them understand. And so he determined to +make a prayer which Fleetfoot could carry with him.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/img131.jpg" width="300" height="176" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The engraving of a cave-bear +on a pebble.</span> +</div> + +<p>Perhaps you will think that the prayer Flaker made +was a very strange prayer. But +many people in all parts of +the world have made such +prayers. It was a prayer to +the Big Bear of the mountains. +Flaker scratched it +upon a smooth pebble with +a flint point. It was a picture +of the Big Bear, and Flaker +made it so that Fleetfoot could +control the actions of the Big Bear.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> +When Flaker gave the prayer to Fleetfoot he told +him to guard it with great care. Fleetfoot took the +prayer and promised to keep it near his side. Then +the boys made an offering to the Big Bear and asked +him to guide the way.</p> + +<p>When at length Fleetfoot was ready to start, Greybeard +spoke these parting words: “Forget not the +offerings to the gods, and remember they must be made +with true words and a faithful heart.”</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Show in your sand-box where you think the mountains were. Model +them and show that they were almost covered with snow. Show good +places for neighboring hunting grounds.</em></p> + +<p><em>Tell why game might be scarce in some hunting grounds and plenty in +others.</em></p> + +<p><em>Dramatize this story. Draw pictures which will show what happened. +See if you can engrave some animal upon wood or soft stone.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XXXI" id="XXXI"></a>XXXI</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Where do you think Fleetfoot will go while he is away from home?</p> + +<p>Find a picture of a glacier, and see if you can tell how a glacier is +made. In what places does the snow stay all the year round? If a +great deal of snow falls each year, what do you think will become of it?</p> + +<p>Find out whether there have ever been glaciers near where you +live. If there have, see if you can find any traces of them.</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>Fleetfoot Fasts and Prays</em></p> + +<p>None of the Cave-men knew where Fleetfoot would +go to fast and pray. He scarcely knew himself, but all +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> +the time he kept thinking of the Big Bear of the +Mountains. And so he turned his steps toward the +high mountain peaks.</p> + +<p>He followed the bison trail, for that was a sure guide. +It led up the river a long way, and then skirted a dark +forest. He crossed the river and went to the forest. +There he sought out a lonely spot where he stayed +several days.</p> + +<p>As soon as he had made a fire, Fleetfoot made offerings +to the gods. His offerings were fish he caught in +the river and birds he caught in snares.</p> + +<p>Although Fleetfoot offered meat to the gods, he did +not taste it himself. When he was ready to sleep, he +rubbed a pinch of wood-ashes upon his breast and +prayed thus to the fire god: “O fire god, hover near me +while I sleep. Hear my prayer. Grant good dreams to +me this night. Grant me a sign that thou wilt aid me. +Lead my feet in the right way.”</p> + +<p>The first night Fleetfoot had no dreams. The second +night he dreamed he was a child again and that he +lived in his old home. The third night he dreamed of +the Big Bear of the Mountains. He thought that he +climbed the mountain crags and went to the Big Bear’s +cave. He dreamed that the Big Bear spoke to him and +asked him whence he came. Then strange people +seemed to come out of the cave and wave their weapons +in a threatening way. After that Fleetfoot remembered +nothing except that the Big Bear seemed like a friend.</p> + +<p>At daybreak Fleetfoot awoke, and at once he thought +of his dream. He took the pebble from a little bag. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> +Then he made an offering to the bear as he spoke these +words: “O Big Bear! O mighty hunter! Show me the +way to thy caverns. Show me where thou keepest the +game. Give me strength to meet all dangers. Fill my +enemies with fear.”</p> + +<p>Then, remembering what Greybeard had said, Fleetfoot +gave offerings to all the animals he hoped to kill. +In this way he thought the gods would help him when +he went out to hunt.</p> + +<p>As soon as the offerings were made, Fleetfoot looked +for a sign from the gods. The winds began to blow. +Dark clouds began to climb the sky. Then the thunders +pealed through the heavens.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 98px;"> +<img src="images/img134.jpg" width="98" height="300" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A stone borer, used in making a necklace.</span> +</div> + +<p>Fleetfoot, faint from his long fast, took courage from +these signs. The winds seemed to be messengers +bearing his prayer to the gods. The dark +clouds seemed to be the enemies he would +meet on the way. The peals of thunder +sounded to him like promises of strength. +The bright lightning in the sky flashed a +message of hope. A flock of swallows circling +near seemed to point the way. And so Fleetfoot +refreshed himself and started toward +the mountains.</p> + +<p>It would take too long to tell all the things +that happened to Fleetfoot before he returned. +One of the first things he did was to kill a +cave-bear and take the trophies.</p> + +<p>When Fleetfoot started out again, he wore +a necklace of bear’s teeth. He wore them +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> +partly because they were trophies and partly because +they were charms.</p> + +<p>Fleetfoot followed the trail along the edge of the +forest until he reached a ridge of hills. Behind him +lay the River of Stones and all the places he had known. +Before him lay a pretty valley about a day’s journey +across. To his left the snow-covered mountain peaks +shone with a dazzling light.</p> + +<p>He stopped only to sleep and to make offerings to +the gods. Fleetfoot was full of courage, and yet he +was weak from his fast. He longed to be strong against +all foes. He longed to be a great hunter. He longed +to strengthen his people and to meet the dangers which +threatened his clan.</p> + +<p>At midday he reached the river, where he sat down +to rest. Then he went up the little river, which flowed +over a rocky bed.</p> + +<p>Fleetfoot followed the river until he came to a spot +where it seemed to end. Great masses of snow and ice +covered the river bed. Farther up they reached the +top of the cliffs and stretched out into the valley.</p> + +<p>It was the melting of this glacier which fed the little +stream.</p> + +<p>Fleetfoot stood and gazed at the glacier with its +rough billows of snow and ice. He looked at the green +forests which stretched to its very edge. He looked at +the great ice sheets which covered the mountain peaks. +He looked at the bare crags which jutted out from the +rocks. And he wondered if the Big Bear’s cave was in +one of these rocks.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 436px;"> +<img src="images/img136.jpg" width="436" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“It was the melting of this glacier which fed the little stream.”</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> +Then he crossed the stream and approached the cliff +on the opposite side. There he found a cave, and he +looked about, but he found no one at home.</p> + +<p>As Fleetfoot was looking about, he began to think +of Chew-chew. Everything upon which his eyes rested +seemed to speak of her. And yet he could not remember +seeing the place before.</p> + +<p>Night came again and Fleetfoot slept. Again he +saw the Big Bear in his dreams. Again he saw the +enemies of his clan, and again he dreamed of his old +home.</p> + +<p>For several days Fleetfoot explored the country +near the mountains. He found several good hunting +grounds, but he did not find the Big Bear.</p> + +<p>As the days passed it seemed to Fleetfoot that he +was no longer alone. He heard no steps, and he saw +no tracks; yet he felt sure that some one was near.</p> + +<p>One morning, when he awoke, there was some one +watching him through the thick leaves. He grasped +his spear and was ready to throw, when he heard a +merry laugh.</p> + +<p>Then a lovely maiden appeared with dark and glossy +hair. Her eyes shone with the morning light and her +breath was as fresh as the dew.</p> + +<p>Fleetfoot dropped his spear and stepped forward to +greet the girl. A moment they gazed in each other’s +eyes, and then they knew no fear.</p> + +<p>They sat on a mossy bank where they talked for a +long, long time. And Fleetfoot learned that she was +called Willow-grouse and that her people were away.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> +Before he could ask her more, she inquired from +whence he came. And then she asked him what had +brought him so far away from his home.</p> + +<p>While Fleetfoot was telling his story, Willow-grouse +listened with sparkling eyes. When he had finished, +her eyes fell, and she seemed to be buried in thought. +Willow-grouse knew that her own people were plotting +against the Bison clan. She wanted Fleetfoot to stay +with her; and she feared that if she told him what her +people were doing, he would go away.</p> + +<p>For a few minutes Willow-grouse kept silent; but, +at length, she decided to speak. She told Fleetfoot of +the famine of the springtime and of the scarcity of +game. She told how the people separated and traveled +far and wide. Many of her own people had been to the +grounds of the Bison clan. Now the clans were at the +rapids. But as soon as the salmon season was over, +they were going to attack the Bison clan.</p> + +<p>When Fleetfoot heard what Willow-grouse said, he +gave up his search for the Big Bear. He decided to go +to the salmon feast and learn what the clans were doing. +He hoped he could do this and still have time to warn +the Bison clan.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>See if you can find a way of making a glacier in your sand-box.</em></p> + +<p><em>Model a river valley whose upper part is filled with a glacier. Show +where the bed and banks are covered with snow and ice. Show where +the cliffs are covered. Show where the ice-sheets are. Show on the +sand-map Fleetfoot’s journey to the place where he fasted. Show the +remainder of his journey.</em></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> +<em>Draw pictures of the following:</em>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Fleetfoot prays to the fire-god.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Fleetfoot receives signs from the gods.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Fleetfoot standing on the ridge of hills.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Fleetfoot’s meeting with Willow-grouse.</em></span></p> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XXXII" id="XXXII"></a>XXXII</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Can you think why the salmon feast was at the rapids of the river?</p> + +<p>Show in your sand-map a place where rapids might be. If there is +a river near you which has rapids, go to the spot and see if you can +tell what it is that makes the rapids.</p> + +<p>Show in your map the hunting grounds of the clans which met at +the rapids. Find the trails they would follow in going to the rapids.</p> + +<p>Find out all you can about the habits of the salmon.</p></div> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;"> +<img src="images/img139.jpg" width="550" height="195" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A necklace of fossil shells.</span> +</div> + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>The Meeting of the Clans</em></p> + +<p>At his parting from Willow-grouse, Fleetfoot gave +her a necklace of fossil shells. Then saying, “We +shall meet when the new moon comes,” he started on +his way.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> +He followed Sweet Briar River on his way to the +meeting of the clans. At sunset he knew he was nearing +the place where Willow-grouse said they had met. +He could hear the roaring of the rapids, and above this +sound, the shouts of the clans.</p> + +<p>Fleetfoot waited for the cover of darkness, for he did +not wish to be seen. Then he approached cautiously +toward the spot where the camp fire crackled and +blazed. In the light of the flames dark trunks of oaks +and fir trees stood out of the blackness. Then moving +forms appeared on the banks and lighted the clans +seated around the fire. At first Fleetfoot did not go +near enough to see the faces distinctly. But he could +tell from the various movements that they were preparing +for a dance.</p> + +<p>All eyes seemed fixed on an old woman who was +offering gifts to the gods. She lifted hot stones from +the fire and dropped them into a basket of water. +Then she took a piece of salmon and dropped it into +the water.</p> + +<p>As Fleetfoot watched the old woman, he thought +of Chew-chew and his old home. Then he wondered +if all women would look like Chew-chew when they +grew old.</p> + +<p>When the offerings were made, the men began a war +dance. Some were dressed in masks of horses, and +others wore masks of reindeer and cattle.</p> + +<p>When the men took off their masks, Fleetfoot looked +as if in a dream. For among the strangers moving +about there appeared familiar forms.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> +For a few minutes Fleetfoot could not tell whether +he was awake or asleep. What he saw seemed very +real, and yet it seemed like a dream. He had almost +forgotten his own people. He had not seen them since +the day he was lost. And now, only a few paces away, +stood Scarface and Straightshaft. Then other familiar +forms appeared moving near the fire. And among the +women who had beaten the drums were Chew-chew +and Eagle-eye.</p> + +<p>When Fleetfoot saw his mother and Chew-chew, he +almost shouted for joy. He wanted to go and speak to +them, but something seemed to hold him back.</p> + +<p>Then his heart began to beat so loud and so fast +that Fleetfoot was afraid he would be discovered; so he +hurried away from the spot to a hollow tree where +he spent the night.</p> + +<p>For a long time he lay awake thinking about what +to do. He could not go back to Willow-grouse and +leave his work undone. He could not make himself +known to Cave-men who were planning to attack the +Bison clan. He could not return to the Bison clan +without learning the enemies’ plans.</p> + +<p>And so Fleetfoot took the pebble from its bag and +asked the Big Bear for aid. Then he fell asleep and +did not awake until the break of day.</p> + +<p>All through the day he watched the clans. He saw +them fish at the rapids and feast and play around the +fire. He saw them go to a smooth spot near the bank +where they played games. When night came he said +to himself, “I’ll watch the dance and learn their plans.”</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> +Scarface offered gifts to the gods before the dance +began. As he performed the magic rites, all the people +were still. Every eye was turned toward the old man. +No one suspected danger.</p> + +<p>Fleetfoot, watching from a safe retreat, had heard +a rustling sound. And, looking in the direction from +which the sound came, he saw a big tiger in a neighboring +tree.</p> + +<p>The tiger had crept out on a strong branch and was +watching for his prey. The eyes of the big cat snapped +fire as they followed each movement that Scarface +made.</p> + +<p>There was not a moment to be lost. The tiger was +about to spring. Fleetfoot’s spear whizzed through +the air and dealt a powerful blow. Another followed, +but with less force although Fleetfoot hurled it with +all his might.</p> + +<p>With a cry of rage the tiger turned, and leaving +Scarface upon the ground, he sprang toward Fleetfoot. +And the Cave-men grasped their weapons and rushed +to the spot.</p> + +<p>They found the tiger dying from the effect of the +first blow. They watched his death struggles. Then +they looked for the man who had hurled a spear that +struck a death blow.</p> + +<p>If Fleetfoot had not been struck senseless, he might +have made his escape. But as it happened, the Cave-men +found him lying on the ground, and they raised +him up and carried him to a spot near the bright +camp-fire.</p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p> +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Show on your sand-map where the clans had camped. Show where you +think Fleetfoot watched. Show where the ceremonies were performed.</em></p> + +<p><em>Draw one of these pictures:</em>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Fleetfoot bids farewell to Willow-grouse.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>The clans seated around the camp-fire.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Fleetfoot watching the dance.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Fleetfoot saves Scarface’s life</em>.</span></p> + +<p><em>Watch a cat as it springs upon a mouse, and then think of the tiger +as he sprang upon Scarface. Model it in bas-relief.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XXXIII" id="XXXIII"></a>XXXIII</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>What do you think the people will do with Fleetfoot?</p> + +<p>Can you think of any way that Fleetfoot might prevent them from +attacking the Bison clan?</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>What Happened when the Clans Found Fleetfoot</em></p> + +<p>While Chew-chew and Eagle-eye were attending to +Scarface, others took care of Fleetfoot. They knew +nothing about him except that he had saved Scarface’s +life. Everybody wanted to see him; and so a great +crowd gathered around.</p> + +<p>People looked at the strange young man as he lay +pale and still on the ground. They looked and looked +again, then said, “How like he is to Scarface.”</p> + +<p>Eagle-eye had not forgotten Fleetfoot. She never +spoke of him, but she still hoped that he was alive and +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> +that she would see him again. When strangers came +she always inquired for tidings of the lost boy.</p> + +<p>And so when Eagle-eye heard what the people said, +she pushed her way through the crowd. The moment +she saw him, she cried, “Fleetfoot!” and then bent over +his lifeless form.</p> + +<p>Chew-chew, hearing Eagle-eye’s cry, hurried to the +spot. She knelt by his side and murmured his name, +and thought of Scarface when he was young.</p> + +<p>Those who stood near turned and asked, “Who is +Fleetfoot?” Many of the people had never heard of +him. Others had heard of Eagle-eye’s boy. All were +curious to know more about the strange young man. +All were anxious to know if he was dead or alive.</p> + +<p>Fleetfoot was not dead. He was only stunned by +the tiger’s blow. When Eagle-eye bathed him with +cold water, he began to show signs of life. When at +length he opened his eyes, he knew that he was recognized.</p> + +<p>When those who stood near found out who the +young man was, they shouted the tidings to those who +were farther away. Then the people rejoiced and +thanked the gods for thus befriending them.</p> + +<p>Before Fleetfoot slept that night, he wondered how +the meeting would end. He wondered if he could find +a way to prevent an attack upon the Bison clan. And, +turning once more to the Big Bear, he soon fell asleep. +Next morning the people caught salmon just below the +rapids. They feasted a while and then played games +in which Fleetfoot took part.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> +When the games were over, the young men crowded +around him. They asked him how he could throw a +spear so as to strike a deadly blow. Fleetfoot told all +he knew about the use of spears and harpoons, but he +scarcely knew himself how he had thrown with such +force.</p> + +<p>But he took two spearheads in his hand, just as he +had held them when he saw the tiger. He threw one at +a mark and the spear went with such force that the +young men shouted for joy. Then they all practiced +throwing until they could throw in the same way. It +was in this way that people learned to hurl weapons +with a throwing-stick. +Instead of hurling one spear by resting +the butt against the barb of another, as +Fleetfoot had done when he threw at the tiger, they +learned to shape sticks for throwing spears, and they +called them “throwing-sticks.”</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img145.jpg" width="600" height="115" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A throwing-stick.</span> +</div> + +<p>The older men watched as Fleetfoot showed the +young men how he threw spears and harpoons. And +soon they all agreed to ask Fleetfoot to lead in the +dance that night.</p> + +<p>Scarface invited him to lead, and Fleetfoot accepted. +He was glad to lead in a real hunting dance, +but he was still more glad to have a chance to prevent +an attack upon the Bison clan. And so he resolved to +plan a dance which would make them forget their plan.</p> + +<p>When the time came to begin the dance, Fleetfoot +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> +was ready to lead. He knew that the men all wanted +to find good hunting grounds. So he showed them +where to find such grounds and what trails to follow.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 306px;"> +<img src="images/img146.jpg" width="306" height="350" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">An Irish deer.</span> +</div> + +<p>A few days later he went with the people to these +very grounds. There they hunted the bison herds and +the Irish deer. And when each of the clans had chosen +a place to camp, Fleetfoot bade +them farewell. Then it was that +the bravest young men came +forward and said that they would +follow him. And so the young +men agreed to be brothers and +to help one another in times of +need. They agreed upon signs +which they should use when +they wanted to meet. And +when Fleetfoot started +homeward, the young men +escorted him.</p> + +<p>Of the adventures on the +way to the Bison clan’s cave +there is little time to tell. +All the young men were faithful. And as they +journeyed on their way, they recalled Fleetfoot’s brave +deeds in a victory song.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Show how the people acted from the time Fleetfoot threw his spear +until they knew who he was. Draw pictures which will illustrate +the story.</em></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> +<em>Make such a hunting dance as you think Fleetfoot led. Show in your +sand-map the places where the hunting grounds were.</em></p> + +<p><em>Name all the running games you know. Tell how you play one of +them. Draw a picture of the Cave-men playing games.</em></p> + +<p><em>Make a throwing-stick.</em></p> + +<p><em>Look at the picture of the Irish deer and tell how it appears to differ +from other deer you know. For what do you think it uses its large and +heavy antlers?</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XXXIV" id="XXXIV"></a>XXXIV</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>What do you think Flaker will do while Fleetfoot is gone? What +do you think the Bison clan will do when Fleetfoot returns?</p> + +<p>Which do you think will be the greater man—Fleetfoot or Flaker?</p> + +<p>What things do you think Fleetfoot will do? What do you think +Flaker will do?</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>Fleetfoot’s Return</em></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/img147.jpg" width="350" height="67" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A fragment of a Cave-man’s baton, engraved +with the heads of bison.</span> +</div> + +<p>Flaker missed Fleetfoot more than he could tell. +Awake, he thought +of his dangerous +journey. Asleep, he +was with him in his +dreams. Many, many +times each day he prayed for Fleetfoot’s safe return.</p> + +<p>Ever since the strangers had camped on their lands, +the Bison clan had been anxious. When questioned +about it, Greybeard was sad and Bighorn shook his +head. So the women were trying to arouse their +courage, and Flaker was carving prayers.</p> + +<p>When Fleetfoot announced his return, it was Flaker +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> +who heard his whistle. It was he who shouted the +glad tidings to all the Cave-men. And though he was +lame, he was the first who ran ahead to greet him.</p> + +<p>Fleetfoot and his companions had halted on a +hillside not far from the cave. It was from this hill +that Fleetfoot whistled so as to announce his return. +Here his companions waited, while Fleetfoot advanced +alone.</p> + +<p>While Fleetfoot greeted his friends and showed them +his wonderful necklace, his companions chanted his +brave deeds in a victory song. It was thus that the +Bison clan learned of Fleetfoot’s brave deeds. It was +thus that they learned of his courage which came from +fasting and prayer.</p> + +<p>When the song was ended, Bighorn advanced with +Fleetfoot, and together they escorted the brave young +men to the cave of the Bison clan. There they feasted, +and rested, and played games until it was time for +Fleetfoot’s last test.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the young men became acquainted with +Flaker. Fleetfoot had told them about him. He had +shown them the dagger Flaker made and the engraving +of the Big Bear. And so the young men were glad +to see him and make him one of their brotherhood.</p> + +<p>When the time came for Fleetfoot’s last test, he +asked permission to speak. And when Bighorn nodded +his head, Fleetfoot told the people the story of how +he and Flaker had worked and played together. He +told of Flaker’s bravery the day he was hurt by the +bison. He told of Flaker’s poniard which he used to +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> +kill the cave-bear. He told of the tools which Flaker +had made for working bone and horn.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/img149a.jpg" width="350" height="69" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Cave-man’s nose ornament.</span> +</div> + +<p>Then he said that the people of the Bison clan +had taught them to worship the gods. He said that +Flaker had the favor +of the gods and +that his prayers +would bring success. +And he urged the Cave-men, on account of these +things, to forget that Flaker was lame, and to admit +him into the ranks of the full-grown men.</p> + +<p>The Cave-men listened to what Fleetfoot said and +they all gave assent. And when they made ready to +receive Fleetfoot, Flaker was brought forward. The +nose of each of the boys was pierced and they were +given nose ornaments. On account of his bravery +Fleetfoot was given a baton which showed that he +might lead the men. And Flaker, too, received a baton, +but his was to show that he could lead in the worship +of the gods.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/img149b.jpg" width="350" height="151" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Cave-man’s baton engraved +with wild horses.</span> +</div> + +<p>And so every one knew that Fleetfoot and Flaker +were brave young men. They had passed the tests that +had been given for courage, and patience, and self-control. +Fleetfoot’s companions stayed at the cave +until the ceremonies were ended. Then they +renewed their vows to help one another and +took leave of the Bison clan. And Fleetfoot, +having done his duty, +was free to return +to Willow-grouse.</p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p> +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>See if you can make such a victory song as you think the young men +sang. See if you can make the speech which Fleetfoot made for Flaker.</em></p> + +<p><em>Dramatize this lesson, and then draw a picture of the part you like +the best.</em></p> + +<p><em>See if you can make a baton.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XXXV" id="XXXV"></a>XXXV</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Why do you think people began to live in places where there were +no caves? Can you think what kind of a shelter they might find?</p> + +<p>Find out all you can about the difference between the winter and +summer coat of some animal you know.</p> + +<p>Which skins do you think would be used for curtains and beds? +Which skins would be used for clothing? Which for the heavy winter +coats?</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>Willow-grouse</em></p> + +<p>Soon after the salmon feast, Willow-grouse saw her +people again. When they went away, no one knew +why she stayed behind. When they returned, no one +noticed how eager she was to hear all that was said. +So Willow-grouse kept her secret from every one in +the clan.</p> + +<p>Many days the people hunted; but, at length, there +were signs of the coming cold. It was then that the +wise men gave an order to prepare for the journey to +the winter home.</p> + +<p>All but Willow-grouse obeyed; but she heeded not +what was said. It was not because she did not hear the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> +command. It was not because she did not care to live +with her own people. It was simply because she +remembered Fleetfoot and was waiting for his return.</p> + +<p>And so, when the women chided her for being a +thoughtless girl, they little thought that Willow-grouse +was making plans of her own. In the confusion of packing, +nobody noticed that she stayed behind, and many +moons passed before they learned what Willow-grouse +did.</p> + +<p>As soon as her people were out of sight Willow-grouse +began to make ready for Fleetfoot. There was +no cave near at hand, but there were high overhanging +rocks. Under one of these the people had camped. +They found the roof and back wall of a dwelling ready-made. +So they simply camped at the foot of the rock +and built their camp-fire.</p> + +<p>Willow-grouse knew that the bare rock was a good +shelter in summer. But she also knew that it would +soon be too cold to live in such an open space. So she +cut long poles and braced them under the roof so as to +make a framework for front and side walls. Then she +covered the framework with plaited branches, and left +a narrow doorway which she closed with a skin.</p> + +<p>It was hard work to make the rock shelter, but +Willow-grouse did not mind it. She kept thinking of +Fleetfoot all the time, and she hoped the rock +shelter would be their +new home.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/img151.jpg" width="450" height="83" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">An Eskimo drawing of reindeer caught in snares.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> +When Willow-grouse looked at her dress, she saw it +was much the worse for wear. So she +set snares in the reindeer trails and +caught two beautiful reindeer.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/img152a.jpg" width="300" height="154" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“A piece of sandstone for +flattening seams.”</span> +</div> + +<p>The soft summer skins of +the reindeer had short, fine +hair. Willow-grouse scraped +and pounded them and then +polished them with sandstone.</p> + +<p>Willow-grouse took great pains in making her new +garments. She flattened the seams with a piece of +sandstone until they were nice and smooth. Then she +gathered fossil shells from the rocks and trimmed the +neck and sleeves. And she made +a beautiful headband and belt, and +pretty moccasins for her feet.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 229px;"> +<img src="images/img152b.jpg" width="229" height="400" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A reindeer snare.</span> +</div> + +<p>And when the time drew near +for Fleetfoot’s return, Willow-grouse +dressed in her new garments. +She put on the necklace of +fossil shells and thought of Fleetfoot’s +last words.</p> + +<p>Fleetfoot kept his promise. +When the new moon came he +appeared. Then Willow-grouse +became his wife and he lived with +her in their new home.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Look at the picture of a rock shelter on page <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</em></p> + +<p><em>Find some large rocks and put them in your sand-box so as to show a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> +natural rock shelter. Make a framework for front and side walls, and +see if you can make it into a warm hut. Model the upper valley.</em></p> + +<p><em>Find a piece of sandstone which you can use in polishing skins.</em></p> + +<p><em>Dress a doll the way you think Willow-grouse dressed. Dress a doll +the way you think Fleetfoot dressed.</em></p> + +<p><em>Find pretty seeds and shells which you can use in trimming belts and +headbands. Before sewing the seeds or shells on the band, lay them so as +to make a pretty pattern. After you have made your pattern draw it on +paper, so that you can look at it while you are trimming the band.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XXXVI" id="XXXVI"></a>XXXVI</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Look at what you have modeled in your sand-box and see if you +can tell in what parts of the valley the snow will be deepest.</p> + +<p>When the snow is very deep, what do the wild animals do? What +do the people do?</p> + +<p>Can you think how people learned to use poison in hunting?</p> + +<p>Does the poisoned weapon poison any part of the animal’s flesh? +Why do people try to be careful not to leave poison around?</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>How Fleetfoot and Willow-grouse Spent the Winter</em></p> + +<p>When Willow-grouse was living alone, she had to +hunt for her own food. Sometimes she caught animals +in traps, and sometimes she hunted with spears and +harpoons. When the wounded animal escaped, Willow-grouse +was disappointed. So she tried all sorts of +ways to make sure of the game.</p> + +<p>One day she happened to use a harpoon which had +been thrust into a piece of decayed liver. She wounded +a reindeer with the harpoon and the animal soon died.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 246px;"> +<img src="images/img154.jpg" width="246" height="250" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Three views of a Cave-man’s +spearhead with a groove to hold poison.</span> +</div> + +<p>And so Willow-grouse soon learned to mix and to +use poisons. When Fleetfoot made simple spearheads +of antler, she helped him make grooves +to hold the poison. When they used +poison on their weapons, they were +sure of the game without a long chase.</p> + +<p>They lived happily in the rock +shelter until the middle of winter. +Then heavy snowstorms came and +the wild animals went away. Fleetfoot +and Willow-grouse were left without +food. They ate a piece of sun-dried +meat which Willow-grouse had left in a tree; and +when that was gone, they put on their snowshoes and +started toward the south.</p> + +<p>Before many days had passed, they arrived at the +cave of the Bison clan. There they were made so welcome +that they stayed for two moons.</p> + +<p>It was during this time that the Bison clan learned +to use the throwing-stick. While Fleetfoot taught the +use of the throwing-stick, Flaker made wonderful harpoons. +And as fast as Fleetfoot found new ways of +using weapons in hunting, Flaker invented new +weapons for the men to use.</p> + +<p>Ever since Fleetfoot had been away, Flaker had +been working at harpoons. He had made harpoon +heads with two or three barbs, and now he was trying +to make a harpoon with four or five barbs on each side.</p> + +<p>It took a long while to make a harpoon with many +beautiful barbs. It took more patience to make it than +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> +most of the Cave-men had. For when Flaker traced a +regular outline of the harpoon on one side of the antler, +he traced the same outline upon the other side. Then he +cut upon these lines, and he shaped the barbs one by one, +until he had made them all of the same shape and size.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 397px;"> +<img src="images/img155.jpg" width="397" height="400" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“It was during this time that the Bison +clan learned to use the throwing-stick.”</span> +</div> + +<p>He finished the base of the head with a large ridge +near the end so as to make it easy to attach it to the +shaft. Then he traced Fleetfoot’s property-mark upon +it, and thought that it was done.</p> + +<p>But Willow-grouse, who +had been watching +him, spoke +up and said, “No, +there is one thing more. +You must put a groove +in each of the barbs to +carry the magic poison.”</p> + +<p>And so, although Willow-grouse +learned a great deal from +watching Flaker use his tools, +she taught him something he +did not know.</p> + +<p>When the harpoon was +really finished, +Flaker gave +it to Fleetfoot. +And all the +Cave-men gathered around +to see the new harpoon.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> +When everybody had seen it, Fleetfoot placed the +harpoon upon his throwing-stick and hurled it again +and again. To the people who stood near, the barbs +carried the harpoon through the air like the wings of a +bird. The deep grooves which held the poison carried +sure death with each wound. And the throwing-stick +with which it was hurled helped in getting a firm +hold and a sure aim.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/img156.jpg" width="350" height="108" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Harpoons with several barbs.</span> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Find a piece of soft wood and trace the outline of a harpoon upon +it. See if you can whittle a harpoon with barbs.</em></p> + +<p><em>Experiment until you can tell whether you like to have a ridge on +the base of the harpoon head.</em></p> + +<p><em>Draw one of these pictures:</em>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">“<em>Heavy snowstorms came and the wild animals went away.</em>”</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Fleetfoot and Willow-grouse find some dried meat in a tree.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Fleetfoot and Willow-grouse arrive at the cave of the Bison clan.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Flaker working at the barbed harpoon.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">“<em>The barbs carried the harpoon through the air like the wings of a bird.</em>”</span></p> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XXXVII" id="XXXVII"></a>XXXVII</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>How did people sew before they had needles? What bones do you +think the Cave-men would use first in making needles and awls? Why +would people want the hardest bones for needles?</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 100px;"> +<img src="images/img157a.jpg" width="100" height="300" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">(l) A bone pin. (r) A large bone needle.</span> +</div> + +<p>See if you can find out where the hardest bones are found.</p> + +<p>See if you can think of all the things that would have to be +done in making a needle out of a piece of ivory or a large bone.</p> + +<p>Why do we sometimes wax thread? What do you think +the Cave-men would use instead of wax?</p> + +<p>Why did the Cave men make holes in their awls? What +were the first holes which they made in their needles used for?</p> + +<p>How do you think they would think of carrying the thread +through the needle’s eye?</p> + +<p>Why do we use thimbles when we sew? When do you +think people began to use thimbles? What do you think the +first thimbles were like?</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>How Willow-grouse Learned to Make Needles</em></p> + +<p><a name="awl" id="awl"></a></p> +<div class="figleft" style="width: 178px;"> +<img src="images/img157b.jpg" width="178" height="300" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A bone awl.</span> +</div> + +<p>Willow-grouse soon made friends +with the women. They admired the clothing +she wore, and they wanted to learn how to +polish skins and to make beautiful clothing. +So Willow-grouse showed the women how to +polish skins and to make them into beautiful +garments.</p> + +<p>While the women sewed with bone awls, +Willow-grouse watched Flaker, who was +sawing a bone with a flint saw.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/img158.jpg" width="350" height="286" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">(l) A bone from which the Cave-men have +sawed out slender rods for needles. (r) A piece of sandstone used by the Cave-men +in making needles.</span> +</div> + +<p>It was soon after this that Willow-grouse learned to +make needles of large hard bones. The first ones she +made were not very beautiful needles. They were not +so smooth nor so round as the awls she had made of +bird’s bones. But she made a beginning and after a +while all the women learned to make fine needles.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p> + +<p>They made the needles +of a hard bone which +they took from the leg +of a horse. They traced +out the lines they wished +to cut just as Flaker traced +the harpoon. Then they +sawed out slender rods and +whittled one end to a point. The +other end they made thin and flat, +for this was the end where the +hole was made.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/img158b.jpg" width="350" height="49" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A flint comb used in rounding and +polishing needles.</span> +</div> + +<p>They made the rods round +and smooth by drawing them +back and forth on a piece of +soft sandstone. This made long grooves in the sandstone, +which became deeper and deeper every time +the sandstone was used. Then they polished the rods +by drawing them back +and forth between the +teeth of a flint comb.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/img158c.jpg" width="350" height="38" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A flint saw used in making needles of bone taken +from the leg of a horse.</span> +</div> + +<p>The first needles had +no eyes. They were more like awls and pins, than +needles. Perhaps the first eyes were made in needles +to keep them from getting lost.</p> + +<p>It was hard work to saw the bone rods and to round +and polish them. No wonder the women did not want to lose +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> +them. No wonder they bored little holes in the +thin flat end and hung them about their necks.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 61px;"> +<img src="images/img159a.jpg" width="61" height="250" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A short needle of bone.</span> +</div> + +<p>It may have been Willow-grouse who first discovered +that the eye of the needle could carry the +thread. She may have discovered it when she +was playing with a needle she carried on a cord. +At any rate, the women soon learned to sew with +the thread through the needle’s eye. And then +they began to make finer needles with very +small eyes.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> +<img src="images/img159b.jpg" width="200" height="85" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A flint comb used in shredding fibers.</span> +</div> + +<p>These fine needles were used at first in sewing +the softest skins. They were used, too, in sewing +trimming on beautiful garments. But when the women +sewed the hard skins, instead of a needle +they used a bone awl.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 65px;"> +<img src="images/img159c.jpg" width="65" height="300" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A long fine needle of bone.</span> +</div> + +<p>At the meeting of the clans in the +salmon season, the Cave-men wore +their most beautiful garments. And +soon the clans began to vie with one another in +wearing the most beautiful skins. And the women +hunted for the choicest sands to use in polishing +their needles. They still gave the first polish with +a piece of sandstone or a gritty pebble. But when +they gave the last polish the women used a powder +of the finest sand.</p> + +<p>Instead of beeswax, the women used marrow +which they kept in little bags. Instead of a thimble, +they used a small piece of leather. And instead +of pressing the seams with a hot iron, they +made them smooth with a rounded stone.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> +From the tough sinews of the large animals, every +Cave-man made his own thread. All the children +learned to prepare sinew and to shred the fibers with +a jagged flint comb.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Find bones which you can make into needles. See if you can find a +piece of flint for a saw.</em></p> + +<p><em>Find a piece of sandstone with which you can polish your needle.</em></p> + +<p><em>Make a collection of the different kinds of sand in your neighborhood +and tell what they can be used for.</em></p> + +<p><em>Make a collection of needles and find out how they were made.</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XXXVIII" id="XXXVIII"></a>XXXVIII</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>If the animals went away in search of shelter from the storms, +do you think the Cave-men would know where they went? What do +you think they would say when they +noticed that the animals had +gone?</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img160.jpg" width="400" height="134" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Two views of a curved bone tool used by +the Cave-men in polishing skins.</span> +</div> + +<p>How did the Cave-men +learn what they knew? Why +did they make more mistakes +than people do to-day?</p> + +<p>What changes did the +Cave-men see take place in the buds? in seeds? in eggs?</p> + +<p>When they found shells in the hard rocks instead of in the water, +what do you suppose they would think?</p> + +<p>Have you ever heard any one say “It rained angleworms?”</p> + +<p>Have you ever heard any one say that cheese or meat had “changed +to maggots?”</p> + +<p>Can you tell what really happened in each of these cases?</p> + +<p>Can you see how stories of animals that turned into men could be +started? Is there anything that we can learn from these stories?</p></div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p> + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>How Flaker Became a Priest and a Medicine Man</em></p> + +<p>The winter was long and stormy. Wild animals +found little food. Herds of horses and reindeer went to +the lowland forests. Game was scarce on the wooded +hills. Few horses or reindeer were seen near the +caves. The trails were filled with snow and everything +seemed to tell of the coming of a famine.</p> + +<p>The people ate the frozen meat that was left near +the caves, and when they found they could get no more +they began to pray to their gods. “O, Big Bear,” they +prayed, “send us thine aid. Help us now or we die. +Drive the horses and reindeer out of thy caverns. Send +them back to our hunting grounds.”</p> + +<p>When the first rumor of famine came, Fleetfoot took +down his drum. And he set out over the hills to call a +meeting of the brotherhood.</p> + +<p>At the first sound of the drumbeat, the people knew +what it meant. Everybody felt a gleam of hope. The +young men passed the signal along and fresh courage +came to the hearts of the people in the neighboring +clans.</p> + +<p>Buckling their hunger-straps around them, the +young men started at Fleetfoot’s call. They met near +the Bison clan’s cave. There they told of the heavy +snowstorms and the disappearance of the herds. They +told of the beginnings of famine and considered ways +of finding food.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> +Some said, “Let us leave the old hunting grounds for +our elders. Let us take wives and go to far away lands.”</p> + +<p>Others said, “No, let us dwell together and let each +clan keep its own hunting ground.”</p> + +<p>“But how can we dwell together,” said one, “when +there is not food enough for all?”</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/img162.jpg" width="300" height="171" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Cave-man’s engraving +of two herds of wild horses.</span> +</div> + +<p>The silence which followed the young man’s question +showed that no one could reply. It was then that +Fleetfoot turned to Flaker and asked him to speak +what was in his mind. And Flaker arose, and turning +his eyes toward the heavens, he +raised his baton, whereupon all +the young men were silent. +Then he turned to the young +men and said, “The gods will +surely provide food for the hungry +Cave-men.”</p> + +<p>“But the people need food +and game is scarce,” said one of the brave young men. +“How can we prevent the famine? How can we make +the gods understand?”</p> + +<p>“Remember the Big Bear,” said Flaker. “He heard +our prayer when we made his likeness on stone. Let +us make likenesses of the animals. The gods will then +understand our prayers and send many herds to our +hunting grounds.”</p> + +<p>Saying this, Flaker picked up a flint point and a flat +piece of stone and quickly engraved two herds of wild +horses. The young men believed in the power of +magic. And when they saw Flaker engraving the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> +herds, they believed the wild horses would come. +And so they all tried to make the likeness of +an animal they wished to hunt.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 197px;"> +<img src="images/img163a.jpg" width="197" height="300" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Cave-man’s carving of horses’ heads.</span> +</div> + +<p>When they had made offerings to the +gods, the young men were ready to go out +to hunt. Flaker stayed at the cave, but it +was he who directed them in the right way. +He remembered all that the Cave-men had +said about the reindeer and the wild +horses. And so when they started Flaker +said, “Follow the trail to the dense forests.”</p> + +<p>It so happened that just as the young men were +starting to hunt, the herds were coming back from the +forests. And so the young men had great success, and +soon all the Cave-men had plenty of food.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 178px;"> +<img src="images/img163b.jpg" width="178" height="350" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Cave-man’s engraving of a +reindeer.</span> +</div> + +<p>When the young men returned to +their homes, they had strange stories to +tell. They said that Flaker had brought +back the herds by his wonderful magic. +They showed the engravings they had +made and told of their magical power.</p> + +<p>And so wherever stories of Fleetfoot’s +bravery went, stories of Flaker’s magic +were told. And just as Fleetfoot worked +to learn all the arts of the hunter, so +Flaker worked to learn the arts which +made him both a priest and a medicine +man.</p> + +<p>Flaker listened to all the stories that +were told by the best hunters. He questioned +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> +them eagerly and learned many things which +the hunters themselves soon forgot. He learned the +haunts of the wild animals in the various seasons. He +knew where to look for the best feeding grounds and +the places of shelter from storms.</p> + +<p>And so when the fame of Flaker was noised about +among all the clans, people came from near and from +far to make gifts and to get his advice.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Find soft wood or stone and see if you can engrave some animal on it.</em></p> + +<p><em>Find a stick with branches and carve the head of some animal upon +the end of the short branches.</em></p> + +<p><em>Dramatize this story.</em></p> + +<p><em>Draw one of these pictures:</em>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Fleetfoot starting out with his drum.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Flaker speaking to the young men of the brotherhood.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Flaker inquiring of returning hunters about the game and the +feeding grounds.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Strangers coming with gifts to get Flaker’s advice.</em></span></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XXXIX" id="XXXIX"></a>XXXIX</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Think of as many simple ways of catching fish as you can. How +do you think the Cave-men fished?</p> + +<p>What do you think people mean when they say that some one is +living a “hand-to-mouth” life?</p> + +<p>How do you think people learned to dry meat, fish, or fruit?</p> + +<p>Why would the people honor the one who taught them to preserve +food by drying it?</p> + +<p>Can you think of anything which could be used as food when it +was boiled, that would not be a good food eaten raw?</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> +Name a bitter vegetable. What happens to the water in which a +bitter vegetable is boiled?</p> + +<p>Name a sweet vegetable. What happens to the water in which a +sweet vegetable is boiled?</p> + +<p>What do you mean by “parboiling?”</p> + +<p>Do you think the Cave-men will learn how to boil food?</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>How the Cave-men Learned to Boil and to Dry Foods</em></p> + +<p>Again the salmon feast came, and again the neighboring +clans camped at the rapids. This time they +caught more salmon than they had ever caught before. +And this was the summer that the Cave-men began to +dry salmon and to fish with harpoons.</p> + +<p>It was Willow-grouse who thought of drying salmon, +and carrying it to the caves. She remembered the +berries dried on the bushes, and the dried meat she +found in a tree. No doubt all the Cave-men had eaten +dried meat many times before. Often the Cave-men +left strips of meat hanging from the trees.</p> + +<p>Anybody could leave meat which he did not care +to eat. Anybody could eat meat which had been dried +in the sun. But not every one was bright enough to +think of drying meat.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 120px;"> +<img src="images/img166.jpg" width="120" height="350" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Harpoons of reindeer antler +used for fishing.</span> +</div> + +<p>Chew-chew had never dried meat, nor had any of +the women. It was enough for them to prepare the +meat which they needed day by day. Few of the +people ever thought of laying up stores for the morrow. +They lived a “hand-to-mouth” life.</p> + +<p>But Willow-grouse remembered the famines. She +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> +knew food was scarce in the early spring. And when +she saw the river full of salmon, she thought of the +sun-dried meat.</p> + +<p>And so Willow-grouse caught some salmon and +cleaned them and hung them on the branches of a tree. +And when they had dried, she took them down and the +Cave-men said that dried salmon were good. And so all +the people caught salmon and dried them in the sun.</p> + +<p>The first few days the people fished as they had +fished before. They waded in the water and caught +salmon with their hands, or they stunned them with +clubs or with stones. But soon the men began to catch +salmon by spearing them with barbed harpoons.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 91px;"> +<img src="images/img167a.jpg" width="91" height="350" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A flint harpoon with one barb.</span> +</div> + +<p>Afterward the Cave-men fished with harpoons +which had barbs on only one side. +Perhaps they first used a broken harpoon. +Perhaps they found they could throw with +a surer aim when the barbs were on only +one side. At any rate, the Cave-men used +harpoons with barbs on one side for fishing, +while they used harpoons with barbs on +both sides when they went out to hunt.</p> + +<p>It was about the time of the salmon feast +that people began to boil food. Pigeon first +boiled food to eat. She remembered the +broth and partly boiled meat which Chew-chew +said the gods had left. And she +boiled meat and gave it to the men, and +they all sounded her praises.</p> + +<p>For a while the only boiling pot Pigeon +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> +used was a hole in the ground which she lined +with a skin. Then she used a water-tight basket +for boiling little things.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 128px;"> +<img src="images/img167b.jpg" width="128" height="300" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A spoon-shaped stone made and +used by the Cave-men.</span> +</div> + +<p>Pigeon always boiled by dropping hot stones +into the water. She had never heard of a boiling-pot +which could be hung over the fire. +She had never heard of a stove. The Cave-men +knew nothing about such things as stoves. It +would have done them no good if they had, for +their boiling-pots could not stand the heat. So +instead of putting the boiling-pot over the fire, +the Cave-men brought the fire to the boiling-pot +by means of hot stones.</p> + +<p>In times of famine, Pigeon learned to +boil all sorts of roots and leaves. Many +bitter plants, when boiled, were changed so that they +tasted very well. Some plants which were poison when +eaten raw were changed to good foods by being boiled.</p> + +<p>And so the young women had their share in +procuring food for the clans. While the young +men invented new weapons for hunting, and +tried to control the animals by magic, the young +women learned to preserve foods and to keep +them for times when game was scarce.</p> + +<p>When the end of the salmon feast came, the +people had dried many salmon. It was soon +after this that the young men captured wives +and took them to new hunting grounds. +And one of the very bravest young men +was the one who captured Pigeon.</p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p> +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Find some kind of raw food which you can dry. Dry it and tell +what happens. What dried foods do we eat? In what kind of a place +do we keep dried foods?</em></p> + +<p><em>Find the best way of boiling bitter vegetables. Tell what happens +when you boil them. Find the best way of boiling sweet vegetables.</em></p> + +<p><em>Draw one of these pictures:</em>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Catching salmon just below the rapids.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Drying salmon.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Pigeon boiling meat for the Cave-men.</em></span></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XL" id="XL"></a>XL</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Do you think that any of the young men and their wives would live +with Fleetfoot and Willow-grouse? Where do you think Flaker will live?</p> + +<p>Can you think why Willow-grouse would take great pains to embroider +her baby’s clothing?</p> + +<p>Why would Willow-grouse want pretty colors? Think of new ways +she might find of getting pretty colors. How could she get the color +out of plants into the stuff she wished to color?</p> + +<p>Why was it easier to make pretty dyes after people knew how to boil?</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>The New Home</em></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 121px;"> +<img src="images/img169a.jpg" width="121" height="350" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A baby’s hood.</span> +</div> + +<p>A year or so passed and Fleetfoot and Willow-grouse +were settled with their kinsfolk in a new rock shelter. +Its framework was covered with heavy skins instead +of woven branches. Heavy bone pegs and strong +thongs served to keep the skins in place.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 255px;"> +<img src="images/img169b.jpg" width="255" height="400" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“In summer he played in the +basket cradle which Willow-grouse wove +on a forked stick.”</span> +</div> + +<p>Flaker and other young men with their wives lived +in the rock shelter. There were little children, too, and +tiny babies.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p> + +<p>Willow-grouse had a baby and she +thought he was a wonderful child. She +dressed him in the softest skins which +she embroidered with a prayer. And she +hung a bear’s tooth about his neck because +she thought it was a charm. In +winter she put him in a skin cradle and +wrapped him in the warmest furs. In summer +he played in a basket cradle which Willow-grouse +wove on a forked stick.</p> + +<p>In all that Willow-grouse did, she always +asked the gods for help. The baskets she +made for boiling food, +were also prayers to the +gods.</p> + +<p>She searched for the +choicest grasses and spread +them on a clean spot to dry. +No one knew so well as +Willow-grouse when to +gather the twigs. She knew the season +when they were full-grown and +gathered them before the sap had hardened. +She gathered them when the +barks peeled easily and when the rich +juices flowed.</p> + +<p>When the twigs were gathered the +women soaked them and peeled off the +bark. They left some of the twigs round, +but others they made into flat splints. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> +Sometimes they stained +them with the green +rind of nuts, and sometimes +they dyed them +with pretty dyes.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/img170a1.jpg" width="350" height="97" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">First step in coiled basketry.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/img170a2.jpg" width="350" height="153" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Second step in coiled basketry.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 197px; margin-top: -2em;"> +<img src="images/img170b.jpg" width="197" height="350" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Three rows of coiled work.</span> +</div> + +<p>Instead of weaving +the baskets, Willow-grouse +sewed them with +an over-and-over stitch. +In this way she made the soft grasses into a firm basket. +She began by taking a wisp of grass in the left hand +and a flat splint in the other. She wound the splint +around the wisp a few times then turned the wrapped +portion upon itself. When she had fastened it with a +firm stitch, again she wound the splint around the wisp +and took another stitch.</p> + +<p>Sometimes Willow-grouse made +baskets for boiling food, and sometimes +she made them for carrying +water. The baskets she prized most +were the ones into which she put a +prayer. The prayer was a little pattern +which she made for a picture of one of +the gods. Sometimes it was a wild animal +and sometimes it was a bird. Sometimes it was +the flowing river and sometimes a mountain +peak. And sometimes it was a flash of lightning, +and sometimes it was the sun.</p> + +<p>All the Cave-men wanted the gods to be +friendly and they wanted them to stay near. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> +That is why they took so much pains in making pictures +of them. That is why that soon after the rock shelter +was made they engraved a reindeer upon the wall.</p> + +<p><a name="img171" id="img171"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px; margin-top: 2em;"> +<img src="images/img171.jpg" width="300" height="500" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">“Greybeard, now old and feeble, walked +all the way to the spot.”</span> +</div> + +<p>Greybeard, now old and feeble, walked all the way +to the spot. Fleetfoot and Flaker wanted him to perform +the magic rites.</p> + +<p><a name="img172" id="img172"></a></p> +<div class="figleft" style="width: 234px;"> +<img src="images/img172.jpg" width="234" height="300" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A water basket.</span> +</div> + +<p>Not all the people who lived there were allowed to +take part in the ceremonies. Only the +grown people were allowed to see the +first part. And only the wisest and bravest +ones went into the dark shelter.</p> + +<p>For a moment, those who went in +stood in silence waiting for a sign. Then, +by the light of a torch, Fleetfoot +chiseled a reindeer on the hard rock, +and Greybeard, holding a reindeer +skull, murmured earnest +prayers.</p> + +<p>A feeling of awe came over +them while they worked. +They began to feel that the +god of the reindeer was really +there with them. They asked the +god to take good care of those who +lived in the rock shelter, and to send many herds +of reindeer to the Cave-men’s hunting grounds.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Make a rock shelter with walls of skin instead of plaited branches. +Use bone pegs to keep the curtains drawn tight.</em></p> + +<p><em>Find a forked stick and several smaller ones and make a framework +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> +for a basket-cradle. If you cannot weave such a cradle as the one shown +in the picture, make one in some other way and fasten it to the framework.</em></p> + +<p><em>Find grasses and splints and see if you can make a sewed mat or +basket. Make a simple pattern for your mat.</em></p> + +<p><em>Look at the picture of a water basket. Why do you think it was +made to bulge near the bottom? Why was the bottom made flat? Why +was the neck made narrow? Why were handles put on this basket? +Tell or write a story about this basket.</em></p> + +<p><em>Turn to the <a href="#Page_4">frontispiece</a> and find a picture with this legend: “A feeling +of awe came over them while they worked.”</em></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XLI" id="XLI"></a>XLI</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>What might happen that would lead the Cave-men to work +together? At what times might the clans help one another?</p> + +<p>Think of as many ways as you can of making tents out of poles +and skins.</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>How the Clans United to Hunt the Bison</em></p> + +<p>In spite of all the Cave-men did to appease the wrath +of the gods, it seemed to them that a powerful god was +trying to do them harm. Soon after the bison came, +the grass near the caves disappeared. Then the herds +scattered and the Cave-men said, “The god has driven +them away.”</p> + +<p>As the word passed from cave to cave, all the people +were frightened. Wise men shook their heads and +looked about in despair. Then it was that the younger +men spoke of Fleetfoot and Flaker.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> +Scarface knew of Fleetfoot’s courage. And when he +heard of Flaker’s magical power, he sent messengers, +bearing gifts, to invite them with their people to a +meeting of the clans.</p> + +<p>Fleetfoot and Flaker accepted the gifts and made +ready to go. The women made a stretcher for Flaker. +And when they had buried their household treasures, +all set out to the meeting of the clans.</p> + +<p>They arrived at the Fork of the River where Fleetfoot +had lived when he was a child. There the frightened +clans had gathered to seek aid against a common +foe.</p> + +<p>When the people saw Flaker upon the stretcher, their +voices were hushed and all was still. And when +Flaker, arising, fixed his eyes upon something that no +one else could see, they scarcely breathed. They +were sure that something was going to happen.</p> + +<p>Instead of offering gifts, Flaker threatened the angry +god. He made faces at him; he shook his fists, and he +made a great noise. And the people, becoming excited, +joined Flaker in making threats. They made faces, +they joined hands, they danced about and they made +such a horrible noise that they began to feel that the +god was frightened and that he had gone away.</p> + +<p><a name="img175" id="img175"></a></p> +<div class="figright" style="width: 300px; margin-top: -1em;"> +<img src="images/img175a.jpg" width="300" height="133" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Cave-man’s engraving of a tent +showing the interior structure.</span> +</div> + +<p>When the ceremony was ended, the people hoped to +find the herds. Scarface asked for young men to go +ahead and act as scouts. Several young men at once +stepped forward from different parts of the circle of the +clans. And Scarface selected Fleetfoot and Blackcloud +to go in search of the herds.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span></p> + +<p>The people listened as Scarface spoke +thus to the young men: “Go follow +the tracks; listen to each sound; find +where the herds are feeding. Do not +frighten them away. Return quickly +and report what you have seen. If +you speak not the truth when you +return, may the fire burn you; may the lightning strike +you; may the Big Bear shut you in his dark cavern!”</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 300px; margin-top: -2em;"> +<img src="images/img175b.jpg" width="300" height="141" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Cave-man’s engraving of a tent +showing the exterior.</span> +</div> + +<p>The scouts nodded their heads, and looked to Flaker +for a sign. And Flaker, turning to the scouts, said, +“The gods will lead you. Follow where the +green grass is cropped. Follow where +the grass is trampled. These are the +signs which the gods will give to +show that you are on the right way.”</p> + +<p>The scouts departed. The first +day the clans made ready to move. +The second day the scouts returned and brought +news of the herds. The third day all the clans were +traveling toward the fertile plains.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 300px; margin-top: -1em;"> +<img src="images/img175c.jpg" width="300" height="161" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Cave-man’s engraving of a tent with covering +pulled one side so as to show the ends of the poles which support +the roof.</span> +</div> + +<p>Fleetfoot and Blackcloud led the way and at midday +caught sight of the herds. At once, Fleetfoot +gave the signal and Scarface +ordered the clans to stop. Then the +men prepared to attack the herds, +while the women built the tents.</p> + +<p>There were no large trees in +sight, but there were a few small +ones. A grassy plain stretched all +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> +around for a long, long way. And +so the women built their tents +out of slender saplings.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/img176a.jpg" width="350" height="174" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Framework showing the best kind of a +tent made by the Cave-men.</span> +</div> + +<p>Most of the women made +a framework by leaning +poles against the +branch of a tree. The +roof and the walls of +such a tent were one and +the same thing. Willow-grouse +and her companions tried a different way.</p> + +<p>It was by trying different ways in the different places +where they camped, that the women at length learned +to make tents with the roof separated from the wall. +The Cave-men made pictures of some of these tents +upon a piece of antler.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 86px;"> +<img src="images/img176b.jpg" width="86" height="300" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A tent pin.</span> +</div> + +<p>When the men parted from the women, +they considered ways of attacking the herd. +It was hard to approach it on the grassy plain +without being seen. And the men knew that if +the herd was alarmed, it would gallop far away.</p> + +<p>At length Fleetfoot showed the Cave-men a +plan for surrounding the herd. And he asked +who would volunteer to follow two leaders in +separate lines.</p> + +<p>All the bravest men volunteered, for they were +eager to make an attack. Fleetfoot placed them +in two lines and told them what each one +was to do.</p> + +<p>Fleetfoot led one of the lines through the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> +grass to the right, and Blackcloud led the other to the +left. They crept softly through the tall grass until +they had surrounded the herd. Approaching the herd +cautiously, they drew nearer and nearer together.</p> + +<p>Fleetfoot gave the signal to attack when they were +about a spear’s throw away. At once the harpoons +whizzed through the air and struck many a mortal +blow. The bison were taken by surprise and they +attempted to escape. But no sooner had they run from +one side than they were attacked from the other.</p> + +<p>Many a bison was killed that day and many others +were wounded. Many of the Cave-men carried away +marks of an ugly bison’s horns.</p> + +<p>But all of the people had food and all the people +were happy. And to show that they honored both +Fleetfoot and Flaker they bored holes through their +batons.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Make such a stretcher as you think the women made to carry Flaker.</em></p> + +<p><em>Make tents whose roof and walls are one and the same thing. Make +a tent whose roof and walls are separated. Tell how you think people +learned to make such perfect tents.</em></p> + +<p><em>Dramatize one of the following scenes and then draw a picture to +illustrate it:</em>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>The fear of the people at the disappearance of the herds.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Bearing gifts to Fleetfoot and Flaker.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Flaker threatening the angry god.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Sending the scouts.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Surrounding the herds.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Showing honors to Fleetfoot and Flaker.</em></span></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="XLII" id="XLII"></a>XLII</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>If there were not men enough to surround a herd can you think of +anything the Cave-men might do to drive them where they wanted +them to go?</p> + +<p>How do we get animals into traps?</p> + +<p>Why do you think people first began to make fences and walls?</p> + +<p>How do you think they used them?</p> + +<p>Why do we have fences? What do we use them for?</p></div> + + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>How Things were Made to Do the Work of Men</em></p> + +<p>When the clans returned to their own hunting +grounds, they could not surround the large herds. +There were not enough men in one cave to hunt in this +way. Sometimes they partly surrounded a herd and +drove the animals over a cliff, but unless the herd was +near the cliff, there were not enough men to drive them.</p> + +<p>And so the men tried to coax the animals to the edge +of the cliff. Sometimes they did it by imitating the +cries the animals made. Sometimes they did it by +dressing so as to look like the animals themselves. +But even then they often failed to get the animals into +their trap.</p> + +<p>It was when Fleetfoot saw a bison frightened by a +feather that he thought of making things do the work +of live men.</p> + +<p>The greater part of the day the bison fed some distance +from the cliff. Fleetfoot wanted to find a way of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> +driving them up to the very edge. The bison drive +which he invented was the way he succeeded in doing it.</p> + +<p>It was shaped like a letter <strong>V</strong> with the point cut off. +The sides were piles of brush, or stones, or vines +stretched from tree to tree. At the edge of the cliff +where they started, the sides were only a short distance +apart. But the farther out they extended, the farther +they were apart.</p> + +<p>Men, women, and children joined in making the +bison drive. They piled stones and heaped up brush, +and they hunted for long vines. Then they hunted +for feathers and bits of fur, which they tied along the +lines.</p> + +<p>Flaker performed the magical ceremony before the +hunt began. Fleetfoot dressed in a bison’s skin so as +to coax the herd along. Women and children hid +behind piles of stone and brush. And the men formed +themselves in line far out from the cliffs in the rear of +the herd.</p> + +<p>Everybody kept still until Fleetfoot’s signal sounded. +Then the men sprang up and with loud shouts they ran +after the herd. The bison saw Fleetfoot in disguise; +and, thinking he was one of the herd, they followed +where he led.</p> + +<p>When the bison came near a pile of stones a woman +or child frightened them. When they came near the +fence of vines they were frightened away by the +feathers and fur. And so the herd kept on toward +the steep cliff.</p> + +<p>And with loud shouts and drumbeats, with the clatter +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> +of weapons and hard hoofs, the bellowing herd +galloped madly on toward the steep cliff. Then Fleetfoot, +throwing off his disguise, slipped under one of the +lines; but the frantic herd rushed headlong to the brink +of the precipice. Then, seeing the danger, the foremost +ones attempted to escape. But the maddened +herd pressed blindly on and pushed them over the cliff.</p> + +<p>After such a hunt as this, there was food enough +for many days. Very likely the women dried meat +during this time.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Model in your sand-box a good place for the bison drive. Make the +drive and show what happened from first to last.</em></p> + +<p><em>Draw one of these pictures:</em>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Bison feeding some distance from the cliff.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Building a bison drive.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Fleetfoot leading the herd.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>The bison at the edge of the cliff.</em></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Drying meat.</em></span></p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="XLIII" id="XLIII"></a>XLIII</h2> + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO THINK ABOUT</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Can you think why people make rules and laws? Why do we have +them?</p> + +<p>What kind of rules and laws do you think the Cave-men made?</p> + +<p>What laws do you think they would make about hunting animals?</p> + +<p>What laws would they make about the use of plants?</p> + +<p>What people did the Cave-men honor most? What must any one +do to be honored? What were some of the signs that a man was +honored?</p> + +<p>When dangerous work needs to be done, what kind of men and women are needed?</p></div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 436px;"> +<img src="images/img181.jpg" width="436" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">After the bison hunt.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></p> + +<p style="font-size: 1.5em;" class="center"><em>How the Cave-men Rewarded and Punished the Clansmen</em></p> + +<p>Again the clans went to hunt on the fertile plains. +Again the women built the tents while the men went +out to hunt. But before the tents were finished, the +women heard the thunder of the galloping herd. Angry +shouts followed, and the women began to feel alarmed.</p> + +<p>All the men were angry with Blackcloud. He had +frightened the herd away. Fleetfoot had planned to +surround the bison as they were surrounded before. +But a stronger and braver young +man than Blackcloud, +helped Fleetfoot +lead the lines.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/img182.jpg" width="350" height="116" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Handle of a Cave-man’s +hunting-knife with engraving +of a man hunting the bison.</span> +</div> + +<p>Nobody dreamed +that Blackcloud +would do it. Everybody +knew that each one must be careful not to frighten +the herd. The men crept quietly through the grass +when they saw a bison browsing near the line. But +when Blackcloud saw a young cow, he rushed forward +and made an attack.</p> + +<p>The loud bellow of the wounded cow gave the alarm +to the herd. And before the Cave-men could stop +them, the bison were galloping madly away.</p> + +<p>And so all the men were angry with Blackcloud. +Bighorn wanted to have him flogged. Others wanted +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> +to kill him. He dared not come near them +for many days. No one would hunt with +him, and no one would give him food.</p> + +<p><a name="img183" id="img183"></a></p> +<div class="figright" style="width: 117px;"> +<img src="images/img183a.jpg" width="117" height="300" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A hunter’s tally.</span> +</div> + +<p>Afterward, when he begged to be taken +back, the people let him come. But first +they gave him a hard flogging in the +presence of the clan.</p> + +<p>As years passed, the custom grew of making +rules for the hunt. And those who broke +any of the rules were punished by the clan.</p> + +<p>Every day the Cave-men recited the brave +deeds of the clan. They watched every one +carefully, so as to know who the brave men +were. Those who were found most useful +to the clan were given special honors. And when a man +did a very brave deed he was given a hole in his baton.</p> + +<p>Brave hunters, besides keeping trophies, engraved a +record of their brave deeds. Sometimes they kept a +hunter’s tally, and sometimes they engraved the animal +they killed.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/img183b.jpg" width="350" height="125" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fragment of Cave-man’s baton engraved with +reindeer.</span> +</div> + +<p>Many of the Cave-men engraved these records upon +the weapons they used in the chase. They believed +that the weapons which had such engravings were of +great value for +their magical powers. +The wise +men, who led the +people, engraved +their records upon +their batons. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> +Others engraved them upon their trophies or upon +bone hairpins which they used in their hair.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/img184a.jpg" width="350" height="175" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Engraving of a seal upon +a bear’s tooth.</span> +</div> + +<p>The engraving of a seal +upon a bear’s tooth +probably recorded +a trip to the sea, +while the rude +sketch of the mammoth +made on the +mammoth’s tusk, probably +recorded a great hunt.</p> + +<p>By all these signs of brave deeds, the Cave-men +knew who the brave men were. And these same +records help to tell the story of <span class="smcap">The Later Cave-men</span>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><strong>THINGS TO DO</strong></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Write out some of the rules you have helped make for your games.</em></p> + +<p><em>Do you think the rules are good ones?</em></p> + +<p><em>See if you can engrave or carve an ornament on some weapon you +have made. Before doing it, think what you would like to have the +ornament mean.</em></p> + +<p><em>Draw one of these pictures:</em>—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">“<em>All the Cave-men were angry with Blackcloud.</em>”</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><em>Engraving records upon trophies and batons.</em></span></p> + +<p><em>Tell a story of how bone hairpins came to be used.</em></p> + +<p><em>Tell a story of the Cave-men’s trip to the sea.</em></p> + +<p><em>Tell a story of a mammoth hunt.</em></p></div> + +<p><a name="hairpin" id="hairpin"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/img184b.jpg" width="500" height="60" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Cave-man’s hairpin engraved with wild horses.</span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;"> +<img src="images/img185.jpg" width="550" height="185" alt="SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS" title="" /> +</div> + + +<p>“The Industrial and Social History Series,” of which this is the +third number, emphasizes, first of all, the steps in the development +of industrial and social life. But in addition to its use as +a series of text-books in history or social science, it has a place as a +mode of approach to the different subjects included in the curriculum +of the elementary school. Whether the work suggested under “Things +to Think About” and “Things to Do” is carried out in the period +devoted to the study and recitation known as history (possibly some +may prefer to call it reading), or in those periods devoted to geography, +nature study, language, constructive work, and art, is largely a question +of administration. The point for the teacher to make sure of is that +the interests of the child which are aroused through the use of the +books be utilized not merely in history, but in geography, nature study, +reading, language, constructive work, and art. If this is done, subjects +which too long have been isolated from the interests of real life, will +become the means of stimulating and enriching all of the activities of +the child.</p> + +<p>The list of references and the tabulated facts presented in <em>The +Early Cave-men</em>, pp. 159-165, will be of service to the teacher who +wishes to engage in a further study of the subject.</p> + + +<p class="center">SPECIAL SUGGESTIONS</p> + +<p><em>Lesson I.</em> It seems best to let the child read the first story before +asking questions. Afterwards, however, the following questions may +be of service: Did you ever see a reindeer? Where do reindeer live +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> +now? Where were the reindeer at the time of the Tree-dwellers? +Where were they at the time of the early Cave-men? (See <em>The Tree-dwellers</em>, +pp. 125-129, and <em>The Early Cave-men</em>, pp. 163-167.) Why did +the reindeer come to the wooded hills by the caves at the time of the +Cave-men? Why do reindeer live in herds? Name other animals that +live in herds. Do you think the reindeer herds would stay near the +caves all the year?</p> + +<p>Should any child inquire how we know that it was once very cold +here, tell him of the tracks that the glaciers made, and of the work of +the glaciers in grinding hard rocks so as to make fertile soil. Let the +children turn to the picture of a glacier on page <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, and let them +hunt for a rock which has markings made by glacial action. But +reserve the fine points of this topic for a later period.</p> + +<p>The children will be helped to get a conception of the great number +of reindeer in a herd partly through the story, partly through illustrations, +and partly through tearing reindeer from paper and mounting +them so as to represent great herds. The child’s experiences in seeing +processions or large numbers of people assembled can also be used in +forming a picture of the large number of reindeer that met at the ford.</p> + +<p>In this and in succeeding lessons, which refer to the women carrying +the fresh meat to the cave, remember that animals no larger than +the reindeer were carried to the cave. Larger animals, such as the +wild horse, the cow, and the bison, were divided on the spot. The +bones having the greater amount of flesh were removed from the carcass +and carried to the cave where the flesh was eaten and the bones left. +Three women could carry the flesh of one bison without the skin. When +the skins were good they were carried to the cave. In addition to the +skin and the flesh the Cave-men prized the head as a trophy and also +as a means of gaining control over the animals by sympathetic magic. +All the skulls were broken, probably for the sake of removing the brains, +which are usually considered a delicacy among primitive peoples.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson II.</em> Help the children to see that when people had no books, +the person who knew most was of great service to the clan. The +older people, because they had more experience, took the place of books. +That is one reason why people were glad to take care of older and wiser +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> +people than themselves, when the latter were no longer able to do hard +work.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson III.</em> This lesson illustrates one form which education among +primitive peoples takes. Relate what is given regarding the speed of +the wild horse in the lessons on pp. 61-71, in <em>The Tree-dwellers</em>, +which show the influence of such flesh-eating animals as wolves in +developing the speed of the wild horse on the grassy uplands.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson IV.</em> This lesson illustrates the ideas of primitive peoples +regarding sickness and methods of treating the sick, which consisted +largely of ceremonies for driving the “angry god,” the “evil spirit,” +away. In dealing with a superstition of primitive peoples always +try to lead the child to discover the mistaken idea which gave rise to it.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson V.</em> Let the children experiment in making straight shafts. +The value of this work is not in the product—the shaft—but in its +power to arouse the inventive spirit, to call forth free activity, and to +yield an experience which lies at the basis of a great variety of subjects.</p> + +<p><em>Reference</em>: Katharine E. Dopp, <em>The Place of Industries in Elementary +Education</em>, pp. 133, 140, 145.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson VI.</em> In most places throughout the United States there is +some one who has a small collection of Indian arrows. If the children +can see some of these arrows or other flint implements, it will add greatly +to their interest in this subject. In places where flint can be found, the +children should collect specimens and experiment in chipping and flaking +off small pieces. Where no flint is to be found, it is possible to get good +specimens by exchanging materials with children in other localities.</p> + +<p><em>References</em>: Katharine E. Dopp, <em>The Place of Industries in Elementary +Education</em>, pp. 72, 138-140.</p> + +<p><em>Lessons VII and VIII.</em> The habit horses have of pawing the ground +is thought to be a survival of the ancient habit of pawing snow away +from the grass. The horses and reindeer stayed in the neighborhood +of the caves all through the winter, going to protected places only in +times of severe storms. The bison and wild cattle, on the contrary, +went to the lowland plains and forests at the close of summer, and +returned only after the snow had melted.</p> + +<p>Since few children now have the opportunity to observe the bison, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> +and no child has the opportunity to see great herds, they must +rely upon books, pictures, and other symbols as sources for the +necessary facts. In bringing the sources of knowledge to the children, +the teacher should remember that the modern European bison, which +is a descendant of the aurochs of Pleistocene times, the species of +bison we are considering, is smaller than the ancient form. The Pleistocene +bison of Europe was similar to the American type that lived in +the woodlands.</p> + +<p>Although the teacher should make use of available materials in +supplying herself with information regarding the bison, the following +summary is presented, especially for those who do not have access to +public libraries.</p> + +<p>The bison are naturally shy, avoiding the presence of man; they +have a keen sense of smell, and hence man has difficulty in approaching +a herd, except from the leeward side. They have little intelligence, +are sluggish and timid, rarely attacking man or beast, except when +wounded or in self-defense. In migrating they travel in large herds, but +when feeding they separate into herds of about two or three hundred each. +The leader maintains his position by superior intelligence and brute force. +If he fails in duty he is punished. Scouts go ahead of the herd in search +of new pastures; and guards, or sentinels surround the herd and guard +it while feeding and during the night. When the guards have been on +duty awhile, they give place to fresh guards. In case of danger, the +guards give a signal of alarm by tossing up the head and bellowing +furiously. At this the leader gives a signal and the herd starts off at +once. Bison run swiftly for a short distance, but are not able to continue +a rapid flight. They can run faster than cattle, however, and when +pursued always run against the wind. When surprised or wounded, they +turn upon their assailants and attack them furiously, fighting with horns +and hoofs. They show their rage by thrusting out the tongue, lashing +the tail, and projecting the eyes. At such times they are fierce and +formidable. The enemies of the bison are the carnivorous animals. +A herd of bison has no cause to be afraid of wolves or bears, but solitary +bison are often killed by these creatures. The cry of a bison resembles +that of a groan or grunt. In case the leader is killed and no bison is +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> +able to assert his authority, there is great confusion until the question +of leadership is settled.</p> + +<p><em>References</em>: Richard Irving Dodge, <em>The Plains of the Great West</em>, pp. +119-147. W. T. Hornaday, <em>The Extermination of the American Bison</em>, in +“The Smithsonian Report of the U. S. National Museum,” 1887, pp. +367-548. Poole’s Index will supply references to magazines, and the +encyclopedias and natural histories will furnish further facts.</p> + +<p><em>Lessons IX and X.</em> Boiling is such a common process that one +seldom thinks of the importance of the discovery of the art. These +lessons will show the child how people may have learned to boil and the +explanation they would be apt to give of the changes which take place +during the process. Boiling was undoubtedly used as a religious +ceremony long before it was used for cooking food.</p> + +<p><em>Lessons XI and XII.</em> If possible let the children take a field trip +in connection with these lessons. If there are no nuts or wild fruits to +gather, let the children gather fruits from a garden or some of the products +of the farm. The particular conditions in which the children are placed +will determine the form this lesson shall take. At any rate, there will +be an opportunity to observe birds, squirrels, or rabbits.</p> + +<p><em>Lessons XIII and XIV.</em> The shelter described is a very early form +and is important as a step in the evolution of shelter. The remains +found give ample evidence that such a form was adopted by the +Cave-men of France.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XV.</em> It was a common practice among primitive peoples +to adopt a child or even a grown person into the clan. The custom is +important as revealing one method of introducing new ideas at a time +when means of communication were undeveloped.</p> + +<p>The description of the method of softening skins by beating and +treading upon them illustrates the common use of rhythm and song as a +means of holding the attention to what otherwise would be tedious work.</p> + +<p><em>Lessons XVI and XVII.</em> The data for these lessons is taken from +drawings made by the Cave-men and from the results of anthropological +research among primitive peoples. It will be best not to confine the +children to any one mode of clothing, but to allow them to express their +own ideas regarding the first forms used.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> +<em>Lesson XVIII.</em> In connection with this lesson the children will +be interested in observing the signs of a storm, the actions of animals +before and during a storm, methods they adopt to protect themselves, +as well as the animals and birds which migrate from the place where +the children live.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XIX.</em> Let the children think of ways in which snowshoes +might be invented, and the things the Cave-men would be able to do +after having the snowshoes.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XX.</em> The invention of traps requires more forethought +than the invention of weapons and was at a later date. The accidental +catching of animals in natural traps, such as vines, pot-holes, soft places +in the marshes and cliffs, offered a suggestion; and the tediousness of +lying in wait, on the one hand, and the danger of a direct conflict with +large animals, on the other, offered a strong motive for the use of nature’s +suggestions in the way of traps. Undoubtedly women made a large +use of traps in catching the smaller animals before men gave much +attention to this mode of hunting.</p> + +<p>If the children make as many simple traps as they can think of and +arrange them in the order of their complexity, they will be able after a few +months to work out a fairly complete series in the evolution of traps.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XXI.</em> This lesson illustrates the constant interaction between +man’s inventions and the animal’s habits. A new invention which +gives man greater power in hunting, makes the animals more timid, +more watchful, more skillful in escaping from man’s presence. Hence, +man is constantly stimulated to make new inventions, in order to be +successful in the hunt.</p> + +<p><em>Reference</em>: Katharine E. Dopp. <em>The Place of Industries in Elementary +Education</em>. (See Index under <em>Animals</em> and <em>Traps</em>.)</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XXII.</em> No animal was more difficult to hunt than the wild +horse. Herds of horses were organized under a leader and sentinels +which were very alert in detecting the least sign of danger; and as +soon as the alarm was given, the herds would run with great speed until +they were out of sight. When unable to escape they would fight furiously +with hoofs and teeth. When in need of a new pasture, scouts—the +old, experienced, wise, cautious, and observant members of the herd—would +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> +be sent out to search for good feeding grounds and to report to +the herd.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XXIII.</em> Help the children to see that, although the children +of the caves did not go to such schools as we have, they had lessons +to learn and tests to take. Those who lived together had to learn to +work together. Each one must learn to be patient, brave, and self-controlled. +The thoughtless, impatient, and cowardly were apt to +prevent the capture of wild animals in the hunt, and to risk the lives +of their clansmen. Hence, from early childhood the old men and +women gave attention to teaching the children, preparing them for +the tests which must be passed before they ranked with the men and +women.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XXIV.</em> Instances of stags meeting death by having their +horns interlocked are well known.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XXV.</em> Encourage the children to notice the difference +between those animals which live in herds and those which lead a solitary +life. Although the dog has changed greatly since it was domesticated, +a study of the dog will be helpful in understanding the habits of +packs of wolves. Jack London’s <em>Call of the Wild</em>, and Ernest Thompson +Seton’s stories will be helpful in this connection. The cat, having +changed less than the dog, will furnish the child with a good type of +carnivorous animals that lead a solitary life.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XXVI.</em> From an examination of the skeletons which have +been referred to the late Pleistocene period, it is evident that the Cave-men +were able to treat wounds and to set bones. “No one could have +survived such wounds as we have described,” writes Mr. Nadaillac, +“but for the care and nursing of those around him, such as the other +members of his tribe. The wounded one must have been fed by the +others for months; nay more, he must have been carried in migrations, +and his food and resting place must have been prepared for him.”</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XXVII.</em> There was little difference between weapons and +tools until the period of the later Cave-men. A piece of chipped stone +served as a tool and a weapon. The children learned when they read +<em>The Tree-dwellers</em> how people used the tools in their bodies and how +they supplemented these by the use of natural tools, such as sticks, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> +stones, shells, bones, and horns. In reading <em>The Early Cave-men</em> they +learned how people chipped flint and bound strong handles to heavy +spear points and axes. At this time they can learn how people came +to make use of new materials—materials which require the use of +<em>tools</em> in shaping into weapons. Tools had been used by women from +a very early time. The digging-stick, the hammer-stone, the chopper, +the knife, and the bone awl are tools which every woman used. Men, +on the contrary, were more interested in weapons than in tools, and it +is quite likely that the first steps which led to the differentiation of +tools from weapons was made by a man who had been wounded and +thus disabled for the hunt.</p> + +<p>The incident of Bighorn making fun of the bone dagger is introduced +to illustrate the conservative tendency which is still present in society, +a tendency less powerful now than in early times, yet strong enough to +keep many people out of sympathy with the forces which work for +progress.</p> + +<p>Let the children examine a real antler, if possible, and notice its +fitness for being made into a variety of tools and weapons. If no antler +can be found let them examine the picture of one, so as to determine +what part of it is used in making a dagger, a hammer, a baton, a tent +peg, and an awl.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XXVIII.</em> The invention of the flint saw marks an important +step in the evolution of both tools and weapons. Without the saw it +would have been impossible to use such material as bone, horn, and +ivory. It is interesting to notice that the saw was at first not clearly +differentiated from the file and the knife, the three tools being united +in one piece of flint.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XXIX.</em> In representing the action of a story by means of +pantomime, let the children choose a leader who shall take charge of +the action. Where this has been tried the results have been very satisfactory. +The children, because they feel the responsibility, are stimulated +to their best thought. The pleasure they take in the play leads +them to a far more careful study of the book than they would make +without this stimulus. In addition to this, it leads them to be alert in +making use of various sources of knowledge.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> +<em>Lesson XXX.</em> Hunting peoples, because they live a hand-to-mouth +life, have either a feast or a famine. Game was so plentiful during the +late Pleistocene period that we may suppose that the Cave-men usually +had plenty of food. The time when a famine was most likely to occur +was early spring, before the grass furnished food for the herds which +came a little later. When food supplies begin to fail, the clan breaks +up into smaller groups, and, in case of great scarcity, each of these +groups subdivides so that food may be found.</p> + +<p>The worship of the bear and other large animals can be traced back +to a very ancient period. It undoubtedly originated in the Pleistocene +period when man first stood in fear of these animals and tried to win +their favor by offering gifts.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XXXI.</em> In Central France, the region from which the +greater part of the data used in this book is derived, small glaciers +were to be found in the upper portions of the mountain valleys, but +they did not extend far down the river valleys. In other places, however, +glaciers extended far down into the lowlands.</p> + +<p>While this is not the place for a thorough study of the glacier, it is +possible for the children of primary grades to understand certain phases +of the subject. The teacher who attempts to make clear the formation +of the glacier may find the following quotation from Prof. Shaler helpful: +“When a glacial period comes upon a country, the sheets of ice +are first imposed upon the mountain tops, and then the ice creeps down +the torrent and river beds far below the snow line, in a manner now seen +in Switzerland and Norway. As long as the ice streams follow the +torrent-channels, they act in something like the fashions of the flowing +waters—to gouge out the rocks and deepen the valleys; but as the +glacial period advances and the ice sheet spreads beyond the mountains +enveloping the plains as well, when the glacier attains the thickness +of thousands of feet, it disregards the valleys in its movements and +sweeps on in majestic march across the surface of the country. As long +as the continental glaciers remain the tendency is to destroy the river +valleys. The result is to plane down the land and, to a certain extent, +to destroy all preëxisting river valleys.”</p> + +<p>If this subject is studied while snow is on the ground it will be interesting +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> +to the children to experiment out of doors in making glaciers. If there +are no hills present the children can readily make small hills on their +playground and the falling and partial melting of the snow will do the rest.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XXXII.</em> Neighboring clans are accustomed to meet at the +rapids of a river during the salmon season. At such places, and in all +places where abundant sources of food are to be found, neighboring +clans participate in feasting, dancing, and general merrymaking. Just +as scarcity of food tends to separate people, so abundance of food tends +to draw them together. At such gatherings people of different clans +exchange ideas, learn new ways of doing things and become accustomed +to act in larger groups for the accomplishment of a common purpose.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XXXIII.</em> On the side of invention the throwing-stick is +a point to be emphasized in this lesson. On the side of social coöperation, +the organization of the brotherhood is the point of interest. Such +organizations are characteristic of primitive peoples, and similar organizations +among children are of common occurrence.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XXXIV.</em> This lesson serves to bring out the contrast +between Fleetfoot, the brave, active young man, who is beginning to +develop the arts which require great personal bravery and force, and +Flaker, the crippled young man, whose ability is directed toward the +development of tools and the arts which later make him a priest and +medicine man. Originally, there was no sharp distinction between the +priest and the medicine man. One person performed both functions, +and in many cases this person was a woman. Later, those who made +use of supplication and entreaty constituted the priesthood, while those +who attempted to frighten the gods were known as medicine men.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XXXV.</em> Overhanging rocks were made use of for natural +shelters from the earliest times. The improvement of the natural shelter +by the addition of front and side walls was a later step and was doubtless +an invention of woman. The motives for such an invention may be +found in the fact that in many places near good hunting grounds there +were not enough caves to shelter the people. Under such circumstances, +as well as in districts where no caves abound, women would not be slow +to take advantage of the overhanging rocks and to use their ingenuity +in converting them into comfortable habitations.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> +Let the children compare summer and winter skins, if possible; if +not, let them notice the difference between the horse’s coat in winter +and summer.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XXXVI.</em> To help the children to realize the importance of +the discovery of the use of poison, let the children think of the many +advantages which the Cave-men enjoyed because they could use it.</p> + +<p>The dependence of man upon animals for his food supply is shown +here. The disappearance of the herds caused Fleetfoot and Willow-grouse +to leave the rock-shelter. This is the beginning of a series of +events which culminates in a famine. With this in mind, the teacher +can emphasize the points which lead up to the famine.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XXXVII.</em> Let the children bring together from various +sources the materials and tools required to make needles by the processes +of the Cave-men. Do not require the children to make needles, +but permit them to experiment with the materials so as to understand +the subject. If the children label and arrange the collection they +make in an orderly way, the work itself will be of great value to them, +and the collection will constitute an interesting feature in the children’s +industrial museum.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XXXVIII.</em> Such a lesson as this ought to be helpful in +freeing the child from superstitions without putting him out of sympathy +with people who entertain them. In their origin superstitions are +unsuccessful attempts to explain the phenomena of life. In spite of +the fact that many of the beliefs of mankind have been false, they have +served a useful purpose in the development of the individual and in +uniting individuals into social groups.</p> + +<p>The art of the Cave-men, as illustrated in this and in other lessons, +shows a belief in sympathetic magic, a belief that is universal among +primitive peoples. The fear formerly entertained by the American +Indians of having their photographs taken was due to a belief in sympathetic +magic. The one who possessed the likeness was supposed to have +some mysterious power over the person.</p> + +<p>Help the children to distinguish between the things the Cave-men did +which really helped and those which they thought helped. Notice that +Flaker actually learned a great deal about the topography of the country, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> +the location of the best hunting grounds, the movements and habits +of the herds, and, because of this, was often able to give the Cave-men +good advice. The magical ceremonies he practiced were of use to him +in getting the people to believe in his wonderful power. (See, also, +notes under <a href="#XXXIV"><em>XXXIV</em></a>.)</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XXXIX.</em> Although there was a great variety and abundance +of fish, not all the Cave-men used fish. From the remains which have +been found, however, we know that different clans used nearly all the +varieties of fish which still may be found in our rivers and lakes; and +we may readily believe that a salmon stream would be held as property +common to all the neighboring tribes, as it is to-day among hunting +and fishing peoples.</p> + +<p>Fishing tackle of the Cave-men was very crude. Fish were sufficiently +abundant, however, to be caught with the hands or by means +of stones and clubs. A fish hook made of a bear’s tooth, by removing +the enamel and crown and lessening the thickness by rubbing, has been +found. The barbed harpoons, which were originally made for hunting, +were later used in spearing fish. Harpoons with barbs on both sides +were well adapted for throwing through the air, while those with barbs +on one side were better adapted for use in the water. An experiment +with a pencil in a glass of water will show the child that the part in the +water is not where it appears to be, and from this he can readily reach +the conclusion given above.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XL.</em> If one will notice the clothing and the cradles of +the North American Indians in a museum, he cannot fail to observe +that care was taken in their preparation. They are comfortable and, in +many cases, beautiful. We may well believe from what is known that +among all primitive peoples the beauty, especially that of ornamentation, +was for the sake of some supposed magical power. The representation +of an animal was supposed to secure the especial protection +of that animal, which was worshiped as a god. The bear’s tooth, +which was pierced and strung about the neck of an infant, served a +useful purpose when the child was cutting teeth, and it was supposed +to be a charm which served to protect the child.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XLI.</em> The strongest motives for coöperation were doubtless +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> +the common need of protection from dangerous beasts of prey and the +need of adopting methods of hunting wild animals which required the +united efforts of many people. Notice that the different batons and +fragments of batons represented in this book differ in the number of +holes bored through them. It is thought that the number of holes +indicated the rank of the owner. Although many theories are given +regarding the use of batons, the one which seems most tenable to the +author is that which views them as marks of distinction and instruments +used in magical ceremonies and in hunting dances.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XLII.</em> The method of hunting herds by surrounding them +is a coöperative method suitable to such regions as grassy plains, +and comparatively level tracts which are sparsely wooded. The drive, +on the contrary, is adapted to regions where steep cliffs are to be +found. It is a natural development of the earlier method of hunting +by taking advantage of the proximity of animals to steep cliffs. In +that case man’s part was to lie in wait until a favorable opportunity +presented itself for frightening the animals over. The lesson in <em>The +Tree-dwellers</em> on “How the Hyenas Hunted the Big-nosed Rhinoceros,” +and the one in <em>The Early Cave-men</em> on “Hunting the Mammoth,” +illustrate early stages of this method.</p> + +<p>Notice that there is a new principle employed in this lesson—that +of the decoy—and that the method of hunting by means of the drive +makes use of various ideas worked out before.</p> + +<p><em>Lesson XLIII.</em> The experience of children in games is sufficient to +enable them to realize the necessity of making laws and rules for regulating +the conduct of the members of the group. This lesson should +serve to connect this narrow experience with that of the race.</p> + +<p>Many of the representations of the Cave-man’s art, as shown in the +illustrations of this book, might well have been made the subjects of +special lessons. The limits of this book, however, forbid further expansion.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></p> + +</div> + +<div class="box2"> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 545px;"> +<img src="images/industrialtxt.jpg" width="545" height="36" alt="Industrial and Social History Series" title="" /> +</div> + +<p class="center"><strong><em>By KATHARINE ELIZABETH DOPP, Ph. D.</em></strong><br /> +<em>Lecturer in Education in the Extension Division of The University of Chicago.<br /> +Author of “The Place of Industries in Elementary Education.”</em></p> + +<p class="center">———————————</p> + +<h1>WHAT THE BOOKS ARE</h1> + + +<p style="text-indent: -2em;"><em>Book I.</em> <strong>THE TREE-DWELLERS.</strong> <span class="smcap">The Age Of Fear.</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Illustrated with a map, 14 full-page and 46 text drawings in half-tone by +Howard V. Brown. Cloth. Square 12mo. 158 pages. For the primary grades.</em></p></div> + +<p style="margin-left: -2em;">This volume makes clear to the child how people lived before they had fire, how and why they conquered +it, and the changes wrought in society by its use. The simple activities of gathering food, of weaving, +building, taming fire, making use of stones for tools and weapons, wearing trophies, and securing coöperative +action by means of rhythmic dances, are here shown to be the simple forms of processes which still +minister to our daily needs.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p style="text-indent: -2em;"><em>Book II.</em> <strong>THE EARLY CAVE-MEN.</strong> <span class="smcap">The Age of Combat</span>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><em>Illustrated with a map, 16 full-page and 71 text drawings in half-tone by Howard V. Brown. Cloth, +square 12mo, 183 Pages. For the primary grades.</em></p></div> + +<p style="margin-left: -2em;">In this volume the child is helped to realize that it is necessary not only to know how to use fire, but to +know how to make it. Protection from the cold winters, which characterize the age described, is sought +first in caves; but fire is a necessity in defending the caves. The serious condition to which the cave-men +are reduced by the loss of fire during a flood is shown to be the motive which prompts them to hold a +council; to send men to the fire country; to make improvements in clothing, in devices for carrying, and in +tools and weapons; and, finally, to the discovery of how to make fire.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p style="text-indent: -2em;"><em>Book III.</em> <strong>THE LATER CAVE-MEN.</strong> <span class="smcap">The Age of the Chase</span>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><em>Illustrated with 27 full-page and 87 text drawings in half-tone by Howard V. Brown. Cloth, square +12mo, 197 Pages. For the primary grades.</em></p></div> + +<p style="margin-left: -2em;">Here is portrayed the influence of man’s presence upon wild animals. Man’s fear, which with the conquest +of fire gave way to courage, has resulted in his mastery of many mechanical appliances and in +the development of social coöperation, which so increases his power as to make him an object of fear to the +wild animals. Since the wild animals now try to escape from man’s presence, there is a greater demand +made upon man’s ingenuity than ever before in supplying his daily food. The way in which man’s cunning +finds expression in traps, pitfalls, and in throwing devices, and finally in a remarkable manifestation of +art, is made evident in these pages.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p style="text-indent: -2em;"><em>Book IV.</em> <strong>THE EARLY SEA PEOPLE.</strong> <span class="smcap">First Steps in the +Conquest of the Waters.</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><em>Illustrated with 21 full-page and 117 text drawings in half-tone by Howard V. Brown and Kyohei +Inukai. Cloth, square 12mo, 224 pages. For the intermediate grades.</em></p></div> + +<p style="margin-left: -2em;">The life of fishing people upon the seashore presents a pleasing contrast to the life of the hunters on the +wooded hills depicted in the previous volumes. The resources of the natural environment; the early +steps in the evolution of the various modes of catching fish, of manufacturing fishing tackle, boats, and +other necessary appliances; the invention of devices for capturing birds; the domestication of the dog and +the consequent changes in methods of hunting; and the social coöperation involved in manufacturing and in +expeditions on the deep seas, are subjects included in this volume.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><em>Other volumes, dealing with the early development of pastoral and agricultural life, the +age of metals, travel, trade, and transportation, will follow.</em></p> + +<p class="center">———————————</p> + + +<p style="font-size: smaller;" class="center"><em>Write us for detailed information regarding these books and a complete list of our +up-to-date publications.</em></p> + +<p class="center"> +<span style="font-size: 1.3em;"><strong>RAND McNALLY & COMPANY</strong></span><br /> +<span class="smcap">educational publishers</span><br /> +CHICAGO <span style="margin-left: 6em;">NEW YORK</span> <span style="margin-left: 6em;">LONDON</span></p> + +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Later Cave-Men, by Katharine Elizabeth Dopp + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LATER CAVE-MEN *** + +***** This file should be named 26603-h.htm or 26603-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/6/0/26603/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Anne Storer and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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