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diff --git a/26602-h/26602-h.htm b/26602-h/26602-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ffb06a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/26602-h/26602-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,5004 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of An Account of the Conquest of Peru, by Pedro Sancho + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;} + h1,h2,.p1 {font-weight: normal; font-size: x-large;} + hr {width: 65%; margin: 2em auto; clear: both;} + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .pagenum {position: absolute; right: 1%; font-size: small; font-style: normal; text-align: right; text-indent: 0em;} + .blockquot {margin: 1em 10%; font-size: 90%;} + .center,h1,h2,.p1,.p2,.p3,.bk2 {text-align: center;} + .smcap,.smcapl,.p6 {font-variant: small-caps;} + .smcapl {text-transform: lowercase;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: 0.25em; font-size: .8em;} + .trn {border: solid 1px; margin: 1em 15%; padding: .25em 1em; clear: both;} + a:link, a:visited {text-decoration: none;} + .p1 {margin-bottom: 3.5em;} + .p2,.p5 {margin-top: 2em;} + .p3,h1,h2,.p1 {line-height: 1.5;} + .p4 {text-align: right;} + .p6 {clear: both; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-top: .75em;} + .bk1,.bk2 {float: left;} + .bk2 {width: 6em; margin: 0 1em;} + .sp1 {font-size: medium;} + .sp2 {margin-left: 2em;} + .sp3 {margin-right: 4em;} + .ft1 {font-size: 90%;} + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's An Account of the Conquest of Peru, by Pedro Sancho + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: An Account of the Conquest of Peru + +Author: Pedro Sancho + +Translator: Philip Ainsworth Means + +Release Date: September 12, 2008 [EBook #26602] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ACCOUNT OF THE CONQUEST OF PERU *** + + + + +Produced by Stephen Blundell and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<p class="p1">DOCUMENTS AND NARRATIVES<br /> +<small>CONCERNING THE</small><br /> +DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST<br /> +OF LATIN AMERICA</p> + +<p class="p1"><small>PUBLISHED BY</small><br /> +THE CORTES SOCIETY<br /> +<small>NEW YORK</small></p> + +<p class="center"><big>NUMBER TWO</big></p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><i>Edition limited to 250 copies<br /> +of which ten are on Kelmscott paper</i></p> + +<p class="p2"><i>This copy is Number</i></p> +<p class="p2"><big>85</big></p> + +<hr /> + +<h1 class="p1">AN ACCOUNT<br /> +<small>OF THE</small><br /> +CONQUEST OF PERU</h1> + +<h2 class="p1"><small>WRITTEN BY</small><br /> +PEDRO SANCHO<br /> +<span class="sp1">SECRETARY TO PIZARRO</span><br /> +<span class="sp1">AND SCRIVENER TO HIS ARMY</span></h2> + +<p class="p3"><small>TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH AND ANNOTATED</small><br /> +<small>BY</small><br /> +<big>PHILIP AINSWORTH MEANS</big></p> + +<p class="p2">THE CORTES SOCIETY<br /> +NEW YORK<br /> +1917</p> + +<hr /> +<p class="center"><small>COCKAYNE, BOSTON</small></p> + +<hr /> +<div class="trn"> +<p><b>Transcriber's Note:</b> +Variant spellings of proper names in the main body of the text, as noted in the Preface, +have been retained. +Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note, whilst +significant amendments have been listed at the end of the text. +A list of contents, though not present in the original publication, +has been provided below.</p> +<p class="sp2"><span class="ft1"><a href="#Page_5">TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE</a><br /> +<a href="#Page_8">RELATION</a><br /> +<a href="#Page_9">CHAPTER I</a><br /> +<a href="#Page_21">CHAPTER II</a><br /> +<a href="#Page_29">CHAPTER III</a><br /> +<a href="#Page_41">CHAPTER IV</a><br /> +<a href="#Page_51">CHAPTER V</a><br /> +<a href="#Page_59">CHAPTER VI</a><br /> +<a href="#Page_67">CHAPTER VII</a><br /> +<a href="#Page_73">CHAPTER VIII</a><br /> +<a href="#Page_79">CHAPTER IX</a><br /> +<a href="#Page_89">CHAPTER X</a><br /> +<a href="#Page_99">CHAPTER XI</a><br /> +<a href="#Page_107">CHAPTER XII</a><br /> +<a href="#Page_115">CHAPTER XIII</a><br /> +<a href="#Page_127">CHAPTER XIV</a><br /> +<a href="#Page_133">CHAPTER XV</a><br /> +<a href="#Page_141">CHAPTER XVI</a><br /> +<a href="#Page_153">CHAPTER XVII</a><br /> +<a href="#Page_161">CHAPTER XVIII</a><br /> +<a href="#Page_169">CHAPTER XIX</a><br /> +<a href="#Page_177">NOTES</a><br /> +<a href="#Page_197">BIBLIOGRAPHY</a></span></p> +</div> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p> +<h2>TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE</h2> + +<p class="p5"><span class="smcap">The</span> work of Pedro Sancho is one of the +most valuable accounts of the Spanish conquest +of Peru that we possess. Nor is its +value purely historical. The "Relación" of +Sancho gives much interesting ethnological +information relative to the Inca dominion +at the time of its demolition. Errors Pedro +Sancho has in plenty; but the editor has +striven to counteract them by footnotes.</p> + +<p>In every instance the translator has preserved +Pedro Sancho's spelling of proper +names, calling attention to the modern +equivalent on the first occurrence of each +name. In a few instances, where the text +was unusually obscure, close translation has +not been adhered to.</p> + +<p>The virtues, as well as the shortcomings +of this account, are so obvious that an extended +reference to them here is superfluous.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> +It must always be borne in mind that this +document partook of the nature of an "<i>apologia +pro vita sua</i>" and that it was directly +inspired by Pizarro himself with the purpose +of restoring himself to the Emperor's favor. +Its main purpose was to nullify whatever +charges Pizarro's enemies may have been +making to the sovereign. Consequently there +are numerous violations of the truth, all of +which are, for us, easy to recognize.</p> + +<p>A word as to the previous editions of Pedro +Sancho may not be out of place here. The +original manuscript is lost. An Italian +translation of it appears in the "Viaggi" of +Giovanni Battista or Giambattista Ramusio, +published in Venice about 1550. The +numerous editions of Ramusio's great work +do not need to be listed here. Occasionally +the translator has referred to that of 1563, +a copy of which is in his possession. The +edition which has served as a text for the +present translation is that issued and edited +by Don Joaquin García Icazbalceta, Mexico, +1849. This edition, like all of Icazbalceta's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> +work, is painstaking. Professor Marshall +Saville has been good enough to lend me +his copy of this edition, which is very rare, +in order that I might have it to work with. +Finally, a small portion of Pedro Sancho's +narrative was issued by the Hakluyt Society +of London. The editor, Sir Clements Markham, +included it in the same volume with +the reports of Xeres, Miguel de Estete, Hernando +Pizarro. The volume, entitled "Reports +on the Discovery of Peru," was +issued by the Hakluyt Society in 1872.</p> + +<p class="p4">PHILIP AINSWORTH MEANS</p> + +<div class="bk1"><p class="center"><small><span class="smcap">Boston, Massachusetts</span><br /> +October 9, 1916</small></p></div> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></p> +<h2>RELATION</h2> + +<p class="p5"><span class="smcap">Of</span> the events that took place during the +conquest and pacification of these provinces +of New Castile, and of the quality of the +land, and of the manner in which the Captain +Hernando Pizarro afterward departed to +bear to His Majesty the account of the +victory of Caxamalca<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> and of the capture of +the Cacique Atabalipa.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER I</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Concerning the great quantity of silver and gold +which was brought from Cuzco, and of the portion +thereof which was sent to H. M. the emperor as the +royal fifth: How the imprisoned Cacique Atabalipa +declared himself free of his promise which he had +made to the Spaniards to fill a house with gold for +ransom: And of the treason which the said Atabalipa +meditated against the Spaniards, for which +betrayal they made him die.</p></div> + +<p class="p5"><span class="smcap">The</span> Captain Hernando Pizarro had departed +with the hundred thousand pesos of +gold and the five thousand marks of silver +which were sent to His Majesty as his royal +fifth; after that event, some ten or twelve +days, the two Spaniards who were bringing +gold from Cuzco arrived, and part of the +gold was melted at once because it was in +very small pieces; it equalled the sum of<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> +... five hundred-odd plates of gold torn +from some house-walls in Cuzco; and even +the smallest plates weighed four or five +pounds apiece; other, larger ones, weighed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> +ten or twelve pounds, and with plates of this +sort all the walls of that temple were covered. +They brought also a seat of very fine +gold, worked into the form of a foot-stool, +which weighed eighteen thousand <i>pesos</i>.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> +Likewise, they brought a fountain all of +gold and very subtilely worked which was +very fair to see as much for the skill of +the work as for the shape which it had +been given; and there were many other +pieces such as vases, jars, and plates which +they also brought. All this gold gave a +quantity which came to two millions and a +half [<i>pesos</i>], which, on being refined to pure +gold, came to one million, three hundred and +twenty-odd thousand pesos, from which was +subtracted the fifth of His Majesty, or, two +hundred and seventy-odd thousand pesos. +Fifty thousand marks of silver were found, +of which ten thousand were set aside for H. M. +One hundred and seventy thousand pesos +and five thousand marks were handed over +to the treasurer of H. M. The remaining +hundred thousand pesos and five marks were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> +taken, as has been said, by Hernando +Pizarro to help meet the expenses which His +Caesarian Majesty was encountering in the +war against the Turks, enemies of our Holy +Faith, as they say. All that remained, +beyond the royal fifth, was divided among +the soldiers and companions of the Governor. +He gave to each one what he conscientiously +thought he justly merited, taking +into consideration the trials each man had +passed through and the quality of his person, +all of which he did with the greatest diligence +and speed possible in order that they +might set out from that place and go to +the city of Xauxa.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> + +<p>And because there were among those soldiers +some who were old and more fit for +rest than for fatigues, and who in that war +had fought and served much, he gave them +leave to return to Spain. He procured +their good will so that, on returning, these +men would give fairer accounts of the greatness +and wealth of that land so that a sufficient +number of people would come thither<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> +to populate and advance it. For, in truth, +the land being very large and very full of +natives, the Spaniards who were in it then +were all too few for conquering it, holding +it and settling it, and, although they had +already done great things in conquering it, +it was owing more to the aid of God who, +in every place and occasion, gave them the +victory, than to any strength and means +which they had for succeeding, with that +further aid they were confident He would +sustain them in the future.</p> + +<p>That melting of the metals completed, +the Governor commanded the notary to +draw up a document in which it said that +the cacique Atabalipa was free and absolved +from the promise and word which he had +given to the Spaniards, who were to take +the house full of gold in ransom for himself. +This document the Governor caused to be +proclaimed publicly and to the sound of +trumpets in the plaza of that city of Caxamalca, +making it known, at the same time, +to the said Atabalipa by means of an interpreter,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> +and also he [the Governor] declared +in the same proclamation, that, because it +suited the service of H. M. and the security +of the land, he wished to maintain the cacique +as a prisoner with good guard, until more +Spaniards should arrive who should give +added security; for, the cacique being free, +he being so great a lord and having so many +soldiers who feared and obeyed him, prisoner +though he was, and three hundred leagues +[from his capital], he could not well do less +in order to free himself from all suspicion; +all the more so because many times it had +been thought almost certain that he had +given orders for warriors to assemble to +attack the Spaniards. This, as a matter +of fact, had been ordered by him, and the +men were all in readiness with their captains, +and the cacique only delayed the attack +because of the lack of freedom in his own +person and in that of his general Chilichuchima,<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> +who was also a prisoner. After some +days had passed, and when the Spaniards +were on the point of embarking in order to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> +return to Spain, and the Governor was +making the rest ready for setting out for +Xauxa, God Our Lord, who with his infinite +goodness was guiding affairs toward all that +was best for his service, as will be [seen], +having already in this land Spaniards who +were to inhabit it and bring to the knowledge +of <i>the true God</i> the natives of the said land +so that Our Lord might always be praised +and known by these barbarians and so that +his Holy Faith might be extolled, permitted +the discovery and chastisement of the evil +plans which this proud tyrant had in mind +as a return for the many good works and kind +treatment which he had always received from +the governor and from each one of the Spaniards +of his company; which recompense, +according to his intention, was to have been +of the sort he was wont to give to the caciques +and lords of the land, ordering [his men] to +kill without let or cause whatever. For it +chanced that our discharged soldiers [were] +returning to Spain, he, seeing that they were +taking with them the gold that had been got<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> +from his land, and mindful of the fact that +but a short while ago he had been so great a +lord that he held all those provinces with +their riches without dispute or question, and +without considering the just causes for which +they had despoiled him of them, had given +orders that certain troops who, by his command, +had been assembled in the land of +Quito, should come, on a certain night at an +hour agreed upon, to attack the Spaniards +who were at Caxamalca, assaulting them +from five directions as they were in their +quarters, and setting fire wherever possible. +Thirty or more Spanish soldiers were marching +outside of Caxamalca, having been to +the city of San Miguel in order to place the +gold for H. M. on board ship, and [the +Inca] believed that as they were so few he +would be able easily to kill them before they +could join forces with those in Caxamalca<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> +... of which there was much information +from many caciques and from their chiefs +themselves, that all, without fear of torments +or menaces, voluntarily confessed this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> +plot: [telling] how fifty thousand men of +Quito and many Caribes<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> came to the land, +and that all the confines contained armed +men in great numbers; that, not finding +supplies for them all thus united, he had +divided them into three or four divisions, +and that, though scattered in this fashion, +there were still so many that not finding +enough to sustain themselves, they had cut +down the still green maize and dried it so +that they might not lack for food. All this +having been learned, and being now a public +matter to all, and as it was clear that they +were saying in his [the Inca's] army that +they were coming to kill all the Christians, +and the governor seeing in how much peril +the government and all the Spaniards were, +in order to furnish a remedy, although it +grieved him much, nevertheless, after seeing +the information and process drawn up, assembled +the officials of H. M. and the captains +of his company and a Doctor who was +then in this army, and the padre Fray Vicente +de Valverde, a religious of the order of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> +Santo Domingo sent by the Emperor our +Lord for the conversion and instruction of the +people of these realms; after there had been +much debate and discussion over the harm +and the profit that might follow upon the +continued life or the death of Atabalipa, it +was resolved that justice should be done upon +him. And because the officials of H. M. +asked for it and the doctor regarded the information +as sufficient, he was finally taken +from the prison in which he was, and, to +the sound of a trumpet, his treason and perfidy +were published, and he was borne to +the middle of the plaza of the city and tied +to a stake, while the religious was consoling +him and teaching him, by means of an interpreter, +the things of our christian faith, +telling him that God wished him to die for +the sins which he had committed in the +world, and that he must repent of them, +and that God would pardon him if he did +so and was baptised at once. He, [the Inca] +moved by this discourse, asked for baptism. +It was at once given to him by that reverend<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> +padre who aided him so much with his exhortation +that although he was sentenced +to be burned alive, he was given a twist of +rope around his neck, by means of which +he was throttled instead<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> but when he saw +that they were preparing for his death, +he said that he recommended to the governor +his little sons, so that he might take +them with him, and with these last words, +and while the Spaniards who stood around +him said the creed for his soul, he was +quickly throttled. May God take him to +his holy glory, for he died repentant of +his sins with the true faith of a Christian. +After he was thus hung, in fulfilment of +the sentence, fire was cast upon him so +that a part of his clothes and flesh was +burnt. That night [because he had died +in the late afternoon] his body remained +in the plaza in order that all might learn of +his death, and on the next day the Governor +ordered that all the Spaniards should be +present at his interment, and, with the cross +and other religious paraphernalia, he was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> +borne to the church and buried with as much +solemnity as if he had been the chief Spaniard +of our camp. Because of this all the principal +lords and caciques who served him +received great pleasure, considering as great +the honour which was done them, and knowing +that, because he was a christian, he was +not burned alive, and he was interred in +church as if he were a Spaniard.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER II</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>They choose as lord of the state of Atabalipa +his brother Atabalipa<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> in whose coronation they +observed ceremonies in accordance with the +usage of the caciques of those provinces. Of +the vassalage and obedience which Atabalipa +and many other caciques offered to the Emperor.</p></div> + +<p class="p5"><span class="smcap">This</span> done, the governor commanded the +immediate assembling in the chief plaza of +that city of all the caciques and principal +lords who were then living there in company +with the dead lord; they were many, and +from distant lands, and his intention was to +give them another lord who should govern +them in the name of H. M., for, as they were +accustomed to give always their obedience +and tribute to a sole lord, great confusion +would result if it were not thus, for each of +them would rise up with his own lordship, +and it would cost much toil to bring them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> +into friendship with the Spaniards and into +the service of H. M. For this and many +other reasons the Governor made them assemble, +and finding among them a son of +Gucunacaba<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> called Atabalipa, a brother of +Atabalipa to whom by law the realm belonged, +he said to all that now that they saw how +Atabalipa was dead because of the treason +he had plotted against him [the Governor], +and because they were all left without a lord +who should govern them and whom they +should obey, he wished to give them a lord +who would please them all, and that he +[the lord] was Atabalipa who was there +present, to whom that kingdom legitimately +belonged as he was the son of that Gucunacaba +whom they had loved so much. He +[Atabalipa] was a young man who would +treat them with much love and who had +enough prudence to govern that land. He +[the Governor] urged them, nevertheless, to +look well to it that they wished him for a +lord, for if not, they were to name another, +and if he were capable, the governor would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> +give him to them as lord. They replied that +since Atabalipa was dead, they would obey +Atabalipa or whomever else he should give +them, and so it was arranged that they should +yield obedience another day according to the +accustomed manner. When the next day +had come, once more they all assembled +before the door of the governor where was +placed the cacique in his chair and near him +all the other lords and chiefs, each in his +proper position. And due ceremonies having +been held, each one came to offer him a white +plume as a sign of vassalage and tribute, which +is an ancient custom dating from the time that +this land was conquered by these Cuzcos.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> +This done, they sang and danced, making +a great festivity, in which the new king +neither arrayed himself in clothes of price +nor placed the fringe upon the forehead +in the manner in which the dead lord was +wont to wear it. And when the governor +asked him why he did so, he replied that it +was the custom of his ancestors when they +took possession of the realm to mourn the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> +dead cacique and to pass three days in fasting, +shut up within their house, after which they +used to come forth with much pomp and +solemnity and hold great festivities, for which +reason he, too, would like to spend two days +in fasting. The Governor replied that since +it was an ancient custom he might keep it, +and that soon he would give him many things +which the Emperor our Lord sent to him, +which he would give to him and to all the +lords of those provinces. And at once the +cacique was placed for his fast in a place +apart from the assembly of the others, which +was a house that they had built for this purpose +since the day that notice was given by +the Governor; it was near the Governor's +lodging; on account of it the said Governor +and the other Spaniards were greatly astonished, +seeing how, in so short a time, so +large and fine a house had been built. In +it he was shut up and retired without anyone's +seeing him or entering that place save +the servants who waited on him and brought +him food, or the Governor when he wished<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> +to send him something. When the fast was +over, he came forth richly clad and accompanied +by many troops, caciques and chiefs +who guarded him, and all the places where +he was to sit were adorned with costly +cushions, and beneath his feet were placed +fine cloths. Seated near him was Calichuchima, +the great general of Atabalipa who +conquered this land, as was told in the account +of the affairs at Caxamalca, and near +him was also the captain Tice, one of the +chiefs, and on the other side were certain +brothers of the lord, while on both hands +were other caciques and captains and governors +of provinces and other lords of great +lands, and, in short, no one sat there who was +not of quality. They all ate together on the +ground, for they use no other table, and when +they had eaten, the cacique said that he +wished to give his obedience in the name of +H. M., as his chiefs had given it. The +Governor told him to do it in the way that +seemed best, and soon he [the cacique] +offered him [the governor] a white plume<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> +which had been given to him by his caciques, +saying that it was given as a token of obedience. +The Governor embraced him with +much love and received it, saying that he +wished to tell him the things which he was +to tell in the name of the Emperor, and it was +agreed between the two that they should +meet again for this purpose the following +day. When it had arrived, the Governor +presented himself in the assembly dressed +as well as possible in silken clothes and +accompanied by the officials of H. M. and +by some noblemen of his company who +assisted well-dressed for the greater solemnity +of this ceremony of friendship and peace, +and by his side he stationed the ensign with +the royal standard. Then the Governor began +asking each [cacique] in turn his name +and that of the land of which he was the +lord, and he ordered that it be taken down +by his secretary and scrivener, and there +were as many as fifty caciques and chiefs. +Then, facing all those people, he told them +that D. Carlos our lord of whom they were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> +servants and vassals who were in his company, +had sent him to that land in order to give +them understanding and to preach to them +of how a sole Lord Creator of the sky and of +the earth, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, +three distinct persons in one sole true God, +had created them and given them life and +being, and had brought to bear the fruits of +the land whereby they were sustained, and +that to this end he would teach them what +they were to do and observe in order to be +saved. And he told them how, by the command +of the all-powerful God, and of his +vicars upon earth, because he had gone to +heaven where he now dwells and will be +eternally glorified, those lands were given +to the Emperor in order that he might have +charge of them, who had sent him [Pizarro] +to instruct them in the christian faith and +place them under his obedience. He added +that it was all in writing and that they should +listen to it and fulfil that which he had read +to them, by means of an interpreter, word +for word. Then he asked them if they had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> +understood, and they replied that they had, +and that since he had given them Atabalipa +for a lord, they would do all that he commanded +them to do in the name of H. M., +holding as supreme lord the Emperor, then +the Governor, then Atabalipa, in order to do +as much as he commanded in his [H. M.'s] +name. Then the Governor took in his hands +the royal standard which he raised on high +three times, and he told them that, as vassals +of the Caesarian Majesty, they ought to do +likewise, and the cacique took it, and afterwards +the captains and the other chiefs, and +each one raised it aloft twice; then they went +to embrace the Governor who received them +with great joy through seeing their good will, +and with how much contentment they had +heard the affairs of God and of our religion. +The Governor wished that all this be drawn +up as testimony in writing, and when it was +over, the caciques and chiefs held great festivities, +so much so that every day there were +rejoicings such as games and feasts, usually +held in the house of the Governor.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER III</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>While leading a new colony of Spaniards to +settle in Xauxa, they receive news of the death +of Guaritico,<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> brother of Atahualpa. Afterwards +they passed through the land of Guamachucho,<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> +Adalmach,<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> Guaiglia,<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> Puerto Nevado, and Capo +Tombo,<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> and they hear that in Tarma many +Indian warriors are waiting to attack them, on +account of which they take Calichuchima prisoner, +and then proceed intrepidly on their +journey to Cachamarca,<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> where they find much +gold.</p></div> + +<p class="p5"><span class="smcap">At</span> this time he [the Governor] had just +finished distributing the gold and silver which +were in that house among the Spaniards of +his company, and Atabalipa gave the gold +belonging to the royal fifths to the treasurer +of H. M. who took charge of it in order to +carry it to the city of Xauxa where he [the +Governor] intended to found a colony of +Spaniards on account of the reports he had +of the good surrounding provinces and of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> +the many cities which there were about it. +To this end, he had the Spaniards arranged +in order and provided with arms and other +things for the journey, and when the time +for departure came, he gave them Indians +to carry their gold and burdens. Before +setting out, having heard how few soldiers +there were in San Miguel<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> for the purpose +of holding it, he took, from among those +Spaniards whom he was to take with him, +ten cavalrymen and a captain, a person of +great cautiousness, whom he ordered to go +to that city where he was to maintain himself +until ships should arrive with troops +who might guard it, after which he was +to go to Xauxa where he himself was about +to found a village of Spaniards and melt +the gold which he bore, promising that he +would give them all the gold that was due +them with as much punctuality as if they +were actually present, because his [the captain's] +return [to San Miguel] was very +necessary, that being the first city to be settled +and colonized for the Caesarian Majesty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> +as well as the chief one because in it they +would have to wait there to receive the ships +which should come from Spain, to that +land.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p> + +<p>In this manner they set out with the instructions +which the Governor gave them as +to what they were to do in the pacification +of the people of that region. The Governor +set out one Monday morning, and on that +day travelled three leagues, sleeping by the +shore of a river where the news reached him +that a brother of Atabalipa called Guaritico +had been killed by some captains of Atabalipa +at his command. This Guaritico was a very +important person and a friend of the Spaniards, +and he had been sent by the Governor +from Caxamalca to repair the bridges and +bad spots in the road. The cacique pretended +to feel great heaviness because of his +death, and the Governor himself regretted +it because he liked him, and because he was +very useful to the Christians. The next +day the Governor set out from that place, +and, by his marches, arrived in the land of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> +Guamachucho, eighteen leagues from Caxamalca. +Having rested there two days, he +set out for Caxamalca<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> nine leagues ahead, +and arrived there in three days, and rested +four in order that his troops might have +repose and opportunity to collect supplies +for the march to Guaiglia, twenty leagues +from there. Having left this village, he +came in three days to the Puerto de Nevado, +and a morning's march brought him within +a day's journey of Guaiglia; and the governor +commanded a captain of his, who +was the Marshal D. Diego de Almagro, +to go with troops and take a bridge two +leagues from Guaiglia, which bridge was +built in a manner that will soon be related. +This captain captured the bridge, which is +near a strong mountain that dominated that +land. The Governor did not delay in arriving +at the bridge with the rest of his men, +and having crossed it, he went on, in another +morning, which was Sunday, to Guaiglia. +Arrived there, they soon heard mass and +afterwards entered certain good rooms; having<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> +rested there eight days, he set forth with +the soldiers, and the next day crossed another +bridge of osiers,<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> which was above the said +river which here passes through a very delectable +valley. They journeyed thirty +leagues to the point where captain Hernando +Pizarro came when he went to Pachacamac,<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> +as will be seen in the long account which +was sent to H. M. of all that was done on +that journey to Pachacamac, from there to +the city of Xauxa and back to Caxamalca, +on the occasion on which he took with him +the captain Chilichuchima and other matters +which do not concern us here. The Governor +changed his route, and, by forced marches, +arrived at the land of Caxatambo.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> From +there he went on without doing more than +to ask for some Indians who should carry +the gold of H. M. and of the soldiers, and +always using great vigilance in learning of +the affairs which took place in the land, and +always having both a vanguard and a rear-guard +as had been done up to that time +for fear that the captain Chilichuchima<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> +whom he had with him, would hatch some +treasonable plot, all the more so on account +of the suspicion he felt owing to the fact that +neither in Caxatambo nor in the eighteen +leagues after it had he met with any warriors, +nor were his fears lessened during a +halt in a village five leagues beyond because +all the people had fled without leaving a +living soul. When he had arrived there, a +Spaniard's Indian servant, who was from +that land of Pambo<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> distant from here +some ten leagues, and twenty from Xauxa, +came to him saying that he had heard that +troops had been assembled in Xauxa to kill +the Christians who were coming, and that +they had as captains Incorabaliba, Iguaparro, +Mortay<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> and another captain, all +four being important men who had many +troops with them, and the servant added +that they had placed a part of this force +in a village called Tarma five leagues from +Xauxa in order to guard a bad pass that +there was in a mountain and to cut and break +it up in such a way that the Spaniards could<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> +not pass by. Informed of this, the governor +gave orders that Chilichuchima should be +made a prisoner, because it was held to be +certain that that force had been made ready +by his advice and command, he thinking to +flee the Christians and to go to join it. Of +these matters the cacique Atabalipa was +unaware, and on this account, these [Spanish] +troops did not permit any Indian to pass by +in the direction of the cacique who might +give notice of these affairs. The reason why +these Indians had rebelled and were seeking +war with the Christians was that they saw +the land being conquered by the Spaniards, +and they themselves wished to govern it.</p> + +<p>The Governor, before setting out from +that place, sent a captain with troops to take +a snowy pass three leagues ahead and then +to pass the night in some fields near Pombo,<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> +all of which the captain did, and he passed +the pass with much snow, but without encountering +any obstacle. And the Governor +crossed it likewise, without any opposition +save for the inconvenience caused by the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> +snow falling upon them. They all spent +the night in that waste without a single +hut, and they lacked for wood and victuals. +Having arrived in the land of Pombo, the +Governor provided and commanded that +the soldiers should be lodged with the best +order and caution possible, because he had +news that the enemy were increasing every +moment, and it was held to be certain that +he would come here to assail the Spaniards, +and because of this, the Governor caused +the patrols and sentinels to be increased, +always spying upon the progress of the +enemy. After he had waited there another +day for certain envoys whom the cacique +Atabalipa had sent to learn what was going +on in Xauxa, one came who told how the +warriors were five leagues from Xauxa on +the road from Cuzco and were coming to +burn the town so that the Christians should +not find shelter, and that they intended +afterward to return to Cuzco to combine +under a captain named Quizquiz who was +there with many troops who had come from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> +Quito by command of Atabalipa for the +security of the land. When this was learned +by the Governor, he caused to be made ready +seventy-five light horse, and with twenty +peones who guarded Chilichuchima, and without +the impediment of baggage, he set out +for Xauxa, leaving behind the treasurer with +the other troops who were guarding the camp +baggage and the gold of H. M., and of the +company. The day on which he set out +from Pombo, he travelled some seven leagues, +and he halted in a village called Cacamarca,<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> +and here they found seventy thousand pesos +of gold in large pieces, to guard which the +Governor left two Christians from the cavalry +in order that when the rear-guard should +arrive, it might be conducted well guarded. +Then, in the morning, he set forth with his +men in good array, for he had word that +three leagues from there were four thousand +men. And on the march three or four light +horsemen went ahead so that, if they should +meet a spy of the enemy's, they might take +him prisoner to prevent his giving warning<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> +of their coming. At the hour of noon, they +arrived at that bad pass of Tarma where +warriors were said to be waiting to defend it. +The pass seemed to be so full of difficulties +that it would be impossible to go up it, because +there was a bad road of stone down +into the gully where all the riders had to +dismount, after which it was necessary to +go up the heights by a slope about a league +long, the greater part of which was steep and +difficult forest, all of which was crossed +without any Indians who were said to be +armed making an appearance. And in the +afternoon, after the hour of vespers, the +Governor and his men arrived at that village +of Tarma where, because it was a bad site +and because he had news that Indians were +coming to it to surprise the Christians, he did +not wish to linger longer than was necessary +for feeding the horses and allaying their own +hunger and fatigue so as to enable them to +go forth prepared from that place which had +no other level spot than the plaza as it was +on a small slope surrounded by mountains<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> +for the space of a league. As it was already +night, he made his camp here, being always +on the alert and having the horses saddled. +And the men were without [proper] food +and even without any comfort because there +was neither fire-wood nor water, nor had +they brought their tents with them to shelter +them, because of which they all nearly died +of cold on account of the fact that it rained +much early in the night and then snowed so +that the arms and clothes were drenched. +But each one sought the best remedy he +could, and so that evil and troublous night +passed to the dawn when he commanded that +all mount their horses so as to arrive early +at Xauxa which was four leagues from there. +When two had been crossed over, the Governor +divided the seventy-five soldiers between +three captains, giving fifteen to each, and +taking with him the remaining twenty and +the twenty peones who were guarding Chilichuchima. +In this order they journeyed +to Porsi a league from Xauxa, having given +each captain orders as to what he was to do,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> +and they all halted in a small village which +they encountered. Then they all marched +on in complete accord, and gave a look at the +city. They all halted again on a slope within +a quarter of a league of it.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER IV</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>They arrive at the city of Xauxa; they leave +some soldiers there to guard that place, and +others go against the army of the enemy with +which they fight. They win a victory, and return +to Xauxa.</p></div> + +<p class="p5"><span class="smcap">The</span> natives all came out along the road +in order to look at the Christians, celebrating +much their coming because they thought +that, through it, they would issue forth from +the slavery in which that foreign army [the +Incas] held them. [The Spaniards] wished +to await a later hour in the day at this place, +but, seeing that no warriors appeared, they +began their journey so as to enter the city. +On going down that little slope, they saw +running toward them at great speed an +Indian with a lance erect, and when he came +up to them it was found that he was a servant +of the Christians who said that his master<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> +had sent him to inform them that they must +hold themselves in readiness because their +enemies were in the city, and that two Christians +from the cavalry had been sent ahead +of the rest, and that they had entered the +city to see the buildings there, and while they +were inspecting it, they saw some twenty +Indians who came out of certain houses with +their lances and other arms, calling to others +to come forth and join with them. The +two Christians, seeing them thus assemble, +without heeding their cries and clamour, +attacked them, killed several, and put the +others to flight; the latter soon joined with +others who came to their aid, and they +formed a mass of some two hundred which +the Spaniards again attacked, in a narrow +street, and broke, forcing them to retreat to +the bank of a great river which passes by +that city, and then one of these Spaniards +sent the Indian as I have said, with raised +lance as a sign that there were armed enemies +in the city. This having been heard, the +Spaniards set spur to their horses, and,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> +without delay, arrived at the city and entered +it; and when they joined their companions, +the latter told them what had +occurred with those Indians. The captains, +running in the direction in which the enemy +had retreated, arrived at length at the bank +of the river, which was then very full, and +on the other shore, at a distance of a quarter +of a league, they descried the squadrons of +their enemies. Then, having passed the river +with no little toil and danger, they gave chase +to them. The Governor remained guarding +the city because it was said that there were +enemies hidden within it, as well. The Indians +perceiving that the Christians had +crossed the river, they began to retreat, +drawn up in two squadrons. One of the +Spanish captains, with his fifteen light horsemen, +spurred ahead toward the slope of the +hill for which they [the Indians] were making +so that they could not retreat thither and +fortify themselves. The other two captains +kept right up with them, overtaking them in +a field of maize near the river. There they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> +put them in disorder and routed them, +capturing as many as possible, so that of six +hundred [Indians] not more than twenty or +thirty, who took to the mountains before +the other captain with his fifteen men could +arrive, saved themselves. Most of the Indians +made for the water, thinking to save +themselves in it, but the light horsemen +crossed the river almost by swimming after +them, and they did not leave one alive save +some few who had hidden themselves in +their flight after their army was broken in +pieces. Then the Spaniards ran through +the country as far as a league below without +finding a single Indian. Then, having returned, +they rested themselves and their +horses, which were in great need of it; both +because of the long journey of the day before +and on account of their having run those two +leagues, they were rather crippled. When +the truth was learned as to what troops +those were [with whom the Spaniards had +fought], it was found that the four captains +and the main body were encamped six leagues<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> +down the river from Xauxa, and that, on +that very day, they had sent those six hundred +men to complete the burning of the city +of Xauxa, having already burned the other +half of it seven or eight days before, and that +they had then burned a great edifice which +was in the plaza, as well as many other things +before the eyes of the people of that city, +together with many clothes and much maize, +so that the Spaniards should not avail themselves +of them. The citizens were left so +hostile to those other Indians that if one of +the latter hid, they showed him to the Christians +so that they would kill him, and they +themselves aided in killing them, and they +would even have done so with their own hands +if the Christians had permitted it. The +Spanish captains, having studied the place +where these enemies were found as well as +the road, along a part of which they journeyed, +they determined not to shut themselves up +in Xauxa, but to pass onward and attack +the main body of the army which was four +leagues off before it should receive news of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> +their coming. With this intention, they commanded +the soldiers to make ready, but their +proposal did not come to pass because they +found the horses so weary that they held it +to be better council to retire, which they did. +Arrived in Xauxa, they recounted to the +Governor all that had happened, with which +he was well pleased, and he received them +cheerfully, thanking them all for having +borne themselves so valorously. And he +told them that by all means he intended to +attack the camp of the enemy because, although +they were advised of the victory, it +was certain that they would be waiting. At +once he ordered his master of the camp to +lodge the men and let them rest during what +remained of the day and through the night +until moon-rise, and that then they should +make ready to go and attack their enemies. +At that hour fifty light horsemen were in +readiness, and at the sound of the trumpet +they presented themselves, armed and with +their horses, at the lodging of the Governor +who despatched them very soon upon their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> +road. Fifteen horsemen remained with him +in the city together with the twenty peones +who made the guard all of each night with +the horses saddled, until the captain of that +sally returned, which was in five days. He +related to the governor all that had happened +from the time of his departure, telling how, +on the night he left Xauxa, he journeyed +some four leagues before dawn, with much +eagerness to attack the enemy's camp before +they were warned of his coming; and being +now near [the enemy] at dawn, they saw a +great mass of smoke in the place of their +encampment, which seemed to be two leagues +further on. And so he spurred on with his +men at a great pace, thinking that the enemy, +warned of his approach, had fled and that +the buildings that there were in a village were +burning. And so it was, because they had +fled, after having set fire to that wretched +hamlet. Arrived at that place, the Spaniards +followed the footsteps of the warriors through +a very broad valley. And as they overtook<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> +them they collided with the enemy who were +going more slowly with many women and +children in their rear-guard, and the Spaniards, +leaving these behind them in order to catch +up with the men, ran more than four leagues, +and caught up with some of their squadrons. +As some of them [the Indians] saw the +Castilians from some distance, they had time +to take shelter on a mountain and save themselves; +others, who were few, were killed, +leaving in the power of the Spaniards (who, +because their horses were tired, did not wish to +go up the mountain) many spoils and women +and children. And as it was already night, +they returned to sleep in a village which they +had left behind. And the following day these +Spaniards determined to follow them as they +fled back to Cuzco so as to take from them +certain bridges of net-work and to prevent +their crossing. But, because of lack of +pasturage for their horses, they found themselves +obliged to fall back, to the dissatisfaction +of the Governor because they had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> +not at least followed and taken those bridges +so as to prevent the Indians from returning +to Cuzco; it was feared that, being strange +people, they would do great harm to the +citizens of those places.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER V</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>They name new officials in the city of Xauxa +in order to establish a settlement of Spaniards, +and, having had news of the death of Atabalipa, +with great prudence and much craftiness in order +to keep themselves in the good graces of the Indians, +they discuss the appointment of a new lord.</p></div> + +<p class="p5"><span class="smcap">And</span> for this reason, as soon as the baggage +and the rear-guard, which he had left at +Pombo, had arrived, he [the Governor] +published an edict to the effect that whereas +he was determined to found a settlement of +Spaniards in the name of H. M., all those +who wished to settle there might do so. But +there was not one Spaniard who wished to +remain, and they said that so long as there +were warriors all about in that land with +arms in their hands the natives of that province +would not be at the service and disposal +of the Spaniards and in obedience to +H. M. When this was observed by the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> +Governor, he determined not to lose time +then in that matter, but to go against the +enemy in the direction of Cuzco in order to +drive them from that province and rout them +from all of it. In the meanwhile, in order to +put in order the affairs of that city, he founded +the village in the name of H. M., and created +officials of justice for it [and for its citizens] +who were eighty in number, of whom forty +were light horsemen whom he left there as +a garrison, and, [leaving also] the treasurer, +who was to guard the gold of H. M. and to +act in all matters as head and chief in command +of the government.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> While these +things were being done, the cacique Atabalipa +came to die, of his illness; because of +this, the Governor and all the other Spaniards +felt great sorrow, because it was certain +that he was very prudent and had much +love for the Spaniards. It was given out +publicly that the captain Calichuchima had +caused his death because he desired that the +land should remain with the people of Quito +and not with either those of Cuzco or with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> +the Spaniards, and if that cacique ["Atabalipa"] +had lived, he [Calichuchima] would +not have been able to succeed in what he +desired to do. At once, the Governor had +Calichuchima and Tizas<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> and a brother of +the cacique and other leading chiefs and +caciques who had come from Caxamalca +summoned to him; to them he said that +they must know very well that he had given +them Atabalipa as a lord and that, now that +he was dead, they ought to think of whom +they would like as lord in order that he +might give him to them. There was a great +difference of opinion between them on this +subject because Calichuchima wished the +son of Atabalipa and brother of the dead +cacique Aticoc<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> as lord, and others, who +were not of the land of Quito, wished the +lord to be a native of Cuzco and proposed +a brother of Atabalipa (as lord). The Governor +said to those who wished as lord the +brother of Atabalipa that they should send +and have him summoned and that after +he had come, if he found him to be a man<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> +of worth, he would appoint him. And with +this reply that meeting came to an end. +And the Governor, having called aside the +captain Calichuchima, spoke to him in these +words: "You already know that I loved +greatly your lord Atabalipa and that I have +always wished him to leave a son after +he died, and that this son should be lord, +and that you, who are already a prudent man, +should be his captain until he had reached +the age of governing his dominions, and for +this reason I greatly desire that he should +be called soon, because, for love of his father, +I love him much, and you likewise. But at +the same time, since all these caciques who +are here are your friends and since you have +much influence with the soldiers of their +nation, it would be well that you send them +word by messengers to come in peace, because +I do not wish to be enraged against +them and to kill them, as you see I am doing, +when I wish that the affairs of these provinces +should be quiet and peaceful." This captain +had a great desire, as has been said, that the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> +son of Atabalipa should be lord, and knowing +this, the Governor slyly spoke these words +to him and gave him this hope, not because +he had any intention of carrying it out,<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> but +in order that, in the meanwhile, that son of +Atabalipa might come for this purpose (and) +might cause those caciques who had taken +up arms [also] to come to him in peace. +It was likewise agreed that he should say to +Aticoc and to the other lords of the province +of Cuzco that he [the Governor] would +give them as lord him whom they wished, +because it was necessary that those things +which were for the good of all should thus +be governed in the state. He tried to give +to Calichuchima words that [would enable +him] to cause the people who were in Cuzco +with arms to lay them down in order that +they might do no harm to the people of the +country, and those of Cuzco, because they +were true friends of the Christians, gave +them notice of all that the enemy were trying +to do and of all that was going on in the +country, and for this reason and others the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> +Governor said this with great prudence. +Chilichuchima, to whom he told it, showed +as much pleasure at these words as if he had +been made lord of the whole world, and he +replied that he would do as he was ordered +and that it would cause him much pleasure +if the caciques and soldiers were to come +in peace<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> and that he would despatch +messengers to Quito in order that the son +of Atabalipa might come. But he feared +that two great captains who were with him +would prevent it, and would not let him +come. Nevertheless he would send such a +person of importance with the embassy that +he thought that all would conform with his +wish. And soon he added, "Sir, since you +wish me to cause these caciques to come, +take off this chain [which I wear] for, seeing +me with it, no one wishes to obey me." +The Governor, in order that he should not +suspect that he had feigned what he had +said to him, told him that he was pleased +to do so, but on the condition that he was +to put a guard of Christians over him until<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> +after he had caused those soldiers who were +at war to come in peace and until the son +of Atabalipa had come.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> He [Chalcuchima] +was satisfied with this, and so he was released, +and the Governor put him under a +good guard, because that captain was the +key [the possession of which ensured] having +the land quiet and subjected. This +precaution taken, and the troops who were +to go with the Governor toward Cuzco being +made ready, the number of whom was +one hundred horsemen and thirty peons, +he [the Governor] ordered a captain to +go ahead with seventy horsemen and some +peons in order to rebuild the bridges which +had been burned, and the Governor remained +behind while he was giving orders for many +matters touching the welfare of the city and +Republic which he was to leave already well +established, and in order to await the reply +of the Christians whom he had sent to the +coast in order to examine the ports and set +up crosses in them in case some one should +come to reconnoitre the land.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VI</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Description of the bridges which the natives +are wont to make in order to cross the rivers; +and of the toilsome journey which the Spaniards +had, in going to Cuzco, and of the arrival at +Panarai and Tarcos.</p></div> + +<p class="p5"><span class="smcap">This</span> captain departed with those who were +to follow him on Thursday, and the Governor +with the rest of the troops, and Chilichuchima +with his guard left the following Monday. +In the morning they were all ready with their +arms and other necessary things; the journey +they were to make being long, they were to +leave all the baggage in Xauxa, it not being +convenient to carry it with them on that +journey. The Governor journeyed two days +down the valley along the bank of the Xauxa +River, which was very delectable and peopled +in many places, and on the third day he +arrived at a bridge of net-work which is over +the said river and which the Indian soldiers<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> +had burned after they crossed over, but +already the captain who had gone ahead had +made the natives rebuild it. And in the +places where they build these bridges of net-work, +where the rivers are swollen, this +inland country far from the sea being densely +populated, and because almost none of the +Indians knows how to swim, because of +which even though the rivers are small and +might be forded, they nevertheless throw +out these bridges, and after this fashion; +If the two banks of the river are stony, they +raise upon them large walls of stone, and then +they place four [ropes of] pliable reeds two +palms or a little less in thickness, and between +them, after the fashion of wattle-work, they +weave green osiers two fingers thick and well +intertwined, in such a way that some are not +left more slack than others, and all are well +tied. And upon these they place branches +crosswise in such a way that the water is not +seen, and in this way they make the floor of +the bridge. And in the same manner they +weave a balustrade of these same osiers along<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> +the side of the bridge so that no one may fall +into the water, of which, in truth, there is +no danger, although to one who is not used +to it, the matter of crossing appears a thing +of danger because, the span being long, the +bridge bends when one goes over it, so that +one goes continually downward until the +middle is reached, and from there he keeps +going up until he has finished crossing to the +other bank, and when the bridge is being +crossed, it trembles very much, so that it +goes to the head of him who is not accustomed +to it. Ordinarily they make two bridges +close together, so that, as they say, the lords +may cross by one and the common people +by another. They keep guards over them, +and the lords of all the land keep them there +continuously in order that if someone should +steal gold or silver or anything else from him +or from some other lord of the land, he would +not be able to cross. And those who guard +these bridges have their houses nearby, and +they always have in their hands osiers and +wattles and cords in order to mend the bridges<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> +if they are injured or even to rebuild them if +need were. The guards who were in charge +of this bridge when the Indians who burned +it passed over, hid the materials which they +had for mending it, for otherwise the Indians +would have burned them also, and for this +reason they rebuilt it in so short a space of +time in order that the Spaniards might cross +over. The Spanish cavalry and the Governor +crossed by one of these bridges, although, +on account of its being new and not well +made, they had much trouble because the +captain who had gone ahead with seventy +cavalrymen had made many holes in it so +that it was half destroyed. Still, the horses +got over without endangering themselves, +although nearly all stumbled because the +bridge moved and trembled so, but, as I have +said, the bridge was made in such a way that +even though they were thrown upon their +knees, they could not fall into the water. As +soon as all were over, the Governor encamped +in some groves near which ran some streams +of beautiful clear water. Later they proceeded<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> +on their journey two leagues along +the shore of that river through a narrow +valley on both sides of which were very high +mountains, and in some places, this valley +through which the river passes has so little +space that there is not more than a stone's +throw from the foot of the mountain to the +river, and in other places, because of the +slope of the mountain, there is but little +more. Two leagues of this valley having +been travelled, they came to another bridge, +a small one over another river, over which +the troops passed on foot while the horses +forded, as much on account of the bridge +being in bad order as on account of the fact +that the water was low at that time. Having +crossed the river, he [the Governor] began +to climb a very steep and long mountain all +made of steps of very small stones.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> Here +the horses toiled so much that, when they +had finished going up, the greater part of +them had lost their shoes and worn down +the hoofs of all four feet. That mountain, +which lasted for more than half a league,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> +having been overcome, and having journeyed +for a bit in the evening along a slope, the +Governor with his men arrived at a village +which the hostile Indians had sacked and +burned, on account of which neither people +nor maize was found in it, nor any other food, +and the water was very far off because the +Indians had broken the aqueducts which +came to the city, which was a great evil and +of much inconvenience for the Spaniards who, +because they had found the road hard, toilsome +and long on that day, needed good +lodging. The next day the Governor set out +from there and went to sleep in another +village which, although it was very large and +fine and full of houses, had as little food in +it as the last one; and this village is called +Panarai. The Governor wondered greatly +with his men at finding here neither food +nor anything else, because this place belonged +to one of the lords who had been with Atabalipa +and with the dead lord in the company +of the Christians, and he had come in their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +company as far as Xauxa, [where] he said +he wished to go ahead in order to prepare in +this land his victuals and other things necessary +for the Spaniards. And when they +found here neither him nor his people, it was +held to be certain that the country-side had +revolted. And not having had any letter +from the captain who had gone ahead with +the seventy horsemen, save which let them +know that he was going right after the hostile +Indians, it was feared that the foe had +taken some step whereby he was prevented +from sending any messenger. The Spaniards +sought so much, that they found some maize +and ewes, ... and the next day, early, they +set out and arrived at a village called Tarcos, +where they met the cacique of the district +and some men who told them of the day on +which had passed that way some Christians +who were going to fight with the enemy who +had established their camp in a neighboring +settlement. All received this news with great +pleasure, and they found a good reception in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> +that place, because the cacique had brought +to the plaza a large quantity of maize, fire-wood, +ewes, and other things of which the +Spaniards had great need.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VII</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>While proceeding on their journey they have +news sent by the forty Spanish horsemen of the +state of the Indian army with which the latter +had fought victoriously.</p></div> + +<p class="p5"><span class="smcap">On</span> the next day, which was Saturday, All +Saints' day, the friar who was with this company +said mass in the morning, according to +the custom of saying it on such a day, and +later all set out and journeyed until they +arrived at a full river three leagues beyond, +always descending from the mountains by a +rough and long slope. This river, likewise, +had a net-work bridge which, being broken, +made it necessary to ford the stream, and +afterwards a very large mountain was ascended +which, looked at from below, seemed +impossible of ascent by the very birds of the +air, and still more so by men on horseback +toiling over the ground. But the climb was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> +made less arduous for them by the fact that +the road went up in spirals, and not straight. +The greater part, however, was made of large +steps of stone which greatly fatigued the +horses and wore down and injured their +hoofs, even though they were led by the +bridle. In this manner a long league was +surmounted, and another was traversed by +a more easy road along a declivity, and in +the afternoon the Governor with the Spaniards +arrived at a small village of which a +part was burned, and in the other part, +which had remained whole, the Spaniards +settled. And in the evening two Indian +couriers, sent by the captain who was ahead, +arrived. They brought news, in letters to +the Governor, that the captain had arrived +with all speed at the land of Parcos<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> which +he had left behind him, having had news +that the [Indian] captains were thereabout +with all the hostile forces; [but] he did not +encounter them, and it was held to be certain +that they had withdrawn to Bilcas,<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> +and through so much of the road as he traversed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> +until coming to [a place] within five +leagues of Bilcas, where he spent the night, +he marched secretly in order not to be forestalled +by certain spies who were placed a +league from Bilcas. And having news that +the enemy were in a town without having +warning of his coming, the captain was delighted, +and, having gone down the rather +difficult slope where that place was, at dawn +he entered [the town where some warriors +were lodged with few precautions].<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> The +Spanish cavalry began to attack them in +the plazas until so many had been killed or +had fled that no one remained; because +there were a few Indian soldiers who had +retired to a mountain on one side of the +road who, as soon as the day became bright +and they saw the Spaniards, assembled in +squadrons, and came against them crying +out <i>Ingres</i>,<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> which name they hold to be +very insulting, being that of a contemned +people who live in the hot lands of the +sea-coast, and because that province was +cold and the Spaniards wore clothes over<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> +their flesh, [the Indians] called them Ingres +and threatened them with slavery as they +were few, not more than forty, and defying +them by saying that they would come down +to where they were. The captain, although +he knew that that was a bad place for fighting +on horseback, of which position the +Spaniards could little avail themselves there, +nevertheless, in order that the enemy should +not think that he would not fight from lack +of spirit, took with him thirty horsemen, +leaving the rest to guard the town, and went +down through a cleft<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> in the mountain by +a very painful slope. The enemy boldly +awaited them and in the shock of battle they +killed one horse and wounded two others, +but finally, all being dispersed, some fled in +one direction and others in another over the +mountain [by] a very rough road where the +horses could neither follow them nor injure +them. At this juncture, an [Indian] captain +who had fled from the village, and who knew +that they had killed one horse and wounded +two, said "Come, let us turn back and fight<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> +with these men until not one is left alive, for +there are but a few of them!" and at once all +returned with more spirit and greater impetuosity +than before, and in this way a sharper +battle than the first was fought. At the end, +the Indians fled and the horsemen followed +them in all directions as long as they could. +In these two encounters more than six hundred +men were left dead, and it is believed +also that Maila, one of their captains, died, +and the Indians affirmed it also, and they, on +their part, when they killed a horse, cut off +his head and put it on a lance which they +bore before them like a standard. [The +Spanish captain] likewise informed [his men] +that he intended to rest there for three days +out of consideration for the wounded Christians +and horses, and that later they would +set out to take, first of all, a bridge of net-work +which was near there, so that the fugitive +enemies should not cross it and go to +join with Quizquiz<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> in Cuzco and with the +garrison of troops he had there, which was +said to be waiting for the Spaniards in a bad<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> +pass near Cuzco. But, although they found +it to be more than bad, they hoped in God +who, in whatever place that battle might be +fought, even in a land all rough and stony, +would not permit the Indians to be able to +defend themselves any where, no matter how +difficult and toilsome it might be, nor to +attack the Spaniards in any bad pass. And, +having set out from here and having crossed +the bridge three leagues from Cuzco [the captain +declared] that he would there await the +Governor as he had informed him by swift +messenger Indians of what had occurred.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VIII</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>After having suffered various inconveniences, +and having passed the cities of Bilcas and of +Andabailla,<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> and before arriving at Airamba,<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> +they have letters from the Spaniards in which +they ask for the aid of thirty cavaliers.</p></div> + +<p class="p5"><span class="smcap">Having</span> received this letter, the Governor +and all the Spaniards who were with him +were filled with infinite content over the victory +which the captain had obtained, and at +once he sent it, together with another, to +the city of Xauxa, to the treasurer and to +the Spaniards who had remained there in +order that they might share in the gladness +over the victory of the captain. And likewise +he sent despatches to the captain and +the Spaniards who were with him congratulating +them much on the victory they had +won, and begging them and counseling them +to be governed in these matters more by prudence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> +than by confidence in their own +strength, and commanding, at all events, +that, having passed the last bridge, they +should await him [the Governor] there so +that they might then enter the city of Cuzco +all together. This done, the Governor set +out the following day and went by a rough +and tiring road through rocky mountains +and over ascents and descents of stone steps +from which all believed they could only bring +their horses with difficulty, considering the +road already traversed and that still to be +traversed. They slept that night in a village +on the other side of the river, which here, +as elsewhere, had a bridge of net-work. The +horses crossed through the water and the +footsoldiers and the servants of the Spaniards +by the bridge. On the next day they +had a good road beside the river where they +encountered many wild animals, deer and +antelope; and that day they arrived at nightfall +at some rooms in the vicinity of Bilcas +where the captain who was going ahead had +made halt in order to travel by night and so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> +enter Bilcas without being found out, as he +did enter it, and here was received another +letter from him in which he said that he had +left Bilcas two days before, and had come to +a river four leagues ahead which he had +forded because the bridge had been burned, +and here he had understood that the captain +Narabaliba was fleeing with some twenty +Indians and that he had met two thousand +Indians whom the captain of Cuzco had sent +to him as aid who, as soon as they knew of +the rout at Bilcas, turned around and fled +with him, endeavouring to join with the +scattered remnants of those who were fleeing, +in order to await them [the Spaniards] +in a village called Andabailla,<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> and [the +Spanish captain said] that he was resolved +not to stay his course until he should encounter +them. These announcements being +understood by the Governor, he first thought +of sending aid to the captain, but later he +did not do so because he considered that if +there were to be a battle at all it would have +occurred already and the aid would not arrive<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> +in time, and he determined furthermore +not to linger a single day until he should +catch up with him, and in this way he set +out for Bilcas which he entered very early +the following day, and on that day he did +not wish to go further. This city of Bilcas<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> +is placed on a high mountain and is a large +town and the head of a province. It has a +beautiful and fine fortress; there are many +well built houses of stone, and it is half-way +by road from Xauxa to Cuzco. And on the +next day the Governor encamped on the +other side of the river, four leagues from +Bilcas, and although the day's march was +short, it was nevertheless toilsome because it +was entirely a descent almost all composed +of stone steps, and the troops waded the +river with much fatigue because it was very +full, and he set up his camp on the other +bank among some groves. Scarcely had the +Governor arrived here, when he received a +letter from the captain who was reconnoitring +in which the latter informed him that +the enemy had gone on five leagues and were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> +in waiting on the slope of a mountain in a +land called Curamba,<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> and that there were +many warriors there, and that they had +made many preparations and had arranged +great quantities of stones so that the Spaniards +would not be able to go up. The +Governor, when he understood this, although +the captain did not ask him for aid, believed +that it was necessary now, and he at once +ordered the Marshal D. Diego de Almagro +to get ready with thirty light horsemen, +well equipped as to arms and horses, and +he did not wish him to take a single peon +with him, because he ordered him [Almagro] +not to delay for anything until he should +come up with the captain who was ahead +with the others. And when he [Almagro] +had set out, the Governor likewise started, +on the following day, with ten horsemen +and the twenty peons who were guarding +Chilichuchima, and he quickened his +pace so much that day that of two days' +marches he made one. And just as he +was about to arrive at the village called<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> +Andabailla, where he was to sleep, an Indian +came to him on the run to say that on a certain +slope of the mountain, which he pointed +out with his finger, there had been discovered +hostile troops of war, on which account, the +Governor, armed as he was and on horseback, +went with the Spaniards he had with +him to take the summit of that slope, and he +examined the whole of it without finding the +warriors of whom the Indian had spoken, +because they were troops native to the land +who were fleeing from the Indians of Quito +because the latter did them very great harm. +The Governor and company having arrived +at that village of Andabailla, they supped +and spent the night there. On the next day, +they arrived at the village of Airamba from +where the captain had written that he was +with the armed troops waiting for them upon +the road.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER IX</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Having arrived at a village, they find much +silver in plates twenty-feet long. Proceeding on +their journey, they receive letters from the +Spaniards relating the brisk and adverse struggle +they had had against the army of the Indians.</p></div> + +<p class="p5"><span class="smcap">Here</span> were found two dead horses,<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> from +which it was suspected that some misfortune +had befallen the captain. But, having entered +the village, they learned, from a letter +that arrived before they retired for the +night, that the captain had here encountered +some warriors, and that, in order to +gain the mountain, he had gone up a slope +where he had found assembled a great +quantity of stone, a sign which showed +that they [the Indians] wished to guard +[the pass], and that they were gone in +search of [other] Indians because they had +warning that [the Spaniards] were not far<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> +off and that the two horses had died of so +many changes from heat to cold. He [the +captain] wrote nothing of the aid which +the Governor had sent to him, because of +which it was thought that it had not yet +arrived. The next day the Governor set +out from there, and slept [the next night] +by a river whose bridge had been burned by +the enemy, so that it was necessary to ford +it, with great fatigue on account of the fact +that the current was very swift and the +bottom very stony. On the next day, they +encamped at a town in the houses of which +was found much silver in large slabs twenty +feet long, one broad, and one or two fingers +thick. And the Indians who were there related +that those slabs belonged to a great +cacique and that one of the lords of Cuzco +had won them and had carried them off thus +in plates, together with those of which the +conquered cacique had built a house.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> The +next day, the Governor set out in order to +cross the last bridge, which was almost three +leagues from there. Before he arrived at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> +that river, a messenger came with a letter +from the captain in which he informed him +that he had arrived at the last bridge with +great speed in order that the enemy should +not have opportunity to burn it; but that, +at the time of his arrival there, they had +finished burning it, and as it was already +late, he did not wish to cross the river that +same day, but had gone to camp in a village +which was nearby. The next day, +he [the captain] had passed through the +water, which came to the breasts of the +horses, and had proceeded straight along the +road to Cuzco which was twelve leagues from +there; and as, on the way, he was informed +that, on a neighbouring mountain [where] +forts had been built, all the enemies were +hoping that the next day Quizquiz would +come to their aid with reënforcements from +the troops which he had in Cuzco, for this +reason he [the captain] had spurred ahead +with all speed together with fifty horsemen,<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> +for ten had been left guarding the +baggage and certain gold which had been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> +found in the rout of Bilcas. And one Saturday, +at noon, they had begun to go up on +horseback a slope which lasted well over a +league, and, being wearied by the sharp +ascent and by the mid-day heat, which was +very great, they stopped awhile and gave to +the horses some maize which they had because +the natives of a village nearby had +brought it to them. Then, proceeding on +their journey, the captain, who rode a cross-bow +shot ahead, saw the enemy on the +summit of the mountain, which they entirely +covered, and [he saw] that three or four +thousand were coming down in order to +pass the point where they [the Spaniards] +were. Because of this, although he called +to the Spaniards to put themselves in battle-array, +he could not hope to join them, because +the Indians were already very near +and were coming with great rapidity. But +with those who were in readiness, he advanced +to give battle [to the Indians], +and the Spaniards who kept coming up +mounted the slope of the mountain, some on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> +one hand, others on the other. They dashed +among those of the enemy who were foremost +without waiting for the beginning of the +fight, save for defending themselves against +the stones which were hurled upon them, +until they mounted to the summit of the +mountain, in which deed they thought they +saw a certain victory to be accomplished. +The horses were so tired that they could not +get breath in order to attack with impetuosity +such a multitude of enemies, nor did the +latter cease to inconvenience and harass them +continually with the lances stones and arrows +which they hurled at them, so they fatigued +all to such an extent that the riders could +hardly keep their horses at the trot or even +at the pace. The Indians, perceiving the +weariness of the horses, began to charge with +greater fury, and five Christians, whose +horses could not go up to the summit of the +slope, were charged so furiously by so many +of the throng that to two of them it was +impossible to alight, and they were killed +upon their horses. The others fought on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> +foot very valorously, but at length, not being +seen by any companions who could bring +them aid, they remained prisoners, and only +one was killed without being able to lay hand +upon his sword or to defend himself, the +cause of which was that a good soldier was +left dead beside him, the tail of his horse +having been seized which prevented his going +ahead with the rest. They [the Indians] +opened the heads of all by means of their +battle-axes and clubs; they wounded eighteen +horses and six Christians; but none of +the wounds were dangerous save those of one +horse which died of them. It pleased God +Our Lord that the Spaniards should gain a +plain which was near that mountain, and the +Indians collected on a hill nearby. The captain +commanded half of his men to take the +bridles off their horses and let them drink in +a rivulet that ran there, and then to do the +same for the other half, which was done +without being hindered by the enemies. +Then, the captain said to all: "Gentlemen, +let us withdraw from here step by step down<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> +this declivity in such a way that the enemy +may think that we are fleeing from them, +in order that they may come in search of us +below, for, if we can attract them to this +plain, we will attack them all of a sudden in +such a manner that I hope not one of them +will escape from our hands. Our horses are +already somewhat tired, and if we put the +enemy to flight, we shall end by gaining the +summit of the mountain." And thus it was +that some of the Indians, thinking that the +Spaniards were retreating, came down below, +throwing stones at them, with their slings, +and shooting arrows.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> When this was seen +by the Christians, [they knew] that now +was their time, [and] they turned their +horses' heads, and before the Indians could +gather together on the mountain where they +were before, some twenty of them were +killed. When this was seen by the others, +and when they perceived that there was +little safety in the place where they were, +they left that mountain and retired to +another one which was higher. The captain,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> +with his men, finished climbing the +mountain, and there, because it was already +night, he camped with his soldiers. The +Indians also camped two cross-bow shots +away, in such a manner that in either camp +could be heard the voices in the other. The +captain caused the wounds to be cared for +and posted patrols and sentinels for the night, +and he ordered that all the horses were to +remain saddled and bridled until the following +day, on which he was to fight with the +Indians. And he tried to cheer his men up +and renew their valor, saying: "that by all +means it was necessary to attack the enemy +the following morning without delaying an +instant, because he had news that the captain +Quizquiz was coming with great reënforcements, +and by no means should they +wait until he joined forces with them." All +showed as much spirits and confidence as if +they already had the victory in their hands, +and again the captain comforted them, saying: +"he held the day just passed through +to be more perilous than that which awaited<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> +them on the morrow, and that God Our Lord +who had delivered them from danger in the +past would grant them victory in the future, +and that they should look to it whether, on +the day before, when their horses were so +weary, they had attacked their enemies with +disadvantage and had routed them and driven +them from their fortresses, even though their +own number did not exceed fifty, and that of +the enemy eight thousand; ought they not, +then, to hope for victory when they were +fresh and rested?" With these and other +spirited conversations, that night was passed, +and the Indians were in their own camp, +uttering cries and saying: "Wait, Christians, +until dawn, when you are all to die, +and we shall take away from you just as +many horses as you have!"<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> and they +added insulting words in their language having +determined to enter into combat with +the Christians as soon as it should dawn, +believing them and their horses to be weary +on account of the toil of the day before +and because they saw them to be so few in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> +numbers and because they knew that many +of the horses were wounded. In this manner +the same thought prevailed on the one +side and on the other, but the Indians firmly +believed that the Christians would not escape +from them.<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER X</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>News comes of the victory won by the Spaniards, +even to their putting the Indian army to +flight. They command that a chain be placed +about the neck of Chilichuchima, holding him to +be a traitor. They cross the Rimac<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> and all +reunite once more at Sachisagagna,<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> where they +burn Chilichuchima.</p></div> + +<p class="p5"><span class="smcap">This</span> news reached the Governor near the +last river, as I have said, and he, without +showing any change in his countenance, communicated +it to the ten horsemen and twenty +peons whom he had with him, consoling +them all with good words which he spoke to +them, although they were greatly disturbed +in their minds, for they thought that if +a small number of Indians, relatively to +the number anticipated, had maltreated the +Christians in such a manner in the first +action, they would bring upon them still +greater war on the following day when their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> +horses were wounded and when the aid of +thirty horsemen, which had been sent to +them, had not yet arrived among the Spaniards. +But all showed that they knew how +to place their hopes in God, and they arrived +at the river which they crossed in <i>balsas</i>, +swimming the horses, because the bridge +was burned down. And the river being very +full, they delayed in crossing it the rest of +that day and the next one until the hour of +siesta when the Governor, smiling [determined] +to set out without waiting for the +Indian allies to cross.<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> [Just then] a Christian +was seen coming, and when all saw him +from afar, they judged that the captain +with the horsemen had been routed and +that this man was bringing the news in his +flight. But when he had arrived in the +presence of the Governor, he gave great +consolation to the minds of all with the +news that he brought, relating that God +Our Lord, who never abandons his faithful +servants even in the direst extremities, +ordained that while the captain with the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> +others [of his company] was passing that +night cautiously and encouraging his men +for the combat on the morrow, the Marshal +arrived with the reënforcements of thirty +horsemen which had been sent, and these, +together with the ten others whom they had +left behind, made forty altogether, and when +all perceived this, the first group felt as much +pleasure as if they had resuscitated that day +[just lived through], holding it to be certain +that the victory would be theirs on the following +day. When day had come, which was +Sunday, they all mounted at dawn, and, disposed +in a wing formation in order to present +a better front, they attacked the rear of the +Indians who, during the night, had determined +to attack the Christians, but who, in +the morning, seeing so many soldiers, thought +that some aid must have come to them during +the night, on account of which, not having +the courage to put on a bold front, and +seeing that the Spaniards were coming up +the slope in pursuit of them, turned their +backs and retired from mountain to mountain.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> +The Spaniards did not follow them +because the land was rough, and besides, a +mist arose which was so thick that they could +not see one another, and yet withal, on the +slope of a hill, they killed many of the enemy. +At this juncture, a thousand Indians in a +squadron commanded by Quizquiz arrived in +aid of the Indians who, seeing the Christians +on horseback and so warlike, judged it time +to withdraw to the mountain.<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> At the same +time, the Christians assembled in their [the +Indians'] fort, whence the captain had sent +this messenger to the Governor to tell him +that he would await him there until he +should arrive. When this news was heard +by the Governor, he rejoiced greatly over +the victory which God Our Lord had given +him when he least expected it, and without +delaying an instant he ordered that all +should go forward with the dunnage and +the remaining Indians, because, jointly with +this news, he had received warning that +in the retreat of this hostile force of soldiers, +four thousand men had split off from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> +the rest, and that therefore he should proceed +cautiously, and should also be very +sure that Chilichuchima was arranging and +commanding all this and was giving advice +to the enemy as to what they were to do, +and that, on this account, he should bear +himself with caution. When the Governor +had finished his day's march, he had chains +put upon Chilichuchima and said to him: +"Well you know how I have always borne +myself toward you and how I have always +tried [to be generous with you], making you +the captain who should rule all this land +until the son of Atabalipa should come from +Quito in order to be made lord [of it], and +although I have had many causes for putting +you to death, I have not wished to do so, +believing always that you would mend your +ways. Likewise, I have asked you many +times to urge these hostile Indians, with +whom you have influence and friendliness, +to calm themselves and lay down their arms, +since, although they had done much harm +and had killed Guaritico<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> who came from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> +Xauxa at my command, I would pardon +them all. But in spite of all these admonitions +of mine you have wished to persist +in your evil attitude and intentions, thinking +that the advice which you gave to the +hostile captains was powerful enough to +make your wicked design succeed. But +now you can see how, with the aid of our +God, we have always routed them, and that +it will always be so in the future, and you +may be very sure that they will not be able +to escape nor to return to Quito whence +they came, nor will you ever again see +Cuzco<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> because as soon as I have arrived +at the place where this captain is with my +soldiers, I shall cause you to be burned +alive because you have known how to keep +so ill the friendship which, in the name of +Caesar,<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> my lord, I have agreed upon with +you. Have no doubt that this will be done +unless you urge these Indian friends of yours +to lay down their arms and come in peace, +as I have asked you to do many times before." +To all these reasonings Chilichuchima<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> +listened attentively without returning a word. +But always firm in his obstinacy, he [at +length] replied: "that those captains had not +done as he had ordered them to do because +they did not wish to obey him, and, for that +reason he had not remained to make them +understand that they must come in peace," +and with such words he excused himself +from what was attributed to him. But the +Governor, who already knew of certain of +his dealings, left him with his evil thoughts +and did not return to speak to him upon the +matter. Then, having crossed the river in +the afternoon, the Governor went forward +with those soldiers and arrived by night in a +village called Rimac<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> a league from that +river. And there the Marshal arrived, with +four horsemen, to wait for him, and after +they had talked together, they set out the +next day for the camp of the Spaniards where +they arrived in the afternoon, the captain +and many others having come out to meet +them, and all rejoiced greatly at seeing themselves +all together again. The Governor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> +gave each one thanks, according to his +merits, for the valour they had shown, and +all set out together in the evening and arrived +two leagues further on at a village called +Sachisagagna.<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> The captains informed the +Governor all that had happened, just as I +have related it. When they were all lodged +in this village, the captain and the Marshal +urged the Governor to do justice on Chilichuchima, +because he ought to know that +Chilichuchima advised the enemy of all that +the Christians did, and that he it was who +had made the Indians come out of the mountains +of Bilcas, exhorting them to come and +fight with the Christians who were few and +who, with their horses, could not climb those +mountains save step by step and on foot, +and giving them, at the same time, a thousand +other counsels as to where they were to +wait and what they were to do, like a man +who had seen those places and who knew +the skill of the Christians with whom he had +lived so long a time. Informed of all these +things, the Governor gave orders that he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> +was to be burned alive in the middle of the +plaza, and so it was done, for his chiefs and +most familiar friends were those who were +quickest in setting fire to him.<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> The religious<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> +tried to persuade him to become +a Christian, saying to him that those who +were baptized and who believed with true +faith in our saviour Jesus Christ went to +glory in paradise and that those who did not +believe in him went to hell and its tortures. +He made him understand this by means of +an interpreter. But he [Chilichuchima] did +not wish to be a Christian, saying that he did +not know what sort of thing this law was, +and he began to invoke Paccamaca<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> and +captain Quizquiz that they might come to +his aid. This Paccamaca the Indians have +as their God and they offer him much gold +and silver, and it is a well-known thing that +the demon is in that idol and speaks with +those who come to ask him something.<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> +And of this matter I have spoken at length +in the relation which was sent to H. M. from +Caxamalca. In this way this captain paid<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span> +for the cruelties which he committed in the +conquests of Atabalipa, and for the evils +which he plotted to the hurt of the Spaniards +and in disservice of H. M. All the people +of the country rejoiced infinitely at his +death, because he was very much abhorred +by all who knew what a cruel man he was.<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XI</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A son of the cacique Guainacaba<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> visits them; +they agree upon friendship with him, and he +tells them of the movements of the army of +hostile Indians with which they have some encounters +before entering Cuzco, where they +establish as lord the son of Guainacaba.<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></p></div> + +<p class="p5"><span class="smcap">Here</span> the Spaniards rested that night, +having set good guards, because they were +given to understand that Quizquiz was close +by with all his men. And on the following +morning, came to visit the Governor a son +of Guainacaba and a brother of the dead +cacique Atabalipa,<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> and the greatest and +most important lord who was then in that +land; and he had ever been a fugitive so +that those of Quito might not kill him. This +man said to the Governor that he would +aid him to the extent of his power in order +to drive from that land all those of Quito, +who were his enemies and who hated him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> +and did not wish to be the subjects of a +foreign people. This man was the man to +whom, by law, came all that province and +whom all the caciques of it wished for their +lord. When he came to see the Governor, +he came through the mountains, avoiding +the roads for fear of those of Quito, and +the Governor received him with great gladness +and replied to him: "Much does what +you say please me, as does also finding you +with so good a desire to expel these men of +Quito, and you must know that I have come +from Xauxa for no other purpose than to +prevent them from doing you harm and free +you from slavery to them, and you can believe +that I have not come for my own benefit +because I was in Xauxa, sure of having +war with them and I had an excuse for not +making this long and difficult journey. But +knowing the injuries they were doing to you, +I wanted to come to rectify and undo them, +as the Emperor my lord commanded me to +do. And so, you may be sure that I will do +in your favor all that seems suitable for me<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> +to do. And I will do the same to liberate +from this tyranny the people of Cuzco." +The Governor made him all these promises +in order to please him so that he might continue +to give news of how affairs were going, +and that cacique remained marvellously satisfied, +as did also those who had come with +him. And he [Manco] replied: "Henceforth +I shall give you exact information concerning +all that they of Quito do in order that they +may not inconvenience you." And in this +manner he took leave of the Governor, saying: +"I am going to fish because I know +that tomorrow the Christians do not eat +flesh, and I shall encounter this messenger +who tells me that Quizquiz is going with +his men to burn Cuzco and that he is now +near at hand, and I have wished to warn +you of it in order that you may fix upon a +remedy." The Governor at once placed all +the soldiers upon the alert, and, although it +was already noon, when he knew the needs +of the situation, he did not wish to delay +even to eat, but journeyed with all the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> +Spaniards straight toward Cuzco, which was +four leagues from that place, with the intention +of establishing his camp near the city +so as to enter it early the next day. And +when he had travelled two leagues, he saw +rise up in the distance a great smoke, and +when he asked some Indians the cause of it, +they told him that a squadron of the men +of Quizquiz had come down a mountain and +set fire [word missing]. Two captains went +ahead with some forty horsemen to see if +they could catch up with this squadron, +which speedily joined with the men of Quizquiz +and the other captains who were on a +slope a league in front of Cuzco waiting for +the Christians in a pass close to the road. +Seen by the captains and Spaniards, they +[the Indians] could not avoid an encounter +with them, although the Governor had them +made to understand that they [the Spaniards] +would wait for the rest to join them, which +they would have done, were it not for the +fact that the Indians incited each other with +much spirit to encounter them. And before<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> +they [the Spaniards] could be attacked, they +fell upon them on the skirt of a hill, and in +a short time they routed them, forcing them +to flee to the mountain and killing two hundred +of them. Another squad of cavalry +crossed over another slope of the mountain +where were two or three thousand Indians +who, not having the pluck to wait for them, +threw down their lances in order to be able +to run the better, and fled headlong. And +after those first two squads broke and fled, +they [the Spaniards] made them flee to the +heights; and [at the same time] two Spanish +light horsemen saw certain Indians return +down the slope, and they set themselves +to skirmish with them. They perceived that +they were in great danger, but they were +helped, and the horse of one of them was +killed, from which the Indians derived so +much encouragement that they wounded +four or five horses and a Christian, and they +made them retreat as far as the plain. The +Indians who, until then, had not seen the +Christians retire, thought that they were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> +doing it in order to attract them to the plain +and there attack them as they had done at +Bilcas, and they said so among themselves +and were cautious, not wishing to go down +and follow them. By this time the Governor +had arrived with the [rest of] the Spaniards +and, as it was already late, they set up their +camp on a plain, and the Indians maintained +themselves an arquebuse-shot away on a +slope until mid-night, yelling, and the Spaniards +spent all that night with their horses +saddled and bridled. And the next day, at +the first ray of dawn, the Governor arranged +the troops, horse and foot, and he took the +road to Cuzco, with good understanding and +caution, believing that the enemy would come +to attack him on the road, but none of them +appeared. In this way the Governor and his +troops entered that great city of Cuzco +without any other resistance or battle on +Friday, at the hour of high mass, on the fifteenth +day of the month of November of the +year of the birth of our Saviour and Redeemer +Jesus Christ <span class="smcapl">MDXXXIII</span>. The Governor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> +caused all the Christians to lodge in the +dwellings around the plaza of the city, and +he ordered that all should come forth with +their horses to the plaza and sleep in their +tents, until it could be seen whether the +enemy were coming to attack them. This +order was continued and observed for a +month. On another day, the Governor +created as lord that son of Guainacaba, for +he was young, prudent and alive and the +most important of all those who were there +at that time, and was the one to whom that +lordship came by law. And he did it so soon +in order that the lords and caciques should +not go away to their own lands which were +divers provinces, and some very far away, +and so that the natives should not join those +of Quito, but should have a separate lord of +their own whom they might reverence and +obey and not organize themselves into bands. +So he commanded all the caciques to obey +him [Manco] as their lord and to do all that +he should order them to do.<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XII</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The new cacique<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> goes with an army to drive +Quizquiz from the state of Quito. He has some +encounters with the Indians, and, because of the +roughness of the roads, they return, and they +later go thither again with a company of Spaniards, +and before they set out, the cacique pays +his obedience to the emperor.</p></div> + +<p class="p5"><span class="smcap">As</span> soon as this was done, he [the Governor] +gave orders to the new cacique to assemble +many warriors in order to go and +vanquish Quizquiz and drive from the land +those of Quito, and he [the Governor] said +to the Inca that it was not regular that, +when he was lord, another should remain in +his land against his will, and [the Governor] +said many other words to him upon this +subject in the presence of all in order that +they might see the favor which he did him +[Manco] and the fondness which he showed +him, and this not for the sake of advantages<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> +that might result from it, but for his own +[Manco's] sake.<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> The cacique had great +pleasure in receiving this order, and in the +space of four days he assembled more than +five thousand Indians, all in readiness with +their arms, and the Governor sent with them +a captain of his own and fifty cavalrymen; +he himself remained guarding the city with +the rest of the troops. When ten days +had gone by, the captain returned and +related to the Governor what had happened, +saying that at nightfall he had arrived +with his troops at the camp of Quizquiz +five leagues from there, because he had +gone by a roundabout road through which +the cacique guided him.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> But, before arriving +at enemy's camp, he encountered +two hundred Indians posted in a hollow, and +because the land was rough he was not able +to take their fort away from them and to +overpower them so that they could not give +notice of his coming, which they did do. But, +although this company [of Indians] was in +a strong place, it was not so bold as to wait<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span> +for his attack and it withdrew to the other +side of a bridge to cross which was impossible +[for the Spaniards] because, from a mountain +which dominated it, to which the Indians had +retired, they hurled so many stones that no +one was permitted to cross, and, because the +land was the roughest and most inaccessible +that had been seen, they [the Spaniards] +turned back. [The captain] said that two +hundred Indians had been killed, and that +the cacique was much pleased at what [the +captain] had done, and, on their return to +the city had guided them through another +and shorter road on which, in many places, +the captain found great quantities of stones +piled up for defense against the Christians, +and he found, among other passes, one so +bad and difficult that he, with all his troops, +suffered great trials and could not follow it +further. At that place it became apparent +that the cacique had true, and not feigned, +friendship for the Governor and Christians, +for he led them out of that road from which +not one Spaniard could have escaped [alone].<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> +[The captain] said that after he left the city, +he did not go over as much as a cross-bow +shot of flat land, and that all the country +was mountainous, stony and very difficult to +traverse and [he added] that if it had not +been for the fact that it was the first time +that the cacique was travelling with him +and might impute it to fear, he would have +turned back. The Governor would have +liked him to follow the enemy until he drove +them from the place where they were, but +when he heard the nature of the place, he +remained content with what had been done. +The cacique said that he had sent his soldiers +after the enemy, and that he thought they +would do them some damage; and accordingly +within four days news came that they +had killed a thousand Indians. The Governor +once more charged the cacique to cause more +warriors to be assembled, and he himself +wished to send with them some of his cavalry +in order that they might not desist until +they had driven the enemy from the land. +When he returned from [the first] trip, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> +cacique went to fast in a house which was on +a mountain, a dwelling which his father had +built in another day; there he stayed three +days, after which he came to the plaza where +the men of that land gave him obedience +according to their usage, recognizing him as +their lord and offering him the white plume, +just as they had to the cacique Atabalipa in +Caxamalcha. When this was done, he caused +all the caciques and lords who were there to +assemble, and, having spoken to them concerning +the harm that the men of Quito were +doing in his land and about the good that +would result to all if a stop were put to it, +he commanded them to call and prepare warriors +who should go against those of Quito +and drive them from the place in which they +had posted themselves. This the captains +did at once, and they so managed to raise +troops that, in the period of eight days, ten +thousand warriors were in that city, all, +picked men, and the Governor caused to be +prepared fifty light horsemen with a captain +in order that they might set out on the last<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> +day of the feast of the Nativity. The Governor, +before that journey was made, wishing +to re-affirm peace and friendship with +that cacique and his people, when mass had +been said on Christmas day by the religious,<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> +went out to the plaza with many +of the soldiers of his company, and into the +presence of the cacique and of the lords of +the land and of the warriors who were seated +along with his Spaniards, the cacique on a +stool and his men on the ground around him. +The Governor made them an address, as he +was wont to do on such occasions, and by +me, his secretary and the scrivener of the +army, was read the demand and requirement +which H. M. had sent, and its contents were +declared to them by an interpreter; all +understood it and replied [in a friendly manner]. +It was required of them that they +should be and should call themselves vassals +of H. M., and the Governor received [their +obedience] with the same ceremony as was +used the other time, namely, of twice raising +the royal standard, and in testimony [of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> +friendship] the Governor embraced them +to the sound of trumpets, observing other +solemnities which I do not write in order to +avoid prolixity. This done, the cacique stood +up and, in a vase of gold, gave drink to the +Governor and the Spaniards with his own +hands, and then all went off to eat, it being +already evening.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XIII</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>They suspect that the cacique wishes to rebel. +It turns out to be unfounded. Many Spaniards +go with him and twenty thousand Indians against +Quizquiz, and of what happens to them they give +news in a letter to the Governor.</p></div> + +<p class="p5"><span class="smcap">And</span> when the Spanish captain with the +Indians and the cacique were about to depart +within two days in order to go against +the enemy ...<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> the Governor was informed +by some Spaniards, some Indian friends +and some allied natives of the country that +among some of the cacique's chief men, +it was being talked of that they should +join with the warriors of Quito, and they +[the informers] accused him of other things. +Because of this, there arose some suspicion, +and, in order to make sure as to whether +the friendship of the cacique for the Christians +who loved him so was faithful and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span> +true, wishing to know truth of the matter, +[the Governor] caused the cacique and some +of his chief men to be called, on the next +day, to his room. And he told them what +was being said about them; after investigation +had been made and torture had been +given to some Indians, it came out that the +cacique and the chiefs were without any +blame, and it was certified that, neither by +word nor deed, had they done anything to +the hurt of the Spaniards, but that two +chiefs had said that because their ancestors +had never been subject to anyone neither +they nor the cacique ought to submit themselves +[to the Spaniards]. But notwithstanding +this, by what was known then and +afterwards, it was believed that the Indians +always loved the Spaniards and that their +friendship with them was not feigned.<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> The +troops did not set out on their journey because +the rigor of winter [was at its height] +and it rained a great deal every day, so it +was determined to allow the height of the +rainy season go by, principally because of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> +fact that many bridges had been ill-treated +and broken, to mend which was essential. +When the season in which the rains ceased +arrived, the Governor had the fifty cavalrymen, +the cacique the men he had and make +ready. All of these, with the captain whom +he gave them, put themselves on the march +for Xauxa by way of the city of Bilcas,<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> +where, it was understood, the enemy were +because the roads were cut up by the many +winter rains and the rivers were swollen; +although there was no bridge over many of +them, the Spaniards crossed on their horses +with great trouble, and one of them was +drowned. Arrived by [long] marches at the +river which is four leagues from Bilcas, it +was learned that the enemy had gone on to +Xauxa. And the river being swollen and +furious, and the bridge burned, it was necessary +for them to stop and build it anew, for, +without it, it would have been impossible +to cross the river, either in those boats which +are called <i>balsas</i> or by swimming or in any +other way. Twenty days the camp was here<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span> +in order to mend the bridge, for the officers +[maestros] had much to do, because the water +was high and kept breaking down the osier +ropes which were put in place. And if the +cacique had not had so great a number of +men to build the bridge and to cross over +by it and pull over the ropes of osiers, it +would not have been possible to build it. +But having twenty-four thousand warriors, +and by crossing [the stream] again and +again to attempt [to set in place the ropes] +making use of cords and <i>balsas</i>, at last they +succeeded in placing the osier ropes and when +they had been passed across [the river], the +bridge was built in a very short space of +time. [It was] so good and well built that +another like it is not to be found in that land, +for it is three hundred and seventy-odd feet +long, and broad enough to allow two horses +to cross at once without any risk. Then, +having crossed that bridge and having arrived +at Bilcas, the Spaniards found quarters in +the city, from which they sent to the Governor +a report on how affairs were progressing.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> +Here the camp stopped for some days, resting, +in order that they might have news of +the place in which the enemy were, of which +they learned no more than that they had +set out for Xauxa, and that they were thinking +of attacking the Spaniards who had remained +there as garrison. When he learned +this, the captain at once set out with the +Spaniards to aid [the garrison], taking with +him a brother of the cacique and four thousand +warriors. The cacique returned to Cuzco, +and the captain sent the governor a letter +which his lieutenant wrote from Xauxa in +great haste, and which was of the following +tenor: "When your excellency drove the +enemy from Cuzco, they rallied and came +to Xauxa, and before they arrived, it was +learned by our men that they were coming +in great force, because, from all the places +of the region, they were drawing as many +men as they could, as much for warriors as +to carry the supplies and baggage; when +this was learned by the treasurer Alfonso +[in Xauxa], he sent four light horsemen to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> +a bridge which is twelve leagues from the +city of Xauxa where the enemy were on the +other side, in a very important province. +When they had returned, the treasurer used +his best efforts, as much in guarding the +city and in treating well the caciques who +were there with him as in informing himself +stealthily of all the doings of the enemy. +And the greatest suspicions which he had +were of the Indians who were in the town +and in the region and who were very numerous, +because almost all were in agreement +with the enemy to come and attack the Spaniards +on four sides. With this agreement, +the Indians of Quito crossed [the bridge +before mentioned] with the intention that a +captain with five hundred of their men +should come from the direction of a [certain] +mountain and cross a river which is a quarter +of a league from the city and place himself +on the highest part of the mountain [near +Xauxa] in order to assault the city on the day +agreed upon between them. The captain +Quizquiz and Incurabaliba,<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> who were their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span> +chief leaders, were to come by the plains +with a greater force of warriors. This was +speedily learned from an Indian to whom +torture was given. The captain who was +to cross the river and attack the city from +the mountain travelled rapidly and arrived +a day before the rest of the warriors. And +one morning at dawn news came to the +city of how many enemies had crossed +the bridge, from which was born a great disaffection +among the natives of Xauxa who +[formerly] served the Christians loyally, from +which it was supposed that the whole land +had risen in arms, as has been said. First +of all, the treasurer arranged that all the +gold of H. M. and of the men which was in +the city should be placed in a large house, +and he set a guard of the feeblest and sickest +Spaniards, ordering that the rest should be +prepared to fight; and he ordered ten light +horsemen to go out to see how large a number +of the enemy had crossed the river in +order to take the mountain, and he himself, +with the rest of the soldiers, waited on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span> +plaza in case the greater number of the enemy +should come by way of the plain. The Spanish +scouts attacked the Indians who had +crossed the bridge; they retired, and the +Spaniards had to cross the bridge after them +some peon cross-bowmen whom the treasurer +had sent them, so that the Indians turned +and fled with great loss. The great blow of +the others, who came by the plain, did not +take place at the time agreed upon with the +others for assaulting the city, and in waiting +for it, they lost time. That night and the +[following] day the city was vigilant, and +the soldiers were always armed and their +horses saddled, all being together in the +plaza, thinking that on the following night +the Indians would come to attack the city +and burn it, as it was said that they intended +to do. When [the first] two quarters of the +night were passed, seeing that the enemy +did not appear, the treasurer took with him +a light-armed horseman and went to see in +what place the enemy had camped and how +many of them had approached the city, [for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> +the Indians who gave news of all this did +not know where they were, and likewise because +the enemy took roads of which no +one could give information], with the result +that at daybreak the treasurer found himself +four leagues from the city, and, having seen +the place where the Indians were and the +nature of the site, he returned to the city at +which he arrived a little after noon. When +it was seen by the hostile Indians that the +Spaniards had discovered them, they were in +great fear, and got up from that site and +went towards the city, and in the night they +came and took up a position a quarter of a +league from the city beside a small river +which entered the large one. When this was +known by the Spaniards, they spent that +night with the greatest caution, and on the +following day, after hearing mass, the treasurer +took twenty light horse and twenty +peons with two thousand friendly Indians, +leaving as many more Spanish cavalry and +some foot soldiers in the city with the understanding +that they were to give a signal whenever<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> +the enemy should attack them so that +the other [Spaniards] might come to aid +them. Having gone out from the city with +the lieutenant, the Spaniards saw that the +Indians of Quito had crossed the little river +with their squadrons in which there might +be some six thousand of them, and, seeing +the Spaniards, they turned and crossed to +the other bank. Then, the treasurer and the +Spaniards perceiving that if they did not +attack the Indians that day, the following +night the latter would come to sack and set +fire to the city, so that there would be greater +trouble if night was awaited, he [the treasurer] +determined to cross the river and fight +with the enemy. A sharp skirmish was held +[on the other side], as much with cross-bows +and arrows as with stones, and the treasurer, +who was going in advance of the rest down +the stream, received a stone on the crown of +his head which threw him from his horse +into the midst of the river, and, stunned, he +was borne along quite a distance, so that he +would have been drowned had not some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> +Spanish cross-bowmen who were there helped +him and pulled him from the water with +much trouble. [The Indians] also gave his +horse [a blow] in the leg which broke it, and +he died soon. From this the Spaniards drew +great animosity, and they hastened to cross +the river. Seeing their determination the +Indians withdrew, fleeing to a mountain +where some hundred of them died. The +horsemen followed them through the mountains +more than a league and a half, and +[finally], because they withdrew to the strongest +position of the mountain, where the horses +could not go up, [the Spaniards] went back +to the city. And, soon perceiving that the +Indians did not venture forth from that +fortress [the Spaniards] determined to return +once more against them, and twenty +Spaniards with more than three thousand +Indian friends attacked them on that mountain +where they were fortified and killed +many, driving them from that fortress and +pursuing them more than three leagues, killing +many neighboring caciques who were in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span> +their favor. With this victory the Indian +friends were as much pleased as if they alone +had won it. The Indians of Quito re-assembled +once more in a place called Tarma +five leagues from Xauxa, whence, likewise, +they were driven because they did much +harm in the neighboring lands."</p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XIV</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Of the great quantity of gold and silver which +they caused to be smelted from the figures of +gold which the Indians adored. Of the foundation +of the city of Cuzco where a settlement of +Spaniards was established, and of the order +which was set up there.</p></div> + +<p class="p5"><span class="smcap">When</span> this good news was learned by the +Governor, he had it published at once, and +because of it the Spaniards were filled with +content and gave infinite thanks to God for +having shown himself favorable in everything +to this enterprise. Then the Governor wrote +and sent couriers to the city of Xauxa, giving +to all his congratulations and thanking them +for the valor they had shown, and especially +his lieutenant, asking him to give him information +of all that took place in the future. +And in the meanwhile, the Governor hastened +matters for setting out thence, leaving affairs +provided for in the city, founding a colony,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span> +and peopling plentifully the said city. He +caused all the gold which had been collected +to be melted, which was in small pieces, an +operation quickly performed by Indians +skilled in the process. And when the sum +total was weighed, it was found to contain +five hundred and eighty thousand, two hundred-odd +pesos of good gold. The fifth for +H. M. was taken out, and it was one hundred +and sixteen thousand, and seventy-odd pesos +of good gold. And the same smelting was +performed for the silver, which was found to +contain two hundred and fifteen thousand +marks, a little more or less, and of them one +hundred and seventy thousand or so were +fine silver in vessels and plates, pure and good, +and the rest was not so because it was in +plates and pieces mixed with other metals +from which, according, the silver was extracted. +And from all this, likewise, was +taken the fifth of H. M. Truly it was a +thing worthy to be seen, this house where +the melting took place, all full of so much +gold in plates of eight and ten pounds each,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span> +and in vessels, and vases and pieces of various +forms with which the lords of that land +were served, and among other very sightly +things were four sheep<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> in fine gold and +very large, and ten or twelve figures of +women of the size of the women of that +land, all of fine gold and as beautiful and +well-made as if they were alive. These +they held in as much veneration as if they +had been the rulers of all the world, and alive +[as well], and they dressed them in beautiful +and very fine clothing, and they adored +them as Goddesses, and gave them food +and talked with them as if they were women +of flesh.<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> These went to form a part of the +fifth of H. M. There were, besides, other +odd silver objects of like form. The seeing +of great vases and pieces of burnished +silver was certainly a matter for great +satisfaction. The Governor divided and +distributed all this treasure among all the +Spaniards who were at Cuzco and those +who remained in the city of Xauxa, giving +to each one as much good silver, and as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span> +much impure, together with as much gold +[as he deserved], and to each man who had +a horse he gave according to the man's merit +and that of the horse and in accordance with +the services he had done; and to the peons +he did the same according to what was posted +up to his credit in the book of distributions, +which was kept [for this purpose]. All this +was completed within eight days, and at the +end of as many more, the Governor set out +from here, leaving the city settled in the +manner which has been told. In the month +of March, 1534, the Governor ordered that +the greater part of the Spaniards he had +with him should be assembled in this city, +and he made an act of foundation and settlement +of the town, saying that he placed it +and founded it in his own authority<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> and +he took possession of it in the middle of +the plaza. And as a sign of the foundation +and of the commencement of building +and founding the colony, he held certain +ceremonies in accordance with the act which +was drawn up, which I, the scrivener, read<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> +in a loud voice in the presence of all. And +the name of the city was agreed upon, "the +very noble and great city of Cuzco." +And, continuing the settlement, he appointed +the site<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> for the church which was to be +built, its boundaries, limits, and jurisdiction, +and immediately afterward he proclaimed +that all who might come to settle +here would be received as citizens, and +many came in the next three years.<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> From +among them all they chose the persons +most fitted for undertaking the charge of +governing public affairs, and he [the Governor] +appointed his lieutenant, alcaldes and +ordinary regidores and other public officials, +all of whom he chose in the name of H. M. +and he gave them the powers to exercise +their offices. This done, the Governor, with +the consent and advice of the religious +whom he had with him and of H. M.'s paymaster +who was then with him, with whose +assistance he looked over and considered +the circumstances of the citizens until as +many [had been chosen] as H. M. had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> +arranged should take part in the <i>repartimiento</i> +of the natives; in the meanwhile +a certain number of them [Indians] was +assigned to all the Spaniards who were +to remain, in order that they might instruct +them in the things of our holy catholic faith. +And there set aside and given to the service +of H. M. twelve thousand-odd married Indians +in the province of the Collao in the +middle thereof, near the mines, in order that +they might take out gold for H. M. from +which, it is understood, there will be great +profits, considering the great wealth of the +mines which are there, of which matters +lengthy mention is made in the book of the +foundation of this colony and in the register +of the deposit which was made by the neighbouring +Indians. And the approving, confirming +or amending of these arrangements +was left to the will of H. M. according as +should seem best to suit his royal service.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XV</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Governor sets out with the cacique for +Xauxa, and they receive news of the army of +Quito, and of certain ships which some Spaniards +who went to the city of San Miguel saw on those +coasts.</p></div> + +<p class="p5"><span class="smcap">When</span> these things were done, the Governor +set out for Xauxa, taking the cacique with +him, and the citizens remained guarding the +city [according] to orders which the Governor +left them so that they might govern themselves +until he should command something +else. Journeying by forced marches, on the +day of Easter, he found himself on the Bilcas +river, where he learned from letters and +notices from Xauxa, that the warriors of +Quito, after they were routed and driven +from their last positions by the captain from +Cuzco, had withdrawn and fortified themselves +forty leagues from Xauxa on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span> +Caxamalcha road in a bad pass in the immediate +vicinity of the road, and had built their +walls to prevent the [possibility of] the +horses [crossing] the pass. [These walls +had] some very narrow gates in them, and +a street by which to mount a high boulder +where the captain and the warriors lived +and which had no other entrance than this +one by way of this fort that they had built +with these very narrow doors; [and the +Governor learned] that they were planning +to await aid here, because it was known +that the son of Atabalipa was coming with +many warriors. This news the Governor +communicated to the cacique who at once +sent off couriers to the city of Cuzco in +order to cause warriors to come who should +not exceed two thousand in number, but who +were to be the best there were in all that +province, because the Governor told him that +it would be better were they few and good +than if they were many and unserviceable, +because the many would destroy the food in +the land through which they were to pass<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span> +without necessity or profit. At the same +time the Governor wrote to the lieutenant and +corregidor of Cuzco that he should aid the +captains of the cacique and see to it that +the warriors came soon. On the second day +after Easter, the Governor set out from this +place, and, by forced marches, arrived in +Xauxa, where he learned the whole of what +had passed there in his absence, and especially +what those of Quito had done, and, in particular, +they told him that after the enemy was +put to flight from the environs of Xauxa, +they had retired twenty or thirty leagues +from there into the mountains, and that, +according to the captain who went out +against them with the brother of the cacique +and four thousand men, they arrived within +sight of them [the Indians], and that, after +a rest of a few days, they went to attack +them and routed them and drove them from +that place with much trouble and great danger. +When they [the Spanish force] had returned +to Xauxa, the Marshal Don Diego de Almagro +who, when the captain and Spaniards<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span> +came from Cuzco, had come with them by +order of the Governor to inspect the Indians +round about in order to see and know the +state of things in that city and among its +citizens, went out to visit the caciques and +lords of the region of Chincha<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> and Pachacama, +and the others who had their lands and +lived on the sea-coast.</p> + +<p>In this state the Governor found affairs +when arrived at Xauxa, and, having rested +from the long journey without arranging anything +in the first few days, he waited for the +Indians<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> [for whom he had sent] in order to +go and drive the enemy from the fort which +they had made and finish with them, when +there came to him one of two Spanish messengers +who had gone to the city of San +Miguel to see how things were going there, +and who spoke to him in this way: "My +lord, when I had set out from here by order +of the Marshal, I set myself to journey with +all speed along the plains and the shore of +the sea, not without trouble, because many +of the caciques who are along that road were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span> +in revolt. But some who were friendly provided +us with whatever we needed, and they +informed us that some ships had been seen +along the sea-coast, which I myself saw one +day, and, considering that I was sent to the +city of San Miguel to find out whether the +ships of the Adelantado Alvarado or of other +people had arrived, I went [rapidly] along +the coast for nine days and nights, sometimes +in sight of them, believing that they +would take port and that I would thus learn +who they were. But even with all this speed +and trouble I could not do what I wished, on +which account I made up my mind to continue +my journey to the city of San Miguel, +and, having crossed to the other side of the +large river, I was informed by the Indians of +the country that Christians were coming +along that road, and I, thinking that without +doubt it would prove to be the troops of +the Adelantado Alvarado, my companion and +I went on our guard in order not to encounter +them <i>impromptu</i>.<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> And when they arrived<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> +at Motupe, I learned that they were near +that place [where I was], and I waited for +the night. At dawn I sent my companion +to speak with them, and to see what people +they were, and I gave him certain tokens by +which he could inform me, and finally, I +learned that they were soldiers who were +coming to the conquest of these kingdoms. +Because of this, I went to them and spoke +at length, telling them the errand I was on, +and they, in return, informed me that they +had come to the city of San Miguel in certain +ships from Panama and were two hundred +and fifty in number. When they had +arrived at San Miguel, the captain who was +in that city with two hundred men, seventy +of them cavalry, had gone away to the provinces +of Quito in order to conquer them, and +they, some thirty persons with their horses, +knowing the conquests which were being +made in Cuzco, and the lack of men there +was there, did not wish to go with the captain +to those provinces of Quito and so were coming<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> +to Xauxa. And we gave them news of +all that had happened here and of the war +which we had had with the Indians of Quito. +And in order to bring more quickly the news +of what had happened there I returned from +that place without going to the city of San +Miguel, knowing for certain that the captain +would have departed with his men and would +already be near Cossibamba.<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> Turning back +on my road, I met, on Easter, the Marshal +D. Diego de Almagro near Cena<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> which is +where the road to Caxamalca branches off, +and to him I related how things were going +and how some suspected that the captain +who was going to Quito was not going with +good intentions. As soon as the Marshal +heard this, he set off in order to catch up +with the captain who was taking these soldiers +on the march to Quito, in order to +detain him until together they could arrange +the necessary provisions for this war. This, +then, sir, is what has happened to me on +this journey, during which I tried to get<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span> +information about those ships, but could +not learn anything else about them. Of +Alvarado nothing more is known than that +he has already embarked on these shores or +has passed further on, as letters inform me."</p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XVI</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>They build a church in the city of Xauxa, and +send some three thousand Indians with some +Spaniards against the hostile Indians. They have +news of the arrival of many Spaniards and +horses, on which account they send soldiers to +the province of Quito. A Relation of the quality +and people of the land from Tumbez to +Chincha, and of the province of Collao and +Condisuyo.<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p></div> + +<p class="p5"><span class="smcap">The</span> Governor received this messenger, +read the letters which he brought, and asked +him many other things, and, in order to +arrange all that seemed suitable in this business, +he called all the officials of H. M. +After they had discussed the journey of that +captain to Quito and how the Marshal would +already have reasoned with him, according +to the report brought by that messenger, +permission was given [to the Governor] that +he should send one of his lieutenants with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span> +sufficient powers for the task in hand. And +when his letters to the city of San Miguel +and to the Marshal, in which he told them +what was to be done, were written, he sent +off with them three Christians, in order that +the letters might go more quickly and safely, +ordering the men to hasten with all speed +upon the road and keep advising him of what +they learned. After this had been arranged, +he [Pizarro] chose the place in which the +church was to be erected in that city of +Xauxa. This task he commanded to be +done by the caciques of the district, and it +was built with its great doors of stone.<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> +In the meanwhile, there arrived the four +thousand Indian warriors whom the cacique +had called from Cuzco, and the Governor +caused to be made ready fifty Spanish cavalrymen +and thirty peons to go [with the +Indians] in order to drive the enemy from +the pass where they were, and they set +out with the cacique and his soldiers, who +loved the Spaniards better every day.<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> The +Governor ordered the captain of these<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> +Spaniards to pursue the enemy as far as +Guanaco<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> and as far beyond as he believed +necessary, and that he should keep him +informed continually, by letters and messengers +of what went on. After this, the +Governor received news of the ships on +the feast of the Holy Ghost, and at the +same time, he received a letter from San +Miguel which two Spaniards brought him, +and he learned how the ships, because of +bad weather, had remained seventy leagues +from Paccacama<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> without being able to +go further, and how the Adelantado de +Alvarado had gone up to Puerto Viejo three +months before with four hundred men [on +foot] and one hundred and fifty cavalry<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> +and with them he entered the interior in +the direction of Quito, believing that he +would arrive there at the same time that +the Marshal Don Diego de Almagro would +enter those provinces from the other side. +As a result of all this information concerning +the justice and government of the city +of S. Miguel and of other places, the Governor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> +entered upon the control of it [himself]. +And, in order to mend matters, with +the consent of the officials, he sent his messengers +in a brigantine by sea, and with +them he sent orders to the Marshal that, +in the name of H. M., he should lend him +[Pizarro] aid, and should conquer, pacify +and settle those provinces of Quito with the +troops he had with him and with those who +were in readiness in the city of San Miguel. +At the same time, he arranged other matters +in this connection, so that Alvarado should +do no harm in the land, and because H. M. +so desired that it should be, and likewise he +determined that, on the arrival of the ships, +he would send a report to H. M. of all that +had taken place on that venture up to that +very hour, so that he [H. M.] might be informed +of all and might provide in every +instance what he held to be the best for his +royal service. This is the state of the affairs +of war and of other matters in this land: and +of the quality of it I shall speak briefly because +a relation of it was sent from Caxamalca.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span> +This land, from Tumbez to Chincha +has [a width of some] ten leagues, in some +places more, in others less; it is a broad, flat, +sandy land in which no grass or herbs grow +and where it rains but little; it is [in places] +fertile in maize and fruits because the people +sow and irrigate their farms with water from +the rivers that come down from the mountains. +The houses which the laborers use +are made of rushes and branches, because, +when it does not rain, it is very hot, and few +of the houses have roofs.<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> They are a +wretched folk, and many of them are blind +on account of the great amount of sand that +there is. They are poor in gold and silver, +and what they have is because those who live +in the sierra exchange it for goods. All the +land beside the sea is of this description as +far as Chincha, and even fifty leagues beyond +there. They dress in cotton [bambaso] +and eat maize both cooked and raw, and half-raw +meat. At the end of the plains which +are called Ingres are some very high mountains +which extend from the city of San<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span> +Miguel as far as Xauxa, and which may well +be one hundred and fifty leagues long, but +have little breadth. It is a very high and +rugged land of mountains and many rivers; +there are no forests save some trees in places +where there is always a thick mist. It is +very cold because there is a snow-capped +mountain range which extends from Caxamalca +to Xauxa and on which there is snow +all the year through. The people who live +there are much more advanced than the +others, because they are very polished and +warlike and of good dispositions. They are +very rich in gold and silver because they get +it from many places in the mountains. None +of the lords who have governed these provinces +have ever been able to make any use +of these coast-people, as they are such a +wretched and poor folk, as I have said, that +they are fit to be used for nothing else than +to carry fish and fruits [up into the highlands], +for as soon as they come into the +mountainous regions, their own land being +very hot, they sicken for the most part; and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> +the same thing happens to those who inhabit +the mountains if they go down into the hot +country. Those who dwell on the other +side of the land, beyond the summits of the +mountains, are like savages who have no +houses nor any maize save a little; they have +very great forests and maintain themselves +almost entirely on the fruit of the trees; they +have no domicile, nor fixed settlements that +are known; there are very great rivers, and +the land is so useless that it paid all its +tribute to the lords in parrot feathers.<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a></p> + +<p>The mountainous region being the chief +part of the country, and being so narrow, as +well as being torn by the wars that have been +there, settlements of Christians cannot be +made there, for it is a very remote region. +From the city of Xauxa along the Cuzco road, +the country keeps getting more shut in by +mountains and the distance from the sea is +greater. And those who have been lords of +Cuzco, their own dwelling being in Cuzco, +called the rest of the land, in the direction of +Quito, Cancasuetio, and the land beyond<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> +[Cuzco], called Callao, Collasuyo, and, in the +direction of the sea, Condisuyo, and the +interior Candasuyo;<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> and in this way they +gave names to these four provinces, disposed +like a cross, which contained their empire. +In the Collao they know not of the sea, and +it is a flat land to judge from what has been +seen of it, and it is large and cold, and there +are in it many rivers from which gold is got. +The Indians say that in the province is a +large lake of fresh water which, in its centre, +has two islands.<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> In order to learn the state +of this land and its government, the Governor +sent two Christians to bring him a long +report of it; they set out in the beginning +of December. The region of Condisuyo, +toward the sea from Cuzco is a small and +delectable land, although it is all of forests +and stones, and the inland region is so likewise. +Through it [the Antisuyu] run all +the rivers which do not flow into the western +sea. It is a land of many trees and +mountains and is very thinly populated. +This sierra runs from Tumbes as far as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span> +Xauxa, and from Xauxa as far as the city +of Cuzco. It is stony and rough; if there +were not roads made by hand it would not +be possible to travel on foot, still less on +horseback, and for the roads there are many +houses full of materials for repairing the +pavement, and in this matter the lords had +so much firmness that there was nothing to +do but keep it in order.<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> All the mountain +fields<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> are made in the guise of stairways +of stone, and the rest of the road has +no great width because of some mountains +that hem it in on both sides, and on one +side they had made a buttress of stone so +that one day it should not slide down [the +mountain], and there are, likewise, other +places, in which the road has a breadth of +four or five human bodies, all made and +paved with stone. One of the greatest works +the conquerors saw in this land was these +roads. All or most of the people on these +slopes of the mountains live on high hills +and mountains; their houses are of stone +and earth; there are many dwellings in each<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> +village. Along the road each league or two +or nearer, are found the dwellings built for +the purpose of allowing the lords to rest +when they were out visiting and inspecting +their land; and every twenty leagues there +are important cities, heads of provinces, to +which the smaller cities brought their tribute +of maize, clothes and other things. All these +large cities have storehouses full of the things +which are in the land, and, because it is very +cold but little maize is harvested except in +specially assigned places; but [there is plenty +of] all the many vegetables and roots with +which the people sustained themselves, and +also good grass like that of Spain. There +are also wild turnips which are bitter. There +is a sufficiency of herds of sheep<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> which +go about in flocks with their shepherds +who keep them away from the sown fields, +and they have a certain part of [each] +province set apart for them to winter in. +The people, as I have said, are very polished +and intelligent, and go always clad and +shod; they eat maize both cooked and raw,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> +and drink much chicha, which is a beverage +made from maize after the fashion of beer. +The people are very tractable and very +obedient and yet warlike. They have many +arms of diverse sorts, as has been told in +the relation of the imprisonment of Atabalipa +which was sent from Caxamalca, as +was said above.<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a></p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XVII</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Description of the city of Cuzco and of its +wonderful fortress, and of the customs of its inhabitants.</p></div> + +<p class="p5"><span class="smcap">The</span> city of Cuzco is the principal one of +all those where the lords of this land have +their residence; it is so large and so beautiful +that it would be worthy of admiration even in +Spain; and it is full of the palaces of the +lords, because no poor people live there, and +each lord builds there his house, and all the +caciques<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> do likewise, although the latter +do not dwell there continuously. The greater +part of these houses are of stone, and others +have half the façade of stone. There are +many houses of adobe, and they are all arranged +in very good order. The streets are +laid out at right angles; they are very straight, +and are paved, and down the middle runs a +gutter for water lined with stone. The chief +defect which the streets have is that of being<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> +narrow, so that only one horse and rider +can go on one side of the gutter and another +upon the opposite side. This city is located +upon the slope of a mountain, and there are +many houses upon the slope and others below +on the plain. The plaza is rectangular, and +the greater part of it is flat and paved with +small stones. Around the plaza are four +houses of noblemen, who are the chief men +of the city; [the houses] are of stone, +painted and carved, and the best of them +is the house of Guaynacaba,<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> a former +chief, and the door of it is of marble [colored] +white and red and of other colors;<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> +and there are other very sightly buildings +with flat roofs. There are, in the said city, +many other buildings and grandeurs. Along +the two sides [of the city] pass two rivers +which rise a league above Cuzco, and from +there down to the city and for two leagues +below it they run over stone flags so that +the water may be pure and clear, and so +that, though they may rise, they may not +overflow. They have bridges for those who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> +enter the city. Upon the hill which, toward +the city, is rounded and very steep, there is +a very beautiful fortress of earth and stone. +Its large windows which look over the city +make it appear still more beautiful.<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> Within, +there are many dwellings, and a chief tower +in the centre, built square, and having four +or five terraces one above another. The +rooms inside are small and the stones of which +it is built are very well worked and so well +adjusted to one another that it does not appear +that they have any mortar and they are +so smooth that they look like polished slabs +with the joinings in regular order and alternating +with one another after the usage in +Spain.<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> There are so many rooms and +towers that a person could not see them +all in one day; and many Spaniards who +have been in Lombardy and in other foreign +kingdoms say that they have never seen +any other fortress like this one nor a stronger +castle. Five thousand Spaniards might well +be within it; nor could it be given a broadside +or be mined, because it is on a rocky<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span> +mountain. On the side toward the city, +which is a very steep slope, there is no more +than one wall;<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> on the other side, which +is less steep, there are three, one above the +other. The most beautiful thing which can +be seen in the edifices of that land are these +walls, because they are of stones so large +that anyone who sees them would not say +that they had been put in place by human +hands, for they are as large as chunks of +mountains and huge rocks, and they have +a height of thirty palms and a length of +as many more, and others have twenty +and twenty-five, and others fifteen, but +there is none so small that three carts could +carry it. These are not smooth stones, +but rather well joined and matched one with +another. The Spaniards who see them say +that neither the bridge of Segovia nor any +other of the edifices which Hercules or the +Romans made is so worthy of being seen as +this. The city of Tarragona has some works +in its walls made in this style, but neither so +strong nor of such large stones. These walls<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span> +twist in such a way that if they are attacked, +it is not possible to do so from directly in +front, but only obliquely.<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> These walls are +of the same stone, and between wall and wall +there is enough earth to permit three carts +to go along the top at one time. They are +made after the fashion of steps, so that one +begins where another leaves off. The whole +fortress was a deposit of arms, clubs, lances, +bows, axes, shields, doublets thickly padded +with cotton and other arms of various sorts, +and clothes for the soldiers collected here +from all parts of the land subject to the lords +of Cuzco. They had many colors, blue, +yellow, brown and many others for painting, +much tin and lead with other metals, and +much silver and some gold, many mantles +and quilted doublets for the warriors. The +reason why this fortress contained so much +workmanship was that, when this city was +founded it was done by a lord <i>orejon</i><a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> +who came from Condisuyo, toward the sea, +a great warrior who conquered this land +as far as Bilcas and who, perceiving that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span> +this was the best place to fix his domicile, +founded that city with its fortress. And +all the other lords who followed after him +made some improvements in this fortress +so that it was ever augmenting in size. +From this fortress are seen around the city +many houses a quarter of a league, half a +league and a league away, and in the valley, +which is surrounded by hills, there are more +than five thousand houses, many of them for +the pleasure and recreation of former lords +and others for the caciques of all the land +who dwell continuously in the city. The +others are storehouses full of mantles, wool, +arms, metals, and clothes and all the things +which are grown or made in this land. There +are houses where the tribute is kept which +the vassals bring to the caciques; and there +is a house where are kept more than a hundred +dried birds because they make garments of +their feathers, which are of many colors, and +there are many houses for this [work]. +There are bucklers, oval shields made of +leather, beams for roofing the houses, knives<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span> +and other tools, sandals and breast-plates +for the warriors in such great quantity that +the mind does not cease to wonder how so +great a tribute of so many kinds of things +can have been given. Each dead lord has +here his house and all that was paid to him +as tribute during his life, for no lord who +succeeds another [and this is the law among +them] can, after the death of the last one, +take possession of his inheritance. Each one +has his service of gold and of silver, and his +things and clothes for himself, and he who +follows takes nothing from him. The caciques +and lords maintain their houses of +recreation with the corresponding staff of +servants and women who sow their fields +with maize and place a little of it in their +sepulchres. They adore the sun and have +built many temples to him, and of all the +things which they have, as much of clothes +as of maize and other things, they offer some +to the sun, of which the warriors later avail +themselves.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XVIII</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Of the province of the Collao and of the qualities +and customs of its people, and of the rich +gold mines that are found there.</p></div> + +<p class="p5"><span class="smcap">The</span> two Christians who were sent to see +the province of the Collao were forty days +upon their journey, and, as soon as they had +returned to Cuzco where the governor was, +they gave him news and a report of all that +they had seen and learned, which is set forth +below. The land of the Collao is far off and +a long way from the sea, so much so that the +natives who inhabit it, have no knowledge +of it. The sierra is very high and rather +broad, and with all this, it is excessively cold. +There are in the region no groves or woods, +nor is there any wood for burning, and what +little there is in use there comes from trade, +in exchange for merchandise, with those who +live near the sea and are called Ingres, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span> +also with those who live below near the rivers, +for these people have fire-wood and they exchange +it for sheep<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> and other animals +and vegetables, since, for the most part, +the land is sterile, and all the people live +on roots, herbs, maize and sometimes flesh, +not because there is not, in that province +of the Collao, a good quantity of sheep, +but because the people are so much the +subjects of the lord to whom they are bound +to give obedience that, without his licence +or that of the chief or governor who, by +his command, is in the country, they do +not kill one [llama], nor do even the lords +and caciques dare to kill any without such +permission. The land is well populated because +wars have not destroyed it as they have +other provinces. The villages are of ordinary +size and their houses are small, with walls of +stone and adobe mixed and covered with roofs +of straw. The grass which grows in this +land is short and sparse. There are some +rivers, although of small volume. In the +middle of the province there is a great lake,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span> +in length almost one hundred leagues, and +the most thickly peopled land is around its +shore; in the middle of the lake there are +two islets, and on one of them is a mosque and +house of the sun which is held in great veneration, +and to it they come to make their +offerings and sacrifices on a great stone on +the island which they call Tichicasa<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> which +either because the devil hides himself there +and speaks to them or because of an ancient +custom, or on account of some other cause +that has never been made clear, all the +people of that province hold in great esteem, +and they offer there gold, silver and other +things. There are more than six hundred +Indians serving in this place, and more than +a thousand women who make chicha in +order to throw it upon that stone Tichicasa.<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> +The rich mines of that province +of the Collao are beyond this lake [in a +region] called Chuchiabo.<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> The mines are +in the gorge [caja-chiusa] of a river, about +half-way up the sides. They are made like +caves, by whose mouths they enter to scrape<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span> +the earth, and they scrape it with the horns +of deer and they carry it outside in certain +hides sewn into the form of sacks or of wine-skins +of sheep-hide. The manner in which +they wash it is that they take from the river +a [jet?]<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> of water, and on the bank they set +up certain very smooth flag-stones on which +they throw the water, after which they +draw off by a duct the water of the [jet?] +which has just fallen down [upon the gold-earth?], +and the water carries off the earth +little by little so that the gold is left upon +the flag-stones themselves, and in this manner +they collect it. The mines go far into the +earth, one ten brazas, another twenty, and +the greatest mine, which is called Guarnacabo<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> +goes into the earth some forty +brazas.<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> They have no light, nor are they +broader than is necessary for one person to +enter crouching down, and until the man +who is in the mine comes out, no other can +go in. The people who get out the gold +here are as many as fifty,<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> counting men +and women, and these are all of this land,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span> +and from one cacique come twenty, from +another fifty, from another thirty, and from +others more or less according to the number +that they have, and they take out gold +for the chief lord, and they have taken such +precautions in the matter that in nowise +can any of what is taken out be stolen, because +they have placed guards around the +mines so that none of those who take out the +gold can get away without being seen. At +night, when they return to their houses in +the village, they enter by a gate where the +overseers are who have the gold in their +charge, and from each person they receive the +gold that he has got. There are other mines +beyond these, and there are still others +scattered about through the land which are +like wells a man's height in depth, so that +the worker can just throw the earth from +below on top of the ground. And when they +dig them so deep that they cannot throw the +earth out on top, they leave them and make +new wells.<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> But the richest mines, and the +ones from which the most gold is got, are the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span> +first, which do not have the inconvenience +of washing the earth, and, because of the +cold, they do not work those mines more +than four months of the year, [and then +only] from the hour of noon to nearly sunset.<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> +The people are very mild, and so accustomed +to serve, that all that has to be done in the +land they do themselves, and so it is, in the +roads and in the houses which the chief lord +commands them to build, and they continually +offer themselves for work and for +carrying the burdens of the warriors when +the lord goes to some place [in the region]. +The Spaniards took from those mines a load +of earth and carried it to Cuzco without +doing anything else. It was washed by the +hand of the Governor after the Spaniards had +sworn that they had not placed the gold in +it or done anything to it save take it from +the mine as the Indians did who washed it, +and from it three pesos of gold was got. All +those who understand mines and the getting +of gold, being informed of the manner in +which it is got in this land, say that all the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span> +[country is full of mines], and that if the Spaniards +gave implements and skill [in using +them] to the Indians so that it might be got +out, much gold would be taken from the earth, +and it is believed that when this time has +arrived, a year will not go by in which a +million of gold is not got. The people of +this province, as well men as women, are very +filthy, and they have large hands, and the +province is very large.</p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XIX</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Of the great veneration in which the Indians +held Guarnacaba<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> when he lived<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> and of that +in which they hold him now, after death. And +how, through the disunion of the Indians, the +Spaniards entered Cuzco, and of the fidelity of +the new cacique Guarnacaba<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> to the Christians.</p></div> + +<p class="p5"><span class="smcap">The</span> city of Cuzco is the head and principal +province of all the others, and from here +to the beach of San Mateo and, in the other +direction, to beyond the province of Collao, +which is entirely a land of arrow-using +savages, all is subject to one single lord who +was Atabalipa, and, before him, to the other +by-gone lords, and at present the lord of all +is this son of Guarnacaba. This Guarnacaba, +who was so renowned and feared, and +is so even to this day, although he is dead, +was very much beloved by his vassals, and +subjected great provinces, and made them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span> +his tributaries. He was well obeyed and +almost worshipped, and his body is in the +city of Cuzco, quite whole, enveloped in rich +cloths and lacking only the tip of the nose. +There are other images of plaster of clay +which have only the hair and nails which +were cut off in life and the clothes that were +worn, and these images are as much venerated +by those people as if they were their +gods. Frequently they take the [body] out +into the plaza with music and dancing, and +they always stay close to it, day and night, +driving away the flies. When some important +lords come to see the cacique, they go +first to salute these figures, and they then go +to the cacique and hold, with him, so many +ceremonies that it would be a great prolixity +to describe them. So many people assemble +at these feasts, which are held in that plaza, +that their number exceeds one hundred thousand +souls. It turned out to be fortunate +that they [the Spaniards] had made that son +of Guarnacaba lord, because all the caciques +and lords of the land and of remote provinces<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span> +came to serve him and, out of respect for him, +to yield obedience to the Emperor. The +conquerors passed through great trials, because +all the land is the most mountainous +and roughest that can be traversed on horseback, +and it may be believed that, had it not +been for the discord which existed between +the people of Quito and those of Cuzco and +its neighbourhood, the Spaniards would never +have entered Cuzco, nor would there have +been enough of them to get beyond Xauxa, +and in order to enter they would have had +to go in a force of five hundred, and, to maintain +themselves, they would have needed +many more, because the land is so large and +so rough that there are mountains and passes +that ten men could defend against ten +thousand. And the Governor never thought +of being able to go with less than five hundred +Christians to conquer, pacify, and make a +tributary of it. But as he learned of the +great disunion that existed between the people +of that land [Cuzco] and those of Quito, +it was proposed that he should go with the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span> +few Christians that he had to deliver them +from subjection and servitude, and to put a +stop to the mischief and wrongs that those +of Quito were doing in that land, and Our +Lord saw fit to favor him [in it]. Nor +would the Governor ever have ventured to +make so long and toilsome a journey in this +great undertaking had it not been for the +great confidence which he had in all the +Spaniards of his company through having +tried them out and having learned that they +were dextrous and skilled in so many conquests +and accustomed to these lands and +to the toils of war. All of this they showed +themselves to be in this journey through +rains and snows, in swimming across many +rivers, in crossing great mountain chains and +in sleeping many nights in the open air +without water to drink and without anything +on which to feed, and always, day and night, +having to be armed and on guard, in going, +at the end of the war, to reduce many caciques +and lands which had rebelled, and in going +from Xauxa to Cuzco, on which journey<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span> +they suffered, with their governor, so many +trials and on which they so often placed +their lives in peril in rivers and mountains +where many horses were killed by falling +headlong. This son of Guarnacaba has much +friendship and concord with the Christians, +and for this reason, in order to preserve him +in the lordship, the Spaniards put themselves +to infinite pains and likewise bore themselves +in all these undertakings so valorously, and +suffered so much, just as other Spaniards +have been able to do in the service of the +Emperor, that, as a result, the very Spaniards +who have found themselves in this +undertaking, marvel at what they have done +when once more they set themselves to think +upon it, and they do not know how they +come to be alive as they have been able to +suffer so many trials and such prolonged +hunger. But they hold that all [their +troubles] were put to a good use, and they +would again offer themselves, were it necessary, +to enter upon the greatest wearinesses +for the conversion of those people and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span> +exaltation of our holy catholic faith. Of the +greatness and situation of the aforesaid land, +I omit to speak, and it only remains to give +thanks and praises to Our Lord because, so +obviously, he has wished to guide with his +hand the affairs of H. M. and of these kingdoms +which, by his divine providence, have +been illumined and directed upon the true +road of salvation. May he bend his infinite +goodness so that henceforth the [kingdoms] +may go from good to better by the intercession +of his blessed Mother, the advocate of +all our steps who directs them to a good +end.</p> + +<p>This relation was finished in the city of +Xauxa on the 15th day of the month of July, +1534. And I, Pero Sancho, Scrivener +general of these kingdoms of New Castile +and secretary of the governor Francisco +Pizarro, by his order and that of the officials +of H. M. wrote it just as things happened, +and when it was finished I read it in the +presence of the governor and of the officials +of H. M., and, as it was all true, they said<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span> +governor and officials of H. M. sign it with +their hand.</p> + +<p class="p3"><span class="smcap">Francisco Pizarro<br /> +Alvaro Riquelme.<span class="sp2">Antonio Navarro.</span><br /> +Garcia de Salcedo</span></p> +<p class="center"><span class="sp3"><i>By order of the Governor and Officials.</i></span><span class="smcap">Sancho</span><br /> +</p> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span></p> +<h2>NOTES</h2> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span></p> +<h2>NOTES</h2> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The modern Cajamarca; called by the Indians +Casamarca.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Properly Atahualpa.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Thus the original. Something is lacking to complete +the sense.—Note by Icazbalceta.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> The <i>peso</i> is about an ounce.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Jauja.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Properly Challcuchima or Calicuchima. This remarkable +Indian general was a son of Epiclachima, +younger brother of Cacha, last Caran Scyri of Quito. +Cacha was conquered by Huayna Capac about 1487, +and Calicuchima entered the service of Atahualpa who +was his kinsman through Paccha his cousin, Huayna +Capac's wife. (Velasco.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Something lacking in the text.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <i>Caribes</i>, in Spanish, sometimes means the Carib +people; here, simply savages.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> In the text of Ramusio, <i>Se gli diede una storta +col mangano al collo</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> This name is, of course, an error.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Gucunacaba is Huayna Capac. He left +three legitimate sons beside Huascar, viz., Manco, +Paullu, and Titu Atauchi. I do not know which of +them was Sancho's "Atabalipa" number two. See +Sarmiento, 1907, p. xvii.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Cuzcos = Incas.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Probably Huascar.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Huamachuco.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Andamarca.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Huaylas.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Cajatambo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Icazbalceta suggests that this place is Cajamarquilla. +I do not agree with this opinion, because +Cajamarquilla had long been in ruins when the Spaniards +arrived. (Cf. Hodge, 1897, pp. 304 ff.) It was +probably Chacamarca, (see below).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> San Miguel de Piura.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> San Miguel was founded first at another site +which, on being found to be unhealthy, was deserted; +San Miguel was soon refounded at Piura. (Cf. Prescott, +Bk. III, Cap. III, Moses, 1914, vol. I, p. 99.) It +is possible that the "captain" mentioned here was no +other than Sebastian de Belalcazar or Benalcazar who +later conquered Quito. (Cf. Moses, 1914, I, p. 106.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> This is obviously a mistake.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Descriptions of Inca bridges will be found at: +</p> + +<p class="sp2">Garcilasso, 1859, I, pp. 253 ff., 260.<br /> +Cieza de Leon, 1864, pp. 314-315.<br /> +Joyce, 1912, pp. 142-143.<br /> +Beuchat, 1912, pp. 608, 650.<br /> +Pinkerton, 1808-1814, XIV, p. 530. (Picture.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Pachacamac has often been described. See especially +Uhle, 1903; and Estete, 1872; and Markham, +1912, pp. 232 ff.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Cajatambo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Pambo = Pombo = Pumpu.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> It is impossible to tell what the correct names of +these personages may have been.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Pombo = Pambo = Pumpu.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Chacamarca. See Raimondi's map, 1875.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> The Spanish here is very prolix. I have given +an approximate and shorter phraseology.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> This may be the "Tice" mentioned in Section +II, under another name. But all Sancho's proper +names are in great confusion.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> It is barely possible that "Aticoc" may be an +attempt at Titu Atauchi.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> The candor or barefacedness with which the secretary, +Sancho, confesses and even applauds the bad +faith of Pizarro in various places in this narrative, +which he wrote by order of Pizarro, is worthy of admiration.—Note +by Icazbalceta.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> The original: <i>che haurebbe dato rame che i Capitani +etc., soldati fossero venuti alla pase</i>. The significance +of the word <i>rame</i> is obscure; as at times it +means <i>money</i>, whence comes the vulgar phrase <i>questo +sa di rame</i>, in order to indicate that a thing is dear, it +appeared to me that I might adopt the interpretation +which I give, although I am not satisfied with it.—Note +by Icazbalceta. The present translator has +translated the Spanish as given by Icazbalceta.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> The original; <i>veduto</i> appears to me an error for +<i>venuto</i>.—Icazbalceta.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Inca "roads" were designed for foot traffic, and +steps were the means used for going up slopes.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Parcostambo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Vilcas.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> All within the parentheses is a reconstruction of +the evident sense rather than a translation.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Cf. Bandelier, 1910, p. 61.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> <i>Serrata</i> means either <i>espesura</i> [thicket] or <i>angostura</i> +[cleft].</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Quizquiz, like Chalicuchima, had been a general +of Atahualpa before the coming of the Spaniards. +He fought long against the invaders, but at length +his unavailing efforts caused him to be murdered by +his own followers. See Garcilasso, II, p. 509; Sarmiento, +171-173; Cieza de Leon, Chr., Pt. II, pp. 164 +and 227; Markham, 1912, pp. 247-251.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Andahuaylas.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Curamba.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Andahuaylas.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Vilcas.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Curamba is the correct form for Airamba (given +above).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Vilcas, sometimes called Vilcashuaman, was a +part of the territory controlled by the Chanca before +they were made subjects to Cuzco. The conquest of the +Chanca may have begun in the time of Rocca, but it +had its culmination in that of Viracocha. Tupac +Yupanqui built numerous temples and palaces there, +and the region round about Vilcas was traversed by +important roads or trails. It is a place that is mentioned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span> +by nearly all the early writers. Cf. Garcilasso, +I, pp. 324-326, II, p. 58; Cieza de Leon, I, 312-315, +II, 150-154; Joyce, 1912, p. 107; Markham, 1912, +p. 178.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Sancho is vague in his use of the words <i>caballo</i> +and <i>ligero caballo</i>. The latter means "light horse" +or "light-armed cavalry." But he uses the word +<i>caballo</i> when he means <i>caballero</i>. In the present +instance he really means <i>caballo</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> The veracity of this story is certainly open to +question.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Here the text says <i>caballos</i>, although it is plain +that <i>caballeros</i> is the word intended.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> See Squier, 1877, p. 177; Cieza, Tr. p. 355; +Velasco, 1840, p. 22; Joyce, 1912, pp. 210-212.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> This speech can hardly be regarded as verbatim, +of course.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Sancho's imagination was drawn upon throughout +this section.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Limatambo (correctly, Rimactampu).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Xaquixaguana or Sacsahuana.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> The text has: "<i>y que riendo el Gobernador partirse +sin aguardar a que pasaran los indios amigos, ...</i>"</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> <i>tuvieron tiempo de retraerse al monte</i> really means, +"they had time to withdraw to the mountain," but +the obvious sense is better preserved in the translation +I have given.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Possibly this means Huascar, whom Atahualpa +had caused to be put to death.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> In Spanish they always say "el Cuzco." I believe<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span> +that the reason for this is that "Cuzco" comes +from a Quichua word meaning "navel." If this is so, +"el Cuzco" has the significance of "the Navel" (of +the World). In English, of course, we use the word +simply as a place-name.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> The official designation of the Emperor was: +S. C. C. M., or Sagrada Cesarea Catolica Majestad.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> The modern village of Limatambo. When I was +there the fine walls so often spoken of were in a bad +condition from neglect on the part of the natives. +Yet, in spite of the refuse piled around them and the +throngs of pigs all about, one could see that the +masonry was of the finest Cyclopean type. Cf. Squier, +1877, p. 535; Markham, 1912, pp. 286 and 319; Cieza, +Tr., p. 320; Sarmiento, pp. 119 and 209. Garcilasso +tells us that it was founded by Manco Capac and that +it was the place where Viracocha waited for the Chanca. +Garcilasso, I, p. 80, and II, p. 52.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Now called Zurite. It was the site of a palace +of Viracocha, who added it to his realm once more by +a victory (won by Pachacutec) over the Chanca. Cf. +Sarmiento, p. 85; Garcilasso, I, p. 53; Cieza, Chr., p. +128; The "Finca de los Andenes" is doubtless the +site of the palace.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> The truth of this statement is very questionable.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Valverde.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Pachacamac.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> In the days before the Incas the Creator-God +(under the names of Pachacamac, Viracocha, Irma, +etc.) was worshipped without idols. He was conceived<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span> +as being superior to all other gods and as being +invisible. To judge from all accounts, his cult, at +this stage, was an advanced type of religion. Later, +however, the custom of having idols sprang up. As +their attributes were the same, there can be but little +doubt that Pachacamac and Viracocha were the same +deity. Pachacamac's chief shrine was on the coast, +at Pachacamac. Inca Pachacutec conquered Cuismancu, +lord of Pachacamac, about 1410, and built +a Sun Temple there. The chief temple to Viracocha +was at Cacha south of Cuzco, and it was probably +erected by the Inca Viracocha to celebrate his defeat +of the Chanca confederacy. Both these temples +(under Inca influence) had idols. Cf. Blas Valera, +1879, pp. 137-140; Sarmiento, pp. 28-29; Garcilasso, +II, pp. 69, 185-193, 428, 460; Cieza, Tr., pp. 161-163, +251-254; Cobo, 1892, III, pp. 320-323; Uhle, 1903; +Markham, 1912, pp. 41, 97, 181, 233-234; Joyce, +1912, pp. 150-152; Beuchat, 1912, pp. 615-616.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> Another obvious fabrication.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> Huayna Capac, ruled ca. 1500-1525.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> This was Manco Inca, a son of Huayna Capac +by his third wife. Manco died in 1544, leaving a +grand-daughter, Coya Beatriz, who married Don +Martin Garcia Loyola. Their daughter, Lorenza, +became Marquesa de Oropesa.—Note by Sir C. R. M. +Cf. Garcilasso, II, pp. 352 and 526.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> A half-brother only.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> The story of Manco Inca is one of the most pathetic +in South American history. Although our<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span> +author describes some of the events in the young +Inca's life, I will give a brief résumé of it here. +</p><p> +Manco was "crowned" with the <i>borla</i> or fringe on +March 24, 1534, at Cuzco. To please him, Almagro +the elder killed his two brothers (who might have become +his rivals) in order to get Manco on his side in +the quarrel which he had with the Pizarros as to which +ought to control Cuzco. After Almagro went to Chile, +the <i>Villac Umu</i> (High Priest) urged his brother Manco +to rise in revolt against the Spaniards, who were divided +among themselves. On April 18, 1536, Manco +revolted at Yucay. He laid siege to Cuzco with a +very large force and attacked the small Spanish garrison +mercilessly, setting fire to the roofs of houses by +means of arrows tipped with blazing tow and otherwise +harassing them. The Inca and his forces were, +for a time, successful. They captured the great fortress +of Sacsahuaman, which was, however, retaken +by Juan Pizarro and Gonzalo Pizarro. Disheartened +by this, the Inca retired to the fortress of Ollantaytampu, +where he successfully combatted the attempts +of Hernando Pizarro to capture him. Later, Manco +was forced by Orgoñez to withdraw to the mountainous +region of Vilcapampa. The last Inca capital was +set up at Viticos, and there Manco held his court +for several years. He often raided the Spanish travellers +between Cuzco and Lima. His court became a +place of refuge for all Spaniards who fell out with their +fellows. One of these refugees, Gomez Perez, either +killed Manco himself in a brawl over a game of quoits<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span> +or helped to kill him as the result of a plot. The Inca, +at all events, was murdered by Spaniards whom he +had befriended. That was in 1544. In 1911 Professor +Hiram Bingham visited Vitcos the situation +of which is clearly shown on the map, dated 1907, +that accompanies Sir Clements Markham's translation +of Sarmiento and Ocampo (Hakluyt, 2d Series, +no. XXII, p. 203). Professor Bingham's description +of the site is adequate, and, I think, unique. +</p><p> +At about the same time as the siege of Cuzco, +another Inca force, led by Titu Yupanqui, marched +on the newly founded Spanish capital (the Ciudad de +los Reyes or Lima). It was driven off by the Marques +Francisco Pizarro. +</p><p> +A brother of Manco, Paullu, was christened under +the name of Don Cristoval Paullu. He lived in the +Colcampata palace (which had been the great Pachacutec's), +and the small church of San Cristoval was +built near at hand for his use. He died about 1550, +being survived by Sayri Tupac, Cusi Titu Yupanqui, +and two other children of Manco (who all lived on at +Viticos) and by his own sons Carlos and Felipe. It +was on the occasion of a particular request made by +the Viceroy, Don Andres Hurtado de Mendoza, Marqués +de Cañete, that Sayri Tupac's aunt, Princess +Beatriz, successfully urged him to come and live in +Cuzco. Sayri Tupac died in 1560. Cf. Cieza, Tr., pp. +304-307; Garcilasso, II, pp. 104-105, 526; Titu Cusi +Yupanqui, apud Cieza's "War of Quito," pp. 164-166; +Montesinos, 1906, I, pp. 88-93; Cobo, 1892, III,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span> +pp. 203-210; Markham, 1892, pp. 93-96; Markham, +1912, pp. 254-259; Appleton's Cyclopaedia, 1888, +IV, pp. 186 and 682; Cabildos de Lima, I, pp. 1 ff.; +Bingham, 1912, entire.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Manco Inca.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> Contrast this version with that given by Prescott +in Book III, Chapter 10. It is hardly necessary to +say that Prescott's is the correct one.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Here, it is not difficult to read between the lines +and see what sort of treatment Manco got.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Vicente de Valverde.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> An involved and unimportant clause here.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> This is all for the benefit of the Emperor, whose +policy it was to deal fairly by his new subjects.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Vilcas.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> I do not know who is meant by this name.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Llamas.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> Possibly these figures were the embalmed bodies +of the coyacuna or "queens" which, according to Garcilasso, +were placed in Curicancha—the Sun Temple.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> <i>en su mismo ser</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> <i>Casa</i> really means house.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> "Che vi corcorsero assai in tre anni," says the +original, which can only be translated as I have done +it above. But when the secretary wrote his relation, +no such three years had gone by since the foundation +of Cuzco, but only four months, so it is necessary to +suppose that the Italian translator did not understand +his original well, <i>or</i> that it is an interpolation +made later on.—Note by Icazbalceta.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> The civilized inhabitants of the Chilca region +came originally from the interior, probably from the +Yauyos region. This event occurred, presumably, +somewhere about 800-900 of our era, for, by the time +the Incas were founding Cuzco (ca. 1100), they found +themselves strong enough to make raids into the +interior. Joyce points out that these raids may have +occurred even earlier, at a time when the Tiahuanacu +empire still flourished. At any rate, there was an +important contact with the interior cultures at an +early date. The Chincha also were constantly at war +with the Chimu, Chuquimancu and Cuismancu who +each ruled large and civilized coast states. The +Chincha were conquered by the Inca either in the +reign of Pachacutec or in that of Tupac Yupanqui +(more probably the former) somewhere about 1450. +According to Estete, their ruler (under Inca tutelage) +in the time of the Conquest was Tamviambea. The +cultural development of the Chincha was, artistically +speaking, not so high as that of the Chimu. It was, +however, in pre-Inca times, relatively complex. They +practised trephining successfully (an art derived from +their Yauyu ancestors), and they also frequently indulged +in the anterio-posterior type of cranial deformation. +Their general physical condition was good. +They numbered about 25,000. Cf. Cieza, Tr., p. 228; +Garcilasso, II, pp. 146-149; Joyce, 1912, pp. 95, 187; +Markham, 1912, pp. 237-239; Tello, 1912; Hrdlicka, +1914, pp. 22-24; Lafone-Quevedo, 1912, p. 115.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> This may have been the chief Taurichumbi +mentioned by Estete. Cf. Markham, 1912, p. 239.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> This was before Alvarado and Pizarro met and +came to an agreement.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Possibly Riobamba, Tumebamba, or some other +place in the "Kingdom" of Quito.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Probably Saña.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Properly Colla-suyu and Cunti-suyu, i.e. the +Southern province and the Western province of +Ttahuan-tin-suyu.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Jauja (or Xauxa) was the predecessor of la Ciudad +de los Reyes. A letter to Charles V, dated July 20, +1534, describes it thus: "Esta Cibdad es la mexor y +mayor quen la Tierra se ha vista, e aun en <i>Indias</i>; +e decimos a Vuestra Magestad ques tan hermosa e de +tan buenos edyficios quen <i>España</i> seria muy de ver; +tiene las calles por mucho concierto empedradas de +guixas pequenas; todas las mas de las casas son de +señores prencipales fechas de canteria; esta en una +ladera de un cerro, en el qual sobrel pueblo esta una +fortaleza muy bien obrada de canteria tan de ver, que +por españoles que an andado Reinos extranos, dizen +no aber visto otro edyficio igual al della; ..." Cf. +Cabildos, III, pp. 4-5.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> The Italian is: "<i>Il quale tuttavia piu veniua +ponendo amore a gli Spagnuoli.</i>"—Note by Icazbalceta.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Huanuco.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Pachacamac.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> Prescott places the total at 500 of which 230 +were cavalry. Cf. Prescott, Bk. III, Cap. 9.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> It seems to me that, even in the days of the +Chimu and the Inca, the poorer people must have lived +in this sort of hut-like houses, and that only the great +dwelt in the "palaces" whose ruins are so remarkable. +Such a state of things would explain the apparent impossibility +of a large population existing in the dwellings +we now see. Cf. Hodge, 1897.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> This montaña is to-day the richest and most +valuable part of Peru.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> According to Garcilasso, Lib. II, Cap. 11, the +Peruvian empire was divided into four parts, Cuzco +being considered the centre. They called the northern +part Chinchasuya, the southern Coyasuya, the western +Cuntisuya, and the eastern Antisuyu.—Note by +Icazbalceta.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> Lake Titicaca contains several islands, notably +Titicaca and Coati.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> An obscure passage translated merely in most +general terms.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> <i>Agras</i> I take to mean fields from its similarity +to the Latin word, <i>ager</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Llamas.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> At this point Ramusio gives a fanciful view +of the city of Cuzco, which has no real interest whatever.—Note +by Icazbalceta.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> <i>Cacique</i> is really a West Indies word. The early +Spanish writers are wont to apply it to any sort of +native official. Here, no doubt, the correct term would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span> +be the Quichua word <i>Curaca</i>. Officials thus designated +under the Inca dominion were the hereditary chiefs of +formerly independent tribes and territories—roughly +analogous to the mediatized princes of Europe. Though +made vassals of the Inca, the <i>curacas</i> were often continued +in the command of their former subjects and +were intrusted with the governorship of provinces +over which they were formerly sovereigns. The <i>curacas</i> +ranked immediately below the Inca caste, and +ruled what was known as a <i>hunu</i>. Sometimes a <i>curaca</i> +was made an Inca-by-privilege as a reward of services.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> Huayna Capac.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> The marble was really granite. No marble was +used by the Incas.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> This reference to windows is important. At the +outset we must remind ourselves that Sancho may +have confused <i>windows</i> and <i>niches</i>. It is entirely possible, +however, that windows may formerly have been +present in those walls of Sacsahuaman. As is well +known, windows and niches were distinguishing features +of Inca architecture during the later period of +that dynasty. Sites like Pissac, Limatambo, Yucay, +Quente, Vilcabamba (alias Machu Pichu, a post-conquest +site in part), and Huaman-marca in the Amaybamba +Valley all present one or both of these features, +and all present unmistakable signs of recent construction, +say from the reign of Viracocha (circa +1425-50) onward. The importance of this mention +of windows (or niches) lies in this: It gives strong +evidence in support of my belief that the walls of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span> +Sacsahuaman which are toward Cuzco were of Inca +construction. Garcilasso (II, pp. 305 ff.) attempts to +give the credit for the whole of Sacsahuaman to Inca +Yupanqui, and ignores the fact that the cyclopean +walls on the north side of the hill undoubtedly date, +as do "the seats of the Inca" close at hand, from the +days of Tiahuanaco. When we see the statement +made that the fortress of Sacsahuaman was of Inca +construction we must remember that really only the +southern walls and a few buildings behind them were +built under the Incas.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> That is, the joints do not come above one another, +but are alternated, as in brick-work.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> There are really six walls on the south and three +on the north. Cf. Garcilasso, II, 305.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> This is a poor attempt to describe the entrant +and re-entrant angles that make the cyclopean walls +so remarkable from a military point of view. See the +plan by Squier and Davis, Garcilasso, II, p. 305.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> Orejon, lit. "large-ear"; i.e. a member of the +Inca clan privileged to distend his ears by means of +ear-plugs. This myth of the founding of Cuzco by a +man from the sea is not found elsewhere.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> Llamas.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> Titicaca.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> Cobo describes the Temple of the Sun on Titicaca +and that of the Moon on Coati as being, together, the +third most important sanctuary in the Inca dominion. +The other two, of course, were the temples in Cuzco +and Pachacamac. For a detailed description of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span> +temples in Lake Titicaca see Cobo, IV, pp. 54-63 and +Bandelier, 1910. The structures at that point are all +of late-Inca construction and seem to have been built +after the Inca conceived the idea of making himself +out to be the "Son of the Sun." They were perhaps +built with a view to lending colour to the myth.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> Correctly, Chuqui-apu.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> The original <i>una seriola</i> is a word whose meaning +I have not been able to find. It is found again a little +below. The method the Indians had for washing the +earth and getting the gold can be seen in Oviedo, Historia +General de las Indias, Parte I, lib. 6, Cap. 8.—Note +by Icazbalceta.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> Huayna Capac.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> A braza is six feet.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> It says this in the original, but it is an error, for +it will be seen that the number must have been much +greater.—Note by Icazbalceta.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> As the text of this passage is obscure I give it +here: <i>... profundos como de la altura de un hombre, +en cuanto pueda el de abajo dar la tierra al de arriba; +y cuando los cavan tanto que ya el de arriba no puede +alcanzarla, lo dejan asi, y se van a hacer otros pozos ...</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> Here is another rather obscure passage: "<i>... pero +e pui ricche ... sono le prime che non hanno caricho da +lauar la terra & per rispetto del freddo & delle mine que +vi e non lo cauano. &c.</i>" Oviedo (Hist. General, Parte +I, lib. 6, Cap. 8); Acosta (Hist. nat. y mor. de las +Ind., lib. 4, Cap. 4); y Garcilasso (Com. Real., Parte +I, lib. 8, Cap. 24) distinguish three sorts of gold mines.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span> +In the first class are counted those which produce +pure gold in rather large grains, so that they can be +collected without further operations. These are, perhaps, +the sort that the secretary Sancho says are the +richest, although he has not spoken of them before. +In the second class are included those which produce +gold in dust or in very small grains mixed with earth +which it is necessary to remove by means of washing, +and these are those which Sancho mentions. The +third class of mines, which this man does not mention, +are those which yield gold mingled with stones +and other metals, just as silver is commonly found. +These mines, although at times very rich, failed to be +worked because of the expenses which labour caused.—Note +by Icazbalceta.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> Huayna Capac.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> The text says <i>vino</i>—"came." I think, however, +that it must be a misprint for <i>vivo</i>—"lived."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> This means, of course, Manco Inca.</p></div> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span></p> +<h2>BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2> + +<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span></p> +<h2>BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS CONSULTED IN<br /> +THE COURSE OF THIS TRANSLATION OF<br /> +PEDRO SANCHO</h2> + +<div class="p5"><p class="p6">Acosta, Joseph de:</p></div> +<div class="bk2">1880.</div><div class="bk1">The Natural and Moral History of the Indies.<br /> +Edited by Sir Clements Markham for the Hakluyt Society. London.</div> + +<p class="p6">Appleton's Encyclopaedia of American Biography:</p> +<div class="bk2">1888.</div><div class="bk1">Edited by James Grant Wilson and John Fiske. New York. 6 vols.</div> + +<p class="p6">Bandelier, Ad. F.:</p> +<div class="bk2">1910.</div><div class="bk1">Titicaca and Koati. New York.</div> + +<p class="p6">Beuchat, Henri:</p> +<div class="bk2">1912.</div><div class="bk1">Manuel d'archeologie americaine. Paris.</div> + +<p class="p6">Bingham, Hiram:</p> +<div class="bk2">1912.</div><div class="bk1">Vitcos, the last Inca Capital.<br /> +American Antiquarian Society. Worcester.</div> + +<p class="p6">Blas Valera:</p> +<div class="bk2">1879.</div><div class="bk1">Relación ...<br /> +<i>Apud</i>, Jimenez de la Espada.</div> + +<p class="p6">Cabildos de Lima:</p> +<div class="bk2">1900.</div><div class="bk1">Paris. 3 vols.</div> + +<p class="p6">Cieza de Leon, Pedro de:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span></p> +<div class="bk2">1864.</div><div class="bk1">Travels.<br /> +Edited by Sir Clements Markham for the Hakluyt Society. London.</div> + +<p class="p6">Cieza de Leon, Pedro de:</p> +<div class="bk2">1883.</div><div class="bk1">Second Part of the Chronicle of Peru.<br /> +Edited by Sir Clements Markham for the Hakluyt Society. London.</div> + +<p class="p6">Cieza de Leon, Pedro de:</p> +<div class="bk2">1913.</div><div class="bk1">The War of Quito.<br /> +Edited by Sir Clements Markham for the Hakluyt Society. London.</div> + +<p class="p6">Cobo, Bernabe:</p> +<div class="bk2">1892-93.</div><div class="bk1">Historia del Nuevo Mundo.<br /> +Edited by Marcos Jimenez de la Espada. Seville. 4 vols.</div> + +<p class="p6">Estete, Miguel de:</p> +<div class="bk2">1872.</div><div class="bk1">Report ...<br /> +In "Reports on the Discovery of Peru."<br /> +Edited by Sir Clements Markham for the Hakluyt Society. London.</div> + +<p class="p6">Garcilasso de la Vega el Ynca:</p> +<div class="bk2">1869-71.</div><div class="bk1">Royal Commentaries of the Yncas.<br /> +Edited by Sir Clements Markham for the Hakluyt Society. London.</div> + +<p class="p6">Hodge, F. W.:</p> +<div class="bk2">1897.</div><div class="bk1">Bandelier's researches in Peru and Bolivia.<br /> +Am. Anth. X, 1897, pp. 303-316.</div> + +<p class="p6">Hrdlicka, Ales:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span></p> +<div class="bk2">1914.</div><div class="bk1">Anthropological Work in Peru in 1913.<br /> +Smith. Misc. Pub. LXI, #18. Washington.</div> + +<p class="p6"><a name="Icazbalceta" id="Icazbalceta"></a>Icazbalceta, Joaquin García:</p> +<div class="bk2">1849.</div><div class="bk1">Edition of Relación of Pedro Sancho.<br /> +Mexico.</div> + +<p class="p6">Jimenez de la Espada, Marcos:</p> +<div class="bk2">1879.</div><div class="bk1">Tres relaciónes de antiguedades Peruanas.<br /> +Madrid.</div> + +<p class="p6">Joyce, T. A.:</p> +<div class="bk2">1912.</div><div class="bk1">South American Archaeology.<br /> +New York.</div> + +<p class="p6">Lafone-Quevedo, Samuel A.:</p> +<div class="bk2">1912.</div><div class="bk1">Pronominal Classification of Certain South American Linguistic Stocks.<br /> +Int. Cong. Am., XVIIIth Sess., pp. 111-125.</div> + +<p class="p6">Markham, Sir Clements:</p> +<div class="bk2">1892.</div><div class="bk1">History of Peru.<br /> +Chicago.</div> + +<p class="p6">Markham, Sir Clements:</p> +<div class="bk2">1912.</div><div class="bk1">The Incas of Peru.<br /> +London (2d Ed.)</div> + +<p class="p6">Montesinos, Fernando:</p> +<div class="bk2">1906.</div><div class="bk1">Anales del Peru.<br /> +Edited by Victor M. Maurtua. Madrid. 2 vols.</div> + +<p class="p6">Moses, Bernard:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span></p> +<div class="bk2">1914.</div><div class="bk1">The Spanish Dependencies in South America.<br /> +New York. 2 vols.</div> + +<p class="p6">Oviedo y Valdes, Gonzolo Fernandez de:</p> +<div class="bk2">1526.</div><div class="bk1">Historia General de las Indias.</div> + +<p class="p6">Pinkerton, John:</p> +<div class="bk2">1808-14.</div><div class="bk1">A ... Collection ... of ... Voyages.<br /> +London. 17 vols.</div> + +<p class="p6">Prescott, William Hickling:</p> +<div class="bk2">1847.</div><div class="bk1">The Conquest of Peru.<br /> +New York. 2 vols.</div> + +<p class="p6">Raimondi, A.:</p> +<div class="bk2">1864-1913.</div><div class="bk1">El Perú.<br /> +Lima. 6 vols.</div> + +<p class="p6">Ramusio, Giambattista:</p> +<div class="bk2">1563.</div><div class="bk1">Viaggi.<br /> +Venice. 3 vols.</div> + +<p class="p6">Sancho, Pedro:</p> +<div class="bk2">1849.</div><div class="bk1">(See <a href="#Icazbalceta">Icazbalceta</a>.)</div> + +<p class="p6">Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro:</p> +<div class="bk2">1907.</div><div class="bk1">The History of the Incas.<br /> +Edited by Sir Clements Markham for the Hakluyt Society. London.</div> + +<p class="p6">Squier, E. George:</p> +<div class="bk2">1877.</div><div class="bk1">Incidents of Travel and Exploration in the Land of the Incas.<br /> +New York.</div> + +<p class="p6">Tello, Julio C.:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span></p> +<div class="bk2">1912.</div><div class="bk1">Prehistoric Trephining among the Yauyos of Peru.<br /> +Int. Cong. Am., XVIIIth Sess., pp. 75-83.</div> + +<p class="p6">Trueba y Cosio, Telesforo.:</p> +<div class="bk2">1846.</div><div class="bk1">History of the Conquest of Peru.<br /> +Philadelphia.</div> + +<p class="p6">Uhle, Max:</p> +<div class="bk2">1903.</div><div class="bk1">Pachacamac.<br /> +University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, 1903.</div> + +<p class="p6">Velasco, Juan de:</p> +<div class="bk2">1840.</div><div class="bk1">Histoire du Royaume de Quito.<br /> +Paris.</div> + +<hr /> + +<div class="trn"><p><b>Transcriber's Note (Significant Amendments):</b></p> + +<p class="sp2"><span class="ft1">p. <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, 'Miguel de Astete' amended to <i>Miguel de Estete</i>;<br /> +p. <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, 'as it they were' amended to <i>as if they were</i>;<br /> +p. <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, 'Quitu' amended to <i>Quito</i>;<br /> +p. <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, 'His three left three' amended to <i>He left three</i>;<br /> +p. <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, 'Cajarmaquilla' amended to <i>Cajamarquilla</i>;<br /> +p. <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, 'Atalhualpa' amended to <i>Atahualpa</i>;<br /> +p. <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, 'Cabildo' amended to <i>Cabildos</i>;<br /> +p. <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, 'The curacus ranked' amended to <i>The curacas ranked</i>.</span></p></div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's An Account of the Conquest of Peru, by Pedro Sancho + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ACCOUNT OF THE CONQUEST OF PERU *** + +***** This file should be named 26602-h.htm or 26602-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/6/0/26602/ + +Produced by Stephen Blundell and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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