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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Second Funeral of Napoleon, by
+William Makepeace Thackeray (AKA "Michael Angelo Titmarch")
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Second Funeral of Napoleon
+
+Author: William Makepeace Thackeray (AKA "Michael Angelo Titmarch")
+
+Release Date: May 21, 2006 [EBook #2645]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SECOND FUNERAL OF NAPOLEON ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Donald Lainson
+
+
+
+
+
+THE SECOND FUNERAL OF NAPOLEON
+
+by William Makepeace Thackeray
+
+AKA Michael Angelo Titmarch.
+
+
+
+I. On the Disinterment of Napoleon at St. Helena
+
+II. On the Voyage from St. Helena to Paris
+
+III. On the Funeral Ceremony
+
+
+
+
+I.--ON THE DISINTERMENT OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA.
+
+
+MY DEAR ----,--It is no easy task in this world to distinguish between
+what is great in it, and what is mean; and many and many is the puzzle
+that I have had in reading History (or the works of fiction which go by
+that name), to know whether I should laud up to the skies, and endeavor,
+to the best of my small capabilities, to imitate the remarkable
+character about whom I was reading, or whether I should fling aside the
+book and the hero of it, as things altogether base, unworthy, laughable,
+and get a novel, or a game of billiards, or a pipe of tobacco, or the
+report of the last debate in the House, or any other employment which
+would leave the mind in a state of easy vacuity, rather than pester it
+with a vain set of dates relating to actions which are in themselves not
+worth a fig, or with a parcel of names of people whom it can do one no
+earthly good to remember.
+
+It is more than probable, my love, that you are acquainted with what is
+called Grecian and Roman history, chiefly from perusing, in very
+early youth, the little sheepskin-bound volumes of the ingenious Dr.
+Goldsmith, and have been indebted for your knowledge of the English
+annals to a subsequent study of the more voluminous works of Hume and
+Smollett. The first and the last-named authors, dear Miss Smith, have
+written each an admirable history,--that of the Reverend Dr. Primrose,
+Vicar of Wakefield, and that of Mr. Robert Bramble, of Bramble Hall--in
+both of which works you will find true and instructive pictures of human
+life, and which you may always think over with advantage. But let me
+caution you against putting any considerable trust in the other works of
+these authors, which were placed in your hands at school and afterwards,
+and in which you were taught to believe. Modern historians, for the most
+part, know very little, and, secondly, only tell a little of what they
+know.
+
+As for those Greeks and Romans whom you have read of in "sheepskin,"
+were you to know really what those monsters were, you would blush all
+over as red as a hollyhock, and put down the history-book in a fury.
+Many of our English worthies are no better. You are not in a situation
+to know the real characters of any one of them. They appear before you
+in their public capacities, but the individuals you know not. Suppose,
+for instance, your mamma had purchased her tea in the Borough from a
+grocer living there by the name of Greenacre: suppose you had been asked
+out to dinner, and the gentleman of the house had said: "Ho! Francois!
+a glass of champagne for Miss Smith;"--Courvoisier would have served you
+just as any other footman would; you would never have known that there
+was anything extraordinary in these individuals, but would have thought
+of them only in their respective public characters of Grocer and
+Footman. This, Madam, is History, in which a man always appears dealing
+with the world in his apron, or his laced livery, but which has not the
+power or the leisure, or, perhaps, is too high and mighty to condescend
+to follow and study him in his privacy. Ah, my dear, when big and little
+men come to be measured rightly, and great and small actions to be
+weighed properly, and people to be stripped of their royal robes,
+beggars' rags, generals' uniforms, seedy out-at-elbowed coats, and
+the like--or the contrary say, when souls come to be stripped of their
+wicked deceiving bodies, and turned out stark naked as they were before
+they were born--what a strange startling sight shall we see, and what a
+pretty figure shall some of us cut! Fancy how we shall see Pride, with
+his Stultz clothes and padding pulled off, and dwindled down to a forked
+radish! Fancy some Angelic Virtue, whose white raiment is suddenly
+whisked over his head, showing us cloven feet and a tail! Fancy
+Humility, eased of its sad load of cares and want and scorn, walking
+up to the very highest place of all, and blushing as he takes it!
+Fancy,--but we must not fancy such a scene at all, which would be an
+outrage on public decency. Should we be any better than our neighbors?
+No, certainly. And as we can't be virtuous, let us be decent. Figleaves
+are a very decent, becoming wear, and have been now in fashion for four
+thousand years. And so, my dear, history is written on fig-leaves. Would
+you have anything further? O fie!
+
+Yes, four thousand years ago that famous tree was planted. At their
+very first lie, our first parents made for it, and there it is still the
+great Humbug Plant, stretching its wide arms, and sheltering beneath its
+leaves, as broad and green as ever, all the generations of men. Thus,
+my dear, coquettes of your fascinating sex cover their persons with
+figgery, fantastically arranged, and call their masquerading, modesty.
+Cowards fig themselves out fiercely as "salvage men," and make us
+believe that they are warriors. Fools look very solemnly out from the
+dusk of the leaves, and we fancy in the gloom that they are sages. And
+many a man sets a great wreath about his pate and struts abroad a
+hero, whose claims we would all of us laugh at, could we but remove the
+ornament and see his numskull bare.
+
+And such--(excuse my sermonizing)--such is the constitution of mankind,
+that men have, as it were, entered into a compact among themselves to
+pursue the fig-leaf system a l'outrance, and to cry down all who
+oppose it. Humbug they will have. Humbugs themselves, they will respect
+humbugs. Their daily victuals of life must be seasoned with humbug.
+Certain things are there in the world that they will not allow to be
+called by their right names, and will insist upon our admiring, whether
+we will or no. Woe be to the man who would enter too far into the
+recesses of that magnificent temple where our Goddess is enshrined, peep
+through the vast embroidered curtains indiscreetly, penetrate the secret
+of secrets, and expose the Gammon of Gammons! And as you must not peer
+too curiously within, so neither must you remain scornfully without.
+Humbug-worshippers, let us come into our great temple regularly and
+decently: take our seats, and settle our clothes decently; open our
+books, and go through the service with decent gravity; listen, and be
+decently affected by the expositions of the decent priest of the place;
+and if by chance some straggling vagabond, loitering in the sunshine out
+of doors, dares to laugh or to sing, and disturb the sanctified dulness
+of the faithful;--quick! a couple of big beadles rush out and belabor
+the wretch, and his yells make our devotions more comfortable.
+
+Some magnificent religious ceremonies of this nature are at present
+taking place in France; and thinking that you might perhaps while away
+some long winter evening with an account of them, I have compiled the
+following pages for your use. Newspapers have been filled, for some days
+past, with details regarding the St. Helena expedition, many pamphlets
+have been published, men go about crying little books and broadsheets
+filled with real or sham particulars; and from these scarce and valuable
+documents the following pages are chiefly compiled.
+
+We must begin at the beginning; premising, in the first place, that
+Monsieur Guizot, when French Ambassador at London, waited upon Lord
+Palmerston with a request that the body of the Emperor Napoleon should
+be given up to the French nation, in order that it might find a final
+resting-place in French earth. To this demand the English Government
+gave a ready assent; nor was there any particular explosion of sentiment
+upon either side, only some pretty cordial expressions of mutual
+good-will. Orders were sent out to St. Helena that the corpse should
+be disinterred in due time, when the French expedition had arrived in
+search of it, and that every respect and attention should be paid to
+those who came to carry back to their country the body of the famous
+dead warrior and sovereign.
+
+This matter being arranged in very few words (as in England, upon most
+points, is the laudable fashion), the French Chambers began to debate
+about the place in which they should bury the body when they got it;
+and numberless pamphlets and newspapers out of doors joined in the talk.
+Some people there were who had fought and conquered and been beaten with
+the great Napoleon, and loved him and his memory. Many more were there
+who, because of his great genius and valor, felt excessively proud in
+their own particular persons, and clamored for the return of their
+hero. And if there were some few individuals in this great hot-headed,
+gallant, boasting, sublime, absurd French nation, who had taken a cool
+view of the dead Emperor's character; if, perhaps, such men as Louis
+Philippe, and Monsieur A. Thiers, Minister and Deputy, and Monsieur
+Francois Guizot, Deputy and Excellency, had, from interest or
+conviction, opinions at all differing from those of the majority; why,
+they knew what was what, and kept their opinions to themselves, coming
+with a tolerably good grace and flinging a few handfuls of incense upon
+the altar of the popular idol.
+
+In the succeeding debates, then, various opinions were given with
+regard to the place to be selected for the Emperor's sepulture. "Some
+demanded," says an eloquent anonymous Captain in the Navy who has
+written an "Itinerary from Toulon to St. Helena," "that the coffin
+should be deposited under the bronze taken from the enemy by the French
+army--under the Column of the Place Vendome. The idea was a fine one.
+This is the most glorious monument that was ever raised in a conqueror's
+honor. This column has been melted out of foreign cannon. These same
+cannons have furrowed the bosoms of our braves with noble cicatrices;
+and this metal--conquered by the soldier first, by the artist
+afterwards--has allowed to be imprinted on its front its own defeat and
+our glory. Napoleon might sleep in peace under this audacious trophy.
+But, would his ashes find a shelter sufficiently vast beneath this
+pedestal? And his puissant statue dominating Paris, beams with
+sufficient grandeur on this place: whereas the wheels of carriages and
+the feet of passengers would profane the funereal sanctity of the spot
+in trampling on the soil so near his head."
+
+You must not take this description, dearest Amelia, "at the foot of
+the letter," as the French phrase it, but you will here have a masterly
+exposition of the arguments for and against the burial of the Emperor
+under the Column of the Place Vendome. The idea was a fine one, granted;
+but, like all other ideas, it was open to objections. You must not
+fancy that the cannon, or rather the cannon-balls, were in the habit
+of furrowing the bosoms of French braves, or any other braves, with
+cicatrices: on the contrary, it is a known fact that cannon-balls
+make wounds, and not cicatrices (which, my dear, are wounds partially
+healed); nay, that a man generally dies after receiving one such
+projectile on his chest, much more after having his bosom furrowed by
+a score of them. No, my love; no bosom, however heroic, can stand such
+applications, and the author only means that the French soldiers faced
+the cannon and took them. Nor, my love, must you suppose that the column
+was melted: it was the cannon was melted, not the column; but such
+phrases are often used by orators when they wish to give a particular
+force and emphasis to their opinions.
+
+Well, again, although Napoleon might have slept in peace under "this
+audacious trophy," how could he do so and carriages go rattling by all
+night, and people with great iron heels to their boots pass clattering
+over the stones? Nor indeed could it be expected that a man whose
+reputation stretches from the Pyramids to the Kremlin, should find a
+column of which the base is only five-and-twenty feet square, a shelter
+vast enough for his bones. In a word, then, although the proposal to
+bury Napoleon under the column was ingenious, it was found not to suit;
+whereupon somebody else proposed the Madelaine.
+
+"It was proposed," says the before-quoted author with his usual
+felicity, "to consecrate the Madelaine to his exiled manes"--that is, to
+his bones when they were not in exile any longer. "He ought to have, it
+was said, a temple entire. His glory fills the world. His bones could
+not contain themselves in the coffin of a man--in the tomb of a king!"
+In this case what was Mary Magdalen to do? "This proposition, I am
+happy to say, was rejected, and a new one--that of the President of the
+Council adopted. Napoleon and his braves ought not to quit each other.
+Under the immense gilded dome of the Invalides he would find a sanctuary
+worthy of himself. A dome imitates the vault of heaven, and that vault
+alone" (meaning of course the other vault) "should dominate above his
+head. His old mutilated Guard shall watch around him: the last veteran,
+as he has shed his blood in his combats, shall breathe his last sigh
+near his tomb, and all these tombs shall sleep under the tattered
+standards that have been won from all the nations of Europe."
+
+The original words are "sous les lambeaux cribles des drapeaux cueillis
+chez toutes les nations;" in English, "under the riddled rags of the
+flags that have been culled or plucked" (like roses or buttercups) "in
+all the nations." Sweet, innocent flowers of victory! there they are, my
+dear, sure enough, and a pretty considerable hortus siccus may any man
+examine who chooses to walk to the Invalides. The burial-place being
+thus agreed on, the expedition was prepared, and on the 7th July the
+"Belle Poule" frigate, in company with "La Favorite" corvette, quitted
+Toulon harbor. A couple of steamers, the "Trident" and the "Ocean,"
+escorted the ships as far as Gibraltar, and there left them to pursue
+their voyage.
+
+The two ships quitted the harbor in the sight of a vast concourse of
+people, and in the midst of a great roaring of cannons. Previous to the
+departure of the "Belle Poule," the Bishop of Frejus went on board,
+and gave to the cenotaph, in which the Emperor's remains were to
+be deposited, his episcopal benediction. Napoleon's old friends and
+followers, the two Bertrands, Gourgaud, Emanuel Las Cases, "companions
+in exile, or sons of the companions in exile of the prisoner of the
+infame Hudson," says a French writer, were passengers on board the
+frigate. Marchand, Denis, Pierret, Novaret, his old and faithful
+servants, were likewise in the vessel. It was commanded by his Royal
+Highness Francis Ferdinand Philip Louis Marie d'Orleans, Prince de
+Joinville, a young prince two-and-twenty years of age, who was already
+distinguished in the service of his country and king.
+
+On the 8th of October, after a voyage of six-and-sixty days, the "Belle
+Poule" arrived in James Town harbor; and on its arrival, as on its
+departure from France, a great firing of guns took place. First, the
+"Oreste" French brig-of-war began roaring out a salutation to the
+frigate; then the "Dolphin" English schooner gave her one-and-twenty
+guns; then the frigate returned the compliment of the "Dolphin"
+schooner; then she blazed out with one-and-twenty guns more, as a
+mark of particular politeness to the shore--which kindness the forts
+acknowledged by similar detonations.
+
+These little compliments concluded on both sides, Lieutenant Middlemore,
+son and aide-de-camp of the Governor of St. Helena, came on board the
+French frigate, and brought his father's best respects to his Royal
+Highness. The Governor was at home ill, and forced to keep his room; but
+he had made his house at James Town ready for Captain Joinville and his
+suite, and begged that they would make use of it during their stay.
+
+On the 9th, H. R. H. the Prince of Joinville put on his full uniform and
+landed, in company with Generals Bertrand and Gourgaud, Baron Las Cases,
+M. Marchand, M. Coquereau, the chaplain of the expedition, and M. de
+Rohan Chabot, who acted as chief mourner. All the garrison were under
+arms to receive the illustrious Prince and the other members of the
+expedition--who forthwith repaired to Plantation House, and had a
+conference with the Governor regarding their mission.
+
+On the 10th, 11th, 12th, these conferences continued: the crews of
+the French ships were permitted to come on shore and see the tomb of
+Napoleon. Bertrand, Gourgaud, Las Cases wandered about the island and
+revisited the spots to which they had been partial in the lifetime of
+the Emperor.
+
+The 15th October was fixed on for the day of the exhumation: that day
+five-and twenty years, the Emperor Napoleon first set his foot upon the
+island.
+
+On the day previous all things had been made ready: the grand coffins
+and ornaments brought from France, and the articles necessary for the
+operation were carried to the valley of the Tomb.
+
+The operations commenced at midnight. The well-known friends of Napoleon
+before named and some other attendants of his, the chaplain and his
+acolytes, the doctor of the "Belle Poule," the captains of the French
+ships, and Captain Alexander of the Engineers, the English Commissioner,
+attended the disinterment. His Royal highness Prince de Joinville could
+not be present because the workmen were under English command.
+
+The men worked for nine hours incessantly, when at length the earth was
+entirely removed from the vault, all the horizontal strata of masonry
+demolished, and the large slab which covered the place where the stone
+sarcophagus lay, removed by a crane. This outer coffin of stone was
+perfect, and could scarcely be said to be damp.
+
+"As soon as the Abbe Coquereau had recited the prayers, the coffin was
+removed with the greatest care, and carried by the engineer-soldiers,
+bareheaded, into a tent that had been prepared for the purpose. After
+the religious ceremonies, the inner coffins were opened. The outermost
+coffin was slightly injured: then came, one of lead, which was in good
+condition, and enclosed two others--one of tin and one of wood. The last
+coffin was lined inside with white satin, which, having become detached
+by the effect of time, had fallen upon the body and enveloped it like a
+winding-sheet, and had become slightly attached to it.
+
+"It is difficult to describe with what anxiety and emotion those who
+were present waited for the moment which was to expose to them all
+that death had left of Napoleon. Notwithstanding the singular state of
+preservation of the tomb and coffins, we could scarcely hope to find
+anything but some misshapen remains of the least perishable part of the
+costume to evidence the identity of the body. But when Doctor Guillard
+raised the sheet of satin, an indescribable feeling of surprise and
+affection was expressed by the spectators, many of whom burst into
+tears. The Emperor was himself before their eyes! The features of the
+face, though changed, were perfectly recognized; the hands extremely
+beautiful; his well-known costume had suffered but little, and the
+colors were easily distinguished. The attitude itself was full of ease,
+and but for the fragments of the satin lining which covered, as with
+a fine gauze, several parts of the uniform, we might have believed we
+still saw Napoleon before us lying on his bed of state. General Bertrand
+and M. Marchand, who were both present at the interment, quickly pointed
+out the different articles which each had deposited in the coffin, and
+remained in the precise position in which they had previously described
+them to be.
+
+"The two inner coffins were carefully closed again; the old leaden
+coffin was strongly blocked up with wedges of wood, and both were once
+more soldered up with the most minute precautions, under the direction
+of Dr. Guillard. These different operations being terminated, the ebony
+sarcophagus was closed as well as its oak case. On delivering the key
+of the ebony sarcophagus to Count de Chabot, the King's Commissioner,
+Captain Alexander declared to him, in the name of the Governor, that
+this coffin, containing the mortal remains of the Emperor Napoleon, was
+considered as at the disposal of the French Government from that
+day, and from the moment at which it should arrive at the place of
+embarkation, towards which it was about to be sent under the orders of
+General Middlemore. The King's Commissioner replied that he was charged
+by his Government, and in its name, to accept the coffin from the hands
+of the British authorities, and that he and the other persons composing
+the French mission were ready to follow it to James Town, where the
+Prince de Joinville, superior commandant of the expedition, would be
+ready to receive it and conduct it on board his frigate. A car drawn by
+four horses, decked with funereal emblems, had been prepared before the
+arrival of the expedition, to receive the coffin, as well as a pall, and
+all the other suitable trappings of mourning. When the sarcophagus was
+placed on the car, the whole was covered with a magnificent imperial
+mantle brought from Paris, the four corners of which were borne by
+Generals Bertrand and Gourgaud, Baron Las Cases and M. Marchand. At
+half-past three o'clock the funeral car began to move, preceded by a
+chorister bearing the cross, and by the Abbe Coquereau. M. de Chabot
+acted as chief mourner. All the authorities of the island, all the
+principal inhabitants, and the whole of the garrison, followed in
+procession from the tomb to the quay. But with the exception of the
+artillerymen necessary to lead the horses, and occasionally support the
+car when descending some steep parts of the way, the places nearest
+the coffin were reserved for the French mission. General Middlemore,
+although in a weak state of health, persisted in following the whole way
+on foot, together with General Churchill, chief of the staff in India,
+who had arrived only two days before from Bombay. The immense weight
+of the coffins, and the unevenness of the road, rendered the utmost
+carefulness necessary throughout the whole distance. Colonel Trelawney
+commanded in person the small detachment of artillerymen who conducted
+the car, and, thanks to his great care, not the slightest accident took
+place. From the moment of departure to the arrival at the quay, the
+cannons of the forts and the 'Belle Poule' fired minute-guns. After an
+hour's march the rain ceased for the first time since the commencement
+of the operations, and on arriving in sight of the town we found a
+brilliant sky and beautiful weather. From the morning the three French
+vessels of war had assumed the usual signs of deep mourning: their yards
+crossed and their flags lowered. Two French merchantmen, 'Bonne
+Amie' and 'Indien,' which had been in the roads for two days, had put
+themselves under the Prince's orders, and followed during the ceremony
+all the manoeuvers of the 'Belle Poule.' The forts of the town, and the
+houses of the consuls, had also their flags half-mast high.
+
+"On arriving at the entrance of the town, the troops of the garrison
+and the militia formed in two lines as far as the extremity of the quay.
+According to the order for mourning prescribed for the English army, the
+men had their arms reversed and the officers had crape on their arms,
+with their swords reversed. All the inhabitants had been kept away from
+the line of march, but they lined the terraces, commanding the town, and
+the streets were occupied only by the troops, the 91st Regiment being
+on the right and the militia on the left. The cortege advanced slowly
+between two ranks of soldiers to the sound of a funeral march, while the
+cannons of the forts were fired, as well as those of the 'Belle Poule'
+and the 'Dolphin;' the echoes being repeated a thousand times by the
+rocks above James Town. After two hours' march the cortege stopped at
+the end of the quay, where the Prince de Joinville had stationed himself
+at the head of the officers of the three French ships of war. The
+greatest official honors had been rendered by the English authorities to
+the memory of the Emperor--the most striking testimonials of respect had
+marked the adieu given by St. Helena to his coffin; and from this moment
+the mortal remains of the Emperor were about to belong to France. When
+the funeral-car stopped, the Prince de Joinville advanced alone, and in
+presence of all around, who stood with their heads uncovered, received,
+in a solemn manner, the imperial coffin from the hands of General
+Middlemore. His Royal Highness then thanked the Governor, in the name of
+France, for all the testimonials of sympathy and respect with which the
+authorities and inhabitants of St. Helena had surrounded the memorable
+ceremonial. A cutter had been expressly prepared to receive the coffin.
+During the embarkation, which the Prince directed himself, the bands
+played funeral airs, and all the boats were stationed round with
+their oars shipped. The moment the sarcophagus touched the cutter, a
+magnificent royal flag, which the ladies of James Town had embroidered
+for the occasion, was unfurled, and the 'Belle Poule' immediately
+squared her masts and unfurled her colors. All the manoeuvers of the
+frigate were immediately followed by the other vessels. Our mourning had
+ceased with the exile of Napoleon, and the French naval division dressed
+itself out in all its festal ornaments to receive the imperial coffin
+under the French flag. The sarcophagus was covered in the cutter with
+the imperial mantle. The Prince de Joinville placed himself at the
+rudder, Commandant Guyet at the head of the boat; Generals Bertrand and
+Gourgaud, Baron Las Cases, M. Marchand, and the Abbe Coquereau occupied
+the same places as during the march. Count Chabot and Commandant Hernoux
+were astern, a little in advance of the Prince. As soon as the cutter
+had pushed off from the quay, the batteries ashore fired a salute
+of twenty-one guns, and our ships returned the salute with all their
+artillery. Two other salutes were fired during the passage from the quay
+to the frigate; the cutter advancing very slowly, and surrounded by the
+other boats. At half-past six o'clock it reached the 'Belle Poule,' all
+the men being on the yards with their hats in their hands. The Prince
+had had arranged on the deck a chapel, decked with flags and trophies of
+arms, the altar being placed at the foot of the mizzen-mast. The coffin,
+carried by our sailors, passed between two ranks of officers with
+drawn swords, and was placed on the quarter-deck. The absolution was
+pronounced by the Abbe Coquereau the same evening. Next day, at ten
+o'clock, a solemn mass was celebrated on the deck, in presence of the
+officers and part of the crews of the ships. His Royal Highness stood at
+the foot of the coffin. The cannon of the 'Favorite' and 'Oreste'
+fired minute-guns during this ceremony, which terminated by a solemn
+absolution; and the Prince de Joinville, the gentlemen of the mission,
+the officers, and the premiers maitres of the ship, sprinkled holy
+water on the coffin. At eleven, all the ceremonies of the church were
+accomplished, all the honors done to a sovereign had been paid to the
+mortal remains of Napoleon. The coffin was carefully lowered between
+decks, and placed in the chapelle ardente which had been prepared at
+Toulon for its reception. At this moment, the vessels fired a last
+salute with all their artillery, and the frigate took in her flags,
+keeping up only her flag at the stern and the royal standard at the
+maintopgallant-mast. On Sunday, the 18th, at eight in the morning, the
+'Belle Poule' quitted St. Helena with her precious deposit on board.
+
+"During the whole time that the mission remained at James Town, the best
+understanding never ceased to exist between the population of the island
+and the French. The Prince de Joinville and his companions met in all
+quarters and at all times with the greatest good-will and the warmest
+testimonials of sympathy. The authorities and the inhabitants must have
+felt, no doubt, great regret at seeing taken away from their island
+the coffin that had rendered it so celebrated; but they repressed their
+feelings with a courtesy that does honor to the frankness of their
+character."
+
+
+
+
+II.--ON THE VOYAGE FROM ST. HELENA TO PARIS.
+
+
+On the 18th October the French frigate quitted the island with its
+precious burden on board.
+
+His Royal Highness the Captain acknowledged cordially the kindness
+and attention which he and his crew had received from the English
+authorities and the inhabitants of the Island of St. Helena; nay,
+promised a pension to an old soldier who had been for many years
+the guardian of the imperial tomb, and went so far as to take into
+consideration the petition of a certain lodging-house keeper, who prayed
+for a compensation for the loss which the removal of the Emperor's body
+would occasion to her. And although it was not to be expected that the
+great French nation should forego its natural desire of recovering the
+remains of a hero so dear to it for the sake of the individual interest
+of the landlady in question, it must have been satisfactory to her to
+find, that the peculiarity of her position was so delicately appreciated
+by the august Prince who commanded the expedition, and carried away with
+him animae dimidium suae--the half of the genteel independence which
+she derived from the situation of her hotel. In a word, politeness and
+friendship could not be carried farther. The Prince's realm and the
+landlady's were bound together by the closest ties of amity. M. Thiers
+was Minister of France, the great patron of the English alliance. At
+London M. Guizot was the worthy representative of the French good-will
+towards the British people; and the remark frequently made by our
+orators at public dinners, that "France and England, while united, might
+defy the world," was considered as likely to hold good for many years
+to come,--the union that is. As for defying the world, that was neither
+here nor there; nor did English politicians ever dream of doing any
+such thing, except perhaps at the tenth glass of port at "Freemason's
+Tavern."
+
+Little, however, did Mrs. Corbett, the St. Helena landlady, little did
+his Royal Highness Prince Ferdinand Philip Marie de Joinville know what
+was going on in Europe all this time (when I say in Europe, I mean in
+Turkey, Syria, and Egypt); how clouds, in fact, were gathering upon what
+you call the political horizon; and how tempests were rising that were
+to blow to pieces our Anglo-Gallic temple of friendship. Oh, but it
+is sad to think that a single wicked old Turk should be the means of
+setting our two Christian nations by the ears!
+
+Yes, my love, this disreputable old man had been for some time past the
+object of the disinterested attention of the great sovereigns of Europe.
+The Emperor Nicolas (a moral character, though following the
+Greek superstition, and adored for his mildness and benevolence of
+disposition), the Emperor Ferdinand, the King of Prussia, and our
+own gracious Queen, had taken such just offence at his conduct and
+disobedience towards a young and interesting sovereign, whose authority
+he had disregarded, whose fleet he had kidnapped, whose fair provinces
+he had pounced upon, that they determined to come to the aid of Abdul
+Medjid the First, Emperor of the Turks, and bring his rebellious vassal
+to reason. In this project the French nation was invited to join; but
+they refused the invitation, saying, that it was necessary for the
+maintenance of the balance of power in Europe that his Highness Mehemet
+Ali should keep possession of what by hook or by crook he had gotten,
+and that they would have no hand in injuring him. But why continue this
+argument, which you have read in the newspapers for many months past?
+You, my dear, must know as well as I, that the balance of power in
+Europe could not possibly be maintained in any such way; and though, to
+be sure, for the last fifteen years, the progress of the old robber has
+not made much difference to us in the neighborhood of Russell Square,
+and the battle of Nezib did not in the least affect our taxes, our
+homes, our institutions, or the price of butcher's meat, yet there is no
+knowing what MIGHT have happened had Mehemet Ali been allowed to
+remain quietly as he was: and the balance of power in Europe might have
+been--the deuce knows where.
+
+Here, then, in a nutshell, you have the whole matter in dispute. While
+Mrs. Corbett and the Prince de Joinville were innocently interchanging
+compliments at St. Helena,--bang! bang! Commodore Napier was pouring
+broadsides into Tyre and Sidon; our gallant navy was storming breaches
+and routing armies; Colonel Hodges had seized upon the green standard of
+Ibrahim Pacha; and the powder-magazine of St. John of Acre was blown up
+sky-high, with eighteen hundred Egyptian soldiers in company with it.
+The French said that l'or Anglais had achieved all these successes, and
+no doubt believed that the poor fellows at Acre were bribed to a man.
+
+It must have been particularly unpleasant to a high-minded nation like
+the French--at the very moment when the Egyptian affair and the balance
+of Europe had been settled in this abrupt way--to find out all of a
+sudden that the Pasha of Egypt was their dearest friend and ally. They
+had suffered in the person of their friend; and though, seeing that the
+dispute was ended, and the territory out of his hand, they could not
+hope to get it back for him, or to aid him in any substantial way, yet
+Monsieur Thiers determined, just as a mark of politeness to the Pasha,
+to fight all Europe for maltreating him,--all Europe, England included.
+He was bent on war, and an immense majority of the nation went with him.
+He called for a million of soldiers, and would have had them too, had
+not the King been against the project and delayed the completion of it
+at least for a time.
+
+Of these great European disputes Captain Joinville received a
+notification while he was at sea on board his frigate: as we find by the
+official account which has been published of his mission.
+
+"Some days after quitting St. Helena," says that document, "the
+expedition fell in with a ship coming from Europe, and was thus made
+acquainted with the warlike rumors then afloat, by which a collision
+with the English marine was rendered possible. The Prince de Joinville
+immediately assembled the officers of the 'Belle Poule,' to deliberate
+on an event so unexpected and important.
+
+"The council of war having expressed its opinion that it was necessary
+at all events to prepare for an energetic defence, preparations were
+made to place in battery all the guns that the frigate could bring to
+bear against the enemy. The provisional cabins that had been fitted up
+in the battery were demolished, the partitions removed, and, with all
+the elegant furniture of the cabins, flung into the sea. The Prince de
+Joinville was the first 'to execute himself,' and the frigate soon found
+itself armed with six or eight more guns.
+
+"That part of the ship where these cabins had previously been, went by
+the name of Lacedaemon; everything luxurious being banished to make way
+for what was useful.
+
+"Indeed, all persons who were on board agree in saying that Monseigneur
+the Prince de Joinville most worthily acquitted himself of the great and
+honorable mission which had been confided to him. All affirm not only
+that the commandant of the expedition did everything at St. Helena
+which as a Frenchman he was bound to do in order that the remains of the
+Emperor should receive all the honors due to them, but moreover that he
+accomplished his mission with all the measured solemnity, all the pious
+and severe dignity, that the son of the Emperor himself would have shown
+upon a like occasion. The commandant had also comprehended that the
+remains of the Emperor must never fall into the hands of the stranger,
+and being himself decided rather to sink his ship than to give up his
+precious deposit, he had inspired every one about him with the same
+energetic resolution that he had himself taken 'AGAINST AN EXTREME
+EVENTUALITY.'"
+
+Monseigneur, my dear, is really one of the finest young fellows it
+is possible to see. A tall, broad-chested, slim-waisted, brown-faced,
+dark-eyed young prince, with a great beard (and other martial qualities
+no doubt) beyond his years. As he strode into the Chapel of the
+Invalides on Tuesday at the head of his men, he made no small
+impression, I can tell you, upon the ladies assembled to witness the
+ceremony. Nor are the crew of the "Belle Poule" less agreeable to look
+at than their commander. A more clean, smart, active, well-limbed set of
+lads never "did dance" upon the deck of the famed "Belle Poule" in the
+days of her memorable combat with the "Saucy Arethusa." "These five
+hundred sailors," says a French newspaper, speaking of them in the
+proper French way, "sword in hand, in the severe costume of board-ship
+(la severe tenue du bord), seemed proud of the mission that they
+had just accomplished. Their blue jackets, their red cravats, the
+turned-down collars of blue shirts edged with white, ABOVE ALL their
+resolute appearance and martial air, gave a favorable specimen of the
+present state of our marine--a marine of which so much might be
+expected and from which so little has been required."--Le Commerce: 16th
+December.
+
+There they were, sure enough; a cutlass upon one hip, a pistol on the
+other--a gallant set of young men indeed. I doubt, to be sure, whether
+the severe tenue du bord requires that the seaman should be always
+furnished with those ferocious weapons, which in sundry maritime
+manoeuvers, such as going to sleep in your hammock for instance,
+or twinkling a binnacle, or luffing a marlinspike, or keelhauling a
+maintopgallant (all naval operations, my dear, which any seafaring
+novelist will explain to you)--I doubt, I say, whether these weapons are
+ALWAYS worn by sailors, and have heard that they are commonly and very
+sensibly too, locked up until they are wanted. Take another example:
+suppose artillerymen were incessantly compelled to walk about with a
+pyramid of twenty-four pound shot in one pocket, a lighted fuse and a
+few barrels of gunpowder in the other--these objects would, as you may
+imagine, greatly inconvenience the artilleryman in his peaceful state.
+
+The newspaper writer is therefore most likely mistaken in saying that
+the seamen were in the severe tenue du bord, or by "bord" meaning
+"abordage"--which operation they were not, in a harmless church, hung
+round with velvet and wax-candles, and filled with ladies, surely called
+upon to perform. Nor indeed can it be reasonably supposed that the
+picked men of the crack frigate of the French navy are a "good specimen"
+of the rest of the French marine, any more than a cuirassed colossus
+at the gate of the Horse Guards can be considered a fair sample of the
+British soldier of the line. The sword and pistol, however, had no doubt
+their effect--the former was in its sheath, the latter not loaded, and
+I hear that the French ladies are quite in raptures with these charming
+loups-de-mer.
+
+Let the warlike accoutrements then pass. It was necessary, perhaps, to
+strike the Parisians with awe, and therefore the crew was armed in this
+fierce fashion; but why should the captain begin to swagger as well as
+his men? and why did the Prince de Joinville lug out sword and pistol
+so early? or why, if he thought fit to make preparations, should the
+official journals brag of them afterwards as proofs of his extraordinary
+courage?
+
+Here is the case. The English Government makes him a present of the
+bones of Napoleon: English workmen work for nine hours without ceasing,
+and dig the coffin out of the ground: the English Commissioner hands
+over the key of the box to the French representative, Monsieur Chabot:
+English horses carry the funeral car down to the sea-shore, accompanied
+by the English Governor, who has actually left his bed to walk in the
+procession and to do the French nation honor.
+
+After receiving and acknowledging these politenesses, the French captain
+takes his charge on board, and the first thing we afterwards hear of
+him is the determination "qu'il a su faire passer" into all his crew,
+to sink rather than yield up the body of the Emperor aux mains de
+l'etranger--into the hands of the foreigner. My dear Monseigneur, is not
+this par trop fort? Suppose "the foreigner" had wanted the coffin,
+could he not have kept it? Why show this uncalled-for valor, this
+extraordinary alacrity at sinking? Sink or blow yourself up as much
+as you please, but your Royal Highness must see that the genteel thing
+would have been to wait until you were asked to do so, before you
+offended good-natured, honest people, who--heaven help them!--have never
+shown themselves at all murderously inclined towards you. A man knocks
+up his cabins forsooth, throws his tables and chairs overboard, runs
+guns into the portholes, and calls le quartier du bord ou existaient ces
+chambres, Lacedaemon. Lacedaemon! There is a province, O Prince, in your
+royal father's dominions, a fruitful parent of heroes in its time, which
+would have given a much better nickname to your quartier du bord: you
+should have called it Gascony.
+
+     "Sooner than strike we'll all ex-pi-er
+     On board of the Bell-e Pou-le."
+
+Such fanfaronading is very well on the part of Tom Dibdin, but a person
+of your Royal Highness's "pious and severe dignity" should have been
+above it. If you entertained an idea that war was imminent, would it not
+have been far better to have made your preparations in quiet, and when
+you found the war rumor blown over, to have said nothing about what
+you intended to do? Fie upon such cheap Lacedaemonianism! There is
+no poltroon in the world but can brag about what he WOULD have done:
+however, to do your Royal Highness's nation justice, they brag and fight
+too.
+
+This narrative, my dear Miss Smith, as you will have remarked, is not a
+simple tale merely, but is accompanied by many moral and pithy remarks
+which form its chief value, in the writer's eyes at least, and the
+above account of the sham Lacedaemon on board the "Belle Poule" has a
+double-barrelled morality, as I conceive. Besides justly reprehending
+the French propensity towards braggadocio, it proves very strongly
+a point on which I am the only statesman in Europe who has strongly
+insisted. In the "Paris Sketch Book" it was stated that THE FRENCH HATE
+US. They hate us, my dear, profoundly and desperately, and there never
+was such a hollow humbug in the world as the French alliance. Men get
+a character for patriotism in France merely by hating England. Directly
+they go into strong opposition (where, you know, people are always more
+patriotic than on the ministerial side), they appeal to the people, and
+have their hold on the people by hating England in common with them.
+Why? It is a long story, and the hatred may be accounted for by many
+reasons both political and social. Any time these eight hundred years
+this ill-will has been going on, and has been transmitted on the French
+side from father to son. On the French side, not on ours: we have had
+no, or few, defeats to complain of, no invasions to make us angry;
+but you see that to discuss such a period of time would demand a
+considerable number of pages, and for the present we will avoid the
+examination of the question.
+
+But they hate us, that is the long and short of it; and you see how this
+hatred has exploded just now, not upon a serious cause of difference,
+but upon an argument: for what is the Pasha of Egypt to us or them but
+a mere abstract opinion? For the same reason the Little-endians in
+Lilliput abhorred the Big-endians; and I beg you to remark how his Royal
+Highness Prince Ferdinand Mary, upon hearing that this argument was
+in the course of debate between us, straightway flung his furniture
+overboard and expressed a preference for sinking his ship rather than
+yielding it to the etranger. Nothing came of this wish of his, to be
+sure; but the intention is everything. Unlucky circumstances denied him
+the power, but he had the will.
+
+Well, beyond this disappointment, the Prince de Joinville had nothing to
+complain of during the voyage, which terminated happily by the arrival
+of the "Belle Poule" at Cherbourg, on the 30th of November, at five
+o'clock in the morning. A telegraph made the glad news known at Paris,
+where the Minister of the Interior, Tanneguy-Duchatel (you will read the
+name, Madam, in the old Anglo-French wars), had already made "immense
+preparations" for receiving the body of Napoleon.
+
+The entry was fixed for the 15th of December.
+
+On the 8th of December at Cherbourg the body was transferred from the
+"Belle Poule" frigate to the "Normandie" steamer. On which occasion the
+mayor of Cherbourg deposited, in the name of his town, a gold laurel
+branch upon the coffin--which was saluted by the forts and dykes of the
+place with ONE THOUSAND GUNS! There was a treat for the inhabitants.
+
+There was on board the steamer a splendid receptacle for the coffin:
+"a temple with twelve pillars and a dome to cover it from the wet and
+moisture, surrounded with velvet hangings and silver fringes. At the
+head was a gold cross, at the foot a gold lamp: other lamps were kept
+constantly burning within, and vases of burning incense were hung
+around. An altar, hung with velvet and silver, was at the mizzen-mast of
+the vessel, AND FOUR SILVER EAGLES AT EACH CORNER OF THE ALTAR." It was
+a compliment at once to Napoleon and--excuse me for saying so, but so
+the facts are--to Napoleon and to God Almighty.
+
+Three steamers, the "Normandie," the "Veloce," and the "Courrier,"
+formed the expedition from Cherbourg to Havre, at which place they
+arrived on the evening of the 9th of December, and where the
+"Veloce" was replaced by the Seine steamer, having in tow one of the
+state-coasters, which was to fire the salute at the moment when the body
+was transferred into one of the vessels belonging to the Seine.
+
+The expedition passed Havre the same night, and came to anchor at Val de
+la Haye on the Seine, three leagues below Rouen.
+
+Here the next morning (10th), it was met by the flotilla of steamboats
+of the Upper Seine, consisting of the three "Dorades," the three
+"Etoiles," the "Elbeuvien," the "Pansien," the "Parisienne," and the
+"Zampa." The Prince de Joinville, and the persons of the expedition,
+embarked immediately in the flotilla, which arrived the same day at
+Rouen.
+
+At Rouen salutes were fired, the National Guard on both sides of the
+river paid military honors to the body; and over the middle of the
+suspension-bridge a magnificent cenotaph was erected, decorated with
+flags, fasces, violet hangings, and the imperial arms. Before the
+cenotaph the expedition stopped, and the absolution was given by the
+archbishop and the clergy. After a couple of hours' stay, the expedition
+proceeded to Pont de l'Arche. On the 11th it reached Vernon, on the 12th
+Mantes, on the 13th Maisons-sur-Seine.
+
+"Everywhere," says the official account from which the above particulars
+are borrowed, "the authorities, the National Guard, and the people
+flocked to the passage of the flotilla, desirous to render the honors
+due to his glory, which is the glory of France. In seeing its hero
+return, the nation seemed to have found its Palladium again,--the
+sainted relics of victory."
+
+At length, on the 14th, the coffin was transferred from the "Dorade"
+steamer on board the imperial vessel arrived from Paris. In the evening,
+the imperial vessel arrived at Courbevoie, which was the last stage of
+the journey.
+
+Here it was that M. Guizot went to examine the vessel, and was very
+nearly flung into the Seine, as report goes, by the patriots assembled
+there. It is now lying on the river, near the Invalides, amidst the
+drifting ice, whither the people of Paris are flocking out to see it.
+
+The vessel is of a very elegant antique form, and I can give you on the
+Thames no better idea of it than by requesting you to fancy an immense
+wherry, of which the stern has been cut straight off, and on which a
+temple on steps has been elevated. At the figure-head is an immense gold
+eagle, and at the stern is a little terrace, filled with evergreens and
+a profusion of banners. Upon pedestals along the sides of the vessel are
+tripods in which incense was burned, and underneath them are garlands of
+flowers called here "immortals." Four eagles surmount the temple, and a
+great scroll or garland, held in their beaks, surrounds it. It is hung
+with velvet and gold; four gold caryatides support the entry of it; and
+in the midst, upon a large platform hung with velvet, and bearing the
+imperial arms, stood the coffin. A steamboat, carrying two hundred
+musicians playing funereal marches and military symphonies, preceded
+this magnificent vessel to Courbevoie, where a funereal temple was
+erected, and "a statue of Notre Dame de Grace, before which the seamen
+of the 'Belle Poule' inclined themselves, in order to thank her for
+having granted them a noble and glorious voyage."
+
+Early on the morning of the 15th December, amidst clouds of incense,
+and thunder of cannon, and innumerable shouts of people, the coffin
+was transferred from the barge, and carried by the seamen of the "Belle
+Poule" to the Imperial Car.
+
+
+And, now having conducted our hero almost to the gates of Paris, I must
+tell you what preparations were made in the capital to receive him.
+
+Ten days before the arrival of the body, as you walked across the
+Deputies' Bridge, or over the Esplanade of the Invalides, you saw on
+the bridge eight, on the esplanade thirty-two, mysterious boxes erected,
+wherein a couple of score of sculptors were at work night and day.
+
+In the middle of the Invalid Avenue, there used to stand, on a kind of
+shabby fountain or pump, a bust of Lafayette, crowned with some dirty
+wreaths of "immortals," and looking down at the little streamlet which
+occasionally dribbled below him. The spot of ground was now clear, and
+Lafayette and the pump had been consigned to some cellar, to make way
+for the mighty procession that was to pass over the place of their
+habitation.
+
+Strange coincidence! If I had been Mr. Victor Hugo, my dear, or a poet
+of any note, I would, in a few hours, have made an impromptu concerning
+that Lafayette-crowned pump, and compared its lot now to the fortune
+of its patron some fifty years back. From him then issued, as from his
+fountain now, a feeble dribble of pure words; then, as now, some faint
+circles of disciples were willing to admire him. Certainly in the
+midst of the war and storm without, this pure fount of eloquence went
+dribbling, dribbling on, till of a sudden the revolutionary workmen
+knocked down statue and fountain, and the gorgeous imperial cavalcade
+trampled over the spot where they stood.
+
+As for the Champs Elysees, there was no end to the preparations; the
+first day you saw a couple of hundred scaffoldings erected at intervals
+between the handsome gilded gas-lamps that at present ornament that
+avenue; next day, all these scaffoldings were filled with brick and
+mortar. Presently, over the bricks and mortar rose pediments of statues,
+legs of urns, legs of goddesses, legs and bodies of goddesses, legs,
+bodies, and busts of goddesses. Finally, on the 13th December, goddesses
+complete. On the 14th they were painted marble-color; and the basements
+of wood and canvas on which they stood were made to resemble the
+same costly material. The funereal urns were ready to receive the
+frankincense and precious odors which were to burn in them. A vast
+number of white columns stretched down the avenue, each bearing a bronze
+buckler on which was written, in gold letters, one of the victories of
+the Emperor, and each decorated with enormous imperial flags. On these
+columns golden eagles were placed; and the newspapers did not fail to
+remark the ingenious position in which the royal birds had been set:
+for while those on the right-hand side of the way had their heads turned
+TOWARDS the procession, as if to watch its coming, those on the left
+were looking exactly the other way, as if to regard its progress. Do not
+fancy I am joking: this point was gravely and emphatically urged in
+many newspapers; and I do believe no mortal Frenchman ever thought it
+anything but sublime.
+
+Do not interrupt me, sweet Miss Smith. I feel that you are angry. I can
+see from here the pouting of your lips, and know what you are going to
+say. You are going to say, "I will read no more of this Mr. Titmarsh;
+there is no subject, however solemn, but he treats it with flippant
+irreverence, and no character, however great, at whom he does not
+sneer."
+
+Ah, my dear! you are young now and enthusiastic; and your Titmarsh is
+old, very old, sad, and gray-headed. I have seen a poor mother buy a
+halfpenny wreath at the gate of Montmartre burying-ground, and go with
+it to her little child's grave, and hang it there over the little humble
+stone; and if ever you saw me scorn the mean offering of the poor shabby
+creature, I will give you leave to be as angry as you will. They say
+that on the passage of Napoleon's coffin down the Seine, old soldiers
+and country people walked miles from their villages just to catch a
+sight of the boat which carried his body and to kneel down on the shore
+and pray for him. God forbid that we should quarrel with such prayers
+and sorrow, or question their sincerity. Something great and good must
+have been in this man, something loving and kindly, that has kept his
+name so cherished in the popular memory, and gained him such lasting
+reverence and affection.
+
+But, Madam, one may respect the dead without feeling awe-stricken at the
+plumes of the hearse; and I see no reason why one should sympathize with
+the train of mutes and undertakers, however deep may be their mourning.
+Look, I pray you, at the manner in which the French nation has performed
+Napoleon's funeral. Time out of mind, nations have raised, in memory
+of their heroes, august mausoleums, grand pyramids, splendid statues of
+gold or marble, sacrificing whatever they had that was most costly and
+rare, or that was most beautiful in art, as tokens of their respect and
+love for the dead person. What a fine example of this sort of
+sacrifice is that (recorded in a book of which Simplicity is the great
+characteristic) of the poor woman who brought her pot of precious
+ointment--her all, and laid it at the feet of the Object which, upon
+earth, she most loved and respected. "Economists and calculators" there
+were even in those days who quarrelled with the manner in which the poor
+woman lavished so much "capital;" but you will remember how nobly and
+generously the sacrifice was appreciated, and how the economists were
+put to shame.
+
+With regard to the funeral ceremony that has just been performed here,
+it is said that a famous public personage and statesman, Monsieur Thiers
+indeed, spoke with the bitterest indignation of the general style of the
+preparations, and of their mean and tawdry character. He would have
+had a pomp as magnificent, he said, as that of Rome at the triumph of
+Aurelian: he would have decorated the bridges and avenues through which
+the procession was to pass, with the costliest marbles and the finest
+works of art, and have had them to remain there for ever as monuments of
+the great funeral.
+
+The economists and calculators might here interpose with a great deal of
+reason; for, indeed, there was no reason why a nation should impoverish
+itself to do honor to the memory of an individual for whom, after
+all, it can feel but a qualified enthusiasm: but it surely might have
+employed the large sum voted for the purpose more wisely and generously,
+and recorded its respect for Napoleon by some worthy and lasting
+memorial, rather than have erected yonder thousand vain heaps of tinsel,
+paint, and plaster, that are already cracking and crumbling in the
+frost, at three days old.
+
+Scarcely one of the statues, indeed, deserves to last a month: some are
+odious distortions and caricatures, which never should have been allowed
+to stand for a moment. On the very day of the fete, the wind was shaking
+the canvas pedestals, and the flimsy wood-work had begun to gape and
+give way. At a little distance, to be sure, you could not see the
+cracks; and pedestals and statues LOOKED like marble. At some distance,
+you could not tell but that the wreaths and eagles were gold embroidery,
+and not gilt paper--the great tricolor flags damask, and not striped
+calico. One would think that these sham splendors betokened sham
+respect, if one had not known that the name of Napoleon is held in real
+reverence, and observed somewhat of the character of the nation. Real
+feelings they have, but they distort them by exaggeration; real courage,
+which they render ludicrous by intolerable braggadocio; and I think the
+above official account of the Prince de Joinville's proceedings, of the
+manner in which the Emperor's remains have been treated in their voyage
+to the capital, and of the preparations made to receive him in it, will
+give my dear Miss Smith some means of understanding the social and moral
+condition of this worthy people of France.
+
+
+
+
+III.--ON THE FUNERAL CEREMONY.
+
+
+Shall I tell you, my dear, that when Francois woke me at a very
+early hour on this eventful morning, while the keen stars were still
+glittering overhead, a half-moon, as sharp as a razor, beaming in the
+frosty sky, and a wicked north wind blowing, that blew the blood out of
+one's fingers and froze your leg as you put it out of bed;--shall I tell
+you, my dear, that when Francois called me, and said, "V'la vot' cafe,
+Monsieur Titemasse, buvez-le, tiens, il est tout chaud," I felt myself,
+after imbibing the hot breakfast, so comfortable under three blankets
+and a mackintosh, that for at least a quarter of an hour no man in
+Europe could say whether Titmarsh would or would not be present at the
+burial of the Emperor Napoleon.
+
+Besides, my dear, the cold, there was another reason for doubting.
+Did the French nation, or did they not, intend to offer up some of us
+English over the imperial grave? And were the games to be concluded by
+a massacre? It was said in the newspapers that Lord Granville had
+despatched circulars to all the English resident in Paris, begging them
+to keep their homes. The French journals announced this news, and warned
+us charitably of the fate intended for us. Had Lord Granville written?
+Certainly not to me. Or had he written to all EXCEPT ME? And was I THE
+VICTIM--the doomed one?--to be seized directly I showed my face in the
+Champs Elysees, and torn in pieces by French Patriotism to the frantic
+chorus of the "Marseillaise?" Depend on it, Madam, that high and low
+in this city on Tuesday were not altogether at their ease, and that the
+bravest felt no small tremor! And be sure of this, that as his Majesty
+Louis Philippe took his nightcap off his royal head that morning, he
+prayed heartily that he might, at night, put it on in safety.
+
+Well, as my companion and I came out of doors, being bound for the
+Church of the Invalides, for which a Deputy had kindly furnished us with
+tickets, we saw the very prettiest sight of the whole day, and I can't
+refrain from mentioning it to my dear, tender-hearted Miss Smith.
+
+In the same house where I live (but about five stories nearer the
+ground) lodges an English family, consisting of--1. A great-grandmother,
+a hale, handsome old lady of seventy, the very best-dressed and neatest
+old lady in Paris. 2. A grandfather and grandmother, tolerably young
+to bear that title. 3. A daughter. And 4. Two little great-grand, or
+grandchildren, that may be of the age of three and one, and belong to a
+son and daughter who are in India. The grandfather, who is as proud
+of his wife as he was thirty years ago when he married, and pays her
+compliments still twice or thrice in a day, and when he leads her into a
+room looks round at the persons assembled, and says in his heart,
+"Here, gentlemen, here is my wife--show me such another woman in
+England,"--this gentleman had hired a room on the Champs Elysees, for he
+would not have his wife catch cold by exposing her to the balconies in
+the open air.
+
+When I came to the street, I found the family assembled in the following
+order of march:--
+
+
+--No. 1, the great-grandmother walking daintily along, supported by No.
+3, her granddaughter.
+
+--A nurse carrying No. 4 junior, who was sound asleep: and a huge basket
+containing saucepans, bottles of milk, parcels of infants' food, certain
+dimity napkins, a child's coral, and a little horse belonging to No. 4
+senior.
+
+--A servant bearing a basket of condiments.
+
+--No. 2, grandfather, spick and span, clean shaved, hat brushed, white
+buckskin gloves, bamboo cane, brown great-coat, walking as upright and
+solemn as may be, having his lady on his arm.
+
+--No. 4, senior, with mottled legs and a tartan costume, who was
+frisking about between his grandpapa's legs, who heartily wished him at
+home.
+
+
+"My dear," his face seemed to say to his lady, "I think you might have
+left the little things in the nursery, for we shall have to squeeze
+through a terrible crowd in the Champs Elysees."
+
+The lady was going out for a day's pleasure, and her face was full of
+care: she had to look first after her old mother who was walking ahead,
+then after No. 4 junior with the nurse--he might fall into all sorts of
+danger, wake up, cry, catch cold; nurse might slip down, or heaven knows
+what. Then she had to look her husband in the face, who had gone to such
+expense and been so kind for her sake, and make that gentleman believe
+she was thoroughly happy; and, finally, she had to keep an eye upon No.
+4 senior, who, as she was perfectly certain, was about in two minutes to
+be lost for ever, or trampled to pieces in the crowd.
+
+These events took place in a quiet little street leading into the Champs
+Elysees, the entry of which we had almost reached by this time. The four
+detachments above described, which had been straggling a little in their
+passage down the street, closed up at the end of it, and stood for
+a moment huddled together. No. 3, Miss X--, began speaking to her
+companion the great-grandmother.
+
+"Hush, my dear," said that old lady, looking round alarmed at her
+daughter. "SPEAK FRENCH." And she straightway began nervously to make a
+speech which she supposed to be in that language, but which was as much
+like French as Iroquois. The whole secret was out: you could read it in
+the grandmother's face, who was doing all she could to keep from crying,
+and looked as frightened as she dared to look. The two elder ladies
+had settled between them that there was going to be a general English
+slaughter that day, and had brought the children with them, so that they
+might all be murdered in company.
+
+God bless you, O women, moist-eyed and tender-hearted! In those gentle
+silly tears of yours there is something touches one, be they never so
+foolish. I don't think there were many such natural drops shed that day
+as those which just made their appearance in the grandmother's eyes, and
+then went back again as if they had been ashamed of themselves, while
+the good lady and her little troop walked across the road. Think how
+happy she will be when night comes, and there has been no murder of
+English, and the brood is all nestled under her wings sound asleep, and
+she is lying awake thanking God that the day and its pleasures and pains
+are over. Whilst we were considering these things, the grandfather had
+suddenly elevated No. 4 senior upon his left shoulder, and I saw the
+tartan hat of that young gentleman, and the bamboo cane which had been
+transferred to him, high over the heads of the crowd on the opposite
+side through which the party moved.
+
+
+After this little procession had passed away--you may laugh at it, but
+upon my word and conscience, Miss Smith, I saw nothing in the course of
+the day which affected me more--after this little procession had
+passed away, the other came, accompanied by gun-banging, flag-waving,
+incense-burning, trumpets pealing, drums rolling, and at the close,
+received by the voice of six hundred choristers, sweetly modulated to
+the tones of fifteen score of fiddlers. Then you saw horse and foot,
+jack-boots and bear-skin, cuirass and bayonet, National Guard and Line,
+marshals and generals all over gold, smart aides-de-camp galloping about
+like mad, and high in the midst of all, riding on his golden buckler,
+Solomon in all his glory, forsooth--Imperial Caesar, with his crown over
+his head, laurels and standards waving about his gorgeous chariot, and a
+million of people looking on in wonder and awe.
+
+His Majesty the Emperor and King reclined on his shield, with his head
+a little elevated. His Majesty's skull is voluminous, his forehead
+broad and large. We remarked that his Imperial Majesty's brow was of a
+yellowish color, which appearance was also visible about the orbits of
+the eyes. He kept his eyelids constantly closed, by which we had
+the opportunity of observing that the upper lids were garnished with
+eyelashes. Years and climate have effected upon the face of this great
+monarch only a trifling alteration; we may say, indeed, that Time has
+touched his Imperial and Royal Majesty with the lightest feather in his
+wing. In the nose of the Conqueror of Austerlitz we remarked very little
+alteration: it is of the beautiful shape which we remember it possessed
+five-and-twenty years since, ere unfortunate circumstances induced him
+to leave us for a while. The nostril and the tube of the nose appear to
+have undergone some slight alteration, but in examining a beloved object
+the eye of affection is perhaps too critical. Vive l'Empereur! the
+soldier of Marengo is among us again. His lips are thinner, perhaps,
+than they were before! how white his teeth are! you can just see three
+of them pressing his under lip; and pray remark the fulness of his
+cheeks and the round contour of his chin. Oh, those beautiful white
+hands! many a time have they patted the cheek of poor Josephine, and
+played with the black ringlets of her hair. She is dead now, and cold,
+poor creature; and so are Hortense and bold Eugene, than whom the world
+"never saw a curtier knight," as was said of King Arthur's Sir Lancelot.
+What a day would it have been for those three could they have lived
+until now, and seen their hero returning! Where's Ney? His wife sits
+looking out from M. Flahaut's window yonder, but the bravest of the
+brave is not with her. Murat too is absent: honest Joachim loves the
+Emperor at heart, and repents that he was not at Waterloo: who knows
+but that at the sight of the handsome swordsman those stubborn English
+"canaille" would have given way. A king, Sire, is, you know, the
+greatest of slaves--State affairs of consequence--his Majesty the King
+of Naples is detained no doubt. When we last saw the King, however, and
+his Highness the Prince of Elchingen, they looked to have as good
+health as ever they had in their lives, and we heard each of them calmly
+calling out "FIRE!" as they have done in numberless battles before.
+
+Is it possible? can the Emperor forget? We don't like to break it to
+him, but has he forgotten all about the farm at Pizzo, and the garden of
+the Observatory? Yes, truly: there he lies on his golden shield, never
+stirring, never so much as lifting his eyelids, or opening his lips any
+wider.
+
+O vanitas vanitatum! Here is our Sovereign in all his glory, and they
+fired a thousand guns at Cherbourg and never woke him!
+
+
+However, we are advancing matters by several hours, and you must give
+just as much credence as you please to the subjoined remarks concerning
+the Procession, seeing that your humble servant could not possibly be
+present at it, being bound for the church elsewhere.
+
+Programmes, however, have been published of the affair, and your vivid
+fancy will not fail to give life to them, and the whole magnificent
+train will pass before you.
+
+Fancy then, that the guns are fired at Neuilly: the body landed at
+daybreak from the funereal barge, and transferred to the car; and fancy
+the car, a huge Juggernaut of a machine, rolling on four wheels of an
+antique shape, which supported a basement adorned with golden eagles,
+banners, laurels, and velvet hangings. Above the hangings stand twelve
+golden statues with raised arms supporting a huge shield, on which the
+coffin lay. On the coffin was the imperial crown, covered with violet
+velvet crape, and the whole vast machine was drawn by horses in superb
+housings, led by valets in the imperial livery.
+
+Fancy at the head of the procession first of all--
+
+
+The Gendarmerie of the Seine, with their trumpets and Colonel.
+
+The Municipal Guard (horse), with their trumpets, standard, and Colonel.
+
+Two squadrons of the 7th Lancers, with Colonel, standard, and music.
+
+The Commandant of Paris and his Staff.
+
+A battalion of Infantry of the Line, with their flag, sappers, drums,
+music, and Colonel.
+
+The Municipal Guard (foot), with flag, drums, and Colonel.
+
+The Sapper-pumpers, with ditto.
+
+
+Then picture to yourself more squadrons of Lancers and Cuirassiers. The
+General of the Division and his Staff; all officers of all arms
+employed at Paris, and unattached; the Military School of Saint Cyr, the
+Polytechnic School, the School of the Etat-Major; and the Professors
+and Staff of each. Go on imagining more battalions of Infantry, of
+Artillery, companies of Engineers, squadrons of Cuirassiers, ditto of
+the Cavalry, of the National Guard, and the first and second legions of
+ditto.
+
+Fancy a carriage, containing the Chaplain of the St. Helena expedition,
+the only clerical gentleman that formed a part of the procession.
+
+Fancy you hear the funereal music, and then figure in your mind's eye--
+
+THE EMPEROR'S CHARGER, that is, Napoleon's own saddle and bridle (when
+First Consul) upon a white horse. The saddle (which has been kept
+ever since in the Garde Meuble of the Crown) is of amaranth velvet,
+embroidered in gold: the holsters and housings are of the same rich
+material. On them you remark the attributes of War, Commerce, Science,
+and Art. The bits and stirrups are silver-gilt chased. Over the
+stirrups, two eagles were placed at the time of the empire. The horse
+was covered with a violet crape embroidered with golden bees.
+
+After this came more Soldiers, General Officers, Sub-Officers, Marshals,
+and what was said to be the prettiest sight almost of the whole, the
+banners of the eighty-six Departments of France. These are due to the
+invention of M. Thiers, and were to have been accompanied by federates
+from each Department. But the government very wisely mistrusted this
+and some other projects of Monsieur Thiers; and as for a federation, my
+dear, IT HAS BEEN TRIED. Next comes--
+
+His Royal Highness, the Prince de Joinville.
+
+The 600 sailors of the "Belle Poule" marching in double file on each
+side of
+
+THE CAR.
+
+[Hush! the enormous crowd thrills as it passes, and only some few voices
+cry Vive l'Empereur! Shining golden in the frosty sun--with hundreds of
+thousands of eyes upon it, from houses and housetops, from balconies,
+black, purple, and tricolor, from tops of leafless trees, from behind
+long lines of glittering bayonets under schakos and bear-skin caps,
+from behind the Line and the National Guard again, pushing, struggling,
+heaving, panting, eager, the heads of an enormous multitude stretching
+out to meet and follow it, amidst long avenues of columns and statues
+gleaming white, of standards rainbow-colored, of golden eagles, of pale
+funereal urns, of discharging odors amidst huge volumes of pitch-black
+smoke,
+
+THE GREAT IMPERIAL CHARIOT ROLLS MAJESTICALLY ON.
+
+The cords of the pall are held by two Marshals, an Admiral and General
+Bertrand; who are followed by--
+
+The Prefects of the Seine and Police, &c.
+
+The Mayors of Paris, &c.
+
+The Members of the Old Guard, &c.
+
+A Squadron of Light Dragoons, &c.
+
+Lieutenant-General Schneider, &c.
+
+More cavalry, more infantry, more artillery, more everybody; and as the
+procession passes, the Line and the National Guard forming line on each
+side of the road fall in and follow it, until it arrives at the Church
+of the Invalides, where the last honors are to be paid to it.]
+
+
+Among the company assembled under the dome of that edifice, the casual
+observer would not perhaps have remarked a gentleman of the name of
+Michael Angelo Titmarsh, who nevertheless was there. But as, my dear
+Miss Smith, the descriptions in this letter, from the words in page 298,
+line 20--THE PARTY MOVED--up to the words PAID TO IT, on this page, have
+purely emanated from your obedient servant's fancy, and not from
+his personal observation (for no being on earth, except a newspaper
+reporter, can be in two places at once), permit me now to communicate to
+you what little circumstances fell under my own particular view on the
+day of the 15th of December.
+
+As we came out, the air and the buildings round about were tinged with
+purple, and the clear sharp half-moon before-mentioned was still in the
+sky, where it seemed to be lingering as if it would catch a peep of the
+commencement of the famous procession. The Arc de Triomphe was shining
+in a keen frosty sunshine, and looking as clean and rosy as if it had
+just made its toilette. The canvas or pasteboard image of Napoleon, of
+which only the gilded legs had been erected the night previous, was now
+visible, body, head, crown, sceptre and all, and made an imposing show.
+Long gilt banners were flaunting about, with the imperial cipher and
+eagle, and the names of the battles and victories glittering in gold.
+The long avenues of the Champs Elysees had been covered with sand for
+the convenience of the great procession that was to tramp across it that
+day. Hundreds of people were marching to and fro, laughing, chattering,
+singing, gesticulating as happy Frenchmen do. There is no pleasanter
+sight than a French crowd on the alert for a festival, and nothing more
+catching than their good-humor. As for the notion which has been put
+forward by some of the opposition newspapers that the populace were on
+this occasion unusually solemn or sentimental, it would be paying a bad
+compliment to the natural gayety of the nation, to say that it was,
+on the morning at least of the 15th of December, affected in any
+such absurd way. Itinerant merchants were shouting out lustily their
+commodities of segars and brandy, and the weather was so bitter cold,
+that they could not fail to find plenty of customers. Carpenters and
+workmen were still making a huge banging and clattering among the sheds
+which were built for the accommodation of the visitors. Some of
+these sheds were hung with black, such as one sees before churches in
+funerals; some were robed in violet, in compliment to the Emperor whose
+mourning they put on. Most of them had fine tricolor hangings with
+appropriate inscriptions to the glory of the French arms.
+
+All along the Champs Elysees were urns of plaster-of-Paris destined to
+contain funeral incense and flames; columns decorated with huge flags of
+blue, red, and white, embroidered with shining crowns, eagles, and N's
+in gilt paper, and statues of plaster representing Nymphs, Triumphs,
+Victories, or other female personages, painted in oil so as to represent
+marble. Real marble could have had no better effect, and the appearance
+of the whole was lively and picturesque in the extreme. On each pillar
+was a buckler, of the color of bronze, bearing the name and date of a
+battle in gilt letters: you had to walk through a mile-long avenue
+of these glorious reminiscences, telling of spots where, in the great
+imperial days, throats had been victoriously cut.
+
+As we passed down the avenue, several troops of soldiers met us: the
+garde-muncipale a cheval, in brass helmets and shining jack-boots,
+noble-looking men, large, on large horses, the pick of the old army, as
+I have heard, and armed for the special occupation of peace-keeping: not
+the most glorious, but the best part of the soldier's duty, as I fancy.
+Then came a regiment of Carabineers, one of Infantry--little, alert,
+brown-faced, good-humored men, their band at their head playing
+sounding marches. These were followed by a regiment or detachment of the
+Municipals on foot--two or three inches taller than the men of the Line,
+and conspicuous for their neatness and discipline. By-and-by came a
+squadron or so of dragoons of the National Guards: they are covered with
+straps, buckles, aguillettes, and cartouche-boxes, and make under their
+tricolor cock's-plumes a show sufficiently warlike. The point which
+chiefly struck me on beholding these military men of the National Guard
+and the Line, was the admirable manner in which they bore a cold that
+seemed to me as sharp as the weather in the Russian retreat, through
+which cold the troops were trotting without trembling and in the utmost
+cheerfulness and good-humor. An aide-de-camp galloped past in white
+pantaloons. By heavens! it made me shudder to look at him.
+
+With this profound reflection, we turned away to the right towards the
+hanging-bridge (where we met a detachment of young men of the Ecole de
+l'Etat Major, fine-looking lads, but sadly disfigured by the wearing
+of stays or belts, that make the waists of the French dandies of a most
+absurd tenuity), and speedily passed into the avenue of statues leading
+up to the Invalides. All these were statues of warriors from Ney to
+Charlemagne, modelled in clay for the nonce, and placed here to meet the
+corpse of the greatest warrior of all. Passing these, we had to walk to
+a little door at the back of the Invalides, where was a crowd of persons
+plunged in the deepest mourning, and pushing for places in the chapel
+within.
+
+The chapel is spacious and of no great architectural pretensions, but
+was on this occasion gorgeously decorated in honor of the great person
+to whose body it was about to give shelter.
+
+We had arrived at nine; the ceremony was not to begin, they said, till
+two: we had five hours before us to see all that from our places could
+be seen.
+
+We saw that the roof, up to the first lines of architecture, was hung
+with violet; beyond this with black. We saw N's, eagles, bees, laurel
+wreaths, and other such imperial emblems, adorning every nook and corner
+of the edifice. Between the arches, on each side of the aisle, were
+painted trophies, on which were written the names of some of Napoleon's
+Generals and of their principal deeds of arms--and not their deeds of
+arms alone, pardi, but their coats of arms too. O stars and garters!
+but this is too much. What was Ney's paternal coat, prithee, or honest
+Junot's quarterings, or the venerable escutcheon of King Joachim's
+father, the innkeeper?
+
+You and I, dear Miss Smith, know the exact value of heraldic bearings.
+We know that though the greatest pleasure of all is to ACT like a
+gentleman, it is a pleasure, nay a merit, to BE one--to come of an old
+stock, to have an honorable pedigree, to be able to say that centuries
+back our fathers had gentle blood, and to us transmitted the same. There
+IS a good in gentility: the man who questions it is envious, or a coarse
+dullard not able to perceive the difference between high breeding and
+low. One has in the same way heard a man brag that he did not know the
+difference between wines, not he--give him a good glass of port, and he
+would pitch all your claret to the deuce. My love, men often brag about
+their own dulness in this way.
+
+In the matter of gentlemen, democrats cry, "Psha! Give us one of
+Nature's gentlemen, and hang your aristocrats." And so indeed Nature
+does make SOME gentlemen--a few here and there. But Art makes most.
+Good birth, that is, good handsome well-formed fathers and mothers, nice
+cleanly nursery-maids, good meals, good physicians, good education,
+few cares, pleasant easy habits of life, and luxuries not too great
+or enervating, but only refining--a course of these going on for a few
+generations are the best gentleman-makers in the world, and beat Nature
+hollow.
+
+If, respected Madam, you say that there is something BETTER than
+gentility in this wicked world, and that honesty and personal wealth are
+more valuable than all the politeness and high-breeding that ever wore
+red-heeled pumps, knights' spurs, or Hoby's boots, Titmarsh for one is
+never going to say you nay. If you even go so far as to say that the
+very existence of this super-genteel society among us, from the slavish
+respect that we pay to it, from the dastardly manner in which we attempt
+to imitate its airs and ape its vices, goes far to destroy honesty of
+intercourse, to make us meanly ashamed of our natural affections and
+honest, harmless usages, and so does a great deal more harm than it is
+possible it can do good by its example--perhaps, Madam, you speak with
+some sort of reason. Potato myself, I can't help seeing that the tulip
+yonder has the best place in the garden, and the most sunshine, and the
+most water, and the best tending--and not liking him over well. But I
+can't help acknowledging that Nature has given him a much finer dress
+than ever I can hope to have, and of this, at least, must give him the
+benefit.
+
+Or say, we are so many cocks and hens, my dear (sans arriere pensee),
+with our crops pretty full, our plumes pretty sleek, decent picking here
+and there in the straw-yard, and tolerable snug roosting in the barn:
+yonder on the terrace, in the sun, walks Peacock, stretching his proud
+neck, squealing every now and then in the most pert fashionable voice
+and flaunting his great supercilious dandified tail. Don't let us be too
+angry, my dear, with the useless, haughty, insolent creature, because
+he despises us. SOMETHING is there about Peacock that we don't possess.
+Strain your neck ever so, you can't make it as long or as blue as
+his--cock your tail as much as you please, and it will never be half so
+fine to look at. But the most absurd, disgusting, contemptible sight
+in the world would you and I be, leaving the barn-door for my lady's
+flower-garden, forsaking our natural sturdy walk for the peacock's
+genteel rickety stride, and adopting the squeak of his voice in the
+place of our gallant lusty cock-a-doodle-dooing.
+
+Do you take the allegory? I love to speak in such, and the above
+types have been presented to my mind while sitting opposite a gimcrack
+coat-of-arms and coronet that are painted in the Invalides Church, and
+assigned to one of the Emperor's Generals.
+
+Ventrebleu! Madam, what need have THEY of coats-of-arms and coronets,
+and wretched imitations of old exploded aristocratic gewgaws that they
+had flung out of the country--with the heads of the owners in them
+sometimes, for indeed they were not particular--a score of years before?
+What business, forsooth, had they to be meddling with gentility and
+aping its ways, who had courage, merit, daring, genius sometimes, and
+a pride of their own to support, if proud they were inclined to be? A
+clever young man (who was not of high family himself, but had been bred
+up genteelly at Eton and the university)--young Mr. George Canning, at
+the commencement of the French Revolution, sneered at "Roland the Just,
+with ribbons in his shoes," and the dandies, who then wore buckles,
+voted the sarcasm monstrous killing. It was a joke, my dear, worthy of a
+lackey, or of a silly smart parvenu, not knowing the society into which
+his luck had cast him (God help him! in later years, they taught him
+what they were!), and fancying in his silly intoxication that simplicity
+was ludicrous and fashion respectable. See, now, fifty years are gone,
+and where are shoebuckles? Extinct, defunct, kicked into the irrevocable
+past off the toes of all Europe!
+
+How fatal to the parvenu, throughout history, has been this respect
+for shoebuckles. Where, for instance, would the Empire of Napoleon
+have been, if Ney and Lannes had never sported such a thing as a
+coat-of-arms, and had only written their simple names on their shields,
+after the fashion of Desaix's scutcheon yonder?--the bold Republican who
+led the crowning charge at Marengo, and sent the best blood of the
+Holy Roman Empire to the right-about, before the wretched misbegotten
+imperial heraldry was born, that was to prove so disastrous to the
+father of it. It has always been so. They won't amalgamate. A country
+must be governed by the one principle or the other. But give, in a
+republic, an aristocracy ever so little chance, and it works and plots
+and sneaks and bullies and sneers itself into place, and you find
+democracy out of doors. Is it good that the aristocracy should so
+triumph?--that is a question that you may settle according to your own
+notions and taste; and permit me to say, I do not care twopence how you
+settle it. Large books have been written upon the subject in a variety
+of languages, and coming to a variety of conclusions. Great statesmen
+are there in our country, from Lord Londonderry down to Mr. Vincent,
+each in his degree maintaining his different opinion. But here, in the
+matter of Napoleon, is a simple fact: he founded a great, glorious,
+strong, potent republic, able to cope with the best aristocracies in
+the world, and perhaps to beat them all; he converts his republic into
+a monarchy, and surrounds his monarchy with what he calls aristocratic
+institutions; and you know what becomes of him. The people estranged,
+the aristocracy faithless (when did they ever pardon one who was not of
+themselves?)--the imperial fabric tumbles to the ground. If it teaches
+nothing else, my dear, it teaches one a great point of policy--namely,
+to stick by one's party.
+
+While these thoughts (and sundry others relative to the horrible cold of
+the place, the intense dulness of delay, the stupidity of leaving a warm
+bed and a breakfast in order to witness a procession that is much better
+performed at a theatre)--while these thoughts were passing in the
+mind, the church began to fill apace, and you saw that the hour of the
+ceremony was drawing near.
+
+Imprimis, came men with lighted staves, and set fire to at least ten
+thousand wax-candles that were hanging in brilliant chandeliers in
+various parts of the chapel. Curtains were dropped over the upper
+windows as these illuminations were effected, and the church was left
+only to the funereal light of the spermaceti. To the right was the dome,
+round the cavity of which sparkling lamps were set, that designed the
+shape of it brilliantly against the darkness. In the midst, and where
+the altar used to stand, rose the catafalque. And why not? Who is
+God here but Napoleon? and in him the sceptics have already ceased to
+believe; but the people does still somewhat. He and Louis XIV. divide
+the worship of the place between them.
+
+As for the catafalque, the best that I can say for it is that it
+is really a noble and imposing-looking edifice, with tall pillars
+supporting a grand dome, with innumerable escutcheons, standards, and
+allusions military and funereal. A great eagle of course tops the whole:
+tripods burning spirits of wine stand round this kind of dead man's
+throne, and as we saw it (by peering over the heads of our neighbors in
+the front rank), it looked, in the midst of the black concave, and under
+the effect of half a thousand flashing cross-lights, properly grand and
+tall. The effect of the whole chapel, however (to speak the jargon of
+the painting-room), was spoiled by being CUT UP: there were too many
+objects for the eye to rest upon: the ten thousand wax-candles, for
+instance, in their numberless twinkling chandeliers, the raw tranchant
+colors of the new banners, wreaths, bees, N's, and other emblems dotting
+the place all over, and incessantly puzzling, or rather BOTHERING the
+beholder.
+
+High overhead, in a sort of mist, with the glare of their original
+colors worn down by dust and time, hung long rows of dim ghostly-looking
+standards, captured in old days from the enemy. They were, I thought,
+the best and most solemn part of the show.
+
+To suppose that the people were bound to be solemn during the ceremony
+is to exact from them something quite needless and unnatural. The very
+fact of a squeeze dissipates all solemnity. One great crowd is always,
+as I imagine, pretty much like another. In the course of the last few
+years I have seen three: that attending the coronation of our present
+sovereign, that which went to see Courvoisier hanged, and this which
+witnessed the Napoleon ceremony. The people so assembled for hours
+together are jocular rather than solemn, seeking to pass away the weary
+time with the best amusements that will offer. There was, to be sure,
+in all the scenes above alluded to, just one moment--one particular
+moment--when the universal people feels a shock and is for that second
+serious.
+
+But except for that second of time, I declare I saw no seriousness here
+beyond that of ennui. The church began to fill with personages of all
+ranks and conditions. First, opposite our seats came a company of fat
+grenadiers of the National Guard, who presently, at the word of command,
+put their muskets down against benches and wainscots, until the arrival
+of the procession. For seven hours these men formed the object of the
+most anxious solicitude of all the ladies and gentlemen seated on our
+benches: they began to stamp their feet, for the cold was atrocious, and
+we were frozen where we sat. Some of them fell to blowing their fingers;
+one executed a kind of dance, such as one sees often here in cold
+weather--the individual jumps repeatedly upon one leg, and kicks out the
+other violently, meanwhile his hands are flapping across his chest. Some
+fellows opened their cartouche-boxes, and from them drew eatables of
+various kinds. You can't think how anxious we were to know the qualities
+of the same. "Tiens, ce gros qui mange une cuisse de volaille!"--"Il a
+du jambon, celui-la." "I should like some, too," growls an Englishman,
+"for I hadn't a morsel of breakfast," and so on. This is the way, my
+dear, that we see Napoleon buried.
+
+Did you ever see a chicken escape from clown in a pantomime, and hop
+over into the pit, or amongst the fiddlers? and have you not seen the
+shrieks of enthusiastic laughter that the wondrous incident occasions?
+We had our chicken, of course: there never was a public crowd without
+one. A poor unhappy woman in a greasy plaid cloak, with a battered
+rose-colored plush bonnet, was seen taking her place among the stalls
+allotted to the grandees. "Voyez donc l'Anglaise," said everybody, and
+it was too true. You could swear that the wretch was an Englishwoman:
+a bonnet was never made or worn so in any other country. Half an hour's
+delightful amusement did this lady give us all. She was whisked from
+seat to seat by the huissiers, and at every change of place woke a peal
+of laughter. I was glad, however, at the end of the day to see the old
+pink bonnet over a very comfortable seat, which somebody had not claimed
+and she had kept.
+
+Are not these remarkable incidents? The next wonder we saw was the
+arrival of a set of tottering old Invalids, who took their places under
+us with drawn sabres. Then came a superb drum-major, a handsome smiling
+good-humored giant of a man, his breeches astonishingly embroidered
+with silver lace. Him a dozen little drummer-boys followed--"the little
+darlings!" all the ladies cried out in a breath: they were indeed pretty
+little fellows, and came and stood close under us: the huge drum-major
+smiled over his little red-capped flock, and for many hours in the most
+perfect contentment twiddled his moustaches and played with the tassels
+of his cane.
+
+Now the company began to arrive thicker and thicker. A whole covey of
+Conseillers-d'Etat came in, in blue coats, embroidered with blue silk,
+then came a crowd of lawyers in toques and caps, among whom were sundry
+venerable Judges in scarlet, purple velvet, and ermine--a kind of
+Bajazet costume. Look there! there is the Turkish Ambassador in his red
+cap, turning his solemn brown face about and looking preternaturally
+wise. The Deputies walk in in a body. Guizot is not there: he passed by
+just now in full ministerial costume. Presently little Thiers saunters
+back: what a clear, broad sharp-eyed face the fellow has, with his gray
+hair cut down so demure! A servant passes, pushing through the crowd a
+shabby wheel-chair. It has just brought old Moncey the Governor of the
+Invalids, the honest old man who defended Paris so stoutly in 1814. He
+has been very ill, and is worn down almost by infirmities: but in his
+illness he was perpetually asking, "Doctor, shall I live till the 15th?
+Give me till then, and I die contented." One can't help believing that
+the old man's wish is honest, however one may doubt the piety of another
+illustrious Marshal, who once carried a candle before Charles X. in a
+procession, and has been this morning to Neuilly to kneel and pray at
+the foot of Napoleon's coffin. He might have said his prayers at home,
+to be sure; but don't let us ask too much: that kind of reserve is not a
+Frenchman's characteristic.
+
+Bang--bang! At about half-past two a dull sound of cannonading was heard
+without the church, and signals took place between the Commandant of
+the Invalids, of the National Guards, and the big drum-major. Looking to
+these troops (the fat Nationals were shuffling into line again) the two
+Commandants tittered, as nearly as I could catch them, the following
+words--
+
+"HARRUM HUMP!"
+
+At once all the National bayonets were on the present, and the sabres
+of the old Invalids up. The big drum-major looked round at the
+children, who began very slowly and solemnly on their drums,
+Rub-dub-dub--rub-dub-dub--(count two between each)--rub-dub-dub, and a
+great procession of priests came down from the altar.
+
+First, there was a tall handsome cross-bearer, bearing a long gold
+cross, of which the front was turned towards his grace the Archbishop.
+Then came a double row of about sixteen incense-boys, dressed in white
+surplices: the first boy, about six years old, the last with whiskers
+and of the height of a man. Then followed a regiment of priests in black
+tippets and white gowns: they had black hoods, like the moon when she is
+at her third quarter, wherewith those who were bald (many were, and fat
+too) covered themselves. All the reverend men held their heads meekly
+down, and affected to be reading in their breviaries.
+
+After the Priests came some Bishops of the neighboring districts, in
+purple, with crosses sparkling on their episcopal bosoms.
+
+Then came, after more priests, a set of men whom I have never seen
+before--a kind of ghostly heralds, young and handsome men, some of them
+in stiff tabards of black and silver, their eyes to the ground, their
+hands placed at right angles with their chests.
+
+Then came two gentlemen bearing remarkable tall candlesticks, with
+candles of corresponding size. One was burning brightly, but the wind
+(that chartered libertine) had blown out the other, which nevertheless
+kept its place in the procession--I wondered to myself whether the
+reverend gentleman who carried the extinguished candle, felt disgusted,
+humiliated, mortified--perfectly conscious that the eyes of many
+thousands of people were bent upon that bit of refractory wax. We all of
+us looked at it with intense interest.
+
+Another cross-bearer, behind whom came a gentleman carrying an
+instrument like a bedroom candlestick.
+
+His Grandeur Monseigneur Affre, Archbishop of Paris: he was in black and
+white, his eyes were cast to the earth, his hands were together at right
+angles from his chest: on his hands were black gloves, and on the black
+gloves sparkled the sacred episcopal--what do I say?--archiepiscopal
+ring. On his head was the mitre. It is unlike the godly coronet that
+figures upon the coach-panels of our own Right Reverend Bench. The
+Archbishop's mitre may be about a yard high: formed within probably of
+consecrated pasteboard, it is without covered by a sort of watered silk
+of white and silver. On the two peaks at the top of the mitre are two
+very little spangled tassels, that frisk and twinkle about in a very
+agreeable manner.
+
+Monseigneur stood opposite to us for some time, when I had the
+opportunity to note the above remarkable phenomena. He stood opposite me
+for some time, keeping his eyes steadily on the ground, his hands before
+him, a small clerical train following after. Why didn't they move? There
+was the National Guard keeping on presenting arms, the little drummers
+going on rub-dub-dub--rub-dub-dub--in the same steady, slow way, and the
+Procession never moved an inch. There was evidently, to use an elegant
+phrase, a hitch somewhere.
+
+[Enter a fat priest who bustles up to the drum-major.]
+
+Fat priest--"Taisez-vous."
+
+Little drummer--Rub-dub-dub--rub-dub-dub--rub-dub-dub, &c.
+
+Drum-major--"Qu'est-ce donc?"
+
+Fat priest--"Taisez-vous, dis-je; ce n'est pas le corps. Il n'arrivera
+pas--pour une heure."
+
+The little drums were instantly hushed, the procession turned to the
+right-about, and walked back to the altar again, the blown-out candle
+that had been on the near side of us before was now on the off side,
+the National Guards set down their muskets and began at their sandwiches
+again. We had to wait an hour and a half at least before the great
+procession arrived. The guns without went on booming all the while at
+intervals, and as we heard each, the audience gave a kind of "ahahah!"
+such as you hear when the rockets go up at Vauxhall.
+
+At last the real Procession came.
+
+Then the drums began to beat as formerly, the Nationals to get under
+arms, the clergymen were sent for and went, and presently--yes, there
+was the tall cross-bearer at the head of the procession, and they came
+BACK!
+
+They chanted something in a weak, snuffling, lugubrious manner, to the
+melancholy bray of a serpent.
+
+Crash! however, Mr. Habeneck and the fiddlers in the organ loft pealed
+out a wild shrill march, which stopped the reverend gentlemen, and in
+the midst of this music--
+
+And of a great trampling of feet and clattering,
+
+And of a great crowd of Generals and Officers in fine clothes,
+
+With the Prince de Joinville marching quickly at the head of the
+procession,
+
+And while everybody's heart was thumping as hard as possible,
+
+NAPOLEON'S COFFIN PASSED.
+
+It was done in an instant. A box covered with a great red cross--a
+dingy-looking crown lying on the top of it--Seamen on one side and
+Invalids on the other--they had passed in an instant and were up the
+aisle.
+
+A faint snuffling sound, as before, was heard from the officiating
+priests, but we knew of nothing more. It is said that old Louis Philippe
+was standing at the catafalque, whither the Prince de Joinville advanced
+and said, "Sire, I bring you the body of the Emperor Napoleon."
+
+Louis Philippe answered, "I receive it in the name of France." Bertrand
+put on the body the most glorious victorious sword that ever has been
+forged since the apt descendants of the first murderer learned how to
+hammer steel; and the coffin was placed in the temple prepared for it.
+
+The six hundred singers and the fiddlers now commenced the playing and
+singing of a piece of music; and a part of the crew of the "Belle
+Poule" skipped into the places that had been kept for them under us, and
+listened to the music, chewing tobacco. While the actors and fiddlers
+were going on, most of the spirits-of-wine lamps on altars went out.
+
+When we arrived in the open air we passed through the court of the
+Invalids, where thousands of people had been assembled, but where the
+benches were now quite bare. Then we came on to the terrace before the
+place: the old soldiers were firing off the great guns, which made a
+dreadful stunning noise, and frightened some of us, who did not care to
+pass before the cannon and be knocked down even by the wadding. The guns
+were fired in honor of the King, who was going home by a back door. All
+the forty thousand people who covered the great stands before the Hotel
+had gone away too. The Imperial Barge had been dragged up the river, and
+was lying lonely along the Quay, examined by some few shivering people
+on the shore.
+
+It was five o'clock when we reached home: the stars were shining keenly
+out of the frosty sky, and Francois told me that dinner was just ready.
+
+In this manner, my dear Miss Smith, the great Napoleon was buried.
+
+Farewell.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Second Funeral of Napoleon, by
+William Makepeace Thackeray (AKA "Michael Angelo Titmarch")
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