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+Project Gutenberg Etext The Second Funeral of Napoleon, Thackeray
+#14 in our series by William Makepeace Thackeray
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+Title:  The Second Funeral of Napoleon
+
+Author:  William Makepeace Thackeray
+Writing as:  "Michael Angelo Titmarch."
+
+May, 2001  [Etext #2645]
+
+
+Project Gutenberg Etext The Second Funeral of Napoleon, Thackeray
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+
+The Second Funeral of Napoleon
+
+by William Makepeace Thackeray
+"by Michael Angelo Titmarch."
+
+
+I.  On the Disinterment of Napoleon at St. Helena
+
+II.  On the Voyage from St. Helena to Paris
+
+III.  On the Funeral Ceremony
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+ON THE DISINTERMENT OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA.
+
+
+MY DEAR ----,--It is no easy task in this world to distinguish
+between what is great in it, and what is mean; and many and many is
+the puzzle that I have had in reading History (or the works of
+fiction which go by that name), to know whether I should laud up to
+the skies, and endeavor, to the best of my small capabilities, to
+imitate the remarkable character about whom I was reading, or
+whether I should fling aside the book and the hero of it, as things
+altogether base, unworthy, laughable, and get a novel, or a game of
+billiards, or a pipe of tobacco, or the report of the last debate in
+the House, or any other employment which would leave the mind in a
+state of easy vacuity, rather than pester it with a vain set of
+dates relating to actions which are in themselves not worth a fig,
+or with a parcel of names of people whom it can do one no earthly
+good to remember.
+
+It is more than probable, my love, that you are acquainted with what
+is called Grecian and Roman history, chiefly from perusing, in very
+early youth, the little sheepskin-bound volumes of the ingenious Dr.
+Goldsmith, and have been indebted for your knowledge of the English
+annals to a subsequent study of the more voluminous works of Hume
+and Smollett.  The first and the last-named authors, dear Miss
+Smith, have written each an admirable history,--that of the Reverend
+Dr. Primrose, Vicar of Wakefield, and that of Mr. Robert Bramble, of
+Bramble Hall--in both of which works you will find true and
+instructive pictures of human life, and which you may always think
+over with advantage.  But let me caution you against putting any
+considerable trust in the other works of these authors, which were
+placed in your hands at school and afterwards, and in which you were
+taught to believe.  Modern historians, for the most part, know very
+little, and, secondly, only tell a little of what they know.
+
+As for those Greeks and Romans whom you have read of in "sheepskin,"
+were you to know really what those monsters were, you would blush
+all over as red as a hollyhock, and put down the history-book in a
+fury.  Many of our English worthies are no better.  You are not in a
+situation to know the real characters of any one of them.  They
+appear before you in their public capacities, but the individuals
+you know not.  Suppose, for instance, your mamma had purchased her
+tea in the Borough from a grocer living there by the name of
+Greenacre: suppose you had been asked out to dinner, and the
+gentleman of the house had said: "Ho! Francois! a glass of champagne
+for Miss Smith;"--Courvoisier would have served you just as any
+other footman would; you would never have known that there was
+anything extraordinary in these individuals, but would have thought
+of them only in their respective public characters of Grocer and
+Footman.  This, Madam, is History, in which a man always appears
+dealing with the world in his apron, or his laced livery, but which
+has not the power or the leisure, or, perhaps, is too high and
+mighty to condescend to follow and study him in his privacy.  Ah, my
+dear, when big and little men come to be measured rightly, and great
+and small actions to be weighed properly, and people to be stripped
+of their royal robes, beggars' rags, generals' uniforms, seedy out-
+at-elbowed coats, and the like--or the contrary say, when souls come
+to be stripped of their wicked deceiving bodies, and turned out
+stark naked as they were before they were born--what a strange
+startling sight shall we see, and what a pretty figure shall some of
+us cut!  Fancy how we shall see Pride, with his Stultz clothes and
+padding pulled off, and dwindled down to a forked radish!  Fancy
+some Angelic Virtue, whose white raiment is suddenly whisked over
+his head, showing us cloven feet and a tail!  Fancy Humility, eased
+of its sad load of cares and want and scorn, walking up to the very
+highest place of all, and blushing as he takes it!  Fancy,--but we
+must not fancy such a scene at all, which would be an outrage on
+public decency.  Should we be any better than our neighbors?  No,
+certainly.  And as we can't be virtuous, let us be decent.
+Figleaves are a very decent, becoming wear, and have been now in
+fashion for four thousand years.  And so, my dear, history is
+written on fig-leaves.  Would you have anything further?  O fie!
+
+Yes, four thousand years ago that famous tree was planted.  At their
+very first lie, our first parents made for it, and there it is still
+the great Humbug Plant, stretching its wide arms, and sheltering
+beneath its leaves, as broad and green as ever, all the generations
+of men.  Thus, my dear, coquettes of your fascinating sex cover
+their persons with figgery, fantastically arranged, and call their
+masquerading, modesty.  Cowards fig themselves out fiercely as
+"salvage men," and make us believe that they are warriors.  Fools
+look very solemnly out from the dusk of the leaves, and we fancy in
+the gloom that they are sages.  And many a man sets a great wreath
+about his pate and struts abroad a hero, whose claims we would all
+of us laugh at, could we but remove the ornament and see his
+numskull bare.
+
+And such--(excuse my sermonizing)--such is the constitution of
+mankind, that men have, as it were, entered into a compact among
+themselves to pursue the fig-leaf system a l'outrance, and to cry
+down all who oppose it.  Humbug they will have.  Humbugs themselves,
+they will respect humbugs.  Their daily victuals of life must be
+seasoned with humbug.  Certain things are there in the world that
+they will not allow to be called by their right names, and will
+insist upon our admiring, whether we will or no.  Woe be to the man
+who would enter too far into the recesses of that magnificent temple
+where our Goddess is enshrined, peep through the vast embroidered
+curtains indiscreetly, penetrate the secret of secrets, and expose
+the Gammon of Gammons!  And as you must not peer too curiously
+within, so neither must you remain scornfully without.  Humbug-
+worshippers, let us come into our great temple regularly and
+decently: take our seats, and settle our clothes decently; open our
+books, and go through the service with decent gravity; listen, and
+be decently affected by the expositions of the decent priest of the
+place; and if by chance some straggling vagabond, loitering in the
+sunshine out of doors, dares to laugh or to sing, and disturb the
+sanctified dulness of the faithful;--quick! a couple of big beadles
+rush out and belabor the wretch, and his yells make our devotions
+more comfortable.
+
+Some magnificent religious ceremonies of this nature are at present
+taking place in France; and thinking that you might perhaps while
+away some long winter evening with an account of them, I have
+compiled the following pages for your use.  Newspapers have been
+filled, for some days past, with details regarding the St. Helena
+expedition, many pamphlets have been published, men go about crying
+little books and broadsheets filled with real or sham particulars;
+and from these scarce and valuable documents the following pages are
+chiefly compiled.
+
+We must begin at the beginning; premising, in the first place, that
+Monsieur Guizot, when French Ambassador at London, waited upon Lord
+Palmerston with a request that the body of the Emperor Napoleon
+should be given up to the French nation, in order that it might find
+a final resting-place in French earth.  To this demand the English
+Government gave a ready assent; nor was there any particular
+explosion of sentiment upon either side, only some pretty cordial
+expressions of mutual good-will.  Orders were sent out to St. Helena
+that the corpse should be disinterred in due time, when the French
+expedition had arrived in search of it, and that every respect and
+attention should he paid to those who came to carry back to their
+country the body of the famous dead warrior and sovereign.
+
+This matter being arranged in very few words (as in England, upon
+most points, is the laudable fashion), the French Chambers began to
+debate about the place in which they should bury the body when they
+got it; and numberless pamphlets and newspapers out of doors joined
+in the talk.  Some people there were who had fought and conquered
+and been beaten with the great Napoleon, and loved him and his
+memory.  Many more were there who, because of his great genius and
+valor, felt excessively proud in their own particular persons, and
+clamored for the return of their hero.  And if there were some few
+individuals in this great hot-headed, gallant, boasting, sublime,
+absurd French nation, who had taken a cool view of the dead
+Emperor's character; if, perhaps, such men as Louis Philippe, and
+Monsieur A. Thiers, Minister and Deputy, and Monsieur Francois
+Guizot, Deputy and Excellency, had, from interest or conviction,
+opinions at all differing from those of the majority; why, they knew
+what was what, and kept their opinions to themselves, coming with a
+tolerably good grace and flinging a few handfuls of incense upon the
+altar of the popular idol.
+
+In the succeeding debates, then, various opinions were given with
+regard to the place to be selected for the Emperor's sepulture.
+"Some demanded," says an eloquent anonymous Captain in the Navy who
+has written an "Itinerary from Toulon to St. Helena," "that the
+coffin should be deposited under the bronze taken from the enemy by
+the French army--under the Column of the Place Vendome.  The idea
+was a fine one.  This is the most glorious monument that was ever
+raised in a conqueror's honor.  This column has been melted out of
+foreign cannon.  These same cannons have furrowed the bosoms of our
+braves with noble cicatrices; and this metal--conquered by the
+soldier first, by the artist afterwards--has allowed to be imprinted
+on its front its own defeat and our glory.  Napoleon might sleep in
+peace under this audacious trophy.  But, would his ashes find a
+shelter sufficiently vast beneath this pedestal?  And his puissant
+statue dominating Paris, beams with sufficient grandeur on this
+place: whereas the wheels of carriages and the feet of passengers
+would profane the funereal sanctity of the spot in trampling on the
+soil so near his head."
+
+You must not take this description, dearest Amelia, "at the foot of
+the letter," as the French phrase it, but you will here have a
+masterly exposition of the arguments for and against the burial of
+the Emperor under the Column of the Place Vendome.  The idea was a
+fine one, granted; but, like all other ideas, it was open to
+objections.  You must not fancy that the cannon, or rather the
+cannon-balls, were in the habit of furrowing the bosoms of French
+braves, or any other braves, with cicatrices: on the contrary, it is
+a known fact that cannon-balls make wounds, and not cicatrices
+(which, my dear, are wounds partially healed); nay, that a man
+generally dies after receiving one such projectile on his chest,
+much more after having his bosom furrowed by a score of them.  No,
+my love; no bosom, however heroic, can stand such applications, and
+the author only means that the French soldiers faced the cannon and
+took them.  Nor, my love, must you suppose that the column was
+melted: it was the cannon was melted, not the column; but such
+phrases are often used by orators when they wish to give a
+particular force and emphasis to their opinions.
+
+Well, again, although Napoleon might have slept in peace under "this
+audacious trophy," how could he do so and carriages go rattling by
+all night, and people with great iron heels to their boots pass
+clattering over the stones?  Nor indeed could it be expected that a
+man whose reputation stretches from the Pyramids to the Kremlin,
+should find a column of which the base is only five-and-twenty feet
+square, a shelter vast enough for his bones.  In a word, then,
+although the proposal to bury Napoleon under the column was
+ingenious, it was found not to suit; whereupon somebody else
+proposed the Madelaine.
+
+"It was proposed," says the before-quoted author with his usual
+felicity, "to consecrate the Madelaine to his exiled manes"--that
+is, to his bones when they were not in exile any longer.  "He ought
+to have, it was said, a temple entire.  His glory fills the world.
+His bones could not contain themselves in the coffin of a man--in
+the tomb of a king!"  In this case what was Mary Magdalen to do?
+"This proposition, I am happy to say, was rejected, and a new one--
+that of the President of the Council adopted.  Napoleon and his
+braves ought not to quit each other.  Under the immense gilded dome
+of the Invalides he would find a sanctuary worthy of himself.  A
+dome imitates the vault of heaven, and that vault alone" (meaning of
+course the other vault) "should dominate above his head.  His old
+mutilated Guard shall watch around him: the last veteran, as he has
+shed his blood in his combats, shall breathe his last sigh near his
+tomb, and all these tombs shall sleep under the tattered standards
+that have been won from all the nations of Europe."
+
+The original words are "sous les lambeaux cribles des drapeaux
+cueillis chez toutes les nations;" in English, "under the riddled
+rags of the flags that have been culled or plucked" (like roses or
+buttercups) "in all the nations."  Sweet, innocent flowers of
+victory! there they are, my dear, sure enough, and a pretty
+considerable hortus siccus may any man examine who chooses to walk
+to the Invalides.  The burial-place being thus agreed on, the
+expedition was prepared, and on the 7th July the "Belle Poule"
+frigate, in company with "La Favorite" corvette, quitted Toulon
+harbor.  A couple of steamers, the "Trident" and the "Ocean,"
+escorted the ships as far as Gibraltar, and there left them to
+pursue their voyage.
+
+The two ships quitted the harbor in the sight of a vast concourse of
+people, and in the midst of a great roaring of cannons.  Previous to
+the departure of the "Belle Poule," the Bishop of Frejus went on
+board, and gave to the cenotaph, in which the Emperor's remains were
+to be deposited, his episcopal benediction.  Napoleon's old friends
+and followers, the two Bertrands, Gourgaud, Emanuel Las Cases,
+"companions in exile, or sons of the companions in exile of the
+prisoner of the infame Hudson," says a French writer, were passengers
+on board the frigate.  Marchand, Denis, Pierret, Novaret, his old
+and faithful servants, were likewise in the vessel.  It was
+commanded by his Royal Highness Francis Ferdinand Philip Louis Marie
+d'Orleans, Prince de Joinville, a young prince two-and-twenty years
+of age, who was already distinguished in the service of his country
+and king.
+
+On the 8th of October, after a voyage of six-and-sixty days, the
+"Belle Poule" arrived in James Town harbor; and on its arrival, as
+on its departure from France, a great firing of guns took place.
+First, the "Oreste" French brig-of-war began roaring out a
+salutation to the frigate; then the "Dolphin" English schooner gave
+her one-and-twenty guns; then the frigate returned the compliment of
+the "Dolphin" schooner; then she blazed out with one-and-twenty guns
+more, as a mark of particular politeness to the shore--which
+kindness the forts acknowledged by similar detonations.
+
+These little compliments concluded on both sides, Lieutenant
+Middlemore, son and aide-de-camp of the Governor of St. Helena, came
+on board the French frigate, and brought his father's best respects
+to his Royal Highness.  The Governor was at home ill, and forced to
+keep his room; but he had made his house at James Town ready for
+Captain Joinville and his suite, and begged that they would make use
+of it during their stay.
+
+On the 9th, H. R. H. the Prince of Joinville put on his full uniform
+and landed, in company with Generals Bertrand and Gourgaud, Baron
+Las Cases, M. Marchand, M. Coquereau, the chaplain of the
+expedition, and M. de Rohan Chabot, who acted as chief mourner.  All
+the garrison were under arms to receive the illustrious Prince and
+the other members of the expedition--who forthwith repaired to
+Plantation House, and had a conference with the Governor regarding
+their mission.
+
+On the 10th, 11th, 12th, these conferences continued: the crews of
+the French ships were permitted to come on shore and see the tomb of
+Napoleon.  Bertrand, Gourgaud, Las Cases wandered about the island
+and revisited the spots to which they had been partial in the
+lifetime of the Emperor.
+
+The 15th October was fixed on for the day of the exhumation: that
+day five-and twenty years, the Emperor Napoleon first set his foot
+upon the island.
+
+On the day previous all things had been made ready: the grand
+coffins and ornaments brought from France, and the articles
+necessary for the operation were carried to the valley of the Tomb.
+
+The operations commenced at midnight.  The well-known friends of
+Napoleon before named and some other attendants of his, the chaplain
+and his acolytes, the doctor of the "Belle Poule," the captains of
+the French ships, and Captain Alexander of the Engineers, the
+English Commissioner, attended the disinterment.  His Royal highness
+Prince de Joinville could not be present because the workmen were
+under English command.
+
+The men worked for nine hours incessantly, when at length the earth
+was entirely removed from the vault, all the horizontal strata of
+masonry demolished, and the large slab which covered the place where
+the stone sarcophagus lay, removed by a crane.  This outer coffin of
+stone was perfect, and could scarcely be said to be damp.
+
+"As soon as the Abbe Coquereau had recited the prayers, the coffin
+was removed with the greatest care, and carried by the engineer-
+soldiers, bareheaded, into a tent that had been prepared for the
+purpose.  After the religious ceremonies, the inner coffins were
+opened.  The outermost coffin was slightly injured: then came, one
+of lead, which was in good condition, and enclosed two others--one
+of tin and one of wood.  The last coffin was lined inside with white
+satin, which, having become detached by the effect of time, had
+fallen upon the body and enveloped it like a winding-sheet, and had
+become slightly attached to it.
+
+"It is difficult to describe with what anxiety and emotion those who
+were present waited for the moment which was to expose to them all
+that death had left of Napoleon.  Notwithstanding the singular state
+of preservation of the tomb and coffins, we could scarcely hope to
+find anything but some misshapen remains of the least perishable
+part of the costume to evidence the identity of the body.  But when
+Doctor Guillard raised the sheet of satin, an indescribable feeling
+of surprise and affection was expressed by the spectators, many of
+whom burst into tears.  The Emperor was himself before their eyes!
+The features of the face, though changed, were perfectly recognized;
+the hands extremely beautiful; his well-known costume had suffered
+but little, and the colors were easily distinguished.  The attitude
+itself was full of ease, and but for the fragments of the satin
+lining which covered, as with a fine gauze, several parts of the
+uniform, we might have believed we still saw Napoleon before us
+lying on his bed of state.  General Bertrand and M. Marchand, who
+were both present at the interment, quickly pointed out the
+different articles which each had deposited in the coffin, and
+remained in the precise position in which they had previously
+described them to be.
+
+"The two inner coffins were carefully closed again; the old leaden
+coffin was strongly blocked up with wedges of wood, and both were
+once more soldered up with the most minute precautions, under the
+direction of Dr. Guillard.  These different operations being
+terminated, the ebony sarcophagus was closed as well as its oak
+case.  On delivering the key of the ebony sarcophagus to Count de
+Chabot, the King's Commissioner, Captain Alexander declared to him,
+in the name of the Governor, that this coffin, containing the mortal
+remains of the Emperor Napoleon, was considered as at the disposal
+of the French Government from that day, and from the moment at which
+it should arrive at the place of embarkation, towards which it was
+about to be sent under the orders of General Middlemore.  The King's
+Commissioner replied that he was charged by his Government, and in
+its name, to accept the coffin from the hands of the British
+authorities, and that he and the other persons composing the French
+mission were ready to follow it to James Town, where the Prince de
+Joinville, superior commandant of the expedition, would be ready to
+receive it and conduct it on board his frigate.  A car drawn by four
+horses, decked with funereal emblems, had been prepared before the
+arrival of the expedition, to receive the coffin, as well as a pall,
+and all the other suitable trappings of mourning.  When the
+sarcophagus was placed on the car, the whole was covered with a
+magnificent imperial mantle brought from Paris, the four corners of
+which were borne by Generals Bertrand and Gourgaud, Baron Las Cases
+and M. Marchand.  At half-past three o'clock the funeral car began
+to move, preceded by a chorister bearing the cross, and by the Abbe
+Coquereau.  M. de Chabot acted as chief mourner.  All the
+authorities of the island, all the principal inhabitants, and the
+whole of the garrison, followed in procession from the tomb to the
+quay.  But with the exception of the artillerymen necessary to lead
+the horses, and occasionally support the car when descending some
+steep parts of the way, the places nearest the coffin were reserved
+for the French mission.  General Middlemore, although in a weak
+state of health, persisted in following the whole way on foot,
+together with General Churchill, chief of the staff in India, who
+had arrived only two days before from Bombay.  The immense weight of
+the coffins, and the unevenness of the road, rendered the utmost
+carefulness necessary throughout the whole distance.  Colonel
+Trelawney commanded in person the small detachment of artillerymen
+who conducted the car, and, thanks to his great care, not the
+slightest accident took place.  From the moment of departure to the
+arrival at the quay, the cannons of the forts and the 'Belle Poule'
+fired minute-guns.  After an hour's march the rain ceased for the
+first time since the commencement of the operations, and on arriving
+in sight of the town we found a brilliant sky and beautiful weather.
+From the morning the three French vessels of war had assumed the
+usual signs of deep mourning: their yards crossed and their flags
+lowered.  Two French merchantmen, 'Bonne Amie' and 'Indien,' which
+had been in the roads for two days, had put themselves under the
+Prince's orders, and followed during the ceremony all the manoeuvers
+of the 'Belle Poule.'  The forts of the town, and the houses of the
+consuls, had also their flags half-mast high.
+
+"On arriving at the entrance of the town, the troops of the garrison
+and the militia formed in two lines as far as the extremity of the
+quay.  According to the order for mourning prescribed for the
+English army, the men had their arms reversed and the officers had
+crape on their arms, with their swords reversed.  All the
+inhabitants had been kept away from the line of march, but they
+lined the terraces, commanding the town, and the streets were
+occupied only by the troops, the 91st Regiment being on the right
+and the militia on the left.  The cortege advanced slowly between
+two ranks of soldiers to the sound of a funeral march, while the
+cannons of the forts were fired, as well as those of the 'Belle
+Poule' and the 'Dolphin;' the echoes being repeated a thousand times
+by the rocks above James Town.  After two hours' march the cortege
+stopped at the end of the quay, where the Prince de Joinville had
+stationed himself at the head of the officers of the three French
+ships of war.  The greatest official honors had been rendered by the
+English authorities to the memory of the Emperor--the most striking
+testimonials of respect had marked the adieu given by St. Helena to
+his coffin; and from this moment the mortal remains of the Emperor
+were about to belong to France.  When the funeral-car stopped, the
+Prince de Joinville advanced alone, and in presence of all around,
+who stood with their heads uncovered, received, in a solemn manner,
+the imperial coffin from the hands of General Middlemore.  His Royal
+Highness then thanked the Governor, in the name of France, for all
+the testimonials of sympathy and respect with which the authorities
+and inhabitants of St. Helena had surrounded the memorable
+ceremonial.  A cutter had been expressly prepared to receive the
+coffin.  During the embarkation, which the Prince directed himself,
+the bands played funeral airs, and all the boats were stationed
+round with their oars shipped.  The moment the sarcophagus touched
+the cutter, a magnificent royal flag, which the ladies of James Town
+had embroidered for the occasion, was unfurled, and the 'Belle
+Poule' immediately squared her masts and unfurled her colors.  All
+the manoeuvers of the frigate were immediately followed by the other
+vessels.  Our mourning had ceased with the exile of Napoleon, and
+the French naval division dressed itself out in all its festal
+ornaments to receive the imperial coffin under the French flag.  The
+sarcophagus was covered in the cutter with the imperial mantle.  The
+Prince de Joinville placed himself at the rudder, Commandant Guyet
+at the head of the boat; Generals Bertrand and Gourgaud, Baron Las
+Cases, M. Marchand, and the Abbe Coquereau occupied the same places
+as during the march.  Count Chabot and Commandant Hernoux were
+astern, a little in advance of the Prince.  As soon as the cutter
+had pushed off from the quay, the batteries ashore fired a salute of
+twenty-one guns, and our ships returned the salute with all their
+artillery.  Two other salutes were fired during the passage from the
+quay to the frigate; the cutter advancing very slowly, and
+surrounded by the other boats.  At half-past six o'clock it reached
+the 'Belle Poule,' all the men being on the yards with their hats in
+their hands.  The Prince had had arranged on the deck a chapel,
+decked with flags and trophies of arms, the altar being placed at
+the foot of the mizzen-mast.  The coffin, carried by our sailors,
+passed between two ranks of officers with drawn swords, and was
+placed on the quarter-deck.  The absolution was pronounced by the
+Abbe Coquereau the same evening.  Next day, at ten o'clock, a solemn
+mass was celebrated on the deck, in presence of the officers and
+part of the crews of the ships.  His Royal Highness stood at the
+foot of the coffin.  The cannon of the 'Favorite' and 'Oreste' fired
+minute-guns during this ceremony, which terminated by a solemn
+absolution; and the Prince de Joinville, the gentlemen of the
+mission, the officers, and the premiers maitres of the ship,
+sprinkled holy water on the coffin.  At eleven, all the ceremonies
+of the church were accomplished, all the honors done to a sovereign
+had been paid to the mortal remains of Napoleon.  The coffin was
+carefully lowered between decks, and placed in the chapelle ardente
+which had been prepared at Toulon for its reception.  At this
+moment, the vessels fired a last salute with all their artillery,
+and the frigate took in her flags, keeping up only her flag at the
+stern and the royal standard at the maintopgallant-mast.  On Sunday,
+the 18th, at eight in the morning, the 'Belle Poule' quitted St.
+Helena with her precious deposit on board.
+
+"During the whole time that the mission remained at James Town, the
+best understanding never ceased to exist between the population of
+the island and the French.  The Prince de Joinville and his
+companions met in all quarters and at all times with the greatest
+good-will and the warmest testimonials of sympathy.  The authorities
+and the inhabitants must have felt, no doubt, great regret at seeing
+taken away from their island the coffin that had rendered it so
+celebrated; but they repressed their feelings with a courtesy that
+does honor to the frankness of their character."
+
+
+II.
+
+ON THE VOYAGE FROM ST. HELENA TO PARIS.
+
+
+On the 18th October the French frigate quitted the island with its
+precious burden on board.
+
+His Royal Highness the Captain acknowledged cordially the kindness
+and attention which he and his crew had received from the English
+authorities and the inhabitants of the Island of St. Helena; nay,
+promised a pension to an old soldier who had been for many years the
+guardian of the imperial tomb, and went so far as to take into
+consideration the petition of a certain lodging-house keeper, who
+prayed for a compensation for the loss which the removal of the
+Emperor's body would occasion to her.  And although it was not to be
+expected that the great French nation should forego its natural
+desire of recovering the remains of a hero so dear to it for the
+sake of the individual interest of the landlady in question, it must
+have been satisfactory to her to find, that the peculiarity of her
+position was so delicately appreciated by the august Prince who
+commanded the expedition, and carried away with him animae dimidium
+suae--the half of the genteel independence which she derived from
+the situation of her hotel.  In a word, politeness and friendship
+could not be carried farther.  The Prince's realm and the landlady's
+were bound together by the closest ties of amity.  M. Thiers was
+Minister of France, the great patron of the English alliance.  At
+London M. Guizot was the worthy representative of the French good-
+will towards the British people; and the remark frequently made by
+our orators at public dinners, that "France and England, while
+united, might defy the world," was considered as likely to hold good
+for many years to come,--the union that is.  As for defying the
+world, that was neither here nor there; nor did English politicians
+ever dream of doing any such thing, except perhaps at the tenth
+glass of port at "Freemason's Tavern."
+
+Little, however, did Mrs. Corbett, the St. Helena landlady, little
+did his Royal Highness Prince Ferdinand Philip Marie de Joinville
+know what was going on in Europe all this time (when I say in
+Europe, I mean in Turkey, Syria, and Egypt); how clouds, in fact,
+were gathering upon what you call the political horizon; and how
+tempests were rising that were to blow to pieces our Anglo-Gallic
+temple of friendship.  Oh, but it is sad to think that a single
+wicked old Turk should be the means of setting our two Christian
+nations by the ears!
+
+Yes, my love, this disreputable old man had been for some time past
+the object of the disinterested attention of the great sovereigns of
+Europe.  The Emperor Nicolas (a moral character, though following
+the Greek superstition, and adored for his mildness and benevolence
+of disposition), the Emperor Ferdinand, the King of Prussia, and our
+own gracious Queen, had taken such just offence at his conduct and
+disobedience towards a young and interesting sovereign, whose
+authority he had disregarded, whose fleet he had kidnapped, whose
+fair provinces he had pounced upon, that they determined to come to
+the aid of Abdul Medjid the First, Emperor of the Turks, and bring
+his rebellious vassal to reason.  In this project the French nation
+was invited to join; but they refused the invitation, saying, that
+it was necessary for the maintenance of the balance of power in
+Europe that his Highness Mehemet Ali should keep possession of what
+by hook or by crook he had gotten, and that they would have no hand
+in injuring him.  But why continue this argument, which you have
+read in the newspapers for many months past?  You, my dear, must
+know as well as I, that the balance of power in Europe could not
+possibly be maintained in any such way; and though, to be sure, for
+the last fifteen years, the progress of the old robber has not made
+much difference to us in the neighborhood of Russell Square, and the
+battle of Nezib did not in the least affect our taxes, our homes,
+our institutions, or the price of butcher's meat, yet there is no
+knowing what MIGHT have happened had Mehemet Ali been allowed to
+remain quietly as he was: and the balance of power in Europe might
+have been--the deuce knows where.
+
+Here, then, in a nutshell, you have the whole matter in dispute.
+While Mrs. Corbett and the Prince de Joinville were innocently
+interchanging compliments at St. Helena,--bang! bang! Commodore
+Napier was pouring broadsides into Tyre and Sidon; our gallant navy
+was storming breaches and routing armies; Colonel Hodges had seized
+upon the green standard of Ibrahim Pacha; and the powder-magazine of
+St. John of Acre was blown up sky-high, with eighteen hundred
+Egyptian soldiers in company with it.  The French said that l'or
+Anglais had achieved all these successes, and no doubt believed that
+the poor fellows at Acre were bribed to a man.
+
+It must have been particularly unpleasant to a high-minded nation
+like the French--at the very moment when the Egyptian affair and the
+balance of Europe had been settled in this abrupt way--to find out
+all of a sudden that the Pasha of Egypt was their dearest friend and
+ally.  They had suffered in the person of their friend; and though,
+seeing that the dispute was ended, and the territory out of his
+hand, they could not hope to get it back for him, or to aid him in
+any substantial way, yet Monsieur Thiers determined, just as a mark
+of politeness to the Pasha, to fight all Europe for maltreating
+him,--all Europe, England included.  He was bent on war, and an
+immense majority of the nation went with him.  He called for a
+million of soldiers, and would have had them too, had not the King
+been against the project and delayed the completion of it at least
+for a time.
+
+Of these great European disputes Captain Joinville received a
+notification while he was at sea on board his frigate: as we find by
+the official account which has been published of his mission.
+
+"Some days after quitting St. Helena," says that document, "the
+expedition fell in with a ship coming from Europe, and was thus made
+acquainted with the warlike rumors then afloat, by which a collision
+with the English marine was rendered possible.  The Prince de
+Joinville immediately assembled the officers of the 'Belle Poule,'
+to deliberate on an event so unexpected and important.
+
+"The council of war having expressed its opinion that it was
+necessary at all events to prepare for an energetic defence,
+preparations were made to place in battery all the guns that the
+frigate could bring to bear against the enemy.  The provisional
+cabins that had been fitted up in the battery were demolished, the
+partitions removed, and, with all the elegant furniture of the
+cabins, flung into the sea.  The Prince de Joinville was the first
+'to execute himself,' and the frigate soon found itself armed with
+six or eight more guns.
+
+"That part of the ship where these cabins had previously been, went
+by the name of Lacedaemon; everything luxurious being banished to
+make way for what was useful.
+
+"Indeed, all persons who were on board agree in saying that
+Monseigneur the Prince de Joinville most worthily acquitted himself
+of the great and honorable mission which had been confided to him.
+All affirm not only that the commandant of the expedition did
+everything at St. Helena which as a Frenchman he was bound to do in
+order that the remains of the Emperor should receive all the honors
+due to them, but moreover that he accomplished his mission with all
+the measured solemnity, all the pious and severe dignity, that the
+son of the Emperor himself would have shown upon a like occasion.
+The commandant had also comprehended that the remains of the Emperor
+must never fall into the hands of the stranger, and being himself
+decided rather to sink his ship than to give up his precious
+deposit, he had inspired every one about him with the same
+energetic resolution that he had himself taken 'AGAINST AN EXTREME
+EVENTUALITY.'"
+
+Monseigneur, my dear, is really one of the finest young fellows it
+is possible to see.  A tall, broad-chested, slim-waisted, brown-
+faced, dark-eyed young prince, with a great beard (and other martial
+qualities no doubt) beyond his years.  As he strode into the Chapel
+of the Invalides on Tuesday at the head of his men, he made no small
+impression, I can tell you, upon the ladies assembled to witness the
+ceremony.  Nor are the crew of the "Belle Poule" less agreeable to
+look at than their commander.  A more clean, smart, active, well-
+limbed set of lads never "did dance" upon the deck of the famed
+"Belle Poule" in the days of her memorable combat with the "Saucy
+Arethusa."  "These five hundred sailors," says a French newspaper,
+speaking of them in the proper French way, "sword in hand, in the
+severe costume of board-ship (la severe tenue du bord), seemed proud
+of the mission that they had just accomplished.  Their blue jackets,
+their red cravats, the turned-down collars of blue shirts edged with
+white, ABOVE ALL their resolute appearance and martial air, gave a
+favorable specimen of the present state of our marine--a marine of
+which so much might be expected and from which so little has been
+required."--Le Commerce: 16th December.
+
+There they were, sure enough; a cutlass upon one hip, a pistol on
+the other--a gallant set of young men indeed.  I doubt, to be sure,
+whether the severe tenue du bord requires that the seaman should be
+always furnished with those ferocious weapons, which in sundry
+maritime manoeuvers, such as going to sleep in your hammock for
+instance, or twinkling a binnacle, or luffing a marlinspike, or
+keelhauling a maintopgallant (all naval operations, my dear, which
+any seafaring novelist will explain to you)--I doubt, I say, whether
+these weapons are ALWAYS worn by sailors, and have heard that they
+are commonly and very sensibly too, locked up until they are wanted.
+Take another example: suppose artillerymen were incessantly
+compelled to walk about with a pyramid of twenty-four pound shot in
+one pocket, a lighted fuse and a few barrels of gunpowder in the
+other--these objects would, as you may imagine, greatly inconvenience
+the artilleryman in his peaceful state.
+
+The newspaper writer is therefore most likely mistaken in saying
+that the seamen were in the severe tenue du bord, or by "bord"
+meaning "abordage"--which operation they were not, in a harmless
+church, hung round with velvet and wax-candles, and filled with
+ladies, surely called upon to perform.  Nor indeed can it be
+reasonably supposed that the picked men of the crack frigate of the
+French navy are a "good specimen" of the rest of the French marine,
+any more than a cuirassed colossus at the gate of the Horse Guards
+can be considered a fair sample of the British soldier of the line.
+The sword and pistol, however, had no doubt their effect--the former
+was in its sheath, the latter not loaded, and I hear that the French
+ladies are quite in raptures with these charming loups-de-mer.
+
+Let the warlike accoutrements then pass.  It was necessary, perhaps,
+to strike the Parisians with awe, and therefore the crew was armed
+in this fierce fashion; but why should the captain begin to swagger
+as well as his men? and why did the Prince de Joinville lug out
+sword and pistol so early? or why, if he thought fit to make
+preparations, should the official journals brag of them afterwards
+as proofs of his extraordinary courage?
+
+Here is the case.  The English Government makes him a present of the
+bones of Napoleon: English workmen work for nine hours without
+ceasing, and dig the coffin out of the ground: the English
+Commissioner hands over the key of the box to the French
+representative, Monsieur Chabot: English horses carry the funeral
+car down to the sea-shore, accompanied by the English Governor, who
+has actually left his bed to walk in the procession and to do the
+French nation honor.
+
+After receiving and acknowledging these politenesses, the French
+captain takes his charge on board, and the first thing we afterwards
+hear of him is the determination "qu'il a su faire passer" into all
+his crew, to sink rather than yield up the body of the Emperor aux
+mains de l'etranger--into the hands of the foreigner.  My dear
+Monseigneur, is not this par trop fort?  Suppose "the foreigner" had
+wanted the coffin, could he not have kept it?  Why show this
+uncalled-for valor, this extraordinary alacrity at sinking?  Sink or
+blow yourself up as much as you please, but your Royal Highness must
+see that the genteel thing would have been to wait until you were
+asked to do so, before you offended good-natured, honest people,
+who--heaven help them!--have never shown themselves at all
+murderously inclined towards you.  A man knocks up his cabins
+forsooth, throws his tables and chairs overboard, runs guns into the
+portholes, and calls le quartier du bord ou existaient ces chambres,
+Lacedaemon.  Lacedaemon!  There is a province, O Prince, in your
+royal father's dominions, a fruitful parent of heroes in its time,
+which would have given a much better nickname to your quartier du
+bord: you should have called it Gascony.
+
+
+    "Sooner than strike we'll all ex-pi-er
+     On board of the Bell-e Pou-le."
+
+
+Such fanfaronading is very well on the part of Tom Dibdin, but a
+person of your Royal Highness's "pious and severe dignity" should
+have been above it.  If you entertained an idea that war was
+imminent, would it not have been far better to have made your
+preparations in quiet, and when you found the war rumor blown over,
+to have said nothing about what you intended to do?  Fie upon such
+cheap Lacedaemonianism!  There is no poltroon in the world but can
+brag about what he WOULD have done: however, to do your Royal
+Highness's nation justice, they brag and fight too.
+
+This narrative, my dear Miss Smith, as you will have remarked, is
+not a simple tale merely, but is accompanied by many moral and pithy
+remarks which form its chief value, in the writer's eyes at least,
+and the above account of the sham Lacedaemon on board the "Belle
+Poule" has a double-barrelled morality, as I conceive.  Besides
+justly reprehending the French propensity towards braggadocio, it
+proves very strongly a point on which I am the only statesman in
+Europe who has strongly insisted.  In the "Paris Sketch Book" it was
+stated that THE FRENCH HATE US.  They hate us, my dear, profoundly
+and desperately, and there never was such a hollow humbug in the
+world as the French alliance.  Men get a character for patriotism in
+France merely by hating England.  Directly they go into strong
+opposition (where, you know, people are always more patriotic than
+on the ministerial side), they appeal to the people, and have their
+hold on the people by hating England in common with them.  Why?  It
+is a long story, and the hatred may be accounted for by many reasons
+both political and social.  Any time these eight hundred years this
+ill-will has been going on, and has been transmitted on the French
+side from father to son.  On the French side, not on ours: we have
+had no, or few, defeats to complain of, no invasions to make us
+angry; but you see that to discuss such a period of time would
+demand a considerable number of pages, and for the present we will
+avoid the examination of the question.
+
+But they hate us, that is the long and short of it; and you see how
+this hatred has exploded just now, not upon a serious cause of
+difference, but upon an argument: for what is the Pasha of Egypt to
+us or them but a mere abstract opinion?  For the same reason the
+Little-endians in Lilliput abhorred the Big-endians; and I beg you
+to remark how his Royal Highness Prince Ferdinand Mary, upon hearing
+that this argument was in the course of debate between us,
+straightway flung his furniture overboard and expressed a preference
+for sinking his ship rather than yielding it to the etranger.
+Nothing came of this wish of his, to be sure; but the intention is
+everything.  Unlucky circumstances denied him the power, but he had
+the will.
+
+Well, beyond this disappointment, the Prince de Joinville had
+nothing to complain of during the voyage, which terminated happily
+by the arrival of the "Belle Poule" at Cherbourg, on the 30th of
+November, at five o'clock in the morning.  A telegraph made the glad
+news known at Paris, where the Minister of the Interior, Tanneguy-
+Duchatel (you will read the name, Madam, in the old Anglo-French
+wars), had already made "immense preparations" for receiving the
+body of Napoleon.
+
+The entry was fixed for the 15th of December.
+
+On the 8th of December at Cherbourg the body was transferred from
+the "Belle Poule" frigate to the "Normandie" steamer.  On which
+occasion the mayor of Cherbourg deposited, in the name of his town,
+a gold laurel branch upon the coffin--which was saluted by the forts
+and dykes of the place with ONE THOUSAND GUNS!  There was a treat
+for the inhabitants.
+
+There was on board the steamer a splendid receptacle for the coffin:
+"a temple with twelve pillars and a dome to cover it from the wet
+and moisture, surrounded with velvet hangings and silver fringes.
+At the head was a gold cross, at the foot a gold lamp: other lamps
+were kept constantly burning within, and vases of burning incense
+were hung around.  An altar, hung with velvet and silver, was at the
+mizzen-mast of the vessel, AND FOUR SILVER EAGLES AT EACH CORNER OF
+THE ALTAR."  It was a compliment at once to Napoleon and--excuse me
+for saying so, but so the facts are--to Napoleon and to God Almighty.
+
+Three steamers, the "Normandie," the "Veloce," and the "Courrier,"
+formed the expedition from Cherbourg to Havre, at which place they
+arrived on the evening of the 9th of December, and where the
+"Veloce" was replaced by the Seine steamer, having in tow one of the
+state-coasters, which was to fire the salute at the moment when the
+body was transferred into one of the vessels belonging to the Seine.
+
+The expedition passed Havre the same night, and came to anchor at
+Val de la Haye on the Seine, three leagues below Rouen.
+
+Here the next morning (10th), it was met by the flotilla of
+steamboats of the Upper Seine, consisting of the three "Dorades,"
+the three "Etoiles," the "Elbeuvien," the "Pansien," the
+"Parisienne," and the "Zampa."  The Prince de Joinville, and the
+persons of the expedition, embarked immediately in the flotilla,
+which arrived the same day at Rouen.
+
+At Rouen salutes were fired, the National Guard on both sides of the
+river paid military honors to the body; and over the middle of the
+suspension-bridge a magnificent cenotaph was erected, decorated with
+flags, fasces, violet hangings, and the imperial arms.  Before the
+cenotaph the expedition stopped, and the absolution was given by the
+archbishop and the clergy.  After a couple of hours' stay, the
+expedition proceeded to Pont de l'Arche.  On the 11th it reached
+Vernon, on the 12th Mantes, on the 13th Maisons-sur-Seine.
+
+"Everywhere," says the official account from which the above
+particulars are borrowed, "the authorities, the National Guard, and
+the people flocked to the passage of the flotilla, desirous to
+render the honors due to his glory, which is the glory of France.
+In seeing its hero return, the nation seemed to have found its
+Palladium again,--the sainted relics of victory."
+
+At length, on the 14th, the coffin was transferred from the "Dorade"
+steamer on board the imperial vessel arrived from Paris.  In the
+evening, the imperial vessel arrived at Courbevoie, which was the
+last stage of the journey.
+
+Here it was that M. Guizot went to examine the vessel, and was very
+nearly flung into the Seine, as report goes, by the patriots
+assembled there.  It is now lying on the river, near the Invalides,
+amidst the drifting ice, whither the people of Paris are flocking
+out to see it.
+
+The vessel is of a very elegant antique form, and I can give you on
+the Thames no better idea of it than by requesting you to fancy an
+immense wherry, of which the stern has been cut straight off, and on
+which a temple on steps has been elevated.  At the figure-head is an
+immense gold eagle, and at the stern is a little terrace, filled
+with evergreens and a profusion of banners.  Upon pedestals along
+the sides of the vessel are tripods in which incense was burned, and
+underneath them are garlands of flowers called here "immortals."
+Four eagles surmount the temple, and a great scroll or garland, held
+in their beaks, surrounds it.  It is hung with velvet and gold; four
+gold caryatides support the entry of it; and in the midst, upon a
+large platform hung with velvet, and bearing the imperial arms,
+stood the coffin.  A steamboat, carrying two hundred musicians
+playing funereal marches and military symphonies, preceded this
+magnificent vessel to Courbevoie, where a funereal temple was
+erected, and "a statue of Notre Dame de Grace, before which the
+seamen of the 'Belle Poule' inclined themselves, in order to thank
+her for having granted them a noble and glorious voyage."
+
+Early on the morning of the 15th December, amidst clouds of incense,
+and thunder of cannon, and innumerable shouts of people, the coffin
+was transferred from the barge, and carried by the seamen of the
+"Belle Poule" to the Imperial Car.
+
+
+And, now having conducted our hero almost to the gates of Paris, I
+must tell you what preparations were made in the capital to receive
+him.
+
+Ten days before the arrival of the body, as you walked across the
+Deputies' Bridge, or over the Esplanade of the Invalides, you saw on
+the bridge eight, on the esplanade thirty-two, mysterious boxes
+erected, wherein a couple of score of sculptors were at work night
+and day.
+
+In the middle of the Invalid Avenue, there used to stand, on a kind
+of shabby fountain or pump, a bust of Lafayette, crowned with some
+dirty wreaths of "immortals," and looking down at the little
+streamlet which occasionally dribbled below him.  The spot of ground
+was now clear, and Lafayette and the pump had been consigned to some
+cellar, to make way for the mighty procession that was to pass over
+the place of their habitation.
+
+Strange coincidence!  If I had been Mr. Victor Hugo, my dear, or a
+poet of any note, I would, in a few hours, have made an impromptu
+concerning that Lafayette-crowned pump, and compared its lot now to
+the fortune of its patron some fifty years back.  From him then
+issued, as from his fountain now, a feeble dribble of pure words;
+then, as now, some faint circles of disciples were willing to admire
+him.  Certainly in the midst of the war and storm without, this pure
+fount of eloquence went dribbling, dribbling on, till of a sudden
+the revolutionary workmen knocked down statue and fountain, and the
+gorgeous imperial cavalcade trampled over the spot where they stood.
+
+As for the Champs Elysees, there was no end to the preparations; the
+first day you saw a couple of hundred scaffoldings erected at
+intervals between the handsome gilded gas-lamps that at present
+ornament that avenue; next day, all these scaffoldings were filled
+with brick and mortar.  Presently, over the bricks and mortar rose
+pediments of statues, legs of urns, legs of goddesses, legs and
+bodies of goddesses, legs, bodies, and busts of goddesses.  Finally,
+on the 13th December, goddesses complete.  On the 14th they were
+painted marble-color; and the basements of wood and canvas on which
+they stood were made to resemble the same costly material.  The
+funereal urns were ready to receive the frankincense and precious
+odors which were to burn in them.  A vast number of white columns
+stretched down the avenue, each bearing a bronze buckler on which
+was written, in gold letters, one of the victories of the Emperor,
+and each decorated with enormous imperial flags.  On these columns
+golden eagles were placed; and the newspapers did not fail to remark
+the ingenious position in which the royal birds had been set: for
+while those on the right-hand side of the way had their heads turned
+TOWARDS the procession, as if to watch its coming, those on the left
+were looking exactly the other way, as if to regard its progress.
+Do not fancy I am joking: this point was gravely and emphatically
+urged in many newspapers; and I do believe no mortal Frenchman ever
+thought it anything but sublime.
+
+Do not interrupt me, sweet Miss Smith.  I feel that you are angry.
+I can see from here the pouting of your lips, and know what you are
+going to say.  You are going to say, "I will read no more of this
+Mr. Titmarsh; there is no subject, however solemn, but he treats it
+with flippant irreverence, and no character, however great, at whom
+he does not sneer."
+
+Ah, my dear! you are young now and enthusiastic; and your Titmarsh
+is old, very old, sad, and gray-headed.  I have seen a poor mother
+buy a halfpenny wreath at the gate of Montmartre burying-ground, and
+go with it to her little child's grave, and hang it there over the
+little humble stone; and if ever you saw me scorn the mean offering
+of the poor shabby creature, I will give you leave to be as angry as
+you will.  They say that on the passage of Napoleon's coffin down
+the Seine, old soldiers and country people walked miles from their
+villages just to catch a sight of the boat which carried his body
+and to kneel down on the shore and pray for him.  God forbid that we
+should quarrel with such prayers and sorrow, or question their
+sincerity.  Something great and good must have been in this man,
+something loving and kindly, that has kept his name so cherished in
+the popular memory, and gained him such lasting reverence and
+affection.
+
+But, Madam, one may respect the dead without feeling awe-stricken at
+the plumes of the hearse; and I see no reason why one should
+sympathize with the train of mutes and undertakers, however deep may
+be their mourning.  Look, I pray you, at the manner in which the
+French nation has performed Napoleon's funeral.  Time out of mind,
+nations have raised, in memory of their heroes, august mausoleums,
+grand pyramids, splendid statues of gold or marble, sacrificing
+whatever they had that was most costly and rare, or that was most
+beautiful in art, as tokens of their respect and love for the dead
+person.  What a fine example of this sort of sacrifice is that
+(recorded in a book of which Simplicity is the great characteristic)
+of the poor woman who brought her pot of precious ointment--her all,
+and laid it at the feet of the Object which, upon earth, she most
+loved and respected.  "Economists and calculators" there were even
+in those days who quarrelled with the manner in which the poor woman
+lavished so much "capital;" but you will remember how nobly and
+generously the sacrifice was appreciated, and how the economists
+were put to shame.
+
+With regard to the funeral ceremony that has just been performed
+here, it is said that a famous public personage and statesman,
+Monsieur Thiers indeed, spoke with the bitterest indignation of the
+general style of the preparations, and of their mean and tawdry
+character.  He would have had a pomp as magnificent, he said, as
+that of Rome at the triumph of Aurelian: he would have decorated the
+bridges and avenues through which the procession was to pass, with
+the costliest marbles and the finest works of art, and have had them
+to remain there for ever as monuments of the great funeral.
+
+The economists and calculators might here interpose with a great
+deal of reason; for, indeed, there was no reason why a nation should
+impoverish itself to do honor to the memory of an individual for
+whom, after all, it can feel but a qualified enthusiasm: but it
+surely might have employed the large sum voted for the purpose more
+wisely and generously, and recorded its respect for Napoleon by some
+worthy and lasting memorial, rather than have erected yonder
+thousand vain heaps of tinsel, paint, and plaster, that are already
+cracking and crumbling in the frost, at three days old.
+
+Scarcely one of the statues, indeed, deserves to last a month: some
+are odious distortions and caricatures, which never should have been
+allowed to stand for a moment.  On the very day of the fete, the
+wind was shaking the canvas pedestals, and the flimsy wood-work had
+begun to gape and give way.  At a little distance, to be sure, you
+could not see the cracks; and pedestals and statues LOOKED like
+marble.  At some distance, you could not tell but that the wreaths
+and eagles were gold embroidery, and not gilt paper--the great
+tricolor flags damask, and not striped calico.  One would think that
+these sham splendors betokened sham respect, if one had not known
+that the name of Napoleon is held in real reverence, and observed
+somewhat of the character of the nation.  Real feelings they have,
+but they distort them by exaggeration; real courage, which they
+render ludicrous by intolerable braggadocio; and I think the above
+official account of the Prince de Joinville's proceedings, of the
+manner in which the Emperor's remains have been treated in their
+voyage to the capital, and of the preparations made to receive him
+in it, will give my dear Miss Smith some means of understanding the
+social and moral condition of this worthy people of France.
+
+
+III.
+
+ON THE FUNERAL CEREMONY.
+
+
+Shall I tell you, my dear, that when Francois woke me at a very
+early hour on this eventful morning, while the keen stars were still
+glittering overhead, a half-moon, as sharp as a razor, beaming in
+the frosty sky, and a wicked north wind blowing, that blew the blood
+out of one's fingers and froze your leg as you put it out of bed;--
+shall I tell you, my dear, that when Francois called me, and said,
+"V'la vot' cafe, Monsieur Titemasse, buvez-le, tiens, il est tout
+chaud," I felt myself, after imbibing the hot breakfast, so
+comfortable under three blankets and a mackintosh, that for at least
+a quarter of an hour no man in Europe could say whether Titmarsh
+would or would not be present at the burial of the Emperor Napoleon.
+
+Besides, my dear, the cold, there was another reason for doubting.
+Did the French nation, or did they not, intend to offer up some of
+us English over the imperial grave?  And were the games to be
+concluded by a massacre?  It was said in the newspapers that Lord
+Granville had despatched circulars to all the English resident in
+Paris, begging them to keep their homes.  The French journals
+announced this news, and warned us charitably of the fate intended
+for us.  Had Lord Granville written?  Certainly not to me.  Or had
+he written to all EXCEPT ME?  And was I THE VICTIM--the doomed one?--
+to be seized directly I showed my face in the Champs Elysees, and
+torn in pieces by French Patriotism to the frantic chorus of the
+"Marseillaise?"  Depend on it, Madam, that high and low in this city
+on Tuesday were not altogether at their ease, and that the bravest
+felt no small tremor!  And be sure of this, that as his Majesty
+Louis Philippe took his nightcap off his royal head that morning, he
+prayed heartily that he might, at night, put it on in safety.
+
+Well, as my companion and I came out of doors, being bound for the
+Church of the Invalides, for which a Deputy had kindly furnished us
+with tickets, we saw the very prettiest sight of the whole day, and
+I can't refrain from mentioning it to my dear, tender-hearted Miss
+Smith.
+
+In the same house where I live (but about five stories nearer the
+ground) lodges an English family, consisting of--  1.  A great-
+grandmother, a hale, handsome old lady of seventy, the very best-
+dressed and neatest old lady in Paris.  2.  A grandfather and
+grandmother, tolerably young to bear that title.  3.  A daughter.
+And 4.  Two little great-grand, or grandchildren, that may be of the
+age of three and one, and belong to a son and daughter who are in
+India.  The grandfather, who is as proud of his wife as he was
+thirty years ago when he married, and pays her compliments still
+twice or thrice in a day, and when he leads her into a room looks
+round at the persons assembled, and says in his heart, "Here,
+gentlemen, here is my wife--show me such another woman in England,"--
+this gentleman had hired a room on the Champs Elysees, for he would
+not have his wife catch cold by exposing her to the balconies in the
+open air.
+
+When I came to the street, I found the family assembled in the
+following order of march:--
+
+
+--No. 1, the great-grandmother walking daintily along, supported by
+No. 3, her granddaughter.
+
+--A nurse carrying No. 4 junior, who was sound asleep: and a huge
+basket containing saucepans, bottles of milk, parcels of infants'
+food, certain dimity napkins, a child's coral, and a little horse
+belonging to No. 4 senior.
+
+--A servant bearing a basket of condiments.
+
+--No. 2, grandfather, spick and span, clean shaved, hat brushed,
+white buckskin gloves, bamboo cane, brown great-coat, walking as
+upright and solemn as may be, having his lady on his arm.
+
+--No. 4, senior, with mottled legs and a tartan costume, who was
+frisking about between his grandpapa's legs, who heartily wished him
+at home.
+
+
+"My dear," his face seemed to say to his lady, "I think you might
+have left the little things in the nursery, for we shall have to
+squeeze through a terrible crowd in the Champs Elysees."
+
+The lady was going out for a day's pleasure, and her face was full
+of care: she had to look first after her old mother who was walking
+ahead, then after No. 4 junior with the nurse--he might fall into
+all sorts of danger, wake up, cry, catch cold; nurse might slip
+down, or heaven knows what.  Then she had to look her husband in the
+face, who had gone to such expense and been so kind for her sake,
+and make that gentleman believe she was thoroughly happy; and,
+finally, she had to keep an eye upon No. 4 senior, who, as she was
+perfectly certain, was about in two minutes to be lost for ever, or
+trampled to pieces in the crowd.
+
+These events took place in a quiet little street leading into the
+Champs Elysees, the entry of which we had almost reached by this
+time.  The four detachments above described, which had been
+straggling a little in their passage down the street, closed up at
+the end of it, and stood for a moment huddled together.  No. 3, Miss
+X--, began speaking to her companion the great-grandmother.
+
+"Hush, my dear," said that old lady, looking round alarmed at her
+daughter.  "SPEAK FRENCH."  And she straightway began nervously to
+make a speech which she supposed to be in that language, but which
+was as much like French as Iroquois.  The whole secret was out: you
+could read it in the grandmother's face, who was doing all she could
+to keep from crying, and looked as frightened as she dared to look.
+The two elder ladies had settled between them that there was going
+to be a general English slaughter that day, and had brought the
+children with them, so that they might all be murdered in company.
+
+God bless you, O women, moist-eyed and tender-hearted!  In those
+gentle silly tears of yours there is something touches one, be they
+never so foolish.  I don't think there were many such natural drops
+shed that day as those which just made their appearance in the
+grandmother's eyes, and then went back again as if they had been
+ashamed of themselves, while the good lady and her little troop
+walked across the road.  Think how happy she will be when night
+comes, and there has been no murder of English, and the brood is all
+nestled under her wings sound asleep, and she is lying awake
+thanking God that the day and its pleasures and pains are over.
+Whilst we were considering these things, the grandfather had
+suddenly elevated No. 4 senior upon his left shoulder, and I saw the
+tartan hat of that young gentleman, and the bamboo cane which had
+been transferred to him, high over the heads of the crowd on the
+opposite side through which the party moved.
+
+
+After this little procession had passed away--you may laugh at it,
+but upon my word and conscience, Miss Smith, I saw nothing in the
+course of the day which affected me more--after this little
+procession had passed away, the other came, accompanied by gun-
+banging, flag-waving, incense-burning, trumpets pealing, drums
+rolling, and at the close, received by the voice of six hundred
+choristers, sweetly modulated to the tones of fifteen score of
+fiddlers.  Then you saw horse and foot, jack-boots and bear-skin,
+cuirass and bayonet, National Guard and Line, marshals and generals
+all over gold, smart aides-de-camp galloping about like mad, and
+high in the midst of all, riding on his golden buckler, Solomon in
+all his glory, forsooth--Imperial Caesar, with his crown over his
+head, laurels and standards waving about his gorgeous chariot, and a
+million of people looking on in wonder and awe.
+
+His Majesty the Emperor and King reclined on his shield, with his
+head a little elevated.  His Majesty's skull is voluminous, his
+forehead broad and large.  We remarked that his Imperial Majesty's
+brow was of a yellowish color, which appearance was also visible
+about the orbits of the eyes.  He kept his eyelids constantly
+closed, by which we had the opportunity of observing that the upper
+lids were garnished with eyelashes.  Years and climate have effected
+upon the face of this great monarch only a trifling alteration; we
+may say, indeed, that Time has touched his Imperial and Royal
+Majesty with the lightest feather in his wing.  In the nose of the
+Conqueror of Austerlitz we remarked very little alteration: it is of
+the beautiful shape which we remember it possessed five-and-twenty
+years since, ere unfortunate circumstances induced him to leave us
+for a while.  The nostril and the tube of the nose appear to have
+undergone some slight alteration, but in examining a beloved object
+the eye of affection is perhaps too critical.  Vive l'Empereur! the
+soldier of Marengo is among us again.  His lips are thinner,
+perhaps, than they were before! how white his teeth are! you can
+just see three of them pressing his under lip; and pray remark the
+fulness of his cheeks and the round contour of his chin.  Oh, those
+beautiful white hands! many a time have they patted the cheek of
+poor Josephine, and played with the black ringlets of her hair.  She
+is dead now, and cold, poor creature; and so are Hortense and bold
+Eugene, than whom the world never saw a curtier knight," as was said
+of King Arthur's Sir Lancelot.  What a day would it have been for
+those three could they have lived until now, and seen their hero
+returning!  Where's Ney?  His wife sits looking out from M. Flahaut's
+window yonder, but the bravest of the brave is not with her.  Murat
+too is absent: honest Joachim loves the Emperor at heart, and
+repents that he was not at Waterloo: who knows but that at the sight
+of the handsome swordsman those stubborn English "canaille" would
+have given way.  A king, Sire, is, you know, the greatest of
+slaves--State affairs of consequence--his Majesty the King of Naples
+is detained no doubt.  When we last saw the King, however, and his
+Highness the Prince of Elchingen, they looked to have as good health
+as ever they had in their lives, and we heard each of them calmly
+calling out "FIRE!" as they have done in numberless battles before.
+
+Is it possible? can the Emperor forget?  We don't like to break it
+to him, but has he forgotten all about the farm at Pizzo, and the
+garden of the Observatory?  Yes, truly: there he lies on his golden
+shield, never stirring, never so much as lifting his eyelids, or
+opening his lips any wider.
+
+O vanitas vanitatum!  Here is our Sovereign in all his glory, and
+they fired a thousand guns at Cherbourg and never woke him!
+
+
+However, we are advancing matters by several hours, and you must
+give just as much credence as you please to the subjoined remarks
+concerning the Procession, seeing that your humble servant could not
+possibly be present at it, being bound for the church elsewhere.
+
+Programmes, however, have been published of the affair, and your
+vivid fancy will not fail to give life to them, and the whole
+magnificent train will pass before you.
+
+Fancy then, that the guns are fired at Neuilly: the body landed at
+daybreak from the funereal barge, and transferred to the car; and
+fancy the car, a huge Juggernaut of a machine, rolling on four
+wheels of an antique shape, which supported a basement adorned with
+golden eagles, banners, laurels, and velvet hangings.  Above the
+hangings stand twelve golden statues with raised arms supporting a
+huge shield, on which the coffin lay.  On the coffin was the
+imperial crown, covered with violet velvet crape, and the whole vast
+machine was drawn by horses in superb housings, led by valets in the
+imperial livery.
+
+Fancy at the head of the procession first of all--
+
+
+The Gendarmerie of the Seine, with their trumpets and Colonel.
+
+The Municipal Guard (horse), with their trumpets, standard, and
+Colonel.
+
+Two squadrons of the 7th Lancers, with Colonel, standard, and music.
+
+The Commandant of Paris and his Staff.
+
+A battalion of Infantry of the Line, with their flag, sappers,
+drums, music, and Colonel.
+
+The Municipal Guard (foot), with flag, drums, and Colonel.
+
+The Sapper-pumpers, with ditto.
+
+
+Then picture to yourself more squadrons of Lancers and Cuirassiers.
+The General of the Division and his Staff; all officers of all arms
+employed at Paris, and unattached; the Military School of Saint Cyr,
+the Polytechnic School, the School of the Etat-Major; and the
+Professors and Staff of each.  Go on imagining more battalions of
+Infantry, of Artillery, companies of Engineers, squadrons of
+Cuirassiers, ditto of the Cavalry, of the National Guard, and the
+first and second legions of ditto.
+
+Fancy a carriage, containing the Chaplain of the St. Helena
+expedition, the only clerical gentleman that formed a part of the
+procession.
+
+Fancy you hear the funereal music, and then figure in your mind's
+eye--
+
+THE EMPEROR'S CHARGER, that is, Napoleon's own saddle and bridle
+(when First Consul) upon a white horse.  The saddle (which has been
+kept ever since in the Garde Meuble of the Crown) is of amaranth
+velvet, embroidered in gold: the holsters and housings are of the
+same rich material.  On them you remark the attributes of War,
+Commerce, Science, and Art.  The bits and stirrups are silver-gilt
+chased.  Over the stirrups, two eagles were placed at the time of
+the empire.  The horse was covered with a violet crape embroidered
+with golden bees.
+
+After this came more Soldiers, General Officers, Sub-Officers,
+Marshals, and what was said to be the prettiest sight almost of the
+whole, the banners of the eighty-six Departments of France.  These
+are due to the invention of M. Thiers, and were to have been
+accompanied by federates from each Department.  But the government
+very wisely mistrusted this and some other projects of Monsieur
+Thiers; and as for a federation, my dear, IT HAS BEEN TRIED.  Next
+comes--
+
+His Royal Highness, the Prince de Joinville.
+
+The 600 sailors of the "Belle Poule" marching in double file on each
+side of
+
+THE CAR.
+
+[Hush! the enormous crowd thrills as it passes, and only some few
+voices cry Vive l'Empereur!  Shining golden in the frosty sun--with
+hundreds of thousands of eyes upon it, from houses and housetops,
+from balconies, black, purple, and tricolor, from tops of leafless
+trees, from behind long lines of glittering bayonets under schakos
+and bear-skin caps, from behind the Line and the National Guard
+again, pushing, struggling, heaving, panting, eager, the heads of an
+enormous multitude stretching out to meet and follow it, amidst long
+avenues of columns and statues gleaming white, of standards rainbow-
+colored, of golden eagles, of pale funereal urns, of discharging
+odors amidst huge volumes of pitch-black smoke,
+
+THE GREAT IMPERIAL CHARIOT ROLLS MAJESTICALLY ON.
+
+The cords of the pall are held by two Marshals, an Admiral and
+General Bertrand; who are followed by--
+
+The Prefects of the Seine and Police, &c.
+
+The Mayors of Paris, &c.
+
+The Members of the Old Guard, &c.
+
+A Squadron of Light Dragoons, &c.
+
+Lieutenant-General Schneider, &c.
+
+More cavalry, more infantry, more artillery, more everybody; and as
+the procession passes, the Line and the National Guard forming line
+on each side of the road fall in and follow it, until it arrives at
+the Church of the Invalides, where the last honors are to be paid to
+it.]
+
+
+Among the company assembled under the dome of that edifice, the
+casual observer would not perhaps have remarked a gentleman of the
+name of Michael Angelo Titmarsh, who nevertheless was there.  But
+as, my dear Miss Smith, the descriptions in this letter, from the
+words in page 298, line 20--THE PARTY MOVED--up to the words PAID TO
+IT, on this page, have purely emanated from your obedient servant's
+fancy, and not from his personal observation (for no being on earth,
+except a newspaper reporter, can be in two places at once), permit
+me now to communicate to you what little circumstances fell under my
+own particular view on the day of the 15th of December.
+
+As we came out, the air and the buildings round about were tinged
+with purple, and the clear sharp half-moon before-mentioned was
+still in the sky, where it seemed to be lingering as if it would
+catch a peep of the commencement of the famous procession.  The Arc
+de Triomphe was shining in a keen frosty sunshine, and looking as
+clean and rosy as if it had just made its toilette.  The canvas or
+pasteboard image of Napoleon, of which only the gilded legs had been
+erected the night previous, was now visible, body, head, crown,
+sceptre and all, and made an imposing show.  Long gilt banners were
+flaunting about, with the imperial cipher and eagle, and the names
+of the battles and victories glittering in gold.  The long avenues
+of the Champs Elysees had been covered with sand for the convenience
+of the great procession that was to tramp across it that day.
+Hundreds of people were marching to and fro, laughing, chattering,
+singing, gesticulating as happy Frenchmen do.  There is no
+pleasanter sight than a French crowd on the alert for a festival,
+and nothing more catching than their good-humor.  As for the notion
+which has been put forward by some of the opposition newspapers that
+the populace were on this occasion unusually solemn or sentimental,
+it would be paying a bad compliment to the natural gayety of the
+nation, to say that it was, on the morning at least of the 15th of
+December, affected in any such absurd way.  Itinerant merchants were
+shouting out lustily their commodities of segars and brandy, and the
+weather was so bitter cold, that they could not fail to find plenty
+of customers.  Carpenters and workmen were still making a huge
+banging and clattering among the sheds which were built for the
+accommodation of the visitors.  Some of these sheds were hung with
+black, such as one sees before churches in funerals; some were robed
+in violet, in compliment to the Emperor whose mourning they put on.
+Most of them had fine tricolor hangings with appropriate inscriptions
+to the glory of the French arms.
+
+All along the Champs Elysees were urns of plaster-of-Paris destined
+to contain funeral incense and flames; columns decorated with huge
+flags of blue, red, and white, embroidered with shining crowns,
+eagles, and N's in gilt paper, and statues of plaster representing
+Nymphs, Triumphs, Victories, or other female personages, painted in
+oil so as to represent marble.  Real marble could have had no better
+effect, and the appearance of the whole was lively and picturesque
+in the extreme.  On each pillar was a buckler, of the color of
+bronze, bearing the name and date of a battle in gilt letters: you
+had to walk through a mile-long avenue of these glorious
+reminiscences, telling of spots where, in the great imperial days,
+throats had been victoriously cut.
+
+As we passed down the avenue, several troops of soldiers met us: the
+garde-muncipale a cheval, in brass helmets and shining jack-boots,
+noble-looking men, large, on large horses, the pick of the old army,
+as I have heard, and armed for the special occupation of peace-
+keeping: not the most glorious, but the best part of the soldier's
+duty, as I fancy.  Then came a regiment of Carabineers, one of
+Infantry--little, alert, brown-faced, good-humored men, their band
+at their head playing sounding marches.  These were followed by a
+regiment or detachment of the Municipals on foot--two or three
+inches taller than the men of the Line, and conspicuous for their
+neatness and discipline.  By-and-by came a squadron or so of
+dragoons of the National Guards: they are covered with straps,
+buckles, aguillettes, and cartouche-boxes, and make under their
+tricolor cock's-plumes a show sufficiently warlike.  The point which
+chiefly struck me on beholding these military men of the National
+Guard and the Line, was the admirable manner in which they bore a
+cold that seemed to me as sharp as the weather in the Russian
+retreat, through which cold the troops were trotting without
+trembling and in the utmost cheerfulness and good-humor.  An aide-
+de-camp galloped past in white pantaloons.  By heavens! it made me
+shudder to look at him.
+
+With this profound reflection, we turned away to the right towards
+the hanging-bridge (where we met a detachment of young men of the
+Ecole de l'Etat Major, fine-looking lads, but sadly disfigured by
+the wearing of stays or belts, that make the waists of the French
+dandies of a most absurd tenuity), and speedily passed into the
+avenue of statues leading up to the Invalides.  All these were
+statues of warriors from Ney to Charlemagne, modelled in clay for
+the nonce, and placed here to meet the corpse of the greatest
+warrior of all.  Passing these, we had to walk to a little door at
+the back of the Invalides, where was a crowd of persons plunged in
+the deepest mourning, and pushing for places in the chapel within.
+
+The chapel is spacious and of no great architectural pretensions,
+but was on this occasion gorgeously decorated in honor of the great
+person to whose body it was about to give shelter.
+
+We had arrived at nine; the ceremony was not to begin, they said,
+till two: we had five hours before us to see all that from our
+places could be seen.
+
+We saw that the roof, up to the first lines of architecture, was
+hung with violet; beyond this with black.  We saw N's, eagles, bees,
+laurel wreaths, and other such imperial emblems, adorning every nook
+and corner of the edifice.  Between the arches, on each side of the
+aisle, were painted trophies, on which were written the names of
+some of Napoleon's Generals and of their principal deeds of arms--
+and not their deeds of arms alone, pardi, but their coats of arms
+too.  O stars and garters! but this is too much.  What was Ney's
+paternal coat, prithee, or honest Junot's quarterings, or the
+venerable escutcheon of King Joachim's father, the innkeeper?
+
+You and I, dear Miss Smith, know the exact value of heraldic
+bearings.  We know that though the greatest pleasure of all is to
+ACT like a gentleman, it is a pleasure, nay a merit, to BE one--to
+come of an old stock, to have an honorable pedigree, to be able to
+say that centuries back our fathers had gentle blood, and to us
+transmitted the same.  There IS a good in gentility: the man who
+questions it is envious, or a coarse dullard not able to perceive
+the difference between high breeding and low.  One has in the same
+way heard a man brag that he did not know the difference between
+wines, not he--give him a good glass of port, and he would pitch all
+your claret to the deuce.  My love, men often brag about their own
+dulness in this way.
+
+In the matter of gentlemen, democrats cry, "Psha!  Give us one of
+Nature's gentlemen, and hang your aristocrats."  And so indeed
+Nature does make SOME gentlemen--a few here and there.  But Art
+makes most.  Good birth, that is, good handsome well-formed fathers
+and mothers, nice cleanly nursery-maids, good meals, good physicians,
+good education, few cares, pleasant easy habits of life, and
+luxuries not too great or enervating, but only refining--a course of
+these going on for a few generations are the best gentleman-makers
+in the world, and beat Nature hollow.
+
+If, respected Madam, you say that there is something BETTER than
+gentility in this wicked world, and that honesty and personal wealth
+are more valuable than all the politeness and high-breeding that
+ever wore red-heeled pumps, knights' spurs, or Hoby's boots,
+Titmarsh for one is never going to say you nay.  If you even go so
+far as to say that the very existence of this super-genteel society
+among us, from the slavish respect that we pay to it, from the
+dastardly manner in which we attempt to imitate its airs and ape its
+vices, goes far to destroy honesty of intercourse, to make us meanly
+ashamed of our natural affections and honest, harmless usages, and
+so does a great deal more harm than it is possible it can do good by
+its example--perhaps, Madam, you speak with some sort of reason.
+Potato myself, I can't help seeing that the tulip yonder has the
+best place in the garden, and the most sunshine, and the most water,
+and the best tending--and not liking him over well.  But I can't
+help acknowledging that Nature has given him a much finer dress than
+ever I can hope to have, and of this, at least, must give him the
+benefit.
+
+Or say, we are so many cocks and hens, my dear (sans arriere
+pensee), with our crops pretty full, our plumes pretty sleek, decent
+picking here and there in the straw-yard, and tolerable snug
+roosting in the barn: yonder on the terrace, in the sun, walks
+Peacock, stretching his proud neck, squealing every now and then in
+the most pert fashionable voice and flaunting his great supercilious
+dandified tail.  Don't let us be too angry, my dear, with the
+useless, haughty, insolent creature, because he despises us.
+SOMETHING is there about Peacock that we don't possess.  Strain your
+neck ever so, you can't make it as long or as blue as his--cock your
+tail as much as you please, and it will never be half so fine to
+look at.  But the most absurd, disgusting, contemptible sight in the
+world would you and I be, leaving the barn-door for my lady's
+flower-garden, forsaking our natural sturdy walk for the peacock's
+genteel rickety stride, and adopting the squeak of his voice in the
+place of our gallant lusty cock-a-doodle-dooing.
+
+Do you take the allegory?  I love to speak in such, and the above
+types have been presented to my mind while sitting opposite a
+gimcrack coat-of-arms and coronet that are painted in the Invalides
+Church, and assigned to one of the Emperor's Generals.
+
+Ventrebleu!  Madam, what need have THEY of coats-of-arms and
+coronets, and wretched imitations of old exploded aristocratic
+gewgaws that they had flung out of the country--with the heads of
+the owners in them sometimes, for indeed they were not particular--a
+score of years before?  What business, forsooth, had they to be
+meddling with gentility and aping its ways, who had courage, merit,
+daring, genius sometimes, and a pride of their own to support, if
+proud they were inclined to be?  A clever young man (who was not of
+high family himself, but had been bred up genteelly at Eton and the
+university)--young Mr. George Canning, at the commencement of the
+French Revolution, sneered at "Roland the Just, with ribbons in his
+shoes," and the dandies, who then wore buckles, voted the sarcasm
+monstrous killing.  It was a joke, my dear, worthy of a lackey, or
+of a silly smart parvenu, not knowing the society into which his
+luck had cast him (God help him! in later years, they taught him
+what they were!), and fancying in his silly intoxication that
+simplicity was ludicrous and fashion respectable.  See, now, fifty
+years are gone, and where are shoebuckles?  Extinct, defunct, kicked
+into the irrevocable past off the toes of all Europe!
+
+How fatal to the parvenu, throughout history, has been this respect
+for shoebuckles.  Where, for instance, would the Empire of Napoleon
+have been, if Ney and Lannes had never sported such a thing as a
+coat-of-arms, and had only written their simple names on their
+shields, after the fashion of Desaix's scutcheon yonder?--the bold
+Republican who led the crowning charge at Marengo, and sent the best
+blood of the Holy Roman Empire to the right-about, before the
+wretched misbegotten imperial heraldry was born, that was to prove
+so disastrous to the father of it.  It has always been so.  They
+won't amalgamate.  A country must be governed by the one principle
+or the other.  But give, in a republic, an aristocracy ever so
+little chance, and it works and plots and sneaks and bullies and
+sneers itself into place, and you find democracy out of doors.  Is
+it good that the aristocracy should so triumph?--that is a question
+that you may settle according to your own notions and taste; and
+permit me to say, I do not care twopence how you settle it.  Large
+books have been written upon the subject in a variety of languages,
+and coming to a variety of conclusions.  Great statesmen are there
+in our country, from Lord Londonderry down to Mr. Vincent, each in
+his degree maintaining his different opinion.  But here, in the
+matter of Napoleon, is a simple fact: he founded a great, glorious,
+strong, potent republic, able to cope with the best aristocracies in
+the world, and perhaps to beat them all; he converts his republic
+into a monarchy, and surrounds his monarchy with what he calls
+aristocratic institutions; and you know what becomes of him.  The
+people estranged, the aristocracy faithless (when did they ever
+pardon one who was not of themselves?)--the imperial fabric tumbles
+to the ground.  If it teaches nothing else, my dear, it teaches one
+a great point of policy--namely, to stick by one's party.
+
+While these thoughts (and sundry others relative to the horrible
+cold of the place, the intense dulness of delay, the stupidity of
+leaving a warm bed and a breakfast in order to witness a procession
+that is much better performed at a theatre)--while these thoughts
+were passing in the mind, the church began to fill apace, and you
+saw that the hour of the ceremony was drawing near.
+
+Imprimis, came men with lighted staves, and set fire to at least ten
+thousand wax-candles that were hanging in brilliant chandeliers in
+various parts of the chapel.  Curtains were dropped over the upper
+windows as these illuminations were effected, and the church was
+left only to the funereal light of the spermaceti.  To the right was
+the dome, round the cavity of which sparkling lamps were set, that
+designed the shape of it brilliantly against the darkness.  In the
+midst, and where the altar used to stand, rose the catafalque.  And
+why not?  Who is God here but Napoleon? and in him the sceptics have
+already ceased to believe; but the people does still somewhat.  He
+and Louis XIV. divide the worship of the place between them.
+
+As for the catafalque, the best that I can say for it is that it is
+really a noble and imposing-looking edifice, with tall pillars
+supporting a grand dome, with innumerable escutcheons, standards,
+and allusions military and funereal.  A great eagle of course tops
+the whole: tripods burning spirits of wine stand round this kind of
+dead man's throne, and as we saw it (by peering over the heads of
+our neighbors in the front rank), it looked, in the midst of the
+black concave, and under the effect of half a thousand flashing
+cross-lights, properly grand and tall.  The effect of the whole
+chapel, however (to speak the jargon of the painting-room), was
+spoiled by being CUT UP: there were too many objects for the eye to
+rest upon: the ten thousand wax-candles, for instance, in their
+numberless twinkling chandeliers, the raw tranchant colors of the
+new banners, wreaths, bees, N's, and other emblems dotting the place
+all over, and incessantly puzzling, or rather BOTHERING the beholder.
+
+High overhead, in a sort of mist, with the glare of their original
+colors worn down by dust and time, hung long rows of dim ghostly-
+looking standards, captured in old days from the enemy.  They were,
+I thought, the best and most solemn part of the show.
+
+To suppose that the people were bound to be solemn during the
+ceremony is to exact from them something quite needless and
+unnatural.  The very fact of a squeeze dissipates all solemnity.
+One great crowd is always, as I imagine, pretty much like another.
+In the course of the last few years I have seen three: that
+attending the coronation of our present sovereign, that which went
+to see Courvoisier hanged, and this which witnessed the Napoleon
+ceremony.  The people so assembled for hours together are jocular
+rather than solemn, seeking to pass away the weary time with the
+best amusements that will offer.  There was, to be sure, in all the
+scenes above alluded to, just one moment--one particular moment--
+when the universal people feels a shock and is for that second
+serious.
+
+But except for that second of time, I declare I saw no seriousness
+here beyond that of ennui.  The church began to fill with personages
+of all ranks and conditions.  First, opposite our seats came a
+company of fat grenadiers of the National Guard, who presently, at
+the word of command, put their muskets down against benches and
+wainscots, until the arrival of the procession.  For seven hours
+these men formed the object of the most anxious solicitude of all
+the ladies and gentlemen seated on our benches: they began to stamp
+their feet, for the cold was atrocious, and we were frozen where we
+sat.  Some of them fell to blowing their fingers; one executed a
+kind of dance, such as one sees often here in cold weather--the
+individual jumps repeatedly upon one leg, and kicks out the other
+violently, meanwhile his hands are flapping across his chest.  Some
+fellows opened their cartouche-boxes, and from them drew eatables of
+various kinds.  You can't think how anxious we were to know the
+qualities of the same.  "Tiens, ce gros qui mange une cuisse de
+volaille!"--"Il a du jambon, celui-la."  "I should like some, too,"
+growls an Englishman, "for I hadn't a morsel of breakfast," and so
+on.  This is the way, my dear, that we see Napoleon buried.
+
+Did you ever see a chicken escape from clown in a pantomime, and hop
+over into the pit, or amongst the fiddlers? and have you not seen
+the shrieks of enthusiastic laughter that the wondrous incident
+occasions?  We had our chicken, of course: there never was a public
+crowd without one.  A poor unhappy woman in a greasy plaid cloak,
+with a battered rose-colored plush bonnet, was seen taking her place
+among the stalls allotted to the grandees.  "Voyez donc l'Anglaise,"
+said everybody, and it was too true.  You could swear that the
+wretch was an Englishwoman: a bonnet was never made or worn so in
+any other country.  Half an hour's delightful amusement did this
+lady give us all.  She was whisked from seat to seat by the
+huissiers, and at every change of place woke a peal of laughter.  I
+was glad, however, at the end of the day to see the old pink bonnet
+over a very comfortable seat, which somebody had not claimed and she
+had kept.
+
+Are not these remarkable incidents?  The next wonder we saw was the
+arrival of a set of tottering old Invalids, who took their places
+under us with drawn sabres.  Then came a superb drum-major, a
+handsome smiling good-humored giant of a man, his breeches
+astonishingly embroidered with silver lace.  Him a dozen little
+drummer-boys followed--"the little darlings!" all the ladies cried
+out in a breath: they were indeed pretty little fellows, and came
+and stood close under us: the huge drum-major smiled over his little
+red-capped flock, and for many hours in the most perfect contentment
+twiddled his moustaches and played with the tassels of his cane.
+
+Now the company began to arrive thicker and thicker.  A whole covey
+of Conseillers-d'Etat came in, in blue coats, embroidered with blue
+silk, then came a crowd of lawyers in toques and caps, among whom
+were sundry venerable Judges in scarlet, purple velvet, and ermine--
+a kind of Bajazet costume.  Look there! there is the Turkish
+Ambassador in his red cap, turning his solemn brown face about and
+looking preternaturally wise.  The Deputies walk in in a body.
+Guizot is not there: he passed by just now in full ministerial
+costume.  Presently little Thiers saunters back: what a clear, broad
+sharp-eyed face the fellow has, with his gray hair cut down so
+demure!  A servant passes, pushing through the crowd a shabby wheel-
+chair.  It has just brought old Moncey the Governor of the Invalids,
+the honest old man who defended Paris so stoutly in 1814.  He has
+been very ill, and is worn down almost by infirmities: but in his
+illness he was perpetually asking, "Doctor, shall I live till the
+15th?  Give me till then, and I die contented."  One can't help
+believing that the old man's wish is honest, however one may doubt
+the piety of another illustrious Marshal, who once carried a candle
+before Charles X. in a procession, and has been this morning to
+Neuilly to kneel and pray at the foot of Napoleon's coffin.  He
+might have said his prayers at home, to be sure; but don't let us
+ask too much: that kind of reserve is not a Frenchman's
+characteristic.
+
+Bang--bang!  At about half-past two a dull sound of cannonading was
+heard without the church, and signals took place between the
+Commandant of the Invalids, of the National Guards, and the big
+drum-major.  Looking to these troops (the fat Nationals were
+shuffling into line again) the two Commandants tittered, as nearly
+as I could catch them, the following words--
+
+"HARRUM HUMP!"
+
+At once all the National bayonets were on the present, and the
+sabres of the old Invalids up.  The big drum-major looked round at
+the children, who began very slowly and solemnly on their drums,
+Rub-dub-dub--rub-dub-dub--(count two between each)--rub-dub-dub, and
+a great procession of priests came down from the altar.
+
+First, there was a tall handsome cross-bearer, bearing a long gold
+cross, of which the front was turned towards his grace the
+Archbishop.  Then came a double row of about sixteen incense-boys,
+dressed in white surplices: the first boy, about six years old, the
+last with whiskers and of the height of a man.  Then followed a
+regiment of priests in black tippets and white gowns: they had black
+hoods, like the moon when she is at her third quarter, wherewith
+those who were bald (many were, and fat too) covered themselves.
+All the reverend men held their heads meekly down, and affected to
+be reading in their breviaries.
+
+After the Priests came some Bishops of the neighboring districts, in
+purple, with crosses sparkling on their episcopal bosoms.
+
+Then came, after more priests, a set of men whom I have never seen
+before--a kind of ghostly heralds, young and handsome men, some of
+them in stiff tabards of black and silver, their eyes to the ground,
+their hands placed at right angles with their chests.
+
+Then came two gentlemen bearing remarkable tall candlesticks, with
+candles of corresponding size.  One was burning brightly, but the
+wind (that chartered libertine) had blown out the other, which
+nevertheless kept its place in the procession--I wondered to myself
+whether the reverend gentleman who carried the extinguished candle,
+felt disgusted, humiliated, mortified--perfectly conscious that the
+eyes of many thousands of people were bent upon that bit of
+refractory wax.  We all of us looked at it with intense interest.
+
+Another cross-bearer, behind whom came a gentleman carrying an
+instrument like a bedroom candlestick.
+
+His Grandeur Monseigneur Affre, Archbishop of Paris: he was in black
+and white, his eyes were cast to the earth, his hands were together
+at right angles from his chest: on his hands were black gloves, and
+on the black gloves sparkled the sacred episcopal--what do I say?--
+archiepiscopal ring.  On his head was the mitre.  It is unlike the
+godly coronet that figures upon the coach-panels of our own Right
+Reverend Bench.  The Archbishop's mitre may be about a yard high:
+formed within probably of consecrated pasteboard, it is without
+covered by a sort of watered silk of white and silver.  On the two
+peaks at the top of the mitre are two very little spangled tassels,
+that frisk and twinkle about in a very agreeable manner.
+
+Monseigneur stood opposite to us for some time, when I had the
+opportunity to note the above remarkable phenomena.  He stood
+opposite me for some time, keeping his eyes steadily on the ground,
+his hands before him, a small clerical train following after.  Why
+didn't they move?  There was the National Guard keeping on
+presenting arms, the little drummers going on rub-dub-dub--rub-dub-
+dub--in the same steady, slow way, and the Procession never moved an
+inch.  There was evidently, to use an elegant phrase, a hitch
+somewhere.
+
+[Enter a fat priest who bustles up to the drum-major.]
+
+Fat priest--"Taisez-vous."
+
+Little drummer--Rub-dub-dub--rub-dub-dub--rub-dub-dub, &c.
+
+Drum-major--"Qu'est-ce donc?"
+
+Fat priest--"Taisez-vous, dis-je; ce n'est pas le corps.  Il
+n'arrivera pas--pour une heure."
+
+The little drums were instantly hushed, the procession turned to the
+right-about, and walked back to the altar again, the blown-out
+candle that had been on the near side of us before was now on the
+off side, the National Guards set down their muskets and began at
+their sandwiches again.  We had to wait an hour and a half at least
+before the great procession arrived.  The guns without went on
+booming all the while at intervals, and as we heard each, the
+audience gave a kind of "ahahah!" such as you hear when the rockets
+go up at Vauxhall.
+
+At last the real Procession came.
+
+Then the drums began to beat as formerly, the Nationals to get under
+arms, the clergymen were sent for and went, and presently--yes,
+there was the tall cross-bearer at the head of the procession, and
+they came BACK!
+
+They chanted something in a weak, snuffling, lugubrious manner, to
+the melancholy bray of a serpent.
+
+Crash! however, Mr. Habeneck and the fiddlers in the organ loft
+pealed out a wild shrill march, which stopped the reverend
+gentlemen, and in the midst of this music--
+
+And of a great trampling of feet and clattering,
+
+And of a great crowd of Generals and Officers in fine clothes,
+
+With the Prince de Joinville marching quickly at the head of the
+procession,
+
+And while everybody's heart was thumping as hard as possible,
+
+NAPOLEON'S COFFIN PASSED.
+
+It was done in an instant.  A box covered with a great red cross--a
+dingy-looking crown lying on the top of it--Seamen on one side and
+Invalids on the other--they had passed in an instant and were up the
+aisle.
+
+A faint snuffling sound, as before, was heard from the officiating
+priests, but we knew of nothing more.  It is said that old Louis
+Philippe was standing at the catafalque, whither the Prince de
+Joinville advanced and said, "Sire, I bring you the body of the
+Emperor Napoleon."
+
+Louis Philippe answered, "I receive it in the name of France."
+Bertrand put on the body the most glorious victorious sword that
+ever has been forged since the apt descendants of the first murderer
+learned how to hammer steel; and the coffin was placed in the temple
+prepared for it.
+
+The six hundred singers and the fiddlers now commenced the playing
+and singing of a piece of music; and a part of the crew of the
+"Belle Poule" skipped into the places that had been kept for them
+under us, and listened to the music, chewing tobacco.  While the
+actors and fiddlers were going on, most of the spirits-of-wine lamps
+on altars went out.
+
+When we arrived in the open air we passed through the court of the
+Invalids, where thousands of people had been assembled, but where
+the benches were now quite bare.  Then we came on to the terrace
+before the place: the old soldiers were firing off the great guns,
+which made a dreadful stunning noise, and frightened some of us, who
+did not care to pass before the cannon and be knocked down even by
+the wadding.  The guns were fired in honor of the King, who was
+going home by a back door.  All the forty thousand people who
+covered the great stands before the Hotel had gone away too.  The
+Imperial Barge had been dragged up the river, and was lying lonely
+along the Quay, examined by some few shivering people on the shore.
+
+It was five o'clock when we reached home: the stars were shining
+keenly out of the frosty sky, and Francois told me that dinner was
+just ready.
+
+In this manner, my dear Miss Smith, the great Napoleon was buried.
+
+Farewell.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg Etext The Second Funeral of Napoleon, Thackeray
+by William Makepeace Thackeray
+Writing as:  "Michael Angelo Titmarch."
+
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