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+Project Gutenberg's Buchanan's Journal of Man, June 1887, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Buchanan's Journal of Man, June 1887
+       Volume 1, Number 5
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: J. R. Buchanan
+
+Release Date: August 23, 2008 [EBook #26401]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUCHANAN'S JOURNAL OF MAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+                             BUCHANAN'S
+                           JOURNAL OF MAN.
+
+             VOL. I.         JUNE, 1887.        NO. 5.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS OF JOURNAL OF MAN.
+
+
+  The Most Marvellous Triumph of Educational Science
+  The Grand Symposium of the Wise Men
+  The Burning Question in Education
+  MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE--Bigotry and Liberality; Religious
+    News; Abolishing Slavery; Old Fogy Biography; Legal
+    Responsibility in Hypnotism; Pasteur's Cure for Hydrophobia;
+    Lulu Hurst; Land Monopoly; Marriage in Mexico; The Grand
+    Symposium; A New Mussulman Empire; Psychometric Imposture; Our
+    Tobacco Bill; Extinct Animals; Education
+  Genesis of the Brain (concluded)
+
+
+
+
+THE MOST MARVELLOUS TRIUMPH OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCE.
+
+
+In the dull atmosphere which stagnates between the high walls of
+colleges and churches wherein play the little eddies of fashionable
+literature, which considers the authorship of an old play[1] more
+interesting and important than the questions that involve the welfare
+of all humanity or the destiny of a nation,--an atmosphere seldom
+stirred by the strong, pure breezes of the mountain and the
+ocean,--the best thought and impulse of which humanity is capable is
+stifled in its birth, or if it comes forth feels the overshadowing
+influence that chills its life.
+
+    [1] Mr. Lowell, having been minister to England, is profoundly
+    reverenced in Boston for his social position. His position
+    gives great weight to his suggestions. It is a moral power for
+    the use of which he is responsible, but with which he has
+    trifled. When a few earnest reformers thought that Mr.
+    Gladstone's grand statesmanship in preserving the peace of the
+    world deserved to be recognized and honored by Americans,
+    conservative, rank-worshipping Bostonians thought it would be
+    _indispensable_ to have Mr. Lowell's co-operation, and waited
+    his return from Europe. When Mr. Lowell was appealed to be had
+    nothing to say,--he _wanted rest_! And Boston had nothing to
+    say on that grand occasion, though Boston has a perfunctory
+    Peace Society!
+
+    But now Mr. Lowell comes out to call forth Bostonians for his
+    chosen themes, and what are they? The discussion of old
+    English dramatists! If there is anything more dead and
+    worthless than antiquated plays which are forgotten, what is
+    it? If there is anything more worthy of the name of _rubbish_,
+    pray let us know what it is. But Boston crowds to hear
+    disquisitions which from men in a different social position
+    would be voted a bore, and sits reverently and patiently to
+    catch his feeble and to many, scarce audible utterances. Is
+    not this the worship of triviality and trash! How different
+    would have been the action of John Hancock, of Samuel Adams,
+    of Fisher Ames, or of Wendell Phillips. The atmosphere of
+    European courts is debilitating to American Republicanism,
+    unless it be a profound sentiment of the heart. When my
+    brother-in-law returned from his position as minister to
+    Naples, I could see that he had learned to look upon the
+    common people as a rabble, and to sympathize only with the
+    aristocracy. Cassius M. Clay at St. Petersburg learned to
+    sympathize with the Russians, but he returned with no
+    impairment of his democratic principles.
+
+Not there, amid the pedantries of "culture," do we find the atmosphere
+for free and benevolent thought, but rather far away from such
+influences, in the forests, the mountain and prairie, where man comes
+more nearly into communion with nature, and forgets the inheritance of
+ancient error which every corporate institution preserves and
+perpetuates. It is to this widespread audience that the JOURNAL OF MAN
+appeals and offers a new suggestion.
+
+In sending forth the "New Education," hoping for some appreciative
+response from educational circles in which collegiate influences
+prevail, I did not deem it prudent to introduce some of the noblest
+thoughts that belong to the great theme. The book was sent forth
+limited and incomplete, hoping that, heretical as it was, and quite
+irreverent toward the ignorance descended from antiquity, it might
+still receive sufficient approbation and appreciation to justify later
+introduction of matter that would have hindered its first reception.
+
+It has reached the third edition, but it has been very apparent that
+its reception was cordial and enthusiastic only among the most
+progressive minds, the number of which increases as we travel
+westward, and San Francisco called for more copies than the leading
+cities of the East.
+
+The time has now arrived (when this JOURNAL is hailed cordially
+throughout the country) that I may venture to announce the most
+remarkable feature of the art and science of education. There is an
+additional reason, too, for speaking out at this time, which should
+mortify the pride of an American citizen. The philanthropic science
+which I thought it imprudent to mention then in this free country, is
+beginning to be studied in France, where such themes are not
+suppressed by the sturdy dogmatism which is so prevalent and so
+powerful in the Anglo-Saxon race.
+
+
+THE NEW METHOD IN FRANCE.
+
+As the French National Scientific Association, in their meeting at
+Grenoble, two years ago, recognized in their most startling form the
+phenomena of human impressibility which are illustrated in the "Manual
+of Psychometry," and reported the most marvellous experiments in
+medicines,--an act of liberality which has no parallel in
+English-speaking nations,--so at the late meeting of their Scientific
+Congress, as I learn from the German magazine, the _Sphinx_, the new
+principle of education was broached which I feared to present in the
+"New Education," and was received with general approbation by that
+learned body.
+
+Of course there was not a complete presentation of the subject, for
+that would require a complete knowledge of the brain, which no
+scientific association claims at present, and which will have its
+first presentation to the readers of the JOURNAL OF MAN, but the
+process of educational development was studied by the French _savants_
+from the standpoint of mesmeric science and its leading methods, which
+are now (freed from the name of an individual) styled _hypnotism_; or,
+the sleep-producing process.
+
+In that passive and impressionable condition which is called hypnotic,
+mesmeric, somnambulic, or somniloquent, it has long been known that
+the subject may be absolutely controlled by the operator, or by a
+simple command or suggestion, or by his own imagination. This has been
+so often demonstrated before many hundred thousands of spectators,
+that it is a matter of general knowledge everywhere among intelligent
+people,--everywhere except, perhaps, in the thick darkness of medical
+colleges, where ignorance upon such subjects has long been made the
+criterion of respectability, and perhaps among a few very orthodox
+congregations, where such things have been associated with the idea of
+witchcraft, and considered very offensive to the Lord. Such was the
+doctrine of my old contemporary at Cincinnati, Dr. Wilson, at the head
+of the leading orthodox congregation; and it was equally offensive to
+the champion debater of Presbyterian orthodoxy, the Rev. N. L. Rice,
+whom I arraigned before a vast audience for his antiquated falsehoods.
+If the church and the college are getting a _little_ more enlightened
+now, I cannot forget the condition in which I found them, of stubborn
+hostility to scientific progress, and these things _should not be
+forgotten_ until they have repented, reformed, and ceased to be a
+stationary obstruction.
+
+We are not accustomed to look to a Catholic country like France for
+advanced thought, yet, in these instances just mentioned, we find
+French scientists entertaining advanced ideas which the leaders of
+American science treat with either indifference or hostility. The
+_Popular Science Monthly_ and medical journals generally treat all
+such matters with stubborn aversion and injustice. The learned
+collaborators of Johnson's Cyclopedia were unwilling even to have the
+science of psychometry mentioned in it, and it was introduced by the
+publisher against their protest. These things I mention now, that the
+great public to which I appeal may better understand the real value of
+the opinions of those who stand in positions of authority and
+influence.
+
+I would not wish to diminish by harsh criticism the sentiment of
+reverence which is already too feeble in the American mind. We cannot
+be too reverent to real intellectual and moral greatness, but to
+reverence beyond their worth the teachers of old inherited falsehoods,
+is to be a traitor to truth. The literature of to-day is controlled by
+ancient or mediaeval errors, and the fresh science seeking expression
+in the JOURNAL OF MAN could not have found expression in periodical
+literature. Our leading periodicals would not have opened their pages
+to the exposition of educational methods which is to be given in this
+essay. _Intolerance_ is the inheritance which the generation of to-day
+has received from ancestors who two or three centuries ago delighted
+in hanging or even burning the exponents of opinions contrary to their
+own; and where intolerance is not in the way, the energy of literary
+cliques is exerted to hold exclusive possession of the field.
+
+With this exordium, which the occasion seemed to require, let us
+proceed to consider the most powerful and radical measure, which
+belongs to the science of education, and which has been developed by
+the science of anthropology.
+
+
+DEFINITION OF EDUCATION.
+
+Education, rightly understood, signifies the development of all the
+faculties or capacities of the soul, and, as a necessary consequence,
+of the brain, in which that soul is lodged, and of the body, which is
+as essential to the brain as the brain is to the soul. For without the
+brain there is no soul expression, and in proportion to the condition
+and development of the brain is the expression of all the soul
+faculties. A soft and watery brain is always accompanied by feebleness
+of character and mind. In like manner the manifestations of the brain
+depend for their strength upon the body, when the lungs and heart fail
+to send a vigorous current of arterial blood to the brain, its power
+declines proportionally; and when the current ceases entirely, the
+action of the brain itself ceases, and with its cessation all
+manifestations of the soul cease also. Or when the disordered viscera
+fail to supply a healthy blood, as in fevers of a low type, the brain,
+like all other organs, is brought down to the level of the depraved
+blood, and shows by its utter feebleness and by the incoherent
+expressions of the patient that brain and soul depend upon the body
+for their power and all their action in this life.[2]
+
+    [2] The insane folly which assumes, without a particle of
+    evidence, that everything depends upon mind, and that the
+    brain, the body, and their environment, which is continually
+    acting upon the _entire_ man, are of no importance whatever,
+    would not be worthy even of mere mention if it were not for
+    the fact that this form of delusion has of late become so
+    common, under the deceptive names of metaphysics, Christian
+    science, and mind-cure, when the theory is simply an attempt
+    to get rid of science and common sense.
+
+
+FOUR EDUCATIONAL METHODS.
+
+The process of education by a teacher consists chiefly in establishing
+the control of his stronger mind over that of the pupil, by placing
+the latter in the most passive and receptive condition, in which the
+pupil not only receives the intelligence he gives, but also feels the
+influence of his will and principles.
+
+There are four methods by which the influence of the teacher is made
+effective: 1st, the power of conviction or reason; 2d, the spirit of
+obedience; 3d, the spirit of imitation; and 4th, the spirit of passive
+sympathy.
+
+In the first method he addresses the understanding, enabling the pupil
+to understand what is best for him. If Socrates had been right in
+maintaining that knowledge was the one thing needful to overcome
+practical errors, and that men sinned only through ignorance (which
+was a very grave mistake), this would be the most effective method of
+teaching. But it is effective only with those who are conscientious
+and thoughtful, who are seeking to do right, and need only to be
+instructed. It is entirely ineffective with the great majority of
+wrong doers, whose moral nature and self-control are insufficient to
+curb their animalism.
+
+The second method, the spirit of obedience, is the method of religion,
+which is far more effective. Jesus and other religious teachers
+impress their followers that there is a great and benevolent power,
+the power to which we are indebted for our present lives and our hope
+of unlimited future happiness,--to which we owe a profound gratitude,
+with an unhesitating love and obedience. Our love should not be
+withheld from our grand benefactor; and if his wisdom transcends our
+own, the wisest thing that we can do is to ascertain what that wisdom
+dictates, and obey it implicitly. That which we supremely love and
+reverence we delight in obeying.
+
+
+OBEDIENCE AND IMITATION.
+
+The teacher or parent, therefore, should endeavor to hold something
+like the Divine relation to the child,--should show a superiority of
+knowledge, an inflexible firmness, an unvarying love, and irresistible
+attraction, ever endeavoring to win love, while enforcing the
+supremacy of his will, so that obedience may be a pleasure. Thus may a
+woman with a masculine strength of will, or a man with feminine
+strength of love, develop that willing obedience which insures the
+moral elevation of the pupil. But whenever the teacher fails to elicit
+both respect and love, his power for good is lost. In this evolution
+of good the power of the teacher is vastly enhanced by that of music,
+especially in the form of song, when the pupil is made to sing songs
+of exalted sentiment; and there are very few natures so depraved as to
+resist long the combined power of exalted music and a superior
+teacher, to which should be added the social influence of numbers
+already elevated by such influences.
+
+In such schools, the power of the third element, _imitation_, is very
+great, for the pupil is generally more influenced by the example of
+his numerous associates in the school and family, with whom he is
+continually in contact, than by that of his teacher.
+
+To get the full benefit of imitation requires not only the influence
+of well-trained schoolmates, but systematic exercises in reading,
+singing, declamation, and deportment, the teaching being given by
+example.
+
+When a boy or girl is taught by example to express a noble sentiment
+in a natural manner, he is thereby compelled to feel the sentiment in
+some degree with sincerity. When he is required to imitate and
+practice certain forms of politeness which express the best
+sentiments, those sentiments must gradually become a part of his
+nature. The acts of respect, of kindness and courtesy to which he may
+be naturally averse, cannot be daily practised without rousing in his
+nature the sentiments to which they correspond.
+
+
+VALUE OF DANCING.
+
+Among the many disciplinary methods which have been neglected in our
+educational systems, I would give a high rank to _dancing_. Rightly
+conducted, it embodies so much of grace, dignity, cheerfulness,
+playfulness, health, and the desire of pleasing, as to entitle it to a
+high rank in the promotion of health and virtue. Dancing is one of the
+imitative arts, and involves the amiable influence of imitation, as
+well as the more lively sentiments. The hostility of the orthodox
+churches to this refining exercise is probably the effect of the
+infernalism of their theology, which places mankind upon the brink of
+hell, in full view of the infinite agony of their friends, relatives,
+and ancestors, so as to render every sentiment but that of gloom and
+terror inappropriate. How bitter their hostility to all gaiety! "Yes,
+dance, young woman," said a famous Methodist preacher about twenty
+years ago, "dance down to hell!" At the same time, his own private
+record did not indicate any deep sincerity in his fear of hell. The
+same hostility is still kept up, and overflows in the popular
+harangues of Rev. Sam Jones, and many others.
+
+Popular Christianity, in the majority of the churches, is therefore
+one of the greatest hindrances to a normal educational system, and to
+social refinement, notwithstanding its support of some of the
+essential virtues.
+
+
+THE REVOLUTIONARY METHOD.
+
+The fourth method, of _passive sympathy_, is the most scientific, the
+most novel and the most powerful of all,--the most competent to grasp
+the helpless, hopeless, half idiotic, and half criminal classes and
+restore them to normal intelligence and virtue. It was not mentioned
+in the "New Education," for fear of alarming the orthodox stolidity of
+the medical college and the church, but it will appear in future
+editions. It is the method of bringing the subject into absolute
+sympathy and absolute subordination under the operator.
+
+It has been known throughout this century that certain persons can be
+brought under the control of those of stronger wills, so as to realize
+the thoughts, and even sensations of the operator, feeling what he
+feels, tasting what he tastes, apparently more familiar with his body
+than their own, and passively subject to his will. They are said to be
+_en rapport_ with him, and with no one else. In this condition his
+will is substituted for their own, which is entirely passive, and he
+is able to fix impressions on their minds and produce changes in their
+feelings and sentiments which may remain after his control is removed.
+
+It is self-evident that in this process we have the most powerful
+lever ever discovered for uplifting the fallen, and doing more in an
+hour than can be done by the usual methods in many months. Why, then,
+have we not had the benefit of this potent method throughout the
+century? The answer is one word, _Stolidity_! These proceedings, which
+are called magnetic, or named after Mesmer, mesmeric, have had to
+battle for recognition, for existence even, against the college and
+the church. The medical and clerical professions have been everywhere
+educated to deny, despise, and resist this species of science, and
+would, if they had the power, suppress it by law, their education
+having made them ignorant of its merits and ignorant of its deeply
+interesting literature. Prejudice and ignorance are inculcated as
+easily as science, and they are inculcated in all colleges.
+
+But all who are acquainted with the history of animal magnetism during
+the present century know that it has nobly fulfilled its mission as a
+system of therapeutics, by alleviating or curing all forms of disease
+of both body and mind. That which cures bodily diseases and sometimes
+overcomes insanity has certainly power enough to modify the action of
+the brain; and if the large number of magnetic physicians who have
+been successfully occupied in conquering disease had been employed in
+modifying the action of the brain in the young, we might have had as
+satisfactory reports of their success, which neither the medical nor
+the clerical profession would have been so much moved by jealousy to
+oppose.
+
+In the light of anthropology, however, it is not necessary to adhere
+to the old formulae of the followers of Mesmer. The hypnotic or
+mesmeric state is simply a condition arising from the exercise and
+predominance of a faculty belonging to all human beings,--a faculty
+which may be evoked by other methods, or by the voluntary action of
+the subject, or by the spontaneous action of the brain, as in those
+who in sleep pass into the state of somnambulism, and go forth in the
+night, walking in dangerous places with perfect safety, but in an
+unconscious state.
+
+This condition is also produced by gentle manipulations over the head
+toward the eyes, or upon the chest down to the epigastrium (pit of the
+stomach). The reason of these processes was entirely unknown until my
+discovery of the organ of Somnolence in the temples, and the
+corresponding region in the body showed that the results were produced
+by manipulations which concentrated the nervous action to those two
+locations.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The entranced or mesmeric state, in which the subject is in a dreamy
+condition with but little power of will and with extreme
+susceptibility, which is also a state of great mental clearness, may
+be produced by directly stimulating the proper organs with the
+fingers, which should be placed upon the organ of Somnolence on each
+side of the head, in the temples, about an inch horizontally behind
+the brow. In persons who are impressible this produces a quiet dreamy
+feeling, and a disposition to close the eyes. If carried further, the
+eyes become closed so that it is difficult to open them, and the
+unconscious state soon follows. The same effect may be produced by
+placing the hand on the body just below the breastbone (sternum). In
+this condition, the character, or action of the brain, is under the
+control of the operator, and by gently applying his hand over any
+portion of the brain, its organs may be brought into predominant
+activity, while other organs may be quelled or quieted by gentle
+dispersive manipulations. Thus, placing the hand gently on the top of
+the head, touching very lightly, all the amiable or moral organs will
+be brought into play, producing the most admirable and pleasing
+disposition; or if the operator has the necessary knowledge of the
+locations he may bring out each faculty separately, such as Love,
+Hope, Religion, Kindness, Conscientiousness, Firmness, Cheerfulness,
+Imitation, etc.
+
+At the same time, if there be any evil propensities, such as a
+quarrelsome, irritable temper, a love of turbulence and cruelty,
+selfishness, avarice, jealousy, etc., all of which lie at the base of
+the brain, they may be for the time entirely suppressed by gentle
+dispersive manipulations from the organs of such propensities either
+down toward the chest or upward.
+
+What I state thus of the moral and selfish tendencies or faculties is
+equally applicable to all the faculties and their organs. We may
+stimulate all forms of intelligence, observation, memory, or reason,
+or check excessive intellectual activity when it disturbs sleep and
+exhausts the brain. We may thus cultivate modesty, obedience,
+prudence, industry, application, imagination, refinement,
+truthfulness, faith, spirituality, originality, invention, literary
+capacity, patience, perseverance, fortitude, hardihood, health,
+temperance, and, in short, every good quality that we desire to see
+developed, if we understand cerebral science; and if we understand
+only its general-outlines we can at least improve the character by
+giving a predominance to the superior regions of the brain.
+
+But while this may be done more effectively in the somnolized
+condition, it is not absolutely necessary to induce that condition.
+Speaking of the entire fourteen hundred millions now on the globe, we
+may say that a large majority are susceptible, in various degrees, of
+feeling such influences without any previous somnolizing. Nearly all
+the inhabitants of the torrid zone are subject to such influences in
+their habitual condition, and actually require no medicine, because
+their treatment by the hand of an enlightened anthropologist familiar
+with therapeutic sarcognomy will control all their diseases. The
+greatest triumphs of sarcognomy are yet to be realized in such
+climates.
+
+In the United States, the susceptibility increases as we go South. The
+majority of the southern population are impressible, and there are
+some who would even maintain that a majority are, in the North; and
+certainly magnetic healers have been very successful in New England.
+
+But whatever may be the case with adults, I believe that a majority of
+the young everywhere possess a considerable degree of impressibility,
+and that the mother's hand, gently applied upon the upper surface of
+the head, will generally quiet the evil passions and promote good
+humor.
+
+This is more especially true of girls. It is rare to find one who does
+not show in her youth, especially from ten to twenty years of age, a
+degree of susceptibility which makes her a good subject for the manual
+treatment of disease, and also for improving the action of the brain,
+by the scientific use of the hand upon the head, by which despondent,
+restless, fretful, hysterical, or other evil conditions may be quickly
+overcome. The speedy relief of headache is especially remarkable.
+
+My own experiments upon the brain have been made for the development
+and cultivation of science, or the assistance of the sick. I have not
+had time to undertake the systematic cultivation and change of
+character by such processes in the young; but when I see how quickly
+and completely the condition of a patient may be changed, and all
+cloudy, depressed conditions of the brain removed,--how easily I can
+produce a state of insanity, idiocy, or pugnacity, and as quickly
+remove it entirely,--I cannot doubt that a little perseverance in
+cultivating the nobler qualities until they become by habit a second
+nature will change even the most depraved, if the process be begun in
+childhood or youth and steadily maintained, unless there be a great
+organic deficiency in the brain, which cannot be remedied.
+
+The teacher of the future, duly educated in anthropology, will lay
+aside the rod, and will find in the scientific application of his
+hands the means of overcoming acquired or even hereditary evils; and
+special asylums will be established, in which the most degenerate
+youth may be restored to honor, not by cerebral treatment alone, but
+by all the appliances of industry, music, religion, and love, which
+have already reformed so many youthful criminals at Lancaster, Ohio,
+and given them to society as good citizens.
+
+The method of direct operation on the brain, which was introduced by
+my discovery in 1841, is that with which I am more familiar, but the
+mesmeric method has long been known, and the modification of this,
+which might be called the imaginative method, has been made familiar
+during the last fifty years under the popular name of psychology, and
+sometimes under the absurd name of electro-biology.
+
+This method is simply that of assuming control of the subject when he
+is in the passive state, and making him believe anything he is told,
+as, for example, that a handkerchief is a snake, that a piece of money
+is burning hot, or that he is a king, a hero, an orator, an
+auctioneer, or anything else suggested by the fancy of the operator,
+which is at once carried into personation by the subject. This is a
+familiar, popular exhibition, which never fails to attract and amuse,
+but has unfortunately not been applied to its philanthropic uses in
+healing disease and elevating the character. If disease can be
+overcome by making the subject believe a glass of pure water a
+powerful restorative medicine, or by believing himself marvellously
+well and vigorous; or if his vicious or indolent habits can be
+overcome by making him for a time believe himself a religious saint or
+an energetic business man,--such experiments should be made a powerful
+adjunct in education, and in the reformation of criminals; and this
+application has recently been made in France, which has the honor of
+leading in this important philanthropy.
+
+The passive state required may be produced by fixing the gaze intently
+for a few minutes upon some object near the eyes which requires them
+to be turned inward, or by gazing at the eyes of the operator. The
+operator tells him if his eyes are shut that he cannot open them, or
+that he cannot lift his foot, or cannot step across a certain mark,
+and he seems unable to do so, but does readily whatever his operator
+suggests, and believes himself to be whatever his operator
+says--experiments which have been made a source of infinite amusement
+to public audiences.
+
+For example, about forty-five years ago a Mr. Keeley was making such
+exhibitions in Louisville, and found an old lawyer named Dozier a good
+subject. He informed Mr. Dozier on the platform that he was Mr. Polk,
+President of the United States, whereupon he attempted to assume a
+corresponding dignity. Then, bringing up Mr. Geo. D. Prentice, the
+witty editor of the _Louisville Journal_, he informed the
+quasi-President Polk that this was his wife, Mrs. Polk, just arrived,
+whereupon an amusingly cordial reception of the quasi-wife occurred.
+
+The utilization of these principles by the French is shown in the
+following translation from the German.
+
+    HYPNOTISM AND EDUCATION.
+
+    BY EDGAR BERILLON.
+
+    [Translated from the German in _Sphinx_, for the JOURNAL OF
+    MAN.]
+
+    The careful study which the school of the medical faculty of
+    Nancy has devoted to the phenomena of suggestion, and their
+    actual progress in that department, present the question
+    whether the time has not arrived for teachers to participate
+    in this scientific movement.
+
+    The numerous observations by Dr. August Voisin of the
+    Salpetriere have positively proved in his own practice not
+    only the curability of mental diseases, but the great
+    assistance which may be given to moral culture, so that we
+    might successfully introduce hypnotism in educational schools.
+    Dr. Voisin with great ease cured his first patient in the
+    trial of hypnotic suggestion--a girl by the name of Johanna
+    Schaaf, who was not only a thief, but dissolute, lazy, and
+    unclean. He transformed her into an honest industrious, neat,
+    and obedient person. For several years she could not be
+    induced to read a line. Under the control of Dr. Voisin she
+    was made to read several pages of a moral work, which she
+    repeated before the class. Then with great facility he roused
+    her feelings of sympathy, which appeared to have become
+    extinct. This cure was so thorough that she has since been
+    appointed a nurse in the hospital, and has given complete
+    satisfaction, showing herself quite conscientious.
+
+    Many other experiments were made quite satisfactorily, and
+    similar results were produced in his city practice. In one
+    case, by hypnotic suggestion treatment Dr. Voisin transformed
+    the character of a quarrelsome woman, making her a mild
+    affectionate wife to her husband. Voisin's experiments related
+    principally to adults, but Dr. Liebeault of Nancy made
+    experiments with children, of which he has mentioned two
+    cases. Once a child was brought to his clinic with great
+    suffering from a nervous affection, but would not submit to a
+    hypnotic treatment till her little brother present offered
+    himself, not being afraid. When he was put to sleep his mother
+    told the physician that the boy in school was always in the
+    lower grades, without making any progress. While in the sleep
+    he was strongly impressed for diligence and zeal, and the
+    subsequent result was perfect; within six weeks he became an
+    example of diligence and perseverance, and soon got promoted.
+    The second case was that of a young idiot. He was incapable of
+    intellectual culture, and could not be taught reading or
+    arithmetic. Dr. Liebeault submitted him to many hypnotic
+    sittings, making a very great effort to rouse his attention,
+    though he seemed to have no capacity for being instructed.
+    Finally he succeeded so well that after two months he could
+    read, and could cipher in the four rules of arithmetic. A
+    great number of similar cases were treated by Dr. Dumont at
+    Nancy with decided success.
+
+    In one of his clinics Prof. Bernheim maintained that all
+    children are receptive of hypnotic suggestion or transference
+    of thought, and even more so when they enter the age of
+    reasoning. Not only in sleep, but also in the waking
+    condition, they may be affected; and the school of Nancy
+    deserves great credit for presenting this important matter to
+    the world in its true light.
+
+    One of the signs of the hypnotic sleep or state is the
+    automatic condition of the individual. In consequence of
+    having for the time an enfeebled will, the individual will
+    yield to all impressions upon it; and this weakness of will
+    may take place in a wakeful state, when, if there is no
+    opposition, the individual will accept all assurances in good
+    faith. In case there is no exertion of influence by others,
+    the subject will act by his or her own imagination. Such
+    auto-suggestion is the result of a tendency to imitation which
+    seems to be developed in children particularly, and develops
+    in the waking state in undisciplined minds or in a fatigued
+    and passive state.
+
+    These important principles and facts render it the duty of
+    every educator to study the efficacy of suggestion and
+    imitation in children. The experiments made thus far,
+    authorize us to establish the following rules for practice:
+
+    If we have to deal with children of lazy, unintelligent, and
+    indifferent character, we should confine ourselves to
+    practicing verbal suggestion in their waking state, and to be
+    effective it would be best to follow the experiments at Nancy,
+    especially of Dr. Liebeault, and make great effort to gain the
+    implicit confidence of the child. Seat it by itself on a
+    chair, place your hand on its forehead, and enforce the
+    suggestions by a mild voice and patient manner, but with firm
+    determination.
+
+    When, however, our treatment is to ameliorate the future
+    destiny of the children,--when their faculty of observation is
+    deficient, when they have no diligence whatever, and are full
+    of vicious, headstrong, evil inclinations, it is our opinion
+    that by all means we should apply hypnotism fully to these
+    degenerate creatures. The suggestions in the hypnotic sleep
+    are of greater efficacy, more durable and profound, and
+    probably in many cases it will be necessary to repeat these
+    procedures frequently, until the imperfect intellectual
+    faculties are developed, and the evil inclinations suppressed.
+    Thus may we guide these young souls to a better and purer
+    future.
+
+    In conclusion, I do not hesitate to assert the importance of
+    hypnotism, in spite of all objections in its application to
+    the mental and physical faculties of healthy persons. Its
+    application as an educational method will be of vast
+    importance to sick and depraved subjects.
+
+The train of thought in the above essay, which Dr. Berillon has
+published in the September number of his _Revue de l'Hypnotisme_,
+inspired the contents of a lecture presented at the Scientific
+Congress at Nancy (August, 1886), out of which arose a discussion in
+which Dr. Liebault observed that the facts mentioned by Dr. Berillon
+are entirely true. "My long practice," said he, "has permitted me to
+gather a great number of other cases, which will sustain the doctrines
+of the speaker. I have never seen a child continue entirely
+unreceptive of suggestion treatment. In the persons, children, and
+adults, with whom I have experimented, counting by thousands, I have
+never observed the least injurious consequences whatever."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The report of the discussion given us above in _Sphinx_ shows that
+these important suggestions met with only one unfriendly criticism,
+and that of little force. M. Desjardins, Esq., suggested that it was
+highly important that other honorable gentlemen, like Dr. Liebault,
+Dr. Voisin, and Dr. Dumont, should be officially appointed to carry on
+such experiments. He expressed his desire that the Congress should
+recommend that hypnotic suggestion for the purpose of moral
+improvement should be tried upon the worst class of pupils in the
+public schools. The suggestion was seconded with energy by Dr.
+Leclerc, who expressed his surprise that any one should object. It may
+be said to have met with the general approbation of the Congress.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The _Public Ledger_ of Philadelphia published last year the following
+sketch of the progress of the marvellous in France:
+
+    MARVELS OF MIND AND BODY.
+
+    For several years past a number of French physicians have been
+    experimenting on hypnotised or mesmeric subjects and on
+    hysterical patients, with results of the most extraordinary
+    character. It is our purpose to very briefly describe some of
+    these remarkable experiments, from which, we may say, the
+    standing of the doctors engaged in them, and the critical care
+    with which they were conducted, seem to remove all questions
+    of fraud or inaccuracy.
+
+    In these hypnotic experiments as practised by Dr. Charcot, of
+    the Salpetriere; by Dr. Bernheim, Professors Beaunis and
+    Liegeois and other persons of high professional standing, the
+    most striking feature is that the influence exerted upon the
+    patient does not vanish with the conclusion of the experiment,
+    but may produce its effects days, weeks or even months
+    afterwards, when the patient is seemingly in a normal state
+    and controlled solely by his own thoughts. For instance, a
+    sensitive person may be hypnotised, or mesmerized, to use the
+    better known word, and it be suggested to him by the
+    experimenter to go at a certain hour of the next or some
+    succeeding day and shoot some person and then deliver himself
+    up to justice. On being brought back to the normal state no
+    recollection of this suggestion is present in his mind. And
+    yet, if the experiment work as truly as it often seemingly has
+    worked, he will endeavor at the time fixed to perform the
+    action indicated, with the full belief that the impulse to do
+    so is his own. We may quote some instances in corroboration of
+    this seemingly improbable statement.
+
+    CASES OF HYPNOTIC SUGGESTION.--Among minor instances of this
+    result, Frederick Myers relates that he suggested to a
+    hypnotised subject, who was engaged in coloring a sketch, that
+    it would be a good idea to paint the bricks blue. He repeated
+    his suggestion several times, and then brought the subject to
+    the normal state. She had no recollection of what had passed,
+    yet on resuming her painting some time afterwards she
+    hesitated, and then said to a lady companion, "I suppose it
+    would never do to paint these bricks blue." "Why blue?" "Oh,
+    it only occurred to me that it would look rather nice." She
+    acknowledged that the idea of blue bricks had been
+    persistently in her mind, with the notion that the color would
+    look well.
+
+    In another instance, Dr. Bernheim, of Nancy, suggested to a
+    hypnotised person to take Dr. X.'s umbrella when awake, open
+    it, and walk twice up and down the gallery. On being awakened
+    he did so, but with the umbrella _shut_. When asked why he
+    acted so, he replied: "It is an idea. I take a walk
+    sometimes." "But why have you taken Dr. X.'s umbrella?" "Oh, I
+    thought it was my own. I will replace it."
+
+    These are harmless instances of this strange power. There are
+    others the reverse of harmless in this significance. One or
+    two of these we may quote: Prof. Liegeois, in his recently
+    published pamphlet, "Of Hypnotism in its relations to Civil
+    and Criminal Law," describes experiments with the subjects of
+    M. Liebault, a well-known hypnotiser. In these experiments he
+    took pains to induce the patients to commit crimes. As he
+    relates, Mdlle. A. E. (a very amiable young lady) was made to
+    fire at her own mother with a pistol, which she had no means
+    of knowing was unloaded. The same lady was made to accuse
+    herself before a judge of having assassinated an intimate
+    friend with a knife. Yet in both these instances she was wide
+    awake at the time and supposed that she was acting from her
+    own impulse.
+
+    Many other instances might be given, but these will suffice
+    for illustration. As to the length of time in which such a
+    suggestion may remain operative, Prof. Beaunis relates a case
+    in which he suggested to a hypnotised subject that he would
+    call on her on the next New Year's day (172 days after the
+    date of the experiment). On that date, being perfectly
+    conscious, she seemed to see him walk into the room where she
+    was, pay his compliments, and retire. She insisted that this
+    had really happened, and could not be convinced to the
+    contrary. A striking feature of this incident was that he
+    seemed to be dressed in summer attire (as at the date of
+    experiment), though it was now the dead of winter.
+
+    A natural conclusion from the facts above detailed is, that
+    the strange power here indicated might prove a very dangerous
+    weapon in the hands of an unscrupulous man. If a person can
+    suggest to a subject in the hypnotic sleep that, at a certain
+    future day, he or she shall kill a person obnoxious to the
+    experimenter, or perform some other criminal act, and if the
+    act be duly performed, the subject being in a seemingly normal
+    state, and fully convinced that he acted solely through an
+    impulse originating in his own mind, it might appear as if
+    there was little safety left for honest people, and that a
+    villain might carry out his murderous schemes with perfect
+    impunity. In such a case as we have said, the mind of the
+    patient would cease to be his own, but would partly belong to
+    the person whose deadly thoughts it contained, and whose
+    involuntary agent it had become. Will the jurisprudence of the
+    future have to take account of such possibilities as this? Yet
+    it must be remembered that the great majority of people are
+    not susceptible to hypnotic influence, and that those whose
+    will can be so completely subjected to that of another are
+    comparatively few. Very few such have yet been found in
+    France. In America, the realm of a less excitable people,
+    still fewer could be found.
+
+    It may be said, moreover, that this influence in several cases
+    has been exerted for the good of the patient. One instance is
+    given in which the patient was a great smoker and drinker, and
+    voluntarily gave up both under the influence of hypnotic
+    suggestion. Several other cases of the same kind are related,
+    while a humorous instance is given of an idle school boy who,
+    impelled by a hypnotic suggestion, became a very ardent
+    student. After working off that spell, however, he obstinately
+    refused to be hypnotised again, apparently with the impression
+    that there was something uncanny in his unusual fit of
+    devotion to study.
+
+
+
+
+THE GRAND SYMPOSIUM OF THE WISE MEN OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
+
+
+The question of our future destiny is paramount to all others in
+dignity and importance. Upon this subject all wise men must have clear
+and positive views. The editor of the _Christian Register_ of Boston,
+according to the very common idea that men in prominent positions as
+professors and decorated with college honors must be the wisest,
+thought it well to ask them if science could take cognizance of the
+question of immortality, and if its verdict was for or against a
+future life. Such questions he addressed to twenty-three professors,
+presidents, doctors of laws, etc. But he did not reflect that there
+were several hundred gentlemen in Boston who had more knowledge on
+this subject, and who could give him positive and reliable
+information, and he entirely forgot that the only scientist who has
+examined this question from the physiological standpoint resides in
+Boston.
+
+The editor did not obtain what he was ostensibly seeking, but he did
+obtain an amount of evidence of ignorance, in high places, which I
+should be happy to record, but for the fact that it would occupy more
+than half of one number of the JOURNAL OF MAN. Nevertheless, I cannot
+deprive my readers of the pleasure and amusement derived from this
+correspondence. I have condensed the responses into a readable compass
+leaving out their useless verbiage, and putting them in a poetic form,
+as poetry best expresses the essence and spirit of an author's
+thought. I think the learned gentlemen, if they could peruse these
+doggerel rhymes, would acknowledge that their meaning has been
+expressed even more plainly and forcibly than in their own prose. The
+reader will observe that of the whole twenty-three only two appear to
+have any knowledge on the subject, the famous A. R. Wallace and the
+brilliant Dr. Coues. The following is the essence or rather
+quintessence of the voluminous responses in the order in which they
+were published. The learned gentlemen ought to feel grateful for the
+increased candor, brevity and explicitness of their replies, when
+boiled down into the rhyming form, bringing out new beauties which
+were not apparent in the original nebulous condition of vagueness in
+which some of them disclaim opposition to immortality, while their
+only immortality is that of atoms and force.
+
+While there is something amusing in these responses (which I shall
+carefully file away for the future), which may furnish matter for
+surprise and laughter in a more enlightened age, and which may cause
+the writers, if they live long enough, to realize a feeling of shame
+for the wilful ignorance or affectation of ignorance displayed, we
+cannot overlook the very serious fact that the educational leadership
+of our country is in the hands of men of whom a large proportion are
+destitute of the very foundation of the sentiment of religion, while
+another large portion are so utterly regardless of scientific truth as
+to ignore the best attested facts, which are continually in progress
+within their reach--a degree of bigotry which is not surpassed in the
+history of the "Dark Ages." Verily the shadow of those ages rests upon
+the leading institutions of to-day.
+
+
+1. Response of PROF. CHARLES A. YOUNG, LL.D., of Princeton College.
+
+  I must confess this creed of Immortality
+  Hath not in the light of science much reality;
+  But all such questions are beyond our science,
+  And revelation is our sole reliance.
+
+
+2. PROF. JAMES D. DANA, LL.D., of Yale College.
+
+  Though very much hurried--not to say flurried,
+  I will venture to say, as my answer to-day,
+  There is nothing in science to prevent our reliance
+  On the solemn reality of life's immortality.
+
+
+3. PROF. ASA GRAY, LL.D., Harvard University.
+
+  Were the gospel light out, we should all be in doubt,
+  For science looks on, astride of the fence,
+  And never can tell us the whither or whence;
+  But I shrewdly suspect it is slightly inclined
+  To harmonize now with the Orthodox mind.
+
+
+4. PROF. JOSEPH LEIDY, M.D., LL.D., University of Pennsylvania.
+
+  Your doctrine of life eternal
+  And everything else supernal
+  Might well he pronounced an infernal;
+                         Delusion!
+  For Solomon said at an ancient date
+  That everything dieth early or late,
+  And man or beast, or small or great,
+  Hath but one fate.
+  Your future life is an awful bore;
+  I've tried life once, and I want it no more.
+  You may guess and imagine o'er and o'er,
+  But where's the proof?
+  Yet nevertheless, I won't deny
+  You may live without brains in realms on high,
+  But as for myself I'd rather not try,
+  I'd rather die.
+
+
+5. SIMON NEWCOMB, LL.D., F.R.A.S., etc.
+
+  Science deals only with matters of sense,
+  It has nothing to do with a mere pretence.
+  'Tis one thing to say, that the soul survives,
+  And another to say that a cat has nine lives;
+  But I do not say the one or the other,
+  Nor affirm nor deny that the monkey's my brother.
+  I've nothing to say of angels or sprites,
+  Or the spooks that appear in the darkest of nights.
+  For if we can't see them, nor chase them nor tree them,
+  They can't be detected, nor caught and dissected,
+  So science must be mum--and I, too, am dumb.
+
+
+6. J. P. LESLEY, State Geologist of Pennsylvania, an ex-Reverend.
+
+  Science knows nothing about this matter,
+  But fancy may come to talk and flatter.
+  And as all mankind in this agree,
+  There's a future life for you and for me.
+  Let science slide; we'll go with the tide,
+  Uplift ourselves above the sod,
+  And claim to be a part of God;
+  Though God extends through time and space,
+  While man, alas! soon ends his race,
+  And whether he lives his own life again
+  Or is lost in the infinite, I do not think plain.
+
+
+7. LESTER F. WARD, A.M., of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington.
+
+  As for immortal life, I must confess,
+  Science hath never, never answered "yes."
+  Indeed all psycho-physical sciences show,
+  If we'd be logical, we must answer no!
+  Man cannot recollect before being born,
+  And hence his future life must be "in a horn."
+  There must be _parte ante_, if there's a _parte post_,
+  And logic thus demolishes every future ghost.
+  Upon this subject the voice of science
+  Has ne'er been ought but stern defiance.
+  Mythology and magic belong to "_limbus fatuorum_"
+  If fools believe them, we scientists deplore 'em
+  But, nevertheless, the immortal can't be lost,
+  For every atom has its bright eternal ghost.
+
+
+8. EDWARD MORSE, Ph.D., of Salem.
+
+  That immortality which Science denies
+  Cannot be admitted by those who are wise,
+  For if we give up and concede Immortality,
+  There's nothing to check its wide Universality.
+  The toad-stool and thistle, the donkey and bear
+  Must live on forever,--the Lord knows where.
+  I tell you, dear sir, that Science must wake up
+  And grapple these spooks to crush them, and break up
+  This world of delusion of Phil. D's and D.D's,
+  Who are all in the dark, as dear Huxley agrees,
+  Proud Huxley's "The Prince of Agnostics," you see,
+  And Huxley and I do sweetly agree.
+
+
+9. PROF. JOSIAH PARSONS COOKE, LL.D. of Harvard University.
+
+  I freely confess that the life of the dead
+  Is a mystery alike to the heart and the head
+  Of all the mortals that dwell on earth,
+  Although revealed since our Saviour's birth,
+  And I fully believe in the old-fashioned God,
+  Who, walking in Eden, made man of a clod;
+  And I fully believe the same Deity still
+  Controls all things, here by the fiat of will.
+
+
+10. EDWARD D. COPE, A.M., Ph.D., author of "Theology of Evolution."
+Dr. Cope answers in a very voluminous and intricate manner, but the
+following is the essence of his answer.
+
+  Of life eternal little can we know,
+  And yet we hope some glimmerings may grow,
+  By patient inference as facts appear.
+  I hope there's something coming near.
+  Science but sees extinction in our death,
+  And life the incident of fleeting breath.
+  We travel round the ologies to see
+  Naught but a grand revolving mystery;
+  But then if we have a controlling mind,
+  Why should not God have the same kind?
+  "Kinetogenesis" was ruled by will,
+  The conscious thought goes with it still,
+  And as conscious thought erst "ruled the roast,"
+  Why may it not become a ghost?
+  But as ghosts are like a vapor mixed,
+  All speculation is lost betwixt
+  The possible this, and the possible that,
+  And so philosophy falls flat.
+
+
+11. SIR JOHN WILLIAM DAWSON, LL.D., F.R.S., Principal of McGill
+University, Montreal.
+
+  We are bound to believe in eternal life,
+  'Tis an instinct which in humanity's rife,
+  Of savages, some have been found so low,
+  As neither a God or a heaven to know;
+  If civilized men sink down to their level,
+  They are on the highway to the realms of the Devil.
+
+
+12. J. STERRY HUNT, LL.D., F.R.S.
+
+  In a terrible hurry, I cannot say much,
+  But Science, I think, opposes all such
+  Belief in the future. But God is so great,
+  I accept what he gives as my future state.
+
+
+13. WILLIAM JAMES, M.D., Prof. Philosophy, Harvard University.
+
+  I can only say my philosophy floats
+  In the German life-boat of Prof. Lotze,
+  At one opinion we both arrive,
+  That all who ought to will survive.
+
+
+14. BENJAMIN APTHORP GOULD, LL.D., Astronomer, Cambridge.
+
+  My faith is firm, but I have no time
+  To explain it all in this tuneful rhyme.
+  Science cannot say much, I fear,
+  But must admit that God is here,
+  And if the priests would let us alone,
+  Perhaps a little more might be known.
+  Spirit is fact, and this I assume,
+  For Matter is nothing but solid Gloom.
+
+
+15. ALFRED R. WALLACE, the compeer of Darwin.
+
+  Spiritual science has told the whole story
+  Of the claims of mankind to realms of glory.
+  Our facts are abundant, harmonious and true,
+  They satisfy me and should satisfy you.
+  No baseless hypothesis shapes our knowledge,
+  No dogmatic rule derived from a college,
+  As we fearless explore the worlds unseen,
+  And learn what all their mysteries mean.
+  The science we study is truly Divine,
+  They only reject it who are mentally blind.
+
+
+16. THOMAS HILL, D.D., LL.D., Ex-President of Harvard.
+
+  As for life after death, a life without breath,
+  Though science says no, I don't think it's so,
+  For 'tis well understood our God is too good
+  To create us and cherish, and then let us perish.
+
+
+17. PROF. ASAPH HALL, LL.D., of the National Observatory, Washington.
+
+  Metaphysics and science are still our reliance,
+  Taking them for our guide, we can't quite decide,
+  But as we incline, a doctrine we find.
+
+
+18. PROF. ELLIOTT COUES, M.D., Ph.D., Scientist and Theosophist.
+
+  I think that science is bound to answer
+  Every question that comes to hand, sir.
+  Then why do some scientists fail to acknowledge
+  Discoveries made outside of their college?
+  There's a reason for all things that come to pass,
+  And no man likes to be proved an ass;
+  And hence they refuse to agree with St. Paul,
+  The spiritual body is all in all.
+
+
+19. HERBERT SPENCER, British Philosopher, as reported by Rev. M. J.
+Savage.
+
+  'Tis all in a muddle we cannot make out,
+  Nor does evolution diminish the doubt;
+  The facts that we get prove very refractory,
+  And I cannot find anything quite satisfactory.
+
+
+20. PROF. CHARLES S. PIERCE, A.M., of Johns Hopkins University, (a
+voluminous reply).
+
+  I've looked this question through and through,
+  But for future life the prospect's blue.
+  Psychic Researchers have gathered up much,
+  But it crumbles to dust beneath my touch.
+  'Tis nothing but rubbish that Society brings,
+  For the ghosts they have found are the stupidest things,
+  Poor "starveling" idiots, all of that ilk,
+  Who are coming back here to cry over "spilled milk."
+  Serenely we smile at "the lamp of Aladdin,"
+  And stories of ghosts about this world gadding.
+  Yet after all, I don't believe in Spencer,
+  In Kant or in Comte, or in any of them, sir;
+  Nor in Christendom's sacred and reverend creed,
+  Though weaklings adopt it because they have need;
+  But I believe in this world's events,
+  And a life regulated by common sense.
+
+
+21. DANIEL COIT GILMAN, LL.D., President of Johns Hopkins University.
+
+  Man hath soul-freedom here on earth,
+  And from Almighty God hath birth;
+  Therefore, should stand in faith sublime,
+  And fear no science of our time.
+
+
+22. F. A. P. BARNARD, President of Columbia College, New York.
+
+  Your question stands outside of science,
+  Of any science that is mine,
+  The only doctrine worth reliance,
+  Comes from the old Bible--Still Divine.
+
+
+23. PROF. T. HUXLEY, British Philosopher, etc.
+
+  If a soul works with brains, can it work without?
+  Would seem to be a matter somewhat in doubt.
+  If you know that it can, pray tell me why?
+  If you know that it can't, you know more than I.
+  You may answer such questions if you know how,
+  But I'll not wait a moment to hear you now!
+
+
+
+
+THE BURNING QUESTION IN EDUCATION.
+
+
+If our left hand had been mangled, and continued to be an inflamed,
+ulcerating mass, though carried in a sling and treated by all the
+surgeons of repute around us,--never through a long life giving any
+promise of restoration or even relief,--would not its restoration be
+the most prominent question in our minds?
+
+Society has a crushed, ulcerous, and painful hand upon which the
+doctors of the college and church have expended such skill as they
+have in their occasional perfunctory visits, and the hand grows no
+better, but rather worse, during the whole existence of the American
+Republic.
+
+The existence of an increasing mass of crime, pauperism, and insanity
+is the crushed and diseased hand of civilized society, to which and to
+its obvious, natural method of healing I have vainly endeavored, in
+the "New Education," to call the attention of our clergy and our
+teachers. It is true that three editions of that book have been
+disposed of to the delight of progressive thinkers, but it has made
+little impression on those who control public institutions and public
+opinion. Why is this?
+
+There are sounds in nature too finely delicate to be heard by the
+average ear, and rays beyond the violet too fine for the average human
+eye, though visible to those of superior nervous endowments. So in the
+world of thought there are ethical conceptions too high and pure for
+the multitude,--conceptions so far away from their habitual life that
+they cannot appreciate or sympathize with them. Such conceptions
+constitute the ethical system of education, which is competent to
+banish crime, and to introduce a higher social condition, as has been
+amply proved by its imperfect introduction in the Lancaster, Ohio, and
+other reformatory schools.
+
+Why is not this made the prominent theme in every religious society,
+as prominent as temperance? True, intemperance supplies us the
+majority of criminals, but when the criminal is prepared in the
+hot-bed of alcohol, society transplants him into a richer soil,
+impregnated with a greater amount of filth than the saloon, and
+cultivates him into the full-blown, hardened villain, for whom there
+is nothing but a career of crime, very costly indeed to society.
+
+Why is this insane course pursued? Because society has not the
+Christianity which it professes, and the pulpit has not learned how to
+instil the Divine law of love, while the college cares nothing about
+it.
+
+Society itself is _criminally indifferent_, and barbarously cruel. Its
+only thought in reference to its debased members is not their lost
+condition, and how to redeem them, but how to punish them revengefully
+for their evil deeds, in imitation of the Divine Demon whom orthodox
+theology recognizes as its model. Until society has enough of
+benevolence or enough of practical sagacity to get rid of this common
+impulse of brute life, we shall continue to have an energetic,
+skilful, and formidable army of criminals, spread all over the land,
+levying an immense tax upon respectable citizens, and requiring an
+increasing army of police to restrain them.
+
+The best discourse that has yet been preached in a Boston pulpit was
+once delivered in Trinity Church by the assistant minister, Mr. Allen,
+a few weeks since, which was made the basis of an admirable article on
+"our prisoners" in the _Banner of Light_ of April 2. Mr. Allen treated
+this subject in the spirit of the "New Education," showing that our
+penal system, instead of reforming criminals, educates and perfects
+them in crime, under which system crime is continually and alarmingly
+increasing, the statistics which he gives being of the same terrible
+character as those presented in the "New Education," showing that our
+demoralization is progressing beyond that of any other country. His
+statistics, which I have not examined in detail, show that there were
+more than eight times as many prisoners in this country in 1880 as
+there were in 1850. In Massachusetts, and especially in Boston, the
+proportion of criminal population was still greater.
+
+England, having adopted a reformatory system, has kept the criminal
+population in check,--brought it down to one in 18,000, while we have
+one to every 837, because our prisons are colleges of crime instead of
+houses of reformation. A criminal population of 5,000 in Massachusetts
+is kept under this debasing system, excepting about 700 in the
+reformatory at Concord and the women's prison at Sherburne. Our
+criminals are held for punishment amid evil influences, and turned out
+only qualified to prey upon society again, since they have the brand
+of shame upon them.
+
+The only proper and wholesome view of this subject, the only view
+compatible with ethical or religious principles, is that our
+unfortunate criminal brethren need our loving care instead of
+vindictive hate. They should never be sent to prison for any definite
+term of confinement, as a punishment, but, like lunatics and pauper
+patients, should be placed under care and control until they are
+cured. Every criminal who will not obey the law in freedom should be
+sent to prison for life, under a kind and humane system, there to earn
+his own support and in some cases to repay the damage he has done, and
+in all cases to remain there until he has, beyond all doubt, become so
+thoroughly reformed that he may be safely entrusted with freedom. To
+encourage in the work of reformation, he should be from time to time
+rewarded by enlargement of his privileges and enjoyments, just in
+proportion as he proves himself worthy; and after enjoying partial
+freedom for years, with faithful and exemplary deportment, he should
+be granted full liberty, on the sole condition of reporting himself at
+certain regular periods, that a supervision may be retained over his
+conduct, and confinement renewed if ever he should prove unworthy of
+entire freedom.
+
+This system has been tried with entire success, and travellers speak
+of seeing prisoners in Ireland half emancipated, working in the
+fields, whom they should not have distinguished from the common
+laborers. That courageous philanthropist, the late Burnham Wardwell,
+adopted a system of moral government in the Virginia penitentiary,
+under which punishment was almost abolished; and he was able to send
+out convicts in the city, under paroles, without any doubt that they
+would faithfully return. Under a similar system at Lancaster, Ohio,
+walls and locks were made unnecessary, and the youthful convicts went
+out freely, when permitted to mingle with the neighboring youth. When
+their reformation was completed, which did not require over three
+years, they went forth to lead an honest life; and subsequent reports
+showed that they walked in the path of respectability and honor.
+
+The mother's love never abandons the idiot and criminal; but, alas!
+society is neither mother nor father nor brother to its unfortunate
+members, and hence society suffers, as we ever suffer from violation
+of the Divine law.
+
+
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.
+
+
+BIGOTRY AND LIBERALITY, THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.--Upon these subjects it
+is customary to find a mingling of contradictions. Leading New England
+literati, who inherit all the narrowness and self-sufficiency of
+British conservatism, are frequently impelled to utter expressions
+which would lead the reader to think them persons of liberal and
+progressive minds. Such expressions we find in the writings of Dr.
+Holmes, a thorough medical bigot and sceptic; R. W. Emerson, who
+closed his eyes against modern spiritual science, and adored the
+ignorance of Greece; Col. Higginson, the most intolerant and scornful
+opponent of psychic science; Dr. F. H. Hedge and President Elliot, who
+represent the status of Harvard College. This was recently brought to
+mind by seeing the admirable expressions of Dr. Hedge at the 150th
+anniversary of West Church, Boston, now under the ministry of Rev. C.
+A. Bartol. For this church Dr. Hedge claims an unsectarian character.
+
+Dr. Hedge says, "Let there be schools of dogmatic theology, as many as
+you please, but the church should not be a school of dogmatic
+theology. It should be a school of practical Christianity, inspired,
+expounded, and enforced by the pulpit. I can conceive of a church
+which should be so undogmatic, so unpolemic, as to command the
+respect, engage the interest, and secure the co-operation of all who
+care less for the prevalence of their specialty than they do for the
+maintenance of public worship." There is one Boston pulpit at present
+conducted in this spirit, but it is very feebly sustained. There was
+another, and it was occupied with brilliant ability, but Boston would
+not sustain it. It is vacant now. Boston prefers theology to religion,
+but it is growing slowly, and there are pulpits that are slowly
+approaching the unsectarian position--very slowly; while the Rev. Mr.
+J. Savage displays a refreshing freedom of thought, and has been more
+successful than any other clergyman in carrying a large congregation
+with him, a solitary specimen of a successful though unsectarian
+teacher in Boston.
+
+
+RELIGIOUS NEWS.--"During the past few months, the Chinese authorities
+in various parts of the empire have issued proclamations to the
+people, calling on them to live at peace with Christian missionaries
+and converts, and explaining that the Christian religion teaches men
+to do right, and should therefore be respected. These documents have
+been published in so many parts of China that it is probable that
+every viceroy in the eighteen provinces has received instructions on
+the subject, and that there is a concerted movement throughout the
+empire to bring all classes of the population to a knowledge of the
+dangers of persecuting missionaries and native Christians, and to
+remove popular delusions respecting the objects and teachings of
+Christian missionaries."
+
+"The Jesuits appear to meet with little toleration anywhere but in
+Great Britain. The sultan has now issued a decree enacting that
+henceforth they are not to open any new schools in the Ottoman empire,
+that they are not to teach except in schools placed under the
+authority of the Porte, and that all the schools now conducted by them
+are placed under the supervision of the State, and must be subjected
+to a rigorous supervision."
+
+"Divine worship is a somewhat costly affair in Great Britain, says the
+_World_. The one hour's service in Westminster Abbey on the 21st of
+June, when the great personages of the realm are to assemble for the
+purpose of prayer, is to cost the moderate sum of $100,000. Commoners
+and ordinary people will not be admitted within the portals of the
+sacred edifice, yet it is their pockets which will be taxed for the
+purpose of enabling the princes and lords to pray in due state for the
+preservation of the Queen."
+
+"The monument to the memory of Giordano Bruno in Rome, is completed,
+but permission to erect it has been refused by the Municipal Council
+of that holy city. This denial is easily explained when it is learned
+that a majority of the council are clergymen, or under their
+influence."
+
+Governor Marmaduke has signed the bill recently passed by the Missouri
+legislature, making Sunday virtually a Puritanical Sabbath. A powerful
+protest was presented to the Governor, respectfully requesting him not
+to sign the obnoxious bill, but it seems he yielded, says the _Jewish
+Times_, to the wishes of a few fanatics, backed by scheming
+politicians.
+
+
+ABOLISHING SLAVERY.--It is pleasant to learn that the movement in
+favor of abolishing slavery in Brazil is making excellent progress,
+despite some discouragements. Long ago the Legislature fixed the date
+by which every slave in the empire must be freed; but the chamber of
+deputies, acting in opposition to the senate, has lately put a strange
+interpretation upon certain of the clauses of the most recent law upon
+the subject, which will have the effect of delaying the latest day of
+enfranchisement a further 18 months. The Brazilian public has
+expressed great indignation at this ill-advised action; and, by way of
+protest, the recent progress of the emperor throughout the province of
+San Paulo was made the occasion of liberating many slaves at the cost
+of the local municipalities. When a prominent abolitionist, Senator
+Bonifacio, of Santos, died, recently, his native town honored his
+memory by enfranchising the whole of the slaves within its
+jurisdiction. Herein Santos was but following the example of the
+provinces of Ceara and the Amazons, in both of which the last slave
+was freed some years ago. It is, perhaps, wise to add that the
+slave-owners are being quite fairly treated in the way of
+compensation.--_St. James Gazette._
+
+Bokhara the noble, the richest, most enlightened, and most holy of all
+Mahommedan nations in Central Asia, and beyond it, has just officially
+declared the complete abolition of slavery. Up to the present this
+curse had not altogether disappeared, although it was generally
+assumed that, since Russia secured control over the Ameer's country,
+it had quite ceased to exist.
+
+Fourteen years ago, M. Eugene Schuyler, the author of "Turkestan," in
+order to demonstrate to the Russian government that its prestige had
+not put a stop to the slave trade, as was then alleged, purchased a
+young boy slave for one hundred roubles, the average price of the
+human article in Bokhara, and brought him to St. Petersburg. The boy
+was subsequently apprenticed to a Tartar watchmaker, and later became
+a convert to the Russian church. According to a letter in the Russian
+_Official Gazette_, the young Ameer's decree, finally freeing all the
+bondmen within his dominion, was promulgated Nov. 19, 1886.
+
+
+OLD FOGY BIOGRAPHY.--It seems that biography as well as history will
+have to be re-written in the light of modern progress. _Appleton's
+Cyclopedia of American Biography_ has sent out its first volume,
+edited by Gen. Wilson and Prof. John Fiske. The sources of this volume
+do not promise much liberality, and the first volume does not show it.
+While professing to record the lives of all who are eminent or
+noteworthy, it fulfils this promise by recording many who are not very
+eminent or noteworthy; indeed, Mr. Lowell says, by way of commendation,
+that he has hunted for obscure names and found them. What then is the
+reason of the omission of the Hon. Cassius M. Clay, our former
+minister to Russia, one of the most conspicuous figures for many years
+in American politics and _par excellence_, the lion of the struggle
+which ended in negro emancipation? His life, recently published is a
+volume of fascinating and romantic interest. Mr. Clay might treat this
+omission as the old Roman said of having a statue in the forum--that
+he would rather men should ask why he had _no_ statue there, than to
+ask why his statue was there. Dr. Joseph Rodes Buchanan is briefly
+noticed, his name incorrectly spelled, a catalogue of his publications
+given, and a volume attributed to him which was written by the
+notorious Dr. John Buchanan of Philadelphia. But nothing is said of
+the new school of philosophy, or of the new sciences, established by
+Dr. Buchanan. Evidently this is old fogy biography. The editors have
+gathered their material with a scoop, unable to distinguish between
+dirt, pebbles and jewels. Nevertheless they have made a valuable
+record if not a fair one.
+
+
+LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY IN SOMNOLENT CONDITIONS.--In the Academy of
+Medicine at Paris, Dr. Mesnet made a report of his experience in
+hypnotism, showing that somnambulic or mesmeric subjects were not
+accountable for their acts in that condition. In this case, the
+patient, a youth of nineteen years, had been subject to somnambulic
+attacks in which he acted strangely, and, on one occasion, had openly
+taken several articles of furniture from a shop, for which he was
+arrested, when he fell again into somnolence and was sent to the Hotel
+Dieu. Dr. Mesnet, for an experiment, gazed firmly at him, and got him
+in magnetic rapport and then ordered him to steal the watch of one of
+the students the next day. He manifested a great deal of repugnance to
+this command, but yielded, and the next day came with the student,
+with whom he talked. After a time he fixed his eyes on the student's
+watch and appeared mentally agitated, his breathing hurried, and his
+limbs trembling, his face red in one part and pallid in another. In
+this condition, he put forth his hand in an indecisive manner, stole
+the watch, put it in his pantaloons pocket, and ran down the stairs,
+where he was arrested and wakened up. He indignantly denied the theft,
+and fell into such agitation it required a number to hold him. He fell
+again into the hypnotic state from which they could not rouse him
+then, as it was owing to a mental cause. Dr. M. concluded by showing
+the importance of this matter being understood by magistrates that
+they may not punish irresponsible parties.
+
+
+PASTEUR'S CURE FOR HYDROPHOBIA.--I am by no means convinced that M.
+Pasteur has really discovered a remedy for hydrophobia, says
+Labouchere in the _London Truth_. The Anti-Vivisection Society has
+published a tabular statement, which shows that from March, 1885, to
+the present date, 63 persons who have been treated by his system have
+died. Against this, I should like to know how many persons really
+suffering from hydrophobia have been cured by it.
+
+The immense interest of the medical profession and the public in
+Pasteur's method of inoculation with hydrophobia virus is due mainly
+to the _Stolid Skepticism_ of the medical profession. Other methods of
+cure have been far more successful, but they have been shamefully
+neglected, for medical colleges are always indifferent, if not hostile
+to improvements not originating in their own clique. The cures that
+have been effected by the use of Scutellaria (Skull-cap), and of
+Xanthium are far beyond anything achieved by inoculation. I recollect
+many reports published by farmers, about sixty years ago, of their
+cures of hydrophobia by skull-cap.
+
+The latest statement concerning Pasteurism is that of Miss Frances
+Power Cobbe, who writes to the _London Globe_:
+
+"Ramon was not the forty-fifth, but the seventy-sixth patient who had
+died after receiving the Pasteurian treatment for hydrophobia. Of
+these seventy-six victims thirty-nine were inoculated in Paris under
+the first method, seventeen in Russia and twenty in Paris under the
+second or 'intensive' method. For the verification of this statement I
+beg to enclose a complete list of all the patients, with dates of
+death, and authority for each record. Your readers who may be
+interested in the bursting of this huge medical bubble of Pasteurism
+will do well to procure the book just published in Paris, 'M. Pasteur
+et la Rage,' by M. Zutand, editor of the _Journal de Medecine_. It
+proves pretty clearly that M. Pasteur does not cure rabies, but gives
+it by his inoculation in a new and no less deadly form, bearing the
+ominous title of 'Rage de Laboratoire.'"
+
+
+LULU HURST.--This wonderful medium who displayed such astonishing
+muscular powers has changed her name. Mrs. Buchanan psychometrically
+described and explained her wonderful powers, and predicted that they
+would soon cease. A Southern newspaper says:
+
+"Paul M. Atkinson, of Chattanooga, Tenn., who achieved quite a
+reputation as manager of Lulu Hurst, the young lady who possessed such
+marvellous magnetic powers, was married to that lady a few days ago at
+her home near Cedartown, Ga. Miss Hurst, since her wonderful power
+deserted her, has been attending school, and graduated in December
+last. It is reported that the fortune of $200,000 she amassed while on
+the stage has been trebled since by lucky investments."
+
+
+LAND MONOPOLY.--_The Kansas City Times_ publishes a list of the
+leading foreign corporations that own lands in the United States,
+showing an aggregate of 20,740,000 acres, equal to more than one-half
+of England. Well, Americans may as well work to support foreign as
+home idlers; but a generation is nearing the voting age that will
+object to doing either.
+
+
+MARRIAGE IN MEXICO.--A newspaper correspondent from California, writes:
+
+"You may not be aware, as I was not till recently, that Juarez, the
+native-blood President of Mexico acting, I presume, under authority of
+Congress, decreed that all children born, or that should be born in
+Mexico, should be legitimate, regardless of all laws of the Church or
+State. So rigorous, expensive, and despotic had become the control of
+the clergy that not one in ten of the children of Mexico were born
+'legitimate,' the people did not marry. This stroke of the State at
+the Church was the 'holy terror' that broke its back; but it liberated
+the people, and settled the differences between the 'higher' and lower
+classes in a manner that has left marriage in Mexico in the hands of
+the contracting parties where it properly belongs."
+
+
+THE GRAND SYMPOSIUM.--The wise (?) men express themselves in our
+symposium upon immortality. Their utter blindness to the grand
+displays of immortality, which have long challenged attention, and
+their reference to every obscure and blind path for its search, remind
+one of Carlyle's expression in reference to Comte. "I found him to be
+one of those men who go up in a balloon and take a lighted candle to
+look at the stars." What a deep shadow upon the intellectual landscape
+of America is seen in this picture of collegiate ignorance in contrast
+with foreign enlightenment. While the sovereigns of England, France,
+and Russia have been communing with the higher world, our college
+presidents have their heads and eyes covered with the cowl of monkish
+superstition and ignorance.
+
+Surely the search for truth is the most imperative of duties for those
+who are chosen to lead the rising generation. They who fail in this
+duty are as guilty as the sentinels who sleep or carouse upon their
+posts. The eloquent words of Rev. J. K. Applebee are appropriate to
+such offences: "The man who is not true to the highest thing within
+him, does a treble wrong. He wrongs himself; he wrongs all whom he
+might have influenced for good; he wrongs all the willing workers for
+humanity by heaping on their shoulders extra toils and extra
+responsibilities." What is the difference between the Barnard, Hill,
+Gilman, Elliott, Newcomb, Youmans, and their sympathizers to-day, and
+the old time opponents of Galileo, Columbus, and Harvey. The men who
+rely upon learning or memory represent the past, while those who rely
+upon investigation and intuition represent the future. They are ever
+in conflict, and ever illustrate the truth of Goethe's remark that
+"Error belongs to the libraries, truth to the human mind."
+
+
+A NEW MUSSULMAN EMPIRE has been established on the Red Sea, east of
+the territory occupied by the followers of the Mahdi. Mohammed Abu is
+the Sultan, and Kassala is his residence. His army has 8000 men.
+
+
+PSYCHOMETRIC IMPOSTURE.--Those who wish to understand and practice
+psychometry should avoid being duped by an _ignorant_ pretender who
+professes to _develop_ their psychometric faculties--a pretence which
+is a self-evident imposition.
+
+
+OUR TOBACCO BILL.--The _American Grocer_ estimates the total annual
+expenditure for tobacco in the United States, at $256,500,000. The
+estimates of cost are as follows: Liquor, $700,000,000; tobacco,
+$256,500,000; sugar, $187,000,000; coffee, tea, and cocoa,
+$130,000,000; schools, $110,000,000.
+
+
+EXTINCT ANIMALS.--Wonderful bones have been dug up in Spokane County,
+Washington Territory--nine mammoths, a cave bear, hyenas, extinct
+birds, and a sea turtle. One of the tusks measured twelve feet nine
+inches long, and twenty-seven inches round, weighing 295 pounds. Some
+of the ribs were eight feet long. The molar teeth weighed eighteen
+pounds each. The pelvic arch was six feet across; a man could walk
+through it erect. The monster was estimated to be eighteen and
+one-half feet high, and to weigh twenty tons.
+
+
+EDUCATION is making great progress in France. The number of colleges
+and the number of children at school are greatly increased. There are
+now five and a quarter millions attending primary schools. Politicians
+claim that whenever the people in a department are well educated they
+become republicans.
+
+
+
+
+GENESIS OF THE BRAIN
+
+(_Continued from page 32._)
+
+
+Is there anything miraculous or extravagant in believing that this
+invisible potentiality, which has such magical transforming and
+developing power, but which has never been known to arise from
+combinations of matter, has an origin which is, like itself,
+spiritual? For we can obtain matter from matter, and spirit from
+spirit, but never obtain spirit or life from dead matter.
+
+The genesis of the human brain is therefore a microcosmic epitome of
+the macrocosmic evolution, controlled by the "over-soul"--the Divine
+power, of which we know so little.
+
+To return to the embryo brain, which gives us visibly the epitome of
+the evolution of vertebrated animals,--why is it not also an epitome
+of the entire animal kingdom, from the radiata, articulata, and
+mollusca to the vertebrata, instead of representing the evolution of
+vertebrates alone? It may be so. It may be that man and other animals
+in germination pass through _all_ stages, from the lowest to the
+highest; but the microscope cannot reveal the fact, for the jelly-like
+or fluid conditions of the nervous system during the first month after
+conception do not enable us to discover any organization or outline
+from which anything can be learned. And yet, from certain interesting
+experiments in sarcognomy which have never been performed except by
+myself or my pupils, I am disposed to believe that the germinal
+process of man goes beyond the beginning of the animal kingdom, and
+that he retains in his constitution spiritual elements which might not
+improperly be called, not a photograph, but a psychograph of the
+entire animal kingdom,--yea, of everything that lives, and even of the
+mineral elements that have no life.
+
+These things are wonderful and grand indeed, but the self-sufficient
+powers that rule the world of human society have no desire to know
+them, and hence I have been content to enjoy them alone, or with a few
+enlightened friends.
+
+It is in the second month of life in the womb that the fish form of
+brain is distinctly apparent, as shown by Tiedemann. The fish form is
+that in which we have only a rudiment of the cerebrum, which is so
+large in man. Behind the little cerebrum, which is smaller than the
+bulb of the olfactory nerve, we have the middle brain or optic lobes,
+which give origin to the optic nerves, and behind them the cerebellum.
+
+Let it be understood that the cerebrum is the psychic brain, the
+cerebellum the physiological brain, and the optic lobes the
+intermediate or psycho-physiological brain, not sufficient to give the
+animal its character and propensities, but sufficient to guide it in
+swimming about.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+What the cerebrum is when fully developed in man has already been
+shown; what it is in the fishy stage of development, when it is the
+smaller portion of the brain, may be understood by a dissection given
+in Serres "Anatomie Comparee du Cerveau," representing the brain of
+the codfish dissected or opened from above. In this figure H is the
+spinal cord, E the cerebellum, C the optic lobes divided, and B the
+cerebrum divided, showing the radiating fibres of the corpus striatum,
+m, from which the cerebrum begins its development.
+
+When animal life reaches a high development, the functions which are
+diffused become concentrated into special organs. Intelligence or
+psychic life is concentrated in the cerebrum, and entirely removed
+from the spinal cord. The physiological energy apart from the psychic,
+is concentrated in the cerebellum, and thus the intermediate
+psycho-physiological organ, the optic lobes or quadrigemina, being no
+longer important, dwindles to become the smallest part of the brain.
+
+[Illustration: EXPLANATION.--In the codfish, roach, and flounder, II
+is the cerebellum, n the optic lobes, in front of which is the
+cerebrum, from which the olfactory nerve extends forward. Behind the
+cerebellum is the superior end of the spinal cord. The letter c is
+placed on the restiform bodies or posterior part of the medulla
+oblongata of the cod. The engravings show the upper surfaces of the
+brains, as we look down upon them.]
+
+If the reader will look at the sketch of the brains of the codfish,
+flounder, and roach, as figured by Spurzheim, he will see in each a
+very small cerebrum, a larger cerebellum, and still larger middle
+brain or optic lobes. This is the model on which the human brain is
+first developed, when in the second month it becomes possible to study
+it with the microscope. It presents to view in the third month three
+vesicles of soft neurine, the one which is to form the cerebellum
+being larger than that which is to become the cerebrum.
+
+These are three brains of different grades, formed alike on the same
+vesicular plan. The resemblance of the optic lobes to the cerebrum is
+very striking, and when we open them we see what corresponds to the
+lateral ventricles of the cerebrum, with a structure at the bottom
+corresponding in position and character with the inferior ganglion of
+the cerebrum. The subdivision of function is similar to that of the
+cerebrum, the anterior portion of these lobes being of an
+intellectual, perceptive character, and the posterior the seat of the
+impulses. This has been demonstrated also in the experiments of
+vivisectors, in which the irritation of the posterior part has
+produced a vocal utterance or bark. Spurzheim gives a view of the
+brain of the pike with an optic lobe partially opened, to show the
+ventricle.
+
+The cerebellum or physiological brain is formed on the same general
+plan, having its energetic or forcible functions in the posterior
+inferior regions, and its more sensitive functions located anteriorly.
+
+In the embryo of twelve weeks a great advance has taken place; the
+optic lobes or quadrigemina are still large, but the cerebrum is
+larger than all the remainder. Still, it has not yet developed what
+might be called frontal and occipital lobes. The basis of the middle
+lobe, which is the most physiological portion of the cerebrum, being
+devoted to the sensibility, appetites, and muscular impulses, is that
+which first presents itself, being the first outgrowth from the great
+inferior ganglion or summit of the spinal system. As human brains
+degenerate to a lower type they approximate this form. The frontal and
+occipital lobes dwindle and the principal mass remaining is that in
+the basis of the skull between the ears. We see this form distinctly
+in congenital idiots. The embryo cerebrum here represented measures
+but three lines vertically, four lines in length, and five lines in
+thickness. (The line is the twelfth of an inch.) The nerve membrane of
+this hollow cerebrum is barely a fourth of a line thick. The
+cerebellum, formed in the same way by projection from the summit of
+the spinal cord, making two leaves that come together on the median
+line, has also a cavity contained between them, and just behind the
+medulla oblongata, which is finally reduced to the little space called
+the fourth ventricle, when the cerebellum grows to become a solid
+body.
+
+[Illustration: 12 Weeks]
+
+The growth of the cerebrum and cerebellum into solid bodies instead of
+vesicles is effected by the folding together of the primitive membrane
+as furrows appear upon its surface, by which it is changed into folds
+or convolutions, each of which (like the fold of a ruffle) may be cut
+out from its neighbors and opened from its inner side, like a book. It
+resembles a book also in the fact that it contains innumerable ideas
+or psychic elements, and the psychometer might read from each
+convolution as a book the impressions recorded in it. In its place in
+the brain it is like a book in a library; and as the book offers on
+its back a title expressive of its contents, so we label each
+convolution with its proper title.
+
+In addition to the folding process, a complex growth of fibres uniting
+in the corpus callosum completes the solidification, but not so
+thoroughly as to prevent our reopening and spreading out the
+convolutions by exercising a little dexterity. This was a puzzle to
+some of the anatomists in the time of Gall, but I have found no
+difficulty in opening out the convolutions to the extent of five or
+six inches square. The cerebellum, too, though its ventricle is
+obliterated, is susceptible also of a manipulation, showing that it
+has some traces of its original formation.
+
+From the twelve weeks embryo to those of twenty-one weeks and of seven
+months we trace a progressive development and a commencement of the
+furrows that form the convolutions.
+
+Thus we perceive in the essential plan of the brain its two organs,
+cerebrum and cerebellum, are hollow spheres which grow gradually into
+solid bodies, filling their interior cavities, of which the lateral
+ventricles in the cerebrum, which have been explained, are the
+remnants.
+
+The great importance of these anatomical details arises from the fact
+that they show us the true central region of the brain from which its
+development must be determined; and although this work, designed for
+the general reader, cannot say much of the brain, it is necessary to
+show its true conformation to enable us to estimate the living brain
+correctly, so as to describe accurately living men, study the forms of
+crania, and derive some profit in ethnological studies from the forms
+of crania which to the ethnologists of the present time are of very
+little value or significance, since they neither have nor claim a
+knowledge of the psychic functions of the brain. I trust, therefore,
+my readers will not neglect these anatomical memoranda, which they
+will find very valuable.
+
+[Illustration: 21 Weeks 7 Months;
+In the brain of seven months, the right hemisphere is out open
+horizontally, showing the ventricle.]
+
+I am not aware that any anatomical, physiological, or phrenological
+writer has given the exposition of the principles of cerebral
+development which I have been presenting for nearly half a century,
+although the anatomical facts are patent to all who choose to examine
+cerebral embryology, and think of what dissection reveals, instead of
+being thoughtlessly occupied in the mere details of dissection without
+rising to a comprehension of the Divine plan. Indeed, the
+phrenological school have positively misconceived and misstated the
+principles of cerebral development. We can hardly be said to have had
+any phrenological anatomists since the time of Gall and Spurzheim
+sufficiently interested in comparative human development to trace its
+basis in anatomy, for the able work of Solly presented the brain
+solely as seen by the science of dissection, and not by the science of
+development and psychic function.
+
+Gall and Spurzheim, understanding cerebral structure themselves,
+failed to state certain principles which were necessary to guard
+against misconception; and they did not realize its necessity, because
+their methods did not include the functions of the base of the brain.
+Mr. George Combe, who has been the great popular exponent of their
+system, for which he was well qualified by his clear, philosophic
+mind, adopted the erroneous idea, in which he has been followed by all
+subsequent writers on the subject, that the cerebral organs were to be
+regarded as so many cones, starting from their apex at the medulla
+oblongata and extending to their base at the surface of the skull.
+Hence their development was to be estimated by measuring the distance
+(with a pair of callipers) from the cavity of the ear (which
+corresponds very nearly to the medulla oblongata) to the locations of
+the organs on the frontal superior and posterior surfaces of the head.
+
+In my first study of phrenology over fifty years ago, I adopted this
+method, and diligently measured heads with callipers, relying on the
+results, until I found them decidedly erroneous. I came upon the
+astounding fact that the head of a prominent citizen of New Orleans,
+when measured in this way, indicated by the height of the upper region
+a character entitling him to rank among the saints, when in fact he
+was notorious for the unrestrained energy of his violent and vicious
+propensities. Engaging then in more careful study and dissection of
+the brain, I found why the rule was so deceptive; as the basilar
+region is developed below the ventricles, giving depth, while the
+coronal region developed above gives height, and the measurement from
+the ear to the top of the head included both depth and height, it
+might be a very large measurement from animal predominance or basilar
+depth alone, as it was in the case that first revealed the error of
+Mr. Combe.
+
+In such cases of animal predominance we find that the moral region
+does not rise above the forehead, but runs back flat without
+elevation, while the depth of the ear below the level of the brain and
+the massiveness of the base of the brain running into a large neck
+show plainly that the animal organs rule.
+
+In the more noble characters, the rounded elevation of the coronal
+region, combined with the moderate depth and thickness of the base of
+the brain, make it easy to see that their vertical measurement is due
+to height and not to depth. The great error of the phrenological
+school has been in estimating moral development by the total vertical
+measurement, and estimating animal development without regard to
+depth, which is its chief indication.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In a profile view, a line drawn from the middle of the forehead
+backward, horizontally, is sufficiently near the line of the lateral
+ventricles to enable us to compare the upward and downward development
+of the brain. In the two profiles here presented we see a marked
+difference of character illustrated by drawing a line back
+horizontally from the brow. The head in front, which is that of a
+private citizen of excellent character, named Smith, I obtained in
+Florida nearly fifty years ago. At the same time I obtained the other,
+which is that of a French count who lost his life on the coast of
+Florida by wreck when engaged in a contraband slave trade with Cuba.
+In the count we observe much less elevation and much greater depth. He
+is especially deficient in Benevolence.
+
+In proportion as men or animals rise in the scale of virtue the brain
+is developed above the level of the face, and in proportion as they
+incline to gross brutality the development falls behind the face; and
+there is no exception to this law, either in quadrupeds, birds, or
+reptiles. Indeed, notwithstanding the smallness of the brains of
+fishes, their portraits show that this law applies also to them--as if
+nature had determined to warn mankind of the character of every
+animal. Alas for the dulness of human observers! Our naturalists and
+anatomists have said not one word of the most conspicuous fact that
+may be seen in the general survey of the animal kingdom.[3]
+
+    [3] The reader may naturally ask why have I not demonstrated
+    this assertion before the scientific world. The reason is,
+    that dogmatism rules in the sphere of natural science, and no
+    communication would receive fair treatment which contravened
+    the opinions of editors or the mass of prevalent opinion in
+    colleges and scientific societies. It would be peremptorily
+    rejected from our leading scientific magazine, the _Popular
+    Science Monthly_.
+
+To return to the theory of cerebral development: The reader will
+understand by referring to the last chapter that the summit of the
+spinal system or great inferior ganglion of the brain, bearing the
+names of optic thalami and corpora striata, is the true beginning of
+the cerebrum, instead of the medulla oblongata, which _does not_
+contain the fibres of the cerebral organs. And as this beginning is a
+little in front of the ear and its first radiating fibres are nearly
+on the horizontal line just mentioned, it follows that we may locate
+accordingly a centre from which cerebral development may be estimated;
+and when we take this true centre we may describe around it a circle,
+and find that the circle singularly coincides with the outline of the
+cranium, so that if we add to that circle the outlines of the nose,
+mouth, and chin, we have sketched a well-developed head of strong
+character, and ascertained the method of studying the development of
+the brain, which has so remarkably been overlooked.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+No one can begin the study of brain development in men and animals
+guided by a correct system without being delighted with the uniform
+accuracy of the science; for even the incomplete and inaccurate
+science of Gall and Spurzheim, marred in its application by
+misconceptions of anatomy, has proved sufficiently correct and
+instructive to maintain its hold upon the minds of all students of
+nature, by giving them more truth than error, and _sometimes_ giving
+the truth with marvellous accuracy. The errors they did not attempt to
+investigate.[4]
+
+    [4] I would merely mention, as a familiar example of such
+    errors, that an enlightened student of phrenology called upon
+    me yesterday, to whom phrenologists had given the character of
+    avaricious selfishness and an incapacity for friendship, which
+    indeed was the correct application of the old system, but was
+    the reverse of his true character. The old system did not
+    explain friendship correctly, and entirely mislocated the
+    organ of avarice by placing it in the temples. The gentlemen
+    had never before received a correct description from
+    phrenologists he had visited.
+
+
+
+
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+
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+than he pays for it, and in addition receives the product of months of
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+ask his aid in relieving me of this burden by increasing the
+circulation of the Journal among his friends?
+
+The establishment of the Journal was a duty. There was no other way
+effectively to reach the people with its new sphere of knowledge.
+Buckle has well said in his "History of Civilization," that "No great
+political improvement, no great reform, either legislative or
+executive, has ever been originated in any country by its ruling
+class. The first suggestors of each steps have invariably been bold
+and able thinkers, who discern the abuse, denounce it, and point out
+the remedy."
+
+This is equally true in science, philanthropy, and religion. When the
+advance of knowledge and enlightenment of conscience render reform or
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+against the mountain mass of established error by the power of truth
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+necessary to the full development of these sciences to which I can
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+sustaining and diffusing the truth.
+
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+thousand of the class who would warmly appreciate the Journal, but
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+
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+
+
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+
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+each month to exclude so much of interesting matter, important to
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+
+
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+characters to present their ideas of woman's rights and wrongs and
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+over-loaded with its special themes, and has not room for discussions
+of such subjects.
+
+
+COLLEGE OF THERAPEUTICS.
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+
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+
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+having been thoroughly instructed in the science of Sarcognomy, offers
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+
+For his professional success he refers to Prof. Buchanan, and to
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+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
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+                                  HABITS
+                               EASILY CURED BY
+                                A NEW METHOD.
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+
+    Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents came from the first
+    issue of the volume. The article GENESIS OF THE BRAIN is
+    continued from the previous issue's page 32. Liebault,
+    Liebeault are retained as spelled in the quoted documents.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Buchanan's Journal of Man, June 1887, by Various
+
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